Judul: Pengeringan Sludge Limbah Cair dari Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Secara Elektroosmosis pada Skala Semi Lapang
Abstrak: Wastewater treatment in a IPAL produces a semi-solid residue known as sludge. As a semi-solid material and derived from a variety of mixed waste, the sludge is difficult to be transported and still contains harmful substances to the environment. Therefore, a technology needed to reduce the water content in sludge so it can be easily transported and the amount of the harmful substances can be reduced. One method that has been introduced is electroosmosis. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the electroosmosis sludge drying technique at semi field scale and to know the influence of electroosmosis on heavy metal reduction in sludge from liquid waste management. This research use sludge from IPAL TPA Bantar Gebang and was designed on a semi-field scale. The device was made from: (1) plastic box which has 100 x 50 x 40 cm for length, width and height and 0.5 mm thickness, (2) the positive electrode which is made from graphite and the negative one which is made from copper, (3) electrical current connecting cable (4) a 30 V voltage power supply. After the electroosmosis process is completed, a five centimeters thick sludge taken horizontally between anode and cathode. This study shows that drying process by electroosmosis can be done with TPS sludge type. Electroosmosis can reduce the moisture content of the sludge from 1700% to about 1300-1000% of in 17610 minutes (293.5 hours) using 30 V voltage. The drying or dewatering process still not done effectively because some problems such as electricity cut out in the power supply. Electroosmosis drying changes the chemical properties of the sludge, such as pH and can lower the concentration of heavy metals in the area near to anode and also increases and accumulates the metals at the cathode.
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Judul: Application of Electro-osmosis for Dewatering of Sludge from Leachet Water of Final Disposal and Sludge from Drinking Water Treatment.
Abstrak: Liquid waste as part of residual activities of human life bring many problems that necessary to be treated within a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) before released to the environment. However the liquid waste treatment still produces a semi-solid residue which known as sludge. As a semi-solid material and derived from a variety of mixed waste, sludge is difficult to be transported and still contains harmful substances to the environment. Therefore, it needs a technology to reduce the water content in sludge to make it easily transported and to reduce the levels of the harmful substances. One method that has been introduced is electro-osmosis. Basic principle of this technology is to provide an electrical current in a water-saturated media. It will attract water molecules that cover the cations or anions in the media toward the opposite pole. The dewatering research with an electro-osmosis technique used two types of sludges, one taken from the WWTP of Final Disposal Bantar Gebang and the other one from the Bogor Regional Water Company. This study was designed at a bench scale with two different treatments that is pair of electrodes and voltage. The instruments that used consist of: (1) box from acrylic material with length, width and height of 30 x 10 x 8 cm and 0.5 mm thick, (2) the positive electrode is graphite material and the negative consist of copper, stainless steel and stainless steel gauze, (3) cable connecting the electrical current and (4) a power supply with voltage of 20, 30, and 35 V. Sludge was placed in the acrylic box. After electroosmosis treatment finished, slugde was cut crosswise into 4 cm thick slices, and be analyzed chemically. The dewatering process with electro-osmosis method can be conducted on the type of final disposal sludge but not on the type of Regional Water Company sludge. Electro-osmosis can lower the water content of sludge from 1200% to 400-600% within 50 hours. The most effective voltage in dewatering with electroosmosis is within 30 volts. Pair of graphite electrodes and copper have an equal ability to the pair of graphite and stainless steel electrodes, and still more superior than graphite electrode and stainless steel gauze pair. Electro-osmosis process can reduce levels of the unsure in the sludge.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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