Judul: Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils Leaves of Cinnamomum spp. (Lauraceae) against Crocidolomia pavonana and Their Phytotoxicity on Broccoli Seedlings
Abstrak: Essential oils from leaves of 13 species of Cinnamomum were tested for their insecticidal activity on the cabbage head caterpillar Crocidolomia pavonana with leaf immerse method. The results showed that the treatment with 1% (w/v) essential oils leaves of C. celebicum, C. multiflorum, C. sintoc, and C. verum caused 21.45, 93.65, 60.30, and 76.10% mortality, respectively. Based on the results of phytotoxicity and insecticidal activity tests, C. multiflorum oil was further tested at 6 concentration levels. In all treatments, larval mortality has occurred at 24 hours after treatment (HAT) and increased at 48 HAT. LC50 of C. multiflorum oil at 24 and 48 HAT was 0.504 and 0.396%, respectively. The treatment with C. multiflorum oil at ≤0.31% did not inhibit the development of C. pavonana larvae. Determination of the chemical constituents of Cinnamomum oils were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Totally, 345 compounds were identified. Methyleugenol constituted the main component (49.4%) of leaf essential oil of C. multiflorum and was assumed to be responsible for the insecticidal activity of the oil against C. pavonana larvae. LC50 of pure methyleugenol obtained at 0.365% (48 HAT) and 0.363% (72 HAT). The results showed that C. multiflorum was more effective with LC50 value equivalent to methyleugenol content of 0.32% (24 HAT) and 0.24% (48 HAT).
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Judul: Biological Activities of Extract Mixtures of Tephrosia vogelii (Leguminosae) and Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) against Crocidolomia pavonana.
Abstrak: The use of botanical insecticides is one of pest control tactics that has several advantages, such us easily biodegradable in the environment, slow development of insect resistance, synergism of extract components so that they are more effective, short persistence, and generally safe to non-target organisms. Insecticidal properties of Tephrosia vogelii leaf and Annona squamosa seed extracts have been well established, but the evaluation of toxicity, effect on fecundity, and effect on oviposition of T. vogelii and A. squamosa extract mixture against Crocidolomia pavonana has not been done. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxicity, effect on fecundity, and effect on oviposition of T. vogelii leaf extract and A. squamosa seed extract and their mixtures against C. pavonana. In the toxicity test, ethyl acetate extract of T. vogelii leaves and methanol extract of A. squamosa seeds and their mixtures were tested by a leaf-dipping method against second-instar larvae of C. pavonana. Each test extract was tested at six concentration levels in the range of 0.025%-0.190% and 0.004%-0.020% for T. vogelii and A. squamosa extracts, respectively. The extract mixture was tested at three concentration ratios, i.e. 1:1, 9:1, and 1:9, with concentrations ranges of 0.0050%-0.0400%, 0.025%-0.200%, and 0.004%-0.020%, respectively. Each treatment and control were replicated five times. Observation was conducted from 24 to 96 hours after treatment (HAT). The number of dead larvae was recorded. Larval mortality data was analyzed by probit method using POLO-PC. The fecundity test was conducted using T. vogelii and A. squamosa extract and their mixture which has the highest toxicity at LC25 and LC50 levels. Treated leaves were fed to second, third, and fourth instar C. pavonana larvae by a leaf-dipping method for 48 hours. The emerging adults were paired to obtain 15 pairs for each test concentration and control. The number of eggs laid each day was collected and counted. The adults were maintained until death. The total egg production and the fecundity per day were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test (α = 0.05). The tests on antioviposition effect was conducted using T. vogelii and A. squamosa extract and their mixture with a concentration ratio of 1:9 at LC99 and 2 x LC99 levels. The test extracts were prepared in the same way as in the toxicity test. Broccoli plants used were 1 month old (possessing 5 leaves) and 2 month old (possessing 8 leaves). Broccoli plants were sprayed with extract preparations until run-off. Four broccoli plants consisting of 2 treated broccoli plants and 2 control plants were placed alternatingly in a plastic cage. Two pairs of 3 day old adults of C. pavonana were introduced into the cage and allowed to oviposit for 2 days. The number of eggs laid on treated plants and control plants were compared with paired t-test. viii The results show that the mortality of C. pavonana larvae as a result of the treatment with T. vogelii extracts and A. squamosa extracts and their mixtures increased with the increase in extract concentration and observation time. T. vogelii extract is highly toxic and A. squamosa
Keyword: Botanical insecticides, joint action, fecundity reduction, oviposition

Judul: Penggunaan data spasial dalam struktur raster sebagai komponen sistem informasi geografi
Abstrak: Penggambaran peta dengan komputer merupakan penggambaran peta secara digital yang dikenal dengan nama pendigitasian. Data digitasi peta merupakan data masukan bagi Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG). SIG merupakan sistem penanganan, dan pengelolaan data dan informasi geografi. Data yang menjadi bahan baku adalah data spasial atau data yang mengacu pada lokasi geografi. Dalam hal ini data dapat berasal dari peta dan data penginderaan jauh. Selain itu data masukan dapat pula berupa data non- spasial. Data ini dihubungkan dengan suatu atribut dari suatu legenda peta. Atribut dapat dicirikan oleh warna atau simbol yang artinya didefinisikan dalam legenda, sehingga pada SIG, data atribut nonspasial disimpan dalam bentuk yang dapat digunakan untuk analisis data. Struktur data spasial yang dipergunakan pada komputer adalah struktur vektor dan struktur raster. Struktur vektor menggambarkan titik, garis, dan poligon yang di- rangkai oleh koordinat-koordinat. Sedangkan struktur raster menyajikan nilai suatu sel kisi (grid cell) atau pixel yang dicatat dalam bentuk matriks. Masing-masing struktur tersebut dapat dikonversikan, yaitu struktur vektor dikonversikan menjadi struktur raster atau sebaliknya. Dengan demikian tidak ada perbe- daan sewaktu digunakan untuk analisis. ...
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