Judul: Analisis Kelembagaan dan Arahan Pengembangan Pengelolaan Hutan di Kabupaten Ngawi
Abstrak: Management of forest resources should be oriented towards improving the prosperity of forest communities and the sustainability of the forest resource itself. Along with the era of regional autonomy, appropriate application of Law No. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government and Law No. 33 of 2004 on Fiscal Balance between the Central Government and Local Government, Local Government Ngawi initiative to involve themselves in management efforts forest. On the other hand, Perum Perhutani (Perhutani) as State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) which has a Java forest management new paradigm is to give more space to the community, especially forest communities to engage more actively in a parallel position as a partner. Therefore, the soul Perhutani forest management must be in harmony with the spirit of regional autonomy, transparency and social forestry oriented to accommodate the aspirations of local communities. Research conducted by Yuwono (2008) showed that forest management in Ngawi not much to change the conditions of poor people around the forest villages, while many villages in the surrounding forest areas depend on forests. From the administrative area of 129.598,89 hectares Ngawi, covering 45.428,6 ha (35%) is a state forest area spread over three areas of forestry management, the Forest Management Unit (FMU) Ngawi area of 34.921,3 hectares, FMU Saradan covering an area of 5.198,9 bektar, and FMU Lawu Ds. area of 5.308,4 hectares. The study was conducted in Ngawi which has forest area of 35% of the administrative area of the district. The purpose of this study was: 1) to describe the condition kesejahtahteraan forest communities, 2) analyze the sustainable of institutional development of the forestry sector in Ngawi, 3) formulate direction on the development of forest management Ngawi. Conditions welfare of forest communities seen to approach the Human Development Index (HDI). Forest management institutions in Ngawi analyzed using institutional analysis and development framework (Institutional Analysis and Development Framework) developed by Ostrom. While the direction of the development of forest management in Ngawi A'WOT done with technical analysis, which is a technique that combines engineering analysis Analythical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SWOT. The results showed that in the sample villages, the condition of the forest communities are at the upper middle category (Human Development Index at 72.31), which is indicated with a life expectancy of 69.92 years; Literacy Rate of 97.47%; The average length of 6.98 years of school; Purchasing Power Parity for Rp1.187,448 (thousand / capita / month). Furthermore, based on institutional analysis, there is the potential for discontinuation (unsustainable) on forest management in Ngawi because there are no consistent rules and latent problems in the operational field level. While the direction for the development of forest management in Ngawi is to combine the power factor and factors related to the potential opportunities possessed. Conclusions of this study are: 1) the condition of the welfare of forest communities in the study sites include the upper middle category, 2) there is a potential discontinuation of the institutional of forest management in Ngawi, 3) the main direction of the development strategy of forest management in Ngawi is to combine factors strength and opportunity factors.
Keyword: direction of development, institutional, prosperity, sustainability

Judul: Formulation of Problem and Policy of Private Forest Management serves as Protection Area in Kuningan District, West Java Province.
Abstrak: Salah satu penyebab banyaknya kegagalan pengelolaan sumberdaya alam, termasuk kawasan lindung, adalah fenomena open access yaitu situasi dimana tidak ada seorangpun memiliki hak legal untuk mengeluarkan pihak lain dari pemanfaatan sumberdaya. Sementara itu hutan rakyat yang berada pada lahan milik, karena sifat hak kepemilikan privatnya dapat mencegah terjadinya open access, sehingga jika pengelolaannya dapat dilakukan secara lestari maka dapat memberikan fungsi lindung dalam jangka panjang. Kebijakan pemerintah daerah Propinsi Jawa Barat (Perda Nomor 2/2006) menetapkan adanya kawasan berfungsi lindung di luar hutan lindung. Selama ini hutan lindung ditetapkan di dalam kawasan hutan negara. Dengan demikian Perda tersebut di atas dapat menjadi pintu masuk untuk mendorong pengelolaan hutan rakyat berkelanjutan agar dapat memberikan manfaat fungsi lindungnya bagi masyarakat luas selain manfaat ekonomi bagi pemiliknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis masalah dan kebijakan pengelolaan hutan rakyat berkelanjutan dalam rangka meningkatkan fungsi hutan hak dalam memberikan fungsi lindung di luar kawasan lindung pada kawasan hutan negara. Penelitian dilakukan di 16 desa di Kabupaten Kuningan Propinsi Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan meliputi analisis perubahan tutupan lahan hutan rakyat, analisis faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap perubahan tutupan lahan, analisis kinerja pengelolaan hutan rakyat dalam perspektif pengelolaan secara kolektif dan individual, analisis implementasi kebijakan dan analisis kemungkinan perubahan kelembagaan serta kemungkinan tindakan insentif bagi kasus di lokasi penelitian., An open access condition has been recognized as one of underlying causes of many failures in natural resource management including in protected areas. This failure leads to inability of protected area to provide environmental benefit for the community. In the other hand a private forest, due to its private ownership rights that can prevent an open access, potentially managed sustainably and provide not only economic benefit for the owner but also environmental and social benefit as well for the community. This research is aimed to analize problems and policies on sustainble private forest management in order to enhance its protection function outside protected areas in the state owned forest. The research was conducted in 16 villages in Kuningan District, West Java Province. The methods applied including analysis of forest cover change in private forestland, analysis on factors contributes to that forest cover changes, analysis of performance of private forest management at the perspective of collective and individual, policy implementation, possibility of institutional change and relevant incentive measures for the situation at the research location. The result suggest that economic motivation of community, existence of informal institution, impact of PHBM program, government aid, land area owned and occupation as a farmer were contributes to the improvement of private forest cover. The existing private forest management indicates sufficient performance for individual household management level but did not fit with forest management standard at collective perspective. Problems of private forest to be sustainably managed and provide protection function for public are weak capability on technical forest management, weak institutional aspect and insufficient incentives. Policies of private forest were not being implemented optimally, and formulated policy and implemented programs lead by government on private forest management are not compatible with problems perceived by the community. Current institutions of private forest management along with good
Keyword: Privat Forest, Protected Area, Sustainable forest management, policy implementation, institution, incentives

Judul: Infeksi leucocytozoon Smithi (Laveran dan Lucet, 1905) pada kalkun
Abstrak: Leucocytozoon smithi adalah parasit darah yang menyebabkan leucocytozoonosis pada kalkun, dan termasuk dalam genus Leucocytozoon yang perkembangan skizogoninya terja- di dalam sel-sel endotel dan sel-sel parenkhim hati, jan- tung, ginjal dan organ-organ lain dari unggas. Genus ini menghasilkan skizon yang besar. Gametogoninya terjadi di dalam sel-sel darah dan sel yang terinfeksi dapat berubah bentuk dan mengambil bentuk kumparan. Parasit ini tidak menghasilkan pigmen dan ditularkan oleh lalat penghisap darah dari genus Simulium. Infeksi kalkun terjadi pada saat sporozoit masuk ke dalam peredaran darah dan selanjutnya masuk ke dalam sel- sel parenkhim hati. Siklus hidupnya mirip dengan siklus hidup L. simondi seperti yang diuraikan di bawah ini. Skizogoni yang terjadi di dalam hati menghasilkan skizon hepatik. Skizon hepatik dewasa menghasilkan merozoit dan sinsitia. Merozoit dari skizon hepatik memasuki eritroblas dan eritrosit dan membentuk gametosit bulat, sedangkan sinsitianya dapat masuk ke dalam sel-sel RES dan kemudian membentuk megaloskizon. Megaloskizon dewasa menghasilkan merozoit yang kemudian masuk ke dalam limfosit dan leukosit lain membentuk gametosit memanjang. Gametositgametosit ini akan menjadi makrogametosit dan mikrogametosit. Perkembangan parasit dalam tubuh vektor (Simulium), segera dimulai setelah vektor menghisap darah kalkun yang mengandung gametosit ini. Dalam tubuh vektor ini akan ter- jadi pembuahan makrogamet oleh mikrogamet (tahap gametogoni). Dari pembuahan ini dihasilkan zigot yang bergerak (ookinet). Ookinet akan masuk dinding usus vektor untuk memulai tahap sporogoni yang menghasilkan sporozoit. Sporozoit ini akan menuju ke kelenjar ludah dan dari sini dapat dipindahkan lagi ke tubuh kalkun pada saat vektor menghisap darah. Vektor untuk L. smithi adalah S. occidentale, S. nigroparvum, S. slossonae, S. nigritarse. L. smithi berbahaya, terutama bagi kalkun-kalkun muda. Mortalitasnya dapat mencapai 90 persen. Gejala klinis yang ditimbulkannya antara lain anorexia, lemas dan cenderung untuk duduk, kekurusan dan kelemahan, sesak nafas dan in- koordinasi dan terjungkal terlihat pada stadium akhir dan selanjutnya kalkun mengalami coma kemudian mati…dst
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