Judul: Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Metabolite of Senduro and Etawa Crossbreed Goats in Growth Phase Fed Starter Concentrate in Different Forms
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kecernaan nutrien dan metabolit darah kambing Senduro dan PE pada fase pertumbuhan yang diberi konsentrat starter berbeda bentuk. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial 2x2 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah bentuk konsentrat (P1 = bentuk mash dan P2 = bentuk pellet). Faktor kedua adalah bangsa kambing (K1 = kambing Senduro dan K2 = kambing PE). Peubah yang diamati yaitu konsumsi nutrien, kecernaan nutrien, dan metabolit darah. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan apabila terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antar perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk konsentrat tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap konsumsi dan kecernaan nutrien. Bangsa kambing berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap kecernaan serat kasar. Bentuk konsentrat dan bangsa kambing tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap metabolit darah. Tidak terdapat interaksi antara bentuk konsentrat dan bangsa kambing. Kesimpulannya yaitu pemberian konsentrat starter dalam bentuk mash dan pellet menghasilkan nilai kecernaan serat kasar yang lebih tinggi pada kambing PE dibandingkan kambing Senduro., This study aimed to analyze the nutrient digestibility and blood metabolite of Senduro and PE goats in growth phase fed starter concentrate in different forms. This study used a 2x2 factorial randomized block design with 3 replicates. The first factor is concentrate forms (P1 = mash form and P2 = pellet form). The second factor is goat breeds (K1 = Senduro goat and K2 = PE goat). The variables observed were nutrient consumption, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolite. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan Test if the treatment means were significantly different. The results showed that concentrate forms had no significant effect (P>0,05) on nutrient consumption and digestibility. The goat breeds had a significant effect (P<0,05) on crude fiber digestibility. The concentrate forms and the goat breeds had no significant effect (P>0,05) on blood metabolite. There was no interaction between the concentrate forms and the goat breeds. In conclusion, giving starter concentrate in mash and pellet forms resulted a higher crude fiber digestibility in PE goat than Senduro goat.
Keyword: blood metabolite, concentrate forms, goat breeds, growth phase, nutrient digestibility

Judul: Feeding Behavior and Performances of Different Aged Male Senduro Goat Fed on Mash and Pellet of Starter Concentrate
Abstrak: Penelitian ini betujuan menganalisis tingkah laku makan dan performa kambing Senduro fase lepas sapih dan fase pertumbuhan yang diberi konsentrat starter berbentuk mash dan pellet. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial 2x2 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah bentuk konsentrat starter yang terdiri dari P1 = mash dan P2 = pellet. Faktor kedua adalah umur ternak yaitu K1 = fase lepas sapih dan K2 = fase pertumbuhan. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan perlakuan yang berbeda nyata diuji lanjut dengan Uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk konsentrat berpengaruh (P<0,05) terhadap prehensi dan mastikasi kambing. Prehensi konsentrat starter juga dipengaruhi (P<0,05) oleh umur kambing. Perbedaan bentuk konsentrat tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) terhadap konsumsi nutrein kambing. Umur kambing mempengaruhi (P<0,05) konsumsi nutrien dan Pertambahan Bobot Badan Harian (PBBH). Konsentrat starter berbentuk pellet menghasilkan PBBH dan efisiensi pakan lebih tinggi (P<0,05). Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah konsentrat starter berbentuk pellet lebih efisien dalam meningkatkan performa kambing Senduro., This study aimed to analyze the feeding behavior and performance of Senduro goats fed on different forms of starter concentrate during post-weaning and growth period. This study used a 2x2 factorial randomized block design with 3 replicates. The first factor is concentrate forms (P1 = mash form and P2 = pellet form). The second factor is age of goats (K1 = post-weaning phase and K2 = growing phase). The variables observed were feeding behavior, nutrient consumption, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan Test if the treatment means were significantly different. The results showed that the form of concentrate a significantly affected (P<0.05) prehension and mastication in goat feeding behavior. Prehension of starter concentrate was also influenced (P<0.05) by goat age. Nutrient intake of Senduro goat kids fed on different forms of concentrate didn‘t show significant differences (P>0.05). Goat age significantly affected (P<0.05) nutrient intake and average daily gain (ADG). Providing pellet-form starter concentrate resulted in higher average daily gain and feed efficiency (P<0.05) compared to mash-form concentrate. In conclusion, pellet-form starter concentrate is more efficient in enhancing the performance of Senduro goat kids.
Keyword: feeding behaviour, performance, mash, pellet, senduro

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: