Judul: Evaluation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Infusion as a Stamina Stimulator in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Manusia dalam menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari memerlukan energi untuk menjaga stamina atau daya tahan tubuh. Penurunan daya tahan tubuh akan menyebabkan individu cepat merasa lelah sehingga menghambat aktivitas sehari– hari. Pemilihan daun pepaya sebagai obat herbal stimulator stamina tubuh merupakan alternatif pengobatan tradisional untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa daun pepaya sebagai stimulator stamina tubuh dalam berbagai dosis pada mencit, dan mengamati perubahan fisiologis tubuh meliputi suhu, frekuensi napas dan denyut jantung. Uji efektivitas stamina menggunakan metode ketahanan renang (swimming endurance). Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit jantan yang dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok: kontrol positif diberikan kafein, kontrol negatif diberikan akuades, dan kelompok perlakuan dengan diberikan infusa daun pepaya pada dosis 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas lima ekor mencit. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian didapatkan dosis efektif pada uji stamina adalah 3 g/kg BB sebesar 80,18 detik. Daun papaya dapat menyebabkan perubahan fisiologis meliputi penurunan suhu, denyut jantung, dan frekuensi napas, namun masih dalam rentang normal. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah daun pepaya memiliki potensi sebagai stimulator stamina alami. Kata kunci: daun pepaya, infusa, stamina, stimulator., Humans need energy to maintain stamina or endurance in order to carry out daily activities. Decrease in endurance will cause individuals to feel tired quickly, so it will inhibit daily activities. The selection of papaya leaves as an herbal medicine is an alternative to traditional medicine to increase endurance. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of papaya leaf infusion as a stamina stimulator with various doses in mice and to observe physiological changes in the body including temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. The stamina was tested using swimming endurance method. This study used 25 male mice which were divided into five groups: positive control (with caffeine), negative control (with distilled water), and the treatment groups with papaya leaf infusion at doses of 1, 3, and 5 g/kg BW. Each group consisted of five mice. The data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the effective dose in the stamina test was 3 g/kg BW for 80,18 seconds. Papaya leaf is able to cause physiological changes with a decrease in temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, but still in normal ranges. It is concluded that papaya leaf has the potential to be a natural stamina stimulator. Keywords: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant.
Keyword: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant

Judul: The Potential of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Infusion as a Body Stamina Stimulator in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat herbal telah dilakukan turun-temurun untuk menyembuhkan penyakit ataupun menjaga kebugaran tubuh. Salah satu pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat herbal adalah obat stimulator stamina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas infusa kayu secang sebagai stimulator stamina dan pengaruhnya terhadap fisiologis tubuh. Uji stimulator stamina infusa kayu secang dilakukan pada 20 ekor mencit jantan dengan menggunakan metode swimming endurance. Mencit dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan yakni satu kelompok kontrol negatif (perlakuan akuades), satu kelompok kontrol positif (perlakuan kafein 6,5 mg/kg BB), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan yang diberi infusa kayu secang dengan dosis masing-masing 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik t - Student dan uji non-parametrik Kruskal-wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Dunn. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infusa kayu secang efektif meningkatkan stamina pada dosis 1 g/kg BB dengan total kemampuan berenang sebesar 732 detik. Efek peningkatan stamina ini terbedakan secara signifikan pada menit ke-30 waktu pengamatan. Ketiga dosis infusa kayu secang meningkatkan ketahanan berenang mencit yang setara dengan mencit kontrol positif dan lebih tinggi secara nyata dari mencit kontrol negatif. Infusa kayu secang juga ditemukan tidak mempengaruhi fisiologis tubuh mencit secara signifikan yang ditunjukkan dengan suhu tubuh, frekuensi napas, dan frekuensi denyut jantung dalam rentang normal. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kayu secang memiliki efek stimulator stamina pada mencit terutama pada dosis 1 g/kg BB. Kata kunci: fisiologi, infusa, kayu secang, stamina, The use of plants as an herbal medicine to cure disease or maintain body fitness has been carried out for generations. One of the uses of plants as herbal medicine is stamina stimulator. This study aimed to examine the potential of herbal medicine from sappan wood infusion as a stamina stimulator and its effect on body physiology. The stamina test was carried out on 20 male mice using the swimming endurance method. The mice were divided into 5 grouped, namely one group of a negative control group (aquadest treatment), one group of a positive control group (caffeine 6,5 mg/kg BW treatment), and three treatment groups that were given sappan wood infusion at a dose of 1, 3, or 5 g/kg BW respectively. The data were analyzed by using the t-Student test and Kruskal-Wallis continued with Dunn's test. The results showed that the sappan wood infusion effectively increased the stamina at a dose of 1 g/kg BW with a total swimming endurance of 732 seconds. This effect was significantly different at the 30th -minute observation. The three doses of sappan wood infusion increased the mice’s ability to swim which was equal to positive control mice and significantly higher than negative control mice. The secang wood infusion also did not affect the mice’s physiology as indicated by body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate in the normal range. Therefore, it was concluded that sappan wood infusion has a stamina stimulator effect in mice, especially at a dose of 1 g/kg BW. Keywords: infusion, physiology, sappan wood, stamina
Keyword: Infusion, Physiology, Sappan wood, Stamina

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm