Judul: A model of stepping medium temperature freezing system with exergy method on beef preservation.
Abstrak: Beef preservation was required to maintain the qual ity of the product during distribution and storage. There were some co mmon different freezing systems, such as; (1) Drying, (2) Adding chemical s olution, and (3) Freezing. Among these systems, freezing system was considered the best method to keep the product fresh after thawing. By using the secon d law thermodynamics, the in- efficiency of energy consumption on freezing system could be analyzed. The method to analyze it was known as exergy analysis. In conventional freezing method, the product was fr ozen at the constant medium temperature with the great energy consumptio n. However, the current developing of a freezing system model with stepping system was intended to control the input of energy from the pre-cooling to the freezing stage. The stepping system was conducted with controlled mediu m temperature since medium temperature of freezer influenced the energy consumption.
Keyword: exergy analysis, exergetic freezing system, freezing temperature

Judul: Rancang Bangun dan Pengujian Mesin Pembeku Tipe Lempeng Sentuh dengan Suhu Media Pembeku Bertahap
Abstrak: Commercial freezer generally use fixed medium temperature during thefreezing process, which caused considerable destruction of exergy and is believedto be the source of energy inefficiency. Previous research has tried to design and analyse a contact plate freezer freezing process with stepping medium temperature. However, thermal losses was occured as caused by friction between the bottom of the produce with the freezing plate, and exerts 4-5 °C temperature is increased to the products. Therefore, it is necessary to design a freezer with stepping medium temperature without thermal losses. This study is devoted to the design of a contact plate freezer with variable medium temperature. The freezer is designed using one evaporator with three expansion valve, so that the temperature can be changed during the freezing process by changing the expansion valve to be used. The freezer was designed in laboratory scale using a compressor with refrigeration capacity of 718 watts. The freezing chamber has dimension of 25.1 cm × 24.7 cm × 14.8 cm with freezing plate made of copper material with a thickness of 3 mm. The results show that medium temperature of the freezer can be varied by the average temperature every stage is -4.88, -8.30, and -14.26 °C. The test results indicated that the COP of the freezer was 4.10. Pressure decrease along the evaporator ranges from 33.1 unti 100.5 kPa. Stepping medium temperature can increase the efficiency of exergy amounted 8.3 % by decreasing exergy loss amount 0.868 kJ.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan