Judul: Non-invasive assessment of health in orangutans (Pongo spp): stress and reproductive status in wild, captive and released populations
Abstrak: Orangutan berada di ambang kepunahan dengan penurunan yang serius dalam ukuran populasi. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk melindungi spesies ini termasuk pelepasliaran orangutan dari pusat rehabilitasi dalam program reintroduksi yang dicanangkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Dalam jangka pendek keberhasilan program reintroduksi terdiri dari dua tujuan 1) kelangsungan hidup satwa yang lepasliarkan dan 2) perkembangbiakan dari generasi yang dilepasliarkan. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengembangkan suatu metoda untuk mengkaji keberhasilan dari program reintroduksi melalui penerapan metode noninvasif untuk mengkaji stress dan potensi reproduksi dari orangutan melalui pengukuran metabolit hormon yang diekskresikan dalam feses. Penelitian ini terdiri dari empat topik penelitian. Dalam topik bahasan pertama, dilakukan pengembangan metode untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang dari sampel feses dalam kondisi lapang dimana tidak freezer tidak tersedia. Metode ‘field frendly’ yang dikembangkan dalam bahasan ini berhasil mengawetkan sampel feses pada suhu ruang selama enam bulan untuk glukokortikoid metabolit (FGCM) dan sembilan bulan untuk pregnanediol-3-glukuronida (PdG), dengan kedua metabolit menunjukkan korelasi yang kuat dengan protokol baku yang telah ada. Pada topik bahasan yang kedua dilakukan pegujian aplikasi dari metode yang dikembangkan pada orangutan di kebun binatang. Tidak ditemukan korelasi antara tingkat infeksi parasit dan tingkat stres. Secara umum, prevalensi parasit dan tingkat stres terkait dengan beberapa kondisi perkandangan, tetapi tidak terdapat korelasi antara tingkat infeksi dan konsentrasi FGCM di orangutan pada penelitian ini. Topik bahasan ketiga menunjukkan penerapan metodologi yang dikembangkan untuk mengkaji tingkat stress orangutan sumatera selama proses rehabilitasi dan reintroduksi. Konsentrasi FGCM terendah ditemukan di stasiun rehabilitasi. Setelah transportasi ke lokasi pelepasliaran, tetapi sebelum hewan-hewan tersebut dilepas, terdapat peningkatan konsentrasi FGCM. Hal ini mencerminkan respon adaptif terhadap transportasi dan lingkungan baru. Konsentrasi tertinggi ditemukan setelah dilepaskan sepenuhnya (hard release). Temuan penting dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya indikasi orangutan yang bertahan hidup menunjukkan kecenderungan tingkat stres yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan orangutan yang mati selama program reintroduksi. Pada topik bahasan keempat dilakukan validasi biologis dan pengembangan metode untuk mengkaji potensi reproduksi orangutan secara noninvasif melalui penggunaan PdG sebagai penanda biologis fungsi ovarium pada orangutan betina. Secara umum, penelitian ini telah menghasilkan beberapa metodologi ilmiah teruji untuk pemantauan stres dan potensi reproduksi orangutan dalam program rehabilitasi dan reintroduksi. Metode ini yang dikembangkan ini dapat dipergunakan untuk mengkaji keberhasilan program reintroduksi yang akan mendukung keberhasilan program konservasi orangutan di Indonesia.
Keyword: orangutan, FGCM, PdG, non-invasive, stress, reintroduction

Judul: Interaksi Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Betina dengan Individu Lain dan Hubungannya Profil Metabolit Glukokortikoid di Stasiun Penelitian Orangutan Tuanan, Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) is one of the endemic primates the status of endangered according to the IUCN and was listed on Appendix I of CITES. Population declined caused by destruction, habitat decreased, and illegal arrests. The research of orangutans had been conducted mainly in primary forest, but still slightly research on of social behavior in orangutans located in secondary forest. Stasiun Penelitian Orangutan Tuanan (SPOT) is the orangutans habitat were included in the category of secondary forest and having a degraded was quite high so that easier to fire during the dry season. Orangutans is a frugivore animals and highly sensitive to the changes of habitat conditions. Habitat destruction massively affects the changes of social behavior of orangutans. Reduced range area increase in the occasion encounter between individuals increasingly higher, whereas the orangutans are a semisolitary social system. Social behavior of orangutans is only visible when the parenting and social reproduction. The level of stress hormones in non-primate animals highly influenced by environmental factors such as climate, the presence of other individuals, reproductive status and social status. At the time of social relationships, there will be increase in reproductive interactions with other individuals. The female of orangutans very considerate of the individual status of the male, who became her partner. The differences of male bimaturism morphological making a competition increasingly higher between flanged adult males and unflanged to get a female reproductive. It will effects a female to feels threatened. The threats continuously, will effects of excessive stress. Stress is a physiological response of the body to adjust the environmental changes or threats. The detection method of stress hormone levels in this study was to used a non-invansif with feces collected each morning by homogenising all the layers of feces. Furthermore, another method used was the method of recording behavior that is focal animal sampling which is done by instantaneous every single individual within 5-10 days of the observation period. The recording of social reproduction data was by ad libitum sampling. The recording of female individuals reactions data comprises the number of long call and chance encounter. Data of chance encounters comprises an encounter intervals between individual a female reproductive and non-reproductive with female individuals are related, individual of flanged adult males, individual of unflanged adult males. In addition, female individuals encounter distance data in the pairwise relations (consortship) with individual adult males males unflanged. The intervals used were <2m, 2-10m and 10-50m and recording of the sexual copulation behavior. Behavioral data were correlated with levels of glucocorticoid hormones as indicators of stress hormones. v Based on observations it can be expressed that the difference of reproductive status and social status on the females individual affects the response female individuals towards the number of long call and distance encounter with another individual. The response of female reproductive nullipara and nonreproductive long call pairwise relations gives a respond to ignore Kondor (44.4%), Kerry (38.9%), Milo and Mindy (5.7%). Individual response of female reproductive nullipara and non-reproductive againts the number of long call in pairwise relations response to ignore Kondor (44.4%), Kerry
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Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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