Judul: Histopathology of Rat Heart Induced by DMBA  Subcutaneously as Carcinogen and Treated with Nanoemulsion of Rodent Tuber Extract
Abstrak: Keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme) merupakan tanaman yang mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid, dan terpenoid dengan aktivitas antikanker secara in vitro maupun in vivo. Sebagai pengembangan potensi antitumor yang ada, maka ekstak keladi tikus dikembangkan dalam bentuk nanoemulsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus pada jantung tikus. Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor tikus yang diinjeksi karsinogen DMBA (7,12-dimethylben[a]anthracene) secara subkutan dengan dosis 25 µg/0,05 mL/ekor dua kali seminggu selama dua belas minggu. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu: kontrol negatif (Kneg); pelarut nanoemulsi 0,1 mL (Kplas); dan tiga kelompok perlakuan injeksi nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus dengan dosis 25 µg/kg BB (K25); 50 µg/kg BB (K50); dan 100 µg/kg BB (K100) secara intratumoral. Tikus dieutanasia kemudian jantung dikoleksi dan dibuat preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin–Eosin (HE) dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop dengan pembesaran 10x. Variabel yang diamati adalah persentase luas dari edema interstisial, hemoragi, dan nekrosis. Hasil uji Kruskall- Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata (p > 0,05) pada variabel yang diamati di kelima kelompok perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus tidak memberikan efek toksik terhadap jantung tikus secara histologis dalam semua dosis., Rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) is a plant that contains flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds with anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. To enhance its antitumor potential, rodent tuber extract was developed into nanoemulsion. This research aimed to analyze the effect of nanoemulsion of rodent tuber extract on rat heart. This study used 25 rats induced by carcinogen DMBA (7,12-dymethylbenz(a)anthracene) subcutaneously at dosage of 25 µg/0,05 mL/rat twice a week for twelve weeks. Rat that showed visible and palpable nodule were then treated. Rat were divided into five groups: negative control group (Kneg); nanoemulsion solvent 0,1 mL (Kplas); and three treatment groups receiving nanoparticle emulsion of rodent tuber extract at dosage of 25µg/kg BB (K25); 50 µg/kg BB (K50); and 100 µg/kg BB (K100) intratumorally. Rat were euthanized, then heart were collected for histopathological examination using Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) staining and analyzed under microscope at 10x magnification. The variable observed were area percentage of edema interstitial, haemorrhage, and necrosis. Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant diferences (p > 0,05) in the observed variables among all groups. This study indicates that nanoemulsion of rodent tuber extract has no toxic effects on the rat heart histologically in all doses.
Keyword: antitumor, heart, in vivo, nanoparticle, Typhonium flagelliforme

Judul: Pemeriksaan Histopatologi Cardiotoxicity Yang Diinduksi Jantung Pada Tikus Yang Diobati Dengan Doxorubicin Dan Cyclophosphamide
Abstrak: Cyclophosphamide is classified as an alkylating agent, whereas doxorubicin belongs to the anthracycline class, both of which are commonly employed chemotherapy drugs. Previous research has established that the choice of chemotherapy medications significantly impacts the development of cardiotoxicity. Myocarditis, characterized by inflammation of the myocardium, adversely affects the heart's electrical system and muscle cells, leading to impaired blood pumping capabilities. Consequently, the heart becomes more susceptible to clot formation, ultimately resulting in cardiac failure. The objective of this study was to observe, compare, and describe the lesions induced by two distinct chemotherapeutic drugs in rat models, utilizing normal heart tissue as the control. Routine Hematoxyline- Eosin (HE) staining was employed for histopathological assessments. Subsequently, the histopathological images were analysed descriptively and statistically using appropriate methods. The findings revealed that the diameter of myocardial cells remained unaffected by both doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide treatments, in comparison to the normal-control group. Histopathologically, both doxorubicin- and cyclophosphamide-treated groups exhibited multiple necrotic myocardial cells and focal infiltrations of mononuclear cells, predominantly macrophages and lymphocytes, between the myocardial cells. Furthermore, distinct pathological differences were observed between the doxorubicin- and cyclophosphamide-treated groups, with cyclophosphamide toxicity additionally presenting with pericarditis alongside myocarditis, in contrast to doxorubicin toxicity. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the type of chemotherapeutic drugs employed leads to variations in the resulting lesions.
Keyword: Cardiotoxicity, chemotherapy, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, myocarditis

Judul: Optimasi Penjadwalan Armada Pesawat Terbang
Abstrak: One of the common issues faced by airline companies relies on fulfilling passenger demands for Origin-Destination (O-D) routes using all fleet types. This paper presents an optimization model to determine fleet assignment for each flight route in order to minimize total costs. The total costs consist of the operating cost and passenger spill cost. The model is considered as an integer linear programming which is further implemented within the Citilink airlines schedule, and was solved using software Lingo 11.0. The model produced a fleet assignment in order to fulfill demand for all O-Ds with minimum cost.
Keyword: fleet assignment, integer linear programming, optimization