Judul: Pengukuran Jantung Kelinci New Zealand White (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dengan Radiografi Toraks
Abstrak: This research was conducted to evaluate radiographs heart size of anaesthetized New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) under different combination of ketamine and xylazine. The rabbits were divided into three groups. Group A were anaesthetized using a 35 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg combination of ketamine and xylazine (n=5). Group B were anaesthetized using a 40 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg combination of ketamine and xylazine (n=3) while group C were anaesthetized using 45 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg combination of ketamine and xylazine (n=3). Parameter of observation from left laterolateral view were: 1) the apicobasilar length of the heart (AB), 2) the width of the heart (CD), 3) the distance between the cranial edge of the fifth rib and the caudal edge of the seventh rib perpendicular to the spine (R5-7), and 4) the vertical depth of the toraks (H). Parameter of observation from dorsoventral view were: 1) the length of the heart (L), 2) the width of the heart (W), and 3) the width of the thorax (T). The result from the heart parameters observation that were measured in left laterolateral view and dorsoventral view shows theres no significantly differ among the groups (P > 0.05). The vertebrae heart size (VHS) values obtained from the sum of the length of the long and the short axes on left laterolateral view. The long axes mean values (A) were 4.35±0.26 v and the short axes mean values (B) were 3.59±0.30 v, therefore VHS mean values were 7.94±0.49 v. On the dorsoventral view, the length of the heart mean values (L) were 4.32±0.29 cm, the width of the heart mean values (W) were 3.33±0.26 cm, and the width of the thorax mean values (T) were 5.85±0.30 cm. In normal conditions, the width of the heart should be less than two-thirds the width of the thorax and values obtained of 3.33<3.72 it shows that the heart is in the normal range. The best ratio to calculated the normal heart dimension in the left laterolateral view was compared the long axes with the vertical depth of the thorax, whereas in dorsoventral view, the length of the heart was compared with the width of the heart.
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Judul: Evaluasi Radiografi Jantung dan Paru-paru Kelinci pada Pemberian Xylazin-Ketamin sebagai Anestesi Jangka Panjang
Abstrak: Xylazine-ketamine (XK) is an anesthetic combination which often used in the surgical procedure, but the negative effects arising from the anesthesia should be considered, especially if used in a long-term. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of XK as a long-term anesthesia on the heart and lungs of rabbits observed using radiography. Rabbits were given XK anesthesia (xylazine dose 0.04 mg/kg/min and ketamine 0.4 mg/kg/min) using intravenous drip for 12 hours(h). Radiographic interpretation in term of Vertebral Heart Size (VHS) measurements on right lateral (RL) and dorsoventral (DV) view, as well as width ratio of heart to the thoracic cavity showed the same pattern, namely an increase in size ranging from 4 to 12h. It indicated enlargement of the heart. Increasement of VHS on DV view and width ratio of heart to the thoracic cavity occurred significantly (P<0.05). Lung density measurements indicate there has been an increase in density ranging from 0 to 8h and dropped back at the 12h. The density changes did not occur significantly (P>0.05). As conclusion XK administration as a long-term anesthesia causes enlargement of the heart and density changes of the lungs.
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Judul: Peranan Pemimpin Informal dalam Menggerakan Partisipasi Masyarakat  untuk Pembangunan Desa
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan yang banyak diterima para ahli adalah pendekatan dari bawah ke atas (bottom up) yang berarti bahwa dalam pembangunan diperlukan keikutsertaan rakyat. Keikutsertaan tidak hanya pada tahap merencanakan pembangunan, akan tetapi juga ikut dalam melaksanakan, bahkan sampai pada menilai hasil-hasil pembangunan (Cohen dan Uphoe 1977; Dusseldorp, 1981; Slamet, 1993). Agar rakyat yang berhimpun dalam kelompok-kelompok dapat ikut serta, mereka harus memiliki sejumlah kualifikasi yang diperlukan untuk itu.
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