Judul: Persaingan Harga Dan Lokasi Perluasan Model Hotelling
Abstrak: Setiap produsen biasanya diasumsikan memaksimumkan imbalan (laba) yang diperolehnya dan karena itulab produsen harns mampu menentukan strategi yang efektifuntuk melawan pesaingnya. Karya ilmiab ini memberikan analisis persaingan spasial duopoli dengan variabel strategi berupa harga, lokasi, serta harga dan lokasi. Pasar berbentuk garis lurus (linear) dan konsumen menyebar merata di sepanjang pasar. Biaya transportasi dibebankan kepada konsumen. Karena produk yang ditawarkan bersifat homogen maka konsumen akan membeli produk dengan harga pembelian yang terendab
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Judul: Analisis model permainan lokasi hotelling tanpa kerjasama
Abstrak: Setiap penjual diasumsikan bertujuan untuk memaksimumkan laba. Besarnya laba yang diperoleh oleh seorang penjual bergantung pada banyak hal. di antaranya pada harga dan strategi yang dipilihnya. Pemilihan lokasi merupakan salah satu strategi yang dapat dipilih oleh penjual untuk memaksimumkan laba. Masalah pemilihan lokasi kesetimbangan dari 2 penjual yang menjual barang homogen merupakan subgame dua tahap, dengan masing-masing penjual memilih lokasi pada tahap pertama dan harga pada tahap kedua. Model ini dibangun berdasarkan asumsi bahwa biaya produksi nol, wilayah pasar berupa ruas garis lurus, dan konsumen tersebar merata di sepanjang pasar. Pada saat biaya transportasi merupakan fungsi linear terhadap jarak, maka tidak terdapat kesetimbangan lokasi ketika kedua penjual berlokasi sangat dekat (tetapi tidak terletak pada titik yang sama). Pada saat biaya transportasi merupakan fungsi kuadratik terhadap jarak, kesetimbangan harga dijamin selalu ada (untuk setiap kombinasi lokasi yang dipilih oleh kedua penjual), dan kesetimbangan lokasi ketika semua penjual menerapkan strategi murni akan terjadi pada titik-titik di ujung selang. Ketika salah satu penjual menerapkan strategi campuran, yaitu dengan memilih berlokasi di titik- titik ujung selang dengan peluang yang sama, maka penjual lainnya tidak memperoleh keuntungan yang lebih besar selain memilih lokasi di tengah-tengah selang. Model lokasi ini banyak diterapkan dalam berbagai bidang ilmu, antara lain dalam pemilihan produk, terutama pada kasus produk yang terdiferensiasi.
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Judul: The isolation and molecular identification of papillomavirus in macaca fascicularis and macaca nemestrina at animal facility of primate research centre – Bogor Agricultural University.
Abstrak: Cervical cancer is still regarded as a major cause of death in women world wide, hence research on papilloma viruses, their drugs and vaccines for the prevention are still continued. Papilloma virus is a DNA virus of the family papillomaviridae. Papilloma virions have no sheath, the diameter of 55 nm, and icosahedral capsid. The virus multiplies in the cell nucleus and causes chronic latent infection. The virus genome has a circular form, 8 kbp in length with 8 open reading frames. The genome is divided into early (E) and late (L) genes. The E gen synthesizes 6 E proteins, namely E1, E2, E4, E5, E6 and E7, which are linked into the process of viral replication and oncogenes. Meanwhile, the L gene synthesizes 2 proteins, the L1 and L2, which are related to the formation of the capsid (Hakim 2010). In order to obtain the best result of the cancer research, it is highly requested to obtain appropriate animal model that reflect aspects of human disease. Non-human primates have high similarity with humans, both in terms of the evolution of the genetic, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and organ systems, as well as in cancer genes. Non-human primates of the genus Macaca is a genus with the highest distribution worldwide, from Japan to Afghanistan. So far, there are 22 species are included in the genus Macaca. Originally rhesus monkeys or M. mulatta are widely used for biomedical research, but since the Indian government imposed a ban on importing these animals, then Macaca fascicularis (Long-tailed Macaque, cynomolgus) and Macaca nemestrina (Pig-tailed Macaque), which has high population in Southeast Asia, began to be used as research animal. Various medical aspects related to both species are commonly studied by many researchers as an animal model for human diseases. This study is using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and nucleotide tracking to identify papillomavirus tipes that infect the genital tract of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina, which is kept in breeding facilities of Primate Research Center, IPB. The analysis of nucleotide sequences were performed using the Clustal W 2.1 and 5.1 Mega program. The establishment of phylogenetic tree using neighbor joining with 1000 times bootstrap repetition. The results showed that the papillomavirus that infect Macaca fascicularis was 32.7% (78/238) and Macaca nemestrina 12% (4/31). Both species were infected by Macaca fascicularis papillomavirus (MfPV) tipe 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9, belongs to the genus Alpha papillomavirus with homology of 80 - 100%. Papilloma virus that infected the pig-tailed macaque was the same tipe of papillomavirus that infected the cynomolgus with similarity between 82% - 99% based on L1 region. To further explain the tipes of papilloma viruses that infected the pig-tailed macaque, it is necessary to identify the entire genome of the virus. To determine the tipe of the virus, it requires the identification of a more complete nucleotide sequence. It is interesting because papillomavirus that infected the pigtail macaques has 76% homology with the HPV tipe 52. This is the first report on the incidence of papillomavirus infection in the pigtail macaque genome that further analysis
Keyword: Papillomavirus, cervic cancer, animal model, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina