Judul: Mempelajari Produksi Zat Warna Alami Angkak dengan Substrat Fermentasi Ampas Tapioka (Onggok) oleh Monascus purpureus Went.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan hendak memberi kan dan memperkenalkan alternatif lain memanfaatkan ongok sebagai substrat fermentasi Monascus puroureus !Jent. guns produksi z a t warna alami. Rancanean percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan faktorial tiga kali tiga . Faktor pertama ( A ) yaitu perbandingan karbohidrat onggok dibanding tepung kedelai,terdiri dari tiga taraf, yaitu A, dengan perbandingan 2 : 1, A 2 dengan perbandingan 2 : 2 dan A dengan perbandingan 2 : 3. 3 Faktor ke dua (B) yaitu kadar air awel substrat , terdiri dari tiga taraf , baik dari air awal 45 x , B2 kadar a i r awal 55 ?: dan B 3 kadar a i r awal 65 %.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan onggok dan dedak padi untuk produksi angkak oleh Monascus purpureus
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan onggok dan dedak padi untuk produksi pigmen angkak dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan kapang Monas- cus purpureus. Pada penelitian ini digunakan onggok 3 persen dan dedak padi 1 persen sebagai sumber karbon pada fermentasi media cair, dan 30 gran substrat baik onggok maupun dedak padi untuk fermentasi media padat. Lama fermentasi yang dipelajari untuk media cair adalah 3, 6, 8 dan 12 hari, sedang untuk media padat adalah 7, 10, 13 dan 16 hari. Analisa kadar pigmen dinyatakan secara tidak lang- sung sebagai absorbansi dari pigmen merah (panjang gelom- bang 500 nm) dan pigmen kuning (panjang gelombang 400 nm) menggunakan spektrofotometer. Hasil kadar pigmen menunjukkan peningkatan dengan semakin lamanya fermentasi, baik dengan menggunakan media cair maupun media padat. Hasil kadar pigmen merah media cair baik secara ekstraseluler maupun intraseluler menun- jukkan penggunaan dedak padi sebagai substrat yang lebih baik daripada beras dan onggok. Penggunaan dedak padi sebagai substrat pada media padat memberikan hasil kadar ...
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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