Judul: Pendugaan energi ransum dan kebutuhan energi serta protein sapi perah laktasi
Abstrak: Dalam menyusun raneum sapi perah laktasi perlu diketahui kandungan energinya, antara lain menggunakan satuan TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients Jumlah nutrien organik tercerna).
Keyword: Cattle feeding, energi ransum, sapi perah, laktasi

Judul: Utilisasi energi ransum dengan sumber protein yang berbeda pada sapi fries holland
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efisiensi penggunaan energi.ransum yang menggunakan bahan makanan sum- ber protein tepung ikan, tepung darah, bungkil kedele dan kombinasi ketiganya. Disamping itu juga diteliti interkonver- si berbegai katagori energi ransum. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan delapan ekor sapi keturun- an. Frisien Holland yang berumur 10 sampai 11 bulan, terdiri dari empat ekor jantan dan empat ekor betina. Kisaran hobot hidup ternak jantan 186.6 284.4 kg dan ternak betina 193.05 sampai 268.45 kg. Penelitian dilakukan di Jurusan Ilmu Nutrisi dan Maka - nan Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut. Pertanian Bogor. Dimulai pada bulan Novemver 1987 sampai dengan bulan Januari 1988. Setiap sapi ditempatkan di kandang individu berlantai semen yang mempunyai tempat makanan dan tempat air minum. Ransum yang digunakan terdiri empat macam dengan sumber protein yang berbeda yaitu tepung ikan (RA), tepung darah (RB), bungkil kedele (RC) dan kombinasi ketiganya (RD). Se- tiap ransum dicampur dengan rumput Brachiaria decumbens, ja- gung kuning, dedak padi dan sumber kalsium digunakan CaCO3. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Split - Plot in Time 4 x 3 x 2, dimana perlakuan ransum (split plat) dan periode Waktu penelitian (plot induk) dibagi menjadi tiga periode. Setiap periode selama 11 hari yaitu teräüri lima hari pengum- pulan data konsumsi, lima hari pengumpulan data kecernaan dan satu hari untuk pengambilan sampel isi rumen. Data diana- lisa dengan analisis sidik ragam dan menggunakan uji jarak Duncan untuk membandingkan nilai rata-rata perlakuan ransum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan ransum dengan sumber proteïn yang berbeda tidak mempengaruhi konsumsi ba - han kering ransum, konsumsi energi bruto (GE), nilai energi tercerna (DE) dan nilai energi termetabolisme (ME) (P ≥ 0.05). Sedangkan interkonversi satuan energi TDN, DE dan ME mende - kati nilai yang disebutkan dalam literatur…
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite