Judul: Desain proses pembuatan biodiesel dari bahan baku minyak jelantah dengan katalis alami abu cocopeat
Abstrak: Harga bahan bakar dari minyak nabati seperti biodiesel, saat ini masih lebih tinggi dibandingkan solar dari minyak bumi. Hal ini disebabkan bahan baku biodiesel seperti crude palm oil, memilii harga yang relatif tinggi dan masih bersaing dengan kebutuhan pangan. Salah satu solusinya adalah dengan lileng,dan minyak jelaniah sebagai bahan baku dan penggunaan katalis alami sebagai katalis yang mampu berperan sebagai substitusi penggunaan katalis pada wlumnya. Faktor katalis pada apliiinya terhadap produksi biodiesel, temyata memegang peranan penting dslam aspek teknologi, ekonomi, efisiensi juga mutu akbir biodiesel yang d i i a s i l h Penggunaan katalis heterogen pada produksi biodiesel merupakan terobosan teknologi bruu yang diharapkan mampu membefih solusi permasdahan pada penggunaan katalis homogen. Keuntungan katalis hetercgen ini antm lain mildah dipisahkan dari prod& akhir karens tidak larut dalam media reaksi, secara termal lebi sbbil pa& suhu tinggi dan memiliki sisi kekuatan asam atau basa yang tinggi sehingga daya selektivitasnya juga baik.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Kulit Buah Kola Sebagai Katalis Heterogen Untuk Produksi Biodiesel Dari Minyak Goreng Curah
Abstrak: Energi merupakan kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kehidupan manusia. Sumber energi yang sering digunakan seperti minyak bumi, batu bara, dan gas memiliki cadangan yang terus berkurang berbanding terbalik dengan penggunaanya. Salah satu sumber energi terbarukan adalah biodiesel. Dalam prosesnya diperlukan katalis untuk mempercepat reaksi pembentukan biodiesel. Jenis katalis yang dapat digunakan adalah katalis heterogen. Katalis ini dapat berasal dari limbah pertanian seperti kulit buah kola. Katalis yang berasal dari kulit buah kola dibuat melalui proses kalsinasi pada berbagai suhu yaitu 550 °C, 625 °C, dan 700 °C selama 4 jam. Konsentrasi katalis yang digunakan pada pembuatan biodiesel yaitu 2%, 3%, dan 4%. Proses pembuatan biodiesel menggunakan suhu reaksi sebesar 60 °C dengan waktu reaksi transesterifikasi selama 2 jam. Hasil dari analisis katalis seperti Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), dan penggunaan ulang katalis. Biodiesel yang telah diproduksi juga dianalisis seperti rendemen, densitas, angka asam, bilangan penyabunan, gliserol total, dan kadar metil ester. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada suhu kalsinasi terbaik yaitu 550 °C dengan konsentrasi katalis sebesar 3%. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu rancangan acak lengkap faktorial dua faktor dan dianalisis dengan ANOVA (α = 0,05) serta uji lanjut Duncan. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa suhu kalsinasi dan konsentrasi biodiesel mempengaruhi hasil biodiesel., Energy is a necessity that cannot be separated from human life. Energy sources, such as petroleum, coal, and gas, have reserves that continuously decrease inversely with their usage. One of the renewable energy sources is biodiesel. In its production process, a catalyst is needed to speed up the biodiesel formation reaction. The type of catalyst that can be used is a heterogeneous catalyst. This catalyst can be derived from agricultural waste, such as kola nut pod husk. Catalysts derived from kola nut pod husk are produced through calcination processes at various temperatures, namely 550 °C, 625 °C, and 700 °C for 4 hours. The catalyst concentration in biodiesel production is 2%, 3%, and 4%. The biodiesel production process uses a reaction temperature of 60 °C with a transesterification reaction time of 2 hours. The results of catalyst analysis include Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), and catalyst reusability. The biodiesel is also analyzed for yield, density, acid number, saponification number, total glycerol, and methyl ester content. The best results are obtained at the optimum calcination temperature of 550 °C with a catalyst concentration of 3%. The experimental design used in this research is a two-factor full factorial design, and it is analyzed using ANOVA (α = 0.05) and the Duncan post hoc test. This study can be concluded that calcination temperature and biodiesel concentration affect biodiesel yield.
Keyword: biodiesel, calcination, kola pod husk, concentration, heterogeneous catalyst

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua