Judul: Karakterisasi dan Analisis Potensi Kompos Sampah Padat Pasar Tradisional di Pasar Bogor
Abstrak: Traditional market solid waste is highly potential to be composted as based on its high organic matter content. Bogor market as one of the traditional market in Bogor municipality yet have the waste characteristics data that can be used as the basis of the waste processing. The objective of this research was to characterize the solid waste, to analyze compost potention of Bogor market waste to be composted. Characterization referred to SNI 19-3964-1995 and chemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory. The result shows that the solid waste generation of Bogor market reaches 27.0 m3 or approximately 7.2 tons of solid waste per day. Bogor market waste composition includes 84.0% organic waste, 7.1% plastic, 6.7% wood and 2.1% paper. The result of laboratory analysis showed that water content, ash content, volatile content, C/N ratio and caloric value are 83.39%, 2.02%, 14.58%, 27:1 and 4589 cal/g, respectively. The available land area can accommodate total material volume 31.76 tons waste and can produce 148.8 tons compost. The value of economic feasibility shows that the value of NPV (Net Present Value) and B/C ratio less than feasible standard. This shows that the compost installation is not economically feasible to be built.
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Judul: Karakteristik Pengomposan Limbah Padat Pasar Tradisional dengan Sistem Natural Static Pile
Abstrak: Traditional market solid waste consists of various unsellable vegetables and fruits as well as other organic or inorganic materials. Amount of solid waste generated from traditional markets in Bogor City was about 330 m3 per day. Approximately 70% of solid waste are transported, but the remaining (30%) were not transported and were accumulated at the market, causing pollution and mal odors in the environment. This is due to the composition of solid waste i.e 90% organic and 10% inorganic. Solid waste can be proccessed to become compost, so it has an add value. The composting of organic solid waste can be done with simple technology and has two advantages i.e. producing compost and reducing environment pollution. The purpose of this study were to identify and characterize the traditional market solid waste, to compost traditional market solid waste, and to analyze the characteristics of the generated compost, comparing with SNI 19-7030-2004. The traditional market were Kebon Kembang market, Bogor Baru market, Merdeka market, Jambu Dua market, Gunung Batu market, Sukasari market and Padasuka market. This study consisted of three stages. The first stage was to identify the composition of solid waste and its characteristics, by conducting sample test in Laboratory of Technology and Environmental Management at Department of Agroindustrial Technology IPB. The second stage, composting 6 m3 of traditional markets organic solid waste and goat manure with natural static pile systems in composting house Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering IPB. The third stage was to analyze the characteristics of the compost at the Soil Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor. The results showed that the average of solid waste from seven traditional markets in Bogor City was 115 m3/day, with composition of 90% organic (103.5 m3) and 10% inorganic (11.5 m3). Specific gravity (density) of organic solid waste is 242 kg/m3, and of goat manure is 342 kg/m3. The characteristic analysis results showed that organic solid waste of traditional markets have a high water content (90% of wet weight) and potential for composting. Periode of composting was 56 days and required an are of 6.5 m2. Conclusions of this research was 90% of the solid waste from traditional market was organic and potential to be composted. The organic solid waste of traditional market mixed with goat manure can be composted, and the compost product can fulfill the standard criteria in SNI 19-7030-2004.
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Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum