Judul: Estimasi Nilai Kerugian Ekonomi Akibat Banjir Luapan Sungai Cidurian pada Pertanian Padi Sawah di Kecamatan Kresek, Kabupaten Tangerang
Abstrak: The raise of rainfall intensity in the upper area of Cidurian watershed causes an increase water discharge and flood in Kresek subdistrict as a downstream areas. Cidurian river’s levee is damaged for about sixty meters, that makes the water overflows into the surrounding area. One of the sectors affected by the river flood is the agricultural sector, especially in rice planting area. The objectives of this study are to identify farmers' perceptions about the condition of their farmlands during flood periods, to estimate the economic losses of agricultural sector due to the flooding of Cidurian river, to analyze the factors that affect the magnitude of economic losses in the agricultural sector, and analyze the stakeholder’s role to overcome the problem of floods in Kresek subdistrict. The result shows that respondents have bad perceptions about the condition of post-flood of the agricultural sector. Flood disaster in Kresek subdistrict involves both governmental and non-governmental parties to overcome the flood problem. Based on the interview, each of them has a role and works together to solve the problem. The total economic losses of the subdistrict is estimated for about IDR 1 904 574 711 with the average loss of IDR 8 927 087.50 per landowner farmer while the total economic losses of the subdistrict is estimated for about IDR 2 081 848 142 with the average loss of IDR 6 994 231.27 per sharecropper. Moreover, the economic losses due to the flood are significantly influenced by the wide of affected land area, flood frequency, and age of the rice planting. The government has taken service action by spending IDR 1 385 989 000 to fix the broken levee. In addition, the improvement of environmental conditions, including the normalization of Cidurian River needs to be implemented in order to minimize the overflowing river.
Keyword: river flooding, paddy, Kresek Subdistrict, economic losses

Judul: Estimated Value of Community Economic Losses Due to  the Cipinang River Flood (Case Study: Rambutan Village, East Jakarta)
Abstrak: Kelurahan Rambutan merupakan salah satu kelurahan di Jakarta yang rawan dilanda banjir tiap tahunnya. Penyebab banjir di kelurahan ini adalah luapan air dari Sungai Cipinang. Banjir yang terjadi menimbulkan kerugian bagi masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi persepsi masyarakat mengenai banjir, mengestimasi nilai kerugian ekonomi masyarakat akibat banjir, menganalisis strategi adaptasi masyarakat terhadap banjir, dan memberikan rekomendasi alternatif program pengurangan dampak banjir di Kelurahan Rambutan. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan analisis deskriptif, skala likert, pendekatan harga pasar, cost of illness, opportunity cost, dan Preference Ranking Organization METHods for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat tetap nyaman tinggal di lokasi saat ini meskipun rawan banjir karena mereka merasa lingkungan bertetangga nyaman dan telah terbiasa terhadap bencana banjir yang terjadi tiap tahun. Berdasarkan penilaian ekonomi menunjukkan total nilai kerugian ekonomi masyarakat akibat banjir sebesar Rp 161.911.740. Masyarakat telah melakukan strategi adaptasi terhadap banjir dengan bentuk strategi adaptasi paling banyak yaitu meninggikan lantai rumah. Hasil analisis PROMETHEE menyimpulkan alternatif program terbaik dalam upaya pengurangan dampak banjir di Kelurahan Rambutan adalah pengerukan sedimentasi.
Keyword: cost of illness, river overflow, opportunity cost, PROMETHEE

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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