Judul: Pembuatan Bioetanol Dari Sirup Glukosa Umbi Ganyong (Canna Edulis Kerr.) Menggunakan Khamir Schizosaccharomyces Pombe
Abstrak: Bioethanol is an ethanol produced by fermentation of biomass containing sugar/starch/cellulose such as sugar cane, cassava and sago. Ethanol is generally used in industry as an alcohol derivative material, ingredient of alcoholic liquors such as sake or gin, pharmaceutical and cosmetic material (Hambali et al., 2007). Ganyong is a crop that easily grows in all weather and soil type. Moreover, this crop doesn't need any complex requirement for its growth (Lingga et al., 1989). One hectare of land can produce 50 tons ganyong with approximately eight months seed time (Azahari, 2008). Based on the research conducted by Zuraida et al. (2002), ganyong had a fairly high level of starch content, which was between 31.3-38.9 %. The high level of starch content and productivity along with easiness of growth makes ganyong appreciated as a prospective material for bioethanol production. Schizosaccharomyces pombe is yeast with fermentative facultative characteristic and resistance to high sugar content. According to Barnett et al. (2000), Schizosaccharomyces pombe was one of osmophilic yeast, which had ability to grow on media with aw less than 0.85 equivalents to glucose content of 60 % w/w. This research consisted of preliminary research and main research. In main research stage 1, the comparison between extraction method with and without peeling process was performed. The performed analyses were included starch yield and starch content from the starch produced by both methods above. Preliminary research stage 2 was done to compare 4 types of glucose syrup with different sugar concentration. Those glucose syrups were made into carbon source in the substrate which then became the fermentation medium. Indicator of the best sugar concentration was its ability to grow the most yeast. Main analysis done in this research was the total of dry biomass in gram/L. Estimation of total biomass by measuring OD (Optical Density) value which would then be fitted into the standard curve of relation between OD and dry biomass. The result of preliminary research stage 1 was that the starch extraction method without peeling process produced higher yield than the method with peeling process. The yield of starch produced by the method without peeling process was 16.51 ± 3.88 % (w/w), while the yield produced by the method with peeling process was 7.05 ± 0.85 % (w/w). The starch content in both starch yields from each treatment was not significantly different. In preliminary research stage 2, the best sugar concentration to maximize growth of the microbe was 36 % (w/v), with μmax on the sixth hour. The aim of this research was to compare two agitation methods in fermentation to see its effect to the produced ethanol yield. In first method agitation was done until the end of fermentation (continued agitation). While in the second method agitation was only done until the time when μmax value was achieved (stopped agitation). The result of main research was that the continued agitation method produced more ethanol than the stopped agitation method. The ethanol content produced by continued agitation method was 19.26 ± 0.86 g/L, while the ethanol content produced by stopped agitation method was 13.79 ±
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Judul: Pembuatan Bioetanol Dari Dekstrin Dan Sirup Glukosa Sagu (Metroxylon Sp.) Menggunakan Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Var. Ellipsoideus
Abstrak: There are some factors of fossil fuel problems in Indonesia namely the decreasing of fossil fuel production, the increasing of domestic energy consumption, the high price of fossil fuel and the harmless of fossil fuels itself to the environment. The research of energy alternative source should be carried out as an effort to reduce the energy supply based on fossil fuels. Bioenergy is the main alternative to overcome the energy crisis based on fossil fuel. Bioenergy is one of alternatives energy based on biomass derivate; material from living organism (plants, animals and microorganism). The development of the bioenergy is absolutely appropriate to be implemented in Indonesia because it is supported by the abundant of natural resources potency and also the availability of the field. One of bioenergy which can be developed is bioethanol which can replace the use of gasoline. The main purpose of this research was to produce bioethanol from sago starch by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus in batch system. The particular purposes of this research were to determine the kind of substrate and substrate sugar concentration based on yield of ethanol produced and value of biomass, and also its influence to the other fermentation parameters (total residual glucose and pH). Besides that, this research was also aimed to know the influence of process manipulation (full agitation dan stop agitation) towards ethanol yield, biomass quantity, total residual glucose and pH. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus can utilize dextrin and glucose syrup to produce biomass and ethanol. Fermentation of glucose syrup 24 % using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus for 24 hours produce the highest amount of biomass 2,84 g/l and the highest ethanol yield 28,3 g/l. At the 6th hour, the yeast is still in log phase, but at 12th hour it had been in stationary phase. The total residual glucose and pH were decreasing during fermentation process. Bioprocess manipulation was carried out by using glocose syrup 24 % as substrate and stopped the agitation at 6th hour. Ethanol and biomass quantity produced by full agitation was higher than that produced by stop agitation at 6th hour. The full agitation could produce ethanol up to 26,96+1,80 g/l and stop agitation at 6th hour could produce ethanol up to 21,21+2,83 g/l. At the 24th hour, the average of pH values on full agitation was 3,22+0,02, meanwhile the mean of pH values on stop agitation at 6th hour was reached at 3,23+0,00. The lower of pH values could inhibit the microorganism growth. The values of Y x/s, Y p/s dan Y p/x on full agitation were 0,04+0,00, 0,41+0,00 and 10,41+0,34, meanwhile on stop agitation at 6th hour were 0,04+0,00, 0,34+0,07 and 9,48+1,45. The agitation stopped at the 6th hour caused inhomogeneous condition so the process of fermentation was not well done.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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