Judul: Studi Kasus di Desa Ciasmara, Kecamatan Pamijahan, Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: The group of rich peasant, who has surplus income from agriculture, could invest the surplus in the business capital intensive, business that provides a relatively large income. Rich peasant have a large range of non-agricultural sources, which in turn gave establish the process of capital accumulation and investment of mutual support both agriculture and non agriculture among the rural elite. The process of capital accumulation rich peasant households in socio-economic field in daily life can be seen from the mechanism of surplus and investment of surplus farm households. The mechanism of surplus in this research saw the traditional land owners, modern land owners and entrepreneur land owners. This mechanism can be used as guidelines to explain the investment of surplus rice farming activities which the community predominantly livelihood is peasant. Furthermore the role of rich peasant in rural development are through resources and employment, technology transfer and institutional. From the rich peasant economic strategy in the accumulation of capital can be seen the type of rich peasant in the village.
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Judul: Studi Kasus: Kampung Ciharashas dan Cibeureum Batas, Kelurahan Mulyaharja, Kecamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor
Abstrak: The aim of this research is first to analyze how the connection of the change of agrarian structure between ownership, mastery and agriculture tune utilization in farm rest of agriculture conversion towards social structure change of farmer society. Second, to analyze why a part of farmer society still defend agriculture farm at the “opposite” of phenomenon agriculture conversion. Third, to analyze how effort that done by farmer society to stand by at agricultural sector. This research is done at village Ciharashas and Cibeureum Batas, sub-district Mulyaharja, district Bogor South, city Bogor with focus in farm rest of agriculture conversion. This research is done with fuse two approach, qualitative and quantitative. Result from this research unfolds that found connection between the change of agrarian structure towards social structure change of farmer society. There are difference reason to stand at bay in agricultural sector between farmer society of Ciharashas and Cibeureum Batas. There are three kind of effort done by farmer society to be “defensive” in agricultural sector, that is: conducting strategy in farming; (2) conducting double living, and; (3) conducting loan to family and also neighbour.
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Judul: Durability of Specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y Againts Influenza and Covid-19 in Sunscreen
Abstrak: The benefit of specific immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y) as an active ingredient in personal care products such as sunscreen has not been properly studied. Our study aims to evaluate the reliability of specific IgY against influenza and the COVID-19 virus in a sample sunscreen product. Specific IgY influenza and COVID-19 viruses were inserted in the sample sunscreen at two concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25%. Three treatments were observed: control (C) sunscreen without IgY, treatment 1 (T1) sunscreen with 0.1% IgY, and treatment 2 (T2) sunscreen with 0.25% IgY. Organoleptic observations were carried out to monitor changes in aroma, color, and texture, and sunscreen sampling was done every week for 6 weeks. The durability of IgY was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization assay. Organoleptic observation from weeks 1 to 6 showed consistency in its aroma, color, and texture. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay (NA) results of the T1 and T2 groups showed negative results except for sample T1 at week 5, which showed a positive result in the Influenza A ELISA. Based on the results, it seems that IgY concentrations of 0.1% or 0.25% were not optimal. However, this negative result might be due to low concentration of the IgY and the presence of beeswax, which inhibits IgY and causes it to dissolve in distilled water, thus preventing it from being detected in the assay.
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, Sunscreen, Influenza, COVID-19, Biological Activity