Judul: Identifikasi Polen dari Madu dan Sarang Lebah Tanpa Sengat Asal Klaten (Jawa Tengah) dan Luwu Utara (Sulawesi Selatan)
Abstrak: Polen merupakan salah satu sumber nutrisi bagi lebah dengan demikian keanekaragaman polen penting diketahui sebagai informasi dasar untuk mendukung upaya konservasi berbagai jenis tumbuhan yang menjadi sumber polen bagi lebah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi keanekaragaman tumbuhan yang menjadi sumber polen yang terdapat pada madu dan sarang lebah tanpa sengat asal Klaten, Jawa Tengah dan Luwu Utara, Sulawesi Selatan. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi ekstraksi polen dari madu, asetolisis, dan identifikasi polen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tumbuhan yang menjadi sumber nutrisi untuk Heterotrigona itama di Klaten, Jawa Tengah terdiri atas 10 spesies yang termasuk ke dalam 10 famili tumbuhan dan hasil identifikasi sampel madu dan sarang asal Luwu Utara, Sulawesi Selatan menunjukkan bahwa polen yang dikoleksi oleh Tetragonula aff. biroi, Wallacetrigona incisa, dan Lepidotrigona terminata masing – masing berasal dari 10 spesies (9 famili) tumbuhan, 15 spesies (12 famili) tumbuhan, dan 10 spesies (10 famili) tumbuhan. Polen yang diperoleh dari madu dan sarang lebah dominan berasal dari tumbuhan habitus pohon. Bentuk aperture polen yang dominan ditemukan adalah tricolporate dan tricolpate serta ornamen eksin polen adalah reticulate. Polen yang dikumpulkan H. itama dan T. aff. biroi berukuran polen kategori sedang, sedangkan polen yang dikumpulkan oleh W. incisa dan L. terminata berukuran polen kategori kecil.
Keyword: Heterotrigona itama, Lepidotrigona terminata, polen, Tetragonula aff. biroi, Wallacetrigona incisa

Judul: Identifikasi Tumbuhan Penghasil Polen dari Madu dan Sarang Lebah Tanpa Sengat di Belitung, Provinsi Bangka Belitung
Abstrak: Polen merupakan hasil perkembangan mikrosporosit yang menghasilkan mikrospora haploid berkembang menjadi mikrogametofit yang menghasilkan gamet jantan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi tumbuhan penghasil polen dari madu dan sarang lebah tanpa sengat di Belitung, Provinsi Bangka Belitung. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi ekstraksi polen dari madu, asetolisis dan identifikasi polen. Hasil identifikasi polen dari madu dan sarang lebah tanpa sengat Heterotrigona itama dan Tetragonula laeviceps di Belitung ditemukan 30 spesies tumbuhan yang termasuk 24 famili. Polen dari tumbuhan Macaranga tanarius (23.72%) dan Murdannia nudiflora (23.64%) mendominasi pada madu lebah H. itama. Polen dari tumbuhan Elaeis guineensis (24.01%) paling banyak ditemukan pada sarang lebah H. itama. Polen dari tumbuhan Ageratum conyzoides (16.36%) dan Sphagneticola trilobata (19.73%) paling banyak dijumpai pada madu lebah T. laeviceps. Polen dari tumbuhan Mischocarpus sundaicus (19.20%) dan Mimosa pudica (21.70%) paling banyak ditemui pada sarang lebah T. laeviceps. Polen dari tumbuhan anggota famili Arecaceae paling banyak ditemukan pada madu dan sarang lebah H. itama dan T. laeviceps dengan jumlah tiga spesies tumbuhan. Polen dari tumbuhan dengan habitus pohon dominan ditemukan pada madu dan sarang lebah H. itama dan T. laeviceps dengan jumlah 19 spesies tumbuhan.
Keyword: asetolisis, Heterotrigona itama, polen, Tetragonula laeviceps

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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