Judul: Optimasi Penambahan Limbah Gliserol Hasil Samping Transesterifikasi Minyak Jarak Pagar dan Perekat Tapioka Pada Pembuatan Biomass Pellets Bungkil Jarak Pagar (Jatropa curas L.)
Abstrak: Jarak Pagar (Jatropa curas L.) menghasilkan biji yang terdiri dari 60% berat kernel (daging biji) dan 40% berat kulit. Inti biji (kernel) jarak pagar mengandung 40-45% minyak sehingga dapat dipisahkan menjadi minyak Jarak pagar dengan cara mekanis ataupun ekstraksi. Sisanya lebih dari 60% adalah bungkil jarak. Kuantitas bungkil jarak yang besar dapat dimanfaatkan, salah satunya sebagai bahan bakar padat Biomass Pellets (Biopellets). Biopellets memiliki diameter antara 3-12 mm dan panjang bervariasi antara 6-25 mm. Biopellets diproduksi oleh suatu alat dengan mekanisme pemasukan bahan secara terus menerus serta mendorong bahan yang telah dikeringkan dan termampatkan melewati lingkaran baja dengan beberapa lubang yang memiliki ukuran tertentu. Proses pemampatan ini menghasilkan bahan yang padat dan akan patah ketika mencapai panjang yang diinginkan.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pembuatan Biopelet Dari Bungkil Jarak Pagar (Jathropa Curcas L.) Dengan Penambahan Sludge Dan Perekat Tapioka
Abstrak: Seed of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L) contains 60 % kernel (weight) and 40 % husk (weight). Its nucleus’s seeds contain 40 – 45 % oils that can be separated into jatropha oil either with mechanical or extraction way (Hambali et al. 2006). More than its 60 % component is an oil cake. The huge amount of oil cake can be used as a solid fuel such as Biomass Pellets (Biopelet). Biopelet has diameters 3 – 12 mm and 6 – 25 mm long. Biopelet is produced by continuous inlet dry materials that is pushed and pressed through steel ring that has particular holes. The pressing process produces solid materials that will be broken into specific size (Ramsay (ed) 1982). Jatropha oil cakes have a weakness as a solid fuel. It has no high heating value and its physic characteristic that has low binder. The addition of sludge in this research are expected to increase the heating value. Sludge can be used as an alternative heating resource. Binding problems can be solved by adding tapioca. Tapioca is used because the price is cheap. But it has a weakness, tapioca will decrease heating value on the product. Binding agents also produce smoke. Optimum adding of tapioca is not more than 5% (Sudrajat and Soleh, 1994). The most important parameter of Biomass fuel is heating value (Grover et al, (eds) 2002). Heating values implies energy that is binded on the fuel with standard from environment. The standard are temperature, water (liquid or vapor), CO2, O2, etc (Palz, 1985). This research starts with physic and burning characterizations of jatropha oil cakes. Biopelet produce in the pellets mill that has capacity 350 kg/ hour. Production held in PT Indofeed Bogor. Biopelet parameters test conducted at Laboratories of Biomass Energy and Chemistry, Forest Product Research and Development Center. The final step of this research is found the comparison of quality between biopelet jatropha oil cake with adding sludge and tapioca and biopelet jatropha oil cake without adding sludge and tapioca. Experimental design used in this research is using Random Complete Design with two factors (RAL factorial). The first is the addition of sludge treatment with three levels, which is, 2%, 4% and 6%, while the second factor is the addition of tapioca adhesive that also has three levels of treatment, which is 1%, 3% and 5%. From the results of the research obtained, although the results of interaction from two factors of treatment, the sludge and tapioca adhesive does not produce real difference, but with the combination can further improve value of the some expected parameters. Combination of sludge 6% and 3% tapioca, can increase heating value to 4914 Kcal / kg, meaning that the combination treatment can increase the heating value 5.62% of the value content from biopelet (control ). So also for bound carbon, a combination of sludge 6% and 1% tapioca can increase the level of bound carbon of 24.41% of the value content of carbon bound control, the combination treatment has value of carbon content of 20.59%. v The addition of sludge and tapioca
Keyword: 

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua