Judul: Hubungan antara aktivitas antibakteri kitosan dan ciri permukaan dinding sel bakteri
Abstrak: Kitosan merupakan salah satu contoh produk hasil pemanfaatan limbah udang yang mempunyai prospek untuk dikembangkan. Kitosan di negara industri telah banyak digunakan secara luas dalam bidang farmasi, kosmetik, bioteknologi, pertanian, lingkungan, tekstil, kertas, penjerap logam, pangan (untuk memperpanjang masa penyimpanan buah-buahan segar dan makanan lainnya), dan lain-lain. Kitosan juga memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Escherichia coli (Gram-negatif) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positif) diuji untuk menggambarkan hubungan antara aktivitas antibakteri kitosan dan ciri permukaan dinding sel bakteri. Bakteri ditanam dalam nutrien agar pada suhu 37 ºC selama 24 jam. Pencirian bakteri yang dilakukan meliputi analisis hidrofilisitas dan analisis muatan negatif permukaan sel, yang kemudian dihubungkan dengan kekuatan aktivitas antibakteri kitosan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa nilai konsentrasi hambatan minimum E. coli adalah sebesar 4 mg/100ml, sedangkan S. aureus adalah sebesar 10 mg/100ml. E. coli memiliki ciri permukaan dinding sel yang lebih bersifat hidrofilik dan mempunyai muatan negatif yang lebih besar daripada S. aureus. Hal ini berarti, bahwa kitosan lebih efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang memiliki ciri permukaan dinding sel lebih hidrofilik dan lebih bermuatan negatif.
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Judul: Potensi Antibakteri Kitosan sebagai Pengawet Alami pada Tahu
Abstrak: Kitosan merupakan senyawa turunan kitin yang terdapat pada serangga, crustaceae, dan beberapa jenis fungi. Senyawa ini memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri, termasuk penggunaannya sebagai pengawet n~akanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji potensi antibakteri kitosan sebagai pengawet tahu dan mendapatkan konsentrasi optimal kitosan yang dapat diaplikasikan sebagai pengawet. Perlakuan yang digunakan terdiri atas larutan kitosan (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, dan 0.3%), akuades, larutan natrium benzoat 1%, dan larutan formalin 1%. Pengukuran dan analisis yang dilakukan, yakni pH tahu, angka hitung lempeng total atau Total Plate Count (TPC), dan uji organoleptik (kenampakan, aroma, dan konsistensi). Sifat antibakteri kitosan mampu menghambat laju pertumbuhan bakteri dengan hasil uji statistika berbeda nvala (p<0.05). Larutan kitosan 0.05% merupakan konsentrasi minimum yang optimal dalam menghambat TPC hingga hari ke-6. Pengamatan organoleptik terhadap tahu rnenuniukkan pemberian kitosan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan (p<0.05)" dalam menjaga kenampakan, aroma, dan konsistensi tahu selama penyimpanan dibandingkan natrium benzoat 1%.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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