Judul: Process design of sulphonation of isolated Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) lignin to produce Sodium Lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant
Abstrak: Process design of sulphonation of isolated empty fruit bunch (EFB) lignin to produce sodium lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant was conducted by process synthesis, then process development by empiric systematic approach (modelling). The results were integrated into process engineering flow diagram (PEFD), and analyzed feasibility of SLS industry. The objective of this research was to obtain “the process design” especially to identify the best pulping process and the best isolating lignin path to obtain the best isolated lignin; to find the optimum process condition in production of the SLS; to determine the reaction kinetic modelling, total cost equation as a function of production capacity and optimum production capacity were also developed and to obtain the financially feasible criteria in setting up SLS industry. The best influence of NaOH addition in organosolv pulping process was obtained at 10% of concentration, and of H2SO4 addition in lignin isolation using Kim method was obtained at 20% concentration. The yield of isolated lignin was 19,945% (w/w) with 88,93% of purity. The optimum process conditions was obtained ie: reactant ratio (NaHSO3 to lignin) of 60,32 % (w/w); pH of 6,03; reaction temperature of 90,28OC; conversion of 72,20%; validation of conversion of 70,04 %. Identification of SLS by using spectrophotometer FTIR, LC-MS and UV showed that SLS product of sulphonation, was similar to SLS standard from Aldrich (SLS-Aldrich). In addition, the properties of SLS and performance test of SLS were adequate to be a dispersant agent because the purity of SLS was high ( more than 80 %).
Keyword: pulping process, isolating lignin path, kinetic modelling, optimum production capacity

Judul: Utilization of kraft lignin from black liquor pulp factory to produce sodium lignosulfonate and sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin as dispersant material
Abstrak: Black liquor kraft is a sulfuric chemical pulping byproduct. Lignin is the highest component in a black liquor approximatelly 46% from the total solid. Lignin can be isolated from kraft process black liquor by precipitation using H2SO4 20% to pH 2. The purposes of this research were to obtain and characterize kraft lignin, to find an optimum condition for sulfonation process in order to get a sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) product with appropriate characteristics as a dispersant material, to get sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (SHP-SAL), and to understand the performance of SLS and SHPSAL as dispersant agents on gypsum paste. The raw materials used in the production of SLS and SHP-SAL were obtained from sulfonated lignin which was isolated from black liquor. The SLS were made from lignin which was obtained from the sulfonation of isolated lignin in the presence of NaHSO3, also from the optimized sulfonation process of lignin using Response Surface Method (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) with three factors. The SHP-SAL were made in three steps: (1) sulfuric acid lignin (SAL) was phenolated to produce phenol sulfuric acid lihnin (PSAL), (2) the hydroxymethylation of P-SAL to give hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (HP-SAL), and (3) the sulfonation of HP-SAL to yield sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (SHP-SAL). The lignosulfonate compounds were identified using infrared spectrophotometer.
Keyword: Response Surface Method (RSM), Central Composite Design (CCD), Dispersibilitas

Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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