Judul: The Fly Infestation (Diptera:  Cyclorrapha) on Javanese bull (Bos javanicus) in Ragunan Zoo South Jakarta
Abstrak: The information about ectoparasites on Javanese bull is still limited. This study aims to determine the family and level of infestation of flies in java bulls. The data was obtained by observing the morphology of flies that reached the bull's body and then calculated the number in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The data were analyzed in descriptive analysis. The level of fly infestation was divided into 3 namely low (between 1 and 9 flies), medium (between 10 and 18 flies), and hight (more than 18 flies) based on the average of fly populations. The result of this observation were 2 families of flies namely Muscidae and Calliphoridae. The infestation levels of Muscidae on both bulls were low, medium, and hight meanwhile the infestation of Calliphoridae was low. The enrichment areas are likely to affect fly infestations. Flies that land on bulls irritate the bulls as it perches around the nose and around the eyes, which cause the bulls to restless time, The information about ectoparasites on Javanese bull is still limited. This study aims to determine the family and level of infestation of flies in java bulls. The data was obtained by observing the morphology of flies that reached the bull's body and then calculated the number in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The data were analyzed in descriptive analysis. The level of fly infestation was divided into 3 namely low (between 1 and 9 flies), medium (between 10 and 18 flies), and hight (more than 18 flies) based on the average of fly populations. The result of this observation were 2 families of flies namely Muscidae and Calliphoridae. The infestation levels of Muscidae on both bulls were low, medium, and hight meanwhile the infestation of Calliphoridae was low. The enrichment areas are likely to affect fly infestations. Flies that land on bulls irritate the bulls as it perches around the nose and around the eyes, which cause the bulls to restless time.
Keyword: javanese bull, Bos javanicus, calliphoridae, muscidae

Judul: Infestation of Ectoparasite Flies (Diptera:  Cyclorrapha) on Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) in Ragunan Zoological  Park, South Jakarta
Abstrak: Anoa dataran rendah (Bubalus depressicornis) merupakan salah satu hewan yang terancam punah. Anoa di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta Selatan dipelihara secara intensif. Sistem ini memudahkan pemantauan kesehatan hewan. Lalat merupakan salah satu penyebab gangguan kesehatan pada anoa. Lalat merupakan salah satu jenis ektoparasit yang dapat mengganggu kenyamanan hidup hewan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan dan jumlah lalat ektoparasit serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan jumlah lalat pada anoa dataran rendah di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua ekor anoa dataran rendah jantan pada tiga kali pengamatan, yaitu pada pagi hari (08.00-09.00), siang hari (12.00-13.00), dan sore hari (16.00- 17.00). Pengamatan lalat meliputi penghitungan dan identifikasi lalat secara makroskopis pada dua anoa dan daerah penghitungan menggunakan binokular dalam tiga kali pengamatan (pagi, siang, dan sore) karena pihak pengelola Taman Margasatwa Ragunan tidak mengizinkan menyentuh atau mengganggu fisik anoa. Penangkapan lalat dengan menggunakan flies trap dilakukan untuk verifikasi famili lalat dan pengambilan gambar lalat. Pada saat yang sama juga diamati apakah anoa yang sedang berteduh atau berendam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infestasi lalat pada dua anoa dataran rendah di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan termasuk dalam kategori rendah dan aktivitas berendam dapat menurunkan jumlah infestasi lalat pada anoa dataran rendah.
Keyword: ectoparasite flies, lowland anoa, macroscopical observation, Ragunan  Zoological Park

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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