Judul: Morphological Characteristics, Growth, and  Cellulolytic Activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SLBD Bacteria from Horse  Feces (Equus caballus).
Abstrak: Selulase, enzim yang banyak dikembangkan untuk tujuan industri, diproduksi oleh berbagai sumber, termasuk bakteri. Meskipun banyak laporan tentang bakteri yang memproduksi cellulose-degrading enzymes (CDE). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SLBD (Ba-SLBD) telah diisolasi dikonfirmasi untuk menghasilkan CDE dengan aplikasi yang menjanjikan, meskipun membutuhkan karakterisasi lebih lanjut. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi pertumbuhan, morfologi, dan aktivitas enzim Ba-SLBD. Spesies SLBD tumbuh secara optimal pada 37 °C di lingkungan Luria Bertani (LB). Aktivitas CDE, yang diuji terhadap carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) dan mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), bergantung pada substrat, menunjukkan aktivitas tertinggi dengan CMC. Selain itu, pewarnaan gram, analisis Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), dan SDS-PAGE digunakan untuk menentukan berat molekul Ba-SLBD. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa fase stasioner optimal untuk produksi cellulase, dengan zona yang jelas 36,23 ± 3,43 mm untuk CMC dan 27,40 ± 5,57 mm untuk MOS, yang menunjukkan aktivitas selulolitik yang signifikan., Cellulase, an enzyme widely developed for industrial purposes, is produced by various sources, including bacteria. Despite numerous reports of bacteria producing cellulose-degrading enzymes (CDE). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SLBD (Ba-SLBD) has been isolated confirmed to produce CDE with promising applications, though it requires further characterization. This study aims to characterize the growth, morphology, and enzymatic activity of Ba-SLBD. The SLBD strain grew optimally at 37 °C in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. Its CDE activity, tested against carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), was substrate-dependent, showing the highest activity with CMC. Additionally, gram staining, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, and SDS-PAGE were used to determine the molecular weight of Ba SLBD. The study found that the stationary phase is optimal for cellulase production, with clear zones of 36.23±3.43 mm for CMC and 27.40±5.57 mm for MOS, indicating significant cellulolytic activity.
Keyword: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SLBD, aktivitas selulolitik, bakteri penghasil selulosa, feses kuda

Judul: Isolation and Characterization of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Endemic Indonesian Herbivores
Abstrak: Pakan merupakan hal terpenting untuk memenuhi nutrisi dari ternak. Apabila pakan yang diberikan pada ternak berkualitas buruk maka produk yang dihasilkan oleh ternak akan memburuk kualitas dan menurun produksinya. Salah satu cara yang disarankan untuk meningkatkan kecernaan pakan adalah dengan penggunaan mikroba, dalam penelitian ini yaitu bakteri selulolitik. Untuk mendapatkan bakteri selulolitik, maka dilakukan isolasi bakteri selulolitik dari feses hewan herbivora endemik Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri selulolitik yang berasal dari feses hewan herbivora endemik Indonesia. Karakterisasi tersebut dilakukan melalui pendekatan morfologi, biokimia dan molekuler. Sebelum melakukan isolasi, pengujian kemampuan mikroba feses dalam mencerna pakan serat dilakukan secara in vitro. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan untuk tahap in vitro adalah rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan 2 faktor (sumber hijauan dan sumber inokulum feses) dan lima kelompok berupa proses inkubasi sebagai ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi (P<0,05) antara sumber serat dan feses sumber inokulum terhadap kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO) dan produksi amoniak. Kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik, produksi amonia jerami padi lebih rendah dibandingkan rumput gajah. Mikroba dari inokulum feses gajah memiliki kemampuan paling tinggi dalam mencerna bahan kering dan bahan organik, inokulum feses Anoa memiliki produksi amonia tertinggi. Tidak terdapat interaksi (P>0,05) antara sumber serat dan feses sumber inokulum terhadap nilai pH, produksi VFA total, dan populasi bakteri total. Nilai pH, produksi VFA total, dan populasi bakteri total inkubasi in vitro hampir sama antar perlakuan. Mikroba selulolitik dari inokulum feses herbivora endemik tropis memiliki kemampuan dalam degradasi serat dan fermentasi. Isolat-isolat yang diisolasi termasuk dalam kategori bakteri anaerob fakultatif dengan ciri morfologi berupa kokus Gram-positif, mampu mengfermentasi glukosa, fruktosa, sukrosa, pati, dan selulosa. Berdasarkan indeks selulolitik, isolat-isolat dari feses anoa dan banteng menunjukkan potensi sebagai bakteri pengurai selulosa. Identifikasi molekuler terhadap isolat-isolat dari feses anoa dan banteng menunjukkan kesamaan dengan Enterococcus faecium dan Enterococcus sp. Secara keseluruhan, mikroba selulolitik dari inokulum feses herbivora endemik Indonesia memiliki kemampuan dalam degradasi serat dan fermentasi., Feed is the most crucial element in fulfilling the nutritional requirements of livestock. If poor-quality feed is given to the animals, the quality of products produced by the livestock will deteriorate, and their productivity will decrease. One of the suggested methods to improve feed digestibility is by employing microorganisms, specifically cellulolytic bacteria, in this study. To obtain cellulolytic bacteria, isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from the feces of indigenous Indonesian herbivorous animals was conducted. The objective of this research was to isolate and characterize cellulolytic bacteria derived from the feces of indigenous Indonesian herbivorous animals. The characterization was performed through morphological, biochemical, and molecular approaches. Prior to the isolation, in vitro testing of the fecal microbial ability to digest fibrous feed was carried out. The experimental design used for the in vitro phase was a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors (forage source and fecal inoculum source) and five groups of incubation processes as replicates. The research results revealed that there was an interaction (P<0.05) between fiber sources and fecal inoculum sources concerning dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and ammonia production. Dry matter and
Keyword: Bakter selulolitik, hewan herbivora endemik, mikroba feses, pakan serat, karakteristik fermentasi

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite