Judul: Identification of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotypic Analysis of Salmonella spp. Originated From Chicken Carcass
Abstrak: Daging unggas merupakan daging terbanyak yang dikonsumsi di dunia. Angka infeksi Salmonella yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik. Penggunaan antibiotik secara berlebihan dapat menyebabkan bakteri mengembangkan sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data resistensi antibiotik dan data gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik pada Salmonella asal karkas ayam. Tujuh belas isolat digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 4 tahapan, yaitu uji sensitivitas, ekstraksi DNA, analisis kemurnian hasil ekstraksi DNA, dan deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik. Uji sensitivitas Salmonella terhadap antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer. Deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) konvensional. Uji sensitivitas antibiotik menunjukan 15 (88,2%) isolat resisten terhadap asam nalidiksat, 12 (70,6%) resisten terhadap eritromisin, 11 (64,7%) resisten terhadap ampisilin dan gentamisin, 3 (17,6%) resisten terhadap oksitetrasiklin, 2 (11,8%) resisten terhadap tetrasiklin dan siprofloksasin, dan seluruh isolat sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol. Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi menunjukan 17 (100%) isolat memiliki gen tetA(G) dan gyrA, 16 (94,1%) memiliki gen blaTEM, 15 (88,2%) memiliki gen aadB, dan tidak ada isolat yang memiliki gen ermB. Hasil penilitian menunjukan bahwa sifat fenotip dan genotip resistensi antibiotik tidak selalu berhubungan.
Keyword: Antibiotik, Karkas ayam, Kirby-Bauer, PCR, Salmonella

Judul: Whole Genome Sequencing of Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Isolates from Kampung Chicken and Broiler Carcasses
Abstrak: Daging ayam yang merupakan komoditi dengan tingkat konsumsi tertinggi di Indonesia namun mengandung potensi bahaya kontaminasi Salmonella penyebab Salmonelosis yang berkaitan erat dengan higienitas penanganan dan pengolahan karkas ayam. Konsumsi daging ayam di Indonesia cenderung terus meningkat akan tetapi beberapa tahun terakhir kecenderungan resistansi terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotik (multiresistan) pada Salmonella spp. yang diisolasi dari bahan pangan semakin meningkat. Hal ini diduga akibat penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dan berulang sehingga berdampak pada pengobatan infeksi yang semakin sulit. Saat ini, data yang berkaitan dengan tingkat resistansi antibiotik di Indonesia masih minim, terutama data terhadap isolat lokal. Keberadaan informasi mengenai tingkat resistansi antibiotik ini dapat menjadi dasar penting dalam penentuan kebijakan. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi profil resistansi antibiotik isolat Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam kampung dan asal karkas ayam broiler secara fenotipik, menganalisis sekuensing genom total isolat Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam yang memiliki karakteristik resistansi tertentu dan mengidentifikasi hasil sekuensing genom total isolat Salmonella spp. terhadap profil genotipe penyandi resistansi antimikroba, faktor virulensi, gen plasmid terkait serta identifikasi Salmonella pathogenicity island. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menguji sifat resistansi antibiotik 25 isolat Salmonella spp. menggunakan metode KirbyBauer Disc Diffusion Test terhadap 8 jenis antibiotik. Sebanyak 3 isolat dengan karakter paling multiresistan kemudian diisolasi DNAnya dan disekuensing genom total menggunakan GridION (Teknologi Oxford Nanopore). Assembly genom total isolat hingga analisis genom total dilakukan pada platform Galaxy. Sebanyak 52% isolat Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam (2/8 asal ayam kampung dan 11/17 asal karkas ayam broiler) memiliki sifat resistansi terhadap minimal 1 jenis antibiotik uji. Isolat BCID6.4 asal karkas ayam broiler memiliki sifat resistansi terhadap antibiotik uji tertinggi dibandingkan semua isolat uji dengan pola resistansi TE-OT-AMP-NA-CIP-E. Sekuensing genom total dilakukan pada isolat BCID6.2, BCID6.4 dan KCID6.5 menghasilkan genom lengkap dengan ukuran sekitar 4,80Mbp. Sebanyak 33 gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik, 104 faktor virulensi dan 8 jenis Salmonella Pathogenicity Island ditemukan pada genom total ketiga isolat uji. Plasmid kecil ditemukan pada sekuen genom isolat BCID6.4 tetapi tidak ditemukan gen penyandi resistansi antimikroba dan faktor virulensi. Hasil serotyping secara in silico menunjukkan ketiga isolat merupakan Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky., Chicken meat is a commodity with the highest consumption level in Indonesia but contains a potential danger of Salmonella contamination which causes salmonellosis that might be closely related to the hygiene of handling and processing of the chicken carcasses. Consumption of chicken meat in Indonesia tends to increase every year, but in recent years there has been an increase in resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from food that also tends to be resistant to several types of antibiotics (multi-resistant). This is thought to be due to the inappropriate and repeated use of antibiotics thus could increase the difficulty of the infection treatment. Currently, data relating to the level of antibiotic resistance in Indonesia's predominantly local-based data is minimal. Whereas, information on the level of antibiotic resistance could be an important basis in determining related policy. The study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. isolates from Kampung chicken carcasses and broiler carcasses phenotypically, analyze the total genome sequencing of Salmonella spp. isolates. from chicken carcasses that have certain resistance characteristics
Keyword: antibiotik resistansi, basis data, isolat lokal, Salmonella, sekuensing nanopore

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: