Judul: Analysis of somatic embryogenesis of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using temporary immersion system.
Abstrak: Micropropagation of oil palm through somatic emrbyogenesis is still not efficient because low percentage of somatic embryo formation and germinating somatic embryo. The objectives of these research are to obtain the best of (i) liquid medium used in shaker technique, (ii) medium and immersion time in Temporary Immersion System (TIS), (iii) to identify the marker of embryogenic callus with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and (iv) to identify genetic changing in vitro (off-type) from 14 months of somatic embryo with Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). The planting materials were embryogenic callus of embryoid-lines S15.355 and S82.132. Two types of medium consisted of MSK and MSD were tested in shaker technique, with the addition of several vitamines and combination of 0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9 mg/L 2,4-D with 0; 4.0; 8.0 mg/L NAA. Medium MSD0 and MSD2 were used in TIS with every 1, 3, and 6 hours of immersion time and immersed in 3 minutes. Analysis marker for embryogenic and non embryogenic callus conducted by SEM and molecular marker by 20 microsatellite primers. The results showed that medium MSD2 is the best for increasing the proliferation of embryogenic callus and enlarging the somatic embryo of oil palm. Besides, types of genotypes gave different proliferation rate in diferrent medium composition and immersion time. The immersion time of 1, 3, and 6 hour showed no significant difference in increasing rate of embryogenic callus fresh weight for embryoid-line S15.355 and S82.132, respectively. Embryogenic callus analysed by SEM showed that embryogenic callus had smoother and lighter surfaces compared with non embryogenic callus. The result of SSR analysis showed that only 10 primers gave polimorphic bands and the others gave monomorphic. There was no genetic changing in vitro (off-type) from 14 months of samples.
Keyword: Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis guineensis, Temporary Immersion System, microsatellite marker, somatic embryogenesis, Scanning Electron Microscope

Judul: Characterization on Abnormalities of Oilpalm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Somatic Embryos
Abstrak: Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman penghasil minyak nabati utama di Indonesia dan memegang peranan penting untuk memenuhi kebutuhan minyak nabati dalam negeri. Untuk meningkatkan peranan kelapa sawit dilakukan intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi tanaman kelapa sawit. Untuk mencapai peningkatan perluasan areal pertanaman kelapa sawit membutuhkan bibit yang sangat besar. Salah satu cara penyediaan bibit kelapa sawit dapat melalui kultur jaringan. Kelebihan melalui kultur jaringan adalah mampu menghasilkan bibit dalam jumlah yang banyak dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Namun demikian, kendala utama bibit hasil kultur jaringan adalah masalah abnormalitas pada organ reproduktif yang diduga terkait dengan perubahan genetik dan epigenetik selama masa pembentukan embrio somatik (ES)., Oilpalm is the most important vegetable oil producing plant in Indonesia. A mass production of oilpalm transplants to support new oilpalm estate can be conducted through tissue culture. However, the primary problem of tissue culture generated transplants is increasingly reproductive abnormalities postulated due to the genetic and/or epygenetic changes during somatic embryo (SE) formation. The objectives of this research were (1) to characterize abnormality of somatic embryos at several growth stages, (2) to study the genetic change of SEs at several growth stages and their plantles, and (3) to study the relationship of cytosine methylation of genomic DNA and abnormality at several SE growth stages and plantlets. Genetic characterization was accomplished by RAPD and RAF technique. Epigenetic characterization was conducted by RP-HPLC and RAFmethylation sensitive technique. The results showed that morphological characterization on SE at globular, heart form scutellar, and cotyledon resulted that there were morphological variations.
Keyword: Elaeis guineensis, Plant breeding, Variety trials, Biotechnology, Molecular biology, Somatic embryogenesis

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf