Judul: Aplikasi Surfaktan Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid (MESA) Off Grade Sebagai Agen Pembersih Untuk Kotoran Berminyak Pada Pipa Industri
Abstrak: Cleaning products that are frequently used for industry is a surfactant which manufactured by using petroleum. Petroleum surfactant is not sustainable, environmental unfriendly material and unrenewable resources. Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES), a kind of anionic surfactants produced from palm olein,is a renewable resource and friendly for the environment. Compared to petroleum surfactant, MES at similar concentration, has a higher detergent power and cheaper. Beside that, MES doesn’t coagulate on high level salinity and can retain at high level of water hardness. MES produced from olein through the stages of sulfonation, aging and neutralization. Methyl Ester Sulfonat Acid (MESA) off grade is the byproducts producted from MES at sulfonation process. MESA off grade has high IFT value ( >10-4), so it can’t be used as EOR. MESA which has black colored, make it can not be used as a household cleaning products. The pH of MESA off grade is acidic, it cause MESA off grade need neutralization process before applied as a cleaning agent. In this research, neutralization MESA off grade is done by using NaOH solution. The purpose of this research is to provide added value and obtain proper concentration of NaOH solution for neutralization process to make MESA off grade as cleaning agent for oily dirt contained at industrial pipeline. The NaOH solution with concentration 40%, 45%, 50%, and 55% were used to achieve pH 7-8. The neutralization process was done by using the automatic stirrer hotplate with temperature range of 60-80oC for 15 minutes. Physico chemical measurements of MESA off grade that observed in this research were density and viscosity. Emulsion stability, surface tension, foaming, foam stability, and detergent power were measured as MESA off grade performance. The physco chemical measurement is required to measure the resistance of cleaning agent storage. The measurement of MES off grade performence is necessary for measure the ability of MES off grade to removed dirt. Based on research, the best MES off grade was produced by MESA off grade which neutralized with 45 % NaOH concentration.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid (MESA) dari metil ester olein untuk pembuatan heavy duty cleaner
Abstrak: The industry related to materials that are very difficult to remove in the cleaning process, such as crude oil, grease, oil, or other materials need heavy duty cleaning products that can handle the difficulty in cleaning. Cleaning products that have a tough task to clean the dirt is sometimes called a heavy duty cleaner. This product is effective for cleaning storage tank, reception tank, pipes, floors, equipment or machinery. Just like any other cleaning products, in the formulation of heavy duty cleaner needed surfactant. The purposes of this research were to obtain heavy duty cleaner utilizing methyl ester sulfonic acid (MESA) from olein based methyl ester, to know the performance generated from heavy duty cleaner, and financial feasibility information of heavy duty cleaner industry. This research started with preparation of C16 dominant methyl ester, olein based methyl ester, MESA production by sulphonating methyl ester with SO3 as reactant in a single tube falling-film reactor, then followed by MESA characterization. Furthermore, continued with heavy duty cleaner making and characterisazion. Design of the research was using factorial completely rendomized with two factors including type of MESA and NaOH concentration. The type of MESA consist of four levels (MESA olein off grade, MESA olein steady state, MESA olein C16 dominant off grade and MESA olein C16 dominant steady state). NaOH concentration consist of four levels ( 35%, 40%, 45% and 50%). Washing capasity value was chosen as key parameter because it was representing the performance of heavy duty cleaner in removing impurity. Based on variance analysis, MESA types gave significance influence to the value of product washing capasity, whereas NaOH concentration was not giving significance influence. The highest washing capasity average value was generated from MESA olein dominant C16 steady state type. The results showed that heavy duty cleaner which used MESA olein dominan C16 steady state type with 35% NaOH concentration was resulting 98,11% emultion stability, 9 ml/ ml 0,1% sample solution foaming capacity, 13,75% foam stability, and 91,31% washing capasity was the best composition obtain. Based on four investment criteria, those were NPV (Rp 19.210.855.000), IRR (19%), B/C Ratio (1,52) and PBP (5,36 years) show that it is feasible to run.
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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