Judul: Karakteristik Pohon Tempat Bersarang Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara – Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: The decline of natural habitat of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) and persecution causing it's population decline. Batang Toru Forest has an important value as a habitat of Sumatran Orangutan which is separated from it's main habitat in Leuser Ecosystem (Aceh). Orangutan is rare species and it has preferention of choosing the nest location and the species of nesting tree with spesific characteristics. The objective of this research is to discover the characteristics of Sumatran Orangutan's nesting tree in Batang Toru Forest. The research conducted at October 23th until December 22th 2008 in Research Station Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari – Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program (YELSOCP) in the 12,75 km2 area of West Block of Batang Toru Forest, in North Tapanuli of North Sumatera. Equipment that used are girth measuring tape, 30 m measuring tape, 20 m rope, machete, compas, flagging tape, digital camera, camera trap, thermo-hygrometer, watch, and stationary. Primary data are vegetation structure and composition, temperature and humidity, water availability, and profil of nesting tree (species of tree, total height, diameter, crown width, and crown shape), nest height, nest position, and the existence of other animals. This primary data are colected by nest survey method and vegetation analysis. Secondary data are general condition of research site and bio-ecology of Sumatran Orangutan. During the research found 154 nesting trees, it’s content 20 tree species. 33,74% (52 trees) of it is Hoting (Lithocarpus spp.). The tree height of nesting tree is about 16-20 m (34%) with average tree height from all trees is 20,35 m and average nest height in 17,24 m. In such as low nest and tree height the Orangutan's nest is covered by the taller crown of other trees from rain and wind. Orangutan tend to build their nest at tree with diameter 10-19 cm and average diameter from all the trees is 23,71 cm. The crown width less than 11 m2 with average from all the trees 15,64 m2. Orangutan's nest near the river indicated that nest location preferention caused by the location near the river is lower (the slope area). In the research location, potential competitor animal are Siamang (Symphalangus syndactilus), Gibbon (Hylobates agilis ungko), Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina), Binturong (Arctictis binturong), squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) and Hornbill. The concultion of nesting tree characteristics are total height 16-20 m, diameter 10- 19 cm, crown width less then 11 m2, and ball shape crown. Hoting (Lithocarpus spp.) is tree species that qualify with that tree characteristics, for that reason Orangutan in Batang Toru Forest prefer to use this tree species than other tree. The location preferention is location which is covered from rain and wind.
Keyword: 

Judul: Habitat analysis and population estimation of sumatran orangutan (Pongo abeii Lesson 1827 at the Forest of Batang Toru, North Sumatra
Abstrak: The Batang TofU forest located in North, Center and South of Tapanuli, North Sumatra was recently found as one of Sumatran orangutan population habitat. A survey of trees species, nesting behavior and population of Sumatran orangutan was carried out during October 2007 up to January 2008 and aimed to analyze: (1) the forest structure, composition and trees distribution (including feeding and nesting trees); (2) estimated density and popUlation; and (3) the threat factors influenced the survival of Sumatran orangutan in Batang TofU forest. The results of the inventory of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) 2: 10 cm in 3.84 ha areal sampling showed that 274 species in 56 families, represented by 1,896 individuals with total basal area of 148.9 m2lha and density of 498 treeslha. This forest was richer in tree species than other lowland forests in North Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula and was dominated by Sapotaceae trees. The most prominent species were Tristania maingayi, Casuarina sumatrana, Quercus sumatrana and Ganua motleyana in every types of forest and differenced with Batang Gadis National Park which dominated by Dipterocarps. There were 96 feeding trees species in 25 families, represented by 536 individuals with total basal area of 46.7 m2lha. The prominent heights of feeding trees were below 30 m and distributed abundantly in the old moist secondary forests. The most important feeding trees for orangutans (Diospyros sp., Eugenia sp., Nephelium sp., Lithocarpus sp., Ficus sp., Artocarpus sp., Durio sp., and Garcinia sp.) were abundantly found in the old moist secondary forests, too. Orangutans commonly prefer to nest on the top of tree bar and the main branch of trees (DBH 20-30 cm; heights 15-20 m), especially in the middle canopy (20-30 m). Considering that there were enough feeding trees in this canopy. The most preferred nesting trees genus/species were Quercus sp., Syzygium sp., Shorea sp., Diospyros sp. and Lithocarpus sp. It was also invented 267 orangutan nests along 40.125 km cumulative lengths of line transects or equal with 0.54 percent of study area conducted at 11 sites. Densities were found higher in the old moist secondary forest while it was conversely lower density in the mixed forest. The distributions of nests were tended to clumped, related to the distribution of feeding trees. Orangutan population in 748.86 km2 ha potential habitat was approximately 337-421 individuals. Their distribution was limited by elevation and food availability. Human activities such as land conversion for agriculture purposes had become important factors affecting orangutan distribution. Field fact finding showed that many orangutan direct sightings and nests were located much closer to area human activities and logging concessions. This eventually has become real and concreted threat to their remaining population. It's needed to conduct further research in long-term monitoring and develop a strategic planning which promotes community involvement for the conservation of orangutan.
Keyword: 

Judul: The Role of Chitosan in Microemulsion Formation and Efficacy in Injectable Ibuprofen Preparations.
Abstrak: Ibuprofen merupakan obat anti inflamasi non-steroid (OAINS) yang paling populer digunakan untuk menggantikan obat golongan opiat yang memiliki efek samping mual, muntah, over-sedasi, dan gangguan pernafasan. Ibuprofen secara umum digunakan untuk terapi pasien dengan gejala demam, nyeri ataupun inflamasi. Namun, ibuprofen memiliki kelarutan yang rendah menyebabkan ibuprofen sukar dibuat sediaan parenteral, untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut maka pada penelitian ini, ibuprofen dibuat dalam bentuk mikroemulsi. Mikroemulsi memiliki potensi sebagai pembawa sediaan parenteral yang baik karena memiliki stabilitas tinggi dibandingkan nanoemulsi. Karena, dengan ukuran globul di bawah 100 nm, mikroemulsi memiliki maksimum uptake dalam tubuh. Secara teori mikroemulsi stabil secara termodinamika, tetapi pada kenyataan tetap membutuhkan polimer untuk meningkatkan kestabilannya. Kitosan adalah polimer alami yang dapat terurai dan biodegradable, aman, dan diterapkan sebagai pembawa untuk aplikasi oral dan parenteral. Penelitian terkait injeksi mikroemulsi dilapisi kitosan telah menunjukkan bahwa polimer ini dapat meningkatkan penetrasi zat aktif dalam formulasi nasal setelah dicampur dalam fase terdispersi. Kitosan juga dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanis mikroemulsi serta mampu meningkatkan waktu tinggal obat dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 3 tahap, yakni: (1) melakukan formulasi mikroemulsi ibuprofen tidak terlapisi kitosan. Tujuan dari penelitian tahap awal ini adalah untuk mendapatkan calon formula optimal, (2) melakukan formulasi mikroemulsi ibuprofen terlapisi kitosan dan menganalisis pelepasan obat secara in vitro, dan (3) mengevaluasi efek dari formula mikroemulsi ibuprofen terlapisi kitosan secara in vivo. Metode pembuatan mikroemulsi terlapisi kitosan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode self-nanoemulsifying. Langkah pertama pembuatan mikroemulsi dilakukan dengan menentukan komponen minyak yang digunakan berdasarkan pada jumlah kelarutan ibuprofen, kemudian penentuan calon formula dilakukan berdasarkan hasil analisa wilayah daerah terbentuknya mikroemulsi pada diagram pseudo ternery. Kemudian calon formula optimal ditentukan berdasarkan karakteristik fisik, muatan obat dan stabilitas. Formula optimal yang didapatkan kemudian diformulasikan dengan menambahkan kitosan pada berbagai konsentrasi. Formula mikroemulsi terlapisi kitosan (MK) paling stabil berdasarkan sifat fisik dan kestabilan, kemudian ditentukan profil pelepasan obatnya, efek anti-inflamasi, profil hematologi dan daya analgetika dengan membandingkan efeknya dari mikroemulsi yang tidak terlapisi kitosan (MO). Pada tahap awal penelitian diperoleh formula dengan komposisi optimal berupa 2,8% (kombinasi minyak zaitun dan medium chain trygelicerides oil (MCT) 1:1); 11,2% Tween 80; 2,8% propylene glycol, dan 83,2% water for injection (WFI) sebagai calon formulasi optimal untuk membentuk mikroemulsi dengan ukuran globul 16,70±0,26 nm dan stabil hingga 120 hari. Selain itu, hasil uji viskositas, osmolaritas, dan pH sesuai dengan persyaratan sediaan injeksi, yaitu 27 Cpas, 297 mosmol, dan 4- 5 hanya dengan menambahkan WFI (mengandung 0,9 g natrium klorida) dengan rekonstitusi sederhana tanpa penambahan agen isotonis. Pada tahap kedua pembuatan injeksi mikroemulsi ibuprofen terlapisi kitosan telah berhasil dilakukan dengan kandungan polimer sebesar 1%. Polimer kitosan meningkatkan stabilitas mikroemulsi hingga hingga 365 hari dengan ukuran globul 13,13±0,11nm dan mikroemulsi juga memenuhi persyaratan untuk sediaan intravena. Osmolaritas, pH, viskositas, dan ukuran tetes mikroemulsi berada dalam standar untuk persiapan intravena, yaitu 240 ± 20,22 mOsmol, pH 4-5, 27 Cpas, dan 19,37 ± 0,32 nm, secara berurutan. Uji pelepasan menunjukkan bahwa mikroemulsi yang dilapisi kitosan mengikuti model akar kuadrat waktu, di mana pelepasan obat terjadi melalui difusi dan proses dikendalikan oleh pembawa. Efek anti-inflamasi yang diamati pada kaki hewan uji yang diinjeksi mikroemulsi ibuprofen
Keyword: Hematologi, kitosan, Analgetika, Anti-inflamasi, Ibuprofen, Mikroemulsi, Parenteral