Judul: Studi Literatur: Peran kalsium dalam Cangkang Telur Ayam pada Olahan Pangan terhadap Pencegahan Osteoporosis
Abstrak: Cangkang telur merupakan produk limbah ternak yang dibuang. Limbah cangkang telur dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan jika tidak dikelola dengan baik. Komponen utama cangkang telur adalah kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) yang dapat menjadi sumber kalsium dalam berbagai produk pangan. Kalsium memiliki peran penting dalam pembentukan tulang sehingga asupan kalsium yang tinggi dapat mencegah terjadinya osteoporosis (pengeroposan tulang). Kalsium pada cangkang telur ayam dapat diaplikasikan pada berbagai olahan pangan untuk meningkatkan konsumsi kalsium. Penelitian studi literatur ini dilakukan dengan cara penelusuran jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2011-2022 dengan menggunakan narrative review. Hasil dari penelitian studi literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa tepung cangkang telur ayam dengan jumlah konsumsi 1000 mg/hari aman dan dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik dalam produk pangan. Mekanisme kalsium dalam cangkang telur yang ditambahkan pada produk pangan dapat mencegah osteoporosis dengan proses mineralisasi tulang. Kalsium dalam darah berperan penting agar proses mineralisasi tulang berlangsung seimbang. Asupan kalsium sekitar 1000 mg/hari dapat menstabilkan mineralisasi tulang sehingga tidak terjadi pengeroposan tulang., Eggshells are waste products of livestock that is thrown away. Eggshell waste can cause environmental pollution if not managed properly. The main component of eggshells is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which can be source of calcium in various food products. Calcium has an important role in bone formation, high calcium intake can prevent osteoporosis (bone loss). Calcium in chicken eggshell can be applied in various processed food to increase calcium consumption. This literature study research was conducted by search national and international journals published between 2011-2022 by using narrative review method. The results of this literature study showed that chicken eggshell flour with a consumption amount 1000 mg/day is safe and can be utilized properly in food products. The mechanism of calcium in eggshells added to food products can prevent osteoporosis by the process of bone mineralization. Calcium in the blood have an important role so that the process of bone mineralization can be balance. Calcium intake of about 1000 mg/day can stabilize bone mineralization so bone loss does not occur.
Keyword: bone, calcium, eggshell, osteoporosis

Judul: Development of Chicken Nugget Products with Additional Chicken Bone Flour as a Food Product Source of Calcium
Abstrak: Di Indonesia rata-rata asupan kalsium anak usia 12 tahun yaitu sebanyak 234,46 mg per hari, jumlah tersebut masih tergolong kurang apabila dibandingkan dengan angka kecukupan gizi sebesar 1200 mg per hari (Kemenkes 2019). Pada masa remaja juga terdapat puncak pertumbuhan massa tulang (peak bone mass) yang menyebabkan kebutuhan gizi menjadi sangat tinggi bahkan lebih tinggi daripada fase kehidupan lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan produk nugget ayam dengan menambahkan tepung tulang ayam sebagai produk nugget sumber kalsium untuk remaja. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan November 2020 sampai Maret 2021. Penelitian ini dimulai dari pembuatan tepung tulang ayam, perancangan formula nugget, pembuatan nugget, uji organoleptik, penentuan formula terpilih nugget, analisis proksimat, analisis kalsium dan bioavailabilitas kalsium, serta perhitungan kontribusi zat gizi nugget formula terpilih. Berdasarkan hasil uji organoleptik (uji hedonik dan uji ranking), maka formula nuuget dengan substitusi tepung tulang ayam sebanyak 10% merupakan formula terpilih. Hasil analisis kadar kalsium dan bioavailabilitas kalsium yang terkandung pada nugget F1 sebesar 850,60 mg/100 g dan 78,12 mg/100 g. Formula nugget terpilih memberikan kontribusi protein sebesar 18,4−27,6% dan kalsium sebesar 40,3% terhadap AKG remaja., In Indonesia, the average calcium intake of children aged 12 years is 234.46 mg per day. This is still less than the daily recommendation, 1200 mg per day (Kemenkes 2019). In adolescence there is also a peak bone mass that causes the nutritional needs to be very high even higher than the other phases of life. This study aimed to develop chicken nugget products supplemented by adding chicken bone meal as a nugget product source of calcium for adolescents. The research was performed from November 2020 until March 2021. The research started from the processing of chicken bone flour, nugget formulation, production of nugget, sensory evaluation, determination of selected formulas, nutrient analysis, calcium analysis, calcium bioavailability determination, and the calculation of nutritional contribution of selected formula nuggets. Based on the results of sensory evaluation (hedonic acceptance tests and preference ranking tests), the selected formula was the formula using 10% chicken bone meal substitution. The analysis results of calcium levels and calcium bioavailability contained in selected formula was 850.60 mg /100 g and 78,12 % respectively. The selected nugget formula contributes 18.4−27.6% of protein and calcium by 40.3% to adolescent RDA.
Keyword: calcium, chicken bone, chicken nugget, fortification, hidden malnutritions

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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