Judul: Kopolimerisasi Grafting Monomer Asam Akrilat Pada Onggok Singkong dan Karakteristiknya
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil pati tapioka terbesar di dunia dan limbah onggok singkong yang dihasilkannya sangat berlimpah. Namun onggok singkong belum bisa dimanfaatkan secara optimum untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomis. Senyawa karbohidrat merupakan komponen utama yang terkandung di dalam onggok singkong, yaitu sebesar 65,90%. Oleh karena itu, sangat mungkin dilakukan modifikasi terhadap senyawa karbohidrat yang terdapat pada onggok singkong. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut perlu dilakukan usaha merekayasa onggok singkong secara kimia sehingga menghasilkan material kinerja tinggi, diantaranya dengan kopolimerisasi grafting.
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Judul: Sintesis dan Pencirian Superabsorben Onggok-g-Asam Akrilat
Abstrak: Onggok is a solid waste from tapioca processing. The aim of this study is to modify onggok into superabsorbent polymer. The modification was conducted through grafting and crosslinking of acrylic acid (AA) on onggok backbone, with N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator. The synthesis was conducted at 70 oC for 3 hours and the water absorption capacity of the copolymer products were then measured. A 761.01 g/g value was obtained from copolymer composed of 4.5 g onggok, 25.5 g AA, 24 mg MBA, and 24 mg APS. The occurence of grafting-crosslinking copolymer was confirmed by infrared spectra, which exhibited all characteristic bands of both polysaccharide fractions of onggok and AA units. The absorbency of superabsorbents were measured in solutions having pH ranging from 2 to 11. The maximum value was 630.65 g/g at pH 6.65. The superabsorbent’s absorbency in salt solution was decreased with increasing ionic strength up to 0.342 M concentration of NaCl. The absorbency kinetics of superabsorbents were studied as well and the rate parameter in water was found to be 2.61 minutes for onngok with 60 mesh particle size.
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Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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