Judul: Analisis kestabilan model penularan penyakit kelamin gonorrhea
Abstrak: Penyakit kelamin biasa disebut dengan penyakit menular seksual (PMS). Salah satu contoh PMS adalah penyakit gonorrhea atau GO. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri neisseria gonorrhoeae. Cara penularan penyakit GO hampir selalu meIalui hubungan seksual atau melalui ibu hamil kepada bayinya (hubungan darah). Jarang sekali, tetapi bisa terjadi, penularan melalui pemakaian bersama handuk dan pakaian atau tempat duduk kloset yang basah dan baru saja tercemar oleh bakteri ini. Penyakit GO ini bisa berakhir dengan kemandulan pada wan ita dan juga pria hingga kebutaan pada bayi.
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Judul: Analisis kestabilan model penyebaran gonorrheae
Abstrak: Gonorrheae merupakan sejenis penyakit kelamin yang disebabkan oleh bakteri gonococcus yang menyebar melalui hubungan seksua!. Penderita 'penyakit ini umumnya para pekerja seks alau mereka yang melakukan seks tak wajar. Penyakit ini memiliki karakteristik unik yang mendasar yakni tidak ada kekebalan, artinya bahwa bila penderita yang dinyatakan sembuh kemungkinan untuk terjangkit sangat besar dan setiap individu yang rentan akan terinfeksi jika berhubungan seksual dengan penderila penyakit Inl. Martin Braun (1975) membuat suatu model epidemik tentang penyebaran penyakit gonorrheae. Pemodelan ini hanya membahas penyebaran gonorrheae yang disebabkan oleh hubungan seksual lawan jenis (heteroseksual).
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Judul: Application of phycocyanin from microalgae Spirulina platensis as light harvesting in anatase TiO2 nanoparticle solar cell.
Abstrak: The dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been assemblied used hybrid titanium oxide (TiO2) film/phycocyanin. The TiO2 film was synthesized by sol gel method with titanium chlorida (TiCl4) as precursor by hydrolysis used sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Furthermore, it calcinated for 2,5 hours in variation of annealing temperature (400oC, 600oC, 800oC, dan 1000oC). In XRD patterns exhibited which annealing temperature at 400oC to 800oC were anatase phase all. When annealed at temperature 1000oC, it caused phase transformation from anatase to rutile. The crystals size according to XRD patterns were 13,75 nm, 20,79 nm, 25,25 nm, 48,88 nm and particle size from SEM images were 43,06 nm, 44,91 nm dan 64,99 nm, 80,40 nm, respectively. The crystals and particle size increased with annealing temperature. The film thickness influenced material absorption. The optical measurement of TiO2 film and TiO2/phycocyanin hybrid film used UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Additional phycocyanin caused peak width of absorbed region from ultraviolet to visible region. The band gap energy of TiO2 can be calculated using the cut off wavelength obtained from the absorbance spectrum of a nanoparticles TiO2 films. Based on intersection between linear and energy (hv) axis. In this study just limited for anatase phase. It was caused anatase band gap is wider than rutile phase. That’s meaningful for solar cell application such as dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The absorption coefficient average at difference annealing temperature such as at 400oC, 600oC, 800oC were 8,1600x102, 1,7535x103 and 4,0154x102, where α < 104 include to direct transition. Band gap energy 400oC, 600oC, 800oC were 3,79 eV, 3,59 eV, and 3,35 eV, respectively. Based on this result, exhibition that band gap energy of TiO2 semiconductor film decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Spirulina platensis was cultivated in technical modification (Hastuti) with aeration under light intensity about 3000 lux. The cell density (stationer phase) for eighth day which OD value was more than 0,5. It means, the culture can be harvested. In 80 liters Spirulina platensis culture have been produced biomass dry about 10,46 gram and extracted phycocyanin in dry powders was 5,50 gram. The phycocyanin absorption spectrum at the wavelength of 619,36 nm (visible region) which had relaxation energy was 2,945 eV. The emission peak at the wavelength of 708,55 nm with relaxation energy about 2,793 eV. The Stokes shift based on difference energy absorption and emission calculated about 0,152 eV. Both of this showed phycocyanin can absorbed and radiated the sun light which received. This choice characteristic pigment was a good one related to sensitizer in solar cell application. Integration between light harvesting protein and TiO2 semiconductor surface had important role in improving of output as solar cell materials. The presence of carboxylate group (-COOH) made pigment be more efficient was due to anchored to the surface of TiO2 ampoter. The phycocyanin pigment had carboxylate group which reacted with TiO2 surface formed ester. The carboxylate group increased of dye electronics couple from excited state (p anti bonding orbital) to semiconductor acceptor state (TiO2 conduction band). The samples which made based on annealing temperature variation formed be solar cell respectively. Furthermore, cells be assembled for
Keyword: anatase, dye sensitized solar cell, efficiency, gap energy, phycocyanin