Judul: Eco-enzyme Fermentation Characters of Pineapple and Lemon Peels
Abstrak: Setiap tahun sampah di Indonesia semakin meningkat, seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, khususnya sampah organik berupa sisa makanan. Kesadaran masyarakat dalam melakukan pengolahan sampah cukup rendah, menyebabkan sampah akan menumpuk di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA), dan menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Sampah perlu didaur ulang untuk mengurangi penumpukan sampah. Salah satu contohnya dengan membuat eco-enzyme. Eco-Enzyme adalah larutan zat organik kompleks yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi, dibuat dari sisa bahan organik berupa kulit buah dicampurkan molase dan air di dalam botol kaca dengan perbandingan 3:1:10, disimpan dalam suhu ruang selama 3 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan karakter fermentasi eco-enzyme menggunakan kulit nanas (Ananas comosus) dan kulit lemon (Citrus limon). Fermentasi diamati dengan mengukur penurunan pH, total gula, dan total plate count(TPC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai pH eco-enzyme mengalami penurunan selama proses fermentasi. Tingkat keasaman eco-enzyme rendah disebabkan banyak asam organik dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi. Gula reduksi mengalami peningkatan seiring fermentasi, menunjukkan karbohidrat kompleks pada telah dipecah dengan adanya enzim pada eco-enzyme. Jumlah mikroorganisme pada kedua produk eco-enzyme tidak berbeda nyata, terdapat sedikit koloni bakteri pada media CMC dan TSB. Peningkatan asam organik menyebabkan penurunan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dan kadar gula reduksi dalam eco-enzyme., Every year, waste in Indonesia is increasing, in line with increasing population, especially organic waste in the form of food scraps. Public awareness in conducting waste management is low, causing waste to accumulate in landfills and environmental problems. Garbage needs to be recycled, by making eco-enzymes. Eco-Enzyme is a solution of complex organic substances, made from leftover organic matter mixed with molasses and water in a glass bottle with a ratio of 3:1:10, stored at room temperature for 3 months. This study aims to determine the comparison of eco-enzyme fermentation characters using pineapple peels (Ananas comosus) and lemon peels (Citrus limon). Fermentation was observed by measuring the decrease in pH, total sugar, and total plate count. The results showed that pH value of the eco-enzyme decreased during fermentation process. Eco-enzyme acidity level is low because a lot of organic acids are produced from fermentation process. Reducing sugar increases with fermentation, indicating that complex carbohydrates have been broken down in the presence of enzymes in eco-enzymes. The number of microorganisms was not significantly different, there were few bacterial colonies on the CMC and TSB media. The increase in organic acids causes a decrease in the growth of microorganisms and reduces sugar.
Keyword: Ecoenzyme, Fermentation, lemon peel, Pineapple peel

Judul: Pembuatan Biogas Dari Sampah Buah-Buahan Melalui Fermentasi Aerobik Dan Anaerobik
Abstrak: Solid wastes and energy crisis are created by high growing rate of people. An alternative solving for both problems is biogas technology. Municipal waste can be proceed into biogas and fertilizer by biogas technology. In general, the process of conventional biogas technology has long time about 40 days (in tropical countries) and 100 days (in subtropical countries). The main goal of the research was to shorten the retention time of biogas production by combining its aerobic and anaerobic processes with optimized environmental condition (temperature) and substrate composition (C:N ratio) in anaerobic phase. Hydrolysis and acidogenesis were set in aerobic phase, while asetogenesis was set in anaerobic phase. Fruits waste were set into pre-treatment, minimized waste size between 1-2 cm2 and water addition (1: 1). The mixed ingredients was added by E~ microorganism culture and took into digester to start aerobic process. After 5 days, the process was stopped then substrate took to anaerobic digester to produced biogas (methano~enesis). Anaerobic process was set at different temperatures (30,35 and 40 C) and C:N ratios (20,25 and 30). The beginning of water content and C:N ratio of substrate were 86,24 % and 70,32: 1. Respectively, in aerobic process substrate was degraded by microorganism into simple compound. This process can be analyzed by C:N ratio change of total solid (TS), total volatile solid (TVS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile fatty acid (VF A) and acidity degree (pH). Methanogenesis (anaerobic process) was monitored by the volume of biogas produced and analyzed COD, VF A and pH. The optimum of production rate and volume ofbiogas produced was achieved by treatment in 35°C temperature and 30: 1 C:N ratio, which biogas has produced 26,5 ml in the ftrst day and 42,5 ml biogas in the end of biogas production with the highest production rate was 9,6 mVday. It showed that activity of methanogenic microbe was optimum in that treatment condition.
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Judul: Respon Tanggap Kebal Bebek terhadap Vaksin AI H5N1 Monovalen (Clade 2.3.2) dan Vaksin AI H5N1 Bivalen (Clade 2.1.3 dan Clade 2.3.2)
Abstrak: Bebek merupakan salah satu unggas air yang dikenal sebagai reservoir virus Avian Influenza (AI). Bebek yang terinfeksi tidak memperlihatkan gejala klinis dan memiliki titer antibodi yang rendah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui titer antibodi bebek yang divaksinasi menggunakan vaksin monovalen dan bivalen. Sembilan puluh bebek dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok dan setiap kelompok berisi 30 ekor. Kelompok pertama adalah bebek yang divaksinasi dengan AI H5N1 monovalen (clade 2.3.2), kelompok kedua adalah bebek yang divaksinasi dengan AI H5N1 bivalen (clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2), dan ketiga adalah kontrol. Vaksinasi dilakukan pada hari ke-10 dan 31. Sepuluh sampel serum dari masing-masing kelompok dikoleksi pada hari ke-17, 21, 28, 31, 38 dan 42 dilanjutkan dengan uji Hemaglutinasi Inhibisi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa vaksin monovalen dapat menginduksi titer antibodi yang lebih tinggi dari pada vaksin bivalen pada bebek.
Keyword: bebek, hemaglutinasi inhibisi, vaksin, monovalen, bivalen