Judul: Identification and Resistance Test of Enterococcus sp. from Sumatran Orang Utan (Pongo abelii) towards Some Antibiotics
Abstrak: Orang utan sumatra (Pongo abelii) merupakan primata endemik Indonesia yang populasinya terancam punah. Penurunan populasi ini dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri. Salah satu bakteri penyebab infeksi yaitu Enterococcus sp. yang memiliki kemampuan multi-resistan. Resistansi bakteri dapat menjadi ancaman sehingga perlu perhatian lebih. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menguji resistansi bakteri Enterococcus sp. pada orang utan sumatra liar di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser. Penelitian diawali dengan melakukan identifikasi bakteri dan menguji resistansinya terhadap 7 antibiotik menggunakan metode Difusi Cakram Kirby-Bauer. Data dianalisis dengan standar diameter zona hambat dari Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2023. Hasil identifikasi dari 8 sampel feses ditemukan 6 sampel positif Enterococcus sp. dengan total 9 isolat, yaitu 6 isolat Enterococcus faecalis dan 3 isolat Enterococcus faecium. Hasil uji resistansi menunjukkan semua isolat Enterococcus faecalis resistan terhadap seftazidim, sefotaksim, streptomisin, serta seluruhnya intermediet terhadap eritomisin. Semua isolat Enterococcus faecium resistan terhadap seftazidim, sefotaksim, serta 2 isolat intermediet terhadap streptomisin. Enterococcus faecalis dan Enterococcus faecium adalah mikroba normal saluran gastrointestinal orang utan sumatra. Antibiotik golongan sefalosporin tidak efektif melawan Enterococcus sp. karena secara alami resistan terhadap sefalosporin. Resistansi pada orang utan liar dapat terjadi karena adanya resistansi intrinsik, lingkungan yang terkontaminasi, dan kontak antar hewan.
Keyword: Antibiotics, enterococcus sp., Antibiotic-resistant, Identification, orang utan, Pongo abelii

Judul: Identification and Pattern of Antibiotic Resistance of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Orangutan (Pongo Pygmaeus) at Bogor Indonesia Safari Park
Abstrak: Pseudomonas spp. is a lactose-negative gram-negative bacteria that contributes to several infections including air sacculitis in orangutans due to its having the largest air sac compared to most nonhuman primates. This research was designed to study and analyze the identification and the pattern of antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas spp. Identification of Pseudomonas includes KOH 3% test, oxidase test, TSIA test, urea test, IMViC test Indole, Methyl-Red, Voges-Proskauer, and Citrate) and carbohydrate fermentation test. Pattern of antibiotic resistance includes five different types of antibiotics from different antibiotic classes which are ampicillin from β- lactam, gentamicin from aminoglycoside, tetracycline from tetracycline, enrofloxacin from fluoroquinolone, and chloramphenicol from phenicol class. As the results, identification of Pseudomonas spp. showed three suspected isolates of Pseudomonas spp. Patterns of antibiotic resistance was carried out by using Kirby-Baurer method which uses agar disk diffusion resulted in two of the isolates that were mostly similar in pattern, resistant to only ampicillin and are sensitive towards tetracycline, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin meanwhile the other one of the isolate differ, resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, and chloramphenicol and is sensitive towards gentamicin. In conclusion, feces samples of orangutans revealed three suspected Pseudomonas spp. and showed resistance on ampicillin and sensitive to gentamicin. The study of antibiotic resistance patterns is crucial for future antibiotic selection.
Keyword: antibiotic resistance, gram-negative bacteria, Kirby-Baurer method, Pseudomonas spp.

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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