Judul: Development of organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis regeneration of pineapple (Ananas comosus (l.) Merr.) And early detection to reduce somaclonal variation.
Abstrak: Pineapple is a unique plant belongs to facultative CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis. It is highly potential to be planted on suboptimal land. Conventionally, it can be propagated from many propagules but their reproductive time is not uniform and this availability is commonly limited in cultivar Smooth Cayenne. Today micropropagation is being used commercially in the pineapple industry abroad but in Indonesia, the industries survive with conventional vegetative propagation because of somaclonal variation. The main goal of the study was to obtain the effective regeneration method of pineapple with high level of seedling production and low level of somaclonal variation, included the artificial seed formation method, the early detection method of somaclonal variation for eliminating undesirable traits during micropropagation, and the method to reduce the level of somaclonal variation during micropropagation. This study was devided into six chapters, included the study of morhogenetic system (with solid and liquid media); direct organogenesis induced by auxin and cytokinin (IAA, IBA, NAA, and BA); indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis induced by 2,4-D, picloram, adenine sulfate, and N-organic compounds; encapsulation and minimal growth induced by paclobutrazol, mannitol, and reduced temperature; morphological and molecular characterization by using RAPD markers; and early detection to reduce of somaclonal variation. Generally, this study has some novelities in the in vitro characterization, the information of the non dead-end mechanism of rooted pineapple explants, the information of the complete events of somatic embryogenesis, the conservation method by minimal growth, and the large number of variants. The result showed that the direct and indirect organogenesis generated high shoot multiplication level. The use of mannitol (4%) was better than paclobutrazol for storing the encapsulated explants for 4 months. The morphological characterization could easily differentiate the normal and the abnormal variants (off-types). The direct organogenesis showed the lower level of variation (1.6%) compare to the indirect organogenesis (2%) and somatic embryogenesis (31.1%). The RAPD analysis strengthened the occurence of somaclonal variation. The use of the new in vitro cultures could reduce somaclonal variation. In conclusion, the direct organogenesis was the effective regeneration method for mass propagation. The morphological characterization of in vitro cultures can be applied as guidance for early detection and elimination of undesirable variants in mass propagation. The in vitro conservation method by mannitol can be applied to store pineapple cultures for medium-term period. The use of the new in vitro population could reduce the level of somaclonal variation.
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Judul: Pengembangan Teknologi Perbanyakan Bibit nenas smooth cayenne secara in vivo melalui aplikasi auksin dan sitokinin
Abstrak: Pineapple plantation needs 40.000-60.000 seedlings per hectare, so it is important to have simple, efficient and effective propagation technology. The objectives of this research are to study the effect of IBA and BA to improve the success of seed production by in vivo. The study was conducted in three experiments. The first and the second experiment were to study the effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 0, 25, 50 ppm and Benzyl Adenine (BA) at 0,25,50 and 75 ppm on the successful of basal leaf cuttings from stem and crown of pineapple GP-1 (Ananas comosus L. Merr). The third experiment was to determine the effect of sytokinin on the different size of buds generated from crown leaf cuttings. The result showed that leaf cutting from stem potential used as an alternative materials for seed propagation of pineapple. Increased of auxin concentration up to 50 ppm on leaf cuttings of stem inhibit shoot height. Contrarily, cytokinin treatment up to 50 ppm increased the height of shoots. Application of auxin up to 50 ppm on leaf cuttings of crown increase the percentage of rooted cuttings and percentage of budding per shoots (2-3 shoot per cutting), but application of cytokines up to75 ppm suppress seedling height, width leave and reduce the emergence rate of shoots at 50 ppm. Application of cytokinin (BA) 25 ppm and 50 ppm increased the percentage of sprouted cuttings and number of nodules on small buds and medium buds. Percentage sprouted cutting on small buds higher than medium and bigger buds. Using economic analysis, it is showed that IBA 50 ppm application on crown leaf cuttings is the most optimum materials used for seed propagation by in vivo.The success of seed multiplication in vivo through cuttings leave from the crown better than cuttings from leave stem.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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