Judul: Impacts of Climate Change and Forest Community Adaptation Strategy in Southern Central Timor District, East Nusa Tenggara.
Abstrak: Perubahan iklim ditandai dengan adanya perubahan curah hujan, suhu, musim hujan dan kemarau dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Perubahan ini memberikan dampak terhadap sumberdaya alam dan kehidupan masyarakat. Perhatian utama perubahan iklim adalah dampak negatif seperti banjir, tanah longsor, erosi tanah, kekeringan, dan gagal panen yang menyebabkan kerentanan masyarakat. Masyarakat ini harus beradaptasi dengan perubahan di lingkungan sekitar mereka agar dapat bertahan hidup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran dari pemahaman masyarakat terhadap perubahan iklim, mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi dampak perubahan iklim terhadap kehidupan masyarakat, serta untuk mempelajari strategi adaptasi masyarakat terhadap perubahan iklim. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Nenas dan Desa Bena, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan, Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar masyarakat tidak mengerti apa yang dimaksud dengan perubahan iklim. Apa yang masyarakat pahami adalah bahwa ada perubahan musim (hujan dan kemarau) yang tidak menentu. Perubahan musim yang tidak terduga memberikan kesulitan bagi masyarakat untuk menjadwalkan waktu tanam. Musim yang ekstrim (baik musim hujan dengan curah hujan tinggi dan kemarau panjang) memberikan dampak negatif secara langsung dan tidak langsung, kepada masyarakat dan lingkungan sekitarnya seperti banjir, tanah longsor, kekeringan, ketersedian air yang terbatas, dan akhirnya dapat menurunkan produksi pertanian. Dampak negatif lain dari perubahan iklim adalah masalah kesehatan masyarakat, padang rumput dan semak kering yang rentan kebakaran. Masyarakat telah melakukan beberapa strategi untuk beradaptasi seperti penanaman pohon untuk pengendalian banjir, penyesuaian pola tanam waktu tanam, mengubah spesies tanaman pertanian, membangun sumur, dan dengan bantuan dari Pemerintah Daerah untuk membangun saluran irigasi, serta pembuatan bak penampung air bersih. Strategi adaptasi yang diimplementasikan oleh masyarakat di desa penelitian sebagian besar merupakan adaptasi reaktif dan antisipatif.
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Judul: Dampak Perubahan Iklim dan Adaptasi Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan di Kabupaten Sigi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of countries that has the largest forest area in the world after Brazil and Congo. The rate of deforestation in Indonesia according to the Departement of Forestry (2007) reaches 1,08 million hectares per year. Deforestation and degradation is the of causes of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) because according to Brown (1997) almost 50% of forest vegetation composed by the element carbon. Climate change impact on natutal resources and people’s lives mainly those whose livelihoods depend on natural resources (Sylvani and Sakuntaladewi 2010). The adverse effects of climate change force people to adapt according to the an understanding of climate change. Adaptation is the act of adjusting the natural and social systems as a response to climate change and variability (Herawaty and Santoso 2007). This study aims determine people’s understanding of climate change, kind of impact by climate change and adaptation by local forest communities to climate change based on phenomenon of climate change felt by local forest communities. The data in this research were collected through observation and interviews the respondents in the local forest communities that are selected using purposive sampling method. Besides, information was collected through literature review of some secondary data obtained from local goverment offices. The amount of respondents was interview in this research are 30 people from Toro Village and 30 people from Omu Village. The data showed that people’s in both village didn’t know the term climate change, but the people’s know there has been a change of seasons is one of the components of the climate. The impact of climate change perceived people directly and indirectly. Climate change resulted in a shift in season calendar leading to decreased agricultural production and caused disasters such as floods and landslides. The impact of climate change that occorred in anticipation of the reactive and proactive. Reactive adaptation is done by making changes such as the crops in certain seasons and making irrigation canals. Proactive adaptations is performed by keeping local wisdom to preserve the balance of nature and to prevent disasters that arise in the future.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm