Judul: Qualitative Risk Assessment for Introduction Avian Influenza Virus into Zone Surrounding Compartementalized Farm in Cipunagara Sub-District of Subang District
Abstrak: Avian influenza masih merupakan masalah besar dan rumit di Indonesia yang melibatkan seluruh sektor perunggasan (sektor 1, 2, 3 dan 4 merujuk kepada klasifikasi FAO). Bertahannya infeksi virus avian influenza di dalam populasi diduga akibat sirkulasi virus yang melibatkan semua sektor dan rantai pemasaran. Beberapa negara mengalami kesulitan dalam memberantas penyakit hewan di seluruh wilayahnya serta menjaga status bebas terhadap penyakit. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) memperkenalkan konsep perwilayahan dan kompartementalisasi untuk pengendalian penyakit dan perdagangan internasional. Berdasarkan konsep ini suatu negara dapat memberantas penyakit di bagian wilayah tertentu dan mengijinkan perdagangan dari wilayah tersebut walaupun negara secara keseluruhan belum bebas. Konsep kompartementalisasi mulai diterapkan untuk peternakan unggas komersial di Indonesia sejak tahun 2008. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor: 28/Permentan/OT.140/5/2008 tanggal 30 Mei 2008 menetapkan skema sertifikasi kompartemen bebas avian influenza. Berdasarkan peraturan tersebut pada daerah penyangga sekitar kompartemen tidak diperbolehkan adanya peternakan unggas komersial maupun non komersial. Namun demikian sebagian kompartemen peternakan unggas saat ini belum dapat memenuhi persyaratan daerah penyangga tersebut karena kompartemen dikelilingi oleh pemukiman penduduk. Keberadaan pemukiman penduduk biasanya disertai dengan keberadaan unggas. Pemeliharaan unggas di zona sekitar kompartmen berpotensi menimbulkan dampak negatif berupa timbulnya infeksi virus HPAI H5N1 di zona tersebut. Kejadian infeksi virus tidak dapat diketahui secara pasti waktu terjadinya, tetapi risiko nya dapat diduga. Berkenaan dengan adanya kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit di zona sekitar kompartemen, maka perlu dilakukan penilaian risiko pemasukan virus ke zona sekitar kompartemen tersebut. Penilaian risiko ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi alur tapak risiko (risk pathways) terjadinya infeksi virus HPAI subtipe H5N1 di zona sekitar kompartemen, menduga besarnya risiko pemasukan virus HPAI subtipe H5N1 ke zona sekitar kompartemen dan menyusun kerangka penilaian risiko kualitatif pemasukan virus HPAI ke zona sekitar kompartemen., Directorate General of Livestock Services in collaboration with Subang District Livestock Services and poultry industry implements a compartmentalization system for commercial poultry breeding enterprises in Kecamatan Cipunagara. A key requirement for these farms is creating a buffer zone within radius of one kilometer surround the farm to minimize the risk of avian influenza infection into compartment. The objectives of the study were to identify the risk pathways involved and to estimate the risk of introduction of HPAI virus into zone. This study used expert opinion elicitation and focus group discussions to develop risk pathways. For each pathway, risk estimates were derived from information available in the literatures, results of recent studies conducted in Cipunagara, as well as expert opinion. The identified pathways were 1) commercial broiler chicken, 2) backyard poultry, 3) nomadic ducks, 4) resident wild birds, 5) fomites, 6) free-range animals, 7) water, 8) manure, 9) dead birds, 10) poultry products and 11) poultry feed. The assessment showed that under present conditions the risk of introduction of HPAIV into zone surrounding compartmentalized farms was high for commercial broiler, backyard poultry and fomites, medium for nomadic ducks, resident wild birds, and poultry products, low for water, manure and dead bird, while poultry feed were assessed as very low. These results provide a useful basis for the development of mitigation strategies.
Keyword: Epidemiology, Risk assessment, Poultry, Compartmentalization, avian influenza

Judul: Faktor Risiko Terkait Manajemen Kesehatan Unggas Terhadap Infeksi Virus Avian Influenza Di Tempat Penampungan Ayam
Abstrak: The aim of the study was to determine the association between the implementation of poultry health management with spreading of avian influenza virus (AIV) in Poultry Collecting Facilities (PCFs) in Jakarta. The study was performed using secondary data of the AIV surveilance collaboration of Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analitical Studies (CIVAS) and Indonesian Dutch Partnership (IDP) at 2007 by maintained the sentinel chickens (7-8 birds) in 39 PCFs for three months. The variables which related to poultry health management were health certificate, health inspection, health inspector, health inspection method, and handling of sick and dead birds. It was collected by interview with supervisor of PCFs. The AIV infection were taken from the cloacal and tracheal swab of the dead birds with rt-PCR. The results showed that the variable of handling of sick birds were significantly associated with infection of AIV (RR=2,00 ; 95% CI = 1,31-3,05). The other variables did not show significance association. The risk of AIV infection for kept the sick birds alive, or separated, or treated them in the same cage are twice greater than slaughtered them. Poultry health management in PCFs need to be improved as an effort to prevent and control the spreading of AIV in Indonesia.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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