Judul: Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Open Unemployment Rate and Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda dunia termasuk Indonesia mendorong pemerintah Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan PSBB. Kebijakan ini membatasi aktivitas sosial ekonomi masyarakat sehingga berdampak pada keberlangsungan pekerjaan hingga penurunan pendapatan pekerja. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) dan rasio gini Indonesia mengalami peningkatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan keadaan TPT dan ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia sebelum dan saat pandemi Covid-19 serta menganalisis dampak pandemi Covid-19 dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi TPT dan ketimpangan pendapatan terhadap TPT dan ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memakai metode analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi data panel statis 34 provinsi selama rentang waktu 2020-2021 yang terdiri dari empat model, dengan pendekatan Fixed Effect Model (FEM) dan Random Effect Model (REM). Hasil estimasi data panel menunjukkan bahwa kasus positif Covid-19, PDRB, dan rata-rata lama sekolah memengaruhi secara positif dan signifikan terhadap TPT, sedangkan IPM memengaruhi secara negatif dan signifikan terhadap TPT. Sementara itu, kasus positif Covid-19 dan PDRB per kapita memengaruhi secara negatif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan., The Covid-19 pandemic that has hit the world, including Indonesia, has prompted the Indonesian government to implement the PSBB policy. This policy limits the socio- economic activities of the community so that it has an impact on the continuity of work to a decrease in workers' income. This causes the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) and Indonesia's Gini ratio to increase. This study aims to explain the condition of TPT and income inequality in Indonesia before and during the Covid-19 pandemic and analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the factors that affect TPT and income inequality on TPT and income inequality in Indonesia. This study uses descriptive analysis methods and static panel data regression analysis of 34 provinces during the 2020-2021 time span which consists of four models, with Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and Random Effect Model (REM) approaches. The results of the panel data estimation show that positive cases of Covid-19, GRDP, and average length of schooling have a positive and significant impact on TPT, while HDI has a negative and significant impact on TPT. Meanwhile, positive cases of Covid-19 and GRDP per capita have a negative and significant impact on income inequality.
Keyword: Covid-19 Pandemic, Income Inequality, Indonesia, Panel Data, Open Unemployment Rate

Judul: Enterprises Social Security Employment Contributions During COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstrak: Persebaran kasus COVID-19 yang sangat pesat pada tahun 2020 mengharuskan pemerintah untuk membuat kebijakan baik untuk menekan angka kenaikan kasus COVID-19 maupun untuk menjaga kestabilan perekonomian. Salah satu kebijakan yang dilakukan adalah penerapan pembatasan sosial skala besar (PSBB) selama pandemi COVID-19. Namun kebijakan tersebut berimbas pada turunnya aktivitas ekonomi karena rantai pasokan terhambat. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak perusahaan yang mengalami gangguan operasional hingga keuangan, termasuk kewajiban membayar iuran jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, pemerintah juga memberikan bantuan kebijakan berupa keringanan pembayaran iuran dan penundaan pembayaran yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi beban perusahaan dan menghindari terjadinya PHK. Namun, kebijakan tersebut masih belum maksimal penerapannya mengingat tidak semua perusahaan terpengaruh oleh krisis COVID-19 baik secara sectoral maupun skala perusahaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan iuran, tenaga kerja terdaftar, dan upah yang dilaporkan perusahaan terhadap BPJS Ketenagakerjaan sebelum dan selama pandemi serta mengidentifikasi sektor usaha yang terkena dampak krisis. Terdapat 75.407 perusahaan yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini yang terdaftar sebagai peserta BPJS Ketenagakerjaan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisa perubahan iuran, tenaga kerja terdaftar, dan upah yang dilaporkan adalah Uji T yang membandingkan data ketiga variabel tersebut sebelum pandemi (maret 2019 -febuari 2020) dan selama pandemi (februari 2020 – maret 2021). Sedangkan untuk mengindentifikasi sektor usaha yang terdampak krisis, digunakan metode analisis kluster melalui algoritma Kmeans. Dalam pengolahan analisis kluster, data perusahaan dibagi menjadi empat kategori, yaitu perusahaan berskala besar, menengah, kecil, dan mikro. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan yang signifikan pada iuran, tenaga kerja terdaftar, dan upah yang dilaporkan oleh perusahaan peserta BPJS Ketenagakerjaan selama pandemi dibandingkan dengan sebelum pandemi. Terdapat 7.615 perusahaan yang sangat terdampak pandemi COVID-19 yang sebagian besar berasal dari perusahaan skala kecil dan mikro. Perusahaan tersebut bergerak dalam sektor usaha ekspor-impor, industri pariwisata (hotel, restaurant dll), jasa profesional, jasa hiburan, SPBU, dan perdagangan barang., The rapid spread of COVID-19 cases in 2020 requires the government to establish policies both to minimize the increase in COVID-19 cases and to maintain economic stability. One of the policies implemented was the implementation of large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this policy resulted in a decline in economic activity because the supply chain was hampered. It has caused many enterprises to experience operational and financial disruptions, including the obligation to pay social security employment contributions. To overcome the issue, the government also provides policy assistance in the form of relief in payment of contributions and postponement in order to reduce the burden on enterprises and avoid layoffs. However, the implementation of this policy has not been maximized considering that not all enterprises have been affected by the COVID-19 crisis, both based on sectoral and enterprise scale. This study aims to analyze changes in contributions, registered workforce, and wages reported by companies to BPJS Employment before and during the pandemic and to identify business sectors affected by the crisis. There are 75.407 companies involved in this research that are registered as BPJS Employment participants in DKI Jakarta Province. The method used to analyze changes in contributions, registered labor, and reported wages is the T-Test which
Keyword: contribution, COVID-19, employment, enterprises, social security

Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol.
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