Judul: Biodegradation of lignocelulosic of palm oil frond (Elacis guineensis) by phanerochaete chrysosporium as antioxidant and feedstuff for ruminant
Abstrak: Lignocellulose is the major component of biomass, it consists of three types of polymers, cellulose, hemicelllose and lignin that are stongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent force and by covalent cross linkages. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was widely used to delignify agriculture waste product and improve biodegradation of the substrate as animal feed. This research was conducted to determine the optimum fermentation time of lignin and fermented palm oil frond with Phanerochaete chrysosporium based on the amount of phenolic compounds produce, its antioxidant activity and fiber digestibility in ruminant ration. The first experiment, palm oil frond and lignin (extraction of palm oil frond) were inoculated with P. chrysosporium and incubated at room temperature for 0, 4, 8, 10 and 12 days. For each incubation time, two replications were employed. The phenolic compounds in the supernatant was determined by GC-MS and antioxidant activity test of lignin and palm oil frond fermented products using the method of α,α-Diphenyl-β-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The second experiment was conducted to study the interaction between inoculant doses and time of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium on pH, water activity, fiber components and nutrient. This research was done based on completely randomized design with 2 factor as treatments. The first factor was inoculant doses : 105cfu/ml, 106cfu/ ml, and 107 The third experiment was carried out to increase the use of palm oil fronds as a substitute material for Napier grass through biodegradation process with Phanerochaete chrysosoporium. A randomized completelyblockdesign with four treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were ration 1 (R1) containing 60% Napier grass, ration 2 (R2) containing 40% Napier grass and 20% fermented palm oil frond, ration 3 (R3) containing 20% Napier grass and 40% fermented palm oil frond, ration 4 (R4) containing 60 % fermented palm oil frond. Forty percent concentrate was included in all treatment rations. Parameters measured were in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, and ADF. N-NH3 and TVFA concentration, number of celllulolitic bacteria and protozoa rumen and antioxidant activity in the rumen. cfu/ml, the second factor was length of fermentation : 10, 15, and 20 days. Results showed that longer incubation time (up to day 10) of oil palm frond increased the percentage of inhibition with89.411% inhibitionrate and antioxidant activity was declined at 12 days of incubation. Similar pattern was obtained from fermented lignin with 92.108% inhibition rate for 10 days fermentation.On day 10 fermentation, the main components of phenolic compounds resulted from lignin degradation included 2.6dimethoxy phenol, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, vanillin acid and syringic aldehid and those from fermented oil palm frond included syringic acid, 2.6dimethoxy phenol, hidroxy benzaldehyd, methoxy phenol, and syringic aldehid.Dose of 107cfu/ml inoculant and 10 days time of fermentation were most effectivelyreducing lignin (47.79%), NDF (40.16%), ADF (40.93%), Cellulose (35.69%), Hemicellulose (36.90%), lignin degradation (49.47%), the ratio of cellulose to lignin (1.35). There was no interaction between inoculant doses and time of fermentation on fermented palm oil frond dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and BETN. In vitro experiment showed that incresing level of fermented palm oil frond in
Keyword: antioxidant, lignin, palm oil frond, phanerochaete chrysosporium, biodegradationbbbbb

Judul: The c apability of Wood Rot Fungus JPA Isolate and Trichoderma sp. S2-2 in Degradation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches to Produce Cellulose.
Abstrak: Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are a lignocellulosic waste which commonly found in oil palm refining process. OPEFB abundant waste can be used to get the biorefinary products that have added value. The objectives of this study was to determine the capability of wood-rot fungus JPA isolate and Trichoderma in degradation of OPEFB and to determine the growth of the two fungal isolates on OPEFB that has been composted. The experiment consisted of two topics. The first topic consisted of four treatments of inoculations, i.e. the substrate was inoculated with JPA isolate (JPA); with Trichoderma sp. S2-2 (T); and with both isolates (JPA + T). On the 4th treatment, the substrate was inoculated with JPA isolate. After 4 weeks of incubation, the substrate was inoculated with Trichoderma sp. S2-2 [(JPA) + T]. As control, OPEFB was not inoculated with either JPA isolate or Trichoderma sp. S2-2. On second topic, 4 piles of OPEFB (40 kg/pile) were inoculated with commercial decomposer. They were then composted for 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks, respectively, under natural conditions. As control, OPEFB was not composted. The degraded OPEFB was inoculated with either JPA isolate or Trichoderma sp. S2-2, it was then incubated for 35 days. The results of the first topic showed, that the substrate inoculated with JPA+T produce the highest decrease of dry weight (20.54%). After degradation, from the lowest to the highest of lignin contents were the smooth part of JPA+T (20.83%); JPA (21.85%); rough part of JPA+T (23.93%); T (24.93%); (JPA)+T (29.15%); and control (30.89%) respectively, while from the lowest up to the highest of cellulose contents were T (31.90%), followed by the rough part of JPA+T (33.77%); smooth part of JPA+T (40.4%); JPA (43.33%); (JPA)+T (45.51%); and control ( The results of the second topic showed, that after degradation using commercial decomposer for control, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of composting, the lignin contents of OPEFB were 39.64, 27.76, 13.66, 12.41 and 10.68%, respectively, while the cellulose contents were 51.21, 38.60, 27.78, 23.34 and 23.34%, respectively. 51.21%). The lowest to the highest of C/N ratio were smooth part of JPA+T (28.24%); JPA (30.44%); rough part of JPA+T (30.46%); (JPA)+T (30.67%); T (34.76%) and control (49.21%) respectively. JPA isolate colonized OPEFB for 6 weeks of composting and 25 days after incubation, whereas Trichoderma sp. S2-2 colonized OPEFB for 8 weeks of composting and 20 days after incubation. Wood rot fungus JPA isolate and Trichoderma sp. S2-2 have a capability in degradation of oil palm empty fruit bunches to obtain cellulose as a raw material to produce value-added products .
Keyword: degradation, oil palm empty fruit bunches, Trichoderma sp. S2-2 wood rot fungus

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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