Judul: Nutritional Properties of Cocoa Pods as Ruminant Feedstuff
Abstrak: An attempt to increase cocoa pods quality feed for ruminant have been done using fermentation techniques with or without urea addition. Five treatments (Fresh cocoa pod = C; fermentation with addition urea 0 g/kg = U0 or ensilage; 10 g/kg = U1; 20 g/kg = U2 and 30 g/kg fresh substances of cocoa pods) have been examined for their effect on pH, proximate composition, N-fractions, amino acid compositions, cell wall constituents, anti nutritive compounds, in vitro gas production (Gb), estimate organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) of cocoa pods. Ensilage (U0) improve feed values of cocoa pods by weakening the lingo-cellulose or –hemicellulose bonds, resulting in higher in vitro gas production as well as higher OMD and ME contents compare to fresh cocoa pods. The protein value of cocoa pods, expressed as true protein (TP) or non ammonia nitrogen (NAN) minus urea nitrogen (UR) was also improved. Addition of urea affected the composition of the fibre fraction as to the proportion of NDF, ADF and ADL and the content of TP was slightly increased. Urea treatment increased Gb, OMD and ME compared to ensiled or fresh cocoa pods. The optimum level of urea for maximum Gb was 6.7 g/100 g DM cocoa pods. The optimum level to reach maximum OMD and ME were also reached at urea level 6.5 – 6.7 g/100 g DM cocoa pods.
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Judul: Urea treated cocoa pod as barley grain substitution in ruminant ration on microbial metabolism and feed degradation (Rusitec Study)
Abstrak: Limited sustainable supply of high quality feedstuff is the major constrain in ruminant production in most of tropical countries. Aim to convert underutilized cocoa pod to quality feedstuff and its inclusion in ruminant ration have been done. Cocoa pod was treated with 20 g urea per kg fresh material. The effects of replacing barley grain by urea treated cocoa pod on methane release, SCFA production as well as the amount and efficiency of microbial-N fixation in Rusitec have been studied. The experiment included six different rations (T1 = 10 g/d hay; T2 = T1 + 4 g/d barley-soybean mixture (barley); T3 = T1 + 3 g barley + 1 g cocoa pod); T4 = T1 + 2 g barley + 2 g cocoa pod; T5 = T1 + 1 g barley + 3 g cocoa pod and T6 = T1 + 4 g cocoa pod) and three running of Rusitec in a block random design. Substitution of barley by urea treated cocoa pod up to 100% in hay based rations did not decrease the rate of ration DM disappearance, and fiber degradation even tended to be increased. Microbial N-fixation decreased with the inclusion of cocoa pod in the rations, but the efficiency of microbial N-fixation was increased in line with the cocoa pod level. Methane release per unit NDF disappearance decreased inversely to the cocoa pod level. Urea treated cocoa pod cannot replace barley/soybean meal-mixture equivalently, but can be used as a feedstuff for low performance ruminants.
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Judul: Identifikasi Kejadian Banjir Rob (Pasang) di DAS Sunter pada 9-13 Januari 2008.
Abstrak: Banjir Rob merupakan fenomena meluapnya air laut ke daratan, istilah tersebut pertama kali dikenal di daerah Semarang. Fenomena banjir Rob dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air laut. Pasang surut sendiri dipengaruhi gravitasi bulan dan matahari, serta dipengaruhi pula posisi bulan dan matahari terhadap bumi. Banjir ini biasa terjadi pada saat pasang air laut yaitu bertepatan dengan kejadian bulan baru dan bulan purnama. Pada bulan Januari 2008, di wilayah utara Jakarta yang berbatasan dengan laut, fenomena banjir Rob (pasang) melanda kawasan tersebut. Fenomena ini mengakibatkan sejumlah kawasan di wilayah utara Jakarta terendam air laut, hal ini diperburuk dengan penurunan muka tanah Jakarta. Selain dilanda banjir pasang air laut, kawasan utara Jakarta sering dilanda banjir akibat luapan sungai-sungai yang bermuara di Jakarta, salah satu sungai yang menyumbang banjir Jakarta adalah sungai Sunter. Tutupan lahan di DAS Sunter yang sebagian besar berupa pemukiman makin meningkatkan limpasan permukaan ketika terjadi hujan. Tanggal 9-13 Januari 2008 di perairan Teluk Jakarta sedang terjadi pasang air laut karena bertepatan dengan bulan baru yang mengakibatkan terjadinya banjir Rob di beberapa wilayah di Jakarta Utara, termasuk DAS Sunter. Berdasarkan pemetaan banjir Rob di DAS Sunter pada tanggal 9-13 Januari 2008 diketahui bahwa daerah yang tergenang air laut yaitu Kalibaru dan Marunda dengan tinggi genangan 48-72 cm. Luas genangan maksimum terjadi pada tanggal 11 Januari 2008 yaitu sebesar 66.000 m2. Pada tanggal 9-13 Januari, DAS Sunter tidak ikut menyumbangkan limpasan permukaan yang dapat menyebabkan banjir karena nilai limpasan permukaan berkisar 0-3,03 mm. Sehingga kejadian banjir pada tanggal 9-13 Januari 2008 di DAS Sunter hanya berasal dari pasang air laut. Kata Kunci : Banjir Rob, Pasang-Surut, Limpasan Permukaan, DAS Sunter.
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