Judul: Produksi biohidrogen oleh bakteri fotosintetik Rhodobium marinum pada pencahayaan berbeda, Biohydrogen Production using Photosynthetic Bacteria Rhodobium marinum by different lighting
Abstrak: Energy demand that increases continuously and various problems are found in using fossil fuels motivates searching reneawable alternative energy. Biohydrogen as a new and renewable energy has a potential in resolving the energy problems. Hydrogen producing microbe is affected by lighting. This study concerns with effective wavelength lighting for hydrogen producing. The aim of this study is to determine effective lighting from UV and visible light (red, yellow, and blue) for maximum biohydrogen production by photosyntetic bacteria Rhodobium marinum. Hydrogen gas from photo fermentation was determined using gas chromatography (GC) with thermal conductivity detector, poropak column, with temperatur of injector, detector, and column were 150, 250, dan 80 ˚C, respectively. Total gas from photo fermentation generated with UV and visible (red, yellow, blue) lighting were 150, 145, 131, dan 95 ml, respectively. GC analysis showed hydrogen content from total gas of UV and visible (red, yellow, blue) lighting are 8.725, 13.565, 5.495, dan 6.905 ml, respectively. Yellow lighting resulted in the highest amount of hydrogen gas among the others. Therefore, the wavelength of yellow lighting is the maximum for R. marinum to produce hydrogen.
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Judul: Studi Pemanfaatan Limbah Cair Industri Makanan Lokal untuk Produksi Hidrogen dengan Menggunakan Bakteri Fotosintetik Rhodobium marinum
Abstrak: New, clean and renewable energy systems are required to encounter environmental problems caused by the use of fossil energy sources. Hydrogen is energy carrier that fulfills requirement of clean and environmental friendly energy because hydrogen does not produce greenhouse gases in its combustion. Photosynthetic bacteria are one among other bacteria that can produce hydrogen through photo fermentation process. Liquid waste can be utilized as substrate to produce hydrogen by photosynthetic bacteria. In this study, liquid wastes from local food industries are utilized as organic sources for hydrogen production process because of economical and environmental reasons. Photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodobium marinum, were used as the agent for hydrogen production. Milk, soya sauce and tofu liquid wastes were chosen as organic sources. These liquid wastes were treated by centrifugation, neutralization and sterilization. The wastes also have been characterized and it contains sugar, organic acid and protein. Milk liquid waste directly can produce hydrogen about 141±24 ml after been treated, meanwhile soya sauce liquid waste did not produce hydrogen and had to be diluted. Tofu liquid waste also did not produce hydrogen and could not be continued for optimization because of its small content of nutrients. Milk and soya sauce liquid wastes were examined with dilution (1-80 g/l), addition of iron (0-500 μmol/l for milk liquid waste and 0-160 μmol/l for soya sauce), molybdenum (0-12 μmol/l for milk liquid waste and 0-160 μmol/l for soya sauce) and sodium bicarbonate (0-6 g/l) for optimization purposes. The dilution of milk liquid waste that gives 7.58 g/l total sugar concentration had the highest efficiency with 3.22% mol hydrogen/mol hydrogen theoretical and 10.9 g/l for soya sauce with 6.88% mol hydrogen/mol hydrogen theoretical. From these experiments, the addition of iron, molybdenum and sodium bicarbonate does not affect hydrogen production from milk and soya sauce liquid wastes. For kinetics parameters, milk and soya sauce liquid waste which were treated by pretreatment and without addition of iron, molybdenum, sodium bicarbonate, yeast extract and trace element in SL-6 solution were used as hydrogen production medium with 900 ml working volume. From the experiments, the maximum specific growth for R. marinum in milk liquid waste was obtained to be 0.137 hours-1; Yx/s value was 0.45 g biomass/g substrate, Yp/s value was 0.017 g hydrogen/g substrate and Yp/x value was 0.031 g hydrogen/g biomass. The maximum specific growth for R. marinum in soya sauce liquid waste was obtained to be 0.245 hours-1; Yx/s value was 0.475 g biomass/g substrate, Yp/s value was 0.041 g hydrogen/g substrate and Yp/x value was 0.086 g hydrogen/g biomass.
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Judul: Anatomi otot daerah manus monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Macaca fascicularis dinamakan monyet ekor panjang karena ukuran ekornya panjang, kira-kira sama dengan panjang bagian kepala dan badannya (Napier dan Napier, 1967), selain itu M. fascicularis disebut juga "crab-eating monkey" karena kepiting merupakan salah satu jenis pakan yang paling disukai oleh monyet ini. Satwa primata merupakan hewan yang cocok sebagai hewan model untuk manusia karena kedekatan hubungan filogenetis serta kemiripan anatomis, fisiologis, biokimiawi dan respon farmakologisnya dengan manusia dibandingkan hewan percobaan lainnya (Sajuthi, 1984). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui susunan otot daerah manus beserta origo dan insersionya guna melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan enam kaki depan kiri dan tiga kaki depan kanan M. fascicularis yang telah diawetkan dalam formalin 10%. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi dan susunan masing-masing kelompok otot lengkap dengan origo dan însersionya, kemudian membandingkan dengan literatur mengenai morfologi dan susunan otot daerah manus tangan manusia. Hasil pengamatan morfologi luar sebeluın dilakukan penguakan kulit terlihat bagian dorsal kaki depan monyet ekor panjang ditutupi oleh rambut yang berwarna coklat kehitam-hitaman. Sedangkan bagian distal tidak ditumbuhi rambut, berkulit tebal, mempunyai bungkul-bungkul yang terbagi dengan jelas dan mempunyai gambaran sidik telapak dan jari. Otot-otot mamus M. fascicularis terdiri atas tiga kelompok otot yaitu kelompok thenar, hypothenar dan palmar. Kelompok otot thenar terdiri atas empat otot yaitu m. abductor pollicis brevis, m. opponens pollicis, m. flexor pollicis brevis dan m. adductor pollicis. Keempat otot pada kelompok thenar ini berbeda origonya dengan manusia. Musculus abductor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di os navicularis dan os sesamoideum. Pada manusia kedua tulang ini tidak ada. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum, bungkul os scaphoideum, os trapezium dan berkas tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Musculus opponens pollicis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum dan tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan bungkul os trapezium, Musculus flexor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput superficial dan caput profundal. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Caput superficial pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum, sedangkan caput profundal berorigo di proksimal os metacarpal II sisi radial dan os trapezoideum sisi ulnar. Pada manusia, caput superficial berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan os trapezium, sedangkan caput profundal pada os trapezoideum dan os capitatum. Musculus adductor pollicis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput obliquus dan caput transversum. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Pada M. fascicularis, caput obliquus berorigo pada os trapezoideum sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada proksimal os metacarpal II dan III. Pada manusia, caput obliquus berorigo pada os capitatum dan proksimal os metacarpal II dan III, sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada os metacarpal III dan beberapa serabutnya akan bersatu dengan m. adductor pollicis caput obliquus dan m. interossea palmaris 1…dst
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