Judul: Peningkatan Kandungan Alkaloid Kinin dalam Suspensi Sel Kina (Cinchona ledgeriana Moens.) dengan Perlakuan Senyawa Kimia
Abstrak: Quinine is used for tonic, appetite enhancer, antipyretic, antimalarial, cosmetic ingredients and tanning. Quinine can be obtained from the bark of seven or more years old Cinchona tree. Cell suspension culture is an alternative means to obtain secondary metabolites rapidly and continously. Quinine, one of alkaloid compounds, is expected to increase with the addition of abscisic acid (ABA) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) as growth inhibitors, tryptophan as a precursor and mannitol as an osmotic stress inducer. ABA was used at 1 and 3 ppm, PBZ at 5 and 7 ppm combined with 5.3 g/l mannitol, tryptophan at 0.2 and 2 ppm combined with 5.3 g/l mannitol. ABA at 1 and 3 ppm increased the cell suspension growth but reduced the content of quinine. PBZ at 7 ppm combined with 5.3 g/l mannitol and 20 g/l sucrose significantly reduced the cell suspension growth but remarkably increased quinine content, even higher than that was found in the bark of Cinchona tree in the field. Combination of mannitol and paclobutrazol was effective to inhibit the cell growth but enhance the production of quinine.
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Judul: The Activity of NADP(H) Oxidoreductase and Quinine Production of Elicitated Cells Culture of Cinchona ledgeriana Moens
Abstrak: Tanaman kina (Cinchona ledgeriana) merupakan tanaman industri penghasil senyawa sekunder alkaloid kinolin. Salah satu senyawa alkaloid kinolin yang sangat potensial adalah kinin. Kinin dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat malaria, antioksidan, dan pengaya flavor dalam produk minuman ringan. Kulit batang kina umumnya dipanen untuk diekstrak alkaloidnya. Lamanya budidaya dan waktu panen tanaman, serta lamanya waktu pemulihan tanaman setelah dipanen merupakan beberapa kendala dalam upaya mempertahankan dan meningkatkan produksi kinin secara konvensional. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, peningkatan produksi kinin dengan sistem kultur in vitro melalui metode kultur sel diharapkan menjadi solusi. Kultur sel tergolong efisien baik dari segi bahan baku maupun waktu, tidak bergantung iklim dan musim, serta produksi dapat ditingkatkan secara berkelanjutan. Metode kultur sel biasanya dilakukan dengan elisitasi, yaitu suatu teknik untuk menciptakan kondisi stres (cekaman) yang menyebabkan perubahan fisiologi dan biokimia sehingga meningkatkan produksi senyawa sekunder. Elisitasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan senyawa yang dinamakan elisitor. Apabila penggunaan elisitor dapat meningkatkan produksi suatu metabolit sekunder, maka aktivitas enzim-enzim pada lintasan biosintesis metabolit sekunder tersebut diduga juga meningkat. Untuk kinin, hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang enzim mana pada lintasan biosintesis kinin yang nyata terelisitasi oleh perlakuan yang diberikan. Sejauh ini, informasi mengenai enzim yang berperan dalam pembentukan alkaloid kinolin, khususnya kinin masih sangat terbatas. Diketahui bahwa enzim yang terdekat dalam jalur biosintesis kinin adalah NADP(H) oksidoreduktase. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas NADP(H) oksidoreduktase pada kultur sel kina yang dielisitasi dan mengetahui keterkaitan aktivitas enzim tersebut dengan produksi alkaloid kinin. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi beberapa tahapan. Tahap pertama merupakan tahap kultur suspensi sel. Tahap kedua, dilakukan ekstraksi dan fraksinasi senyawa alkaloid dari hasil kultur yang dielisitasi, kemudian dianalisis melalui HPLC, untuk mengetahui konsentrasi kinin dalam sel. Tahap ketiga merupakan uji aktivitas enzim. Pada tahap ini, dilakukan ekstraksi serta pengukuran kadar protein kasar, dan dilanjutkan dengan pengujian aktivitas enzim dengan substrat kinin dan koenzim NADP dengan metode fluorometri. Kultur sel kina dielisitasi menggunakan asam absisat (ABA) dan paklobutrazol (PBZ) yang dikombinasikan dengan susbtitusi gula alkohol berupa sorbitol dan manitol. Perlakuan terdiri dari lima kombinasi, yaitu: (1) K (tanpa elisitor), (2) A3K (ABA 3 mg/L + sukrosa 30 g/L); (3) A3S (ABA 3 mg/L + sorbitol 5.3 g/L + sukrosa 20 g/L); (4) P7M (PBZ 7 mg/L + manitol 5.3 g/L + sukrosa 20 g/L); dan (5) P7-3M (PBZ 7 mg/L yang dimasukkan pada minggu ketiga kultur + manitol 5.3 g/L + sukrosa 20 g/L). Sel dipanen setelah berumur 7 minggu dan dianalisis pertumbuhan, biomassa, alkaloid kinin, dan aktivitas enzim NADP(H) oksidoreduktase hasil kultur yang dielisitasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan sel terbaik pada minggu ke-7 diperoleh pada kultur dengan media yang tidak diberi elisitor (kontrol). Pertumbuhan dan biomassa terbaik untuk kultur dengan media yang mengandung elisitor, terdapat pada perlakuan A3S dan A3K, sedangkan kultur dengan media yang ditambah PBZ, baik perlakuan P7M dan P7-3M menghasilkan pertumbuhan dan biomassa sel terendah. Aktivitas enzim biosintesis alkaloid kinolin, NADP(H) oksidoreduktase, terdeteksi pada kontrol dan semua perlakuan elisitasi. Penambahan elisitor pada kultur berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan aktivitas enzim. Aktivitas enzim tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan P7M (165.42 μM/mg protein) dan A3S (156.37 μM/mg protein) yang bersesuaian dengan akumulasi/produksi senyawa
Keyword: biosynthetic enzyme, paclobutrazol, quinoline alkaloids, elicitor, fluorometry

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite