Judul: Tourism Carrying Capacity of Torean Hiking Track Gunung Rinjani National Park
Abstrak: The Torean Hiking Track is the newest hiking track in Gunung Rinjani National Park. Hiking ecotourism can be an environmentally friendly alternative in managing national parks, but if it is not properly supervised, overtourism will occur which degrades the environment and reduces the quality of the visitor experience. To prevent this, it is necessary to know the number of visits allowed by calculating the carrying capacity of the track. The data processing technique uses the carrying capacity calculation method according to Cifuentes with modifications and correction factors that are suitable to hiking tourism. The results showed that the Torean Lama track (Pos Torean-Sembalun Torean junction) has physical carrying capacity of 4516 people/day, real carrying capacity of 532 people/day and effective carrying capacity of 372 people/day, while the Torean Baru track (Birisan Nangka-Sembalun Torean junction) has physical carrying capacity of 4165 people/day, real carrying capacity of 333 people/day and effective carrying capacity of 233 people/day. The carrying capacity is higher than the actual visitation levels, therefore tourism activities on the Torean track are not indicated overtourism in terms of the number of visits.
Keyword: carrying capacity, ecotourism, hiking, overtourism, Torean hiking track

Judul: Carrying Capacity of Sembalun-Senaru hiking Trail Mount Rinjani National Park
Abstrak: Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani memiliki enam jalur pendakian dua diantaranya yaitu jalur Sembalun dan Senaru yang banyak diminati wisatawan. Keberlanjutan suatu destinasi wisata ditentukan dari pengelolaan yang tepat guna memberi kenyamanan dan keamanan bagi wisatawan juga menjaga lingkungan tetap lestari. Salah satu yang mengancam keberlanjutan wisata adalah overtourism. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya pengelolaan jumlah pengunjung dengan menghitung daya dukung wisata yang tersedia. Pengolahan data menggunakan metode perhitungan daya dukung menurut Cifuentes yang telah di modifikasi dan disesuaikan dengan faktor koreksi untuk wisata pendakian. Hasil penelitian menujukan nilai daya dukung rill jalur Sembalun (Bawak Nao-Pelawangan Sembalun) 262 orang/hari, jalur Senaru 247 orang/hari, dan jalur puncak yaitu sebesar 75 orang/hari. nilai daya dukung jalur Sembalun dan Senaru lebih besar dibandingkan dengan tingkat kunjungan, artinya kegiatan wisata pendakian pada jalur Sembalun dan Senaru tidak terjadi overtoursim., Mount Rinjani National Park has six hiking trails, two of which are Sembalun and Senaru trails which are in great demand by tourists. The sustainability of a tourist destination is determined by proper management to provide comfort and safety for tourists and maintain a sustainable environment. One of the factors that threatens the sustainability of tourism is overtourism. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the number of visitors by calculating the available carrying capacity of tourism. Data processing uses the method of calculating the carrying capacity according to Cifuentes which has been modified and adjusted to the correction factor for hiking tourism. The results showed that the real carrying capacity value of the Sembalun route (Bawak Nao-Pelawangan Sembalun) was 262 people/day, the Senaru route was 247 people/day, and the peak route was 75 people/day. The carrying capacity value of the Sembalun and Senaru routes is greater than the level of visitation, meaning that hiking tourism activities on the Sembalun and Senaru routes do not occur overtoursim.
Keyword: overtourism, pendakian, wisata, hiking, overtourism, tourism

Judul: Karakteristik Emulsifier dari otak sapi yang diekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut yangberbeda
Abstrak: Brain is an animal by-product which has the highest phospholipids a ~cdho lesterol content. Phospholipids in brain consist of a polar head (phosphate acid) and nonpolar tail (lipid). Therefore, phospholipids can be used as an emulsifier in emulsion products such as cosmetics and pharmaceutical.
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