Judul: Prevalensi diagnosis canine heart failure dengan biomarker  NT-proBNP dan ekokardiografi di Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia.
Abstrak: Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic mammal under the family Canidae and order Carnivora. Left congestive heart failure (L-CHF) is defined as systolic and/or diastolic failure of the left heart and activation of neurohormonal mechanisms resulting in cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Elevation of NT-proBNP levels can be a standard to predict the first onset of canine congestive heart failure in accordance with mitral valve disease. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of congestive heart failure in dogs by using NT-proBNP biomarkers in Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. This research was conducted from the month of October 2021 till January 2022 in Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. A total of 100 dogs from 30 breeds were included in this study during their regular visit. There are 47 males and 53 females, with the mean age of 8.24 ± 4.06. The mean NT-proBNP value in this study was 1179.79±805.46pmol/L. Out of 100 dogs, 43 dogs have normal values of NT-proBNP (<800 pmol/L), 41 dogs have suspected values (800-1800 pmol/L), while 16 dogs have abnormal values of NT-proBNP (>1800 pmol/L). NT-proBNP biomarkers can be combined with other diagnostic method such as radiography, echocardiography and electrocardiography to further evaluate heart’s condition. The available treatment drugs include pimobendan, diuretics, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (ACEI)., Anjing (Canis lupus familiaris) adalah mamalia domestik di bawah famili Canidae dan ordo Carnivora. Left Congestive heart failure (L-CHF) didefinisikan sebagai kegagalan sistolik dan/atau diastolik jantung kiri dan aktivasi mekanisme neurohormonal yang mengakibatkan edema paru kardiogenik. Peningkatan kadar NT-proBNP dapat menjadi standar untuk memprediksi onset pertama gagal jantung kongestif anjing sesuai dengan penyakit katup mitral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi prevalensi congestive heart failure pada anjing dengan menggunakan biomarker NT-proBNP di Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2021 sampai Januari 2022 di Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. Sebanyak 100 anjing dari 30 ras diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat 47 jantan dan 53 betina, dengan usia rata-rata 8,24 ± 4,06 dalam penelitian ini. Nilai rata-rata NT-proBNP dalam penelitian ini adalah 1179,79±805,46pmol/L. Dari 100 anjing, 43 anjing memiliki nilai NT-proBNP normal (<800 pmol/L), 41 anjing memiliki nilai suspek (800-1800 pmol/L), sedangkan 16 anjing memiliki nilai NT-proBNP abnormal (>1800 pmol/L). Biomarker NT-proBNP dapat dikombinasikan dengan metode diagnostik lain seperti radiografi, ekokardiografi, dan elektrokardiografi untuk mengevaluasi lebih lanjut kondisi jantung. Obat pengobatan yang tersedia termasuk pimobendan, diuretik, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (ACEI).
Keyword: dogs, congestive heart failure, NT-proBNP, myxomatous mitral valve  disease

Judul: Therapeutic Drugs Used Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration (MMVD) in Dogs at Gasing Veterinary Hospital in Selangor,
Abstrak: Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) is a chronic degenerative disease in which the cardiac valves, mainly the mitral valve, undergo leaflet thickening or prolapse due to aging process or genetic factor. There are five stages of MMVD in dogs, namely stage A, stage B1, stage B2, stage C, and finally stage D. Clinical symptoms of MMVD can be seen from stage C onwards, where congestive heart failure signs are obvious. The study aims to obtain and analyze secondary data of the therapeutic drugs used in the treatment of MMVD at Gasing Veterinary Hospital in the year 2021. The highest percentage of drugs used were ACE inhibitors and positive inotropes both at 33%. Diuretics were the second most administered drug at 26%. Other therapeutic drugs which were administered in smaller proportions include bronchodilators at 5%, antiplatelet at 2%, and calcium channel blocker at 1%. It was concluded that the types of drugs that were administered in MMVD cases comprised of ACE inhibitors, positive inotropes, diuretics, bronchodilators, antiplatelet, and calcium channel blocker., Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) adalah suatu penyakit degeneratif kronik pada katup jantung yang ditandai dengan penebalan atau prolaps katup karena proses penuaan atau faktor genetik, terutama terjadi pada katup mitral. Terdapat lima stadium MMVD pada anjing, yaitu stadium A, stadium B1, stadium B2, stadium C, dan terakhir stadium D. Gejala klinis MMVD dapat dilihat dari stadium C dan seterusnya, ditandai dengan adanya gagal jantung kongestif yang terlihat jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dan menganalisis data sekunder obat terapeutik yang digunakan dalam pengobatan MMVD di Rumah Sakit Hewan Gasing tahun 2021. Persentase obat tertinggi yang digunakan berupa ACE inhibitor dan inotrop positif dengan persentase keduanya sebesar 33%. Diuretik adalah obat kedua yang paling banyak diberikan dengan persentase sebesar 26%. Obat terapeutik lain yang diberikan dalam proporsi yang lebih kecil diantaranya bronkodilator 5%, antiplatelet 2%, dan antagonis kalsium 1%. Secara kesimpulan, jenis obat yang diberikan pada kasus MMVD terdiri dari ACE inhibitor, inotrop positif, diuretik, bronkodilator, antiplatelet, dan antagonis kalsium.
Keyword: drug, canine, MMVD, therapeutic, treatment

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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