Judul: Produksi Xilooligosakarida dari Xilan Tongkol Jagung Menggunakan Enzim Bakteri Streptomyces costaricanus 451-3
Abstrak: Xilanase merupakan kelompok enzim ekstraseluler yang menghidrolisis xilan atau polimer dari xilosa dan xilooligosakarida. Xilanase dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan substrat yang dihidrolisis, yaitu β-xilosidase, eksoxilanase, dan endoxilanase. Enzim xilanase dapat dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme dengan sumber makanan seperti limbah tongkol jagung, limbah sekam padi, tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan kulit kedelai. Salah satu bakteri penghasil enzim xilanase yaitu Streptomyces costaricanus 45I-3.
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Judul: Produksi Dan Karakterisasi Xilanase Mikroba Yang Diisolasi Dari Tongkol Jagung.
Abstrak: Enzim penghidrolisis xilan melibatkan dua tipe utama yaitu endo-β-1,4- xilanase (EC. 3.2.1.8) dan β-xilosidase (EC. 3.2.1.37). Enzim-enzim tersebut bekerjasama menghidrolisis xilan (hemiselulosa) menjadi rantai pendek xilooligosakarida dan xilosa. Xilanase (enzim penghidrolisis xilan) merupakan salah satu enzim yang banyak dimanfaatkan secara luas dalam bidang industri pangan maupun non pangan serta mempunyai dampak positif terhadap lingkungan (clean processing). Xilan (hemiselulosa) yang merupakan substrat xilanase banyak terdapat pada tongkol jagung yaitu sebesar 40 %. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan isolasi mikroorganisme pendegradasi xilan (hemiselulosa) yang terdapat pada tongkol jagung busuk. Selain itu tongkol jagung itu sendiri dimanfaatkan sebagai substrat kasar (crude) dari mikroorganisme yang diisolasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan salah satu upaya diversifikasi pemanfaatan produk samping hasil pengolahan jagung. Penelitian dimulai dengan mengisolasi mikroba penghasil xilanase dari tongkol jagung busuk. Dari hasil pemilahan diperoleh 12 isolat mampu menghasilkan clearing zone pada media yang mengandung oat spelt xylan 0.7 %, salah satu diantaranya adalah isolat yang diberi kode MBXiK4 yaitu memiliki indeks xilanolitik cukup tinggi (5.81) dan aktivitas enzim yang tertinggi (5.29 U/ml (pengukuran I), 1.78 U/ml (pengukuran II)). Isolat lokal yang terbaik tersebut digunakan untuk optimasi kondisi produksi enzim, karakterisasi enzim xilanase dan β-xilosidase. Hasil optimasi produksi oleh isolat MBXiK4 menunjukkan aktivitas enzim tertinggi (11.59 U/ml) terjadi pada hari ketiga, konsentrasi tongkol jagung 1%, dengan kondisi pH 7 dan suhu 37oC. Hasil ini tidak berbeda jauh jika dibandingkan dengan menggunakan substrat oat spelt xylan 0.7 % yang menghasilkan aktivitas enzim tertinggi sebesar 11.37 U/ml pada pH 7 dan suhu 37oC.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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