Judul: Simulasi Pendugaan Suhu Selama Proses Perlakuan Uap Panas sebagai Teknologi Karantina pada Jambu Kristal (Psidium guajava L)
Abstrak: Perlakuan panas untuk disinfestasi hama atau penyakit pasca panen dibedakan menjadi tiga metode, yaitu Hot Water Treatment, Vapor Heat Treatment, Hot Air Treatment. Kekhawatiran akan adanya residu kimia pada penggunaan fumigasi yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan konsumen menyebabkan metode perlakuan panas atau disebut juga proses termal saat ini menjadi alternatif utama dalam perlakuan karantina buah-buahan/sayuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menduga suhu selama proses perlakuan uap panas pada buah jambu kristal pada berbagai ukuran dimensi yaitu ukuran besar (Ø 0.0853 m), ukuran sedang (Ø 0.0743 m), dan ukuran kecil (Ø 0.0670 m). Buah jambu kristal diberi perlakuan uap panas dengan suhu medium 47.91 oC, proses perlakuan dihentikan setelah suhu pusat buah mencapai 46 oC. Hasil pengukuran untuk buah jambu ukuran besar membutuhkan waktu selama 56 menit sedangkan hasil simulasi membutuhkan waktu 53 menit. Buah jambu ukuran sedang membutuhkan waktu selama 36 menit baik menurut simulasi maupun pengukuran. Sedangkan untuk buah jambu ukuran kecil, waktu pengukuran yaitu selama 32 menit sedangkan menurut hasil simulasi yaitu selama 28.5 menit.
Keyword: Jambu Kristal, Perlakuan Panas, Teknologi Karantina, Finite Difference

Judul: Model Finite Difference Untuk Menduga Suhu Dan Lama Proses Perlakuan Air Panas Sebagai Teknologi Karantina Pada Melon Madu
Abstrak: Teknologi disinfestasi hama dan penyakit pascapanen untuk memenuhi regulasi karantina dapat berupa penyimpanan suhu rendah, iradiasi sinar gamma, fumigasi dan perlakuan panas. Kekhawatiran konsumen akan residu kimia yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan menyebabkan metode perlakuan panas saat ini menjadi alternatif dalam teknologi karantina. Penelitian ini bertujuan menduga penyebaran suhu dan waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai suhu target pada buah melon selama proses perlakuan air panas. Melon besar (diameter 17.7±0.4 cm) dan melon kecil (diameter 15.7±0.4 cm) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Buah dicelupkan ke dalam medium air dengan suhu 47.5oC, hingga suhu daging buah mencapai 45.1±0.5oC. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan buah melon besar membutuhkan waktu selama 192±8 menit dan pendugaan 283±4 menit sedangkan buah melon ukuran kecil membutuhkan waktu pengukuran selama 128±6 menit dan pendugaan 230±9 menit. Hasil korelasi menunjukkan bahwa 98% suhu pengukuran dapat dijelaskan oleh hasil pendugaan.
Keyword: Buah Melon, Perlakuan Panas, Teknologi Karantina, Finite Difference

Judul: Independensi Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) di tengah Kepentingan Donor
Abstrak: The top-down development approach has been failed in bringing prosperity to Indonesia. The model of development approach by the NGO become an alternative model of development before. But this approach is also not free from problems, the indicator is from rapid development of NGOs cannot reduce the poverty in Indonesia. Each development agencies including NGOs cannot be separated from the various interests. Form of interest relationship happens between NGOs and Donors.This study would like to answer the question that is donors infleunce of the independence of NGOs. In order to answer the research question, the writer is using qualitative method. The financial arrangement network, action, interest, motives and NGOs ideology are the main focus of this study. Two NGOs are observed, namely Lembaga Kajian untuk Transformasi Sosial (LKTS) and Lembaga Pertanian Sehat (LPS). The first NGO is more dependent to international donor where as the second is more dependent to local donor. The first NGO is working at region wide, while the second on local level. This study resulted that LKTS and LPS were dependent in the financial aspect. LKTS was also dependent in action aspects but LPS was independent in this aspect. The NGOs differences were in independences financial aspects and the action. They appeared on the characteristics of the donor, where LKTS collect funds from foreign donors with a greater interest agenda while LPS collect funds from the community in a participatory management of the trust to LPS. In addition, Factors that affected the independence of NGOs to the characteristics of donors were the change that also influenced by internal factors, namely: 1. Militancy of NGOs’ ideology, 2. Fund, 3. NGOs Achievements be the strength variabel in negotiations. Shifting in NGOs Ideology orientation was not directly caused by the donor, but because of the greater increased in financial needs. This occured because of the NGOs’ increasing demand activities (Operational Costs, developing events, staff, and other budget support). Needs should be fulfilled by NGOs to be able to maintain its existence. In the development perspective, NGOs did not necessarily become a social movement organization which realised the dream of success bottom up approach. NGOs that had established its first platform as an independent institution from outside interests and the interests of a civil (civil sphere) appeared to have the problem in dependency on the donor in the field of financial and actions. In addition, NGO had also experienced in shifting ideology orientation.
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