Judul: Dampak Pembayaran Jasa Lingkungan Daerah Aliran Sungai Cidanau Terhadap Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Desa Citaman, Serang
Abstrak: Payment for environmental services (PES) is a social institution that organizes the relationship between Citaman Village’s farmers as a provider of environmental services, and PT. KTI as the payer of environmental services.The objectives of this study are to analyze the impact of PES on the socio-economic conditions of the Citaman’s farmers, and to analyze benefits that received by the payer of environmental service i.e. PT KTI. The results show that, first, PES creates positive impact to the socio-economic conditions ofCitaman’s farmers, such aspositive engagement of the farmers community to the PJL scheme, active participation of the Forest’s Farmer Group, increase farmer incomes, creates newlivelihood formations,as well asincentives received by the farmers. Second, so far, from the ecological point of view, PES has not able to provide benefits for payer of the environmental servicse, particularly seeing from the water continuation and fluctuation. However, it is expected that the payer could gained the ecological benefits of PES if the schemecould work in a more longer and vast area than present.
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Judul: Model skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan dalam pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai (studi kasus di sub DAS Citanduy Hulu dan sub DAS Ciseel)
Abstrak: This study suggests an alternative solution to solve degradation in Subwatershed Citanduy Hulu and Sub-watershed Ciseel using Payment Environmental Services (PES) model. It is an instrument of economic policy based on economic incentives. PES is established between the owner or manager of the land on the upstream with water users both for commercial and non commercial purposes on the middle as well as the downstream. Conditions and characteristics of the watershed are different from one to another, therefore in order to apply PES an appropriate model is required. The purpose of this study is to design a PES model in Sub-watershed Citanduy Hulu and Sub-watershed Ciseel, includes an analysis of the typology of the watershed, watershed characteristics analysis, economic valuation and institutional analysis. The typology of watershed is used to determine which regions are eligible for the implementation of PES. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is applied to determine such regions. The analysis showed that there are 7 (seven) Subwatershed in the area of Citanduy watershed, namely: Sub-watershed Citanduy Hulu, Cijolang, Cimuntur, Ciseel, Cikawung, Citanduy Tengah and Citanduy Hilir. Among those sub-watersheds, only Sub-watershed Citanduy Hulu and Subwatershed Ciseel are qualified because of their potential for environmental services, environmental service providers, resource management, and institutional environment. The watershed characteristics is used as the basis for determining the scope of the PES model. From SWAT analysis results in flow of water in the upstream Sub-watershed Citanduy Hulu, which is about 11,4% is the flow of surface (surface flow) and 88.6% lateral and groundwater flow, while in the middle-end of about 5,5% is the surface flow and 94,5% lateral and ground water flow. This condition shows that from the aspect of availability of Sub-watershed Citanduy Hulu currently still in safe condition, both the dry and rainy season. Nevertheless, in order of quantity, quality and continuity of water can remain assured, it is need to rehabilitate the land cover with the erosion rate is relatively moderate and severe area of 1.574 Ha and maintain existing wetland and gardens. For Sub-watershed Ciseel water flow composition in the upper and middledownstream almost equal, is about 46% came from surface flow and 54% of the lateral and groundwater flow. This condition shows that from the aspect of availability of Sub-watershed Ciseel still depends on the season, it is necessary to rehabilitation and conservation of land cover with moderate and severe area of 1.402 Ha and improve wetland and gardens conditions. This indicates that the water catchment area in each unit of land significant role in providing groundwater recharge...dst
Keyword: Critical watershed, typology of watershed, watershed characterististic, econimic valuation, institutional, and payment of environmental services scheme

Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum