Judul: ddressing the challenges Of managing Small-Scale Grouper (Serranidae ) And Snapper (Lutjanidae) Fisheries In Eastern Indonesia
Abstrak: Fisheries are an important economic sector in combatting threats of hunger and poverty around the world, especially in southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia, who in 2014 reported the 2nd highest landings from marine capture fisheries globally. Recent research has highlighted the significance of small-scale fisheries (SSF) in terms of landings and food security and that catches from SSF are under-reported. The SSF category is an important fisheries subsector that provides livelihood and food security for millions of small-scale fishers, local communities and seafood enthusiasts in Indonesia and around the world. Up until 2000, small-scale fishers in southeast Asia contributed more food fish for humans than industrial fisheries (excluding fish used to produce fishmeal), and in Indonesia employ almost 85% of the people employed in the whole fisheries sector. The research in my Dissertation investigated fisheries management in eastern Indonesia and has three main areas: a) it examines the legal definition of SSF against the mandate of fisheries sustainability and empowerment of the poor and suggests a new definition for SSF in Indonesia, b) investigates trends in landings for grouper (Serranidae) and snapper (Lutjanidae) in Indonesia and trials the efficacy of a novel stock assessment, the Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) method, for data-limited grouper and snapper fisheries in Saleh Bay of West Nusa Tenggara province and Timor Sea of East Nusa Tenggara province and c) investigates Rights-Based Fisheries Management (RBFM) for SSF to conceptualize a suitable RBFM, termed Fisheries Management Rights (FMRs) as a tool for SSF management in Indonesia. Different descriptive and quantitative research methods, including content analysis of laws and relevant literature, triangulated through focus group discussions and field fish-length data collection methods, are performed to address the aims of this research. Small-scale fisheries in Indonesia are currently not regulated and are exempted from the existing fisheries management instruments, which make them important for determining the long-term success of the overall Indonesian fisheries management (Chapter 3). The present definition of SSF (implemented in law in 2016) includes fishing boats < 10 GT, increased from the previous < 5 GT classification, creates issues as it increases the number of vessels and catches from unregulated fisheries. In this research, a new definition of SSF is proposed as a fisheries operation, managed at the household level, fishing without or with a fishing boat < 5 GT and using unmechanized fishing gears. This definition combines attributes of the fishing vessel (GT), attributes of the fishing gear (mechanization) and the unit of business where decision making occurs (i.e. household), and aims to minimize illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and focuses government aid on the truly impoverished and marginalized people. This research also recommends that consideration is given to introducing two different, but related terms, to existing laws to enhance fisheries management in Indonesia: “small-scale fisher” is introduced to the law on empowerment of fishers and “smallscale fisheries” is inserted into the law concerning fisheries. The future sustainability of grouper and snapper stocks targeted by SSF is threatened due to the continued expansion of the fishing fleets, especially those in eastern Indonesia in the past decade (Chapter
Keyword: customary marine tenure, data-limited fisheries, fisheries law, fisheries management, small-scale fishers, spawning potential ratio, sustainable fisheries