Judul: Analisis perubahan tutupan lahan, struktur genetik dan kandungan biomassa karbon Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese strain tapanuli pada sebaran alaminya di Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: Pinus merkusii strain Tapanuli is currently considered as endangered because of declining population and habitat due to logging activity and land use changes. With recent development on carbon trade the natural populations of P. merkusii strain Tapanuli has the potential as carbon sink. The objective of the research were 1) To analyze the landcover changes in five locations of strain Tapanuli natural habitat, which occured in 1994, 2005, and 2011, 2) To analyze the genetic structure of those five natural populations using microsatellite markers 3) To formulate the allometric equation for carbon biomass estimation of strain Tapanuli. Five study locations in strain Tapanuli natural habitat were selected as follows: a) two protected forests, i.e. Dolok Tusam Timur and Dolok Tusam Barat, b) two open and cultivated area, i.e. Parinsoran and Lobugala village, and c). Mixed forests in Tolang hilly village. Analysis of land cover changes was based on Landsat imagery 7 ETM+ in 1994, 2005, and 2011. Microsatellite markers were generated from microsatellite primers developed previously on P. merkusii strain Aceh. Formulation of allometric equations was done using destructive sampling method combined with volumetric method. The results showed that 1) Land cover changes that occur in Tapanuli terrestrial ecosystem from 1994 to 2011 has led to increased extent of weeds-shrub land, and cause the site of natural populations of Tapanuli strain of P. merkusii into nutrient poor. The cumulative soil carbon stock in the five research sites are as follows: Dolok Tusam Timur 55,5 ton C/ha, Parinsoran 46,1 ton C/ha, Dolok Tusam Barat 65,8 ton C/ha, Lobugala 89 ton C/ha, dan Tolang 71,1 ton C/ha. 2) Heterozygosity levels of those populations were high, and Population of Parinsoran and Tolang into one group, Population of Lobugala into one grup. 3). The best allometric equation for estimation of biomass carbon content of P. merkusii strain Tapanuli as follows: allometric equation for above ground biomass is Y = 0,1900(DBH)2,2730; for below ground biomass is Y = 0,0283(DBH)2,4393 and allometric equation for total biomass estimation of P. merkusii strain Tapanuli is Y= 0,2451(DBH)2,2757, 3). Based on this equation the potential carbon estimated in five location of natural distribution of P. merkusii strain Tapanuli are as follows: Dolok Tusam Timur 187,8 ton C/ha, Parinsoran 48,9 ton C/ha, Dolok Tusam Barat 190,4 ton C/ha, Lobugala 93,2 ton C/ha, and Tolang 45,7 ton C/ha.
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Judul: Pendugaan potensi simpanan karbon pada tegakan Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese) di KPH Cianjur, Perum Perhutani Unit III Jawa Barat dan Banten
Abstrak: Global warming is one of the major environmental issues that currently concern to the various parties. Because of global warming, increasing in average temperature of earth's sea and land caused by industrial activity and reduction of forest cover due to deforestation, especially lately. Based on these evolving issues and considering the importance of the role of forests in absorbing carbon from the air and store it in forest biomass, it is necessary a lot of research that could encourage the continued development of carbon in biomass. One important aspect of research is to know the potential of carbon stored in the stands of pine. The experiment was conducted in KPH Cianjur, Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten in April 2010 to May 2010. Materials used in this research were planting stands of pine in 1994 on square 27A RPH West Hanjawar BKPH South Sukanagara and planted stands of Pine year 1995 on square 48I RPH East Hanjawar BKPH North Sukanagara in KPH Cianjur, Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten. The tools used in this study include scales, digital scales, ovens, machete, newsprint, chalk, plastic bags, plastic rope, stationery, tally sheets, calculator, tape measure, camera, and software SAS. In the area of stands are made each 5 plots with a size of 20 m x 20 m to measure the trees and also made small plots measuring 2 m x 2 m by 4 pieces located at each corner for analysis and retrieval of vegetation and litter. Results obtained from these data are processed through the approach of biomass which is then converted to carbon savings in ton/ha. To know the factors that influence the use of carbon deposits by using ANOVA analysis and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the potential of carbon storage on plots planted in 1995 is 77,1580 ton/ha greater than the potential carbon storage on plots planted in 1994 which only amounted to 64,6372 ton/ha. The test results using ANOVA statistical analysis showed the value of R-Sq = 96,01% and significant level 5%, there is a difference between the carbon potential on one of the object variabel (tree, manure, below plant) which is found on the stands of pine planted in 1994 and stands pine planting in 1995, where the variable is a tree. There needs to be further research on the estimation of carbon stock potential using a different method of harvesting method with the same kind of pine stands.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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