Judul: Development model the dryer method a vacuum to drying of wood kumea batu.
Abstrak: Currently, exporters of wood crafts have suffered many losses due to the rejection of their products by the importers. The reason is that many of their crafting goods are cracked after arriving in the countries of destination. The problem is caused by the difference in equilibrium moisture content. The extreme changes of humidity and temperature in the destination countries, which are mostly of temperate regions with equilibrium moisture content of around 10 percent, cause the occurrence of adaptation in moisture content. Consequently, shrinkage or expansion of wood might occur resulting in cracks. Problem in wood drying in Indonesia is particularly experienced by small scale or home industries where small and appropriate dryers are not available. So far, they usually use conventional dryers with bigger or over capacity (>25 m3) and longer drying time. More efficient and appropriate dryer is needed to overcome the problem. A new method by means of vacuum drying might be suitable for that purpose. However, characteristics of such vacuum drying have not been known specifically. Also, this kind of dryer has not been available in the domestic market. Therefore, an experiment was conducted by developing a vacuum dryer model designated for drying of kumea wood. The objectives of this research were: (a) to design and construct a model of vacuum dryer for wood, (b) to know the performance of the vacuum dryer, (c) to study the drying mechanism of kumea wood, and (d) to design small scale vacuum dryer for home industry. The vacuum dryer model was successfully made with a capacity of 0.017 m3 using convective heating. The performance of this machine was shown by its ability to dry materials at a pressure of below 1 Atm with controllable temperature. The change in wood moisture content in this vacuum drying was indicated by its decrease of around 67% at pressure condition of 64 cmHg and temperature of 45oC. Variables used in the process of vacuum drying affecting the wood moisture content were temperature, drying time and vacuum pressure. With combination of treatments of pressure and temperature of 34 cmHg, 49 cmHg, 64 cmHg and 45oC, 55oC, 75 oC, respectively, the drying rate constant (k) was around 0.015/minute or equivalent to a moisture content decrease of 0.9/h. At constant temperature, the lower the pressure of the drying chamber the higher the drying rate was; and at constant pressure, the lower the temperature of the drying chamber the lower the drying rate was. At observed and predicted temperatures that were not far different, a mathematical model was developed showing the relationship of the pressure and temperature of the drying chamber towards the value of the drying rate constant (k), i.e., 𝐤 𝐏,𝐓 =𝟎.𝟐𝟏𝟑𝐓𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝐏 𝟎.𝟏𝟒𝟓.This mathematical model could be applied to study the heat and mass transfers in the thin layer wood vacuum drying with convective heating. This research finally resulted in small scale vacuum dryer using hot vapor flown into a heat exchanger mounted inside the drying chamber with a volume capacity of 10.5 m3.
Keyword: 

Judul: Design and Performance Test of Furnace Fueled by Furniture Industry Waste for Wood Dryer System
Abstrak: Kegiatan industri pembuatan mebel menghasilkan limbah berupa serbuk kayu, serpihan kayu, dan potongan kayu yang masih belum banyak dimanfaatkan. Limbah industri mebel memiliki potensi sebagai sumber bahan bakar yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengeringan kayu pada industri mebel penghasil limbah itu sendiri. Proses pengeringan kayu merupakan salah satu tahapan produksi mebel yang membutuhkan energi sebesar 1000 mJ per 1 m3 kayu yang diolah (Garrahan P.2011). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang tungku dengan kapasitas 5 kW untuk sistem pengering kayu, dengan menggunakan bahan bakar limbah industri mebel yaitu berupa potongan kayu. Parameter yang diukur dalam uji kinerja tungku berbahan bakar limbah industri mebel ini adalah kapasitas panas tungku, laju pembakaran, suhu pembakaran, efisiensi pembakaran, efisiensi tungku, dan faktor keamanan. Hasil uji kinerja tungku dengan menggunakan limbah potongan kayu jati menunjukkan tungku mampu menghasilkan energi panas sebesar 13,11 kW, dengan laju pembakaran mencapai 6,39 kg/jam serta suhu pembakaran mencapai 647˚C dan suhu gas buang 261,8 ˚C, yang merupakan energi input bagi ruangan pengering. Energi panas yang dihasilkan tungku (13,11 kW) jauh lebih besar dari target rancangan sebesar 5 kW, tetapi tingkat effisiensi pembakaran relatif rendah yaitu 43,03 % dan efisiensi sistem tungku hanya 16.17%. Rendahnya efisiensi tersebut antara lain karena energi panas banyak diserap oleh dinding tungku yang diindikasikan oleh rata-rata suhu permukaan dinding tungku yang mencapai 83.75 ˚C. Sistem thermal storage dapat digunakan untuk menyimpan panas berlebih yang dikandung oleh gas buang, untuk kemudian dilepaskan kembali secara radiasi pada saat suhu dalam ruang pengering menurun, Furniture manufacturing produce waste such as sawdust, shreder wood, and pieces of wood which have not utilized well. Furniture industry waste are potential as energy source for wood drying purpose by the furniture producer itself. Wood drying process requires energy of 1000mJ per 1 m3 of processed wood (Garrahan P.2011). The purpose of this research is to design a 5 kW furnace by using waste of furniture manufacturing, namely pieces of wood, as it’s fuel. The parameters measured in the performance test of the furnace are heat capacity, combustion rate, combustion temperature, combustion efficiency, and safety factor. The furnace performance by using teak wood waste as it’s fuel, shows that the the furnace produce heat capacity up to 13,11 kW with combustion rate at 6.3981 kg/hour, highest combustion temperature at 647 ˚C, and the highest temperature of the flue gas, which will be use as heat resources in the wood drying chamber is 261.8 ˚C. The furnace capacity is higher than furnace capacity based on the design calculation (5kW), but overall furnace efficiency is very low (16.17%). The low efficiency is partly due to the heat energy absorbed by the furnace walls as indicated by the average surface temperature of the furnace walls which reaches 83.75 ˚C, and the poor efficiency of combustion process (42.5%). Thermal storage system can be used for collect the excess heat of flue gas, and the stored heat will be released when temperature inside drying chamber decrease.
Keyword: Furniture industrial waste, wood drying, furnace, flue gas-temperature

Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
Keyword: