Judul: Estimation of Potential Ghost Gear in Gillnet Fisheries and its Prevention Efforts at Karangsong Fish Landing Base, Indramayu
Abstrak: Ghost gear merupakan salah satu bagian dari marine debris yang diakibatkan oleh alat tangkap yang hilang, dibuang, dan ditinggalkan di perairan. Alat tangkap yang berpotensi besar menyebabkan ghost gear adalah jaring insang. Sebanyak 87,6% alat tangkap yang beroperasi di Karangsong adalah jaring insang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan perikanan jaring insang di PPI Karangsong, mengestimasi jumlah ghost gear, mengidentifikasi faktor penyebabnya dan merumuskan upaya penanggulangan untuk mengurangi terjadinya ghost gear di PPI Karangsong. Penelitian ini dilakukan di PPI Karangsong, menggunakan metode survei. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas kapal yang digunakan di PPI Karangsong adalah <5 GT, dengan nelayan yang merupakan nelayan penuh. Jumlah ghost gear yang terjadi dalam satu tahun terakhir sebanyak 2.464 piece atau 123.214 m dan kerugian mencapai Rp10.338.204.580. Penyebab terjadinya ghost gear disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu tersangkut karang, konflik, dan cuaca yang buruk. Beberapa cara yang direkomendasikan untuk mengurangi ghost gear yaitu sosialisasi ghost gear, standarisasi gear marking, implementasi pelaporan ghost gear, dan penerapan teknologi modern., Ghost gear is part of marine debris caused by abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear in the waters. Fishing gear that has the most significant potential to cause ghost gear is gillnet. Fishers operate this fishing gear as dominant as 87,6% in Karangsong. The research aims are to describe the fishery gillnet in PPI Karangsong, estimate the number of ghost gear, identify the causes, and formulate efforts to reduce the number of ghost gear in Karangsong. The research was conducted at PPI Karangsong, based on survey methods. A descriptive analysis dan statistical analysis was applied in this study. The result showed the majority of vessels used in PPI Karangsong were <5 GT, with a fisher who is a full-time job. The number of ghost gears in the past year was 2,464 pieces or 123,214 m, and losses reached 10,338,204,580 IDR. Ghost gear is caused by snagging, conflict, and bad weather. The recommended efforts to minimize ghost gear are socialization, gear marking standardization, implementation of ghost gear reporting, and application of modern technology.
Keyword: Fishing gear, Ghost gear, Gillnet, Marine debris, PPI Karangsong

Judul: Estimating Ghost gear in Gillnet Fisheries and Coping Strategies at the Gebang Mekar Fish Landing Base, Cirebon Regency
Abstrak: Ghost gear merupakan istilah yang dipakai untuk alat penangkap ikan yang ditingalkan, hilang, dan dibuang di perairan. Jaring insang adalah salah satu alat tangkap yang berpotensi menyebabkan ghost gear dan sebanyak 29% jaring insang beroperasi di PPI Gebang Mekar sehingga potensi ghost gear di PPI Gebang Mekar cukup tinggi. Kurangnya informasi dan data terkait ghost gear di PPI Gebang Mekar membuat pemerintah setempat belum melakukan upaya untuk mengurangi ghost gear. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan perikanan jaring insang, mengestimasi jumlah ghost gear, merekomendasikan strategi penanggulangan untuk mengurangi terjadinya ghost gear oleh alat tangkap jaring insang di PPI Gebang Mekar. Penelitian ini dilakukan di PPI Gebang Mekar, menggunakan metode survei. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan mayoritas kapal yang digunakan di PPI Gebang Mekar adalah <5 GT, dengan nelayan asli penduduk Gebang Mekar. Jumlah ghost gear yang terjadi dalam satu tahun terakhir sebanyak 1922 piece kerugian mencapai Rp288.300.000,00. Beberapa faktor utama yang menyebabkan ghost gear adalah adanya konflik antar nelayan, tersangkut di alat tangkap lain, dan cuaca buruk. Upaya yang direkomendasikan untuk mengurangi ghost gear yaitu sosialisasi ghost gear, menghindari lokasi sering tersangkut, penerapan teknologi modern., Ghost gear is marine debris known as abandoned, lost, discarded, and left behind fishing gear. Gillnets are one of the fishing gear that can cause ghost gear, and as much as 29% of gillnets operate at PPI Gebang Mekar, so the possibility of ghost gear is quite high there. The government cannot reduce ghost gear at PPI Gebang Mekar due to a lack of information and data regarding ghost gear. This study aimed to characterize the gillnet fishery, estimate the number of ghost gears, and suggest mitigation strategies to reduce the occurrence of ghost gear by gillnets at PPI Gebang Mekar PPI. This survey-based research was conducted at PPI Gebang Mekar. The employed analyses are descriptive and statistical. Most of the vessels utilized at PPI Gebang Mekar were 5 GT vessels crewed by Gebang Mekar natives. In the past year, there were 1,922 pieces of ghost equipment, resulting in a loss of Rp 288,300,000,000.00. Conflicts between fishermen, being entangled in other fishing gear, and poor weather is some of the primary causes of ghost gear. Recommendations for reducing ghost gear include socializing, avoiding common snagging locations, and implementing modern technology.
Keyword: fishing gear, ghost gear, gillnets, PPI Gebang Mekar, strategy countermeasures

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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