Judul: The Potency of Biflavonoid Compounds in the Araucaria Genus as Anticancer Agent Using 2D-QSAR Method via 20S Proteasome Inhibition
Abstrak: Kanker adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh perubahan gen yang mengendalikan fungsi sel. Hingga saat ini obat kanker masih terus dikembangkan dan proteasom 20S telah diidentifikasi sebagai target obat antikanker terutama pada subunit chymotrypsin-like activities (ß5). Senyawa isoginkgetin berasal dari daun pohon Ginkgo biloba L. dan dilaporkan memiliki sifat antikanker. Untuk memprediksi senyawa terbaik, Two Dimension-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (2D-QSAR) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Saat memprediksi dibutuhkan sebuah model dengan memvalidasi memakai cross-validation dan validasi eksternal, serta melihat faktor lain seperti nilai koefisien determinasi (R2), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), dan mean absolute error (MAE). Model support vector machine (SVM) dipilih menjadi model terbaik. Prediksi senyawa menggunakan data biflavonoid dari genus Araucaria menunjukkan bahwa urutan senyawa terbaik dengan IC50 menurut prediksi model SVM adalah morelloflavon dan oknaflavon.
Keyword: Antikanker, biflavonoid, ic50, pemodelan, QSAR

Judul: Literature Review of the Araucariaceae Family and  Biflavonoid Compounds in Araucaria cunninghamii Leaves with Potential as  Anticancer
Abstrak: Meningkatnya penderita kanker di Indonesia juga meningkatkan kebutuhan obat. Kemoterapi dan radioterapi banyak dipilih dalam pengobatan kanker secara modern. Namun, pengobatan tersebut menimbulkan efek samping dan biaya tinggi sehingga perlu dikembangkan obat dari bahan alam yang mengandung senyawa dengan aktivitas antikanker yang baik. Salah satu senyawa tumbuhan yang memiliki aktivitas antikanker adalah biflavonoid. Biflavonoid dapat ditemukan pada famili Araucariaceae, salah satunya pada genus Araucaria. Telaah pustaka ini bertujuan menganalisis berbagai senyawa biflavonoid pada famili Araucariaceae dan memahami biogenesis maupun sintesis biflavonoid, serta menganalisis struktur biflavonoid pada daun A. cunninghamii yang memiliki potensi antikanker. Biflavonoid yang ditemukan ialah amentoflavon dan kupresuflavon, yang dapat disarankan menjadi kandidat senyawa antikanker dengan mekanismenya menghambat proliferasi sel. Kemampuannya sebagai antikanker dipengaruhi oleh jumlah dan letak substituen pada kerangka biflavonoid., The increase in cancer patients in Indonesia makes the need for drugs also increase. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are widely chosen as modern cancer treatments. However, these treatments cause side effects and high costs, so developing drugs from natural ingredients containing compounds with good anticancer activity is necessary. One of the plant compounds that have anticancer activity is biflavonoid. Biflavonoids can be found in the family Araucariaceae, one of which is the genus Araucaria. This literature review aims to analyze various biflavonoids compounds in the Araucariaceae family, understand biflavonoid biogenesis and synthesis, and explore the structure of biflavonoids in Araucaria cunninghamii leaves, which have potential as anticancer. The biflavonoids are amentoflavones and cupresuflavones that can be suggested as anticancer candidates with their mechanism in inhibiting cell proliferation. Their abilities as anticancer agents are influenced by the number and location of substituents in the biflavonoid structure.
Keyword: antikanker, Araucariaceae, Araucaria cunninghamii, biflavonoid, anticancer, biflavonoids

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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