Judul: Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Usia Menarche pada Remaja Putri Atlet dan Non Atlet.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan aktivitas fisik dengan usia menarche pada remaja putri atlet dan non atlet. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang, yang melibatkan 41 orang yang terdiri dari 16 orang atlet dan 25 orang non atlet. Metode yang digunakan dalam penarikan contoh adalah purposive sampling, dengan kriteria contoh berstatus gizi normal, telah mengalami menarche, dan bersedia menjadi responden. Hasil uji beda Mann-Whitney yang dilakukan pada aktivitas responden hari sekolah menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan aktivitas fisik yang siginifikan (p<0.05) antara atlet dan non atlet. Berbeda dengan tingkat aktivitas fisik responden pada hari libur, yaitu sebagian besar responden memiliki tingkat aktivitas fisik rendah, baik pada atlet maupun non atlet. Hasil uji beda yang dilakukan pada aktivitas fisik hari libur menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata (p>0.05) pada aktivitas fisik responden atlet dan non atlet. Hasil uji korelasi yang telah dilakukan pada rata-rata aktivitas fisik terhadap usia menarche menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan (p<0.05, r=0.482), sehingga semakin tinggi aktivitas fisik maka usia menarche contoh akan semakin lambat.
Keyword: aktivitas fisik, atlet dan non atlet, remaja putri, usia menarche

Judul: Correlation between Junk Food Eating Habits, Physical Activity, and Nutritional Status with Age of Menarche in Female Adolescents
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara kebiasaan konsumsi junk food, aktivitas fisik, dan status gizi dengan usia menarche pada remaja putri. Desain penelitian adalah comparative cross sectional yang melibatkan 60 subjek (menarche cepat dan menarche normal masing-masing 30 orang). Frekuensi konsumsi junk food total kedua kelompok subjek (93,3%) termasuk sering (≥ 7 kali per minggu). Asupan energi junk food total kedua kelompok subjek (70,0%) termasuk kategori tinggi (≥244 kkal per hari). Kontribusi energi junk food pada total kedua kelompok subjek (91,7%) termasuk kategori tinggi (>7,3%). Aktivitas fisik subjek pada kedua kelompok termasuk dalam kategori ringan (90,0%). Sedangkan status gizi kedua kelompok subjek termasuk dalam status gizi normal (70,0%). Usia menarche ibu pada kelompok menarche cepat adalah signifikan lebih rendah dibandingkan menarche normal. Terdapat hubungan signifikan (p=0,016, OR=4,375) antara usia menarche ibu dengan usia menarche subjek, yakni usia menarche ibu cepat meningkatkan risiko 4,375 kali usia menarche cepat dibandingkan menarche normal. Namun tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kebiasaan konsumsi junk food, aktivitas fisik, dan status gizi dengan usia menarche subjek. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan sumbangan energi dari junk food adalah tidak signifikan, namun perlu diperhatikan jenis dan jumlahnya agar tidak berlebihan., This study aimed to analyze the correlation between junk food eating habits, physical activity, and nutritional status with age of menarche in female adolescents. A comparative cross-sectional design of this study involved by 60 subjects (early menarche and normal menarche both 30 subjects). All subjects in both groups (93.3%) categorized as frequent junk food consumption (≥7 times/week). The junk food energy intake of both groups (60.0%) were high (≥244 kcal/day). Likewise, the energy contribution of junk food in both groups (91.7%) were high (>7.3%/day). Physical activity in both groups were classified as light (90.0%). Meanwhile the nutritional status of both groups were categorized as normal (70.0%). Mother’s age of menarche significantly earlier in early menarche subjects than normal menarche subjects. There was a significant correlation (p=0.016, OR=4.375) between the mother’s and subject’s age of menarche, which was increased risk of early menarche on daughter 4.375 times. However, there was no significant correlation between junk food eating habits, physical activity, and nutritional status with subject’s age of menarche. The result indicated that energy contribution of junk food was not significant, but it was necessary to pay attention the type and amount of junk food thus it will not be excessive.
Keyword: age of menarche, nutritional status, physical activity, junk food

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable