Judul: Proyeksi Perubahan Pola Curah Hujan Di Indonesia Menggunakan Skenario Perubahan Iklim Jangka Pendek
Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang perubahan curah hujan berdasarkan skenario perubahan iklim jangka pendek untuk periode proyeksi tahun 2011-2035. Perhitungan model prediksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode analisis korelasi kanonik. Data yang dipakai adalah data curah hujan dari observasi BMKG, CHIRPS dan luaran model GCM. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa data CHIRPS cukup baik dalam menduga curah hujan Indonesia, yakni terlihat dari nilai rataan korelasi 24 stasiun (r=0.715) dan plot data yang mampu mengikuti pola data observasi. Berdasarkan analisis cluster, wilayah Indonesia terbagi menjadi lima wilayah cluster dengan karakter curah hujan yang berbeda. Analisis klimatologi menunjukan bahwa perubahan curah hujan rata-rata yang cukup besar terjadi pada musim JJA dan DJF, sementara pada MAM dan SON perubahannya kecil. Analisis curah hujan per-cluster menunjukan terjadinya perubahan curah hujan yang signifikan pada semua cluster. Proyeksi iklim jangka pendek secara umum menunjukan bahwa Indonesia akan mengalami kenaikan curah hujan rata-rata saat musim kemarau dan penurunan saat musim hujan.
Keyword: analisis cluster, GCM, korelasi kanonik

Judul: Projection of Rainfall in Indonesia under Various ENSO Conditions Using CMIP6 GCM Data
Abstrak: Iklim di Indonesia mengalami anomali akibat berbagai faktor pengendali iklim dan mengalami tren perubahan akibat perubahan iklim. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) merupakan faktor pengendali iklim terkuat yang memengaruhi variabilitas iklim di Indonesia khususnya curah hujan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan curah hujan di Indonesia pada berbagai kondisi ENSO (El Niño, La Niña dan normal) pada tahun 2031-2060 terhadap tahun 1981- 2010. Sepuluh GCMs yang tergabung dalam CMIP6 dengan tiga skenario perubahan iklim, yaitu SSP1.0-2.6, SSP2.0-4.5 dan SSP5.0-8.5, digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Data model dikoreksi menggunakan koreksi bias statisik agar dapat mendekati data observasi. Curah hujan klimatologis diperoleh dengan menghitung rata-rata curah hujan tahunan selama 30 tahun sedangkan curah hujan saat terjadi El Niño dan La Niña dihitung dengan analisis komposit curah hujan tahunan pada tahun-tahun terjadinya fenomena tersebut. Pada kondisi normal, curah hujan di Indonesia akan meningkat di beberapa wilayah dan menurun di beberapa wilayah lainnya. Peningkatan ini mencapai 7,6%, 8,5% dan 8,6% sedangkan penurunannya mencapai 6,7%, 7,2% dan 7,3% beruturut-turut pada skenario SSP1.0-2.6, SSP2.0- 4.5 dan SSP5.0-8.5. Pada kondisi El Niño, penurunan curah hujan yang terjadi pada periode proyeksi diproyeksikan akan menguat sebesar 1,8%, 0,2% dan 3,4% dibanding periode historisnya pada ketiga skenario yang diteliti. Penguatan ini terjadi di seluruh wilayah Indonesia, kecuali wilayah Jawa, Bali, NTB, Sulawesi Selatan serta sebagian Papua pada SSP2.0-4.5 dan bagian utara pulau Papua pada SSP5.0-8.5. Pada kondisi La Niña, peningkatan curah hujan yang terjadi pada periode proyeksi dengan skenario SSP1.0-2.6 dan SSP2.0-4.5 diproyeksikan akan melemah sebesar 0,1% dan 0,4% dari periode historisnya. Namun pada SSP5.0-8.5 peningkatan ini tidak mengalami perubahan. Wilayah-wilayah yang diproyeksikan mengalami pelemahan dampak La Niña meliputi Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku Utara serta sebagian Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara dan Papua., The climate in Indonesia is experiencing anomalies due to various climate drivers and changing trends due to climate change. El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSO) is the strongest climate drivers that affects climate variability in Indonesia, especially rainfall. This study aims to analyze changes of rainfall in Indonesia under various ENSO conditions (El Niño, La Niña and normal) in the future (2031-2060) respective to baseline periods (1981-2010). Ten GCMs from CMIP6 under three climate change scenarios, namely SSP1.0-2.6, SSP2.0-4.5 and SSP5.0-8.5, were used in this study. The model data were corrected using statistical bias correction in order to approximate the observation data. Climatological rainfall is obtained by calculating the average annual rainfall for 30 years, while rainfall during El Niño and La Niña is calculated by composite analysis of annual rainfall in the years that these phenomena occur. Under normal conditions, rainfall in Indonesia will increase in some areas and decrease in other areas. This increase reached 7.6%, 8.5% and 8.6% while the decrease reached 6.7%, 7.2% and 7.3% respectively in SSP1.0-2.6, SSP2.0-4.5, and SSP5.0-8.5. In El Niño conditions, the decrease in rainfall that occurs in the projection period is projected to strengthen by 1.8%, 0.2% and 3.4% compared to the historical period in the three scenarios studied. This strengthening occurred in all regions of Indonesia, except for Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi and parts of Papua in SSP2.0-4.5 and the northern
Keyword: Analisis komposit, El Nino, La Nina, Perubahan iklim, Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Composite analysis, Climate change

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable