Judul: Studi literatur: Kajian Manfaat Konsumsi Kefir terhadap Peningkatan Hormon Insulin pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus
Abstrak: Diabetes merupakan masalah kesehatan global di dunia. Kerusakan jangka panjang, disfungsi, dan kegagalan organ yang berbeda, terutama mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh darah yang berhubungan dengan hiperglikemia kronis pada pasien diabetes. Di antara berbagai pengobatan dan terapi yang telah ditemukan, kefir dianggap sebagai salah satu makanan fungsional yang menjanjikan untuk pengobatan diabetes. Kefir adalah susu fermentasi yang dihasilkan melalui fermentasi sekelompok probiotik dalam bentuk biji kefir (kefir grain). Penelitian studi literatur ini menggunakan metode dengan penelusuran jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2012-2022. Hasil dari penelitian studi literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya kandungan pada kefir yang dipercaya dapat menjadi terapi diabetes yaitu eksopolisakarida bioaktif dan dua spesies probiotik Lactobacillus dan Bifidobacterium. Mekanisme yang terjadi dapat menurunkan gula darah dan level HbA1C pada pasien dan bakteri probiotik meningkatkan produksi GLP-1 yang meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin dan memodulasi sekresi insulin., Diabetes is a global health problem in the world. Long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels are associated with chronic hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Among the various treatments and therapies that have been found, kefir is considered as one of the promising functional foods for the treatment of diabetes. Kefir is a fermented milk product produced through a fermentation by a group of probiotics in the form of kefir grains. This literature study research used a method by referring to the national and international journals published between 2012-2022. The results of this literature study show that kefir contains bioactive exopolysaccharides and two probiotic species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium which are believed to be usable for diabetic treatment. The mechanism involves lowering blood sugar and HbA1C levels in patients and probiotic bacteria increase the production of GLP-1 which increases insulin sensitivity and modulates insulin secretion.
Keyword: benefits of kefir, diabetes, kefir

Judul: Literature Study Benefits of Kefir on Prevention of Osteoporosis
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan produk olahan susu fermentasi yang terbuat dari campuran susu dengan biji kefir, biji kefir terdiri dari beberapa spesies bakteri dan ragi. Osteoporosis adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan berkurangnya massa tulang dan perubahan mikroarsitektur jaringan tulang yang mengakibatkan penurunan kekuatan tulang dan peningkatan kerapuhan tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji manfaat kefir dalam pencegahan osteoporosis. Penelitian studi kepustakaan ini dilakukan dengan melakukan penelusuran jurnal nasional dan internasional terbitan periode 2011-2021 dengan menggunakan metode narative review. Hasil dari penelitian studi literatur ini menunjukan bahwa didalam kandungan kalsium pada kefir susu kambing sebanyak 500 ml, terdapat 1140 mg kalsium. Kandungan kalsium tersebut cukup untuk pemenuhan kalsium perhari, beberapa pencegahan osteoporosis salah satunya dengan pemenuhan kalsum untuk tubuh bukan hanya pemenuhan kalsium. Pencegahan lainnya seperti, pencegahan primer, pencegahan sekunder, dan pencegahan tersier. Pada umumnya kalsium yang dibutuhkan setiap hari berkisar antara 800 mg/L hingga 1200 mg/L. Sedangkan pada lansia dan wanita yang menopause adalah 1500 mg/L setiap harinya. Setelah mengkonsumsi kefir nutrisi yang ada di dalamnya akan diserap oleh tubuh. Kalsium yang ada pada kefir sebagai pemeran utama pencegah osteoporosis akan diserap oleh lambung dan usus untuk disebarkan ke seluruh organ tubuh salah satunya adalah tulang, kekurangan kalsium pada tulang akan menyebabkan rapuhnya tulang., Kefir is a fermented dairy product made from a mixture of milk and kefir seeds. Kefir seeds consist of several species of bacteria and yeast. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone mass and changes in the microarchitecture of bone tissue resulting in decreased bone strength and increased bone fragility. This study aims to examine the benefits of kefir in preventing osteoporosis. This literature study research was conducted by searching national and international journals published for the 2011-2021 period using the narrative review method. The results of this literature study show that in the calcium content of 500 ml of goat milk kefir, there is 1140 mg of calcium. The calcium content is sufficient to meet daily calcium needs. Some prevention of osteoporosis is one of them by fulfilling calcium for the body, not just meeting calcium. Other prevention such as primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. In general, the calcium needed every day ranges from 800 mg/L to 1200 mg/L. Whereas in the elderly and menopausal women is 1500 mg / L every day. After consuming as much as 500 ml of kefir, the nutrients in it will be absorbed by the body. Calcium in kefir as the main actor in preventing osteoporosis will be absorbed by the stomach and intestines to be distributed to all organs of the body, one of which is the bones, lack of calcium in the bones will cause bone fragility
Keyword: kefir, the benefits of kefir, osteoporosis

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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