Judul: Characteristics of the Bornean Orangutans Facial Musculoskeletal Morphofunction (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orang utan memiliki ukuran kepala yang besar dan mulut yang menjulur ke anterior. Muskuloskeletal wajah orang utan memiliki fungsi utama sebagai ekspresi, komunikasi, mengambil makanan, dan mastikasi. Orang utan memiliki kemiripan dengan gorila dan simpanse secara anatomis dan fisiologi, walaupun terdapat perbedaan dari perilaku harian. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari anatomi muskuloskeletal wajah orang utan kalimantan dan dikaitkan dengan perilaku hariannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan morfologi muskuloskeletal wajah serta mengamati perilaku melalui pengamatan video. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ossa faciei orang utan relatif berkembang dibandingkan pada ossa cranii, terutama di daerah mulut. Orang utan memiliki mandibula berukuran besar, terutama pada ramus mandibulae yang menjadi pertautan otot-otot mastikasi. Crista frontalis dan m. frontalis relatif berkembang pada orang utan jantan dibandingkan betina karena berfungsi mendukung keberadaan bantalan pipi. Vokalisasi orang utan jantan didukung oleh keberadaan bantalan pipi, throat sac dan otot-otot mulut terutama m. orbicularis oris. Otot ini relatif berkembang dibandingkan otot-otot sekitarnya karena memiliki peran utama dalam vokalisasi, ekspresi dan mengambil makanan. Sebagian besar waktu dihabiskan orang utan untuk melakukan aktivitas mencari makan yang bertekstur relatif keras dibandingkan pada gorila dan simpanse. Orang utan, simpanse, dan gorila memiliki kemiripan ekspresi sehingga otot-otot ekspresi yang dimiliki relatif sama.
Keyword: ekspresi, mastikasi, muskuloskeletal wajah, orang utan

Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Shoulder and Upper Arm Muscles of The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities., Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities.
Keyword: arboreal, Bornean orangutans, shoulders and upper-arm muscles, terrestrial

Judul: Utilization of Corn Steep Liquor as an Alternative Medium for Lactococcus Lactis in the Production of Bacteriocin
Abstrak: Limbah cair jagung (LCJ) merupakan limbah industri yang melimpah. LCJ juga dikenal sebagai sumber karbon, protein, dan vitamin sehingga mulai dimanfaatkan sebagai media alternatif untuk pertumbuhan mikroba. Selain itu, LCJ juga sudah digunakan sebagai media alternatif untuk produksi bakteriosin dari berbagai bakteri asam laktat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggunakan LCJ sebagai media alternatif pertumbuhan Lactococcus lactis dalam menghasilkan bakteriosin. Bakteriosin yang digunakan diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap Staphylococcus aureus menggunakan metode cakram. Hasilnya adalah bakteriosin yang dihasilkan dari media LCJ memberikan nilai aktivitas antibakteri lebih tinggi daripada dari media komersilnya yaitu media de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS). Oleh karena itu, LCJ berpotensi dijadikan media alternatif untuk menghasilkan bakteriosin oleh bakteri asam laktat Lactococcus lactis., Corn steep liquor (CSL) is an abundant industrial waste. CSL is also known as a source of carbon, protein, and vitamins so that it is starting to be used as an alternative medium for microbial growth. In addition, CSL has also been used as an alternative medium for the production of bacteriocins from various lactic acid bacteria. This study aimed to use CSL as an alternative growth medium for Lactococcus lactis to produce bacteriocins. The bacteriocin used was tested for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus using disc method. The result showed that the bacteriocin produced from CSL media has a higher antibacterial activity than that of the commercial medium that is de Man Rogosa and Sharpe medium (MRS). Therefore, CSL has the potential to be used as an alternative medium to produce bacteriocin by lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis.
Keyword: antibacterial, bacteriocin, corn steep liquor, Lactococcus lactis, Staphylococcus aureus