Judul: Pencarian Gen Penyandi Kitosanase Famili 46 dan 8 dari Bakteri Isolat Lokal Menggunakan Teknik PCR
Abstrak: Kitosan adalah polimer alam yang merupakan hasil dari proses deasitelase senyawa kitin (ploi-B-1,4-D-N-acetyl glucosamine), sebagai penyusun utama dari angkang arthropoda seperti kepiting, udang, lobster, dan serangga.
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Judul: Potensi antimikroba oligamer kitosan yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan enzim termostabil kotosanase LH 28.38
Abstrak: Pengembangan kitin, kitosan, dan turunannya pada saat ini mendapat banyak perhatian di berbagai bidang seperti bioteknologi, pangan, medis, dan pertanian. Kitin merupakan biopolimer rantai lurus yang tersusun dari monomer N-asetil glukosamin yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan ẞ (14). Kitosan adalah polisakarida alami hasil dari proses deasetilasi kitin. Oligomer kitosan merupakan produk hidrolisis kitosan. Keunggulan oligomer kitosan dibandingkan kitosan adalah dapat larut dalam air dan mudah diserap tubuh sehingga mempunyai aplikasi lebih baik secara in viνο. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari potensi antimikroba oligomer kitosan yang dihasilkan secara enzimatis dengan menggunakan enzim kitosanase LH 28.38 yang diproduksi dari Bacillus coagulans LH 28.38. Bakteri ini diisolasi dari Lahendong, Sulawesi Utara. Oligomer kitosan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu antimikroba alami yang dapat diterapkan pada bidang pangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2003 dan berakhir pada bulan Juni 2004. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Biokimia, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi (PPB/PAU), Institut Pertanian Bogor. Enzim kitosanase LH 28.38 dihasilkan dengan menginkubasikan Bacillus coagulans LH 28.38 pada suhu 55 °C selama 7 hari pada media cair thermus. Setelah inkubasi selama 7 hari dilakukan pemisahan biomassa dengan cara sentrifugasi menghasilkan enzim yang telah bebas dari kultur sel. Enzim yang telah bebas dari kultur sel ini mempunyai aktifitas 0,089 U/ml dengan aktifitas spesifik sebesar 0,343 U/mg protein. Enzim yang telah bebas dari kultur sel diendapkan dengan menggunakan garam ammonium sulfat hingga mencapai tingkat kejenuhan 80% menghasilkan presipitat. Presipitat dilarutkan ke dalam 50 mM buffer fosfat-sitrat pH 5,0 sampai volume 20 ml. Larutan enzim yang dihasilkan disebut enzim kasar. Enzim kasar ini mempunyai aktifitas 0,164 U/ml dan aktifitas spesifik 0,478 U/mg protein. Enzim kasar ini digunakan untuk menghidrolisis kitosan menjadi oligomer kitosan dengan aktifitas 0,164 U/mg kitosan. ...
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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