Judul: Keberadaan Kapang Dermatofita Yang Diisolasi Dari Klinik Dan Toko Hewan Peliharaan Di Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Dermatofita adalah kelompok cendawan patogen kulit. Mereka dapat mencemari dan membentuk spora di lingkungan sehingga keberadaannya sulit dihilangkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberadaan Dermatofita, persentase cemaran kelompok cendawan Dermatofita, dan rasio spesies-spesies Dermatofita dengan cendawan lainnya di beberapa klinik dan toko hewan peliharaan di Kota Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan di 10 klinik dan toko hewan peliharaan. Contoh usapan lantai dan udara diambil dari ruang tunggu, ruang pemandian hewan, ruang inap, dan ruang periksa. Contoh usapan lantai dan udara ditanam di media pertumbuhan dan diinkubasi selama satu minggu pada suhu 37°C. Setelah masa inkubasi dicapai, koloni yang tumbuh didentifikasi secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik. Penelitian ini mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi satu spesies Dermatofita, Microsporum canis. Spesies ini banyak terisolasi di media SDA yang dimodifikasi dari contoh yang berasal dari ruang periksa. Jumlah keberadaan Microsporum canis dari seluruh jenis cendawan yang terisolasi adalah 2,73% pada contoh usapan lantai dan 2,80% pada contoh udara dan rataan jumlah Dermatofita adalah 3,74% dari 10 lokasi pengambilan contoh.
Keyword: cendawan, Dermatofita, cemaran, klinik dan toko hewan

Judul: Cendawan Pencemar di Ruang Pemandian Hewan di Beberapa Klinik Dan Toko Hewan Piara Di Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Ruang pemandian hewan di klinik dan toko hewan piara merupakan area yang rentan terhadap pencemaran cendawan. Spora cendawan Dermatophyta dan cendawan pencemar lainnya dapat mencemari ruang pemandian melalui udara, peralatan, lantai dan area datar lainnya serta perlengkapan groomer. Beberapa klinik dan toko hewan piara menerapkan beberapa jenis desinfektan untuk membersihkan ruang pemandian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data keberadaan cendawan Dermatophyta dan cendawan pencemar lainnya. Berdasarkan isolasi dan identifikasi contoh, ditemukan sepuluh jenis genus/spesies cendawan. Fusarium sp. Dan Candida albicans adalah cendawan yang paling banyak diisolasi dengan persentase 24,39% dan 9,76%. Desinfektan ammonium kuartener dan glutaraldehid, surfaktan anionic, dan antiektoparasit amitraz digunakan oleh klinik dan toko hewan piara yang menjadi objek penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan desinfektan oleh klinik dan toko hewan piara dianggap tidak efektif.
Keyword: cemaran, Dermatofita, desinfektan, klinik hewan, toko hewan

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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