Judul: Distribution of Encoding Genes Ampicillin Resistance in Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chicken Carcasses
Abstrak: Penggunaan ampisilin dengan tujuan bukan untuk pengobatan (non-terapeutik) dapat menimbulkan antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Resistensi terhadap ampisilin dapat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan gen-gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan data gen-gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin beserta gen dominannya pada Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam. Terdapat tujuh belas isolat Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan kerja, yaitu ekstraksi dan analisis kemurnian DNA Salmonella spp., deteksi gen-gen penyandi resitensi ampisilin, dan analisis korelasi antara fenotipe dan genotipe serta frekuensi gen tertinggi. Deteksi gen-gen penyandi sifat resistensi ampisilin dilakukan menggunakan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin menunjukkan 17 (100%) isolat memiliki gen blaTEM dan blaTEM-1, 16 (94,1%) memiliki gen blaCTX-M-2, 11 (64,7%) memiliki gen blaCTX-M-15, dan tidak ada isolat yang memiliki gen blaCMY-2. Korelasi antara sifat resisten (fenotipe) dengan keberadaan gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin (genotipe) menunjukkan bahwa gen blaCTX-M-15 memiliki persentase korelasi tertinggi dan merupakan gen dominan penyandi resistensi ampisilin pada Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam., The use of ampicillin for non-therapeutic purposes can lead to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Resistance to ampicillin can be influenced by the presence ampicillin resistance coding genes. This study aims to obtain data on ampicillin resistance coding genes and their dominant genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken carcasses. There were seventeen isolates of Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken carcasses used in this study. This study consisted of three stages of work, namely extraction and purification analysis of Salmonella spp. DNA, detection of ampicillin resistance coding genes, and correlation analysis between phenotype and genotype and the highest gene frequency. Detection of the genes coding for ampicillin resistance was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of the detection ampicillin resistance gene coding showed that 17 (100%) isolates had the blaTEM and blaTEM-1 genes, 16 (94.1%) had the blaCTX-M-2 gene, 11 (64.7%) had the blaCTX-M-15 gene, and none of the isolates had the blaCMY-2 gene. The correlation between resistance (phenotype) and ampicillin resistance coding genes (genotype) showed that the blaCTX-M-15 gene had the highest correlation percentage and was the dominant gene encoding ampicillin resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken carcasses.
Keyword: ampicillin, AMR, chicken carcasses, PCR, Salmonella spp.

Judul: Identification of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotypic Analysis of Salmonella spp. Originated From Chicken Carcass
Abstrak: Daging unggas merupakan daging terbanyak yang dikonsumsi di dunia. Angka infeksi Salmonella yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik. Penggunaan antibiotik secara berlebihan dapat menyebabkan bakteri mengembangkan sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data resistensi antibiotik dan data gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik pada Salmonella asal karkas ayam. Tujuh belas isolat digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 4 tahapan, yaitu uji sensitivitas, ekstraksi DNA, analisis kemurnian hasil ekstraksi DNA, dan deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik. Uji sensitivitas Salmonella terhadap antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer. Deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) konvensional. Uji sensitivitas antibiotik menunjukan 15 (88,2%) isolat resisten terhadap asam nalidiksat, 12 (70,6%) resisten terhadap eritromisin, 11 (64,7%) resisten terhadap ampisilin dan gentamisin, 3 (17,6%) resisten terhadap oksitetrasiklin, 2 (11,8%) resisten terhadap tetrasiklin dan siprofloksasin, dan seluruh isolat sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol. Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi menunjukan 17 (100%) isolat memiliki gen tetA(G) dan gyrA, 16 (94,1%) memiliki gen blaTEM, 15 (88,2%) memiliki gen aadB, dan tidak ada isolat yang memiliki gen ermB. Hasil penilitian menunjukan bahwa sifat fenotip dan genotip resistensi antibiotik tidak selalu berhubungan.
Keyword: Antibiotik, Karkas ayam, Kirby-Bauer, PCR, Salmonella

Judul: Kekonsistenan Hamiltonian pada Gerak Gelombang Interfacial
Abstrak: The interfacial wave is an internal wave that occurs at boundary of two layers fluid. It appears because there is difference of mass density between the two layers. The objective of this thesis is to formulate the motion of internal wave with flat base and flat as well as free upper bound surface. The motion equation obtained is a Hamiltonian system. The Hamiltonian in this system is expressed by variable of wave deviation and horizontal component of potential velocity. Under assumption that interfacial wave moves only in one direction, it can be shown that the Hamiltonian depends on the solution of the wave motion equation. The coefficients of the equation depend on the physical characteristics of the two layers of fluid, i.e. thickness and mass density. The numerical results show that Hamiltonian in the system is constant. It is consistent with Hamiltonian characteristic, which does not depend on time.
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