Judul: Application of Assisted Reproductive Technology for Wildlife Conservation
Abstrak: In recent years, the population of wildlife species has been decreasing at an alarming rate due to human activities. This study aims to compile, synthesize, and review more in depth the assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that support the propagation program in wildlife conservation. The data was obtained from several articles, journals, books and credible websites via a web-based search of the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The data were further selected based on the abstract content and evaluated based on relevance for this review. Based on the results, knowledge of the reproductive physiology, anatomy, and behavior of speciesspecific protocols for ART can decrease the risk of extinction in wildlife, support the conservation of endangered wildlife, and to help professionals into better wildlife reproductive management. Few methods of ART in wildlife namely the artificial insemination, embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and biobank. ART helps to avoid inbreeding or outbreeding depression, decrease risks of transmission of inherited diseases, boost number of offspring, and enhance genetic exchange to increase the heterozygosity of wildlife population.
Keyword: assisted reproductive technology, conservation, extinction, wildlife

Judul: Literature Study of the Application of Artificial Insemination and Semen Preservation on Snakes
Abstrak: Inseminasi buatan merupakan bioteknologi reproduksi yang telah dilakukan secara luas selama beberapa dekade terakhir untuk meningkatkan manajemen pemuliaan dan mempertahankan populasi spesies langka. Penyimpanan semen juga merupakan hal yang penting dalam membantu program konservasi, yaitu untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik spesies yang terancam bahkan hampir punah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui seberapa jauh penerapan inseminasi buatan dan penyimpanan semen pada ular telah dilakukan berdasarkan studi pustaka. Artikel yang memuat data mengenai penerapan teknologi reproduksi pada ular dikumpulkan lalu dianalisis secara deskriptif. Terdapat empat artikel mengenai inseminasi buatan dan satu artikel mengenai penyimpanan sperma pada ular. Teknik koleksi semen yang dilakukan adalah dengan masase/memijat bagian ventral tubuh ular tepatnya pada daerah kloaka maupun menggunakan elektroejakulator. Deposisi semen pada saat IB dilakukan baik di oviduk ataupun uterus dengan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata. Kualitas semen mempengaruhi keberhasilan inseminasi buatan, kualitas sperma yang baik yaitu memiliki konsentrasi tinggi (>500 x 106 sel sperma/ml) dan motilitas tinggi (>75%). Penyimpanan semen ular dalam pengencer Refrigeration Test Yolk Buffer pada suhu 4˚C selama 120 jam menurunkan motilitas sperma., Artificial insemination is reproductive biotechnology that has been widely used over the last few decades to improve breeding management and maintain populations of endangered species. Semen preservation also important in assisting conservation programs namely to increase the genetic diversity of threatened and endangered species. This study aims to determine how far the application of artificial insemination and semen preservation in snakes has been based on literature studies. Articles containing data on the application of reproductive technology to snakes were collected and analyzed descriptively. There are four articles on artificial insemination and one article on sperm storage in snakes. The semen collection technique used was massage of the ventral part of the body, precisely in the cloaca area or using electroejaculation. Semen deposition at the IB was carried out either in the oviduct or uterus, with results that were not significantly different. Semen quality affects the success of artificial insemination, and good quality sperma have high concentration (>500 x 106 sel sperma/ml) and high motility (>75%). Storage of snake semen in Refrigeration Test Yolk Buffer diluent at 4˚C for 120 hours decreased the motility of sperma.
Keyword: assisted reproduction technology, conservation biology, snakes

Judul: Karakteristik Carboxymethyl Chitosan Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi NaOH
Abstrak: Carboxymethyl chitosan is chitosan derivative product obtained from chemical modification. CMCh were made by alkalization process and carboxymethylation process. Factors that affect CMCh characteristics were excess sodium hydroxide in alkalization process, ratio between chitosan and monochloroacetic acid, and carboxymethylation temperature. The objectives of this research were to study the NaOH effect to CMCh characteristics, to learn process of making CMCh, to set the proper concentration of NaOH, and to analyze CMCh characteristics. CMCh yields were 110.72%-114.22%. CMCh pH value were 3.74-4.31. The optimum NaOH concentration to obtain the best CHCh was 10 M. Percentage of CMCh moisture content was 10.70%-11.42%. Ash content and nitrogen content of CMCh were 0.49%-0.50% and 4.52%-4.81%. CMCh viscousity was 8.25 cps. Percentage of CMCh solubility was 61.61%-91.50%. The different functional groups from chitosan which observed in CMCh were C=O group, CH group from alkene functional group, C−O group, and C−O−C group.
Keyword: solubility., functional group, CMCh characteristics, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan