Judul: Social Forestry Business Development (Study Case of  LMDH Sasaka Patengan at KPH South Bandung)
Abstrak: The formation of KUPS in social forestry programs is expected to be able to increase business capacity to farmer welfare. This study aims to analyze the management and social forestry business development carried out by members of LMDH Sasaka Patengan. The method used is descriptive statistical analysis with 50 LMDH members and 17 marketing agencies as respondents. The planting pattern is done in agroforestry with a combination of eucalyptus, pine, coffee, avocado, orange, hot chili and Dutch eggplant. The results of the research, business management carried out includes land preparation, seed procurement, planting, maintenance, harvesting, and marketing. In product processing, there is still potential to develop business in commodities other than coffee, those are avocados, oranges, hot chilies and Dutch eggplant into high-value products. The high production potential of farming management needs to be balanced with an efficient marketing system as a strategy in developing the business. An efficient marketing channel to market the products is channel 2 (farmers – collectors – retailers – consumers) with a marketing margin total and marketing costs total which is lower as well as the value of farmer's share and a higher profit to cost ratio from channel 1 (farmers – collectors - wholesalers – retailers – consumers)., Pembentukan KUPS dalam program perhutanan sosial diharap mampu meningkatkan kapasitas usaha demi kesejahteraan petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengelolaan dan pengembangan usaha perhutanan sosial yang dilakukan anggota LMDH Sasaka Patengan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu analisis statistik deskriptif dengan responden 50 anggota LMDH dan 17 lembaga pemasaran. Pola penanaman dilakukan secara agroforestri dengan kombinasi antara kayu putih, pinus, kopi, alpukat, jeruk, cabai gendot dan terong kori. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pengelolaannya meliputi kegiatan penyiapan lahan, pengadaan bibit, penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemanenan, dan pemasaran. Dalam pengelolaan masih ada potensi mengembangkan usaha pada komoditas selain kopi, yaitu alpukat, jeruk, cabai gendot dan terong kori menjadi produk bernilai tinggi. Potensi produksi yang tinggi perlu diimbangi dengan sistem pemasaran yang efisien sebagai strategi mengembangkan usaha. Saluran pemasaran yang efisien untuk memasarkan seluruh komoditas adalah saluran pemasaran 2 (petani – pedagang pengumpul – pedagang eceran – konsumen) dengan total marjin pemasaran dan total biaya pemasaran lebih rendah serta nilai farmer’s share dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya lebih besar dari saluran pemasaran 1 (petani – pedagang pengumpul – pedagang besar – pedagang eceran – konsumen).
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Judul: Business Development of Social Forestry in LMDH Mandalagiri Kadungora District Garut Regency
Abstrak: Pengelolaan perhutanan sosial dilakukan oleh Kelompok Usaha Perhutanan Sosial (KUPS) yang telah memperoleh izin pengelolaan untuk melakukan kegiatan usaha di kawasan perhutanan sosial. KUPS diharapkan dapat meningkatkan perekonomian melalui penggunaan lahan secara optimal sehingga memperbaiki kebutuhan hidup masyarakat sekitar hutan. Peningkatan ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh LMDH Mandalagiri yaitu melalui pengelolaan hutan secara agroforestri yang mengkombinasikan antara tanaman pinus, eukaliptus, puspa, rasamala, suren, mahoni, kopi arabika, alpukat, jahe, dan cabai rawit. Pengelolaan perhutanan sosial meliputi kegiatan penyiapan lahan, pengadaan bibit, penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemanenan, dan pemasaran. Pengembangan usaha perhutanan sosial dilakukan dengan analisis deskriptif melalui analisis lembaga dan saluran pemasaran, analisis marjin pemasaran, analisis farmer’s share, dan analisis rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, saluran pemasaran yang paling efisien adalah saluran pemasaran komoditas perhutanan sosial model 2 dengan marjin pemasaran dan biaya pemasaran lebih rendah serta nilai farmer’s share dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya lebih tinggi dari saluran pemasaran komoditas perhutanan sosial model 1., Social forestry management is carried out by the Social Forestry Business Group (KUPS) which has obtained management permission to conduct business activities in social forestry areas. KUPS is expected to improve the economy through optimal land use to improve the living needs of the people around the forest. The economic improvement made by LMDH Mandalagiri is through agroforestry management that combines pine, eucalyptus, puspa, rasamala, suren, mahogany, arabica coffee, avocado, ginger and chili peppers. Social forestry management includes land management, seed procurement, planting, maintenance, harvesting, and marketing. The development of social forestry businesses is done by descriptive analysis through analysis of agencies and marketing channels, analysis of marketing margins, analysis of farmer's share, and analysis of profit-to-cost ratios. Based on the research results, the most efficient marketing channel is the model 2 social forestry commodity marketing channel with lower marketing margins and marketing costs as well as farmer's share value and profit-to-cost ratio higher than the model 1 social forestry commodity marketing channel.
Keyword: agroforestry, business development, management, marketing, social forestry

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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