Judul: Aktivitas Antibakteri Minuman Fungsional Berbasis Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) dengan Enkapsulasi Maltodekstrin terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli pBR322
Abstrak: Sirih merah (Piper crocatum) merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur dan menguji aktivitas antibakteri pada minuman fungsional berbahan baku sirih merah dengan enkapsulasi maltodekstrin terhadap bakteri spesifik Escherichia coli pBR322 berdasarkan aktivitas dan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM). Ekstrasi sirih merah, jahe merah, perasan jeruk nipis dan kayu manis menggunakan air suling . Aktivitas antibakteri dilihat dengan adanya zona hambat yang terjadi pada konsentrasi tertentu. Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dilihat dengan adanya zona hambat yang terjadi pada konsentrasi minimum. Hasil menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terbaik adalah minuman fungsional dengan nanoenkapsulasi maltodekstrin 20% dengan nilai 1.95 ± 0.14 pada konsentrasi 10000 ppm. Konsentrasi minimum untuk menghambat bakteri berada pada 200 ppm dengan nilai 0.28 ± 0.26 yang dimiliki oleh minuman fungsional nanoenkapsulasi.
Keyword: Antibakteri, Daun sirih merah, Minuman fungsional, Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM)

Judul: Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak dan Fraksi Etanol 70% Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli pBR322
Abstrak: Sirih merah (Piper crocatum) merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur dan menguji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% dan fraksinasi bertingkat yakni n-heksana, etil asetat, dan air daun sirih merah terhadap bakteri spesifik Escherichia coli pBR322 berdasarkan aktivitas dan konsentrasi hambat minimum. Eksraksi dengan metode maserasi menghasilkan rendemen kasar untuk dilanjutkan fraksinasi berdasarkan tingkat kepolarannya. Aktivitas antibakteri dilihat dengan adanya zona hambat yang muncul pada konsentrasi tertentu. kadar hambat minimum dilihat dengan adanya zona hambat yang muncul pada konsentrasi minimum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, aktivitas antibakteri terbaik ditunjukkan oleh fraksi n-heksana dengan nilai 2.40 mm ± 0.14 di konsentrasi 1000 ppm. Konsentrasi minimum berada pada 100 ppm dengan nilai 0.60 mm ± 0.56 yang dimiliki oleh fraksi nheksana.
Keyword: Aktivitas antibakteri, daun sirih merah, Eschericia coli pBR322, konsentrasi hambat minimum

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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