Judul: Relationship between Starch and Amino Acid Levels of Broiler Diets on Growth Performance and Feed Efficiency
Abstrak: Broiler chicken industry is a very important in Indonesia. Feed efficiency is very necessary to support it. One technique to improve broiler performance is to consider about starch level and the ratio to amino acid in the feed formulation. In addition, protein is composed of amino acids with a certain ratio of the amino acid lysine (ideal protein concept model). Starch is a part of carbohydrate as important energy source for broiler chickens. The amount of starch is still not taken into account in predicting the energy content of a material. Starch provides a more than 50% of energy requirement in broiler feed which based on corn and soybean meal. Starch generally has very high digestibility, but the rate of degradation in the intestine varies (Weurding et al. 2001). Feed with the starch content gradually broken down in the small intestine, will provide continuous glucose into the bloodstream. Glucose in the blood will be responded by the release of insulin which plays an important role in the transport of glucose and protein into muscle during growth (Fox 1996). Continuous availability of glucose to the posterior part of the small intestine, could prevent the use of amino acids as an energy source for the intestinal wall (Weurding et al. 2003). The rate of starch digestibility in the jejunum is faster than the protein (Liu et al. 2013). The existence of the unconformity between the rate of starch digestibility and protein, leading to differences in the growth of chickens given feed wheat and sorghum (Black et al. 2005). The aims of this study was to determine the feeding effect of diets containing different starch and amino acid levels on growth performance and blood parameters. In this study, 240 day old chicks were distributed to 6 treatments using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Three treatments were fed with high starch (36%) and three others were fed with low starch (32%). Both type of diets were formulated as isocaloric with three levels of total lysine, varying from 1.34%, 1.43%, 1.48% for starter period (0-21 days) and 1.18%, 1.3%, 1.35% for finisher period (21-35 days). Parameters were observed among feed intake, feed conversion, weight gain, blood glucose levels, blood uric acid levels, insulin levels, the absorption of starch in the small intestine and absorption of protein. The result showed that feed containing 36% starch and amino acid based on 1.34% lysine for starter period and 1.18% lysine for finisher period gave the highest weight gain.The feed containing 36% starch and amino acid based on 1.43% lysine for starter period and 1.3% lysine for finisher period gave the best feed conversion. Level of starch and amino acid in the feed affected to the protein absorption, insulin and uric acid level in the blood serum. Ratio starch and amino acid were positively correlated with weight gain (r=0.573, P<0.05) and feed consumption (r=0.550, P<0.01). Starch absorption in the small intestine were positively correlated with weight gain (r=0.461, P<0.05) and negative correlated with feed convertion ratio (r= -0.482, P<0.05). The conclusion of this study was ratio of 36%
Keyword: amino acid, broiler performance, glucose, insulin, starch

Judul: Amino Acid Supplementation into High Fat Broiler Diet for Reducing Abdominal Fat Deposition
Abstrak: Fats or oils are used in poultry nutrition as source of energy, essential fatty acids and carrier of fat soluble vitamins. Most oil that used in Indonesia feed industry is palm oil that has metabolizable energy 8000 kcal kg-1. Fatty acids contained in palm oil are greatly palmitic acid of 39.23% and oleic acid of 38.21%. Palm oil utilization up to 6% do not affect abdominal fat deposition. Abdominal fat become a problem in modern broiler chicken industry. Abdominal fat do not only reduce carcass yield percentage and feed efficiency, but is also rejected by costumer. Abdominal fat might be reduced with the increasing digestibility and metabolisibility fat in the diet by amino acids supplementation. Glycine and taurine were amino acids that have role to synthesize bile salt for fat emulsification. Lysine and methionine were precursor to synthesize L-carnitine that has function to transport fatty acid for -oxidation process in mitochondria. The aim of this study was to elaborate appropriate amino acids supplementation into high fat broiler diet to improve fat absorption and metabolism in order to reduce abdominal fat deposition. This study used 240 day old broilers Cobb strain. They were placed randomly into 24 pens with density of 10 birds/m2. Broiler chickens were given feed and water ad libitum for 42 days. At 21st and 42nd day, each treatments were taken four broiler chicken come from each replication. They were slaughtered and their blood serum were taken. The treatments diet were R0 (basal diet contained 5% palm oil), R1 (R0 + 0,25% glycine), R2 (R0 + 0,25% taurine), R3 (R0 + 15% total lysine and methionine of basal diet), R4 (R0 + 0,25% glycine + 0,25% taurine), and R5 (R0 + 0,25% glycine + 0,25% taurine + 15% total lysine and methionine of basal diet). Completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replicates was used in this study. The variables measured were performances, serum metabolites, gall bladder characteristics, apparent digestion coefficient of nutrients, nutrients content of meat, and relative weight of carcass and organs broiler chicken. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and if any means significant differences were continued by Duncan multiple range test, except mortality. The results showed that all amino acids supplementation significantly reduced feed consumption, body weight and weight gain at 1-42 day old broiler chickens. Feed conversion broiler chicken for 1-42 day old fed R2 and R3 significantly increased, R1 and R4 were not significant, and R5 significantly reduced compared control. Chicken fed R3 had highest mortality than those of other groups. All supplementation of amino acids significantly increased serum uric acid and triglyceride, but significantly reduced serum cholesterol broiler chicken at 21 and 42 days old. Gall blader relative weight for 21 days fed R1 and R4 significantly increased, but fed R2 significantly increased at 42 days. All amino acid supplementations increased gall blader weight broiler chicken at 21 days, except fed R3. Whereas, broiler chicken fed R3 significantly reduced gall blader weight at 42 days. Weight and volume of bile liquid broiler chicken fed R1, R2 and R4 at significantly
Keyword: Abdominal fat, amino acid supplementation, broiler chicken, bile salt, L-carnitine

Judul: PEmetaan Kawasan Peka Bencana Tsunami di wilayah Pesisir propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur
Abstrak: Kondisi geologi Indonesia yang merupakan pertemuan lempeng-lempeng tektonik menjadi kawasan Indonesia memiliki tingkat kerawanan yang tinggi terhadap bencana alam seperti gempa bumi, tsunami dan rawan letusan gunung api. Gempa bumi yang terjadi di dasar laut mengakibatkan pergolakan massa air yang dapat menghasilkan gelombang besar atau disebut tsunami.
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