Judul: Analisis dampak dana alokasi umum terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di provinsi Aceh tahun 2004-2009
Abstrak: The conventional approaches to fiscal decentralization suggest that decentralization lowers the power of redistribution among regions, recent theories argue that fiscal decentralization works as a commitment device. In this manner, where the budget in a given region is highly dependent on transfers from the central government, there is an incentive for effort following fiscal decentralization. The former effect is argued to increase regional inequality, while the latter suggests a decrease in regional inequality. However no known empirical work has directly examined the relationship between fiscal decentralization and regional inequality. In this research, cross-sectional data for Aceh, excluding the convergence of regional income, are used to derive the net relationship. It is also the case that the direction of this effect on regional inequality depends on how fiscal decentralization is promoted. While the former distribution effect directly depends on the central government’s share of power, the latter incentive effect depends on autonomy. Two measures that represent the power of the central government and autonomy are used to identify these effects. The results indicate that education ratio and interaction between west and east region with education ratio have a positive effect on income per capita, while the achievement of autonomy by fiscal decentralization and income per capita have improve income equality. This supports the theory that fiscal decentralization works as a commitment device. The results also show that how fiscal decentralization is promoted is important for how it impacts on income inequality.
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Judul: Dampak Desentralisasi Fiskal terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Pengurangan Kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh, Indonesia
Abstrak: Desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia secara umum telah dimulai sejak tahun 1999. Namun demikian desentralisasi fiskal di provinsi Aceh sedikit berbeda dengan provinsi lain pada umumnya. Aceh memiliki status sebagai provinsi istimewa dengan status daerah otonomi khususnya. Otonomi khusus yang lahir dari akhir cerita panjang pemberontakan Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) melawan dengan Pemerintahan Indonesia akhirnya terwujud di tahun 2006 dengan lahirnya UU Pemerintahan Aceh No. 11 Tahun 2006. Dengan status daerah otonomi khususnya, salah satu kekhususan yang dimiliki oleh provinsi Aceh yaitu diperolehnya dana otonomi khusus setiap tahunnya untuk percepatan pembangunan daerah Aceh. Pasca berlakunya status otonomi khusus di Aceh, keadaan ekonomi di Aceh masih mengkhawatirkan. Setelah dikucurkannya dana otonomi khusus yang melimpah selama lebih dari sepuluh tahun yang melebihi banyak provinsi lainnya, Aceh masih merupakan provinsi termiskin di pulau Sumatera dan keenam termiskin di Indonesia (data tahun 2017). Keadaan ekonomi di Aceh pun tidak menunjukkan tren yang positif dan signifikan di beberapa tahun terakhir. Nilai pertumbuhan ekonomi di Aceh selalu di bawah rata-rata nasional hampir setiap tahunnya. Ini mengkhawatirkan, mengingat bahwa percepatan pembangunan sangat diharapkan dari kucuran triliunan dana Otsus ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak dari kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal termasuk praktik otonomi khusus terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pengurangan kemiskinan. Studi menggunakan data dari 23 kabupaten/kota mulai tahun 2008 hingga 2018 di provinsi Aceh, Indonesia. Menggunakan analisis data panel, studi ini menganalisis dampak dari fiskal transfer dari pemerintah pusat ke pemerintah daerah terhadap belanja pemerintah daerah. Dampak dari pengeluaran pemerintahan daerah dan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap produk domestik regional bruto (PDRB) dan kemiskinan juga dianalisis. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa beberapa elemen kebijakan transfer anggaran antar pemerintahan secara positif meningkatkan belanja pemerintah daerah. Dana Otsus efektif untuk meningkatkan belanja barang modal pemerintah daerah. Adapun komponen penerimaan asli daerah (PAD) terbukti positif menggenjot belanja barang jasa dan modal pemerintah daerah. Lebih lanjut, pengeluaran pemerintah daerah (belanja barang jasa) dan dana Otsus signifikan dan positif meningkatkan PDRB di Aceh. Hal yang sama juga terjadi dalam pengurangan kemiskinan di level kabupaten/kota. Hanya saja elastisitas dampak dari dana Otsus terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pengurangan kemiskinan sangat kecil. Ini artinya perlu kebijakan-kebijakan khusus agar efektivitas penggunaan dana Otsus di Aceh dapat lebih ditingkatkan dalam rangka percepatan pembangunan dan pengentasan kemiskinan di Aceh.
Keyword: economic growth, fiscal decentralisation, government expenditure, intergovernmental fiscal transfer, poverty

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable