Judul: Peningkatan Kandungan Alkaloid Kinin dalam Suspensi Sel Kina (Cinchona ledgeriana Moens.) dengan Perlakuan Senyawa Kimia
Abstrak: Quinine is used for tonic, appetite enhancer, antipyretic, antimalarial, cosmetic ingredients and tanning. Quinine can be obtained from the bark of seven or more years old Cinchona tree. Cell suspension culture is an alternative means to obtain secondary metabolites rapidly and continously. Quinine, one of alkaloid compounds, is expected to increase with the addition of abscisic acid (ABA) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) as growth inhibitors, tryptophan as a precursor and mannitol as an osmotic stress inducer. ABA was used at 1 and 3 ppm, PBZ at 5 and 7 ppm combined with 5.3 g/l mannitol, tryptophan at 0.2 and 2 ppm combined with 5.3 g/l mannitol. ABA at 1 and 3 ppm increased the cell suspension growth but reduced the content of quinine. PBZ at 7 ppm combined with 5.3 g/l mannitol and 20 g/l sucrose significantly reduced the cell suspension growth but remarkably increased quinine content, even higher than that was found in the bark of Cinchona tree in the field. Combination of mannitol and paclobutrazol was effective to inhibit the cell growth but enhance the production of quinine.
Keyword: 

Judul: Produksi Kinin dan Kinidin dalam Kultur Sel Kina (Cinchona ledgeriana Moens) dengan Elisitor Filtrat Cendawan Endofit dan Metil Jasmonat.
Abstrak: Tanaman kina mengandung senyawa berupa alkaloid kinolin yang khasiatnya telah lama dipercaya sebagai antimalaria. Seiring berjalannya waktu, tanaman kina kini telah dikenal juga sebagai bahan pemberi rasa pahit bagi minuman ringan, sebagai antiinflamasi, antiaritmia, antidiabetes, antiobesitas, antioksidan, sitotoksisitas terhadap sel kanker payudara, bahan kosmetik, dan sebagai pestisida alami. Kulit batang kina menghasilkan 12-13% alkaloid, 70-90% nya berupa kinin, 1% kinidin dan sisanya alkaloid lain. Sebagai alkaloid terbesar dalam tanaman kina, kinin bermanfaat terutama sebagai senyawa antimalaria, antipiretikum, bahan pemberi rasa pahit bagi minuman ringan dan bahan kosmetika, sedangkan kinidin dikenal sebagai obat antiaritmia, epilepsi, demensia dan anti depresi. Secara konvensional, kinin dan kinidin dipanen langsung dari kulit batang tanaman kina yang berumur 7-12 tahun. Tanaman kina yang telah kehilangan kulitnya membutuhkan waktu paling sedikit dua tahun untuk memulihkan kembali jaringan yang hilang. Masa panen dan masa pemulihan yang lama serta jumlah tanaman kina yang berkurang tiap tahunnya mengakibatkan Indonesia harus mengimpor kulit batang kina, sebesar 80% dari kapasitas olah pabrik kina yang ada. Hal tersebut mendorong dilakukannya kultur suspensi sel kina secara in vitro sebagai alternatif dalam upaya memproduksi alkaloid kinolin. Namun, hasil alkaloid kinin dan kinidin pada penelitian sebelumnya masih sangat rendah bila dibandingkan dengan yang diekstrak langsung dari kulit batang kina. Oleh karenanya penelitian lanjutan untuk menemukan elisitor terbaik masih terus dilakukan hingga saat ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat produksi kinin dan kinidin yang dihasilkan oleh suspensi sel Cinchona ledgeriana dengan menambahkan elisitor filtrat cendawan dan metil jasmonat dan untuk mengetahui kemampuan antibakteri dari alkaloid kinolin dari ekstrak kasar suspensi sel kina. Kultur suspensi sel dilakukan dengan membiakkan kalus remah dalam suatu wadah berisi media WP (Wood Plant) cair dan diberi elisitor berupa metil jasmonat (MeJA) dan kombinasinya dengan prazat L-triptopan (Trp) atau filtrat dari dua galur cendawan endofit (Diaporthe sp M13 dan Diaporthe sp M23) asal tanaman kina. Pertumbuhan suspensi sel diukur dengan metode non- destruktif yaitu Cell Volume after Sedimentation (CVS). Pengujian viabilitas sel dilakukan dalam dua cara, yaitu dengan pewarnaan 2,3,5-trifenil tetrazolium klorida (TTC) pada minggu ke-empat dan ke-tujuh serta dengan fluoresen diasetat (FDA) pada minggu ke-tujuh. Ukuran sel diamati pada mikroskop tanpa menggunakana cahaya fluorescence dan panjang serta lebarnya diukur menggunakan software Image Raster. Suspensi sel berumur tujuh minggu dipanen untuk diekstraksi di dalam Soxhlet, dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis HPLC untuk kandungan alkaloid kinin dan kinidinnya. Hasil ekstraksi alkaloid juga digunakan untuk uji aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode sumuran menggunakan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli sebagai bahan ujinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa K (kontrol) mengalami pertumbuhan suspensi sel tertinggi di minggu ke-empat dan ke-tujuh yaitu sebesar 3.64 mL dan 4.48 mL, kemudian diikuti oleh suspensi sel pada perlakuan S1M (filtrat Diaporthe sp. M23, disaring millipore). Hasil pengujian dengan TTC menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas tertinggi pada minggu ke-empat dan ke-tujuh ada pada K dengan nilai berturut-turut 75.33% dan 26.67%. Berdasarkan hasil statistik, viabilitas sel K di minggu ke-empat berbeda secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan semua perlakuan lain, sementara viabilitas K pada minggu ke-tujuh tidak berbeda nyata dengan beberapa perlakuan yaitu S1M, M1U (MeJA 1 mg/L), M5U (MeJA 5 mg/L) dan M1T (MeJA 1 mg/L + Trp 2
Keyword: antibakteri, alkaloid kinolin, kultur in vitro

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite