Judul: Studi Perilaku Bersuara Owa Jawa (Hylobates Moloch Audebert, 1798) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: The Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) is a endemic primate of Java. This species dependent on high continous canopy in low land and mountain rain forests. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) has the largest primary rain forest left on Java and regarded as the remaining stronghold for Javan Gibbon. One of their special charactheristic is calling behavior that have several functions like spacing among groups. The aims of the research are to knowing daily activities patterns and types of vocal bouts in Javan Gibbon also to identified the factors that influenced their calling behavior. The research can be considered as an action to perfecting informations in population management of Javan Gibbon and in the interest of ecotourism activities at GHSNP. The research was conducted in Cikaniki to Citalahab for two months from July until August 2008. The equipments were used are camera, binocular, dry-wet thermometer, microphone, SAFA Z300 digital recorder, range finder, tallysheet and stationery. The objects are two groups of Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798). Monitoring was done with scan sampling method and to collecting data used continous recording method. Spectogram from Spectogram 16 software used for analysing acoustic data. Daily activities of Javan Gibbon consist of four primary activities that are eating, moving, resting and social activities such as grooming, playing and calling with mean active time 11 hours. Calling behavior happened all day in their active time, but mostly around 10:00–11:00 AM. This species used total of 25 different calling trees with average height 23 meters and they are often using Rasamala (Altingia excelsa). Body postures while Javan Gibbon calling are sitting, hanging, jumping and standing. Five types of vocal bouts are female song bout, male song bout, harassing call bout, border conflict call bout and infant call bout. Female song bout were heard in the morning around 07:00-08:00 AM with mean duration seven minutes and acoustic frequency 0-3 KHz. Mean duration of male song bout is 12 minutes and 36 seconds with the acoustic frequency 0-1,6 KHz. Harassing call bout mostly heard around 10:00-11:00 AM with mean duration 15 seconds and acoustic frequency 0,4-1,3 KHz. Mean duration of border conflict call bout is 12 minutes with acoustic frequency 0-6,5 KHz. Infant call bout given as a response when the infant needed protection from their mother. It has mean duration eight seconds with acoustic frequency 5,2-8,1 KHz. Conclusions from this research are Javan Gibbon have four primary activities that consists of eating, moving, resting and social activities with mean duration of active time 11 hours and calling time of Javan Gibbon most happened on 10:00 AM. Five types of vocal bouts are female song bout, male song bout, harassing call bout, border conflict call bout and infant call bout. Factors that influenced of calling behavior are size of group, existence number of neighbouring group, weather, food resources, threatened and disturbing habitat.
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Judul: Pola Penggunaan Ruang Owa Jawa (Hylobates Moloch Audebert, 1798) Berdasarkan Perilaku Bersuara Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun - Salak, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Area Gunung Halimun – Salak National Park is the habitat of endemic primate of Java, Javan Gibbon (Hylobate moloch Audebert, 1798). This species life is dependent on existence of big trees, because Javan Gibbon is arboreal species which travelled and fed from one branch to another. Javan Gibbon is one of nine primate species in the world that only spread in Asia. By knowing space application pattern of Javan Gibbon based on calling behaviour, hopefully the zone maintaining action is basicly done based on habitat and ecosystem important species. The aims of the research are to knowing the space application pattern of Javan Gibbon based on calling behavior each group structure. The research can be considered information for habitat management of Javan Gibbon. The research was conducted for two month from HM 6 – HM 33 and the area arrounds it. The equipments were used are work map, camera, binocular, stopwatch, compass, tallysheet, range finder, rope and stationery. The objects are two groups of Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798). Monitoring was done with scan sampling method. The method to collecting data is using continous recording method. Data from the research were analyse by graphic and descriptive illustration technique. Calling behaviour which have been done by group A during the research was counted 29 calls that consist of 26 calls by directly observed and three calls by indirect observed. Group B was counted 16 calls that consist of 14 calls by directly observed and two calls by indirect observed. Based from the observation, calling behaviour mostly happened at 10:00 – 11:00 AM. H. moloch calling behaviour is 69% using canopy B, 26% using canopy A and 5% using canopy C. Adult female song bouts observed at 16 different trees for 4785 second. Adult male song bouts observed at eight different trees for 1547 second and sub-adult female song bouts observed at six different trees for 262 second. All of the group structure used Rauh, Scarrone, Attims and Massart model architechture tree. The conclusions from this research are the adult female used 15 Rasamala (Altingia excelsa) as calling tree and used 17 Scarrone model architecthure tree for calling. Position AI and AII were used for female song bout (FSB); AI, BI, ang BII were used for border conflict call bout (BCCB); AIII, BIII and CIII were used for harassing call bout (HCB). Adult male used three Ki haji (Dysoxylum alliaceum) and five Rauh model architechture tree as calling tree. Position AII were used for border conflict call bout; CIII were used for harassing call bout; BI, BII and CII were used for male song bout. Sub-adult female used five Kimokla (Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb.) which have model architecthure tree, Massart as calling tree. Position AII ang AIII were used for female song bout and harassing call bout; BI, BII ang BIII were used for harassing call bout. Keywords : Javan Gibbon, group structure, space application pattern.
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Judul: Karakteristik dan efektivitas penetrasi kafein terjebak dan tersalut nanopartikel kitosan sebagai antiselulit
Abstrak: Chitosan used as drug carrier because of is natural polycationic and easily modified in chemical and physical properties. In this research chitosan was chemically modified by coating and entrapping anti-cellulite active substance of caffeine and physically modified by minimizing chitosan particle size into nanoparticles size. The purpose of this research is to characterize the chitosan nanoparticles from its morphology, particle size, function of group, the value of adsorption efficiency, and effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticles against in vitro penetration of caffeine as anti-cellulite using Franz diffusion cell. The morphology characterization test of caffeine trapped in chitosan nanoparticles and caffeine coated by chitosan nanoparticles resulting a smooth surface, slight convex shape, and agglomerated particles; average size of particles are 232.74 nm and 226.62 nm respectively; the function group showed a shift of wave number of amide III groups (-CN) and hydroxyl groups (-OH); the caffeine adsorption efficiency are 51,35% and 64,63% respectively. The result of effective penetration are 1.089.65 ± 10.7 μg/cm2 and 2.170.03 ± 6.85 μg/cm2 respectively.
Keyword: chitosan nanoparticles., chitosan, caffeine, anti-cellulite