Judul: Keefektivan Herbisida Pendimethalin untuk Pengendalian Gulma pada Budidaya Tanaman Bawang Merah
Abstrak: One of the greatest expenses on shallot production is manual weed control. Preemergence herbicide can reduce weed and reduce expenses for weeding. The objective of the research was to study the effectiveness of pendimethalin herbicide to control some weeds on shallot production. The research was conducted in Brebes, Central Java, from December 2012 to January 2013. The research was arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. The research consisted of eight treatments i.e. no weeding, pendimethalin 495 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 660 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 825 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 990 g a.i. ha-1, oxyfluorfen 480 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 330 g a.i. ha-1 + oxyfluorfen 240 g a.i. ha-1, and manual weeding. The results showed that pendimethalin application at 495 g a.i. ha-1 to 990 g a.i. ha-1 could control Alternanthera philoxeroides and Echinochloa colona,but not significant on Commelina benghalensis and Cyperus rotundus. Application pendimethalin herbicide did not cause fitotoxicity effect on growth of shallot.
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Judul: Effectiveness of Bioherbicide Based on Purple Nutsedge  Bulb Granule Formulation with Various Shapes and Sizes to Control Weeds in  Shallots (Allium cepa L.)
Abstrak: Bawang merah merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang memiliki potensi unggul dan tingkat konsumsinya tinggi di Indonesia. Peningkatan produksi bawang merah secara nasional masih banyak kendala yaitu kehadiran organisme pengganggu tanaman, cuaca, kelembaban, dan kondisi umbi. Bioherbisida dapat menjadi solusi yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian bertujuan menguji keefektifan bioherbisida berbahan umbi teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) formulasi butiran berbagai bentuk dan ukuran terhadap pertumbuhan gulma dan pengaruhnya pada budi daya bawang merah. Percobaan disusun dengan menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT). Perlakuan pada penelitian ini berupa kontrol, penyiangan manual, bioherbisida butiran bulat sangat kecil, bioherbisida butiran bulat kecil, bioherbisida butiran bulat sedang, bioherbisida butiran bulat besar, bioherbisida butiran tabung sangat kecil, bioherbisida butiran tabung kecil, bioherbisida butiran tabung sedang, bioherbisida butiran tabung besar, mulsa plastik hitam perak, dan herbisida oksifluorfen 240 g L-1 . Analisis pendugaan pengaruh dari perlakuan bioherbisida dengan uji F pada taraf nyata a = 5% dan uji lanjut dengan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua perlakuan bioherbisida berbasis umbi teki secara efektif mampu menekan pertumbuhan gulma hingga 30 HST. Berdasarkan keefektifannya dalam menekan pertumbuhan gulma dan pengaruh terhadap produksi umbi bawang merah, perlakuan bioherbisida yang terbaik adalah bioherbisida tabung tabung sedang., Shallots are horticultural commodity with superior potential and high consumption levels in Indonesia. National shallot production faces several challenges including the presence of plant pests, weather conditions, humidity, and bulb conditions. Bioherbicides can be an environmentally friendly solution. This research aims to test the effectiveness of bioherbicides based on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) bulb granule formulations of various shapes and sizes on weed growth and their impact on shallot cultivation. The experiment was designed using a Complete Randomized Group Design (RKLT). Treatments in this study included control, manual weeding, very small round granule bioherbicide, small round granule bioherbicide, medium round granule bioherbicide, large round granule bioherbicide, very small tube granule bioherbicide, small tube granule bioherbicide, medium tube granule bioherbicide, large tube granule bioherbicide, black silver plastic mulch, and oxyfluorfen herbicide 240 g L -1 . The influence estimation analysis of bioherbicide treatments was conducted using an F-test at a significance level of a = 5% and further tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level. The results showed that all bioherbicide treatments based on purple nutsedge were effective in suppressing weed growth up to 30 days after treatment. Based on their effectiveness in suppressing weed growth and their influence on shallot bulb production, the best bioherbicide treatments is the medium tube granule bioherbicide.
Keyword: Alelopati, Bawang merah varietas SS Sakato, Formulasi butiran, Herbisida pra-tumbuh, Pertanian berkelanjutan

Judul: Categorization in Macaca fascicularis.
Abstrak: Categorization is an ability to group individuals or events into different classes mediated by conceptualized mental images. There are several levels of categorization and within a taxonomy the levels are nested. At the most concrete level of categorization, all or most members of the category shared common physical attributes that differ from other categories. The higher the level of category, the fewer common attributes between members of the group. In addition to humans, the ability to categorize has also been proposed in animals. One example of categorization in animal is species discrimination. Using matching-tosample task, present experiment tested ability of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in discriminating dichotomous-stimuli of different animals. The species has been shown to be able to see photos as representations of real object so I used facial photos of humans and animals for the stimuli. First, I tested their ability to classify humans and macaques into separate group. Second, I tested their ability to discriminate their conspecific from other macaques. And the last, I tested whether the subjects were able to discriminate non-human animals from humans. In all of these experiments I found that the subjects showed high performance in categorizing objects, even when I discarded details of visual informations, such as color and local shapes. The ability to identify objects with reduced representation of physical properties means the subjects were able to generalize attributes of members of the group. This would indicate that the subjects created a higher level abstraction. On the other hand, in discriminating intrageneric macaque species I found that they were able to extract uniqueness of each species. More over, I also found that the subjects were able to put photos of non-human animals that shared very few similarities in physical percepts into one group. I suggested that the subjects could create a more abstract concept based on non-percepts relations as a basis to put the objects into one category. Thus, I concluded that M. fascicularis were able to perform multiple levels of categorizations.
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