Judul: Integrated Oil Palm and Cattle in Riau Province : Economic and Sustainability Analysis
Abstrak: Smallholder oil palm plantations (PR) require special attention because they provide a living for over 2.66 million farming households. The productivity of oil palm varies between PR and large plantations. The productivity of PR palm oil is 3.44 tons/ha/year, which really is lower than the national productivity. PBN and PBS have annual rates of 3.81 tons/ha, 4.23 tons/ha, and 4.04 tons/ha, respectively. Efforts to encourage PR to increase oil palm productivity and income can be accomplished by implementing business diversification, especially with livestock. Farmers who have to use integrated agricultural practices, particularly smallholder oil palm plantations with cattle, can influence economic, social, and environmental conditions. In the context of developing integrated oil palm-cattle farming, it is essential to assess farming success in managing and going to generate value from the resources used. This study aims to: 1) analyze the technical and economic relationship between farming branches on oil palm-cattle integration in Riau Province; 2) analyze the determinants of the adoption of the oil palm-cattle integrated farming system in Riau Province and its impact on the use of external inputs and household labor allocation; and 3) analyze the sustainability status of oil palm-cattle integration in Riau Province. From February to July 2021, the study was conducted in five districts of Riau Province. The sample included 165 farmer households engaged in beef cattle farming activities that were integrated with oil palm plantations and 135 oil palm farmers who did not integrate. In 2020, cross section data will be collected using a questionnaire as a research instrument for farming data. The production function analysis is carried out using the stochastic frontier analysis method with the Cobb-Douglas production function model for oil palm farming and the stochastic input distance function for integrated farming. Analysis of the production function can calculate both efficiency and technical inefficiency. The logistic function measures the factors influencing adoption in two categories, namely integrated and non-integrated farming. The role of household workers and the market dependency ratio (MDR) of farming are indicators of internal input productivity. The sustainable value added (SVA) approach was used to analyze the sustainability of integrated oil palm-cattle farming, and the Linear Program was used to estimate farming optimally. The research showed that the integration of oil palm and cattle farming in Riau Province had not been carried out optimally. This is due to the fact that the only input resource used is livestock manure, which is used for fertilizing oil palm or for sale. Farmers do not provide animal feed that is expected to come from palm oil frond waste because farmers can still provide forage animal feed from natural grass. The number of plants, the use of labor outside the household, the use of pesticides, and the use of labor within the family all influence the use of production factors in oil palm farming. Non-integrated farmers, on the other hand, are only affected by the number of plants. Integrated oil palm-cattle farming is a profitable farming method that benefits the households of integrated smallholder oil palm plantation farmers. Integrated farmers benefit more than non-integrated farmers. Integration
Keyword: efisiensi teknis, dis-sinergi, input internal, komplementer, perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat

Judul: Technical Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Oil Palm Farms in Batanghari District Jambi Province
Abstrak: Usahatani kelapa sawit rakyat merupakan mata pencaharian utama di Kabupaten Batanghari. Namun, produktivitas yang dihasilkan masih belum maksimal. Penggunaan faktor produksi yang sering diabaikan menjadi penyebab utama rendahnya produktivitas. Pemakaian jumlah dan kombinasi faktor produksi yang tidak tepat berdampak langsung pada hasil produksi, sehingga di dalam memanfaatkan faktor produksi yang tersedia harus dilakukan dengan optimal agar dapat mengelola perkebunannya dengan sukses. Selain penggunaan faktor produksi, usahatani yang dilakukan oleh petani juga sangat bergantung pada kemampuan manajemen petani. Kemampuan manajemen, dapat memengaruhi tingkat efisiensi teknis. Perlakuan dan upaya petani untuk melakukan usahanya secara efisien dalam kaitannya dengan konsep efisiensi teknis merupakan prioritas yang sangat penting. Efisiensi teknis dicapai ketika petani dapat mengalokasikan faktor produksi secara optimal dan faktor sosial dapat diminimalisir dengan upaya strategi tertentu, sehingga produktivitas yang tinggi dapat dicapai dengan mengikuti standar norma yang telah ditetapkan dan disesuaikan dengan umur tanaman kelapa sawit. Berdasarkan alasan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan penelitian yang berjudul analisis efisiensi teknis usahatani kelapa sawit rakyat di Kabupaten Batanghari Provinsi Jambi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi terhadap produksi, serta menganilisis efisiensi teknis dan pengaruh penggunaan faktor-faktor sosial terhadap efisiensi teknis usahatani kelapa sawit rakyat di Kabupaten Batanghari. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan September hingga November tahun 2023. Sampel penelitian ditentukan dengan metode multistage sampling. Dalam pengambilan sampel petani menggunakan simple random sampling, dengan jumlah petani responden sebanyak 100 petani. Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif dilakukan terhadap data yang dikumpulkan. Penggambaran keragaan usahatani kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Batanghari dilakukan melalui analisis kualitatif, sedangkan untuk tujuan mengestimasi fungsi produksi, menentukan tingkat efisiensi teknis, dan mengidentifikasi faktor yang memengaruhi efisiensi teknis kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Batanghari dilakukan analisis kuantitatif. Model stochastic frontier digunakan untuk mengestimasi fungsi produksi dan efisiensi teknis secara bersamaan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian faktor produksi yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap produksi usahatani kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Batanghari adalah pupuk urea, pupuk NPK, herbisida, dan umur tanaman. Rata-rata nilai efisiensi teknis usahatani kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Batanghari adalah 0.89. Nilai tersebut menunjukkan petani kelapa sawit sudah efisien secara teknis, namun masih dapat ditingkatkan kembali sebesar 0.11 untuk mencapai efisiensi teknis yang maksimal. Faktor sosial yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi teknis usahatani kelapa sawit di kabupaten batanghari adalah pengalaman berusahatani, jarak rumah ke kebun dan kemitraan., Smallholder oil palm farming is the main livelihood in Batanghari District. However, the resulting productivity is still not maximized. The use of production factors that are often ignored is the main cause of low productivity. The use of inappropriate amounts and combinations of production factors has a direct impact on production results so that in utilizing the available production factors must be done optimally in order to manage the plantation successfully. In addition to the use of production factors, farming is also highly dependent on the farmer's management skills. Management skills can affect the level of technical efficiency. The treatment and efforts of farmers to conduct their business efficiently in relation to the concept of technical efficiency is a very important priority. Technical efficiency is achieved when farmers can allocate production factors optimally and social factors can be minimized with certain strategic efforts so
Keyword: oil palm farming, partnership, production factors, technical efficiency

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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