Judul: Efficiency and Determinants of Export Inefficiency of Indonesia’s Five Largest Agricultural Commodities to Several ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Perdagangan internasional memainkan peranan penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi ASEAN. Pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) merupakan salah satu upaya untuk peningkatan arus perdagangan internasional. Sektor pertanian menjadi sektor penting sebagai penyumbang surplus terhadap neraca perdagangan Indonesia dan mampu bertahan di tengah ketidakpastian global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai efisiensi ekspor sebelum dan sesudah kesepakatan MEA serta determinan ekspor dan inefisiensi ekspor lima komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia ke beberapa negara ASEAN periode 2003-2022. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata efisiensi ekspor lima komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia setelah kesepakatan MEA sebesar 45,25 persen yakni turun 12,34 persen dari sebelum kesepakatan MEA. Variabel GDP riil Indonesia dan jarak ekonomi berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor pertanian Indonesia, sedangkan GDP riil mitra dagang berpengaruh positif dan signifikan. Secara rata-rata, variabel trade openness, nilai tukar riil, business freedom, government effectiveness, liner shipping connectivity index, dan dummy communication language berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap inefisiensi ekspor pertanian Indonesia, sedangkan tax burden dan dummy Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan., International trade played an important role in ASEAN economic growth. The establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was one of the efforts to increase international trade flows. The agricultural sector was significant as a contributor to the surplus on Indonesia’s trade balance and managed to survive amid global uncertainty. This study aimed to analyze the value of export efficiency before and after the AEC agreement, as well as the determinants of export and export inefficiency for Indonesia’s five largest agricultural commodities to several ASEAN countries during the period 2003-2022. The method used in this study was the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. The analysis results showed that the average value of export efficiency for Indonesia’s top five agricultural commodities after the AEC agreement was 45,25 percent, which decreased by 12,34 percent compared to before the AEC agreement. Indonesia’s real GDP and economic distance variables had a negative and significant effect on Indonesian agricultural exports, while the real GDP of trading partners had a positive and significant impact. On average, variables such as trade openness, real exchange rate, business freedom, government effectiveness, liner shipping connectivity index, and communication language dummy had a negative and significant effect on the inefficiency of Indonesia’s agricultural exports, while tax burden and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) dummy variable had a positive and significant impact.
Keyword: ASEAN, Efisiensi ekspor, MEA, Model perbatasan stokastik, Pertanian

Judul: Analysis of the Efficiency and Determinants of Indonesia's Ten Largest Agricultural Commodities Exports to ASEAN+3 Countries
Abstrak: Ekspor Indonesia ke ASEAN+3 memiliki porsi yang sangat besar. Sektor pertanian menjadi salah satu sektor penting sebagai penyumbang surplus terhadap neraca perdagangan bahkan menjadi sektor yang berhasil bertahan ditengah pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis determinan ekspor sepuluh komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia ke negara mitra dagangnya serta nilai efisiensi ekspornya. Metode yang digunakan adalah stochastic frontier gravity model dengan data panel berupa nilai ekspor sepuluh komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia ke 12 negara di kawasan ASEAN+3 periode 2000 – 2021. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel GDP riil Indonesia dan GDP riil negara mitra dagang, trade openness dan nilai tukar riil negara mitra dagang berpengaruh positif terhadap nilai ekspor. Sedangkan, variabel jarak ekonomi berpengaruh negatif terhadap nilai ekspor. Rata-rata nilai efisiensi ekspor sepuluh komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia ke negara di ASEAN+3 yakni sebesar 0,37., Indonesia's exports to ASEAN+3 have a considerable portion. The agricultural sector has become one of the essential sectors as a surplus contributor to the trade balance. It has even become a sector that has managed to survive amid the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the determinants of exports of Indonesia's ten largest agricultural commodities to its trading partner countries and the value of their export efficiency. The method used is a stochastic frontier gravity model with panel data in the form of the export value of Indonesia's ten largest agricultural commodities to 12 countries in the ASEAN+3 region for the period of 2000 – 2021. The result showed that the average export efficiency value of Indonesia’s ten largest agricultural commodities to countries in ASEAN+3 is 0,37. Furthermore, the results showed that the variables of Indonesia's real GDP and the real GDP of trading partner countries, trade openness, and the real exchange rate of trading partner countries have positively affected on the export values. Meanwhile, the economic distance variable has a negative impact on export values.
Keyword: ASEAN+3, Efficiency Export, Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model, Ten Largest Agricultural Commodities

Judul: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Posphate
Abstrak: Biphasio calsium phosphate (BCP), which was a mixture of hydroxypatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), was synthesized by hydrothermal method followed by sintering process. Hydroxyapatite was produced by using natural calcium source CaO from hen's eggshell and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate souce, other hydroxyapatite sample was produce by using synthetic calcium source Ca(OH) and H3PO4 as phosphate source.
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