Judul: Substitution of Soybean Meal with Defatted Black Soldier Fly  (BSF) Larvae Meal on Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Lambs
Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi kecernaan nutrien pada domba fase pertumbuhan yang diberi konsentrat starter mengandung 10% bungkil larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF) sebagai substitusi bungkil kedelai. Penelitian ini menggunakan 10 domba lokal fase pertumbuhan dengan rataan bobot badan 25,53 ± 3,23 kg. Domba dibagi menjadi 2 perlakuan dengan 5 ulangan, yaitu P1 = konsentrat mengandung 22% bungkil kedelai dan P2 = konsentrat mengandung 11% bungkil kedelai dan 10% bungkil larva BSF + hijauan. Parameter yang diukur adalah konsumsi nutrien dan kecernaan nutrien. Data dianalisis menggunakan Uji–T. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penambahan 10% bungkil larva BSF tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap konsumsi nutrien serta kecernaan nutrien. Disimpulkan bahwa substitusi bungkil kedelai dengan 10% bungkil larva BSF dapat digunakan sebagai bahan konsentrat starter., The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of growing lamb fed starter concentrate containing 10% Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae meal for as a substitute for soybean meal. This research used 10 local growing lambs (average body weight of 25.53 ± 3.23 kg). The lambs were divided into two treatments with five replications consisted of P1 = concentrate with 22% of soybean meal and P2 = concentrate with 11% of soybean meal and 10% of BSF larvae meal. The parameters measured were nutrient intake and digestibility. The data were analyzed using independent Sample T–test. The result showed that substitution of 10% soybean meal with BSF larvae meal did not affect (P>0.05) nutrient intake and digestibility. It was concluded that substitution of soybean meal with 10% BSF larvae meal can be used as a starter concentrate for growing lamb.
Keyword: black soldier fly larvae meal, local lamb, nutrients digestibility

Judul: Substitution of Soybean Meal with Defatted Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Larvae Meal in Starter Concentrate on Rumen Fermentation of Lambs
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh substitusi sebagian bungkil kedelai dengan defatted Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae meal terhadap fermentasi rumen (in vivo) domba masa pertumbuhan. Penelitian menggunakan 10 ekor domba lokal (berat badan rata-rata 13,95 ± 3,07 kg) yang dibagi rata menjadi 2 perlakuan pakan, yaitu: P1 = konsentrat starter (22% bungkil kedelai) dan P2 = konsentrat starter (11% bungkil kedelai + 10% defatted BSF larvae meal. Peubah yang diukur adalah pH rumen, konsentrasi VFA total, VFA parsial, NH3, gas metan, populasi protozoa rumen dan bakteri rumen. Data dianalisis menggunakan Independent Sample T-test. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 10% defatted BSF larvae meal dalam konsentrat starter cenderung meningkatkan (P=0,07) proporsi butirat, namun tidak mempengaruhi (P>0,05) pH rumen, populasi bakteri total dan protozoa, konsentrasi NH3, gas metan dan VFA total. Penggunaan 10% defatted BSF larvae meal untuk mensubstitusi 50% bungkil kedelai di dalam konsentrat starter tidak berpengaruh negatif terhadap fermentasi rumen (in vivo) domba masa pertumbuhan., The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of soybean meal with defatted Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae meal on the rumen fermentation (in vivo) of growing lambs. This experiment used 10 local growing lambs (average body weight of 13.95 ± 3.07 kg) which are equally allocated into 2 dietary treatments, namely: P1 = starter concentrate (22% soybean meal) and P2 = starter concentrate (11% soybean meal + 10% defatted BSF larvae meal). The variables measured were rumen pH, total VFA concentration, partial VFA, NH3, methane, population of rumen protozoa and bacteria. Data were analyzed using an Independent Sample T-test. The result showed that 10% defatted BSF larvae meal in starter concentrate tended to increase (P=0.07) the proportion of butyrate, while it did not affect (P>0.05) rumen pH, population of bacteria total and protozoa, concentration NH3, methane, and total VFA. It can be concluded that 10% defatted BSF larvae meal to substitute 50% of SBM in starter concentrate did not negatively affect rumen fermentation (in vivo) of growing lambs.
Keyword: black soldier fly, rumen fermentability, starter concentrate

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite