Judul: Klasifikasi Spasial Pulau Jawa Berbasis Karakter Geografis dan Tingkat Perkembangan Wilayah
Abstrak: The Indonesian academicians and technocrats understand that some Java’s regions with typical physical conditions tend to be underdeveloped. Unfortunately, such an understanding has not been quantitatively proven, so that it is still rarely considered in the formulation of regional policies. Regional physical conditions, also known as “first nature”, limit human activities. The spatial patterns of man-made factors, or “second nature”, are also influenced by the first nature. The areas with minor physical obstacles tend to be the concentration of the manufacturing industry, while others remain as agricultural hinterlands. This phenomenon leads to the disparity of regional development. The objectives of this research were 1) to give quantitative proof of the role of first-nature geography in the regional disparity and 2) to develop regional typologies jointly incorporating first nature, second nature, and development level. The study executed correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and one-way ANOVA. The data employed were terrain ruggedness, soil parent materials, elevation, precipitation, coastal proximity, sea depth, distance to market centers, land covers, sectoral contribution, GRDP growth, per-capita GRDP, sector ratio, and HDI of 119 regencies/municipalities of Java Island. We found that regional development level was related to terrain ruggedness, soil parent materials, sea depth, elevation, and precipitation. The more developed areas are generally located on land with mild terrain, alluvial parent material, low elevation, the shallow surrounding sea, and relatively low precipitation. Physical attributes appear in nature with typical associations. It allows the simplification of the Java regions into certain regional typologies, i.e., into lowland, volcanic, old volcanic, and calcareous dry regions. The resulting groups have significant differences in HDI, per-capita GRDP, sector ratio, and poverty rate. Lowland regions experienced the most satisfactory regional performance, followed by volcanic regions. Old volcanic and calcareous dry regions performed poorly in the development level. No municipality was formed in old volcanic and calcareous dry regions, implying their low regional carrying capacity to support regional performance and city formation. By involving first nature, second nature, and development level together to build the more comprehensive regional typologies, Java’s regions could be grouped under seven typologies: 1) least developed calcareous dry regencies, 2) least developed old volcanic regencies, 3) less developed volcanic regencies, 4) less developed lowland regencies, 5) mildly developed volcanic regencies, 6) developed lowland regencies, 7) developed lowland municipalities, 8) developed basin municipalities, and 9) most developed alluvial-plain municipalities. Group 1 and 2 were at the lowest development level. Group 5 and 6 were relatively developed due to their proximity to the metropolitan. Group 7, 8, and 9 had higher development level than others., Dalam diskursus pembangunan di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia, para akademisi dan teknokrat faham bahwa beberapa wilayah dengan kondisi fisik tertentu cenderung tertinggal dalam pembangunan. Namun pemahaman ini belum dibuktikan secara kuantitatif sehingga masih jarang dipertimbangkan dalam penyusunan kebijakan wilayah. Aktivitas-aktivitas manusia sesungguhnya turut dibatasi oleh kondisi fisik wilayah, atau dikenal pula sebagai alam pertama. Sebaran konsentrasi aktivitas manusia, atau bisa disebut alam kedua, pada dasarnya turut dipengaruhi oleh kondisi fisik wilayah yang kemudian ada wilayah yang menjadi konsentrasi industri manufakatur, sedangkan lainnya tetap menjadi hinterland. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
Keyword: disparity, inequality, java island, natural resource, physical geography, disparitas, geografi fisik, ketimpangan, pulau jawa, sumberdaya alam