Judul: Analysis of Biogas Sustainability in Rural Areas
Abstrak: Penggunaan bioenergi sebagai energi terbarukan sudah mulai menggantikan penggunaan energi fosil secara bertahap. Upaya pemerintah dalam mendukung penggunaan bioenergi dengan membuat program Desa Mandiri Energi di berbagai tempat yang memiliki potensi sumber energi terbarukan. Keberlanjutan bioenergi sangat penting untuk dinilai agar kebutuhan energi saat ini dan kebutuhan energi dimasa yang akan datang dapat terpenuhi. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisis status keberlanjutan biogas, mengidentifikasi atribut sensitif multidimensi keberlanjutan, serta merumuskan strategi pengembangan tata kelola sistem biogas secara berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan status keberlanjutan biogas di pedesaan tergolong cukup berkelanjutan. Setiap dimensi keberlanjutan terdapat dua atribut sensitif yang mempengaruhi secara signifikan. Rumusan strategi yang telah disusun berdasarkan atribut sensitif yang sudah ditentukan. Hal ini untuk memprioritaskan strategi-strategi dalam upaya meningkatkan status keberlanjutan biogas., The use of bioenergy as renewable energy has started to gradually replace the use of fossil energy. The government's efforts to support the use of bioenergy by creating a “Desa Mandiri Energi” program in various places that have potential sources of renewable energy. The sustainability of bioenergy is very important to be assessed so that current energy needs and energy needs in the future can be met. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of biogas sustainability, identify sensitive multidimensional sustainability attributes, and formulate a sustainable development strategy for biogas system governance. The method used in this research is a quantitative method supported by qualitative data. The results of this study indicate that the status of biogas sustainability in rural areas is quite sustainable. Each dimension of sustainability has two sensitive attributes that affect it significantly. Strategy formulations that have been prepared based on the sensitive attributes that have been determined. This is to prioritize strategies in an effort to improve the status of biogas sustainability.
Keyword: Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS), Sustainability Development, Biogas Systems

Judul: Economic Benefits of Biogas Energy Use from Dairy Cow Dung (Case Study: Mundu Village, Tulung District, Klaten Regency)
Abstrak: Desa Mundu merupakan salah satu desa sentra peternakan sapi di Jawa Tengah. Aktivitas peternakan dengan jumlah ternak yang banyak menghasilkan limbah dalam jumlah besar sehingga berpotensi mencemari lingkungan. Eksternalitas negatif dari peternakan dapat diminimalisir dengan memanfaatkan limbah ternak menjadi biogas. Biogas sebagai energi terbarukan mampu mensubstitusi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil. Desa Mundu telah memiliki 67 unit digester biogas, namun ada beberapa unit yang sudah tidak aktif karena kurangnya perawatan dan pemahaman dari peternak. Berdasarkan hal tersebut tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu; (1) menganalisis potensi energi biogas, (2) menganalisis manfaat ekonomi penggunaan limbah ternak menjadi biogas, (3) merumuskan strategi keberlanjutan pemanfaatan biogas di Desa Mundu. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis potensi energi biogas, analisis konsumsi energi rumah tangga peternak, analisis SWOT dan QSPM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) potensi energi biogas mencapai 176,57 m3/hari dari keseluruhan peternak sapi. (2) Penggunaan energi biogas memberikan manfaat ekonomi berupa penghematan pengeluaran pembelian gas elpiji dengan rata-rata sebesar Rp56.535,00/bulan/KK. (3) Strategi keberlanjutan yang menjadi prioritas utama adalah mendorong pengoptimalan potensi kotoran ternak sapi menjadi biogas sebagai sumber energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan energi masyarakat Desa Mundu., Mundu Village is one of the dairy farming centers in Central Java. Farming activities with a large number of livestock produce large amounts of waste that have potential to pollute the environment. Negative externalities can be minimized by utilizing livestock waste into biogas. Biogas as a renewable energy can substitute the use of fossil fuels. Mundu Village has 67 biogas installation units. Unfortunately, there are several units that are no longer active due to lack of maintenance and understanding from the farmers. The objectives of this study are to; (1) analyze the potential of biogas energy, (2) analyze the economic benefits of using livestock waste into biogas, (3) formulate a strategy for the sustainability of biogas utilization. The methods used in this research are analysis of biogas energy potential, analysis of farmer household energy expenditure, SWOT and QSPM analysis. The results showed that (1) biogas energy potential reached 176,57 m3/day. (2) The use of biogas energy provides economic benefits, with an average savings value is Rp56.535,00/month/household. (3) The priority sustainability strategies is to encourage the optimization of the potential of cow dung into biogas as an alternative energy source to meet the energy needs of the Mundu Village community.
Keyword: biogas energy potential, renewable energy, sustainability strategy, 

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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