Judul: Literature Review of Isolation, Confirmation, Occurrence of Toxigenic Genes, and The Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in Rice
Abstrak: Bacillus cereus merupakan salah satu bakteri patogen penyebab keracunan pangan yang dihubungkan dengan nasi. Keracunan pangan akibat Bacillus cereus dapat disebabkan oleh enterotoksin dan cereulida. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mereview metode isolasi dan konfirmasi Bacillus cereus, mengetahui gen penyandi enteretoksin dan cereulida pada Bacillus cereus, dan mengetahui prevalensi Bacillus cereus pada produk nasi berdasarkan sumber pustaka ilmiah. Metode pengumpulan sumber pustaka dilakukan dengan mengunduh beberapa pustaka dari google scholar dengan mengetik kata kunci, yaitu “Bacillus cereus, cooked rice, polymerase chain reaction, biochemical test, prevalence, toxigenic, enterotoxin, cereulide”. Berdasarkan metode tersebut, ditemukan 75 pustaka metode uji, prevalensi, dan keanekaragaman gen penyandi toksin Bacillus cereus. Sebanyak 9 sumber pustaka dari jurnal internasional bereputasi yang dipublikasi dalam rentang tahun 2006-2021 digunakan sebagai data sekunder utama, sedangkan 66 pustaka lainnya digunakan sebagai data pendukung. Metode deteksi biokimia melibatkan beragam jenis uji seperti, pewarnaan Gram, reaksi terhadap kuning telur, katalase, reduksi nitrat, Voges Proskauer, motilitas, β-Hemolisis, indol, pertumbuhan anaerobik, penggunaan sitrat, koagulase, pertumbuhan rhizoid, fermentasi laktosa, fermentasi glukosa, dan hidrolisis berbagai substrat seperti pati kasein, tributirin, dan urea. Metode PCR dilakukan untuk mendeteksi gen penyandi 16S rRNA, enterotoksin maupun cerulida. Keberadaan gen penyandi enterotoksin pada B. cereusyang diisolasi dari nasi meliputi hblA, hblC, dan hblD dengan prevalensi 2.9-100%, nheA, nheB, nheC dengan prevalensi 38.2-100%, cytK dengan prevalensi 50.0-89.8%, entFM dengan prevalensi 76.5-100%, dan bceT memiliki prevalensi sebesar 51.0-55.5%. Sementara itu prevalensi ges ces penyandi toksin emetic adalah 0-14.7%. Berdasarkan kajian Pustaka yang digunakan prevalensi B. cereus pada nasi dari beberapa negara berada pada kisaran 20-82.5%., Bacillus cereus is one of the pathogenic bacteria that causes food poisoning associated with rice. Food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus can be caused by enterotoxins and cereulida. This study aims to review the isolation and confirmation method of Bacillus cereus, determine the genes encoding enteretoxin and cereulida in Bacillus cereus, and determine the prevalence of Bacillus cereus in rice products based on scientific literature sources. The method of collecting library resources is done by downloading several libraries from Google Scholar by typing keywords, namely "Bacillus cereus, cooked rice, polymerase chain reaction, biochemical test, prevalence, toxigenic, enterotoxin, cereulide". Based on this method, there were 75 libraries of test methods, prevalence, and diversity of genes encoding the toxin Bacillus cereus. A total of 9 sources of literature from reputable international journals published in the period 2006-2021 were used as primary secondary data, while the other 66 libraries were used as supporting data. The biochemical detection method involves various types of tests such as, Gram stain, reaction to egg yolk, catalase, nitrate reduction, Voges Proskauer, motility, -Hemolysis, indole, anaerobic growth, use of citrate, coagulase, rhizoid growth, lactose fermentation, glucose fermentation, and hydrolysis of various substrates such as casein starch, tributyrin, and urea. The PCR method was used to detect genes encoding 16S rRNA, enterotoxins and cerulides. The presence of enterotoxin-coding genes in B. cereus isolated from rice included hblA, hblC, and hblD with a prevalence of 2.9-100%, nheA, nheB, nheC with a prevalence of 38.2-100%, cytK with a prevalence of 50.0-89.8%, entFM with a prevalence of 76.5-100%. 100%, and bceT has a prevalence of
Keyword: Bacillus cereus, Biochemical, Prevalence, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Rice