Judul: Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis and Probiotic Characteristics of a Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain Lac3 Isolated from Traditional Fermented Buffalo Milk (Dadih)
Abstrak: The intention to conduct the current study was associated with the insufficiency of data availability on the whole-genome sequencing and in vitro characterization of probiotic potential of L. lactis subsp. lactis strain Lac3 in order to select the L. lactis subsp. lactis Lac3 as the future probiotic candidate. Most L. lactis has been included in the GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status by (FDA) (the United States Food and Drug Administration). L. lactis has been considered as a promising probiotic candidate that has the versatile applications in animal, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, clinical and food industries. L. lactis has been used as the starter cultures in the fermentation of dairy products, like cheese, yoghurt, sauerkraut, as well as in clinical to treat diseases by preventing pathogenic infections from the host. Moreover, L. lactis proved to enrich the foods into vitamins and amino acids and prevent allergy, etc. However, the selection of suitable probiotic candidate should require the assessment of its ability of tolerance against stressful conditions, such as acid, salts, bile salt tolerance and adhesion properties either in the gastrointestinal transit or survival in the niche environments, as well as the safety analysis like antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity, virulency, hemolytic activity and biogenic amines production. Besides, probiotic candidate should be evaluated for its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds. By this reason, we aimed at carrying whole-genome sequence analysis and in vitro characterization of probiotic potential of a L. lactis subsp. lactis Lac3. The results of this study are indispensable to provide information on genome diversity, stability, molecular evolution, safety, and probiotic potential properties which are suitable for the selection of L. lactis subsp. lactis Lac3 as the future probiotic for industrial food exploitation and health. Illumina MiSeq Next-generation sequencer was used to produce the genome reads with the size of ~3.8Mb, each sequence had the length of 150bp, and with an estimated genome size approximately ~7.6Mb. Sequencing was processed by (Novogene Co., Ltd). The de novo assembly was conducted using Unicyler.v assembler algorithm integrated into the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC) platform, and produced 55 contigs. Genome annotation was added by prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline (PGAP) available in NCBI and Rapid Annotations under Subsystem Technology (RAST) online webserver. Specific genome features were annotated within the genome, including antibiotic resistance phenotypes (resistomes), mobilomes (prophages, insertion sequences (ISs), plasmid), virulence factors and CRISPR/Cas system. The specific annotation was done by using various online bioinformatic tools, such as Comprehensive Antibiotic resistance Database (CARD), Resistance Gene identifier (RGI), ResFinder 4.1, PlasmidFinder, PHASTER, VirulenceFinder 2.0 and Mobile genetic element (MGEsFinder). Furthermore, identification was done based on 16S rRNA by performing nucleotide BLAST analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Phylogenetic tree was generated by using MEGA-X, and sequences were aligned by using MUSCLE. The bootstrap was inferred from 1000 replications, and taxonomic connection was inferred by using Neighbor-joining method. Besides, in vitro characterization of L. lactis subsp. lactis Lac3 was conducted to assess the probiotic characteristics of L. lactis subsp. lactis Lac3, including tolerance to acid, bile salts, NaCl, auto-aggregation (adhesion properties) and antibiotic resistance. The genome annotation predicted L. lactis
Keyword: Genome sequence, in vitro characterization, pathogenicity, probiotic potential, safety

Judul: Identifikasi Dan Karakterisasi Substrat Antimikroba Dari Bakteri Asam Laktat Kandidat Probiotik Yang Diisolasi Dari Dadiah Dan Yogurt
Abstrak: Probiotic has been defined as living microorganism that, when administered in adequate of amounts, confered a health benefit on the host. One of criterias that must be fulfilled by lactic acid bacteria as a probiotic is its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds that were capable inhibit toward pathogenic bacterias. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be isolated from fermented milk. Maheswari (2008) isolated Lactobacillus plantarum D-01 and Lactococcus lactis D-01 from buffalo milk fermented called ‘dadiah’ traditionally produced by people from West and North Sumatra, and also isolated Bifidobacterium longum Y-01 and Lactobacillus acidophilus Y-01 from yogurt. Their potential as probiotic culture was interested to determine especially for their ability to produce antimicrobial substrate that inhibit pathogenic bacterias. Identification of nature and characterization of antimicrobial substrate produce by LABs tested for its stability at different pH and storage’s temperature, and proteolitic’s enzyme by agar well diffusion method. The culture supernatants inhibited toward Salmonella Ser. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The supernatants showed an antimicrobial activity against phatogenic bacteria and identified as organic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The existance of proteinaceous antibacterial compound, which referred as bacteriosin, was proved through proteolityc activity on supernatants that resulted in decrease of zone inhibition diameters. Characterization determined that proteinaceous antibacterial compound was stable at room storage temperature within five days and at cold storage temperature within two weeks. Meanwhile, proteinaceous antibacterial compounds were not heat stable and not stable when adjusted in different pH, especially when adjusted in pH above 5. Four LABs tested could be considered as probiotic bacterias because all of LABs produced antimicrobial compounds consist of organic acid, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriosin that inhibited pathogenic indicator bacterias.
Keyword: 

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf