Judul: Analysis of the Impact of Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) on Export of Indonesian Processing Industry in ASEAN+3 Region
Abstrak: Perdagangan internasional merupakan bagian penting dari proses globalisasi. Regional Trade Agreement berperan sebagai katalisator dalam mengurangi hambatan tarif maupun non tarif untuk mengoptimalkan perdagangan dan saling melengkapi dari industri masing-masing negara. ekspor industri pengolahan menjadi salah satu kontributor utama dalam nilai perdagangan ASEAN+3. Ekspor sektor industri pengolahan Indonesia ke ASEAN+3 mencapai 57 persen dari total nilai ekspor Indonesia ke ASEAN+3. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efisiensi ekspor industri pengolahan Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN+3 akibat adanya RTA. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah stochastic frontier gravity model dengan data yang digunakan berupa data panel nilai ekspor industri pengolahan Indonesia periode 1999-2020. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variabel GDP riil negara mitra dagang, GDP riil Indonesia, jarak ekonomi, trade openness, populasi, dan RTA ASEAN-Jepang memengaruhi nilai ekspor industri pengolahan Indonesia. Sedangkan, variabel real exchange rate dan RTA ASEAN-China tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai ekspor industri pengolahan Indonesia. Nilai efisiensi ekspor industri pengolahan Indonesia ke mitra dagang selama periode penelitian menunjukkan hasil yang terus menurun setiap tahunnya dengan rata-rata nilai efisiensinya mencapai 0.32. Kata kunci: ASEAN+3, efisiensi, ekspor industri pengolahan, RTA, Stochastic frontier gravity model, International trade is an important part of the globalization process. Regional Trade Agreements acts as a catalyst for reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to optimize trade and complement each other's industries. Exports og processing industry has become one of the main contributors to the value of ASEAN+3 trade. Exports of Indonesia's processing industry to ASEAN+3 reached 57 percent of the total value of Indonesia's exports to ASEAN+3. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the export efficiency of Indonesia’s processing industry to the ASEAN+3 region as a result on RTA. The method used in this study is the stochastic frontier gravity model using with panel data on the export value of Indonesia's processing industry for the period of 1999-2020. The results of the analysis showed that the variables of real GDP of trade partner countries, real GDP of Indonesia, economic distance, trade openness, population and the ASEAN-Japan RTA affect the export value of Indonesian processing industry exports. Meanwhile, the real exchange rate variable and ASEAN-China RTA did not affect the value of Indonesia’s processing industry exports. The value of efficiency of Indonesia’s processing industry exports to trade partners during the study period shows results that continued to decrease each year, with an average efficiency value of 0.32.
Keyword: ASEAN+3, efficiency, processing industry exports, RTA, Stochastic frontier gravity model

Judul: Determinants and Efficiency of Indonesian Processed Sector in the ASEAN Plus Three Region
Abstrak: Kinerja ekspor dapat dianalisis menggunakan efisiensi yang merupakan rasio ekspor aktual terhadap potensi ekspor. Salah satu sektor yang berkontribusi pada ekspor Indonesia adalah sektor pengolahan dengan share sekitar 80 persen dari total ekspor non migas setiap tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tingkat efisiensi dan determinan yang memengaruhi ekspor sektor pengolahan Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN plus three. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini data time series periode 2017-2021 dan cross section 12 negara mitra kawasan ASEAN plus three. Metode analisis menggunakan stochastic frontier gravity model (SFGM) menunjukkan efisiensi ekspor Indonesia terbesar ke Vietnam sebesar dan terendah ke Laos. GDP Riil Indonesia, GDP Riil negara mitra, trade openness signifikan berpengaruh positif, jarak ekonomi dan real exchange rate signifikan berpengaruh negatif dan dummy landlocked tidak signifikan terhadap ekspor sektor pengolahan Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN plus three., Export performance can be analyzed using efficiency, which is the ratio of actual exports to potential exports. One sector that contributes to Indonesia's exports is the manufacturing sector, which accounts for around 80 percent of total non-oil and gas exports every year. This study aims to analyze the level of efficiency and determinants affecting exports of the Indonesian manufacturing sector to ASEAN plus three areas. The data used in this study was a time series for the 2017–2021 period and a cross-section of 12 partner countries in ASEAN plus three regions. The analysis method used was the stochastic frontier gravity model (SFGM), which shows that the largest and lowest export efficiency of the Indonesian processing sector is to Vietnam and Laos. Indonesia's real GDP, the partner country's real GDP, and trade openness had a positive and significant effect, while economic distance and the real exchange rate had a negative and significant effect, and a dummy landlocked country showed no significant estimation for Indonesia's processing sector exports to ASEAN plus three areas.
Keyword: ASEAN plus three, Export Efficiency, SFGM, Processed Sector

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology