Judul: Pengaruh simulasi transportasi kapal terhadap kerentanan Kerang Hijau Perna viridis pada stress suhu yang meningkat.
Abstrak: The introduced species are species which exceed their natural distribution limits (native range) by a certain mode of introduction (vector). Natural movements are responsible to limited extent. These introduction of a species could influence the susceptibility of a species to environmental stress no matter if introduced purposely or unpurposely. Introduction of species can happen caused by natural movement i.e. organism can movement influenced by current and some organism can migrate to one area to other area; and human activity either purposely i.e. aquarium trade, aquaculture or unpurposely such as accidentally through fouling on ship hulls (Baker et al., 2007). But dominant vector which have large contribution on species introduction is transport by ship hulls and ballast water tanks (Mead et al., 2011). Ballast water tank used to keep the balancing of the ship and some organism has ability to attach on the wall of ship hulls. Introduction species by ships mostly happened where a lot of traffic journey of cargo ship bigger than 10.000 GT during 2007 (Kaluza et al., 2010). Based on data from Global cargo ship network (GCSN), shipping moves over 80 % of the world the goods. The problem is that ships do not only bring the goods but also bring species in the ship hulls and ballast water tank (Kölzsch and Blasius, 2011). The question is what happened to transport condition? For introduction of species, there are a wide variety of transfer mechanisms (vectors) available for hitchhiking of marine invaders to travel and spread in large amount of individuals; but only small amount of individuals can be robust and act as competitors to get food supply in the new environment, it called invasive species. Marine invasive species are defined as non-native species that cause or are likely to cause harm to ecosystems, economies, and or public health (Bax et al., 2003; ISAC, 2006). Based on Lenz et al (2011), they compare native and non-native marine invertebrates regarding their tolerance to stress. Six Bivalve (native named first): Brachidontes exustus and Perna viridis (Trinidad), P. perna and Isognomon bicolor (Brazil), Saccostrea glomerata and Crassostrea gigas (New Zealand); two Ascidians: Diplosoma listerianum and Didemnum vixellum (Wales); and two Crustaceans: Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus (Finland) has been investigated. They found that non native are more resistant towards environmental stress, such as desalination, warming and hypoxia, than taxonomically related and ecologically similar native species. Kleunen et al. (2010) said that tolerance towards abiotic stress is a key trait that determines the invasiveness of species. Furthermore, this was surprise and therefore pronounced differences in tolerant towards stress exist between different species. One possible explanation for this observation are adverse condition during transport, e.g. in the ship hulls and ballast water tanks of cargo vessels. The introduction of species more increased since past century (Mead et al., 2011), and needed mimicking ship transport to know whether that species can vii increase their tolerance during transport. The objective for this experiment is to investigate whether P. viridis can increase their tolerance during transport. The experimental approach have connection with simulated ship transport and be rather
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