Judul: Impact of fiscal decentralization policy on regional economic and fiscal performances in bengkulu province: an econometric approach
Abstrak: The centralized development process during the last period of 25 years, in fact did not lead to equally distributed development results among regions. It has becru@great consideration to implement regional autonomy in Indonesia based on Law No. 22 and 25 of 1999 after that complemented by Law No.32 of 2004 conce&llng Regional Government, and Law No.33 of 2004 concerning balanced budg~etween the central and regional government. S"The objectives of this research are : (1) to assess sources of regional incom~s, expenditure allocation, fiscal capacity, and income distribution among Distri~ and Cities in the region, (2) to analyze factors influencing regional econotjic and fiscal perfonnance, and (3) to evaluate and to forecast impacts of fiscal ~entralization policy on regional economic and fiscal perfonnances. IDbis study is using pool data (time series data of 1993-2003 and cross sectio&data of three Districts and one City). The descriptive analysis, Williamson Index,~ econometric model, and historical simulation using various policy scenari>s and forecast were used to analyze the data. The Bengkulu Province RegioIjU Economic model was developed into a simultaneous equations consis§ng of 26 structural equations, 17 identity equations, and estimated by using l wo Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method. • QThe result shows that : (1) after implementation of the fiscal decentralization policy, the main sources of regional revenue is derived from the General Allocation Fund (DAU) whereas the Regional Own Income (PAD) were very less, the fiscal capacity were low, dependency on the central government were high, and improper income distribution among Districts and Cities; (2) the economic activities (PDRBS) will increase investment, however, if the interest rate, tax, and retribution increase on the contrary, investment will decrease; (3) after :fiscal decentralization, the regional economic and fiscal perfonnances in all Districts is most affected by reallocation of routine expenditure to agricultural sector expenditure, whereas in City an expansion of the DAU and infrastructure expenODure; and (4) the reallocation of routine expenditure into development expe~e on agriculture and infrastructure until 2010 will have much greate.r imp n regional economic and :fiscal perfonnances. • o increase the fiscal capacity, regional tax and retribution, and develo)ment expenditure expansion should be implementing. Whereas to increase the ~nal economic perfonnances are efficiency of routine expenditure in order to ~cp;ase the development expenditure especially aimed for infrastructure and agncuffi,lre sectors.
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Judul: Dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap kinerja perekonomian daerah Kabupaten dan Kota di Provinsi Sumatera Utara: suatu pendekatan ekonometrika
Abstrak: The history of economic development has shown that New Order built the strong governmental within the political stability as it is a necessary condition to accelerate development in all sectors especially in economic sector. In term of political stability, the government built the centralized political and governmental structure. However, the centralized development couldnot fairly distribute the output of development. The development was dominated by central region. Moreover, in provincial region, development was concentrated in its city, only few in some districts, besides that, there is not a fairly distributed between district. Disparity of economic development already pushed the regional autonomy movement. The movement accomodated by Government and Representatives by issues the Law No.22 Year 1999 and Law No.25 Year 1999. The research objectives are (1) to describe the fiscal performance before and after fiscal decentralization policy (2) to analyze the factors which influence districts and municipalities fiscal and economy performance (3) to evaluate the impact of fiscal decentralization policy and changes of non fiscal variable on district and municipalities fiscal and economy performance, and (4) to forecast the impact of fiscal decentralization on districts and municipalities fiscal and economy performance in 2006-2008 . Constructed North Sumatera’s Fiscal decentralization Econometric Model consists of three blocks that is (1) distric fiscal block (2) invesment and infrastructure block, and, (3) economic performance block. Using pool data (cross section 17 districts, and municipalities and time series 1990-2003). Model is estimated by 2SLS (two stage least squares) method, SYSLIN procedure and historical simulation and forecasting by SIMNLIN procedure. The research concludes that (1) districts and municipalities sources before and after fiscal decentralization policy are dominated by central government equalization transfer fund (2) the central government equalization transfer is determined by level of economy, social and physical condition of the districts and municipalities, on the other hand the income level and job opportunities are influenced by the degree of investment certainty and wage level (3) the increase General Transfer Fund (Dana Alokasi Umum) to the districts and municipalities has raised the level of income, job opportunities and distribution of income (especially in the districts), and (4) the increase of General Transfer Fund (Dana Alokasi Umum) in the future will be expected rise up the government revenue and expenditure, income, job opportunities and distribution of income (especially in districts). Policy Implications are (1) the government should reduce the routine expenditure and allocate them to be development expenditure because it results in region fiscal and economic performance positively (2) the government should managed wage policy properly and carefully, because inappropriate wage policy will cause to most of fiscal and economic performance, and (3) should decrease transaction cost in order to alleviate fiscal deficit and the central government should relocate higger revenue source to the region.
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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