Judul: Aplikasi Gelatin Tipe A Dari Kulit Sapi Dalam Pembuatan Krim Tabir Surya (Sunscreen Cream)
Abstrak: The utilization of slaughterhouse by product is by producing gelatin from splitting hide. Gelatin has numerous features as gelling, thickening, water binding, emulsifying, foaming and stabilizing, so it can be applied to many industries, including cosmetic. The purpose of this research is to determine the gelatin's concentration in making sunscreen, to find the best active material in making sunscreen, and to get information about the characteristic of sunscreen, which use gelatin as emulsifier and thickener. In this research, we use gelatin type A. Generally; the production of sunscreen is by mixing the oil soluble component with water soluble component. Oil soluble component are cremophor A-6, cremophor A-25, isopropyl palmitate, cetyl alcohol, myritol and active material; while water soluble component are aquadest, gelatin, propylene glycol and allantoin. After both components are mixed, then preservative as anti microorganism can be added when the temperature of the product below 40°C. Analysis taken to the sunscreen cream are homogenity, color, sticky condition, cool condition on skin, easiness in spreading on the skin, pH, density, viscosity and Sun Protective Factor (SPF). From the research we conclude that gelatin's concentration and active material influence color, viscosity, cool condition on skin, sticky condition on skin and homogenity. Sun Protective Factor (SPF) and pH (acidity) are significantly influenced by active material factor, while cool condition on the skin isn't influenced by the above factors. At last, from this research it can be concluded that the best gelatin's concentration is 3% and the active material is titanium dioxide.
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Judul: Aplikasi gelatin tipe A dari kulit sapi pada produk hand and body cream
Abstrak: Hand and body crea/11 adalah suatu produk kosmetik yang berfungsi untuk merawat kulit ·supaya lelap halus clan lembut, mencegah kulit kering, bersisik clan pecah sebagai akibat penggunaan Sctbun. deterjen serta perubahan cuaca. Bahan pcnyusun Hand and body cream adalah emoHient, humel.1an. preservatif, bahan pengental, emulsifier, parfum, clan bahan pewarna. Gelatin sebagai salah satu bahan pengental, emulsifier clan stabilizer diduga dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan produk hand and body crealll. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah w1tuk mendapatkan konsentrasi terbaik gelatin tipe A yang digunakan pada produk hand and body cream clan mengetahui kesukaan konswnen (panelis) terhadap produk yang dihasilkan Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap factor tunggal dengan dua kali ulangan. Adapllll tarafkonsentrasi gelatin yang digW1akan adalal1 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5 %. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ragam di(lapatkan bal1wa konsentrasi gelatin berpengarul1 terhadap nilai pH tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai viskositas clan nilai bobot jenis. Semakin banyak konsentrasi gelatin yang ditambahkan maka nilai pH produk hand and body crea/11 akan semakin turllll. Nilai pH produk hand and body cream yang dihasilkan bervariasi yaitu berkisar 6,13 - 6,67 ; bobot jenis (20°/20°C) 0,94 - 0,96; viskositas 4576 - 4719 cp, nilai tersebut telah sesuai dengan persyaratan mutu produk crea/11 untuk industri yang ada, dimana nilai pH produk adalah 4,5 - 8 ; bobot jenis (20°C/20°C) 0,95 - 1,05 ; viskositas 2000 - 50000. Uji kesukaan yang dilakukan mcmiliki nilai rata-rata perscntasc panelis yang suka terha.dap homogenitas produk hand and boc/v cream adalah 45 - 68,33 % ; wama 28,33 - 88,33 % ; bau 46,66 - 53,33 % ; kesan lengket di tang,m 23,33 - 41,67 % ; rasa dingin di kulit 31,67 - 38,33 %. Hasil uji stabilitas produk selama satu bulan pada suhu 50°C menunjukkan produk yang ditambahkan gelatin sistem emulsinya lebih stabil dibandingkan dengan produk yang tidak ditambahkan gelatin, dengan nilai pl-I cenderung stabil sementara viskositas cendenmg turun. Berdasarkan liasil pembobotan dapal disimpulkan ballwa konsentrasi gelatin terbaik unluk produk hand and body cream adalah 0,5 % dengan nilai bobot 3,37 yang memiliki nilai pH 6,55 ; bobot jenis (20"/20°C) 0,950 ; viskositas 4564 cp ; total cemaran mikroba negatif, pcrscntasc jumlah panelis yang suka terhadap homogenitas adalah 68,33 % ; wama 88,33 % : bau 50 (Xi: kcsan lcngkct di tangan 36,66 % ; rnsa dingin di kulit 36,33 %.
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Judul: Bifurkasi Hopf pada Model Siklus Bisnis Kaldor Kalecki tanpa dan dengan Waktu Tunda
Abstrak: Business cycle model is one of dynamical system models in economic. One of the business cycles model is Kaldor-Kalecki model. Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model that is written in delayed defferential equations, is a business cycle model that involves gross product and capital stock of a company. In this paper Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model is analyzed using both nondelay and delay in time of capital stock. By Taylor expansion for the time delayed model, an analysis of stability around the fixed points has been done. Furthermore, by using Hopf bifurcation theorem, it can be shown that there exists periodic orbits and limit cycle. In the nondelayed model, changing the parameter of goods market could lead to the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and the existence of limit cycle. Similarly, for the delayed model, it has been shown that changing the time delay parameter may result in the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle.
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