Judul: Survei Evaluasi Program Pemasyarakatan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) Petani Padi di Kecamatan Tambun Utara, Bekasi
Abstrak: Pengendalian Hama terpadu (PHT) merupakan pendekatan dan teknologi pengendalian organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) yang berwawasan ekonomi dan ekologi yang telah menjadi kebijakan dasar perlindungan tanaman nasional. Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1992 pasal 20 ayat 1 menyatakan bahwa perlindungan tanaman dilaksanakan dengan sistem pengendalian hama terpadu. Pemasyarakatan PHT diadakan melalui program Sekolah Lapang Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (SLPHT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab survei evaluasi pelaksanaan program pemasyarakatan PHT yang ada di lapang. Survei dilakukan dengan pengambilan data sekunder dan primer. Data sekunder mencakup data tentang keadaan umum lokasi yang diperoleh dari Kantor Kecamatan Tambun Utara, data tentang pelaksanaan program PHT, dan SLPHT yang diperoleh dari Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan Kabupaten Bekasi. Data primer melalui wawancara dan penyebaran kuesinoer dengan petani. Pemilihan kelompok tani dan petani yang dijadikan objek penelitian dilakukan dengan purpose sampling yaitu dengan memilih kelompok petani yang mengikuti SLPHT dan petani yang belum SLPHT. Jumlah petani yang diwawancara dari masing-masing kelompok adalah 20 orang petani. Pemerintah Pusat dan pemerintah daerah masih belum optimal dalam menjalankan program pemasyarakatan PHT. Sikap, tindakan, dan perilaku petani SLPHT dalam menangani lahan lebih baik dibanding petani yang tidak mengikuti SLPHT.
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Judul: Survei Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Program Pemasyarakatan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) Petani Padi di Kecamatan Dramaga, Bogor
Abstrak: Padi merupakan bahan makanan pokok sebagian besar rakyat Indonesia. Salah satu strategi pencapaian sasaran produksi untuk mewujudkan ketahanan pangan nasional diupayakan melalui pengurangan kehilangan hasil dengan pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Penggunaan pestisida dalam pengendalian OPT merupakan teknik pertanian konvensional yang menimbulkan berbagai dampak negatif baik terhadap lingkungan maupun kesehatan. Pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT) merupakan langkah alternatif berwawasan lingkungan untuk mengatasi OPT. Program PHT dikembangkan mulai tahun 1989 melalui sekolah lapang pengendalian hama terpadu (SLPHT) yang kini telah berjalan lebih dari 20 tahun. Perlu dilakukan survei dan evaluasi terhadap program tersebut untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan program PHT yang dilakukan dengan metode wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur pada petani SLPHT dan nonSLPHT. Data sekunder sebagai data pendukung meliputi data keadaan umum lokasi dari kantor Kecamatan setempat dan data pelaksanaan program PHT yang diperoleh dari Dinas Pertanian Republik Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terjadi penyebaran program PHT dari petani SLPHT ke petani nonSLPHT, namun dalam skala kecil dan tidak berkelanjutan. Program PHT saat ini masih berjalan walaupun terkendala oleh keterbatasan sarana dan biaya operasional.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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