Judul: Hydraulic Conductivity of Xylem Vessels in Peatland Vegetation Roots
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki lahan gambut yang luas. Vegetasi yang tumbuh di lahan gambut diduga mempunyai kemampuan adaptasi pada cekaman genangan. Salah satu cara mengetahui kemampuan adaptasi ialah dengan menganalisis kemampuan pembuluh xilem mentransportasikan air dari akar menuju tajuk yang disebut dengan konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem. Adanya genangan air di lahan gambut menyebabkan konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem akar menyesuaikan dengan ketersediaan air di lahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keragaman konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem akar dan menganalisis hubungan nilai konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem akar dengan karakter pembuluh xilem akar dari 145 spesies vegetasi lahan gambut. Metode yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah pembuatan sayatan melintang akar dan bioimaging untuk menentukan konduktivitas hidrolik dan karakteristik pembuluh xilem sampel akar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem seluruh sampel akar vegetasi lahan gambut memiliki keragaman luas, berkisar antara 1,691 – 315,670 kg m?¹ MPa?¹ dt?¹. Konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem berkorelasi positif dengan total luas lumen pada area xilem dan berkorelasi negatif dengan kerapatan pembuluh xilem., Indonesia has extensive peatland areas. Vegetation that grows in peatland areas is presumed to have the ability to adapt flooding stress. The method for assessing adaptive abilities involves analyzing the xylem vessel capacity to transport water from the roots to the shoot of tree, known as hydraulic conductivity. The water logging conditions in peatlands induce an adaptive response in the xylem of roots, aligning it with the water availability in these environments. This study aims to analyze the diversity of hydraulic conductivity in root xylem and to investigate the relationship between the hydraulic conductivity of root xylem vessels and the characteristics of root xylem vessels from 145 vegetation species. This study uses cross-section of roots and bioimaging to determine hydraulic conductivity and xylem characteristics of root samples. As a result, the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem shows high diversity among all the root samples. The index of hydraulic conductivity ranges from 1,691 to 315,670 kg m?¹ MPa?¹ s?¹. Hydraulic conductivity has a positive correlation with total lumen area and a negative correlation with vessel density.
Keyword: bioimaging, hydraulic conductivity, lumen area, peatland, vessel density

Judul: Hydraulic Conductivity of Twig Xylem Vessels in Peatland Plants
Abstrak: Lahan gambut di Indonesia saat ini belum dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik karena ketidaksesuaian kondisi lingkungan dengan kemampuan adaptasi tumbuhan. Analisis fisiologi tumbuhan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan adaptasi tumbuhan lahan gambut, salah satunya melalui nilai konduktivitas hidrolik xilem ranting. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem ranting pada tumbuhan lahan gambut. Jumlah sampel yang diamati sebanyak 145 sampel ranting berbagai spesies lahan gambut. Karakter xilem ranting diamati melalui penampang melintangnya. Karakter xilem digunakan untuk menghitung konduktivitas hidrolik xilem (Kp). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa famili Dipterocarpaceae mendominasi nilai Kp tertinggi, sedangkan famili Burseraceae mendominasi pada nilai Kp terendah. Famili Clusiaceae merupakan famili dengan nilai Kp paling ideal dan konsisten. Spesies Combretocarpus rotundatus memiliki nilai Kp tertinggi sebesar 28,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 dt-1, sedangkan spesies Nageia wallichiana memiliki Kp terendah sebesar 0,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 dt-1. Tumbuhan lahan gambut didominasi oleh nilai Kp yang rendah yang diduga sebagai upaya adaptasi tumbuhan di lahan gambut yang seringkali tergenang. Faktor rasio luas lumen terhadap luas area xilem (%Alumen/Axylem) berkorelasi positif kuat dengan Kp, sedangkan jumlah pembuluh xilem dan VD (vessel density) berkorelasi positif lemah dengan Kp., Currently, peatlands in Indonesia cannot be adequately utilized due to the mismatch between environmental conditions and the adaptability of plants. Plant physiology analysis needs to be carried out to determine the adaptability of peatland plants, one of which is through the hydraulic conductivity value of twig xylem. The research aimed to analyze the hydraulic conductivity of twig xylem vessels in peatland plants. The number of samples observed was 145 twig samples from various peatland species. The character of the twig xylem is observed through its cross-section. Xylem characteristics are used to calculate xylem hydraulic conductivity (Kp). The results showed that the Dipterocarpaceae family dominated the highest Kp values, while the Burseraceae family dominated the lowest Kp. The Clusiaceae family has the most ideal and consistent Kp values. The Combretocarpus rotundatus species has the highest Kp value of 28,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 s-1, while the Nageia wallichiana species have the lowest Kp of 0,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 s-1. Peatland plants are dominated by low Kp values, which are thought to be an effort to adapt plants to peatlands, which are often flooded. The ratio factor of lumen area to xylem area (%Alumen/Axylem) is strongly positively correlated with Kp, while the number of xylem vessels and VD (vessel density) is weakly positively correlated with Kp.
Keyword: Alumen, Axylem, genangan air, vessel density

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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