Judul: Feed Processing Based on Palm Kernel Meal-Indigofera in Mash, Silage, Pellet, and Wafer Forms for Sheep
Abstrak: Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) is a by-product (waste) from the extraction of palm kernel oil, which has the potential to be used as raw in the preparation of animal feed but has not been used optimally due to its low palatability and digestibility. The use of PKM needs to increase its usability as a quality feed product. Efforts to increase the effectiveness of PKM are supplementation with Indigofera zolingeriana by processing complete feed as quality feed. Feed processing effectively increases ingredients' use value, including their digestibility, palatability, and shelf life. Some of the processing that is commonly carried out is the processing of feed in the form of mash, pellets, wafers, and silage. This research was conducted in three stages. The first stage was the feed processing of completed feed based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers, followed by testing the physical characteristics (moisture content, water activity, and bulk density) and chemical characteristics (dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat crude, crude fiber, total digestible nutrient, and nitrogen free extract). The design used in the first stage of the completed feed based on PKM- Indigo in the physical test was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 feed treatments with 4 replications each, the chemical content of the feed was analyzed descriptively. The second stage is testing the quality of the completed feed based on PKM-Indigo in vitro (NH3, VFA, KCBK, and KCBO). In vitro digestibility test was analyzed descriptively.The third stage is the in vivo evaluation of completed feed based on PKM-Indigo (daily body weight gain, feed efficiency, and income over feed costs) using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 feed treatments and 4 groups as replicates. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variance), and if they were significantly different, they were further tested using Duncan's test. The results showed that feed processing based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers significantly (P<0,01) affected water content, water activity, and specific gravity. The lowest water content and water activity values were found in pelleted feed, namely 7,30% and 0,60% with a bulk density of 1,17 g mL-1. In vitro digestibility test was analyzed descriptively. Feed processing in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers has a nutrient content that is in accordance with livestock needs. Complete feed based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers in vitro showed that NH3, VFA, KCBK, and KCBO values were still in normal conditions. Completed feed feeding based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers significantly (P<0,01) affected body weight gain, feed efficiency, and income over feed costs. Wafer feeding produced the best sheep performance with a daily body weight gain of 180,36 g/head/day, feed efficiency of 15,48%, and the highest profit of IDR 449.890.
Keyword: physicochemical, in vitro, feed processing, performance

Judul: Effect of Hydrolyzed Palm Kernel Meal on Performance and Egg Quality of Isa Brown Aged 21-27 Weeks
Abstrak: Penggunaan bungkil inti sawit (BIS) sebagai pakan ternak monogastrik memiliki beberapa kendala salah satunya mengandung tinggi NSP (non-starch polysaccharides). Penelitian mengenai pengaruh penggunaan BIS pada ayam petelur hanya terbatas pada pengolahan fisik dengan penyaringan, atau kimia dengan ekstraksi kimia, ataupun biologi dengan fermentasi dan enzimatis. Beberapa penelitian mengenai penggunaan BIS dalam ransum telah dilaksanakan dengan hasil tidak konsisten. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini dilakukan meta analisis dan dilakukan peningkatkan kualitas BIS dengan kombinasi perlakuan fisik, kimia, dan biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis sejumlah data hasil penelitian mengenai pengaruh penggunaan BIS terhadap performa ayam petelur menggunakan pendekatan meta analisis dan mengkaji pengaruh BIS terhidrolisis terhadap performa produksi dan kualitas telur ayam petelur. Meta analisis dilakukan dengan analisis regresi. Database disusun dari 18 jurnal yang dianalisis menggunakan software SPSS. Feeding trial pada ayam petelur meliputi pembuatan pakan, pemeliharaan, dan analisis sampel di laboratorium. Sebelum dilakukan pencampuran pakan BIS dihidrolisis menggunakan pengolahan fisik, kimia, dan biologi. Formulasi ransum didasarkan pada kebutuhan asam amino tercerna, mineral mikro dan makro. Perlakuan meliputi P1 (kontrol), P2 (BIS terhidrolisis), P3 (BIS terhidrolisis + Enzim). Parameter yang diamati yaitu performa produksi, kualitas fisik telur, organ dalam dan saluran pencernaan, dan histologi ileum. Hasil meta analisis menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan BIS tanpa melalui proses pengolahan dapat menurunkan produksi telur, FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio), dan nilai Haugh Unit, namun tidak mempengaruhi konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, mortalitas, ketebalan kerabang, yolk color, dan bobot telur. Hasil feeding trial menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan untuk parameter performa, kualitas telur, organ dalam, dan luas permukaan vili antara perlakuan pakan kontrol dengan pakan mengandung BIS-H dengan dan tanpa penambahan enzim manannase. Namun, sel goblet, tinggi dan kedalaman vili ayam nyata lebih tinggi untuk ayam yang diberikan BIS-H dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Simpulan dari penelitian yaitu hasil meta analisis penggunaan BIS tanpa melalui pengolahan dapat menurunkan produksi telur dan nilai HU serta meningkatkan FCR. Penggunaan BIS-H dan BIS-H yang diberi mananase pada taraf 10% tidak mempengaruhi performa produksi, kualitas fisik telur, dan kesehatan saluran pencernaan ayam petelur. Saran dari penelitian adalah BIS terhidrolisis dapat digunakan sebanyak 10% dalam ransum. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut terkait taraf optimal penggunaan BIS-H maupun BIS-H + Enzim., The use of palm kernel meal (PKM) as monogastric animal feed has several problems, one of which is the high NSP (non-starch polysaccharide). Research on the effect of using PKM on laying hens is limited to physical processing by screening, or chemical by chemical extraction, or biological by fermentation and enzymatic processing. Several studies on the use of PKM in rations have been conducted with inconsistent results. Therefore, in this study a meta-analysis and improvement of the quality of PKM was carried out with a combination of physical, chemical, and biological treatments. This study aimed to analyze a number of research data regarding the effect of the use of raw PKM on the performance of laying hens with a meta-analysis approach and examine the effect of hydrolyzed PKM on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens. Meta analysis was performed by regression analysis. The database was compiled from 18 journals which were analyzed
Keyword: Laying Hens, Mannanase, Meta Analysis, Palm Kernel Meal Hidrolyzed, Performance

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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