Judul: Determinants of Profitability of Foreign Custodian Banks in Indonesia (Study on Foreign Custodian Banks for the 2015-2020 Period)
Abstrak: Since the enactment of banking liberalization in 1999 to facilitate the entry of foreign capital into the country, the role of foreign banks has increasingly enlivened the Indonesian banking industry. This study aims to explain the application of risk management in Foreign Custodian Banks (BAK) in mitigating potential market risk (exchange rate risk and interest rate risk) and liquidity risk; analyze the effect of changes in external and internal factors on the overall profitability of BAK; and formulate managerial implications for the influence of changes in external and internal factors at BAK. This research was conducted on three BAK in Indonesia which were selected purposively with the consideration that they could represent the activities of Foreign Custodian Banks in Indonesia because they have a significant volume of foreign exchange transactions. implementing market risk and liquidity risk management in an effective, robust and reliable manner, as well as having a significant number of assets under custody (including the big five in Indonesia). The time of this research was conducted during the period 2021-2022 with data processing techniques using panel data regression analysis. The results showed that BAK was able to mapplyeffective risk management as outlined in a risk management framework to facilitate the management of all business activities with the aim of maximizing risk-adjusted returns while remaining within risk-appetite limits.In managing market risk, BAK implements risk management in the form of:LimitMarket Risk,Stress Testing,Value At Risk(VARs),Historical Simulation Modelfor calculationsdaily Value at Risk(dVaR), as well as a sensitivity analysis of interest rate risk (PV 01). In addition, BAK performsback testingon the results of VaR calculations to evaluate the effectiveness of the VaR model. In managing liquidity risk, BAK implements risk management, including:Maximum Cumulative Outflow(MCO) as the main measurement in liquidity risk management; measuring, monitoring and reviewing liquidity conditions on a daily basis through ALCO; and set limitsLiquidity Coverage Ratio(LCR) over the next 30 days in a stress scenario. During the study period, the LCR value maintained by BAK ranged from 174% to 725% so that it can be assessed that the liquidity risk of BAK is relatively low. Based onthe results of the study, the profitability of Bank Indonesia as measured in ROE, is significantly influenced by the independent variable PUAB interest rates, the number of Government Securities owned by foreigners, the balance sheet PDN ratio, the NIM ratio, the LAFCTA ratio, and the Dummy Covid- 19 condition. The panel data regression results show an R2 value of 0.831588 meaning that the goodness of fit of the model can be explained by 83.16%, the remaining 16.84% is explained by other factors outside the model. There is a positive correlation of 0.54300 between the LAFCTA ratio and the Balance Sheet PDN ratio which shows that there is a tendency at one time for BAK to build the position of PDN by increasing the LAFCTA ratio.
Keyword: Panel Data, Custodian Bank, Risk Management, Profitability

Judul: Analisis Strategi Efisiensi Perbankan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Era Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN
Abstrak: The study is motivated by the need for more efficient Indonesian banks when the ASEAN economic cooperation scheme in the banking sector is carried out in 2020. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were deployed to answer the research questions. The quantitative analyses are stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and panel data regression with Indonesian banking population data for 2007–2016. Analysis at the ASEAN level uses a sample of the 20 largest banks in 2014-2016. A desk study, surveys, focus group discussions (FGD), and analytic network process (ANP) were used for qualitative analysis. Both types of analysis are complementary to each other so that the results can answer questions and research objectives comprehensively. Some conclusions related to banking management and regulatory policies have been made and are expected to support Indonesia's banking industry to be more competitive in the future. Throughout the last ten years up to 2016, the efficiency of Indonesian banking has not experienced an increase. Indonesian banking efficiency is normally distributed with an average value of 67.7%, with a minimum value of 41.1% and a maximum of 93.3%. The stochastic frontier model shows that all input and output factors, as well as price variables, are significant. The magnitude of variables, from the biggest to the lowest, is operating costs (0.30), labor costs (0.26), and fixed assets (0.05) . Bank size does not affect efficiency, while differences in ownership and type of Islamic or conventional bank significantly affect efficiency. The average value of bank efficiency per country is as follows: Singapore (93.1%), Malaysia (75.2%), Philippines (75.2%), Thailand (75.0%), Indonesia (65.7%), and Vietnam (64.2%). Indonesia's banking condition is characterized by high profit and low efficiency, which is a feature of the "Quiet-Life Hypothesis." This condition makes Indonesian banks less likely to be more efficient because their profitability is high enough even in an unefficient condition. A separate study is needed to develop an effective incentive system. At the national level, determinants analysis of banking efficiency at the national level shows that BOPO, ROE, and NIM are significant at 1% level, affecting efficiency. Banks with greater NIM conditions tend to be less efficient due to "quiet-life" conditions, where in a wider margin position there is less incentive for banks to be more efficient. The determinants model of banking efficiency at the ASEAN level shows that the variable 3-month deposit rate (3MRATE) is significant in all models with a greater magnitude than many other macroeconomic variables. Another significant determinant is NPL for TOBIT and PLS models, with a negative relationship. It is certainly very logical that the banking industry, which has many loan problems, will be increasingly inefficient. This research supports previous studies that show higher deposit rates tend to make a banking system less efficient. The strategy map has a weight of 30.0% for the financial perspective, 24.4% for the customer perspective, 19.4% for the internal perspective, and for the learning and growth perspective, 26.2%. The financial perspective has a short time dimension; the results are expected in the near future. The overall strategy map model is a management tool to identify various strategic
Keyword: Banking Efficiency, Efficiency Strategy, Stochastics Frontier Analysis, Strategy Map

Judul: Sintesis nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 menggunakan teknik hidrotermal
Abstrak: Nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) merupakan semikonduktor yang berpotensi sebagai fotokatalis untuk reaksi fotodegradasi zat pewarna. Semikonduktor ini memiliki sela pita yang jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan semikonduktor TiO2, sehingga memungkinkan dapat berkerja hanya dengan paparan sinar matahari. Nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 telah berhasil disintesis menggunakan teknik hidrotermal dengan suhu 200 oC selama 24 jam. Larutan Cu2ZnSnS4 dinetralkan menggunakan amonium hidroksida dan dialiri gas N2 sebelum proses hidrotermal. Hasil analisis mikroskop elektron pemayaran menunjukkan nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 mengalami aglomerasi karena memiliki ukuran partikel yang besar. Hasil analisis difraktogram sinar-X menunjukkan bahwa Cu2ZnSnS4 yang dihasilkan memiliki struktur kesterit dengan senyawa fase sekunder yang terbentuk adalah CuS, ZnS, dan Cu2SnS3. Hasil uji fotodegradasi menunjukkan bahwa senyawa hasil sintesis memiliki kemampuan degradasi dibawah sinar matahari lebih baik dibandingkan dengan TiO2. Namun, pada paparan sinar UV, TiO2 mendegradasi biru metilena lebih baik daripada senyawa hasil sintesis. Kapasitas adsorbsi terhadap biru metilena sebesar 2.6780 mg/g menunjukkan bahwa senyawa hasil sintesis tidak mampu mengadsorpsi dengan baik, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa hilangnya biru metilena dari larutan disebabkan oleh fotodegradasi, bukan oleh adsorpsi
Keyword: band gap, Cu2ZnSnS4, kesterite, photocatalyst, semiconductor