Judul: Evaluation of Pine Pollen Extract Dietary Supplementation on Masculinization and Reproduction Performance of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Abstrak: Freshwater ornamental fish potential in Indonesia continues to increase, mainly male guppy (Poecilia reticulata) due to more beautiful color than female fish and more expensive price, which needs an effort to increase male percentage. Masculinization using androgenic synthetic hormone such as 17α-methyltestosterone is the most common way to increase total male fish produced. However, this hormone has several problems, namely high-cost import material and is thought to have a negative impact for the environment. Pine pollen (PP) is a highly potential material for organic androgenic source containing phytohormone or phytoandrogenic hormone. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary supplementation of pine pollen extract fed during pregnant broodstock, larvae, and broodstock candidate phase on masculinization and reproduction performance of guppy fish. This study contained three steps, namely SSP extract dietary supplementation during pregnant broodtsock, larvae, and broodstock candidate phases. First step study was performed by evaluating the PP extract dietary supplementation in pregnant broodstock on the breed male sex ratio produced. This study used 5 treatments and 3 replications as each treatment unit was filled with 1 pregnant broodstock at 0.8-1 g broodstock-1 weight and 3.5-4.5 cm length. Treatments used were control (K), 1 mg kg-1 feed 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), 10 mg kg-1 feed SSP extract (SSP10), 50 mg kg-1 feed PP extract (SSP50), and 250 mg kg-1 feed SSP extract (SSP250). The feed available for pregnant broodstock was fed 3 times a day for 15 days at satiation. Parameters identified in this study were first- (B1) and second-born (B2) male sex ratios, B1 and B2 survival rates, broodstock testosterone hormone concentration on B1, broodstock estradiol level on B1, gonadosomatic index (GSI) on B1, hepatosomatic index (HSI) on B1, B1 and B2 birth difference, number of larvae produced by each broodstock, and testis and ovarium histology on B1 and B2. In the B1, the study results showed that the SSP250 treatment produced the highest male sex ratio at 66.40%, and had insignificant difference on survival rate (P>0.05). In the B2, the male sex ratio in control and PP treatments was insignificantly different. In the B1 and B2, the MT treatment obtained the highest male sex ratio compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The 17α-methyltestosterone residue still likely remained on 1-month after treatments were terminated. This condition induced the ongoing masculinization in the B2. The supplementation of SSP extract and MT certainly improve the plasma testosterone content either in broodstock or larvae. The first study step concludes that the dietary supplementation of SSP extract can increase the male sex ratio of guppy fish at 32.6% with 50 mg kg-1 feed as the optimal dose. The second study step was performed to evaluate the dietary supplementation of SSP extract in larvae on male sex ratio. This study contained 5 treatments and 3 replications filled with 20 0-3 days after birth larvae. Treatments applied were similar to the first study step. Feeding was performed at satiation 3 times a day for 15 days. Parameters identified were male sex ratio, survival rate, GSI, HSI, and testis and ovarium histology. The study results showed that SSP extract supplementation
Keyword: masculinization, pine pollen, Poecilia reticulata, reproduction performance, 17α-methyltestosterone

Judul: Masculinization of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Using Pine Pollen Extract Through A Soaking Method
Abstrak: Fitoandrogen berupa testosteron terkandung di dalam Pinus massoniana Lamb, P. tabulaeformis Carr, bahan ini dapat digunakan sebagai bahan maskulinisasi pada ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas ekstrak serbuk sari pinus pada proses maskulinisasi ikan nila dengan metode perendaman larva serta pengaruhnya terhadap mortalitas ikan. Dosis ekstrak serbuk sari pinus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu, 0,02 mL/L, 0,05 mL/L, 0,1 mL/L, dan 0 mL/L. Penelitian ini menggunakan materi uji larva ikan nila merah (Oreochromis niloticus) berumur 9 hari setelah menetas. Larva ikan nila diperoleh dari departemen budidaya FPIK IPB. Larva ikan nila dipelihara selama 60 hari pada akuarium 50 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm dan ketinggian air 30 cm dengan padat tebar 1,6 ekor/L (100 ekor/akuarium). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan ekstrak serbuk sari pinus memberikan hasil positif dengan meningkatnya persentase kelamin jantan dengan hasil tertinggi yaitu 76,67±3,33%, Phytoandrogen in the form of testosterone are contained in Pinus massoniana Lamb, P. tabulaeformis Carr, this material can be used as masculinizing ingredient in fish. This research aimed to test the effectiveness of pine pollen extract on the masculinization process of tilapia with larval immersion method and its effect on fish mortality. The doses of pine pollen extract used in this study were 0,02 mL/L, 0,05 mL/L, 0,1 mL/L, and 0 mL/L. This study used test material of red tilapia larvae (Oreochromis niloticus) aged 9 days after hatching. Tilapia larvae were obtained from the culture department of FPIK IPB. Tilapia larvae were reared for 60 days in aquariums of 50 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm and a water level of 30 cm with a stocking density 1,6 fish/L (100 fish/aquarium). The results showed that the use of pine pollen extract gave positive results by increasing the percentage of male sex with the highest result of 76.67 ± 3.33%.
Keyword: Masculinization, male sex percentage, Pine pollen, Tilapia fish

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: