Judul: Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan Ransum Sapi Perah Mengandung Kedelai Terproteksi Autoclave, NFC Jagung, dan Suplementasi Sulfur
Abstrak: Peningkatan produksi susu dapat dilakukan dengan cara memperbaiki ransum sapi perah. Ransum dengan kedelai terproteksi, NFC (Non Fiber Carbohydrate) jagung, dan suplemntasi sulfur dapat memaksimalkan ketersediaan protein bagi ternak ruminansia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi fermentabilitas dan kecernaan ransum sapi perah mengandung kedelai terproteksi autoclave, NFC jagung, dan suplementasi sulfur. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri dari lima perlakuan yang terdiri dari ransum tanpa jagung dan kedelai (R1), ransum dengan jagung tanpa kedelai (R2), ransum dengan jagung dan kedelai (R3), ransum dengan jagung dan kedelai terproteksi autoclave (R4), serta ransum dengan jagung, kedelai terproteksi autoclave bersuplementasi sulfur (R5) dan empat kelompok berdasarkan pengambilan cairan rumen. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dengan SPSS versi 25 dan jika berpengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut kontras ortogonal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ransum perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0.05) terhadap pH rumen, populasi protozoa, KCBK dan KCBO, namun berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05) terhadap peningkatan konsentrasi amonia pada ransum R3 dan menurunkan konsentrasi amonia pada ransum R4 dan R5, serta berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan konsentrasi VFA dan bakteri total pada ransum R4 dan R5. Penambahan jagung, kedelai, dan kedelai terproteksi autoclave tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai pH, jumlah populasi protozoa, KCBK, dan KCBO. Ransum dengan penambahan kedelai terproteksi autoclave, NFC jagung, dan suplementasi sulfur merupakan ransum terbaik yang dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi VFA total, populasi bakteri total, serta memiliki tingkat kecernaan ransum yang sama dengan ransum kedelai tak terproteksi., Increasing milk production can be done by improving the ration of dairy cows. Ration with protected soybeans by autoclave, NFC (Non Fiber Carbohydrate) by corn, and sulfur supplementation can maximize the availability of protein for ruminants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fermentability and digestibility of dairy rations containing protected soybeans by autoclave, NFC by corn, and sulfur supplementation. This study used a randomized block design consisting of five treatments consisting of rations without corn and soybeans (R1), rations with corn without soybeans (R2), rations with corn and soybeans (R3), rations with corn and protected soybeans by autoclave (R4), and rations with corn, protected soybeans by autoclave, and sulfur supplementation (R5) and four groups based on rumen fluid intake. The data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method with SPSS version 25 and if it had a significant effect, it was continued with an orthogonal contrast test. Based on the results of the ration analysis, the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on rumen pH, the population of protozoa, dry matter digestibility (DMD), and organic matter digestibility (OMD), but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on increasing the concentration of ammonia in the R3 ration and reducing the ammonia concentration in the R4 and R5 ration, and it was significantly increased the concentration of VFA and total bacteria in the R4 and R5 ration. The addition of corn, soybeans, and soybeans protected by autoclave did not significantly affect the pH value, the total population of protozoa, DMD, and OMD. Ration with the addition of protected soybeans by autoclave, NFC by corn, and sulfur supplementation was the best ration that could increase
Keyword: Autoclave, Corn, NFC, Soybean, Sulfur

Judul: In Vitro Evaluation of Dairy Cattle Feed with Autoclave Protected Soybean Addition, Cassava as NFC Source, and Sulfur
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi secara in vitro pengaruh proteksi kedelai menggunakan autoclave yang disertai dengan suplementasi gaplek sebagai sumber non fiber carbohydrate (NFC) dan sulfur terhadap fermentabilitas, kecernaan ransum, dan populasi mikroba rumen. Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan 5 perlakuan ransum dan 4 kelompok berupa frekuensi pengambilan cairan rumen. Perlakuan terdiri atas P1 (ransum kontrol tanpa gaplek dan kedelai), P2 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek), P3 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek dan kedelai), P4 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek dan kedelai terproteksi autoclave), dan P5 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek, kedelai terproteksi autoclave, dan Na2SO4). Peubah yang diamati adalah pH, produksi VFA total, konsentrasi amonia, populasi protozoa dan bakteri total, serta kecernaan (KcBk dan KcBO). Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut berupa uji kontras ortogonal dan Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan nyata menurunkan produksi VFA total (P<0,05), namun tidak memengaruhi peubah lainnya. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah proteksi autoclave terhadap kedelai yang disertai dengan suplementasi gaplek dan sulfur efektif dalam mencegah terjadinya degradasi oleh mikroba di dalam rumen, sehingga diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap kecukupan protein asal ransum yang diserap dalam alat pencernaan pasca rumen., This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effect of soybean protection using an autoclave accompanied by cassava supplementation as a source of non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and sulfur on the fermentability, digestibility of the ration, and rumen microbial population. Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used in this study with 5 ration treatments and 4 groups in the form of the frequency of rumen fluid collection. The treatments consisted of P1 (control diet without cassava and soybeans), P2 (P1 ration+cassava NFC source), P3 (P1 ration+cassava and soybean NFC source), P4 (P1 ration+autoclave protected cassava and soybean NFC source), and P5 (ration P1+source of NFC cassava, autoclave protected soybeans, and Na2SO4). The observed variables were rumen fluid pH value, total VFA concentration, ammonia concentration, protozoa population, and DMD and OMD. Data were analyzed using variance (ANOVA) and further tests in the form of Duncan's test and orthogonal contrast. The results showed that the treatment significantly reduced the total VFA production (P<0.05), but had not affected the other variables. The conclusion of this study is that autoclave protection against soybeans accompanied by cassava and sulfur supplementation is effective in preventing degradation by microbes in the rumen, so it is expected to contribute to the adequacy of protein from the ration absorbed in the post-rumen digestive tract.
Keyword: autoclave, in vitro, protein protection, rumen degradable protein, soybean

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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