Judul: Endophytic bacteria as alternatives diseases control of bacterial wilt on ginger (Zingiber officinale).
Abstrak: Ginger is cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Growers expressed concern regarding the impact of pathogens on yields in recent years. Similarly, growers expressed concern regarding the effect that pathogen threats will have on the industry in the future. Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important disease on ginger plant (Zingiber officinale Rosc) in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of endophytic bacteria in inhibiting the progress of bacterial wilt disease on ginger. Three isolates of endophytic bacteria were selected and tested their antibiosis activity and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) against the bacterial wilt disease (R. solanacearum). The research showed that under greenhouse condition all of the ginger plants treated with the 3 isolates of endophytic bacteria produced symptoms of bacterial wilt disease 7 days after inoculation of R. solanacearum. The 3 isolates of can only inhibit 12 % of severity of bacterial wilt disease on ginger up to 42 days after the inoculation, therefore they are not effective as biocontrol agent.
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Judul: Pengaruh Pemupukan Anorganik (N, P, K) dan Potensi Limbah Sereh Wangi sebagai Bahan Organik terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Jahe Gajah (Zingiber officinale Rosc.).
Abstrak: Exports of ginger from Indonesia in the last three years has declined because the quality of the ginger can not meet world market competitiveness. Suboptim cultivation techniques become a constraint in the development of the ginger plant coupled with the excessive use of synthetic chemical fertilizers that causes low soil capacity. The development of environmentally friendly technology to reduce the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers is expected to address the development problems of the ginger plant. Cultivation systems based on the utilization of in-situ organic materials such as waste of lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) is widely available in the surrounding area of the ginger plant need attention so that the empowerment of local input and medicinal needs can be realize. The research aims to determine the effect of some several of organic materials and inorganic fertilizers (N, P, K) on the growth and production of young ginger, and weed growth. The research conducted at Bogor Agricultural University, Experimental Station, Cikabayan, Darmaga, Bogor, started September 2011 to April 2012 and used a split-plot design. The main plot consisted of organic materials consisting of granules (20 ton / ha), Cymbopogon citratus compost buried in soil (20 t / ha), Cymbopogon citratus compost mulch (20 t / ha) and without organic fertilizer as controls. Sub plot are inorganic fertilizer consisted of ½ doses (N, P, K), 1 doses (N, P, K), 2 doses (N, P, K) and without inorganic fertilizer. Organic materials and inorganic fertilizer did not significantly affect the growth component of ginger. Plants treated with ½ doses of inorganic fertilizer showed the highest dry weight of rhizomes and significantly different with 2 doses and plant resistance to disease is 54,98%. Combined treatment of lemongrass compost buried in soil and inorganic fertilizer showed the higest dry weight of total weeds, but combined treatment of lemongrass compost mulch and inorganic fertilizer showed the lowest dry weight of total weeds. Lemongrass can be used as the source of organic fertilizer and herbicid, depending on the method used and treatment.
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Judul: Pricing of Lookback Options with Floating Strike Price Using The Monte Carlo Method
Abstrak: Opsi lookback adalah opsi yang payoff-nya bergantung pada harga saham terbesar atau harga saham terkecil yang dicapai selama masa berlaku opsi. Opsi lookback dikatakan dengan floating strike price jika nilai dari strike price sebesar harga saham pada saat jatuh tempo. Nilai hampiran opsi lookback ditentukan dengan metode Monte Carlo, sedangkan nilai eksak didapat dari nilai simulasi terbesar yang mampu dihitung oleh komputer. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, nilai galat relatif yang dihasilkan semakin kecil dengan semakin bertambah banyaknya simulasi yang dilakukan, sehingga metode Monte Carlo untuk menghitung harga opsi lookback dengan floating strike price konvergen ke nilai eksaknya., Lookback option is an option whose payoff depends on the maximum or minimum of the asset price reached during the option period. The lookback option is said to be a floating strike price if the value of the strike price is equal to the stock price at maturity. The value of the lookback option is determined by the Monte Carlo method, while the exact value is obtained from the largest simulation value that the computer can compute. Based on the calculation results, the resulting relative error value get smaller with the increasing number of simulations performed. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method to calculate the price of the lookback option with the floating strike price converges to the exact value.
Keyword: lookback option, floating strike price, Monte Carlo method, convergent