Judul: Analisis Daya Saing dan Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Permintaan Ekspor Teh Hitam Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Ekspor
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of black tea exporting countries in the world. The purposes of this research is to analyze the competitiveness and factors affecting demand for Indonesian exports of black tea in export destination countries. The analytical methods used in this study are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD) and gravity model analysis. The export destination countries of Indonesian black tea are Russian Federation, Pakistan, Malaysia, United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Poland, United Arab Emirates, Ukraine and Netherlands in the periods of 2007-2013. RCA analysis shows that black tea Indonesia has a high competitiveness in the export destination countries. EPD analysis reveals that Indonesian black tea export to Pakistan, Poland, Russian Federation and Ukraine is under the Rising Star, and United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom is under the Falling Star, while Germany, Malaysia, Netherlands and the United States is under the Lost Opportunity. The results of the analysis of gravity models show that real GDP export destination countries, GDP per capita of Indonesia, the real exchange rate of export destinations, the price of black tea exports and economic distance are variables significantly influencing demand for black tea export.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University, RCA., gravity model, EPD, competitiveness, black tea

Judul: Daya Saing dan Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Ekspor Teh Indonesia di Negara Tujuan Ekspor Utama
Abstrak: Indonesia termasuk salah satu negara produsen dan eksportir teh terbesar di dunia. Namun, volume ekspor dan pangsa pasar teh Indonesia cenderung menurun, sedangkan negara eksportir lain cenderung meningkat. Kondisi pasar teh internasional juga mengalami over supply sehingga menuntut negara-negara eksportir teh termasuk Indonesia untuk dapat meningkatkan atau mempertahankan pasar yang dimilikinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menganalisis daya saing komparatif dan kompetitif komoditas teh hijau dan teh hitam Indonesia di negara tujuan utama; (2) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi volume ekspor teh hijau dan teh hitam Indonesia di negara tujuan utama. Metode analisis menggunakan Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), dan gravity model. Hasil analisis RCA menunjukkan teh hijau dan teh hitam Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di lima negara tujuan utama. Hasil analisis EPD menunjukkan teh hijau Indonesia memiliki daya saing kompetitif di Polandia, Jerman, dan UAE, sedangkan teh hitam Indonesia tidak memiliki daya saing kompetitif di lima negara tujuan utama. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi volume ekspor teh hijau Indonesia adalah GDP riil per kapita dan jarak ekonomi, sementara untuk teh hitam adalah harga ekspor teh hitam, nilai tukar riil, dan jarak ekonomi.
Keyword: black tea, EPD, gravity model, green tea, RCA

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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