Judul: Induksi variasi somaklonal dan uji in vitro untuk perbaikan ketahanan phalaenopsis terhadap penyakit busuk lunak
Abstrak: Soft rot disease caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is an important disease of Phalaenopsis sp. Efforts have been made to control the disease, but the results are not sufficiently promising. The use of resistant varieties is commontly recommended to control the disease because of its save impact to the environment and human life. Therefore, development of new superior varieties that are highly resistant to the disease is very urgent at the moment. Somaclonal variation using mutagenic agents is proven to be one of feasible technique to provide promising resistant varieties. In this study, development new resistant varieties to soft rot disease was conducted by using physical mutagenesis gamma ray irradiation and chemical mutagenesis EMS that were induced somaclonal variation and combined with in vitro testing technique. Gamma ray and EMS were applied separately to the calli. The treated calli were regenerated on selected in vitro medium enriched with plant growth regulator. The results showed that somaclone variation occured on the three clones treated. Frequency of occurance of somaclone variation using gamma ray variation was 0.4- 6.85 while using EMS was 0.9 – 20.8%. The all variants were in vitro tested for their resistance to soft rot disease by using pathogen suspension agent Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and it was obtained 162 potential mutant resistant to soft rot. After all potential mutant resistant being tested using the same agent in the field, it was proven that of the total available genetic materials, 14 mutants of SGN-PV2.11, 6 mutants of clone No. 642 and 4 mutants of clone No. 377 were resistant to Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, the cause agent of soft rot disease.
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Judul: Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya anggrek Phalaenopsis di daerah tropis adalah rendahnya ketahanan terhadap penyakit busuk lunak. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen Dickeya dadantii. Penggunaan varietas tahan atau resisten merupakan salah satu alternatif pengendalian yang dapat diandalkan dan merupakan salah satu solusi yang tepat untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut. Varietas tahan dapat diperoleh melalui evaluasi dan seleksi ketahanan tanaman dengan menginokulasikan penyakit, namun seleksi ketahanan bukan sesuatu hal yang mudah dilakukan karena terkait dengan penyebaran dan penularan penyakit serta membutuhkan waktu yang lama dalam seleksi. Cara yang digunakan untuk mengatasinya adalah penggunaan marka molekuler, yang dapat mempersingkat waktu seleksi dalam memperoleh tanaman yang resisten. Serangkaian kegiatan penelitian dilakukan untuk mengembangkan metode evaluasi respon ketahanan anggrek Phalaenopsis terhadap infeksi bakteri D. dadantii, mengevaluasi respon ketahanan genotipe anggrek Phalaenopsis terhadap infeksi D. dadantii, mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi gen Pto asal 20 genotipe anggrek Phalaenopsis, dan mengembangkan marka SNAP (Single Nucleotide Amplified Polymorphism) pada 32 genotipe anggrek Phalaenopsis berbasis gen Pto.
Abstrak: Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya anggrek Phalaenopsis di daerah tropis adalah rendahnya ketahanan terhadap penyakit busuk lunak. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen Dickeya dadantii. Penggunaan varietas tahan atau resisten merupakan salah satu alternatif pengendalian yang dapat diandalkan dan merupakan salah satu solusi yang tepat untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut. Varietas tahan dapat diperoleh melalui evaluasi dan seleksi ketahanan tanaman dengan menginokulasikan penyakit, namun seleksi ketahanan bukan sesuatu hal yang mudah dilakukan karena terkait dengan penyebaran dan penularan penyakit serta membutuhkan waktu yang lama dalam seleksi. Cara yang digunakan untuk mengatasinya adalah penggunaan marka molekuler, yang dapat mempersingkat waktu seleksi dalam memperoleh tanaman yang resisten. Serangkaian kegiatan penelitian dilakukan untuk mengembangkan metode evaluasi respon ketahanan anggrek Phalaenopsis terhadap infeksi bakteri D. dadantii, mengevaluasi respon ketahanan genotipe anggrek Phalaenopsis terhadap infeksi D. dadantii, mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi gen Pto asal 20 genotipe anggrek Phalaenopsis, dan mengembangkan marka SNAP (Single Nucleotide Amplified Polymorphism) pada 32 genotipe anggrek Phalaenopsis berbasis gen Pto., One of the obstacles in a Phalaenopsis orchid cultivation in tropical regions is the low resistance to soft rot disease. The disease is caused by pathogenic bacteria Dickeya dadantii. Using resistant varieties is one of alternative control to do and is one of the appropriate solutions to overcome these obstacles. Resistant varieties can be obtained through the evaluation and selection of plant resistance by inoculating disease, but is not an easy thing to do because it can spread and transmission the disease and requires long time in the selection. Using molecular markers could shorten the time of selection to obtain resistant plants. A series of research activities were carried out to developed evaluation method of Phalaenopsis orchid resistance response to bacterial infections D. dadantii, evaluated respons of Phalaenopsis resistance to infection D. dadantii, isolated and characterized the Pto gene from 20 genotypes Phalaenopsis, and developed SNAP markers in 32 genotypes Phalaenopsis based on Pto gene.
Keyword: Soft rot, Disease resistance, Pto gene, Molecular markers, SNAP, Plant resistance, Genetic diversity, Gene

Judul: The impact and contribution of the tourism sector to the Indonesian economy : an I-O and SAM approach
Abstrak: Tourism is an important and strategic sector for the Indonesian economy. The sector has been growing for the last two decades to enhance its contribution to the GDP, employment, regional, local economy, and to strengthen the balance of payment. In particular, a planned economy was introduced to provide substantial opportunities to utilize tourism as a mechanism for national development. As a service-based sector, tourism as also considered to be a vehicle of converting the manufacturing economy to a service economy which makes the delivery of the product rather than the creation of the product the most important thing.
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