Judul: The impact of investment and government expenditure on regional economic performance in the autonomy era
Abstrak: Tujuan utama kebijakan otonomi daerah dan kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal adalah percepatan kesejahteraan rakyat (RPJMN 2010-2014) . Untuk mewujudkan hal ini diperlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan, stabilitas dan pemerataan pembangunan ekonomi yang inklusif. Untuk itulah diperlukan kebijakan investasi dan pengeluaran pemerintah yang komprehensif dan dapat dilaksanakan di lapangan. Tujuan penelitian untuk: (1) menganalisis kinerja perekonomian berbasis spasial yang meliputi investasi, pengeluaran pemerintah, kapasitas fiskal, PDRB, penciptaan lapangan kerja, IPM, dan jumlah penduduk miskin, (2) meramalkan nilai dasar kinerja perekonomian yang meliputi investasi, pengeluaran pemerintah, kapasitas fiskal, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB), penyerapan tenaga kerja,Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM), dan jumlah penduduk miskin dari tahun 2011 sampai tahun 2013, dan (3) menganalisis dampak peningkatan investasi dan pengeluaran pemerintah dengan berbagai skenario terhadap kinerja perekonomian daerah dari tahun 2011 sampai tahun 2013. Model yang digunakan adalah model ekonometrika dengan sistem persamaan simultan. Data yang digunakan adalah data panel (cross section dan time series tingkat provinsi 2003-2008). Model ini diestimasi dengan menggunakan metode 2 SLS dan prosedur SYSLIN, simulasi dan peramalan dengan prosedur SIMNLIN. Model ini terdiri dari enam blok, setiap blok terdiri dari persamaan, yaitu persamaan struktural dan persamaan identitas. Jumlah persamaan adalah 35 terdiri dari 22 persamaan struktural dan 13 persamaan identitas. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa provinsi-provinsi di Indonesia berdasarkan basis spasial dan kinerja perekonomiannya dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga wilayah. Tiga wilayah tersebut adalah Sumatera, Jawa-Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua dan Nusa Tenggara (KSPN). Sementara jumlah pendapatan asli daerah per tahun per wilayah sangat bervariasi dari 457.41 milyar rupiah di wilayah KSPN sampai dengan 2.98 triliun rupiah di wilayah Jawa-Bali. Kapasitas fiskal yang merupakan penjumlahan dari Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) dengan dana perimbangan jumlah antar wilayahnya bervariasi. Kapasitas fiskal tertinggi dimiliki oleh provinsi-provinsi yang berada di wilayah Jawa Bali, yaitu sebesar 4.28 triliun per tahun. Sementara yang terendah adalah di wilayah KSPN hanya sebesar 1.5 triliun rupiah.
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Judul: Menyeimbangkan Pertumbuhan Regional, Pemerataan, dan Kewilayahan: Dilema Desentralisasi dalam Pembangunan Indonesia
Abstrak: The implementation of fiscal decentralization has been going on for more than two decades in Indonesia, but the issue of economic inequality between regions continues to be the main focus. Regions that are rich in resources or experiencing rapid growth tend to outperform other regions. The central government responded to this challenge by allocating funds through a fiscal decentralization scheme. This research explores the dynamics of 509 districts/cities from 2015 to 2022 to understand the condition of inequality in Indonesia. The main focus is on factors that influence per capita income, both conventionally and spatially, as well as their direct and indirect effects. The research also seeks to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the models that have been developed. In evaluating inequality between regions, the Theil and Williamson index is used as a guide. Conventional modeling is carried out through panel data analysis, while spatial modeling is implemented through various spatial panel data models such as Spatial Autoregressive (SAR), Spatial Error Model (SEM), Spatial Autocorrelation Error Model (SAC/SARAR), dan Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), complete with direct and indirect impacts. A similar approach was applied to assess the impact of COVID-19 by dividing the data into two conditions, before and after the pandemic. The research findings illustrate the disparities in per capita income that still occur, especially in the Western Territory of Indonesia (KBI), especially Java and Kalimantan. Of the various fiscal decentralization instruments and variables used, only four factors were proven to significantly influence per capita income in the conventional Fixed Effect model, namely profit sharing funds (DBH), special autonomy and adjustment funds (DOPS), number of hospital facilities (HOPITAL), and domestic investment (INVEST), with DBH emerging as the most influential factor. Further findings indicate the existence of a spatial influence on per capita income, with the SDM being the best model showing a positive relationship. However, SDM also brings complexity, where DBH, although contributing directly to an area's income, has a negative impact on surrounding areas due to inefficiencies in the allocation system. This highlights the need for a more careful approach in designing and implementing fiscal decentralization policies. Amid these findings, policymakers are encouraged to adopt a three-step approach. First, to reduce the income gap between the West and East regions, the central government needs to understand the unique challenges of each region and implement asymmetric policies. Second, the DBH allocation system needs to receive a thorough review in order to minimize negative impacts and increase overall regional economic efficiency. Additionally, creating an enabling environment for domestic investment, perhaps through incentive policies, could further stimulate economic activity and contribute to a more balanced and resilient economy. Third, the government needs to encourage public participation in monitoring and criticizing the use of the expenditure budget so that it is of higher quality and transparency through the Satu Data Indonesia website. Apart from gaining real-time control from the community, the central government can also more easily monitor the quality of regional spending., Penerapan desentralisasi fiskal telah berlangsung selama lebih dari dua dekade di Indonesia, namun isu ketidaksetaraan ekonomi antarwilayah terus
Keyword: decentralization, spatial, disparities, spillover, desentralisasi, spasial, ketimpangan, efek limpahan

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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