Judul: Mikroenkapsulasi Ibuprofen Menggunakan Paduan Lilin Lebah-Pektin dengan Tween 20 sebagai Pengemulsi
Abstrak: Penggunaan ibuprofen dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan efek samping antara lain tukak lambung dan pendarahan pada gastrointestinal. Salah satu cara menanganinya adalah dengan mengenkapsulasi ibuprofen sehingga pelepasannya dapat diperlambat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengenkapsulasi ibuprofen menggunakan paduan lilin lebah-pektin dengan Tween 20 sebagai pengemulsi. Metode yang digunakan adalah emulsi penguapan pelarut dengan pelarut diklorometana. Rendemen dan efisiensi enkapsulasi teringgi berturut-turut adalah 70% dan 72% didapatkan pada mikrokapsul dengan nisbah lilin lebahpektin 6:4 dan konsentrasi Tween 20 sebesar 1%. Profil disolusi menunjukkan bahwa ibuprofen terlepas secara lambat dari mikrokapsul dengan persen pelepasan 36% setelah 6 jam. Hasil pengamatan morfologi menunjukkan bahwa mikrokapsul memiliki permukaan tidak halus dengan tonjolan-tonjolan yang tidak beraturan. Spektrum inframerah menunjukkan bahwa interaksi yang terbentuk pada mikrokapsul merupakan interaksi fisik.
Keyword: xdisolusi, efisiensi, ibuprofen, mikrokapsul

Judul: Optimasi dan Evaluasi Mikrokapsul Ibuprofen Tersalut Lilin Lebah
Abstrak: Ibuprofen is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It has a short biological half-life and can impose gastrointestinal irritation, so that a controlled drug release system is required, one of which is by microencapsulation technique. In this research, microencapsulation of ibuprofen was done by emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Variation of ibuprofen:beeswax ratio (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) and concentration of gelatine emulsifier (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%) were tested to obtain optimum microcapsule. The yield of microencapsulation were varied from 77.17 to 88.84%. The highest encapsulation efficiency of ibuprofen was 93.78%, obtained in microcapsule with beeswax-ibuprofen ratio 1:1 and gelatine concentration 2%. Variation concentration of gelatine significantly influenced the encapsulation efficiency at ratio 1:3. Microcapsule with the highest encapsulation efficiency released 38.22% of ibuprofen in gastric fluid simulation medium for 6 hours. The kinetics of ibuprofen release followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The microcapsule particles size ranged from 200 to 250 μm. Based of these results, it was concluded that microencapsulation of ibuprofen with beeswax can maintain the release rate of drug in intestine.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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