Judul: Quality of Raw Milk from Dairy Farms in Pondok Ranggon Based on the Presence of Salmonella spp. and the amount of Escherichia coli
Abstrak: Salmonella spp. dan Escherichia coli merupakan mikroorganisme patogen yang dapat menjadi indikator keamanan pangan susu segar. Menurut SNI Nomor 7388 tahun 2009 tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran Mikroba dalam Pangan pada susu segar, Salmonella harus negatif/25 ml dan E. coli <3 MPN/ml. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keamanan susu segar dari Peternakan Sapi Perah di wilayah Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur berdasarkan keberadaan Salmonella spp. dan jumlah E. coli. Sebanyak 12 peternakan ditentukan secara purposif dan dipilih dengan cara simple random sampling. Sampel susu diambil dengan 3 kali ulangan, sehingga total sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 36 susu segar. Pengujian keberadaan Salmonella spp. dan penghitungan jumlah E. coli menggunakan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) mengacu pada SNI Nomor 2897 Tahun 2008 tentang Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur dan Susu, serta Hasil Olahannya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak ditemukan adanya Salmonella spp. dalam susu segar dari 12 peternakan. Jumlah E. coli dalam susu segar 3,306 ± 1,344 MPN/ml dengn jumlah tertinggi 6,7 ± 4,619 MPN/ml dan terendah 2 ± 0 MPN/ml. Sebanyak 36,11% (13/36) sampel susu memiliki Jumlah E. coli yang melebihi batas maksimum cemaran mikroba, yaitu di atas <3 MPN/ml. Sebagian peternakan (6/12) telah menghasilkan susu yang memenuhi standar SNI berdasarkan keberadaan Salmonella spp. dan jumlah E. coli. Belum semua peternak menerapkan higiene dan sanitasi yang baik di peternakannya. Kata kunci : Escherichia coli, higiene, sanitasi, Salmonella, susu segar, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli are pathogenic microorganisms that can be the key to indicate the food safety of raw milk. According to SNI 7388:2009 concerning the Maximum Limit of Microbial Contamination in Food, the standard of raw milk is negative/25 ml for Salmonella and <3 MPN/ml for E. coli. This research aimed to determine the safety of raw milk from dairy farming in Pondok Ranggon, East Jakarta based on the presence of Salmonella spp. and the number of E. coli. A total 12 farms used as research objects were chosen purposively and were selected by simple random sampling. Samples of raw milk were taken from each farm with 3 replications, so the total sample examined were 36 raw milk. Identification the presence of Salmonella spp. and calculating the estimate number of E. coli were using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method based on SNI 2897:2008 concerning Testing Methods for Microbial Contamination in Meat, Eggs and Milk, and Processed Products. The results showed that the raw milk contained no Salmonella spp. The average number of E. coli in raw milk was 3,306 ± 1,344 MPN/ml, wich the highest amount obtained was 6,7 ± 4,619 MPN/ml and the lowest was 2 ± 0 MPN/ml. A total of 36.11% (13/36) milk samples had the amount of E. coli that exceeded the maximum limit of microbial contamination. Half of the farms (6/12) have produced milk that meets SNI standards based on the presence of Salmonella spp. and the number of E. coli. Not all dairy farmers have implemented good hygiene and sanitation on their farms. Keywords: Escherichia coli, hygiene, raw milk, sanitation, Salmonella
Keyword: Escherichia coli, higiene, sanitasi, Salmonella, susu segar

Judul: Hygiene and Sanitation Conditions for Dairy Equipment in Pondok Ranggon Dairy Farms, East Jakarta
Abstrak: Kebersihan peralatan yang digunakan pada proses pemerahan memiliki pengaruh terhadap kualitas susu yang dihasilkan dari peternakan sapi perah. Jumlah total mikroorganisme (Total Plate Count/TPC) dan jumlah Enterobacteriaceae pada peralatan perah dapat digunakan sebagai indikator praktik higiene dan sanitasi oleh peternak atau pekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui praktik higiene dan sanitasi peternak atau pekerja di kawasan peternakan sapi perah Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur dengan cara mengukur jumlah total mikroorganisme dan Enterobacteriaceae dari sampel swab peralatan perah. Tiga peternakan dipilih secara acak dari 4 blok di kawasan tersebut sehingga total diperoleh 12 peternakan yang dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini. Sampel swab dari peralatan perah antara lain milkcan, saringan, dan ember perah kemudian diambil dari setiap peternakan terpilih. Data praktik higiene dan sanitasi terhadap peralatan dikumpulkan melalui wawancara secara langsung menggunakan kuesioner mengenai karakteristik responden dan sanitasi peralatan perah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai TPC berbagai peralatan perah 100% melebihi standar batas cemaran (100 cfu/mL), dengan rata-rata pada milkcan yaitu 7,4 x 104 ± 8,8 x 104 cfu/mL, ember 5,3 x 104 ± 1 x 105 cfu/mL, dan saringan 5,5 x 104 ± 1,3 x 105 cfu/mL. Jumlah Enterobacteriaceae yang melebihi standar batas cemaran pada milkcan sebanyak 66,7% dengan rata-rata 4,8 x 103 ± 1,3 x 104 cfu/mL, pada ember dan saringan masing-masing 50%.dengan rata-rata 2,6 x 103 ± 6,9 x 103 cfu/mL dan 6,5 x 102 ± 9 x 102 cfu/mL. Berdasarkan hasil kuesioner praktik sanitasi umum dan khusus peternak dapat memengaruhi tingginya nilai TPC dan Enterobacteriaceae. Peternak atau pekerja mayoritas belum menerapkan praktik higiene dan sanitasi yang baik terhadap peralatan perah. Sebagian besar peralatan perah memiliki tingkat cemaran mikroorganisme (TPC) dan Enterobacteriaceae yang lebih tinggi dari standar batas aman yang ditetapkan., The cleanliness of the equipment used in the milking process has an influence on the quality of milk produced from dairy farms. The total number of microorganisms (Total Plate Count/ TPC) and the number of Enterobacteriaceae on dairy equipment can be used as indicators of hygiene and sanitation practices by farmers or workers. This study aims to determine the hygiene and sanitation practices of farmers or workers in the Pondok Ranggon dairy farming area, East Jakarta by measuring the total number of microorganisms and Enterobacteriaceae from swab samples of dairy equipment. Three farms were randomly selected from 4 blocks in the area so that a total of 12 farms were sampled in this study. Samples from dairy equipment including swab milk cans, filters, and milk buckets were collected through direct interviews using a questionnaire regarding the characteristics of respondents and sanitation of dairy equipment. The results showed that the TPC value of various dairy equipment 100% exceeded the standard contamination limit (100 cfu/mL), with the average milkcan being 7.4 x 104 ± 8.8 x 104 cfu/mL, bucket 5.3 x 104 ± 1 x 105 cfu/mL, and filter 5.5 x 104 ± 1.3 x 105 cfu/mL. The number of Enterobacteriaceae that exceeds the standard contamination limit at milkcan as much as 66.7% with an average of 4.8 x 103 ± 1.3 x 104 cfu/mL, in the bucket and filter 50% each with an average
Keyword: Enterobacteriaceae, higiene, jumlah total mikroorganisme, sanitasi, total plate count, sanitasi

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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