Judul: The Effect of Labor Productivity on Economic Growth in Lower Middle Income Countries
Abstrak: Produktivitas tenaga kerja merupakan satuan yang menunjukkan kemampuan negara dalam mengelola sumber daya manusia. Efisiensi produktivitas tenaga kerja akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dalam lima tahun terakhir, kategori negara lower middle income mengalami perlambatan dalam tingkat pertumbuhan produktivitas tenaga kerja yang berpotensi meningkatkan ketimpangan ekonomi terhadap negara high income. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh produktivitas tenaga kerja terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi beserta faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas tenaga kerja di negara lower middle income dengan menggunakan data cross section 10 negara lower middle income dan time series tahun 2010 hingga 2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan labor productivity, foreign direct investment, trade openess, dan human development index berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sementara produktivitas tenaga kerja dipengaruhi secara positif dan signifikan oleh pertumbuhan sektor industri, pertumbuhan sektor jasa, serta gross fixed capital formation., One of the ways for a country to measure its ability on managing their human resources is through labor productivity. It is widely believed that an increase in labor productivity would lead to economic growth. In the last five years, the growth rate of labor productivity in lower middle income countries starts to decelerate. This could lead into an even bigger economic inequality between these countries and higher income countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of labor productivity on the economy of lower middle income countries and factors that affect labor productivity itself. Ten lower middle income countries were taken as cross section data and the time range was from 2010 to 2019. The result showed that the variables of labor productivity, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and human development index had significant and positive effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, gross fixed capital formation alongside growth of industrial and service sectors were factors that significantly increase labor productivity.
Keyword: panel data, Lower Middle Income Countries, economic growth, labor productivity

Judul: Pengaruh Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Negara ASEAN
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan salah satu indikator yang sangat penting untuk melihat kinerja perekonomian suatu negara. Salah satu yang mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah produktivitas tenaga kerja. ASEAN merupakan organisasi geopolitik dan ekonomi yang ada di Asia Tenggara yang bertujuan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemajuan social, dan pengembangan kebudayaan negara anggotanya. ASEAN memiliki peran penting tidak hanya letaknya yang startegis, ASEAN juga tengah berkembang pesat menjadi pusat ekonomi secara regional di dunia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh produktivitas tenaga kerja terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara ASEAN dengan menggunakan data cross section 10 negara ASEAN dan time series waktu 10 tahun dari tahun 2010 hingga 2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel labor productivity, foreign direct investment (FDI) dan human capital berpengaruh signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Unemployment tidak signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara ASEAN., Economic growth is one of the most important indicators to see the economic performance of a country. One of the factors that drive economic growth is labor productivity. ASEAN is a geopolitical and economic organization in Southeast Asia that aims to increase economic growth, social progress, and cultural development of its member countries, ASEAN is also rapidly developing into a regional economic center in the world. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of labor productivity on ASEAN countries using croos section data of 10 ASEAN countries and a 10 year time series from 2010 to 2019. The result show that the variables of labor productivity, foreign direct investment (FDI), and human capital have a significant and positive effect on economic growth. Unemployment is not significant to economic growth in ASEAN counstries.
Keyword: ASEAN, labor productivity, panel data, economic growth

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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