Judul: Review on food microbiological standard in Indonesia
Abstrak: Microbiological standards for processed food in Indonesia are regulated by the Head of NADFC in Decree No. POM. HK.00.06.1.52.4011 2009 pertaining Microbial and Chemical Contamination Limit in Food and by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). In the implementation, there were several obstacles and some criteria could not be met because they were too stringent or the testing methods were not available. The purpose of this study was to compare the fulfillment of microbiological standards of Indonesia and some other countries in the world against the rules of CAC microbiology criteria, to review microbiological criteria of priority foods and to provide recommendations for their microbiological criteria. The study was conducted by comparing and analyzing the microbiological criteria from Indonesia and 10 other countries, namely Australia and New Zealand, Europe, Philippines, Malaysia, Canada, Hongkong, India, Japan, Singapore and South Africa and recommendation by Codex Alimentarius Comission (CAC) Principles for The Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997). As the case studies, several foods were selected based on several obstacles occurred and their criteria and studied as above. The results showed almost all countries have not comply the rules. The study also showed that Indonesia’s standard for bottled/packaged drinking water, instant coffee and canned food need revision. There were two maximum limit of TPC and discrepancies with the analytical method requirements on drinking water. Forthe purpose of verification of the production process and lot acceptance, it is recommended to set one maximum limit of TPC. The recommendation for TPC sampling plan for drinking water is a three-class sampling plan with n = 5 and c = 2 and a maximum of m = 102 cfu/mL and M = 105 cfu/mL. Analytical methods that can be refered to is ISO or analytical methods other than that specified in the standard, provided that the method of analysis has been validated for its equivalent sensitivity, reproducibility and reliability based ISO/TR/13843 of Water quality-Guidance on validation of microbiological methods. The nature of instant coffee as dry food does not support microbial growth.To anticipate of bad sanitation and hygiene practices, the determination of the maximum limits and sampling plansfot instant coffee can be proposed by a three-class sampling plan with n = 5, c = 2, m = 103 cfu/g and M = 105 cfu/g. While the sampling plan for mold in instant coffee are three-class sampling plan with n = 5, c = 2, m = 102 cfu/g and M = 103 cfu/g. Determination of microbiological criteria in canned food is irrelevant. Commercially sterile process food has a very low number of microorganisme that the criteria can not be applied.It is recommended to simply set adequacy compliance requirements with commercial sterilization process is the test incubation.
Keyword: CAC, microbiological criteria, regulations, sampling plan, standard

Judul: Food Regulatory and Standard Environment: Case Study on Plain and Flavored UHT (Ultra High Temperature) Milk
Abstrak: Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk is one of milk products that is offered in the market nowadays, especially in Indonesia. The study and internship program on food regulation and standard was conducted at PT Nestlé Indonesia. PT. Nestlé Indonesia has a department that takes care on regulatory and standard matter, called Regulatory Affairs Department. PT. Nestlé Indonesia always concern on compliance of its product with the existed regulation and standard, so that the excellent quality of the product along with the care to consumer safety and healthy could be achieved. The opportunity for global trading was encouraged recently, and the barrier that will be faced by the industries in Indonesia, including food industry, is compliancy to regulations and standards of importing and exporting countries. The scope of this internship covers regulations and standards that related to milk and UHT milk. The activity was initiated with inventorying and listing of particular regulations and standards. The obtained regulations and standards were analyzed based on food category system, labeling practices, food additives provision, nutrient additive provision, analysis and sampling, hygiene practices, maximum residue level of veterinary drug provision, food safety, contaminants provision, export and import matter provision, and specific regulation/standard for milk and UHT milk. From the collected documents, the regulations and standards that containing information on permitted food additives and contaminants and their maximum level were evaluated. The regulations and standards of UHT milk that covered in this study were based on regulations and standards National level that include the governmental regulations, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NADFC) decrees and the National Standard of Indonesia (Indonesian-SNI); at global level that represented by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) Documents (standards, guidelines, recommended code of practices); at regional level that represented by European Union commission and/or council regulations; and at milk exporting countries level that represented by Australia and New Zealand using Food Standards Australia - New Zealand (FSANZ), and by United States of America using Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) that concentrated on food. ...
Keyword: Food regulation, Food standard, Plain UHT milk, Flavored UHT milk, Food additive, Food contaminant

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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