Judul: Isolation and Identification of Oligosaccharides from Forest Honey of Mount Tambora Sumbawa.
Abstrak: Isolat oligosakarida madu hutan Gunung Tambora Sumbawa telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas prebiotik. Aktivitas prebiotik tersebut diyakini berasal dari oligosakarida dengan DP 3-4. Namun, kandungan oligosakarida madu hutan Gunung Tambora Sumbawa belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi oligosakarida madu dengan DP 3-4 serta mendapatkan optimasi metode dalam prosesnya. Preparasi sampel dilakukan dengan adsorpsi arang aktif dan pengadukan dalam etanol 10% untuk menghilangkan monosakarida serta etanol 50% untuk pemulihan oligosakarida. Deteksi dan isolasi oligosakarida dilakukan dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) menggunakan campuran eluen butanol: asam asetat: air (3:1:1 v/v) dengan glukosa (DP 1) serta maltosa (DP 2) sebagai standar. Identifikasi dilakukan menggunakan Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) dengan glukosa, maltotriosa (DP 3), dan maltotetraosa (DP 4) sebagai standar. Preparasi oligoskarida menghasilkan 2.09% rendemen. Isolasi oligosakarida menghasilkan 3 spot dengan Rf berturut-turut: 0.38 (DP 1), 0.31 (DP 2), dan 0.22 (DP>2). Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa madu murni mengandung karbohidrat DP 1, DP 3, dan DP 4 berturut-turut 2182.96, 246.94, dan 118.71 (μg/mL) sedangkan isolat oligosakarida mengandung karbohidrat DP 1, DP 3, dan DP 4 berturut-turut 278.34, 95.03, dan 118.71 (μg/mL).
Keyword: 

Judul: Isolasi Oligosakarida Madu Lokal dan Analisis Aktivitas Prebiotiknya
Abstrak: Oligosaccharides are the most prebiotic studied, and are natural component of honey. Sumbawa and Kalimantan forest are local honey producers in Indonesia but its oligosaccharide content and prebiotic had never been investigated yet. Oligosaccharide isolated with activated charcoal adsorption and ethanol treatment. Effectiveness of this method is evaluated by Thin Layer Chromatography and colorimetry. The isolates then subject to prebiotic examination. Honey from Sumbawa forest has higher oligosaccharides content than honey from Kalimantan. Qualitative and quantitative assays showed oligosaccharide isolation method were effective to concentrate the oligosaccharide with high degree of polymerization but ineffective for mono- and disaccharides removal. Percentages of hydrolysis of oligosaccharide from Sumbawa and Kalimantan by mimic gastric juice were 1.78% and 0.59 %. Whereas, the hydrolysis was higher with amylase, 11.87% for Sumbawa and 21.03% for Kalimantan honey oligosaccharides. Prebiotic activity was 0.32, and 0.09 for honey oligosaccharide from Sumbawa and Kalimantan respectively. Honey oligosaccharide from Sumbawa presented higher prebiotic activity than inulin as prebiotic reference (0.11). GC-MS chromatogram showed L. acidophilus cultured in media added with Sumbawa honey oligosaccharide produced lactic acid as the highest metabolite (48.01%).
Keyword: 

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: