Judul: Uji Sifat Fisik Biochar Limbah Kulit Kakao Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Saluran Pencernaan Ayam Kampung
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji sifat fisik biochar dari limbah kulit kakao dan pengaruhnya terhadap saluran pencernaan ayam kampung. Sebanyak 160 ekor DOC ayam kampung jenis Sentul terseleksi yang dipelihara hingga panen umur 63 hari (9 minggu), sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian sebanyak 16 ekor yang terdiri dari 2 ekor ayam jantan dan 2 ekor ayam betina dari masing-masing perlakuan. Penelitian ini terdiri dari perlakuan P0 (pakan komersial), P1 (pakan penelitian tanpa biochar), P2 (pakan penelitian mengandung biochar 1%), dan P3 (pakan penelitian mengandung biochar 2%). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Pengukuran peubah yang diamati meliputi kadar air, aktivitas air, berat jenis, ukuran partikel dari biochar dan pakan perlakuan, serta bobot badan akhir, panjang dan bobot saluran pencernaan ayam kampung umur 63 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat fisik biochar limbah kulit kakao dan pakan perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata terhadap berat jenis. Hasil nilai kadar air yang berkisar antara 7,078%-10,78% dan aktivitas air yang berkisar antara 0,65-0,76 menunjukkan bahwa kadar air pada pakan penelitian ini masih dibawah standar dan aman untuk penyimpanan sesuai dengan standar SNI tahun 2013 yang menyatakan bahwa kadar air maksimum yaitu 14%, sedangkan nilai rataan aktivitas air, berat jenis dan ukuran partikel termasuk dalam kisaran normal. Pemberian pakan komersial, pakan mengandung biochar, dan pakan tanpa mengandung biochar tidak memberikan pengaruh pada panjang dan bobot saluran pencernaan ayam kampung., This study aimed to examine the physical properties of biochar from cocoa shell waste and its effect on the digestive tract of native chickens. A total of 160 selected Sentul native chicken DOCs were kept until harvest at 63 days (9 weeks), the sample used in this study consisted of 16 chickens consisting of 2 male chickens and 2 female chickens from each treatment. This study consisted of treatments P0 (commercial feed), P1 (research feed without biochar), P2 (research feed containing 1% biochar), and P3 (research feed containing 2% biochar). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. Measurement of the observed variables included water content, water activity, specific gravity, particle size of biochar and treatment feed, as well as final body weight, length and weight of the digestive tract of native iv chickens aged 63 days. The results showed that the physical properties of cocoa husk waste biochar and treated feed were not significantly different with respect to specific gravity. The results of the water content values ranging from 7.078%- 10.78% and water activity ranging from 0.65-0.76 showed that the water content in the feed of this study was still below the standard and safe for storage according to the 2013 SNI standard which states that the maximum water content is 14%, while the average value of water activity, specific gravity and particle size are in the normal range. The treats of commercial feed, feed containing biochar, and feed containing non-biochar did not affected the length and weight of the digestive tract of native chickens.
Keyword: biochar, chicken digestive tract, cocoa shell, particle size

Judul: Pengaruh Suplementasi Biochar Kulit Buah Kakao Terhadap Performa Ayam Kampung (Gallus gallus Domesticus)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi biochar dari kulit buah kakao terhadap performa ayam kampung. Sebanyak 160 ayam Sentul terseleksi sejak umur sehari (DOC) telah dipelihara hingga dipanen pada umur 9 minggu. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 4 perlakuan yaitu P0 (pakan komersial sebagai kontrol positif), P1 (pakan penelitian tanpa biochar), P2 (pakan penelitian mengandung biochar 1%), dan P3 (pakan penelitian mengandung biochar 2%). Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Peubah yang diamati yaitu bobot badan (BB), pertambahan bobot badan (PBB), konsumsi pakan, konversi pakan (FCR), income over feed and chick cost (IOFCC), dan juga mortalitas pada ayam kampung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi biochar sebanyak 1% dan 2% pada pakan tidak mempengaruhi performa ayam pada umur 9 minggu. Bobot badan pada penelitian ini memiliki hasil yang berkisar antara 830,00 g-931,70 g, kemudian nilai PBB yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 801,00 g-902,72 g, lalu konsumsi pakan yang dibutuhkan yaitu sebesar 3.788,46 g-3.832,38 g, sehingga nilai FCR berkisar antara 4,10-4,66. Perlakuan P0 memiliki nilai performa dengan hasil yang terbaik pada peubah BB, PBB, konsumsi, dan FCR, akan tetapi nilai IOFCC tertinggi dihasilkan oleh perlakuan P2 yaitu pakan penelitian dengan penambahan biochar 1% sebesar Rp2.484,35 per ekor dengan perolehan nilai performa yang mendekati perlakuan kontrol., This study aimed to examined the effects of biochar from cocoa shell waste as additive on feed concerning to the performances of native chickens. A total of 160 selected Sentul native chickens from the age of one day had been reared until they got harvested at the age of 63 days (9 weeks). This study consisted of 4 treatments, named P0 (commercial feed as positive control), P1 (feed contain non-biochar), P2 (feed contain 1% biochar), and P3 (feed contain 2% biochar). The experiment used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four designed replications. Measurement of the observed variables were included body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion rate (FCR), income over feed and chick cost (IOFCC), and also mortality percentage of native chickens. The results of this study indicated that the supplementation of 1% and 2% bio-charcoal in feed didn’t affected the chicken performances by the age of 63 days (9 weeks). The body weight in this research had resulted the range between 830.00 g-931.70 g, then body weight gain resulted the range between 801.00 g-902.72 g, then the feed consumption needed was ranged between 3,788.46 g-3,832.38 g, so the feed conversion rate resulted the range between 4.10-4.66. The treatment of P0 had the best performance result on the body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion rate variable, while the highest IOFCC value was resulted by the treatment of feeding with 1% biochar, which was Rp2,484.35 per head with the performance value approached the control treatment value.
Keyword: biochar, native chicken, performance

Judul: Invers Drazin dari Matriks Toeplitz Singular
Abstrak: Matriks Toeplitz adalah matriks yang setiap unsur pada diagonal utama bernilai sama dan setiap unsur pada subdiagonal yang bersesuaian dengan diagonal utama juga bernilai sama. Matriks singular adalah matriks yang tidak bisa ditentukan inversnya. Akan tetapi, dapat diupayakan untuk ditentukan inversnya menggunakan invers matriks yang diperumum. Invers Drazin merupakan salah satu jenis invers matriks yang diperumum. Pada karya ilmiah ini ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular dengan menggunakan metode Leverrier Faddeev. Kemudian, ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular yang direpresentasikan sebagai penjumlahan segitiga bawah dan segitiga atas matriks Toeplitz berdasar pada teorema Gohberg dan Semencul., Toeplitz matrix is a matrix in with element on the main diagonal has the same value and on the subdiagonal corresponding to the main diagonal also has the same value. Singular matrix is a matrix that has no inverse. However, it can be attempted to determine the inverse using a generalized inverse matrix. Inverse Drazin is a type of generalized matrix inverse. This paper discussed the inverse Drazin for a singular Toeplitz matrix using the Leverrier Faddeev method. Then, the Drazin inverse of the singular Toeplitz matrix which is represented as a sum of products of lower and upper triangular Toeplitz matrix based on Gohberg and Semencul theorem.
Keyword: inverse Drazine, singular Toeplitz matrix