Judul: Pengangguran di Indonesia 1984-2008
Abstrak: Unemployment is a common problem in most countries. Generally the national unemployment rate rose from average 4.83 percent in 1992-1999 to 9.08 percent in 2000-2008. An increase in the unemployment rate not only implies a serious underutilization of manpower, but also may likely generate a series of social problems in the long run. As such, dealing with the upsurge in the unemployment rate has become the top priority in the governments policy agenda. Aside from the rise of the aggregate unemployment rate, the regional unemployment rate in Indonesia shows wide variability of the unemployment rate among 26 provinces, moreover this unemployment rate seems to persist over time. This study intended to identify the persistence of regional unemployment and to explore the sources of this regional unemployment across Indonesian provinces. Using time series data from 1984 through 2008 it identified the existence of regional persistence with two approaches: Im Pesharan Shin panel unit root test and panel method to get the ‘near unit root’ coefficient. Thus, to analyze factors affecting regional unemployment, panel data analysis was used. Panel unit root test showed that panel data in this period was stationary and this study found the coefficient was a near unit root process (0.87). A cross-regional panel study showed that the variables contributing to unemployment rate were the share of the labor force (15-24), minimum wage province, the percentage of the labor force that is male, and the share of labor force with a higher education. Real GDRP per capita, dependency ratio, and industry composition (the share of manufacturing and agriculture sectors to GDRP) negatively effected the dependent variable. Related to industry composition, even though both sector have a negative effect which reduced regional unemployment but the result showed that agriculture has the largest employment elasticity.Understanding the sources of regional unemployment is helpful to determine the appropriate policies to mitigate the unemployment rate across regions. This study provides important implications for government to make a new reorientation so that sector which has relatively high growth can also create employment. Second, this study recommends the promotion of a vocational education and training as a transition for young person to enter labor market. Third, it also suggests development of agriculture in rural area. Fourth, the government in region must have a specific unemployment program depending on potential characteristics of the regions and promotes new investments to create employment. Fifth, UMP is still needed as a reference in setting the workers wage, but the criteria of minimum wage should be determined not only refers to inflation rate but also includes employment growth, financial capability of company, and macroeconomic stability.
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Judul: Reasons of High Unemployment Rate in West Java
Abstrak: Pengangguran merupakan salah satu indikator makroekonomi utama yang digunakan untuk mengukur keberhasilan pembangunan ekonomi suatu daerah. Dalam periode 2017 hingga 2021, angka pengangguran terbuka di Provinsi Jawa Barat cenderung mengalami peningkatan tiap tahunnya. Peningkatan tertinggi terjadi saat hadirnya pandemi Covid-19 pada tahun 2020 di Indonesia. Namun di sisi lain, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Jawa Barat yang merupakan indikator pertumbuhan ekonomi cenderung mengalami peningkatan tiap tahunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyebab tingginya angka pengangguran di Provinsi Jawa Barat serta upaya dalam mengatasinya. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder 27 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat yang kemudian diolah dengan metode analisis berupa analisis kuantitatif data panel dan analisis kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tingginya angka pengangguran disebabkan oleh rendahnya kesempatan kerja, tingkat pendidikan, konsumsi masyarakat, dan tingginya pertumbuhan angkatan kerja di Jawa Barat. Solusi untuk mengurangi angka pengangguran antara lain peningkatan belanja daerah, eskalasi program wajib belajar menjadi dua belas tahun, pemerataan fasilitas kesehatan, serta peningkatan negosiasi dalam upaya penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan., Unemployment is one of the main indicators of macroeconomics which is used to measure the efficacy of a region’s economic development. From the period of 2017 to 2021, the open unemployment rate in West Java Province tends to increase every year. The highest increase occurred during the presence of Covid 19 pandemic in Indonesia at 2020. But on the other hand, West Java’s Gross Regional Domestic Product which is an indicator to calculate the economic growth also tends to increase every year. The purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons of high unemployment rate in West Java Province and solutions to overcome it. Secondary data of 27 regency/municipality in West Java were analyzed quantitatively by panel data analysis and qualitatively by descriptive analysis. The result shows that the low rate of job creation, education index, house hold consumption, and the high growth of labour force causing the high rate of unemployment in West Java. As for the solutions to reduce open unemployment rate are increasing the government expenditure, escalating the compulsory education program to twelve years, creating equal distribution of health facilities, and increasing negotiations as an effort for job creation.
Keyword: Covid-19, Open unemployment, Panel data, Policy, West Java

Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol.
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