Judul: Studi Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus yang Diinduksi Etilen Glikol: Pengaruh Infusum Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.)
Abstrak: The objective of this research was to study the histopathological lesions of rat kidneys induced by ethylene glycol and treated by avocado leaves infusum. This research is continuation of Adha’s experiment (2009) with the experimental design as follows: twenty male rats were divided into four groups, namely the control negative (KN) were received just drinking water ad libitum, the positive control (KP) were induced by 0.75% ethylen glycol and 2% ammonium chloride (inducer), the treatment group I (IF5) were induced and treated by 5% avocado leaves infusum at a dose of 3 ml/200 g BW,and the treatment group II (IF 10) were induced and treated by 10% avocado leaves infusum (3 ml/200 g BW). Treatment was given for 10 days, at day-11 rats were euthanasid, and kidney organs were taken for histopathological study and stained with Hematoxylin- Eosin. The histopatological study showed glomerular edema; hyaline droplet, deposition of protein and tubular necrosis. Percentage of glomerular edema of all treatment groups were not significantly different (p>0.05) compared with negative control group, while the percentage of tubular necrosis of positive control group was significantly different (p<0.05) compared with negative control group. Treatment with avocado leaves infusum can reduce the percentage of necrotic tubulus whereas doses of infusum tend to decrease precentage in protein deposition, hyaline droplet and tubular necrosis. Percentage decrease in tubular damage caused by the avocado leaves flavonoid activity as diureticum and antioxidants.
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Judul: Histopathological Changes of Rat Kidney Induced by Ethylene Glycol and Treated by Extracted of Avocado Leaves and Cat Whisker Plant
Abstrak: Persentase penyakit ginjal pada anjing dan kucing terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Pemanfaatan tanaman herbal sebagai obat-obatan yang mencegah terbentuknya batu ginjal pada hewan belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis gambaran histopatologi ginjal tikus yang diinduksi etilen glikol hingga terbentuk kristal oksalat, dan diobati dengan ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing. Sebanyak 20 ekor tikus jantan Sprague Dawley dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok dengan perlakuan sebagai berikut: kelompok kontrol negatif atau kontrol normal yang hanya diberi akuades, kelompok kontrol positif yang diinduksi etilen glikol 0.75% dan ammonium klorida 2% adlibitum melalui air minum, kelompok yang diberi ekstrak etanol daun alpukat sebesar 300 mg/Kg BB, kelompok yang diberi ekstrak tanaman kumis kucing sebesar 250 mg/Kg BB, dan kelompok pembanding yang diberi sediaan komersial. Ekstrak dan sediaan komersial diberikan secara intragastrik setiap hari berlangsung selama 28 hari. Setelah perlakuan selesai tikus dieuthanasia dan dinekropsi untuk pengambilan organ ginjal. Selanjutnya ginjal dibuat sediaan histologi dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Haematoxylin-Eosin. Persentase hasil pengamatan lesio ginjal dianalisis dengan metoda Anova dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar kelompok. Hasil pengamatan histopatologi ginjal seluruh kelompok tikus menunjukkan adanya perubahan berupa edema glomerulus dan tubulus yang mengalami dilatasi, endapan protein, degenerasi hidropis dan nekrosa. Kelompok tikus yang diinduksi etilen glikol memiliki ratarata persentase lesio glomerulus dan tubulus tertinggi dan berbeda nyata (p<0.05) dibandingkan kelompok perlakuan lainnya. Pemberian ekstrak daun alpukat, kumis kucing dan sediaan komersial cennderung dapat menurunkan rata-rata persentase lesio glomerulus dan tubulus ginjal tikus akibat pemberian etilen glikol (p>0.05). Pemberian ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing berpotensi sebagai tanaman herbal yang dapat memperbaiki kinerja glomerulus dan tubulus ginjal yang diinduksi etilen glikol., The percentage of kidney disease in dogs and cats increase from year to year. The use of herbal medicines that prevent the formation of kidney stones in animals is not widely known. The purpose of this study was to analyze the histopathological changes of rat kidneys induced by ethylene glycol to form oxalate crystals and treated with extract of avocado leaf and cat whiskers leaf. A total of 20 male Sprague Dawley rats divided into five groups with the following treatment: negative control or untreated group only given distilled water, the positive control group induced by ethylene glycol 0.75% and ammonium chloride 2% ad libitum through drinking water, the group that treated with 300 mg / Kg BW of Avocado leaves ethanol extract, the group that was treated with 250 mg / Kg BW of a cat whiskers plant ethanol extract, and as the standard group given a commercial formulation. The commercial formulation and plant extracts are given intragastrically for 28 days. After treatment, the rat was euthanized and necropsied for kidney organ sampling. Furthermore, the kidney tissues are made into histological slides and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. The percentage of the renal histopathological lesion was analyzed by the Anova method and followed by the Duncan test to determine differences between groups. Kidney histopathological changes of all rat groups show glomerular edema, dilatation of tubules, protein deposited, hydropic degeneration, and necrotic. The ethylene glycol-induced rat group had the highest percentage of
Keyword: avocado leaves, cat whiskers, ethylene glycol, histopathology

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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