Judul: Dekolorasi Limbah Cair Berwarna Mengandung Orange II Oleh Penicillium sp. L2
Abstrak: Setengah dari zat warna komersial yang ada di pasaran termasuk ke dalam kelompok senyawa azo (Weber dan Adams, 1995). Kelompok pewarna ini paling banyak digunakan di industri tekstil dan kertas. Secara umum zat warna azo termasuk kedalam kelompok bah an aromatik yang sukar terdegradasi secara biologi karena adanya ikatan azo dan pada beberapa senyawa tertentu disebabkan adanya gugus sui fat pada cincin aromatiknya. Renclahnya tingkat degradabilitas ini juga disebabkan oleh sifat penguraian bakteri aerob yang sangat spesifik, yang hanya mampu menclegradasi satu senyawa azo tertentu dan kurang efisien untuk mengolah campuran warna yang umumnya dijumpai dalam air limbah industri (Cripps et aI., 1990). Sementara itu, pacla kondisi anaerobik, senyawa azo akan tereduksi menjadi aromatik amina yang bersifat toksik atau karsinogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kemaillpuan isolat jamul' Penicillium sp. L2 dalam mendekolorisasi dan mendegradasi Orange II pada kondisi aerobik.
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Judul: Uji Keberadaan Amina Aromatik Hasil Biodegradasi Zat Warna Azo
Abstrak: Masuknya zat warna azo ke dalam lingkungan menjadi masalah yang serius. Dalam lingkungan, zat warna azo dapat mengalami biodegradasi mengbasilkan amina aromatik. Senyawa yang tidak berwarna ini bersifat toksik, mutagenik, dan karsindgenik terhadap hewan dan man usia. Selain itu polaritas amina aromatik menyebabkan amina aromatik banyak dijumpai di perairan. Dalam penelitian dilakukan analisis amina aromatik dalam sampel Orange II yang didegradasi oleh jamur Penicillium sp L2A dan dari air limbah pabrik tekstil. Sebagai standar am ina aromatik digunakan 1- naftilamina. Amina aromatik diderivatisasi menjadi senyawa iodo turunannya melalui reaksi azotasi yang diikuti dengan reaksi substitusi. Senyawa hasil derivatisasi yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi gas dengan detektor ionisasi nyala.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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