Judul: Physiological and Molecular Analysis for Development of DNA Markers in Resistance to Basal Stem Rot Disease in Oil Palm
Abstrak: Basal stem rot (BSR) is a great disease concern in oil palm plantations. The cause of this disease is Ganoderma boninense, one of the fungi from the phylum Basidiomycota which can reduce oil palm productivity up to 40%. The higher generation planted in the oil palm plantations, the more widespread of the development of this disease in Ganoderma-infected areas. The response of oil palm resistance to BSR disease is very important to be discovered. The expression of genes involved in the resistance response is also a support in the superior plant material development for Ganoderma resistant in oil palm. The final objective of the study was to obtain molecular markers capable of selecting BSR disease-resistant plants in oil palm. The first experiment results “Differential expression of root specific genes of oil palm seedlings at early stage of Ganoderma boninense infection” showed two genes performed the highest transcript accumulation in susceptible treated with G. boninense. Ten out of the 16 genes belonged to Group I and the other six to Group. Seven out of the 16 genes were differentially expressed in the samples either with or without G. boninense inoculation. The seven genes may be associated with early infection responses to G. boninense. The second experiment results “Defense response changes in roots of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings after internal symptoms of Ganoderma boninense pat. infection” indicated that C01, C02, and C05 seedlings were susceptible, while the other three seedlings, C03, C07, and C08, were resistant based on Ganoderma Disease Index (GDI). Infection by G. boninense in the most susceptible seedlings C05 reduced fresh weight of roots (FW) by 9.0%, and lignin content by 10.9%. The most resistant seedlings C08 were reduced by only 8.4%, and 0.2% regarding their fresh weight and lignin content, respectively. BSR disease induced SA accumulation in the most susceptible C05 and decreased peroxidase (PRX) enzyme (EC 1.11.1.7) activities in root tissues of oil palm seedlings except C07 and C08 where PRX activities remained high in the 4 months after planting. Infection with G. boninense also increased glutathione S-transferase U19-like (EgGSTU19) gene expression in the root tissues of susceptible seedlings, while laccase-24 (EgLCC24) gene expression was associated with resistance against BSR disease. Based on the relative expression of twelve genes, two genes are categorized as receptors (EgWAKL5, EgMIK1), two genes as biosynthesis signal transduction compound (EgOPR5, EgACO1), five genes as defense responses (EgROMT, EgSOT12, EgLCC24, EgGLT3, EgGSTU19), and one gene as trans-resveratrol di-O-methyltransferase-like (EgRNaseIII) predicted related to BSR infection. While two other genes remain unknown (EgUnk1, EgUnk2). Ganoderma infection-induced SA accumulation and lignification in resistant accessions promote the seedlings root biomass. Oil palm seedlings have a synergistic physical, biochemical, and molecular defense mechanism to the BSR disease. The utilization of nucleotide-based molecular markers using EgLCC24 gene is able to detect resistant oil palm seedlings to G. boninense. The third experiment results “Genes expression analysis of EgUnk3, EgZFP2, and EgIPK2b in oil palm using Ct value correction and two relative quantification approaches” showed correlation regression obtained 0.28, -0.32, and 0.29 for delta Ct of EgUnk1, EgZFP2, and EgIPK2b, respectively.
Keyword: Ganoderma boninense, marker-assisted selection, lignification, gene expression, resistant to basal stem rot

Judul: Distribution and Factors Affecting the Development of  Basal Stem Rot Disease (Ganoderma boninense) in Oil Palm (Elaeis guinensis Jacq.) in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia saat ini semakin berkembang seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan industri. Namun, dalam proses budi daya tanaman terdapat kendala seperti munculnya hama dan penyakit tanaman. Penyakit busuk pangkal batang yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Ganoderma boninense merupakan penyakit yang paling merusak pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Kajian pustaka ini bertujuan mempelajari perkembangan penyebaran penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Metode kajian pustaka dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data sekunder, pengolahan data, dan analisis. Sumber data diperoleh dari publikasi ilmiah seperti laporan tahunan Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian RI, data online BMKG, jurnal penelitian, tesis, skripsi dan kajian-kajian ilmiah. Hasil studi Pustaka menunjukkan bahwa penyakit busuk pangkal batang (G. boninense) telah menyebar di 13 provinsi dan telah menjadi penyakit endemik yang sulit dikendalikan. Insidensi penyakit paling tinggi terdapat di Sumatera Utara, Riau, Aceh, dan Sulawesi Barat. Intensitas penyakit cenderung meningkat pada kebun peremajaan. Penyakit ini berpotensi menyebar ke seluruh provinsi sentra kelapa sawit di Indonesia dan menimbulkan kerugian yang lebih besar., Indonesia is the largest palm oil producing country in the world. Oil palm plantations in Indonesia are currently growing in line with the increasing needs of the industry. However, in the process of plant cultivation there are obstacles such as the emergence of pests and plant diseases. Basal stem rot disease caused by the fungus Ganoderma boninense is the most destructive disease in oil palm plantations in Indonesia. This literature review aims to study the development of the spread of basal stem rot disease in oil palm plantations in Indonesia. The literature review method is carried out by collecting secondary data, data processing, and analysis. Sources of data are obtained from scientific publications such as the annual report of the Directorate General of Plantations, the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, BMKG, research journals, theses, and scientific studies. The results of the study show that basal stem rot disease (G. boninense) has spread in 13 provinces and has become an endemic disease that is difficult to control. The highest incidence of disease is found in North Sumatra, Riau, Aceh, and West Sulawesi. Disease intensity tends to increase in replanting plantations. This disease has the potential to spread to all oil palm center provinces in Indonesia and cause greater losses.
Keyword: BSR, disease incidence, impact, potential

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf