Judul: Identification and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Feces of Birds of Paradise (Paradisaeidae sp.)
Abstrak: Bakteri asam laktat (BAL) diisolasi menggunakan metode streak pada media de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Agar (MRSA). Media MRSA mendukung pertumbuhan bakteri asam laktat termasuk genus Lactobacillus. Identifikasi koloni bakteri dari 4 sampel feses burung cenderawasih secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, dan uji biokimia. Koloni teridentifikasi sebagai bakteri asam laktat dilakukan karakterisasi probiotik mencakup uji ketahanan garam NaCl (NaCl 2%, 4%, dan 6,5%), uji ketahanan pH (pH 2 dan pH 3), serta uji ketahanan garam empedu (MRS Bile Salt Broth 0,3% dan 3%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 8 isolat yang diidentifikasi, 7 isolat BAL diuji untuk karakterisasi sebagai kandidat probiotik. Hasil karakterisasi pada 7 isolat BAL menunjukkan 5 bakteri memiliki karakter sebagai kandidat probiotik yakni Aerococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., dan Weisella sp. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi tentang bakteri asam laktat sebagai kandidat probiotik pada saluran pencernaan burung cenderawasih demi mengoptimalkan proses pencernaan, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesehatan saluran pencernaan burung cenderawasih., Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated using the streak method on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Agar (MRSA) media. MRSA media supports the growth of lactic acid bacteria including the genus Lactobacillus. Identification of bacterial colonies from 4 bird of paradise feces samples using macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical tests. Colonies identified as lactic acid bacteria were subjected to probiotic characterization including a NaCl salt resistance test (2%, 4% and 6.5% NaCl), a pH resistance test (pH 2 and pH 3), and a bile salt resistance test (MRS Bile Salt Broth 0.3 % and 3%). The results showed that of the 8 isolates identified, 7 LAB isolates were tested for characterization as probiotic candidates. The characterization results of 7 LAB isolates showed that 5 bacteria had characteristics as probiotic candidates, namely Aerococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., and Weisella sp. This research provides information about lactic acid bacteria as probiotic candidates in the digestive tract of birds of paradise in order to optimize the digestive process, thereby improving the health of the digestive tract of birds of paradise.
Keyword: bakteri asam laktat, burung cenderawasih, konservasi, pencernaan, probiotik, birds of paradise, conservation, digestion, lactic acid bacteria, probiotic

Judul: Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) as Probiotic Candidate
Abstrak: Penggunaan probiotik sebagai alternatif dari antibiotik saat ini mulai dikembangkan karena mampu memberikan keuntungan bagi kesehatan orang utan. Probiotik yang tergolong sebagai Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) mampu menjadi antioksidan, antikanker, imunomodulator, serta antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan karakterisasi BAL pada orang utan sumatra (Pongo abelii) sebagai kandidat probiotik. Sampel yang digunakan berasal dari masing-masing 5 feses orang utan sumatra Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser dan Taman Safari Indonesia. Feses diinokulasikan pada media selektif MRSA (de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar). Koloni-koloni yang tumbuh lalu dimurnikan. Koloni tumbuh lalu diidentifikasi melalui pewarnaan Gram dan uji biokimia. Koloni teridentifikasi BAL dilakukan karakterisasi probiotik mencakup uji ketahanan garam NaCl (NaCl 2%, 4%, dan 6,5%), uji ketahanan pH (pH 2 dan pH 3), serta uji ketahanan garam empedu (MRS Bile Salt Broth 0,3% dan 1%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 28 isolat teridentifikasi jenis bakteri sebanyak 26 isolat. Sebanyak 22 isolat BAL dilanjutkan untuk pengujian karakterisasi probiotik. Hasil karakterisasi pada 22 isolat BAL menunjukkan sebanyak 12 isolat, mencakup 6 genus yang mengarah spesifik pada 8 spesies, memiliki karakter sebagai kandidat probiotik yakni Macrococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Weissella sp., Pediococcus sp., dan Aerococcus spp. Sebanyak 10 isolat lainnya berpotensi sebagai probiotik namun perlu ditinjau kembali., The use of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics is currently being developed due to their benefits to orangutans’ health. Probiotic bacteria classified as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are capable of being antioxidants, anticancer, immunomodulators, and anti-inflammatories. This study aims to identify and characterize LAB in Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) as probiotic candidates. The samples used are from the feces of each 5 individuals of Sumatran orangutans from Taman Safari Indonesia and Gunung Leuser National Park. The feces inoculated to a selective media MRSA (de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar). The growing colonies were then purified on a separate MRSA and then incubated. Growing colonies were identified through Gram staining and biochemistry test. Colonies identified as LAB were then subjected to probiotic characterization including NaCl salt resistance tests (NaCl 2%, 4%, and 6.5%), pH resistance tests (pH 2 and pH 3), and bile salt resistance tests (MRS Bile Salt Broth 0, 3% and 1%). The results showed that from 28 isolates, 26 of them is identified into species of bacteria. The amount of 22 isolates identified as LAB then were continued to the probiotic characterization test. The characterization results showed the 12 isolates, which consist of 6 genus that specifically led to 8 species, presented the probiotic candidate characters which were Macrococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Weissella sp., Pediococcus sp., and Aerococcus spp. Other 10 isolates were also potential as probiotics but needed to be reviewed.
Keyword: lactic acid bacteria, Pongo abelii, probiotic, sumatran orangutan

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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