Judul: Studi Kelayakan Pendirian Industri Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat Berbasis Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Studi Kasus : Untuk Aplikasi Enhanced Oil Recovery)
Abstrak: One of the solutions to increase the crude oil production is to implement the technology of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) by using Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) surfactant. The purpose of this research is to study the feasibility for establishing a palm oil MES surfactant industry. The market share for the MES surfactant produced is an oil field that needs 18 tons surfactant/day. The capacity of the MES surfactant industry understudy is 20 tons MES/day locating at PT. Mahkota Indonesia, Jakarta. The investment required is about 29 billions rupiah that consist of fixed capital investment of 18 billions rupiah and working capital of 11 billions rupiah. The result of feasibility indicates that this MES surfactant industry is feasible to be built if there is establishment a chemichal flooding formulation company. The investment criteria show that Net Present Value is Rp. Rp 19.420.228.000, Internal Rate Return is 22%, Benefit/Cost Ratio is 1,53, and Pay back period is 5 years over 4 months. The sensitivity analysis shows that Industry feasible to build if the maximum increase of transaction value of dollar to rupiah is equal 7,7%, the maximum of decrease of selling price MES is equal 4,5%, and the maximum of decrease of production capacity is equal 70 %. The break even point analysis shows that at the first year must be produced at least 2.118 ton. The exchange rate risk shows that The appreciation of rupiah increase profit and asset eventhought the depereciation of rupiah decrease profit and asset.
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Judul: Kajian kinerja Surfaktan Mes (Metil Ester Sulfonat) dari Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L.) untuk enhanced waterflooding
Abstrak: Year by year, the production of petroleum decreases but its demand increases. The world will get the energy crisis if that condition happens continously. The main cause of low production of petroleum in Indonesia is the majority Indonesia’s oil wells being mature field/brown field and the discovery of new oil field in small scale. Indonesia focuses on maximize oil recovery in brown field because its oil production decreases naturally up 15% in total production. In recent years, the field of enhanced oil recovery has grown became more popular due to a combination of stagnant oil production and low recoveries by conventional methods. Many fields use unconventional method like enhanced oil recovery (EOR) which is tertiary oil recovery phase. One way of EOR is chemical flooding which uses surfactant for injection. Surfactant is injected to water and it is known as enhanced waterflooding. Generally, surfactant of petroleum sulfonates is used for oil recovery. This surfactant has many weaknesses such as resistance to water hardness, susceptible detergency to high salinity and being imported with expensive price. Due to these weaknesses, therefore it trigger to get surfactant substitute like MES (methyl ester sulfonates) that is synthesized by biooil. One of biooil is Jatropha oil. The study was aimed to know experimental of surfactant formula for enhanced waterflooding in fluida sample of oil field and synthetic core sandstone. The result showed that injection of surfactant 0,2 PV gave the influence differently to oil recovery. The best condition was surfactant 0,2 PV with the soaking time of 12 hours. This formula gave the highest of incremental total oil recovery 61,07%. The number were resulted from 47,73% waterflooding and 13,34% surfactant injection. Surfactant formula gave the good performance of compatibility, thermal stability, phase behavior and filtration test.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf