Judul: Collagen Extraction of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Skin Using Pepsin and Papain Enzymes
Abstrak: Kolagen merupakan senyawa protein rantai panjang yang tersusun atas asam amino alanin, arginin, lisin, glisin, prolin, serta hiroksiprolin. Kolagen merupakan protein jaringan ikat yang dapat dihasilkan dari limbah kulit ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan nilai aktivitas spesifik enzim pepsin yang diekstraksi dari lambung ikan tuna serta menentukan karakteristik kolagen yang diekstraksi dengan metode enzimatis. Metode penelitian terbagi menjadi 2 tahap yaitu tahap ekstraksi enzim pepsin dari lambung ikan tuna sirip kuning dan tahap ekstraksi kolagen kulit tuna dengan metode enzimatis. Enzim pepsin yang diekstraksi dari lambung tuna sirip kuning memiliki nilai aktivitas spesifik 8680 U/mg. Waktu perendaman dengan NaOH terbaik adalah 12 jam. Waktu Hidrolisis kulit dengan asam asetat terbaik adalah 72 jam. Kolagen larut papain memiliki bobot molekul 310 kDa, gugus fungsi amida A, B, I, II, dan III,dengan rendemen 2,13%. Kolagen larut pepsin sebagian memiliki bobot 328 kDa, gugus fungsi amida A, I, II, dan III, dengan rendemen 0,8%. Hidrolisat kolagen larut pepsin memiliki bobot molekul 69 kDa, gugus fungsi amida A, I, dan III, dengan rendemen 32%., Collagen is a long-chain protein compound composed of the amino acids alanine, arginine, lysine, glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Collagen is a connective tissue protein that can produce from fish skin waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific activity value of the pepsin enzyme extracted from the stomach of tuna and to determine the characteristics of the collagen extracted by the enzymatic method. The research method was divided into 2 stages, namely the extraction stage of the pepsin enzyme from the stomach of yellowfin tuna and the extraction stage of tuna skin collagen using the enzymatic method. The pepsin enzyme extracted from the stomach of yellowfin tuna has a specific activity value of 8680 U / mg. The best soaking time with NaOH is 12 hours. Hydrolysis time of skin with acetic acid is best 72 hours. Papain soluble collagen has a molecular weight of 310 kDa, amide functional groups A, B, I, II, and III, with a yield of 2,13%. Pepsin soluble collagen partly weighed 328 kDa, amide functional groups A, I, II, and III, with a yield of 0,8%. Pepsin soluble collagen hydrolyzate has a molecular weight of 69 kDa, amide functional groups A, I, and III, with a yield of 32%.
Keyword: papain, pepsin, extraction, collagen

Judul: Aplikasi enzim pepsin dari lambung ikan tuna sirip kuning dalam pembuatan hidrolisat kolagen kulit tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albacares)
Abstrak: Hidrolisat kolagen merupakan produk peptida dengan bobot molekul rendah yang dihasilkan dari proses hidrolisis dengan penambahan enzim pada suhu spesifik. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi enzim pepsin dalam proses hidrolisis kolagen dari kulit ikan tuna, serta menentukan karakteristik produk hidrolisat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tiga tahapan yaitu produksi pepsin, ekstraksi kolagen dan hidrolisis kolagen. Ekstraksi kolagen dilakukan menggunakan asam, sedangkan hidrolisis kolagen dilakukan menggunakan enzim pepsin dengan aktivitas 7.000, 14.000 dan 21.000 U. Ekstrak pepsin yang diperoleh memiliki aktivitas sebesar 27.438,50 U/mg. Kolagen yang dihasilkan memiliki bobot molekul 260-150 kDa. Hidrolisat kolagen dengan perlakuan aktivitas pepsin 14.000 dan 21.000 U menghasilkan potongan pita protein dengan bobot molekul 41-3 kDa. Uji aktivitas antioksidan menghasilkan nilai IC50 hidrolisat kolagen dengan perlakuan 7.000 U sebesar 485,9±27,08 ppm, perlakuan 14.000 U sebesar 233,42±2,39 ppm yang paling baik diperoleh hidrolisat kolagen dengan perlakuan 21.000 U sebesar 167,7±0,47 ppm. Hidrolisat kolagen memiliki aktivitas inhibitor ACE pada konsentrasi 0,5 mg/ml protein memperoleh nilai inhibisi paling tinggi pada perlakuan 21.000 U yaitu sebesar 68,63%., Hydrolyzed collagen is a group of peptides with low molecular weight that can be obtained by enzymatic action at a specific incubation temperature. This study aimed to determine the concentration of the pepsin enzyme in the hydrolysis process of collagen from tuna skin and to determine the characteristics of the hydrolyze product. This research was conducted in three stages namely pepsin production, collagen extraction, and collagen hydrolysis. Collagen extraction was carried out using acid, while collagen hydrolysis was carried out using the enzyme pepsin with an activity of 7.000, 14.000 and 21.000 U. Pepsin extract obtained had an activity of 27.438,50 U/mg. The resulting collagen had a molecular weight of 260-150 kDa. Collagen hydrolyze with pepsin activity 14.000 and 21.000 U resulted band in low molecular weight sections in the range of 41-3 kDa. The test of antioxidant activity resulting IC50 value of collagen hydrolyze with 7.000 U treatment was 485,9 ± 27,08 ppm, the 14.000 U treatment was 233,42 ± 2,39 ppm, the best obtained was collagen hydrolyze with 21.000 U treatment of 167,7 ± 0,47 ppm. Collagen hydrolyze has an ACE inhibitory activity at a concentration of 0,5 mg/ml protein, obtaining the highest inhibition value at 21.000 U, which is 68,63%.
Keyword: Antioxidant, Extraction, Hydrolysis, Peptide

Judul: Tinjauan Matematis pada Model Makroskopik dan Mikroskopik Arus Lalu-lintas
Abstrak: Traffic flow phenomenon can be described through mathematical model such as continuous dynamic model with an ordinary differential equation so that it can be solved with integral factors. In this paper three simple models of traffic flow are discussed, i.e, two macroscopic and one microscopic models. Macroscopic model formulates dynamics of the traffic flow that occurs on a large number of vehicles on a road. While the microscopic model explains drivers’ behavior in their interaction with other vehicles ahead, i.e, car-following model. This paper shows the existence of ordinary differential equation found in the traffic flow model and indicates some different representations in the context of the same model. It also reviews a simple model of traffic flow along a single link, which leads to some unexpected results, i.e, it can express the solution model in term of link outflows as well as trip time. In the microscopic model, simulation is done to illustrate the behavior of the drivers with a sensitivity coefficient as a benchmark parameter.
Keyword: