Judul: Efektivitas Mikropartikel dan Nanopartikel dari Formula Ekstrak Pegagan- Kumis Kucing-Sambiloto Sebagai Inhibitor Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Hipertensi atau yang lebih dikenal penyakit darah tinggi adalah suatu keadaan dimana seseorang mengalami peningkatan tekanan darah di atas normal, kondisi ini dapat mengakibatkan peningkatan angka kesakitan (morbiditas), dan angka kematian (mortalitas) (McPhee et al. 1995, Sherwood 2007). Hal ini diperkirakan telah menyebabkan 4.5% dari beban penyakit secara global, dan prevalensinya hampir sama besar di negara berkembang maupun di negara maju (WHO 2003). Menurut Depkes (2006), hipertensi adalah penyebab kematian terbanyak kedua (6.8%) setelah stroke (15.4%). Salah satu cara untuk menangani hipertensi adalah dengan menggunakan obat atau tanaman obat yang berfungsi sebagai inhibitor ACE, karena ACE diketahui memegang peranan penting dalam pembentukan angiotensin II yang merupakan salah satu penyebab hipertensi. Angiotensin II menyebabkan pembuluh darah menyempit, yang dapat menaikkan tekanan darah. ACE inhibitor membiarkan pembuluh darah melebar dan membiarkan lebih banyak darah mengalir ke jantung, sehingga menurunkan tekanan darah (Depkes 2006). Obat antihipertensi sintetis telah banyak digunakan saat ini seperti kaptopril (Cushman et al. 1975), enalapril, benazepril, dan sejumlah obat ACE inhibitor sintetis lainnya (Depkes 2006). Penggunaan obat sintetis secara terus menerus memberikan efek yang kurang baik bagi tubuh, sehingga penelitian untuk mencari obat alternatif yang lebih aman terus ditingkatkan. Pada umumnya senyawa bioaktif tanaman obat yang memiliki kemampuan penghambatan aktivitas ACE adalah senyawa golongan flavonoid. Kelemahan penggunaan tanaman obat adalah rasanya yang pahit dengan bau aromatik yang tajam. Salah satu cara untuk menutupinya adalah dengan penyalutan dalam bentuk sediaan mikropartikel dan nanopartikel. Dalam bidang farmasi enkapsulasi bertujuan mengubah bentuk zat aktif dan usaha melindungi, menutupi rasa, melepaskan partikel zat aktif secara terkendali, serta untuk meningkatkan potensinya dibanding ekstrak biasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas mikropartikel dan nanopartikel dari formula ekstrak pegagan-kumis kucing-sambiloto sebagai antihipertensi yang berperan menghambat enzim angiotensin I converting (ACE) secara in vitro. Formula yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah formula gabungan ekstrak pegagan-kumis kucing-sambiloto (P-K-S). Kitosan dengan konsentrasi 2%, 2.5%, dan 3% (b/v) dilarutkan dalam asam asetat 3.5 % (v/v). Larutan kitosan 100 mL ditambahkan formula ekstrak (25 mL, 50 mL, dan 75 mL). Kemudian campuran ditambahkan 40 mL larutan natrium tripolifosfat (STP) 1 % (v/v) dalam pelarut akuades. Mikropartikel kitosan dibuat dengan mengunakan metode ultrasonikasi dengan alat tipe cleaning bath dan homogenisasi, sedangkan nanopartikel kitosan dibuat dengan mengunakan metode ultrasonikasi dengan alat tipe probe dan ultrasentrifugasi dengan kecepatan 22000 rpm. ..dst
Keyword: chitosan-STP, microparticles, nanoparticles

Judul: Potensi Ekstrak Air dan Etanol Kumis Kucing, Pegagan, Tempuyung, dan Sambiloto sebagai Antihipertensi serta Profil Senyawa Pencirinya.
Abstrak: Kumis kucing, pegagan, tempuyung, and sambiloto are widely used as medicinal plants to treat a variety of diseases, such as hypertension. The objective of this researchs was to determine inhibitory activity of water extracts and 30% ethanol extract of these plants against ACE through in vitro assay. Three extracts with the highest inhibitory activity were formulated by using mixture design and its inhibitory activity against ACE was investigated. The result showed that 30% ethanol extract of pegagan, 30% ethanol extract of kumis kucing, and water extract of kumis kucing showed three of the highest inhibitory activity. Formulation of these extracts in composition of 1/6:1/6:2/3 and concentration of 100 ppm showed inhibition against ACE that slightly lower than inhibition of captopril at 100 ppm. Analysis of marker compounds by using thin layer chromatography showed that sinensetin band detected under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Meanwhile high performance liquid chromatographic analysis showed that the formula contain asiaticoside more than sinensetin.
Keyword: ACE inhibition, antihypertensive, asiaticoside, sinensetin

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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