Judul: Produksi Etanol oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus. dari Sirup Dekstrin Pati Sagu (Metroxylon sp.) Menggunakan Metode Aerasi Penuh dan Aerasi Dihentikan.
Abstrak: Indonesia adalah pemilik lahan sagu terbesar di dunia. Potensi sagu di Indonesia cukup berlimpah. Di dunia diperkirakan terdapat 2 juta ha hutan sagu dan kurang lebih setengah hutan sagu dunia ada di Indonesia. Sekitar 90% di antaranya terdapat di Papua (Marsudi dan Aprillia, 2006). Besarnya potensi sagu di Indonesia belum termanfaatkan secara optimal. Selama ini baru sekitar 10% dari total area sagu nasional yang dimanfaatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan serta industri. Jika dibudidayakan, produktivitas pati sagu kering mencapai 25 ton/ha/tahun, lebih banyak apabila dibandingkan dengan ubi kayu 1.5 ton/ha/tahun, kentang 2.5 ton/ha/tahun, maupun jagung 5.5 ton/ha/tahun. (Sumaryono, 2007) Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kemungkinan penggunaan dekstrin dari pati sagu sebagai substart dalam pembuatan etanol, melihat potensi Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus sebagai mikroorganisme penghasil etanol, serta pemilihan laju aerasi dan konsentrasi gula pada substrat berdasarkan kadar etanol dan jumlah biomassa tertinggi yang dihasilkan. Selain itu penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rekayasa bioproses (aerasi penuh dan aerasi dihentikan) terhadap biomassa dan kadar etanol yang dihasilkan. Pada penelitian pertama dilakukan fermentasi sirup dekstrin dengan perlakuan konsentrasi yang berbeda yaitu 18%, 24%, 30%, dan 36% serta perlakuan pemberian aerasi sebesar 1vvm dan 2 vvm. Dari beberapa perlakuan tersebut terpilih konsentrasi 30% dan laju alir 1 vvm sebagai perlakuan terbaik untuk pertumbuhan khamir. Selama 24 jam dihasilkan jumlah biomassa tertinggi yaitu 2,98 g/l dengan nilai μmaks 0,29 jam-1. Pada jam ke-6 khamir tersebut masih mengalami fase log, hingga pada jam ke-12 pertumbuhan khamir sudah mulai masuk ke fase stasioner. Sisa total gula dalam substrat dan nilai pH mengalami penurunan selama proses fermentasi. Penurunan kandungan total gula dalam substart menunjukkan aktifitas sel dalam mengkonsumsi substrat sirup dekstrin. Sedangkan perubahan pH terjadi karena adanya pelepasan H+ selama konsumsi NH4 +, penggunaan asam amino sebagai sumber nitrogen dan akumulasi produk samping berupa asam-asam organik hasil metabolisme karbohidrat. Rekayasa bioproses dilakukan pada perlakuan terpilih dengan penghentian aerasi pada jam ke-6. Selama 24 jam fermentasi dihasilkan etanol sebanyak 24,94±0,16 g/l. Hasil ini jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan dengan aerasi penuh yang hanya menghasilkan etanol sebanyak 21,25±0,55 g/l. Pada jam ke-24, rata-rata pH pada aerasi penuh mencapai 3,05, sedangkan rata-rata pH pada aerasi yang dihentikan di jam ke-6 mencapai 3,15. pH yang terlalu rendah dapat menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Aerasi yang dihentikan pada jam ke- 6 mengubah kondisi lingkungan fermentasi dari kondisi aerob menjadi anaerob, sehingga proses fermentasi untuk pembentukan etanol berjalan secara maksimal.
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Judul: Pembuatan Bioetanol Dari Dekstrin Dan Sirup Glukosa Sagu (Metroxylon Sp.) Menggunakan Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Var. Ellipsoideus
Abstrak: There are some factors of fossil fuel problems in Indonesia namely the decreasing of fossil fuel production, the increasing of domestic energy consumption, the high price of fossil fuel and the harmless of fossil fuels itself to the environment. The research of energy alternative source should be carried out as an effort to reduce the energy supply based on fossil fuels. Bioenergy is the main alternative to overcome the energy crisis based on fossil fuel. Bioenergy is one of alternatives energy based on biomass derivate; material from living organism (plants, animals and microorganism). The development of the bioenergy is absolutely appropriate to be implemented in Indonesia because it is supported by the abundant of natural resources potency and also the availability of the field. One of bioenergy which can be developed is bioethanol which can replace the use of gasoline. The main purpose of this research was to produce bioethanol from sago starch by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus in batch system. The particular purposes of this research were to determine the kind of substrate and substrate sugar concentration based on yield of ethanol produced and value of biomass, and also its influence to the other fermentation parameters (total residual glucose and pH). Besides that, this research was also aimed to know the influence of process manipulation (full agitation dan stop agitation) towards ethanol yield, biomass quantity, total residual glucose and pH. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus can utilize dextrin and glucose syrup to produce biomass and ethanol. Fermentation of glucose syrup 24 % using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus for 24 hours produce the highest amount of biomass 2,84 g/l and the highest ethanol yield 28,3 g/l. At the 6th hour, the yeast is still in log phase, but at 12th hour it had been in stationary phase. The total residual glucose and pH were decreasing during fermentation process. Bioprocess manipulation was carried out by using glocose syrup 24 % as substrate and stopped the agitation at 6th hour. Ethanol and biomass quantity produced by full agitation was higher than that produced by stop agitation at 6th hour. The full agitation could produce ethanol up to 26,96+1,80 g/l and stop agitation at 6th hour could produce ethanol up to 21,21+2,83 g/l. At the 24th hour, the average of pH values on full agitation was 3,22+0,02, meanwhile the mean of pH values on stop agitation at 6th hour was reached at 3,23+0,00. The lower of pH values could inhibit the microorganism growth. The values of Y x/s, Y p/s dan Y p/x on full agitation were 0,04+0,00, 0,41+0,00 and 10,41+0,34, meanwhile on stop agitation at 6th hour were 0,04+0,00, 0,34+0,07 and 9,48+1,45. The agitation stopped at the 6th hour caused inhomogeneous condition so the process of fermentation was not well done.
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Judul: Query Expansion based on Bilingual Dictionary Using Conditional Probability
Abstrak: Query expansion is a technique that can be used to bridge vocabulary gaps between queries and documents in the collection. With query expansion, user will be helped to formulate queries well so that user will optimize the search result. In this study, the expansion term was resulted from the translation of bilingual dictionary. Subsequently, several terms of expansion were elected based on the closeness of its relationship with the original query. This research showed that conditional probability can be used to select expansion term in bilingual translation method query expansion. The result of 1000 documents was more than 97% relevan document can be retrieved by this system. The more expansion term used, the larger number relevan document was retrieved.
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