Judul: Produksi antibodi poliklonal oleh toksin insektisida Photorhabdus spp. dan deteksinya dengan teknik Nitrocellulose Membrane Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (NCM-ELISA)
Abstrak: Photorhabdus spp. merupakan bakteri yang mampu menghasilkan suatu senyawa toksin serta dapat mematahkan mekanisme pertahanan tubuh serangga terhadap infeksi sehingga dikembangkan penggunaannya sebagai pengendali hayati hama pada tanaman padi. Photorhabdus spp. yang diklon membutuhkan teknik deteksi yang cepat dan efektif untuk menepis hasil rekombinan yang diinginkan untuk contoh uji dalam jumlah besar. Teknik deteksi yang digunakan ialah teknik serologi NCM-ELISA.
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Judul: Produksi antibodi poliklonal untuk deteksi phytophthora palmivora butter penyebab gugur buah dan busuk pucuk kelapa dengan uji serologi
Abstrak: P. palmivora dapat menimbulkan penyakit gugur buah dan pucuk pada kelapa. Perkembangan penyaki t ini sangat di lapangan, dan hingga saat ini belum terdapat cara yang tepat untuk mendeteksi secara dini penyakit tersebut. Mengingat bahwa penyakit ini sangat berbahaya, dan begitu pentingnya tanaman kelapa, rnaka perlu didapatkan cara deteksi yang cepat. Salah satu cara yang cepat dapat diterapkan adalah uji serologi. Uji serologi pada prinsipnya memerlukan antibodi, yang digunakan sebagai bahan untuk pengujian tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memproduksi antibodi poliklonal P. palmivora. Di samping itu mencari preparat antigen yang baik untuk pembuatan antibodi poliklonal, serta Lengetahui hubungan serologi antara antibodi P. palmivora yang dihasilkan dengan P. arecae dan P. nicotianae yang juga penyebab gugur buah dan busuk pucuk kelapa. Ekstrak miselium dan supernatan merupakan antigen yang lebih baik dibandingkan pellet memproduksi antibodi dalam tubuh kelinci. Antibodi poliklonal yang dihasilkan bersifat spesifik terhadap genus Phytophthora yang rnenginfeksi kelapa. Anti bodi poliklonal dari Phytophthora kelapa tidak apat digunakan untuk rnendeteksi cendawan dari genus lain ang diuji. Uji hubungan serologi antara P. palmivora (Ab) dan P. arecae serta P.nicotianae (Ag) menunjukkan hubungan serologi dekat.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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