Judul: Distribusi Spasial dan Variabilitas Koefisien Total Hamburan di Permukaan Perairan Berbagai Musim
Abstrak: The optical properties of the waters are affected by the intensity and angle of incidence light and material contained in the water column. The optical properties are divided into two categories i.e., apparent optical properties (AOP) influenced by the intensity and angle of incident light and the amount of material in the water, and the inherent optical properties (IOP) affected only by the content of the material in the column water such as phytoplankton, suspended solid materials, organic matter, and colored dissolved organic matter (colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Scattering is the process of radiation deflection by the water column and the material contained in the water column. Scattering is divided into two categories i.e., backscattering and forward scattering. Total scattering is a combination of backscattering and forward scattering. The Northeastern Gulf of Mexico waters (NEGOM) contains type-1 waters (offshore) and type-2 (coastal waters). The NEGOM waters are also influenced by the Loop Current, upwelling, wind, and freshwater discharge of several rivers. Currently, few studies were conducted related variability and spatial distribution of the total scattering in NEGOM waters especially in tropical waters. Standard facilities and bio-optical equipment are also minimal to none in Indonesia. Therefore, this research is very important to be conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine the variability of the spatial and temporal distribution of the total scattering coefficient (scattering) in 9 wavelength (λ) in different seasons in the NEGOM. The result was expected to obtain information about the value, variability, and the spatial distribution of the total scattering coefficient (scattering) which will be utilized in the development of bio-optical algorithms satellite ocean color. The results showed that the total scattering coefficient in 1999 (average of 0.26(±0.05)-0.37(± 0.07) m-1), was generally higher in the summer than that in spring and winter (average of 0.09(±0.002)-0.23(±0.04) m-1). Except in the Mississippi region, the total scattering coefficient in spring 1999 (average of 1.54(±0.94)-2.01(±1.03) m-1) was higher than that in summer and winter. In 2000, total scattering coefficient values were also generally higher in summer (average of 0.21(±0.02)-0.32(±0.02) m-1) than that in spring and winter (average of 0.03(±0.003)-0.21(±0.01) m-1. These results showed that particles and suspended matter in summer were generally higher than that in spring and winter. In general, total scattering coefficients were relatively high especially in the coastal waters near the reiver mouth and relatively low in offshore waters in every season except during the summer the total scattering coefficients were relatively high in offshore waters. The relatively high total scattering coefficients found in offshore during summer was caused by the intrusion of the Mississippi river flow toward offshore containing high nutrients that can enhance the growth of phytoplankton in the waters offshore, increase suspended matter, and reduce salinity. The average value of total scattering coefficients at each local coastal and offshore waters in the NEGOM each season were also showed significantly different results.
Keyword: spatial distribution, variability, total scattering coefficient, various seasons

Judul: Koefisien Absorpsi dan Atenuasi Cahaya di Permukaan Air Laut pada Berbagai Musim
Abstrak: Pengukuran koefisien absorpsi dan atenuasi cahaya dapat berguna dalam memperkirakan kualitas perairan, karakteristik optik perairan, serta digunakan dalam permodelan bio-optik kelautan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai dan variabilitas koefisien absorpsi dan atenuasi permukaan laut di Perairan Timur Laut Teluk Meksiko berdasarkan perbedaan musim. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data hasil survei pada tiga musim (semi, panas, dan gugur) antara tahun 1999 dan 2000 dengan menggunakan instrumen AC-9. Pola distribusi spasial dan nilai rata-rata antar wilayah menunjukkan bahwa koefisien absorpsi dan atenuasi secara umum relatif tinggi di sekitar Mississippi dan Mobile, kemudian relatif rendah di sekitar wilayah offshore. Variabilitas yang terjadi disebabkan karena besarnya pengaruh fitoplankton, CDOM, dan detritus terhadap koefisien absorpsi dan atenuasi, terutama di sekitar wilayah Mississippi dan Mobile. Nilai rata-rata koefisien menunjukkan bahwa secara umum koefisien absorpsi dan atenuasi di Perairan Timur Laut Teluk Meksiko relatif tinggi pada musim panas tahun 1999 (Su-99) dan relatif rendah pada musim semi tahun 2000 (Sp-00).
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Judul: Metoda intramedullary pin sebagai salah satu cara menanggulangi fraktur femoralis pada anjing
Abstrak: Metoda intramedullary pin merupakan salah satu metoda penanggulangan fraktur yang populer karena banyak mempunyai keuntungan, diantaranya adalah : cepat dan mudah dikerja- kan, fiksasi yang dihasilkan lebih kuat dibandingkan metoda plate, setelah sembuh tulang menjadi lebih kuat, dan biaya yang digunakan relatif lebih ekonomis. Beberapa macam intramedullary pin yang ada, diantara- Steinmann pin, Rush pin, Kirschner pin, Kuentscher nya : nail, dan Leighton Shuttle pin. Teknik pemasangan intramedullary pin dapat melalui operasi tertutup atau operasi terbuka, tergantung dari ti- pe dan derajat fraktur. Pada operasi tertutup tidak dila- kukan pembukaan terhadap lokasi fraktur. Penyisipan pin dilakukan melalui fragmen fraktur proximal diteruskan ke fragmen distal, sehingga pada metoda ini luka yang timbul hanya pada tempat dimana pin tersebut dimasukkan. Pada operasi terbuka penyisipan pin dilakukan melalui pembukaan lokasi fraktur. Dalam melakukan pembukaan terhadap lokasi fraktur, harus dipilih pendekatan yang paling sesuai dan paling sedikit kemungkinannya untuk menimbulkan komplikasi. Pengambilan pin biasanya dilakukan setelah empat atau lima minggu disisipkan, diharapkan pada waktu itu telah terjadi pembentukan callus yang sudah cukup kuat untuk me- nunjang berdirinya tubuh. Pada beberapa keadaan pin tidak perlu diambil, misalnya pada anjing tua atau pada anjing yang menderita penyakit tulang. Tidak ada reaksi sakit... akibat pin bertahan di dalam tulang.
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