Judul: Examination of Land Degradation based on Erosion Potential using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (A Study Case of Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia)
Abstrak: Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem in the world. With the generally high erosion rate in many parts of the world, efforts should be directed towards curtailing its hazard. This requires quantitative data to identify critical areas where urgent conservation is needed. Traditional approaches based on runoff plots are expensive, time consuming and generate point-based data. A comparative study was conducted to estimate soil loss under landscapes, major land uses and slope gradients in Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The soil erosion model, i.e. the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was applied in GIS and remote sensing (RS) environment. GIS based spatial analysis model is used to answer questions about what exists now or exists at some points in the past. Perhaps most importantly, it can be used to predict what will happen or has happened in another location or at another point in a certain time. A GIS provides these capabilities by means of its spatial analysis function. Erosion that is caused by rain and human’s activities can be assessed with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation in ton/hectare/year units based on soil loss rate of a certain area. RUSLE involves erosivity from rain, erodibility from soil properties, slope conditions, land conservation, and cultivation system factors on a land. The classification of land cover in study area was conductive by using Landsat satellite image of different years, i.e.1989, 1993, 1998 and 2003. Changes in land use/ cover was led to increase the rate of erosion by water in the Bandung regency which could be concluded from the statistical analysis of the annual result from RUSLE. The potential eroded area by districts in the study area can be examined. Human factor, land use and cover change, is the most dominant factor in RUSLE equation for prediction of land degradation was shown in the sensitivity analysis of land use/cover change by years. According to the outcome of this research, deforestation and the agricultural practice for vegetable farming in the study area were causing problems of land degradation. Intensification of agriculture area and residential area are major factors of land degradation in the study area. Finally, this research can be concluded that 1825 hectare of land in the Bandung regency is continuously suffered high and very high erosion in four different period of land cover type. That area need to be recognized as “rehabilitant area” and must be maintained with the way of high soil conservation practice. The forested area which located more than 40 percent slope gradient in the study area is needed to be identified as highly value conservative forest area. Erosion must be noticed in a land degradation management and RUSLE can help farmers not only to assess erosions on their lands but also to policy maker for implementing the land use planning.
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Judul: Pendugaan Tingkat Bahaya Erosi Untuk Optimalisasi Penggunaan Lahan Studi Kasus Di Desa Lamajang, Kecamatan Pangalengan, Kabupaten Bandung, Das Citarum Hulu
Abstrak: Erosion is a major cause of land degradation that lead to critical land formation. Erosion is influenced by several factor, such as : climate, soil erodibility, topograhy, land use, and conservation techniques. Among those five factors the first three factors are factors difficult to change. Therefore, erosion prevention efforts to reduce land degradation generaly focused on the regulation of land use and conservation techniques (land use optimization). Land use optimization was done by allocating any land use for a proper land use in such a way that land degradation can be prevented, i.e land use that produce erosion less than tolerable erosion. Therefore, prediction of actual and potential soil erosion as well as tolerable soil erosion level to determine erosion hazard is necessary. The method used is Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) which is a common method used to calculate the erosion rate. The advantages of this method are easy to apply and compatible in areas which have a rainfall and surface runoff as the main factors that causing erosion. The aim of this research is to produce a new scheme of land use based on the level of erosion hazard in order to obtain a sustainable agriculture (optimal allocation of land use) in the Lamajang Village, Sub-district Pangalengan, District of Bandung, West Java. This research includes: field observations, determination of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, land use, land conservation techniques, and erosion hazard index. Based on data evaluation and interpretation, 7 land units are found in studied area with erosion rates ranging from low to very high. Land units with erosion hazard greater than tolerance level require land optimization. Optimization of land use activities should include the aspects of erosion, social, cultural, and economic, so make it easy to be accepted and applied for local communities The results of this study showed that erosion hazard in the studied area is very high due to high rainfall and steep slopes. Since actual soil erosion higher than tolerable level it is necessary to optimize the land use. The method of land use optimization suggested for the study area is “Good Terrace”. On areas with slope steepness higher than 60% Agroforestry system is proposed. This Agroforestry system compose of pine as high canopy, coffe or quinine as medium canopy, and chili or tomato as lower canopy (basal cover), that are planted follow contour.
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Judul: Karakteristik Ikan Patin Hibrida Antara Pnt?gnsizis hypophthnltww Betina Dengan Patzgnsiz~sd jnn~bnJl antan Pada Fase Pembesaran
Abstrak: Di Indonesia terdapat beberapa spesies ikan patin yang sudah dikenal dan ada beberapa yang sudah dibudidayakan, diantaranya adalah Pangasius hypophthalmus. Diantara Pangasius lokal, Pangasius djambal merupakan salah satu spesies yang mulai dikembangkan pada tahun 1998. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil hibridisasi interspesifik antara P. hypophthalmus betina dengan P. djambal jantan yang meliputi pertumbuhan, kelangsungan hidup, karakter meristik dan karakter morfometrik pada fase pembesaran. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari sampai dengan Juli 2000, di Kolam Percobaan Babakan Darmaga, PB. Pada percobaan ini dilakukan kegiatan persiapan kolam yang meliputi pengeringan, pemupukan, pengapuran dan pengisian air, kemudian persiapan benih, dimana benih yang digunakan adalah P. hypophthalmus dengan bobot rata-rata awal 5,18 gram dan panjang 8,16 cm, serta ikan patin hibrida dengan bobot rata-rata awal 5,36 gram dan panjang 8,34 cm. Kegiatan selanjutnya adalah pemeliharaan ikan yang dilakukan secara komunal pada kolam berukuran 10m x 20m, jumlah ikan yang ditebar adalah 60 ekor untuk masingmasing spesies. Untuk membedakan antara kedua spesies dilakukan penandaan dengan cara memotong patil sebelah kiri untuk P. hypophthalmus dan patil sebelah kanan untuk hibridanya. Pakan yang diberikan berupa pellet berkadar protein 28% dengan tingkat pemberian pakan 40% bobot biomassa perusahaan hari pada awal pemeliharaan, kemudian diturunkan menjadi 20%, 15%, 10% dan 5% setiap bulannya dengan frekuensi pemberian pakan pakan 3 x sehari pada waktu pagi, simg dm sore hari. Pengambilan contoh dilakukan satu bulan sekali, dan jumlah contoh yang diambil adalah 20 ekor untuk masing-masing spesies, kemudian ditimbang bobot dan diukur panjangnya. Pada saat panen dilakukan penghitungan karakter meristik dan pengukuran karakter morfometrik. Selain itu dilakukan pula pengamatan tingkah l a b ikan, yaitu frekuensi ikan naik ke permukaan air. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel, gambar dan grafik Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan bobot dan panjang pada ikan P. hypophfhalmus (41 5,176 i 58,370 gram dan 35,890 i 1,476 cm) lebjh tjnggi dibandingkan hibridanya (344,563 * 68,905 gram dan 33,725 * 2,112 cm) pada akhir pemeliharaan. Persentase laju pertumbuhan terus menurun dari awal pemeliharaan sampai akhir pemeliharaan. Kelangsungan hidup P. hypophfhaImzis (100%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan hibridanya (55%). Nilai relatif karakter morfometrik kedua spesies ikan relatif sama, hanya pada karakter morfometrik usus P. hypophthalmus lebih panjang dibandingkan hibridanya. Karakter meristik kedua spesies ikan relatif sama, tetapi terdapat sedikit perbedaan pada tapis insang, pada P. hypophthalmus memiliki kisaran nilai antara 24-34 dan pada hibridanya antara 23-25. Secara morfologi dapat dilihat adanya perbedaan antara kedua spesies, yaitu terletak pada bentuk gelembung renang, kepala bagian bawah dan warna daging. Gelembung renang P. hypophfhalmus merupakan gelembung renang tunggal yang memanjang secara posterior dari sirip punggung sampai dengan sirip dubur Sedangkan gelembung renang hibridanya berbentuk ganda. Pada bentuk kepala bagian bawah, P. hypophthalmus memiliki bentuk kepala yang lebih ramping dibandingkan hibridanya. Dan warna daging P. hypophthalmus adalah kekuningkuningan kuningan sedangkan hibridan~ab envarna keputih-putihan.
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