Judul: Isolasi Dan Identifikasi Senyawa Asiatikosida Dari Pegagan (Centella asiatica l. Urban) Sebagai Senyawa Antibakteri
Abstrak: Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman yang mempunyai arti penting dalam obat-obatan tradisionaL Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa khasiat dari pegagan terutama disebabkan oleh senyawa triterpenoid yaitu asiatikosida. Bentuk: simplisia yang banyak digunakan adalah bentuk kering. Pengeringan pada pegagan dimaksudkan untuk membuang sejumlah air, dan untuk menjamin penyimpanan agar tidak rusak dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa asiatikosida dari pegagan sebagai senyawa antibakteri. Sirnplisia kering pegagan diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan metanol : air (4: L v/v). HasH dari proses maserasi ini kemudian dipekatkan dengan rotavapor, sehingga diperoleh ckstrnk kasar pegagan Ekstrak kasar ini kemudian diekstraksi dengan eorong pisah menggunakan pelarut bertllrut-turut heksana. etil asetat dan butanol yang bertujuan Wltuk mengisolasi senyawa asiatikosida. Terhadap fraksi hasil ekstraksi dilakukan anaJisis dengan KLT. Dari hasil analisis dengan KLT menWljukkan bahwa senyawa asiatikosida terekstraksi dengan pelarut butanol. Fraksi butanol ini kemudian diisolasi dengan kromatografi kol
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Judul: Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Kandidat Peptida Antimikroba dari Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica)
Abstrak: Peptida antimikroba (AMP) memiliki aktivitas spektrum luas dan dapat membunuh bakteri yang resistan terhadap antibiotik. AMP dapat diisolasi dari berbagai sumber salah satunya tumbuhan. Centella asiatica (pegagan) memiliki kandungan yang mampu menghambat bakteri, berpotensi digunakan dalam pengobatan pengganti antibiotik. Namun, belum diketahui adanya senyawa AMP pada pegagan sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi senyawa peptida antimikroba yang terdapat pada daun pegagan, yang berpotensi dalam pengobatan jerawat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi isolasi sampel, presipitasi amonium sulfat dan dialisis, analisis bobot molekul dan kadar protein sampel, serta uji aktivitas antibakteri. Proses isolasi AMP daun pegagan menggunakan CH3COOH 10% memiliki kondisi optimal dengan ukuran 250 mesh dan tambahan sonikasi. Identifikasi peptida menggunakan metode SDS-PAGE menunjukkan bobot molekul peptida terduga sebesar 13 kDa. Presipitasi yang dilakukan meningkatkan kadar protein dua kali lipat sebesar 0,449 mg/ml dibandingkan ekstrak kasar. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri hasil pemurnian sampel pegagan terhadap E. coli dan P. acnes tidak menunjukkan adanya daya hambat., Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) had broad-spectrum activity and could kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. AMPs could be isolated from various sources, one of which was plant. Centella asiatica (pegagan) contained compounds that could inhibit bacteria, potentially serving as a substitute for antibiotics. However, it was not yet known whether AMP compounds in pegagan acted as antimicrobials. This research aimed to isolate and characterize antimicrobial peptide compounds found in pegagan leaves for potential application in acne treatment. The methods employed included sample isolation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, analysis of sample molecular weight and protein content, and antibacterial activity tests. The optimal conditions for AMP isolation from pegagan leaves involved using 10% CH3COOH, a 250 mesh size, and additional sonication. Peptide identification using SDS-PAGE indicated that the molecular weight of the predicted peptide was 13 kDa. The precipitation process doubled the protein content to 0.449 mg/mL compared to the crude extract. However, purified pegagan samples did not exhibit any inhibitory effect in tests against E. coli and P. acnes.
Keyword: peptida antimikroba, pegagan, antibiotik, bakteri

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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