Judul: Perbaikan galur Bacillus sp. 58 penghasil protease alkalin termostabil melalui mutagenesis sinar ultraviolet
Abstrak: Bacillus sp. merupakan mikroorganisme yang mampu memproduksi berbagai macam enzim ekstraseluler termasuk protease. Pada umumnya protease yang dihasilkan dari organisme termofilik stabil pada suhu tinggi namun kurang stabil pada pH tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari organisme alkalofilik stabil pada pH tinggi namun kurang stabil pada suhu tinggi. Mutasi dengan menggunakan sinar ultraviolet (UV) digunakan untuk memperbaiki karakteristik dan mempertinggi tingkat produksi enzim protease yang dihasilkan galur Bacillus sp. 58. Mutagenesis dengan sinar UV dilakukan pada intensitas sinar 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, dan 500 J/m². Mutan-mutan yang dihasilkan diuji kemampuan proteolitiknya berdasarkan pembentukan zona bening dan diuji aktivitasnya pada medium limbah cair tahu. Mutan yang terbaik diuji kembali aktivitasnya pada skala yang lebih besar dengan galur liarnya sebagai pembanding. Intensitas sinar UV sebesar 100 J/m² dapat menimbulkan kematian lebih dari 50% populasi sel. Nilai indeks proteolitik tidak selalu sebanding dengan aktivitas yang dihasilkan dalam fermentasi cair. Mutan B2.10.75 mengalami peningkatan aktivitas sebesar 16,47% dibandingkan dengan galur liarnya. Aktivitas maksimum enzim protease mutan dan galur liarnya terjadi pada akhir fase eksponensial sampai dengan akhir fase stasioner. Disamping itu, mutagenesis dengan sinar UV dapat memperbaiki aktivitas enzim galur Bacillus sp. 58. Mutagenesis dengan sinar UV yang dilakukan dapat merusak gen resisten kanamisin.
Keyword: mikroorganisme, enzim, protease, limbah cair tahu, mutagenesis

Judul: Perbaikan galur bacillus sp. 58 penghasil protease alkalin termostabil melalui mutagenesis sinar ultra violet
Abstrak: Bacillus sp. merupakan mikroorganisme yang mampu memproduksi berbagai macam enzim ekstraseluler termasuk protease. Pada umumnya protease yang dihasilkan dari organisme termofilik stabil pada suhu tinggi namun kurang stabil pada pH lingg~ sedangkan yang berasal dari organisme alkalofilik stabil pada pH tinggi namun kurang stabil pada suhu linggi. Mutasi dengan menggunakan sinar ultraviolet (UV) digunakan untuk memperbaiki karakteristik dan mempertinggi tingkat produksi enzim protease yang dihasilkaq galur Bacillus sp. 58.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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