Judul: Genetic and wood anatomy characterization of pinus merkusii high resin yielder candidates and its propagation strategy
Abstrak: Selection activities for high resin yielder candidates of Pinus merkusii in Java were started in 2006 through a series of survey and morphological studies, but specific information on its resin production structure, marker based genetic aspect, wood anatomy and propagation strategy are still not determined yet. Those information are needed for futher characterization and improvement strategy. The objectives of this research were: i) to determine resin production baseline data, growth structure and growth character related with resin production for further research, ii) to estimate genetic parameter of higher resin yielder candidate through morphogenetic characterization, iii) to analyze anatomical structure of resin duct influencing resin production through macroscopic and microscopic characterization and iv) to develop vegetative propagation strategy for higher resin yielder candidate through interfascicular shoot multiplication, cutting and grafting. The result on determination resin production baseline data, growth stucture and growth character showed that Cijambu Seedling Seed Orchard (SSO) has the highest resin production (101.4 g/tree/3days) compared to Baturaden SSO (88.72 g/tree/3days) and Jember SSO (64.4 g/tree/3days), right-skewness resin production distribution structure and wider resin production interval. Therefore Cijambu SSO was choosen for resin yielder characterization. Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression for 14 growth characters out of 35 characters were tested. Stem diameter, branching number, bark thickness and crown had moderate correlation with resin yield (r: 0.75). It is concluded that resin production was affected by genetic and enviromental factors. Although resin production was affected by genetic and environmental factor, therefore appropriate stand management (silviculture treatment) must also be implemented because potential genetic expression would be maximized if environmental conditions is well managed. The result on morphogenetic characterization showed that resin production character has high value of coefficient genetic variation (CGV: 14.5- 28.43%), narrow sense heritability for individual (h2: 0.580.08-0.770.08), different allelic pattern, heterozygosity value (He:0.551 and He:0.545) and clustered with normal producer. This research showed that genetically high resin yielder candidates are different from normal resin producer. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation founded 3 characters (diameter, bark thickness and crown length) which have positive correlation and 2 characters (branch number and severity level of pest and disease attack) which negative correlation with resin yield. For resin yielder, these characters can be used as indicator for resin yielder selection. The result on anatomical structure characterization showed that high resin yielder candidate trees compared to that of normal one are as followed: darker in wood colour (reddis brown compared to creamy white), higher in number of axial resin duct (9.401.68/mm2 to 101.30 /mm2 compared to 40.96/mm2), wider in resin duct diameter (468.8998.72 μm to 562.11181.62 μm compared to 109.4211.26 μm), thicker in epithelium cell (50.81 12.20 μm to 58.599.55 μm compared to 23.1787 μm). These differences may affect to quantity of resin yielder compared to normal producer. Vegetative propagation through interfascicular shoot multiplication, cutting and grafting provides promising strategy for mass production of high resin yielder. Interfascicular shoot multiplication provided higher new juvenile materials compared to normal seedling, while cutting from 1 year old seedling produced high rooting percentage (87.5%). Technically, pine resin yielder can also be propagated through grafting technique.
Keyword: propagation

Judul: Pendugaan Parameter-parameter Genetika-Ekologi dari Beberapa Sifat Kuantitatif dalam Hutan Tanaman Pinus merkusii Jungh. et De Vriese strain Tapanuli dan strain Aceh
Abstrak: Penelitian dilakukan pada hutan tanaman P. roerkusii strain Tapanuli dan strain Aceh, masing-masing dalam populasi Pangaribuan, Sumatera Utara, dan populasi Saree, Aceh. Pengamatan tinggi pohon total, tinggi batang bebas cabang, diameter batang, bentuk batang, tebal kulit batang dan produksi getah kayu dilakukan di lapangan; sedangkan berat jenis, kadar selulosa, panjang serat, diameter serat, tebal dinding sel serat dan ebar lumen sel serat kayu ditetapkan di laboratorium. Tujuan penelitian ini ial.ah menduga ragam genetik, ragam lingkungan dan heritabilitas arti luas dari setiap sifat pohon; serta peragam genetik, peragam lingkungan, korelasi genetik, korelasi lingkungan dan korelasi fenotipa dari semua pasangan sifat pohon yang dapat dibentuk. Dengan diketahuinya pola pewarisan genetik dari berbagai sifat pohon dalam setiap strain, diharapkan akan diketahui tolok ukur untuk seleksi sifat-sifat pohon, dengan tujuan akhir menentukan sifat-sifat yang perlu dikembangkan dalam pemuliaan pohon untuk tujuan-tujuan industri. Semua parameter genetika-ekologi diduga tanpa melalui uji keturunan. Ragam genetik dan lingkungan diduga menu. metode Shrikhande (1957). Heritabilitas arti luas s. korelasi genetik, lingkungan dan fenotipa berikut peragamperagamnya diduga menurut metode Sakai dan Hatakeyama (1963). Tujuh sifat pohon dalam setiap strain yang dikendalikan secara kuat oleh faktor genetik adalah: diameter batang, bentuk batang, tebal kulit batang, produksi ' getah, berat jenis, diameter serat dan lebar lumen sel serat kayu. Pengendalian genetik yang kuat juga terdapat pada tinggi batang bebas cabang dalam strain Tapanuli, dan pada tinggi pohon total serta kadar selulosa kayu dalam strain Aceh. Empat sifat pohon strain Tapanuli yang dikendalikan secara sedang oleh faktor genetik adalah: tinggi pohon total, kadar selulosa, panjang serat dan tebal dinding sel serat kayu. Pengendalian genetik yang sedang juga terdapat pada tinggi batang bebas cabang, panjang serat dan tebal dinding sel serat kayu strain Aceh. Dalam setiap strain, seleksi simultan dapat dilakukan terhadap pasangan sifat: tinggi pohon total dan diameter batang serta tinggi pohon total dan bentuk batang. Di samping itu, seleksi untuk peningkatan diameter batang diduga akan menyebabkan peningkatan tebal kulitnya. Dalam strain Aceh, seleksi untuk memperbaiki bentuk batang diduga akan memperbaiki pula tinggi batang bebas cabang dan diameter batang. Akan tetapi, kejadian seperti ini tidak terdapat dalam strain Tapanuli. Diameter batang yang besar diduga dapat digunakan secara efektif sebagai suatu indeks untuk menyeleksi tetuatetua yang produksi getahnya tinggi dalam setiap strain. Di pihak lain, seleksi untuk peningkatan diameter batang did! akan menyebabkan penurunan berat jenis kayunya dalam setiap strain. Setiap manipulasi genetik untuk mendapatkan bentuk batang yang lurus diduga akan memperbaiki pula kadar selulosa dan panjang serat kayu dalam kedua strain. Berat jenis kayu yang lebih tinggi dalam setiap strain, diduga dapat dihasilkan dari peningkatan keseluruhan dalam tebal dinding sel serat kayu melalui seleksi. Dalam setiap strain, setiap perbaikan genetik dari diameter serat diduga akan menghasilkan perubahan positif yang bersamaan dalam tebal dinding sel dan lebar lumen sel serat kayu. Di pihak lain, setiap manipulasi genetik untuk menurunkan lebar lumen sel serat akan meningkatkan tebal dinding sel serat kayu.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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