Judul: Economic valuation of nature tourism at buffer zone of arfak mountains nature Reserve in Manokwari Regency West Papua Province
Abstrak: The utilization of environmental services sectors such as nature tourism in Papua (Papua and West Papua Provinces) has not been a priority in local development activities. Meanwhile, Papua has many potential of nature, from marine until the mountains. One of them is the uniqueness and beauty of the Arfak Mountains Nature Reserve (CAPA) located in the Manokwari Regency. The development of nature tourism activities in the buffer zone (BZ) of CAPA has been initiated by one of the local Non Governmental Organization (NGO) since 2009. Based on data from the NGO, BZ of CAPA has become a destination for foreign tourists. Although it has become a nature destination for foreign tourists, both of the managers, the central and the local government have not made the region a tourist destination. One of the reasons why stakeholders do not think of the importance of developing BZ of CAPA is the economic value of the region is still unknown. This research is aimed to (1) identify the objects of nature tourist attractions (ODTWA) which have been developed and have the potential to be developed in the BZ of CAPA, (2) determine the economic value of nature tourism in the BZ of CAPA, (3) determine the effects of the development of nature tourism to the socio-economic conditions of the local communities. This research which was generally conducted in the BZ of CAPA is expected to become the consideration for the management in developing these areas. The method used in this research is descriptive with analysis of qualitative and also quantitative data. Phases of the research are literature study, direct observation, and then interviews to obtain expected data to answer the purposes of this study. Based on the results of primary and secondary data processed, it is known that the main natural tourisn object in BZ of CAPA is bird watching and tracking. While the potential of nature tourism which can be developed according to the conditions of BZ of CAPA region are cultural tourism, outbound, and camping ground. By using travel cost method with zoning system (based on the origin of visitors), there are 7 zones of visitors/tourists who visit in BZ of CAPA, they are Manokwari, Sorong, Jayapura, Ambon, Makassar, Jakarta, and Denpasar. Stages of the calculation shows that, travel costs for nature tourism is appropriate with the laws of economy. The larger travel costs occurred, the less rate of visits in a location. Calculation result shows that, the economic value of nature tourism in BZ of CAPA is Rp3 138 386 278.50. Development of nature tourism in BZ of CAPA conducted by one of the Non Governmental Organization (NGO) since 2009, generally brings positive socioeconomic impacts on conditions for local people. Social condition known has not changed with developed activities of nature attraction in Kampung Kwau, both aspects of social norms and values in society, social relations, public infrastructure and public health. While for the economic condition of the community in Kampung Kwau, factors influencing the income from the nature tourism is the gender and type of involvement in the activities of nature tourism.
Keyword: Economic valuation, nature tourism, buffer zone, Arfak Mountains Nature Reserve, social economic effect

Judul: Impacts of Nature Tourism Activities on the Local Economy in the Areas of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.
Abstrak: The benefit values derived from a conservation area are still often underestimated. In fact, the real benefits, direct and indirect, are quite many. One of the utilizations of the conservation area is for the location of nature tourism. Tourism is one of the important economic sectors in the national development because it can improve the community welfare, create jobs, and stimulate regional economic growth. One of the many forms of tourism being promoted by the government of Indonesia is nature tourism that relies on the beauty of nature and natural panorama in conservation areas, including national parks to support the concept of ecotourism. Therefore, it is expected that this nature tourism activity can provide a significant economic impact on the surrounding communities, increase state revenue and improve environmental sustainability. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the economic impact of nature tourism in the National Park of Bromo Tengger Semeru (TNBTS). This study had four objectives: (1) to find out the value and impact of the local economic activities in the areas of TNBTS, (2) to learn about the hierarchies of the area development around TNBTS, (3) to learn about the magnitude of changes in land use in TNBTS areas, and (4) to fomulate alternative strategy on nature tourism development in TNBTS. The results of this study were expected to provide input to policy makers, namely National Park Center of Bromo Tengger Semeru and the local government as the party responsible for the development planning and the management of nature tourism, providing input in the formulation of policy alternatives that need to be done in nature tourism management, so that the impact and contribution of nature tourism to the community can be improved. This research was conducted in TNBTS areas, focusing on the Tengger Mountains Area, that is, Cemoro Lawang Resort, and the Mount Semeru Climbing Area called Ranupane Resort. The economic value of nature tourism in TNBTS area was obtained from estimating the cost of tourist spending. Based on this approach, it was obtained that the total economic value of running nature tourism in TNBTS was 341.23 million rupiah, which consisted of tourism activities in Tengger Mountains amounting to 326.90 million rupiah (95.80 %) and in the hiking area of Mount Semeru at 14.33 million rupiah (4.20 %). The average tourist expenditure for one visit in the Tengger Mountains Area was 2,769,363 rupiah. Approximately 2,258,620 rupiah (81.56 %) of tourist spending occurred outside the national park. Meanwhile, the average tourist expenditure for one visit in the Mount Semeru Climbing Area was 569,000 rupiah per person. Approximately 438,443 rupiah (77.05 %) of tourist spending occurred outside the national park. The expenditure of travelers provides direct as well as indirect benefits and further impact on the communities around the areas. The economic impact of tourist spending was quantified using Keynesian Multiplier. The results indicated vii that the economic impact of tourist spending on the Tengger Mountains Area was higher than that in the Mount Semeru Climbing Area. From the study results, it is also important to note that the value of
Keyword: Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, economic impact, multiplier effect

Judul: Invers dari Matriks Tridiagonal Jacobi
Abstrak: Suatu matriks berukuran n×n dinamakan matriks tridiagonal jika untuk . Karya ilmiah ini memberikan algoritma yang mudah untuk menemukan invers ( dari matriks tridiagonal Jacobi yang simetrik dan nonsimetrik. Setiap elemen pada matriks tridiagonal ini adalah bilangan real. Terdapat 3 lema dan 2 teorema untuk menentukan . Lema pertama menunjukkan persamaan utama dalam membuktikan lema-lema dan teorema-teorema selanjutnya. Invers dari matriks yang simetrik dibuktikan oleh lema kedua yang menunjukkan elemen-elemen baris ke- dari . Selanjutnya, lema kedua dilengkapi dengan teorema pertama yang menunjukkan elemen-elemen dengan . Invers dari matriks yang nonsimetrik dibuktikan oleh lema ketiga yang menunjukkan elemen-elemen dengan dan elemen-elemen dengan dibuktikankan oleh teorema kedua.
Keyword: symmetric, nonsymmetric, matrix