Judul: Perburuan dan Perdagangan Burung Air untuk Konsumsi di Desa Singakerta Kecamatan Krangkeng, Kabupaten Indramayu, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Area of West Java’s north shore has been well-known as waterbirds hunting site. The collecting and marketing centre is located in Singakerta Village. Continuous exploitation without applying sustainability principle will cause a serious threat to bird’s population in the wild. The objective of this research was to collect and to renew data and information about waterbird hunting and trading activities for consumption, as well as to reveal the socio-economic characteristics of community in Singakerta Village. Research was carried out in Singakerta Village, Krangkeng Regency, Indramayu District, West Java between December 2011 and February 2012. Data collected were waterbird species being hunted, trading activities and characteristics of community who involved in waterbird trading. Data were collected through literature study, direct observation and structured interview. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling method, were hunters (8 persons), collectors (3 persons), bird traders (12 persons) and consumers (30 persons). There were 26 species of birds (14.225 individuals) from 11 families captured during research period. Species from Rallidae family was mostly caught (7 species). The biggest number of bird captured was in January (averaged at 308 individuals/day). Migratory species that mostly caught was Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis) (32,57%). Resident species that mostly captured was Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) (10,20%). Bird hunting sites were including Singakerta Village, other Regencies in Indramayu District, Cirebon, Subang, Karawang, Majalengka, Central Java and even Lampung. Habitat type of bird hunting were rice fields and temporary embankment. Bird hunting basically was a side job of hunters. Approximately 47,06% of hunters use mist net for hunting and 67,00% of hunters have known about regulation on bird protected. Approximately 66,67% of fried bird sellers were residing in Cirebon area. Bird species that received less interest from consumer were Oriental Pratincole (Glareola maldivarum), Yellow Bittern (I. sinensis), Red Bittern (I. cinnamomeus), Dwarf Mouse-bird (Porzana pusilla) and Sandpipers (Tringa sp.). The deliciousness and low price of bird’s meat attracted consumers to consume the birds.
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Judul: Bird Trade Via E-commerce in Indonesia
Abstrak: Kemajuan teknologi mempermudah perdagangan satwa liar, termasuk burung. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi jenis burung yang diperdagangkan, mengkategorikan produk yang dijual, kota dan kabupaten di Indonesia yang paling banyak menjual, serta menduga nilai ekonomi burung yang diperdagangkan secara daring melalui e-commerce. Pengumpulan data dilakukan selama 4 bulan melalui web scraping dengan mengumpulkan informasi seperti nama toko, barang yang dijual (perlengkapan, obat, awetan satwa, aksesoris, dan replika burung), asal, dan barang yang terjual. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat 411 jenis burung yang dijual dengan pembagian 211 jenis burung Indonesia dan 161 jenis burung asing di 32 daerah di Indonesia. Ordo Passeriformes menjadi jenis burung dominan dengan total penjualan 152 jenis burung endemik dan 69 jenis burung asing. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat 47 jenis burung dilindungi oleh permen LHK No. 106 Tahun 2018, 32 jenis burung masuk kategori IUCN (8 VU, 16 EN, dan 8 CR), serta 66 jenis burung masuk status konservasi CITES (12 App. I, 49 App. II, dan 5 App. III). Total ekonomi yang didapatkan adalah Rp2.079.824.611 dari tahun 2015 hingga 2023., Technological advances make it easier to trade wild animals, including birds. This research identifies the types of birds traded, categorizes the products sold, the cities and districts in Indonesia that sell the most, and estimates the economic value of birds traded online through e-commerce. Data collection was carried out for 4 months via web scraping by collecting information such as shop name, goods sold (equipment, medicine, preserved animals, accessories, and bird replicas), origin, and goods sold. Based on the research results, there are 411 types of birds for sale, divided into 211 types of Indonesian birds and 161 types of foreign birds in 32 regions of Indonesia. The Passeriformes order is the dominant bird species, with total sales of 152 endemic bird species and 69 foreign bird species. The analysis results show that there are 47 bird species protected by LHK regulation no. 106 of 2018, 32 bird species are included in the IUCN category (8 VU, 16 EN, and 8 CR), and 66 bird species are included in CITES conservation status (12 App. I, 49 App. II, and 5 App. III). The total economic gain is IDR 2.079.824.611 from 2015 to 2023.
Keyword: burung, nilai ekonomi, perdagangan

Judul: Invers Drazin dari Matriks Toeplitz Singular
Abstrak: Matriks Toeplitz adalah matriks yang setiap unsur pada diagonal utama bernilai sama dan setiap unsur pada subdiagonal yang bersesuaian dengan diagonal utama juga bernilai sama. Matriks singular adalah matriks yang tidak bisa ditentukan inversnya. Akan tetapi, dapat diupayakan untuk ditentukan inversnya menggunakan invers matriks yang diperumum. Invers Drazin merupakan salah satu jenis invers matriks yang diperumum. Pada karya ilmiah ini ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular dengan menggunakan metode Leverrier Faddeev. Kemudian, ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular yang direpresentasikan sebagai penjumlahan segitiga bawah dan segitiga atas matriks Toeplitz berdasar pada teorema Gohberg dan Semencul., Toeplitz matrix is a matrix in with element on the main diagonal has the same value and on the subdiagonal corresponding to the main diagonal also has the same value. Singular matrix is a matrix that has no inverse. However, it can be attempted to determine the inverse using a generalized inverse matrix. Inverse Drazin is a type of generalized matrix inverse. This paper discussed the inverse Drazin for a singular Toeplitz matrix using the Leverrier Faddeev method. Then, the Drazin inverse of the singular Toeplitz matrix which is represented as a sum of products of lower and upper triangular Toeplitz matrix based on Gohberg and Semencul theorem.
Keyword: inverse Drazine, singular Toeplitz matrix