Judul: Eksistensi gen penyandi protein &-endotoksin pada beberapa isolat bakteri tanah
Abstrak: Protein S-endotoksin telah lama digunakan sebagai pestisida hayati karena selektifitas toksisitasnya yang tinggi. Bahan aktif ini diproduksi oleh bakreri Bacillus thuringiensis pada masa sporulasi. Material genetik penyandi protein 8-Endotoksin terdapat pada plasmid yang disebut dengan gen cry. Penelitian untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri B. thuringiensis semakin berkembang. Salalı satu teknik yang digunakan adalah polymerase chain reaction. Teknik ini paling sensitif dan relatif mudah. Penentuan keberadaan gen cry pada 24 buah isolat bakteri tanah pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik polymerase chain reaction dengan 8 primer, yaitu Cry IA, IA(b), IA(c), IB, IC, ID, IE, dan IIIA. Sebagai kontrol digunakan lima macam galur bakteri B. thuringiensis. Pada semua isolat yang diteliti tidak terdapat gen cry 1A, 1A(b), IA(c), 1B, 1C, ID, IE, dan 3A. Di dalam B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 terdapat gen cry 1C dan 1E. Pada B. thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki HD-1 dari Thuricide " HP terdapat gen cry 1C.
Keyword: pestisida hayati, bacillus thuringiensis, teknik polymerase chain reaction, gen cry

Judul: Analisis molekuler gen Cry dari galur-galur mutan Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 dengan teknik PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Abstrak: Pestisida yang biasa digunakan untuk mengendalikan serangga perusak tanaman (hama) adalah) bahan kimia beracun. Bahan kimia tersebut biasanya mempunyai spektrum daya bunuh yang luas, karena sifatnya ini dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif diantaranya membunuh organisme nontarget, berdampak terhadap kesehatan manusia, dan menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan serta resistensi hama. Mengingat bahaya dari pestisida tersebut maka dicari alternatif yang lebih aman yaitu penanggulangan secara alami atau hayati yang disebut dengan biocontrol. Salah satunya adalah penggunaan bakteri sebagai biocontrol. Bacillus thuringiensis merupakan bakteri yang memiliki protein toksik yang dapat membunuh serangga perusak tanaman. Salah satu B. thuringiensis yang sudah dimanfaatkan adalah Bacillus thuringiensis subspesies kurstaki HD-1 yang mampu membunuh larva Lepidoptera. Dalam usaha meningkatkan potensi bakteri tersebut sebagai insektisida telah dilakukan mutasi (modifikasi genetik) dengan menggunakan sinar UV, etilmetansulfonat, dan metil-nitro-nitroso- guanidin (Jusuf 1987). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis molekuler untuk mendeteksi perubahan yang terjadi pada gen cry akibat mutasi pada untaian basanya. Teknik analisis molekuler yang dilakukan adalah reaksi rantai polimerase (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR). Gen penyandi protein toksik (gen cry) untuk B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 terdapat pada plasmid. Metode isolasi plasmid yang dipilih adalah metode Allen (Cork & khalil 1996), yaitu isolasi plasmid berdasarkan pada denaturasi alkali. Analisis DNA dari galur-galur mutan B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 dengan menggunakan teknik PCR menunjukkan bahwa mutasi pada untaian DNA dapat menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan gen cry dari asalnya atau adanya penambahan jenis gen cry baru, seperti pada galur 25S7, 50S1, dan 2EM1 mempunyai gen cry tambahan selain gen cry yang terdapat pada galur liar [cry IA (b)] yaitu gen cry IA, ID, dan IIIA.
Keyword: molecular systems

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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