Judul: Proses Pengambilan Keputusan Migrasi dan Adaptasi Migran Sirkuler Pedagang Kaki Lima di Kecamatan Pamulang, Kota Tangerang Selatan
Abstrak: The research is intended to study (1) the process of decision making of circular migrants; (2) the process of adaptation of the circular migrants; and (3) the change of social-economic and cultural aspects of circular migrant households. The research shows some factors that significantly influence the process of decision making to migrate in accord with the theory developed by Lee, i.e. (1) the factor originate from the migrants’ homeland as the pushing ones; (2) the factor of the migration destination as the pulling ones; (3) the aspect of obstruction; and (4) the personal factor. In addition to the four factors, this study shows a new aspect accelerates the migration process, i.e. the power of social network among migrants comprising of the earlier migrants who have succeeded in their migration. However, the economic motive and personal decision are two factors which could not be abandoned. The accomplishment of the adaptation is generally induced by personal characters: strong personality, durability, persistence and gallantry to live a difficult life. The external factor strengthening the process of adaptation of the migrants in their new milieu is the availability of the people originally from the same homeland. The success of the circular migrants is also influenced by their ability to maintain and develop certain institutions. They are comprising of (1) entrepreneurial institutions with their networks; (2) the system of remittent transfer; (3) saving and loaning institutions; and (4) social security system. The circular migrants working as moving vendors (PKL) are generally getting additional values as the better change of their social, economic and cultural household aspects. The change is known through several indicators: (1) the improved quality or quantity of their dwellings in their homeland; (2) the increase of their properties or jewelries; (3) the trend of self-ownership among the moving vendors’ businesses; (4) the trend of business income of the moving vendors; (5) the trend of the average of remittent nominal; (6) the trend of marital status of the moving vendors; and (7) the change of the behavioral aspects of the circular migrants from traditional pattern into the more modern one.
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Judul: The Effect of Circular Migration on the SocioEconomic Conditions of Migrant Households
Abstrak: Keputusan melakukan migrasi dipengaruhi oleh beragam faktor. Selain faktor di daerah asal, pandangan terhadap daerah tujuan migrasi pun memainkan peran penting. Perubahan kondisi sosial ekonomi yang positif menjadi hal yang didambakan oleh para pelaku migrasi, mengingat alasan umum yang mendasari peristiwa migrasi adalah faktor ekonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis pengaruh migrasi sirkuler terhadap kondisi sosial ekonomi rumah tangga migran. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif didukung pendekatan kualitatif. Pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan metode penelitian survei dan pendekatan kualitatif menggunakan wawancara mendalam serta studi literatur. Data kuantitatif dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan tingkat partisipasi dan tingkat pendapatan rumah tangga migran terhadap rumah tangga nonmigran. Sementara itu, tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara kondisi rumah tinggal dan kepemilikan aset antara rumah tangga migran dengan rumah tangga nonmigran., The decision to migrate is influenced by a variety of factors. Apart from factors in the area of origin, the view of the migration destination also plays an important role. Changes in positive socio-economic conditions are something that migrants covet, considering that the general reason underlying the migration event is economic factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of circular migration on the socioeconomic conditions of migrant households. The research method uses a quantitative approach supported by qualitative approach. The quantitative approach uses survey research methods and a qualitative approach uses in-depth interviews and literature studies. Quantitative data were analyzed using t test. The results showed that there were differences in the level of participation and income levels of migrant households to non-migrant households. Meanwhile, there is no significant difference between housing conditions and asset ownership between migrant and non-migrant households.
Keyword: circular migration, migrant households, socio-economic conditions,

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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