Judul: Produksi Bioetanol dari Limbah Tanaman Jagung Melalui Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Simultan Menggunakan Biakan Zymomonas mobilis dan Pichia stipitis
Abstrak: Bioethanol is renewable energy can produce from fermentation of sugar (Anuj et al., 2007). Bioethanol can be given from material that has lignocellulose. Indonesia has a pottential raw material that can be renewable. In Indonesia this material is plenitude and have a high componnent cellulose inside. The use of harvest stover has advantages there are not have competitive with food, price is cheap, and that material is so much in Indonesia (Rachamniah et al., 2009). Usually, cornstover only can be used to fuel (dirrect), feedstock, and most of not use and only be waste. This waste have a component such as cellulose 36.81%, hemicellulose 27.01%, lignin 15.07% and ash 6.04%. (Anonim, 2009). Use of Lignococellulotic only a part of cellulose, whreas 27.01% ingredients of cornstover is hemicellulose can be used to ethanol production. Use of hemicellulose hoped can increase concentration of ethanol. Hydrolysis process and fermentation will be effective and efficient if done continiusly without long time break or use simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF). In tis process use enzym cellulase, xylanase, β-glucosidase added for produce glucose and xylose. Microorganism that can used for produce ethanol such as Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis. Zymomonas mobilis can produce ethanol (5-10%) and productivity (2,5 times) higher than Saccharomyces cereviseae (Zhang et al., 1995 and Dien et al., 2003). Pichia stipitis can use pentose that can not use by Saccharomyces cererviseae and Pichia stipitis. The objectives of this research are to determine productivity of saccharification and fermentation process with measuring fermentation parameters, such as producing biomass, changing of pH, using of reduction sugar, using of total sugar, producing ethanol, the correlation of substrate consumption to the product or biomass, biomass to the product and efficiency for each microorganism. In this research, pretreatment process there are delignification, hydrothermal I and hydrothermal II. Delignification using 0,073 g/g cornstover. Condition temperature of delignification that is 74,6oC as long as 2 hour (Hakim, 2010). Condition temperature of hydrothermal I that is 121oC as long as 1 hour. Condition temperature of hydrothermal II that is 180oC as long as 20 minute. After that, cornstover that has pretreatment 6,67% (dw/v) mix with liquor substrate. Liquor substrate consist of liquor from pretreatment and buffer sitrate phosphate pH 5 with comparison 1:1. After that, hydrolysis enzym process done with added cellulase 7 IU/g cellulose and xylanse 3 IU/g hemicellulose. Condition temperature of hydrolysis enzym that is 50oC as long as 24 hour. After process hydrolysis enzim finished, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation done with the temperature condition that is 32oC, added nutrient fermentation that is urea (24%) has many 0,167% (v/v) (Thomsen et al., 2008). Hydrolysis enzym process done with added cellulase 7 IU/g cellulose, xylanse 3 IU/g hemicellulose, and β-glucosidase added has many 1 IU/g cellulose. The starter added that is 10% (v/v) (Samsuri et al., 2007). Starter that use from microorganism Zymomonas mobilis, mix of microorganism Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis and Pichia stipitis As long as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation going on, measuring done such as biomass, pH, reduction sugar and total sugar analysis.
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Judul: Produksi Bioetanol dari Limbah Biomassa Lignoselulosa Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L.) melalui Fermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Abstrak: Batang sorgum manis termasuk bahan lignoselulosa yang mengandung lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pembuatan etanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk produksi etanol dari limbah lignoselulosa batang sorgum manis. Tahapan penelitian terdiri atas persiapan limbah batang sorgum manis, pengeringan dan pencacahan, hidrolisis dengan asam-basa kuat encer (H2SO4 0.5 % dan NaOH 1%) serta fermentasi oleh S. cerevisiae. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi kadar glukosa dan xilosa hasil hidrolisis lignoselulosa, kadar etanol dan kadar produk samping berupa asam asetat, asam laktat, dan gliserol. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh kadar glukosa dari hasil hidrolisis asam lebih besar daripada hidrolisis basa yaitu 5,39 g/L dan xilosa sebesar 12,05 g/L. Kadar etanol paling tinggi selama fermentasi oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae TKPK 10.5.1 yang diinkubasi selama 2 hari adalah 2,76 g/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa limbah lignoselulosa batang sorgum manis dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan bioetanol.
Keyword: Bioetanol, fermentasi, hidrolisis, lignoselulosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Judul: Kura-kura air tawar (Ordo testudinata) di kawasan cagar alam Gunung Tukung Gede dan rawa danau Kabupaten Serang, Propinsi Banten
Abstrak: AD FARAJALLAH dan TARUNI SRI PRAWASTI. Kura-kura air tawar (Ordo Testudinata) yang menyebar di Indonesia terdiri dari empat famili, yaitu Emydidae, Trionychidae, Chelidae dan Carettochelidae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan kura-kura air tawar (Ordo Testudinata) di Kawasan Gunung Tukung Gede dan Rawa Danau Kabupaten Serang, Propinsi Banten. Penelitian dilakukan mulai September 2000 sampai Februari 2001. Kegiatan penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu penangkapan kura-kura (dengan cara berburu dan memancing), identifikasi kura-kura menggunakan kunci identifikasi dari Ernst & Barbour. Analisis ekologi dilakukan di habitat kura-kura air tawar yang ditemukan. Panjang total sungai yang ditelusuri di Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Tukung Gede dan Rawa Danau adalah 51,35 km. Kura-kura air tawar yang berhasil ditangkap selama periode pengamatan sebanyak 9 ekor diidentifikasi sebagai 3 spesies, yaitu Cuora amboinensis, Cyclemys dentata (Famili Emydidae) dan Amyda cartilaginea (Famili Trionychidae). Cuora amboinensis ditemukan sebanyak 5 ekor, Cyclemys dentata 3 ekor dan Amyda cartilaginea sebanyak 1 ekor. Kura-kura air tawar dapat ditemukan di sungai, kolam, pematang sawah dan rawa., Indonesian fresh water turtles could be classified into four families, that are Emydidae. Trionychidae, Chelidae and Carettochelidae. This research was conducted to study fresh water turtles in Mount Tukung Gede and Rawa Danau Nature Reserves (Serang, Banten Province). The animals were caught during September 2000 -February 2001 by means of hunting and fishing. The key identification of Ernst & Barbour was used to identify the specimen. Furthermore, ecological analysis was done in the surrounding area where the specimen were found. The total length of rivers in Mount Tukung Gede and Rawa Danau Nature Reserves is 51.35 km. Nine individuals of fresh water turtle that was found could be identified as 3 species : Cuora amboinensis (5 individuals) and Cyclemys dentata (3 individuals) (Famili Emydidae), and Amyda cartilaginea (1 individual) (Famili Trionychidae). The fresh water turtles could be found in rivers, ponds, rice field and swamps.
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