Judul: Biologi Troides helena helena dan Troides helena hephaestus (Papilionidae) di Penangkaran
Abstrak: Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan beriklim tropik dengan berbagai tipe habitat dan ekosistem. Kondisi alam Indonesia merupakan habitat yang cocok bagi berbagai fauna termasuk kupu-kupu. Diperkirakan sekitar 4 000 – 5 000 jenis kupu-kupu terdapat di Indonesia. Troides helena merupakan salah satu kupu-kupu yang memiliki kombinasi warna sayap indah dan berukuran besar, sehingga menarik perhatian kolektor kupu-kupu. T. helena termasuk satwa yang diperdagangkan dan telah memasukkan devisa dari subsektor kehutanan Indonesia. Untuk mencegah dari kepunahan karena eksploitasi yang berlebihan, maka pemerintah melindungi T. helena melalui PP No. 7 Tahun 1999. Semua genus Troides masuk dalam daftar Appendix II CITES, sehingga perdagangan jenis ini harus merupakan hasil budi daya di penangkaran.
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Judul: Biologi Troides helena helena dan Troides helena hephaestus (Papilionidae) di Penangkaran
Abstrak: Troides helena is one of butterflies favored by collectors due to its large size and beautiful color of its wings. T. helena of Indonesia is protected by laws and recorded in Appendix II CITES. The trade has to be drawn from domestication sites. T. h. helena and T. h. hephaestus are subspecies of T. helena restrictedly distributed in Indonesia. The domestication has to be socialized for conservation of T. helena in Indonesia. The research were aimed to study domestication technique and biology of T. h. helena and T. h. hephaestus. Pupae of T. h. helena were obtained from Cilember (West Java) and T.h. hephaestus were from Bantimurung (South Sulawesi). Both larvae were fed by Aristolochia tagala leaves. Egg, larvae, and pupae were treated at the laboratory and imago were treated in the domestication dome of IPB. Results indicated that domestication was run well. A life cycle of T. h. helena from egg to imago was about 70 days, while T. h. hephaestus was 64 days. Lowest survival of T. h. helena occured at the egg stage, on the other hand, in T. h. hephaestus occured at the stages of pupae and imago. Sex ratio of male to female was 2:3 for T. h. helena and 5:6 for T. h. hephaestus. In average, egg production of T. h. helena and T. h. hephaestus was 100 eggs. Predators (house lizard, lizard, and spider) were one of the limiting factor for butterfly development.
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Judul: Study of Chemoreaction Drying with Calcium Oxide and Its Impact on the Stress and Damage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Culture, Kajian pengeringan kemoreaksi dengan kalsium oksida serta dampaknya terhadap stress dan kerusakan kultur Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Abstrak: The objective of the research was to study the parameters of the drying process and their effects on the viability of dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture. These parameters include the pattern of water isotherm sorption, the critical water contents, stress and mortality on a variety of bound water conditions, as well as morphological and micro-structural changes of damaged and leaked stressed cells. Layer thickness of the sample and high ratio used of calcium oxide speed up the drying process. Using a calcium oxide to sample ratio of 10:1 (w/w) for drying, 1.3 mm thickness of sample with 78-80% water content required 24 hours to dry to a final 4.42 % water content. The viability and cell content of the final product were 72% and 109 cells per g dried sample respectively. A sigmoid curve sorption isotherm pattern consist of 3 bound water regions of the dried yeast culture was similar to that of common dried foods. In the primary area most of the dried cells were dormant, in the secondary area the majority of the cells were under stress condition, while in the tertiary area a lot of them died. Likewise, the viability curve up to aw 0.2 was very low as due to high number of dormant cells, in between aw 0.2 - 0.6 sharply increased due to decreasing number of dormant cells, in between aw 0.6-0.75 sharply decreased due to increasing number of dying cells, and above 0.75 the cells was dying off to totally died. As shown by SEM observation, normal cells were oval-shaped with a smooth surface. In the primary region the dried cells showed and oval to round shape and small number of deformed cells, in the secondary region wrinkled surface and some number of deformed cells, while in the tertiary region the cells were sticky with wrinkled surface and most cells were damage. Meanwhile, TEM observation showed that the cells in the primary region had a well-defined, thick and solid cell wall with smooth surface with visible nuclei. In the secondary region the cells showed a wrinkled surface with less visible nuclei, while the wall was thin and cracked in some places. In the tertiary region the most number of cells were damaged, the remaining defined cells were flat, empty, irregular shape and no nuclei were visible. The increasing cell damaged was mainly due to the leaking out of cell or cytoplasm and the nuclear content through the damage cell wall. This was shown by increased electrical conductivity as well as the nucleic acid, nucleotide, protein and amino acids content of the cell-free supernatant from the culture. The Ca++ and K+ content of the cell mass decreased due to the leakage out of cell content. Sharp increase of K+ in secondary region of bound water was due to cell wall leakage, while high level of K+ in the tertiary region of bound water was due to high lysis of the cells with increased cell content damage.
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