Judul: Proses esterifikasi transesterifikasi in situ minyak sawit dalam tanah pemucat bekas untuk proses produksi biodiesel
Abstrak: Pada umumnya proses pembuatan biodiesel melalui tahapan ekstraksi minyak, pemurnian minyak dan tahapan esterifikasi-transesterifikasi minyak menjadi biodiesel. Tahapan-tahapan proses yang harus dilalui menyebabkan rendahnya efisiensi dan tingginya konsumsi energi, yang mengakibatkan tinginya biaya produksi biodiesel. Sehingga, perlu dikembangkan proses pembuatan biodiesel yang lebih efisien melalui proses esterifikasi-transesterifikasi in situ. Esterifikasi atau transesterifikasi in situ adalah proses ekstraksi minyak dan reaksi esterifikasi atau transesterifikasi dilangsungkan secara simultan. Selain lebih efisien proses ini juga akan mempersingkat waktu karena proses konversi bahan baku menjadi biodiesel dilakukan secara simultan dengan proses ekstraksi minyak.
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Judul: Rekayasa Proses Produksi Biodiesel Minyak Residu dalam Tanah Pemucat Bekas Melalui Proses Esterifikasi - Transesterifikasi In Situ
Abstrak: Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. It consists of the mono alkyl esters formed by a catalyzed reaction of the triglycerides in the oil or fat with a simple monohydric alcohol. Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and environmental friendly alternative fuel. It can be mixed with petroleum diesel in any proportion or used directly in diesel engines without modification. Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is an industrial solid waste of palm cooking oil industry that has a high residual oil and the potential to be utilized as biodiesel. This study aims to develop a biodiesel production process technology by utilizing the residual oil contained in SBE and to test the use of hexane in the transesterification process. Optimization was done by using the Response Surface Method.Variables studied included the catalyst concentration and reaction time. On the other hand, the deoiled SBE resulted from biodiesel production was tested as an adsorbent on biodiesel purification. The method used included an in situ acid catalyzed esterification followed by in situ base catalyzed transesterification. The results of the response surface analysis on transesterification showed that the optimum process was at NaOH concentration of 1.8% and reaction time of 104.73 minutes, with a predicted response rate of 97.18% and 95.63% for validation results. Furthermore, the effect the use of hexane can also increase the yield of biodiesel. It was obtained on the ratio hexane to methanol 0.4:1 (volume of hexane: volume of methanol). On the other hand, the reactivated bleaching earth and fresh bleaching earth were effective as an adsorbent in biodiesel production with still conform with the Indonesian National Standard (viscosity, density, acid number and saponification number)
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Judul: Mathematical model of Hematopoietic Stem Cell in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia with and without Therapy
Abstrak: Leukemia or blood cancer is a diverse group of neoplastic disease, characterized by the multiplication of abnormal leukocytes or malignant transformation of blood-forming cells in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. One of the most common types of leukemia is Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML), which is usually diagnosed by the presence of certain chromosomal abnormalities, the so-called Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). One of the treatments of CML is Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF). In this paper, we discuss two Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) models, i.e. HSC without treatment and HSC with G-CSF treatment. The model of HSC without treatment included three equations representing the dynamics of HSC, leukocyte and platelet. Whereas, the model of HSC with G-CSF treatment includes the previous three equations and adds two more equations representing G-CSF injection and G-CSF circulation. The stability behavior of the system approaching the equilibrium points in the simulation study is carried out using Mathematica 7.0. The simulation results show that the G-CSF treatment can successfully decrease the number of HSC, which means reducing the CML.
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