Judul: Kloning Gen Penyandi  Lipase  Termofilik  dari  Isolat  Bakteri  Asal Mata  Air  Panas  di  Pulau  Seram,  Maluku
Abstrak: Bakteri termofilik seringkali memiliki enzim yang stabil dan aktif pada suhu tinggi yang bermanfaat untuk diaplikasikan dalam bidang bioteknologi dan industri, seperti enzim lipase yang digunakan dalam reaksi hidrolisis dan esterifikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengisolasi bakteri termofilik penghasil lipase, mengkarakterisasi lipase yang dihasilkan, dan untuk mengisolasi serta mengklon gen penyandi lipase. Isolat T I.2 adalah bakteri termofilik yang diisolasi dari sumber mata air panas yang terdapat di pulau Seram yang memiliki suhu 89°C dan pH 6,3. Isolasi dilakukan menggunakan media Basal Salt Medium dengan minyak zaitun sebagai sumber karbon untuk pertumbuhan bakteri penghasil enzim lipase. Pembandingan sekuen 16S rDNA terhadap basis data pada GenBank menggunakan Basic Local Alignment Search Tools for nucleotides (BLASTn) menunjukkan bahwa isolat T I.2 memiliki kekerabatan yang lebih dekat kepada Geobacillus stearothermophilus dengan homologi 99%. Primer yang digunakan dikonstruksi oleh Marchesi et al untuk amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA dan merupakan primer universal yang spesifik terhadap domain bakteri,. Analisis filogenetik untuk 16S rRNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Neighbour Joining, dengan jarak diperkirakan menggunakan metode Kimura two parameters dengan 100 bootstrap replicates. Pohon filogenetik yang dikonstruksi menunjukkan bahwa isolat T I.2 mengelompok di antara anggota dari genus Geobacillus dan memiliki kemiripan yang lebih dekat terhadap Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Metode titrimetri digunakan untuk mengukur aktivitas lipase ekstrak kasar dari isolat T I.2 pada berbagai suhu dan pH. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan aktivitas lipase optimal suhu 80°C dan pH 6,5. Prakiraan adanya gen lipase dilakukan dengan mengamplifikasi fragmen gen lipase menggunakan primer yang dikonstruksi oleh Bell et al. Primer tersebut tidak dapat mendeteksi adanya gen lipase, untuk prakiraan keberadaan gen lipase pada isolat T I.2. Isolasi gen lipase kemudian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pasangan primer yang dikonstruksi oleh Jiang et al. Primer degenerate digunakan untuk menghasilkan beberapa fragmen DNA dengan ukuran yang berbeda, dan fragmen yang berukuran kurang lebih 1200 bp digunakan sebagai template untuk amplifikasi dengan menggunakan pasangan primer F1-R1 yang dikonstruksi untuk amplifikasi gen lipase beserta sekuen signalnya, dan primer F2-R1 untuk mengamplifikasi gen lipase tanpa menyertakan signal sekuen. Pasangan primer F1-R1 hanya dapat mengamplifikasi fragmen DNA berukuran 600 bp. Gen lipase isolat T I.2 berukuran 1180 bp berhasil diamplifikasi dengan menggunakan pasangan primer F2-R1, dan diklon ke pGEM-T Easy sehingga diperoleh plasmid rekombinan pGEM-TGeolipFull dengan ukuran 4204 bp. Plasmid rekombinan kemudian ditransformasikan ke Escherichia coli TOP 10. Aktivitas enzim lipase ekstrak kasar yang dihasilkan E.coli TOP 10 transforman yang membawa plasmid rekombinan ialah sebesar 3,11 U/ml pada kondisi optimal yaitu suhu 80°C dan pH ..dst
Keyword: kloning, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, lipase, bakteri termofilik

Judul: Kloning Gen Penyandi  Lipase  Termofilik  dari  Isolat  Bakteri  Asal Mata  Air  Panas  di  Pulau  Seram,  Maluku.
Abstrak: Thermophilic bacteria often possess enzymes that are stable and active at high temperature which are valuable for some biotechnological and industrial applications such as lipase enzyme for lipid hydrolysis and esterification reactions. The objectives of this research were to isolate and characterize lipase produced by the thermophilic bacterium, and to isolate and cloned its lipase encoding gene. Isolat T I.2 was thermophilic bacterium isolated from hot spring at Seram island, which had temperature 89°C and pH 6,3. Comparison of 16SrDNA sequence to GenBank database using Basic Local Alignment Search Tools for nucleotides (BLASTn) showed that isolat T I.2 was cosely related to Geobacillus stearothermophilus with 99% homology. The phylogenetic tree for 16S rRNA which was constructed using Neighbour Joining Method and distance was estimated using Kimura’s two parameter method with one hundred bootstrap replicates showed that the thermophile isolat T I.2 is clustered to other members of Geobacillus and closely related to Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Titrimetric method was used to measure activity of crude lipase preparation of isolat T I.2 at various temperature and pH with the result showed that optimum temperature and pH of lipase activity were 80°C and 6,5. Isolation of lipase gene was conducted using degenerate primers pair, primers pairs F1-R1 and primers pair F2-R1. Primer pair F1-R1 could amplified only 600 bp of DNA fragment however 1180 bp of isolat T I.2 lipase gene amplified by primer pair F2-R1 was successfully cloned to pGEM-T Easy and transformed to E.coli TOP 10. Crude lipase preparation of E. coli TOP 10 transforman which carry recombinan plasmid, and measured under optimal temperature 80°C and optimal pH 8,5, was 3,11 Unit/ml. Sequence of 390 amino acids deduced from lipase gene of isolat T I.2 was compared to GeneBank database using Basic Local Alignment Search Tools for protein (BLASTp) and the result showed that it was closely related to lipase of Geobacillus stearothermophilus L1 with 90% homology.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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