Judul: Systematic Review: Impact of Forest  Harvesting on Forest Carbon in Natural Forest Enterprises
Abstrak: Pemanenan kayu dapat menyebabkan kerusakan tegakan tinggal, tanah dan keterbukaan areal hutan. Kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan keterbukaan areal hutan menyebabkan berkurangnya penyerapan karbon oleh vegetasi penyusun hutan, yang berdampak terhadap penurunan simpanan karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghimpun dan menganalisis hasil penelitian tentang dampak pemanenan hutan terhadap karbon hutan pada pengusahaan hutan alam, serta membandingkan hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic review. Jenis data yang dikumpulkan berupa artikel berbahasa Indonesia maupun Inggris, yang dipublikasi dan bersifat open access. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanenan kayu dengan teknik Reduced Impact Logging dapat memaksimalkan jumlah simpanan karbon setelah pemanenan, mengurangi jumlah karbon yang terbuang dan emisi karbon akibat pemanenan hutan., Timber harvesting may damage the residual stands, soil and openness of forest areas. The damage of standing stands and the openness of forest areas cause a reduction in carbon absorption by forest-composing vegetation, which results in a decrease in carbon storage. This study aims to collect and analyze the results of research on the impact of forest harvesting on forest carbon in natural forest exploitation, as well as to compare the results of research that has been carried out. This study uses a systematic review method. The type of data collected in the form of Indonesian and English articles that have been published with the selected criteria are open-access articles. The results of a study showed that Reduced Impact Logging can maximize the amount of carbon stored after harvesting, reducing the amount of wasted carbon and carbon emissions due to forest harvesting.
Keyword: dampak pemanenan, karbon hutan, pemanenan, systematic review, forest carbon, forest harvesting impact, systematic review

Judul: Systematic Review: Techniques, Produvtivity, and Costs of Harvesting Forest in Indonesia
Abstrak: Pasokan kayu selama ini berasal dari hasil pemanenan hutan alam dan hutan tanaman. Penelitian mengenai pemanenan kayu sudah banyak dilakukan di Indonesia dengan variasi hasil yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghimpun hasil penelitian mengenai teknik, produktivitas, dan biaya pemanenan hutan di Indonesia. Data sekunder dihimpun menggunakan metode Systematic Review kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian secara online terhimpun 51 artikel penelitian mengenai pemanenan kayu di Indonesia yang kemudian dikelompokan menjadi tiga tipe hutan yaitu, hutan tanaman lahan basah, hutan tanaman lahan kering, dan hutan alam. Hutan tanaman lahan kering merupakan jenis hutan yang paling banyak diteliti. Kegiatan pemanenan dibagi menjadi beberapa tahapan antara lain penebangan, penyaradan, muat bongkar, dan pengangkutan. Kegiatan yang paling banyak diteliti adalah penyaradan. Produktivitas pemanenan dipengaruhi oleh peralatan pemanenan, kondisi lapang, teknik pemanenan, keterampilan pekerja, beban kerja, dan cuaca. Besarnya biaya pemanenan di pengaruhi oleh produktivitas, biaya pemilikan, biaya operasional, dan upah pekerja., The supply of wood so far has come from harvesting natural forests and plantation forests. Many studies on timber harvesting have been carried out in Indonesia with varying results. This study aims to compile research results on techniques, productivity, and costs of forest harvesting in Indonesia. Secondary data was collected using the Systematic Review method and then analyzed using descriptive analysis. Based on the results of an online search, 51 research articles on timber harvesting in Indonesia were collected which were then grouped into three types of forest, namely, wetland plantation forest, dry land plantation forest, and natural forest. Dryland plantation forest is the most studied forest type. Harvesting activities are divided into several stages, including logging, skidding, loading and unloading, and transportation. The most researched activity is skidding. Harvesting productivity is influenced by harvesting equipment, field conditions, harvesting techniques, worker skills, workload, and weather. The amount of harvesting costs is influenced by productivity, ownership costs, operational costs, and worker wages.
Keyword: biaya pemanenan, produktivitas pemanenan kayu, teknik pemanenan

Judul: Antibodi anti-idiotipe sebagai kandidat vaksin rabies, Anti-idiotype andibody as a rabies vaccine candidate
Abstrak: Anti rabies serum (ARS) called antibody 1 (Ab1) was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. Anti-Ab1 chicken immunoglobulins (IgY), the antiidiotype antibodies against rabies (Ab2) was isolated from chicken blood every week for ten weeks. The highest titer of Ab2 was found at the third week after the last immunization. Immunoglobulin Y was separated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation, then dialyzed using PBS pH 8.0 for 24 hours at 2 – 8 oC and purified using affinity chromatography column for IgY lead the proteins molecules with 185,000; 95,000 and 49,000 dalton in weigth. Purified IgY was used to immunize New Zealand White rabbit and the antibody response (Ab3) was detected using Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). The Ab3 showed specific reaction with Ab2 as well as rabies virus. Interestingly, Ab2 and rabies virus express partial identity reaction. This lead the insight, that not all parts of Ab2 are internal image of rabies virus. The efficacy of Ab3 was detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indicated that the level of Ab3 titer is protective according to WHO standard (more than 0.5 IU/ml). The conclusion of this study is the anti-idiotype antibody can induce protective immune response against rabies virus and can be used as an alternative for rabies anti-idiotype vaccine. Key words : anti-idiotype vaccine, antibody, rabies
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