Judul: Evaluasi Aktivitas Mikroba Rumen in Vitro dari Ekstrak Daun Saga dan Daun Kemuning dalam Ransum Kambing Perah
Abstrak: Daun saga dan kemuning adalah tanaman herbal yang dapat dijadikan sebagai imbuhan pakan untuk ternak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh penambahan ekstrak daun saga dan kemuning pada ransum kambing perah secara in vitro. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial 3 x 5 dengan tiga periode pengambilan cairan rumen yang berbeda sebagai kelompok. Terdapat dua faktor yaitu faktor A adalah tiga jenis ransum; P1 = P0 + Ekstrak daun saga, P2 = P0 + Ekstrak daun kemuning dan P3 = P0 + Campuran ekstrak daun saga dan kemuning. Faktor B adalah tarat pemberian ekstrak (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, dan 16 %). Parameter yang diamati yaitu populasi mikroba rumen, fermentabilitas, dan kecernaan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada interaksi antara jenis ransum dengan taraf pemberian ekstrak. Penambahan ekstrak daun saga dan kemuning cenderung menurunkan populasi mikroba, fermentabilitas, dan kecernaan akibat menurunnya populasi mikroba dengan meningkatnya taraf pemberian. Dengan demikian, sebaiknya ekstrak daun saga dan kemuning serta campurannya ditambahkan ke dalam ransum kambing perah pada taraf terendah yaitu 4%.
Keyword: daun kemuning, daun saga, in vitro, mikroba, taraf

Judul: Ransum Kambing Perah yang Mengandung Ampas Jus Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) dan Indigofera dievaluasi dari Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan in Vitro
Abstrak: Ampas jus mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) adalah ampas serat yang tersisa dari pengolahan buah mengkudu menjadi jus yang dikonsumsi manusia sebagai obat tradisional. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, sebanyak 15% ampas jus mengkudu (AJM) dapat menggantikan penggunaan 25% rumput gajah (RG) di dalam ransum kambing perah laktasi. Kombinasi penggunaan AJM dengan leguminosa Indigofera sp. diharapkan dapat lebih mengurangi penggunaan RG dalam ransum kambing perah laktasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan level kombinasi terbaik antara AJM dan indigofera (I) dalam mengganti penggunaan rumput gajah di dalam ransum kambing perah laktasi melalui pengujian in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kelompok cairan rumen kambing dan 5 jenis ransum perlakuan yaitu: R0 = 60% RG + 40% Konsentrat (K); R1 = 45% RG + 15% AJM + 40% K; R2 = 50% RG + 5% AJM + 5% I + 40 K; R3 = 45% RG + 7.5% AJM + 7.5% I + 40% K; R4 = 40% RG + 10% AJM + 10% I + 40% K. Peubah yang diukur adalah populasi bakteri total dan protozoa, fermentabilitas (konsentrasi VFA total dan NH3), dan kecernaan (bahan kering dan bahan organik). Data dianalisis keragamannya dan perbedaannya diuji lanjut dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan fermentabilitas secara nyata linier seiring dengan peningkatan penggunaan AJM dan indigofera di dalam ransum (P<0.05), namun tidak mempengaruhi populasi bakteri total, protozoa dan kecernaan. Simpulan penelitian in vitro ini yaitu penggunaan kombinasi 10% AJM dengan 10% indigofera dapat menggantikan penggunaan 40% rumput gajah di dalam ransum kambing perah laktasi.
Keyword: fermentabilitas, in vitro, kecernaan, mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.), indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana)

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite