Judul: Model pertumbuhan pengeluaran publik dengan pendekatan fungsi logistik
Abstrak: Economic growth can be detected from increasing ratio between public expenditure with national income. Some theories can be applied to explain this ratio level as well as public expenditure per capita, i.e. Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture. Wagner’s Law is an exponential model of growth process from ratio between public expenditure with national income. While Pigou’s Conjecture describes that tax excess could act as a brake for public commodity supplies. The economic growth will be modeled in this paper by combining Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture. The model is a nonlinear differential equation of the ratio. This equation is also known as Verhulst’s logistic equation. Logistic equation is an equation that describes population growth in an environment with considering environment’s limited support capability. Integration of Verhulst’s equation produces an S-curve. Further more, Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture are combined and applied to illustrate the economic growth model of some developed countries (America, Italy, Germany, France, and England) as well as Indonesia. The resulted models are in the form of S-curve described earlier, which tends to increase and converge to a certain level. Therefore, combination of Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture is suitable to model the data being observed and can be used to analyze dynamics of public expenditure.
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Judul: Dynamic model of Economic Growth with Variable Time Diskret Fiscal and Monetary Policy.
Abstrak: This paper is a scientific analysis on how fiscal and monetary policies affect economic growth (related to the amount of money and consumption). Model is essentially a budget constraint the household sector for the period of time. Budget constraints that made equality of conditions that describes the ability of households and the government to pay for the expenses / pay off debts. Objective function that optimized is a function which is the utility function of consumption and real money. Then conducted a qualitative analysis on the optimal trajectory for the influence of nominal interest rates and inflation on the dynamics of consumption and real money demand (the case of Bernoulli type utility function). Finally, I analyze the influence of several fiscal and monetary decisions on the optimal trajectory. The results form an objective function that is affected by the level of inflation. Keywords: Economic Growth, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Maximum Principles.
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Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship