Judul: The Hunt and Trade of Some Species of Bats inside and surround Forest Area of Batang Toru, North Sumatra
Abstrak: Most of local people surround Batang Toru Forest Area work at agriculture sectors. Durian and petai are mostly cultivated due to those commodities have high economic value. The main wild animals that help pollination of durian and petai is bat (Chiroptera: Megachiroptera). Not only help durian and petai pollination, but bats also help other plants pollination and spread some seeds. Therefore bats also have function as forest ecosystem keeper. The local people inside and surrounding Batang Toru forest is dominated by Batak ethnic. They are found of consuming bats meat (Pteropodidae). Unsustainable bat hunting is worrying since it can decrease bats population. The aims of study is to get information concerning the hunt and trade of some species of bats inside and surrounding Batang Toru Forest Area from conservation perspective. The locations of study were at Batang Toru Forest Area, surrounding Batang Toru Forest Area. The study was conducted during November 2009 - June 2010. The tools that were used consisted of map of area, guidance book “Kelelawar di Indonesia”, GPS, digital camera, 2 unit of trap camera, binocular, flash light, watch, alcohol 90% and guidance questioner. The objects of this study were kalong kapauk, lalai kembang and kusing dayak, bats hunters, bats collectors, bats sellers, bats buyers, food shop owners, toddy shop owners, bats consumers and durian farmers. The data was collected through literature study, interview, field observation and video from trap camera. The data then was analyzed descriptively. The bats trades happen locally. The price of one kalong kapauk can reach Rp 15.000,00 – Rp 40.000,00, while one lalai kembang or kusing dayak is only paid Rp 1.000,00. The utilizations of bats are usually for protein source, extreme menu, medicine and Snacks. Concerning the important aim of bats in the ecosystem, it needs conservation effort to conserve bat population that is getting decrease. The conservation effort can be giving socialization to local people regarding important aim of bats to the ecosystem, delivering conservation education to pupils in the schools, increasing local people welfare by giving agricultural illumination and repairing the habitat of bats.
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Judul: Ekologi, relung pakan, dan strategi adaptasi kelelawar penghuni gua di karst gombong Kebumen Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: The existence of cave dwelling bats of karst area need to be conserved, because bats have important roles for the ecosystem inside the cave as well as outside the cave. The objectives of this research were to know the biodiversity of cave dwelling bats, to identify physical factors which influenced the preference roosting place, to determine the prey preference of cave dwelling bats, to observe structural and physiological adaptation of the cave dwelling bats and to propose the karst management strategy based on the conservation status of bats. This study was conducted from September 2008 to July 2010 in twelve caves in Gombong karst area, Central Java. The sample of the bats were picked up at the roosting place during the day. The physical and microclimate parameters were measured under the bat roosts, three times in February, June and October 2009. Stomach gut content was collected and dissolved in aquadest. The material of insect were sorted and identified under microscope and compare to the insects that were collected by light trap in bat foraging area. The polen were collected from the intestine of fruit bats. Blood was taken from the interfemoral vein of bats. Lungs removed from body and were made preparations for histology. The diameter of alveoli was observed under the microscope. Then the amount of erythrocyte was counted by using hemocytometer and hemoglobin content was measured using Sahli’s method. The data was analyzed by ANOVA, Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Redundancy Analysis (RDA), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), Hybrid Canonical Correspondence Analysis (HCCA) and multiple regression. The result showed: 1) Fifteen spesies (eleven spesies of Microchiroptera and four spesies of Megachiroptera) indicated known in this research. 2) The microclimate factors which influenced the preference roosting place were the sound intensity, the distance from the cave mouth, the temperature, the humidity and the light intensity. The insects in gut content of insectivorous bats belong to 10 orders, distributed into 29 families. Otherwise pollen in gut content of frugivorous bats belong to 9 families, distributed into 33 spesies of plant. The niche overlap index between spesies of bats that occupy in one cave was less than 30%. The diameter of alveoli significantly correlated with humidity, temperature and ammonia levels. The amount of erythrocyte increased by the increase of humidity, decrease in the temperature and the increase of ammonia level. This tendency also revealed in hemoglobin change. Gombong karst area proposed as a karst region class I based on Kepmen ESDM No. 1456 K/20/MEM/2000
Keyword: gua karst, relung pakan, adaptasi, strategi konservasi, gombong, kebumen, jawa tengah

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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