Judul: Rancangan saluran di petak tersier K1Ki2 daerah irigasi dolok, Kabupaten Semarang Propinsi Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: Masalah pangan merupakan masalah utama dalam pembangunan di Indo nesia masa kini. Kebutuhan pangan tiap tahun meningkat. Peningkatan ini disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan penduduk dan peningkatan konsumsi pangan per kapita. Berbagai usaha telah dilakukan untuk menanggulangi masalah pangan Salah satu diantaranya ialah perbaikan irigasi untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian. Skripsi ini bertujuan mengemukakan salah satu cara penentuan kapasitas dan dimensi saluran tanah terbuka pada jaringan tersier yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan air tanaman. Penentuan kebutuhan air tanaman berdasarkan penjumlahan nilai evapotranspirasi, perkolasi, dan kehilangan air di saluran. Evapo transpirasi diduga dengan metoda Penman. Metoda Penman menggunakan data iklim untuk menduga nilai evapotranspirasi. Nilai koefisien tanaman untuk menghitung evapotranspirasi berdasarkan interpolasi nilai Fasil penelitian Hargreaves. Perkolasi ditentukan dengan metoda 'silinder'. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa nilai perkolasi rata-rata di lokasi rancangan sebesar 1,12 mm/hari. ...
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Judul: Rancangan kapasitas dan dimensi saluran di petak tersier LH. I kiri daerah irigasi Ciujung Kabupaten Serang Propinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Kebutuhan air tanaman diperoleh berdasarkan penjumlahan nilai evapotranspirasi, perkolasi, dan kehilangan air di saluran. Evapotranspirasi potensial diduga dengan metoda Penman, menggunakan data iklim yang tersedia. Nilai koefisien tanaman padi untuk menghitung evapotranspirasi aktual, berdasarkan pada interpolasi nilai hasil penelitian Hadisanjoto. Perkolasi ditentukan dengan metoda 'silinder'. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata laju perkolasi di lokasi penelitian sebesar 1,2 mm/hari. Kehilangan air di saluran dihitung berdasarkan laju perembesan. Hasil pengukuran di lapang menunjukkan nilai laju perembesan sebesar 12,0 cm/hari. Irigasi dilaksanakan secara rotasi. Air diberikan setiap 7 hari sekali selama 22 jam untuk tiap-tiap petak kwarter. Rancangan kapasitas berdasarkan debit maksimum selama 22 jam untuk mencukupi kebutuhan air selama selang waktu rotasi.
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Judul: Effect Of Bee Venom To Cell Death And Spatial Memory In Mice (Mus Musculus)
Abstrak: Bee venom has been used as an alternative medicine as well as prevention of various diseases. It contains complex compounds and some of its content act as allergen and inflammation agents. It is expected to cause cell death in brain and to affect spatial memory. The objective of this study was to determine dose of bee venom that causes neuronal cell death in dentate gyrus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex as well as analyze the alteration of mice behaviour, particularly spatial memory. Fifteen male mice of Deutche Denken Yoken (DDY) were divided into control and treatment groups. Bee venom was injected six times for two weeks intraperitoneally with doses 1.88 mg/kg (P1), 3.76 mg/kg (P2), 5.6 mg/kg (P3), and 7.48 mg/kg (P4), respectively. Brain slices were made by paraffin method in 5 μm coronal section and stained by haematoxylin eosin. The Y maze method was used for behaviour assay. Parameters observed were the number of neuronal cell death in hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex, and percentage of alteration mice behaviour in Y maze. This study used complete randomized design method which consists of five treatments and three repetitions. Data was analyzed using one-way (ANOVA) in SPSS. The results showed differences in the mean of neuronal cells death in dentate gyrus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. Mean of neuronal cells death varied in each treatment compared to control. The highest mean of dead neuron in dentate gyrus, amygdala, cortex upper layer (2-4), and cortex deep layer (5-6) was 1510 cell/mm2, 1754 cell/mm2, 1415 cell/mm2, and 1168 cell/mm2 while the lowest mean was 220 cell/mm2, 326 cell/mm2, 420 cell/mm2, and 365 cell/mm2, respectively. The highest mean of alteration after 24 h bee venom injection was 74.57 % and the lowest was 61.07 %. The highest mean of alteration after 72 h bee venom injection was 76.03 % and the lowest was 57.50 %. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that effect of bee venom was significantly different in the number of neuronal cell death in dentate gyrus and amygdala, but no significant effect in cerebral cortex as well as mice behaviour. The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) results showed that P4 significantly different to neuronal cells death in dentate gyrus and amygdala compared to other treatments. Based on the study, bee venom induced neurotoxic effect because it caused neuronal cell death in dentate gyrus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex and tend to affect spatial memory.
Keyword: bee venom, neuronal cell death, mice behaviour