Judul: The Use of MHC I Molecular Marker in The Selection of Catfish (Clarias sp.) Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection
Abstrak: High demand of catfish (Clarias sp.) in the market encourages the people to continuously increase the production. One of the threats to fail the harvest is motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection. MAS could cause high mortality in catfish. Several approaches can be applied to overcome MAS disease ; one is farming of catfish that genetically resists to A. hydrophila infection. Application of molecular marker assisted selection could accelerate the process to obtain disease-resistant fish broodstock. The aims of this study were to: 1) obtain a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I marker in the marker based selection to generate A. hydrophila-resistant sangkuriang catfish; 2) evaluate the inheritance of MHC I marker in F1 generation, and 3) Determine the growth and resistance of the F1 against A. hydrophila infection. In the first experiment, a total of 200 sangkuriang catfish (average body weight: 60±5 g) were challenged by intramuscular injecting 0.1 mL/fish with A. hydrophila at a dose of 105 cfu/fish. The results showed the viability of fish was 54% (14 fish survived without injure, and 94 fish recovered from injured). PCR analysis with specific primers for MHC I was used to distinguish the survived and dead fish after challenge test. Seven set primers were designed based on database gene sequences of MHC I of Clarias gariepinus. Genomic DNA was extracted from caudal fin tissue of living and the dead fish, and then used as template in PCR amplification. The PCR results using a set of primer (ClMHAh-01) showed specific DNA bands of approximately 300, 500 and 930 bp in the survived fish. PCR product was then sequenced to confirm and analyze homology of MHC I sequence of sangkuriang catfish and the database. The results of sequence analysis using the basic local alignment search tools showed that the nucleotide sequence of those PCR products had similarity of 69-88% with MHC I of C. gariepinus. As conclusion, MHC I could be used as a molecular marker of A. hydrophila resistance catfish. In the second experiment, a total of 8 pairs of parent those carries the MHC I and one pair of control without MHC I were mated to produce F1 generation. Those crosses were female R and male R (abbreviated: RxR), LxL, RxL, and LxR, and each was replicated twice (two brood pairs per crossing). R fishes are the fish that survived without injury, while L fishes are the fish that injured and survived when they are challenged with A. hydrophila. Female and male fish without MHC I marker were mated to produce control fish (C). Results of PCR analysis showed that the percentage of F1 progenies from R x R broods carrying MHC I marker was 83.4%, while C fish was only 25%. This indicated that MHC I marker was inherited to F1 offsprings. Furthermore, results from the challenge test by intramuscular injection of 0.1 mL A. hydrophila (105 cfu/fish) showed that the survival of F1 fish from R and L broods (76.8-87.0%) was 2.21 times higher than that of C fish. Percentage of R category offspring from R and
Keyword: Catfish, molecular markers, MHClAh-01 primer, MHC I, A. hydrophila

Judul: Pewarisan Marka SNP2 Gen Lys-C pada Ikan Lele Clarias gariepinus Generasi Pertama dan Daya Tahan Benih terhadap Infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila.
Abstrak: Ikan lele Clarias gariepinus yang potensial tahan terhadap infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila sudah diidentifikasi menggunakan marka single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP2) pada gen lisozim tipe-C (LYSC). Namun, hasil dari penelitian tersebut belum dianalisis pada keturunan yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pewarisan marka SNP2 gen Lys-C pada ikan lele Clarias gariepinus generasi pertama dan daya tahan benih terhadap infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila. Persilangan ikan lele berbeda genotipe yang dilakukan yaitu(♀TT×♂TT),(♀CC×♂TT),(♀TT×♂CC),dan(♀CT×♂CT).Analisis pewarisan genotipe dilakukan dengan metode polymerase chain reaction dan uji tantang dilakukan dengan menginfeksi ikan menggunakan A.hydrophila. Ikan uji yang digunakan berukuran 11 – 13 cm, bakteri A. hydrophila diinjeksikan secara intramuskular dengan dosis 1 mL per ekor, sebanyak 20 ekor per perlakuan 3 kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati yaitu tingkat kelangsungan hidup, gambaran sel darah putih, aktivitas fagositik, dan respiratory burst. Persilangan TT><TT menghasilkan 100% keturunan TT dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup pasca infeksi A. hydrophila tidak berbeda nyata dengan persilangan resiprokal TT dengan CC yaitu berkisar 68,33-78,33% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan persilangan heterozigot CT><CT sebesar 45%., The catfish Clarias gariepinus which is potentially resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila infection has been identified using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP2) marker in the C-type lysozyme gene (LYSC). However, the results of these studies have not been analyzed in the resulting offspring. This study aimed to analyze the inheritance of the SNP2 marker of the Lys-C gene in the first generation of catfish Clarias gariepinus and the resistance of the fry to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Crosses of catfish with different genotypes were carried out, namely (♀ TT × ♂ TT), (♀ CC × ♂ TT), (♀ TT × ♂ CC), and (♀ CT × ♂ CT). The analysis of genotypic inheritance was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction method and the challenge test was carried out by infecting fish using A. hydrophila. The test fish used were 11-13 cm in size, A. hydrophila were injected intramuscularly at a dose of 1 mL-1 per fish, as many as 20 fish per treatment with 3 replications. Parameters observed were survival rate, white blood cell appearance, phagocytic activity, and respiratory burst. TT><TT crosses produced 100% of TT progeny with post-infection survival rate of A. hydrophila not significantly different from reciprocal TT crosses with CC, which was 68.33-78.33% higher than heterozygous crosses CT><CT which was 45%.
Keyword: Aeromonas hydrophila, Genotype, Lysozyme, Resistance, SNP

Judul: Peranan Jasa Transportasi dalam  Menunjang Pembangunan Wilayah  Kaitannya dengan Pelaksanaan  Otonomi Daerah di Provinsi Papua  Khususnya Kabupaten Jayapura
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pembangunan yang terjadi selama Orde Baru telah memicu disintegrasi bangsa, salah satu daerah yang diisukan terancam disintegrasi sebagai akibat ketimpangan pembangunan pada reszim orde baru adalah Provinsi Papua, sehingga untuk meredam aspirasi disintgrasi, dimasa reformasi Provinsi Papua ditetapkan sebagai daerah yang menerima Otonomi Khusus. Dengan adanya otonomi khusus ini diharapkan pemerintah daerah lebih leluasa mengabil kebijakan yang disesuaikan dengan aspirasi dan prioritas permasalahan yang dihadapi masyarakat.
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