Judul: The effects of branched chain volatile fatty acids and encapsulated lysine and threonine supplements on protein nutrition of growing holstein
Abstrak: Nutrisi protein pada hewan ruminansia sering dibatasi oleh adanya perkembangan mikroba rumen yang terganggu dan pasokan asam amino pada pasca rumen yang kurang mencukdpi. Dalam praktek pola pemberian pakan pada hewan ruminansia sering mengabaikan penyediaan nutrien yang cukup untuk sintesis biomassa mikroba rumen. Hal ini terutama akan mempengaruhi pencernaan pakan di dalam rumen dan secara umum akan mempengaruhi pasokan nutrien protein bagi induk semang.
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Judul: Peran Isolat Bakteri Pencerna Serat Dalam Pencernaan Nutrien Pada Pedet Lepas Sapih Yang Diberi Pakan Periode Pertumbuhan
Abstrak: In Indonesia, milk and beef production do not meet the needs. High calves mortality is one of the factors related to the problem. Reducing calf mortality and shortening weaning period are necessary to improve the population and farmers profit. The research was designed to evaluate the effect of inoculation of fiber degrading bacteria during pre-weaning period of dairy calves on nutrient intake and digestibility in post-weaning. The treatments were control and inoculation of bacteria isolates that applied in four and three Frisian Holstein calves, respectively. Both treatments were applied to the calf by a complete randomized design. Variables measured were nutrient intake, dry and organic matter digestibility, and the concentration of ruminal ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Dry matter intake was determined from the beginning of the experimental period. Nutrient digestibility, ruminal NH3 and VFA concentration were determined four weeks after weaning. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using t-test method with α = 0.05. The results showed that the inoculation of bacteria isolates affected the concentration of ruminal VFA of weaned calves. Inoculation of bacteria isolates had no significant effect on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and concentrations of ruminal ammonia. It was concluded that inoculation of fiber degrading bacteria into the rumen of calves in milk feeding period improved nutrient fermentability but not improved nutrient intake and its digestibility in post-weaning period.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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