Judul: Pemberdayaan Persatuan Orangtua Peduli Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Anak Tunarungu (Studi Kasus di Kelurahan Sebengkok, Kecamatan Tarakan Tengah, Kota Tarakan, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur)
Abstrak: Deaf problem not only hampers the improvement of the sufferers and their interaction at social environment, but also brings about problem to family, either psychologically, economically or socially. It also can cuase poverty. The member of (PKK) tried to solve it by forming Brotherhood Children Care of special need Association (POPA) which has purpose to increase the family’s ability to fulfil the children special need. Then, the others problem arouse that most of the member of POPA included ini poor category. So, they have lack support to do its program either in financial or knowledge and skill aspects. The purpose of study is to know the capacity of POPA; to identify and to analyze its problems. Composing the plan program of making efficient use of POPA, study strategy is done throughout case study, interview is used for collecting data and so is the observation. Document study and team discussion are in focus (Focus group discussion). The result of study showed that POPA capacity gets less support in fulfilling its member necessity. These are showed from (1) Knowledge and skill of the board and member are lack in managing social organization; (2) The leader has not carried out his function; (3) co-operated among the members have not been tied together yet; (4) In organization management, substantially, program of POPA has less orientation to the long term purpose; (5) POPA has no continuity fund resources. The problem that POPA faced in developing the organization are; (1) The members undergo psychology, economic and social problems; (2) The organization has lack fund to support its operational; (3) The existence of POPA is not well known in society; (4) Education, training an infrastructure terms to support its supervising programmes got lack attention government. The strategy doing make efficient use of POPA are increasing or improving its capacity and ability to solve psychology, social and economic member problem and net working development, the purpose of POPA program is to realize POPA be autonomy organizationally. So, it can fulfil their member necessity, either in economic or social continuity aspect.
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Judul: Empowerment to Woman Headed Household through Developing of Social Networking (Case in Micro Company in Desa Sekarwangi Kecamatan Katapang Kabupaten Bandung Propinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Social empowerment particularly aimed to woman, who also manage micro company, is inevitably a part of social development. The powerless PKRT (Woman Headed Household) is marked by their incapability in gaining opportunity and authority in order to make decision on available resources which existed surrounding such as financial resources, skill education, credit, use of employment and formal institution within society. The objectives of this study are as follows knowing the characteristic of PKRT, evaluating social development program, analyzing gender from PKRT micro company program and effective empowering program. This study uses qualitative approach to analyze the problem comprehensively. Issues on injustice gender caused by subordination of peoples in Desa Sekarwangi that PKRT is solely additional income for family and it is done for the sake of husband assistance. These factors affect to the minimum control and access upon the resources. The government has launched several programs for example urban poor eradicating program (P2KP) and effort in improving family income – Welfare and Empowerment to the Family (UP2K-PKK). These program in fact are less helpful. In addition, P2KP was given to those peoples who not only have close relationship with the official but also micro companies of their own. Furthermore, UP2K-PKK is given only to a single people and it has not been circulated to the rest of peoples. The limitation in term of access and amount of finance led them to dealt with the loan giver. In line with the solution, program of empowering PKRT in Desa Sekarwangi are developing social networking in two aspect; opening access and strengthening their position through grouping, making the finance insurance and involving stakeholders to achieve gender’s equality and justice.
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Judul: Sintesis dan Pencirian Benzalkonium KIOl'ida
Abstrak: One active compound which is used in disinfectant is benzalkonium chloride. It is one of the safest biocides known and has a long history of efficacious use; hence, benzalkonium chloride becomes important in disinfectant production. Accordingly, economically benzalkonium chloride synthesis needs to be found. The principle of benzalkonium chloride synthesis is alkylation of amine compound by linear synthesis route. First of all, ammonium carboxylic salt was synthesized with yield of 87% and showed infrared absorption of N-H stretch at 3428 cm·l , strong absorption of C=O stretch at 1717 cm-I, and also aliphatic C-H stretch at 2849 cm-I and 2917 cm-I. Secondly, an amide was synthesized with yield of 84% and showed strong absorption of C=O stretch at 1704 em-I, absorption of aliphatic C-H at 2849 cm-I and 2917 em-I, and also absorption of CNat 942 em-I. In the third step, the amine was synthesized with yield of 89% and showed disappearance of C=O stretch at 1700 cm-I . In the last step, benzalkonium chloride was synthesized through 2 ways, i.e. reflux and microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS). Both benzalkonium chloride infrared spectra, fi'om reflux and MAOS, showed some absorptions of aryl C-H stretch at 3033 cm-I , aryl C-C bending at 1455 cm-I , 1496 cm-I and 2 peaks which were shouldershaped at around 1600 cm-I . This last step gave a mixed product which was proven by absorption at 1700 cm-I . Consequently, the yield could not be calculated.
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