Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Shoulder and Upper Arm Muscles of The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities., Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities.
Keyword: arboreal, Bornean orangutans, shoulders and upper-arm muscles, terrestrial

Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Bornean Orangutan’s (Pongo pygmaeus) Pelvic and Thigh Muscles
Abstrak: Primata memiliki tipe lokomosi yang bervariasi sesuai dengan adaptasi terhadap habitatnya. Orang utan, gorila, dan simpanse merupakan primata yang berasal dari famili yang sama yaitu Hominidae. Meskipun memiliki kemiripan anatomi dan fisiologis, terdapat perbedaan adaptasi dan perilaku hidup yang menyebabkan adanya perbedaan anatomi yang khas pada ketiganya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari karakteristik anatomi otot-otot panggul dan paha orang utan kalimantan dalam kaitannya dengan fungsi dan perilaku hariannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengamati morfologi otot panggul dan paha orang utan serta mengamati perilaku arboreal dan terestrial orang utan melalui pengamatan video. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan otot-otot panggul dan otot-otot ekstensor kaki belakang orang utan kurang berkembang dibandingkan pada gorila dan simpanse. Orang utan memiliki m. scansorius yang berkembang sebagai kompensasi tidak adanya m. tensor fasciae latae. Musculus ischiofemoralis pada orang utan memiliki struktur yang khas karena terpisah menjadi satu otot tersendiri. Absennya m. adductor minimus berkaitan dengan sikap berdiri orang utan yang lebih terbuka. Perbedaan perkembangan otot-otot ini disebabkan adaptasi perilaku arboreal orang utan terhadap habitatnya.
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Judul: Penentuan energi aktivasi ion untuk melewati membran teflon pada berbagai larutan elektrolit
Abstrak: Kaseno (1999) menyatakan bahwa dalam teknologi pemisahan, membran adalah bahan yang dapat memisahkan dua komponen dengan cara yang spesifik yaitu menahan atau melewatkan salah satu komponen lebih cepat dari komponen lainnya. Kemampuan pemisahan yang dimiliki oleh membran untuk melewatkan suatu senyawa kimia atau molekul diakibatkan oleh adanya perbedaan sifat fisika atau kimia antara membran dengan senyawa kimia.
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