Judul: Reformulation of Dairy Cattle Concentrated Based on  RDP:RUP Balance at Different Energy Level: An In Vitro Study
Abstrak: Produktivitas ternak ruminansia yang efisien membutuhkan protein, tingkat energi dan rasio RDP:RUP dalam pakan yang seimbang. Pakan harus menyediakan nitrogen yang cukup (RDP) untuk pertumbuhan mikroba rumen, serta sebagai sumber protein langsung untuk hewan inang (RUP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat optimal rasio RDP:RUP dan tingkat energi ransum sapi perah dengan metode in vitro. Sumber inokulum rumen diperoleh dari rumen fistulasi sapi Friesian Holstein. Perlakuan terdiri dari 4 level rasio RDP: RUP, yaitu 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 dan 60:40, sedangkan level energi terdiri dari level TDN 65%, 70% dan 75%. Rancangan percobaan adalah rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan Duncan multiple range test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rasio RDP: RUP dan variasi TDN berpengaruh terhadap KCBK, KCBO, NH3. Kandungan TDN yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan KCBK, KCBO, dan VFA total secara signifikan. Peningkatan imbangan RDP (dari 45% hingga 60%) dan level TDN (low to high) meningkatkan kecernaan nutrisi, kadar VFA total, populasi bakteri dan protozoa. Peningkatan ini menunjukkan bahwa manfaat dari pakan yang berbasis imbangan RDP:RUP dapat meningkatkan produktivitas ternak ruminansia., Efficiency of ruminant productivity requires optimal protein, energy levels, and RDP:RUP ratios in feed. Dairy feed must provide adequate of nitrogen (RDP) for the rumen microbe, as well as a direct protein source for host animals (RUP). This study aimed to determine the optimal RDP:RUP ratio at different energy level of dairy cattle rations using in vitro method. The source of rumen inoculum was obtained from rumen fistulated Friesian Holstein cattle. The treatments consisted of two factors. The factors were 4 RDP:RUP ratios (60:40; 55:45; 50:50; 45:55) and 3 TDN levels (65%; 70%; 75%). The experimental design was a factorial randomized block design. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test. The result showed that the ratio of RDP:RUP and level TDN had effects on DMD, OMD, NH3. Increased RDP balance (from 45% to 60%) and TDN level (low to high) improve nutrient digestibility, total VFA, bacterial population and protozoa. This increase indicates that the benefits of based feed RDP:RUP balance can increase the productivity of ruminants.
Keyword: n vitro, rumen degradable protein, rumen fermentation, total digestible nutrient

Judul: Reformulation of Dairy Cattle Ration Based on RDP/RUP Balance and Energy Adeqquacy: In Vitro Study
Abstrak: Rumen degradable protein (RDP) diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan mikroba yang optimal dan proses fermentasi, tetapi RDP harus diimbangi dengan energi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keseimbangan optimal antara RDP: RUP dan tingkat energi dalam ransum sapi perah dengan metode in vitro. Sumber inokulum rumen diambil dari dua fistula sapi perah Holstein Friesian. Perlakuan terdiri dari imbangan RDP: RUP yaitu 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 dan 60:40, dengan perlakuan TDN yaitu rendah, sedang dan tinggi. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok berpola faktorial. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA, jika terdapat perbedaan berbeda nyata di uji lanjut dengan Duncan dan di uji lanjut dengan Tukey jika terdapat interaksi antar kedua faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan imbangan RDP:RUP dengan level TDN dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi NH3, konsentrasi VFA total, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organi. Ransum dengan imbangan RDP:RUP dengan level high TDN dapat meningkatkan kecernaan nutrisi. Peningkatan ditunjukkan dengan manfaat dari ransum yang berbasis imbangan RDP:RUP dapat meningkatkan kecernaan nutrisi dan fermentabilitas sapi perah. Kata kunci: degradasi protein, fermentasi dan kecernaan., Rumen degradable protein (RDP) is required for optimal microbial growth and fermentation process, however RDP requirement must be balanced with energy. This study aims to find out the optimal balance between RDP:RUP and energy levels in dairy rations by in vitro method. The source of the inoculum was taken from two Friesian Holstein male rumen fistulas. Treatments consisted of RDP:RUP balance which were 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 and 60:40, while TDN treatments were low TDN, medium TDN and high TDN. The experimental design used a randomized block design of factorial groups. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test if it differs markedly and Tukey test if there is interaction between the two factors. The results showed that ratio of RDP:RUP with TDN levels affected NH3, VFA’s, DMD and OMD. RDP:RUP balances with high TDN levels can improve nutritional digestability. The increase shown by the benefits of rations based on RDP:RUP balance can improve nutritional digestibility and fermentability of dairy cows. Keywords: degestibility, rumen degradable protein, rumen fermentation
Keyword: Degradasi protein, Fermentasi, Kecernaan

Judul: Analisis dan Implementasi Certificate Authorities (CA) pada Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Abstrak: Secure Telephone Protocol has ability to authenticate involved party and keep the secrecy of the message sent over the protocol. The secrecy of the message archieved by using symmetric key cryptographic scheme, and authentication archieved using public key cryptographic scheme. One of several party involved in the protocol and hold an important function called Certificate Authorities or CA. CA responsible for generating public key pair for other party involved in the protocol. When CA generates public key pair, several primitive cryptographic scheme used for guarantee the security of the key. Two of them are hash function SHA-1 and El-Gamal public key scheme embedded in Digital Signature Algorithm scheme. The prototype implementing the scheme above developed using Java programming language with JCE addition from Bauncy Castle. The analysis towards implemented prototype indicates that the prototype still has some flaws to be implemented in real world.
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