Judul: Land-use Change In Jambi: Implication to Biogeophysical and Biogeochemical Processes, Analysed Using CLM5
Abstrak: Deforestation plays an essential role in land cover changes in tropical area. From 1990 to 2012, Indonesia lost about 20,7 million hectares (Mha) of forest area, and the highest deforestation occurred in Sumatra. One of the areas with extensive forest transformation on Sumatra Island is Jambi Province. Deforestation in Jambi was caused by various driving factors such as forest fire, transmigration project, and land allocation to specific land-use such as plantation and dryland agriculture. This deforestation will impact on the environment in many ways, such as changes in surface energy balance, water surface budget, and carbon cycle. In some cases, forest transformation in Jambi Province is not through direct conversion to oil palm or rubber plantation. Based on remote sensing data, shrub/bushland and dryland agriculture have become intermediate state of forest loss due to oil palm and rubber expansions. In this study, we try to analyse biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes of forest and its transformation processes into shrub, grass, or dryland agriculture (soybean) using Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). We also conduct an analysis of coupling strength between the land cover and atmosphere near the surface through the interaction between soil moisture and surface fluxes. Partition of surface energy balance from forest, shrub, grass, and soybean showed higher utilization of energy for latent heat fluxes. In monthly variation, no considerable fluctuations are found in the partition of surface fluxes in forest, shrub, and grass, while in soybean, the surface fluxes change dramatically. This pattern follows the planting time of soybean. In diurnal variation, the net radiation in soybean slightly lower than other land uses. Forest transformation into shrub, grass, or soybean decreased latent heat fluxes and increased sensible heat fluxes, especially during strong El Nino. Forest, shrub, and grass had more substantial variation in Bowen ratio (β), but soybean conserved fluctuation in Bowen ratio. Soybean had a smaller change in β because it used irrigation system, so the water was not a limitation for evaporation. Land-use changes alter carbon uptake, although it did not necessarily reduce the Net Primary Production (NPP) and efficiency. Forest transformations into soybean and grass will increase NPP, while its transformation into shrub will decrease NPP. Among all land covers, soybean showed higher carbon use efficiency (CUE) due to the availability of water and soil nutrient supplies. In comparison, the forest had lower CUE due to its high respiration to maintain its biomass. Coupling strength between soil moisture and latent heat fluxes in all land covers was positive, but the R-squared was relatively low. This result indicated that there was another factor impacting surface energy balance partition.
Keyword: latent heat fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, NPP, CUE, coupling strength

Judul: Dinamika Karbon Tanah Akibat Konversi Lahan dan Hubungannya dengan Penambahan Gas Rumah Kaca di Atmosfer (Studi Kasus : Pulau Sumatera)
Abstrak: Soil is the largest carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, thus soil plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The increasing of human needs in terms of economic, social, and institutional are the factors affecting land use change in order to meet the necessities of life. Changes of vegetation / land cover / land use causes changes in biomass and biomass carbon stock. This conditions affecting amount and distribution of plant’s scrabs and tissue underneath which are the main source of soil organic material, thus will affect the soil organic carbon stock. Overall, if the organic soil material changing, the organic carbon will change as well. Changes in land cover can increase carbon loss through several mechanisms, namely: 1) destroy soil aggregates that protect the soil organic materials from decomposition, 2) stimulate microbial’s activity by improving soil aeration, 3) mixing the fresh organic material into soil which the conditions are more favourable for decomposition rather than in the soil surface. In addition, cultivate land more easily eroded, resulting in the loss of carbon. Moreover, land use can cause soil more easily being eroded. This research is aimed to estimate soil carbon emissions due to land use changes that occurred since 2003 to 2006 on mineral soil and peat soil on first soil layer in Sumatra island using the method of soil carbon emissions estimation created by the IPCC in 2006. The amount of emissions that occur due to land use change in mineral soil is 38.435.198 acres, which its emissions is 83.025 tons/year of C or equal to 304.704 ton/year of CO2. While the changes that occur in peatlands in Sumatra to contribute as much 41.236.091 tons/year of C or equal to 151.336.454 tons/year of CO2 for 6.643.778 acres of land area change.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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