International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, NYSE)
Industry: Information Technology Services
Annual report, fiscal year 2009










## Dear IBM Investor:

When I wrote to you a year ago, the global economy was experiencing profound disruption. The financial system was freezing up. Many companies and entire industries were pulling in their horns, hoping simply to ride out the storm. IBM’s own industry was no different.

Nonetheless, I said that we felt confident heading into 2009. We were entering the year strong, and we expected to exit it stronger.

A year later, despite an environment that remains very challenging, I am happy to report that your company has continued to outperform our industry and the market at large. We delivered strong results in 2009, once again achieving record pre-tax earnings, record earnings per share and record free cash flow—despite reduced revenues. At the same time, we continued to deliver superior returns to you, our owners. Most importantly, we are well positioned to grow as the economy begins to recover.




Samuel J. Palmisano
CHAIRMAN, PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER



The explanation for this performance—and for our optimism about both the near-term and the longer-term future—is threefold. It rests, first, on the ongoing transformation of our company; second, on our focused strategy to capture the large opportunity of a globally integrating world; and third, on a business model that reliably generates strong profits and cash, giving us the financial flexibility to invest for future growth.

I will talk about each of these factors in detail in this letter. It is important for you to understand the ways in which IBM today is a very different company than it was just a few years ago. This repositioning explains why we have demonstrated such stability and strong results during this downturn and why we believe we will benefit as the economy recovers and growth returns.

## A Strong Year
Capping a
Strong Decade

Two thousand nine was a tough year by any measure, but IBM’s performance was indicative both of our high-value market position and of the discipline we apply to our strategy and operations. Since the dot-com crash in 2002, we have added $12 billion to IBM’s pre-tax profit base, increased our pre-tax margin 2.5 times, quadrupled our earnings per share and more than doubled our free cash flow. Cumulatively, we have generated about $80 billion of free cash flow.
Our strong 2009 continued this record of superior performance:

MARGINS: IBM’s gross profit margin rose for the sixth consecutive year—to 45.7 percent, up 9.2 points since 2003. Our pre-tax income margin rose to 18.9 percent. Both margins are at their highest in more than a decade. We achieved this by driving productivity and continuing to shift our business mix to more profitable segments. Once again, more than 90 percent of our segment profit in 2009 was from software, services and financing.

EARNINGS PER SHARE: We have continued to achieve strong EPS growth. Last year was another record, with diluted earnings per share of $10.01, up 13 percent. This marked seven straight years in which we have grown EPS by double digits.

CASH FLOW: IBM has consistently generated strong cash flow, a key indicator of real business performance. In 2009 our free cash flow, excluding the year-to-year change in Global Financing receivables, was $15.1 billion, an increase of $800 million from 2008. IBM ended 2009 with $14 billion of cash and marketable securities.

REVENUE AND INCOME: Our revenue was $95.8 billion, down 5 percent at constant currency. Nonetheless, in 2009 we grew pre-tax income from continuing operations by 9 percent, to $18.1 billion, our highest ever.



INVESTMENT AND RETURN TO SHAREHOLDERS: Our superior cash flow has enabled us to invest in the business and to generate substantial returns to investors. Our 2009 cash investment was $1.2 billion for six acquisitions—five of them in key areas of software. And after investing $5.8 billion in R&D and $3.7 billion in net capital expenditures, we were able to return more than $10 billion to you—$7.4 billion through share repurchase and $2.9 billion through dividends. Last year’s dividend increase was 10 percent, marking the 14 \( ^{th} \)  year in a row in which we have raised our dividend.

In sum, with our excellent financial position, strong balance sheet, solid recurring revenue, strong profit streams and unmatched global reach, we are confident about the year ahead, and beyond. Indeed, we achieved our 2010 objective of $10 to $11 in earnings per share one year early. We believe that we will again grow EPS by double digits this year, reaching at least $11.

The information on pages 10 through 15—“A Decade of Generating Higher Value at IBM”—summarizes the story of our transformation, and describes the opportunities it has opened up for growth in the coming era.

Since the dot-com crash in 2002, we have added $12 billion to IBM’s pre-tax profit base, increased our pre-tax margin 2.5 times, quadrupled our earnings per share and more than doubled our free cash flow.

## Leading Our
Industry and
the Market

As we enter a new decade, it’s interesting to reflect upon how the last one began. The conventional wisdom back then was that the robust IT growth of the go-go ’90s would continue—and even after the dot-com bust, most believed it would resume. It was thought that buyers of IT would continue to self-integrate—which would mean that our industry would remain highly disaggregated—and that client/server computing would become the predominant enterprise model.

It wasn’t unreasonable to hold these views. However, as we looked out, we saw a different picture—an undercurrent of fundamental change. As we worked to understand the deeper meaning of events, to separate the cyclical from the secular and to apply lessons from our own past, we came to believe that major shifts were underway that would reshape our industry and, indeed, the global economy:

1. Changes in the World: The lowering of trade barriers, the rise of the developing world and the emergence of the World Wide Web were unleashing the flow of work on a global scale. We believed these changes were powerful and irreversible, and that they would lead to new business models and a new form of the corporation itself—what we came to call the globally integrated enterprise.



2. Changes in Technology: At the same time, a new model of computing was replacing the PC-based, client/server approach. Computational capability was being put into things no one would recognize as computers: phones, cameras, cars, appliances, roadways, power lines, clothes—and even natural systems, such as agriculture and rivers. All of this was being connected through the Internet. And we now had the computing power, advanced analytics and new models (now known as “clouds”) to turn mountains of data into insight. As a result, the economic, societal and physical systems of the world were becoming instrumented, interconnected and intelligent. Our planet was becoming smarter.

3. Changes in Client Demand: Compelled by the new opportunities and competitive demands of these first two shifts, enterprises and institutions were no longer content with cost savings from off-the-shelf technologies and solutions. They now sought to innovate—not just in their products and services, but also their business processes, management systems, policies and core business models. To accomplish that, they needed to integrate advanced technology far deeper into their operations.

Because we believed that these shifts would change our industry, creating winners and losers, we made some important decisions and got to work. We transformed IBM’s mix of products, services, skills and technologies—exiting commoditizing businesses like PCs and hard disk drives, and making 108 strategic acquisitions over the course of the decade. We amassed substantial industry expertise, and also re-invented the way we deploy it, shifting skills and decision making closer to the marketplace and the client. We invested significantly more in our teams and capabilities in emerging markets around the world, and we accelerated the global integration of IBM’s operations.

At the same time, we transformed our vast services delivery capability, applying automation, standardization and advanced engineering and management principles of the sort that prior generations had applied to manufacturing. We also rebalanced our internal R&D. Today, IBM’s portfolio is built around networked, modularized and embedded technologies, such as service-oriented architecture (SOA), business intelligence and analytics. Of the more than 4,900 U.S. patents IBM received in 2009 (our 17 \( ^{th} \)  straight year of patent leadership, and a record for any company), more than 70 percent were for software and services.

That’s how the last decade played out—for our industry and for your company.

## The Landscape
for Growth

Today, many of our competitors are emulating our moves. For instance, several have gone on an acquisition binge to get into new spaces. However, there is a vast difference between what your company has done—amassing truly differentiating technology and skills, and focusing on the needs of enterprise clients—and what others are doing, largely to compensate for rapidly commoditizing business models.



As the new decade begins, some in our industry still seem to believe that history will repeat itself—for example, that clients will invest in IT simply because of product upgrade cycles. Once again, we have a different view. We believe that clients will only invest in what delivers compelling, quantifiable business value. We believe that the fundamental shifts I described earlier will continue to play out, and that they create a unique opportunity for IBM. And because of the way we have managed the company during the economic downturn, we have the flexibility to take advantage of this opportunity, and to invest for growth.

Our investments in 2010 are focused on four high-potential opportunities.

## 1. Growth Markets

IBM has among the broadest global footprints of any corporation or institution. We serve clients in more than 170 countries around the world, and we have been deeply established within myriad local economies and cultures for decades.

Our Growth Markets unit, established in 2008, is helping to capture the highest-growth opportunities of the world’s emerging economies. Since 2005, these markets have expanded their contribution to IBM’s geographic revenue by a point a year, growing at least 8 points faster than major markets over the last three years.

Going forward, both mature and emerging markets are building out and integrating their physical and digital infrastructures, and infusing the resulting systems with intelligence. More than $2 trillion in fiscal stimulus has already been earmarked by governments around the world. We are uniquely positioned to benefit from these large business and technology opportunities, and we are pursuing them aggressively in 2010.

## 2. Analytics

Data is being captured today as never before—both from the so-called Internet of Things (heading toward trillions of connected objects) and from hundreds of millions of individuals using social media. In just three years, IP traffic is expected to total more than half a zettabyte. (That’s a trillion gigabytes—or 1 followed by 21 zeroes.) And this data no longer consists merely of text and numbers. It includes rich media of all kinds, from video and audio, to images, avatars, simulations and applications. Thirty percent of the data in the world today consists of medical images alone.

All this information—the knowledge of the world, the flow of markets, the pulse of societies—can now be turned into insight through sophisticated mathematical models, also known as analytics. Where once we inferred, now we know. Where once we interpolated and extrapolated, now we can determine. The historical is giving way to the real-time, and even the predictive.

IBM is moving quickly to capitalize on this promise. We have built the industry’s premier analytics practice, with 4,000 consultants, mathematicians and researchers, as well as leading-edge software capabilities—bolstered by key acquisitions such as Cognos and SPSS. Our new Business Analytics and Optimization service line targets the highest-growth opportunities by delivering integrated analytics solutions based on the needs of specific industries.



3. Cloud and Next-Generation Data Center
As our planet becomes instrumented, interconnected and intelligent, the computing model is evolving to support it. Think of it as the industrialization of IT. Over the past generation, our digital infrastructures have become very complex and inefficient, so now we’re optimizing them through automation, creating systems that are highly tuned to the specific workloads they run and to new consumption and delivery models, such as clouds.

Thus, the data center is shifting from being a single physical place to something more like the Internet, a diverse set of services fueled by IT. This provides far more choice and flexibility, of particular interest to the many businesses and governments that want simply to consume some services they once built, maintained and provided themselves. It also makes possible things that were not previously so, such as modeling systemic risk or creating integrated healthcare records.

However, with these new possibilities come new challenges, in areas such as security. As a result, our clients are seeking help in architecting and building a new kind of highly efficient infrastructure that is reliable and secure, even as it integrates services from a variety of external sources.

We have invested billions of dollars in R&D and acquisitions to build leadership in two key dimensions of this new IT model: service management
We are seeing smarter systems being implemented in every major industry and across every region of both the developed and developing worlds. And they are creating measurable economic and societal value.

software and optimized systems. We have also established a portfolio of cloud services that clients can access externally from IBM or offer internally to users on their own premises. And because of IBM’s track record of integrating new technology paradigms like open source and the Internet into the enterprise, we have earned the trust of clients and the industry to bring reliability and security to what is new.

## 4. Smarter Planet

All of these growth strategies come together in the opportunity we call “smarter planet.” This is not a metaphor. It describes the infusion of intelligence into the way the world actually works, the way that almost anything—any person, any object, any process or any service, for any organization, large or small—can now become digitally aware, networked and intelligent. This means that industries, infrastructures, processes, cities and entire societies can be more productive, efficient and responsive.



We developed this agenda and strategic initiative in the summer of 2008, and we launched it that autumn—at the peak of the economic crisis. We did so because we believed it represented a pragmatic way to address the very problems that were transfixing the world.

After just a year, it is clear that our belief was correct. The idea of “smarter systems” is resonating with decision-makers in both the private and public sectors. We are seeing these systems being implemented in every major industry and across every region of both the developed and developing worlds. And they are creating measurable economic and societal value.

• In a study of 439 cities, those that employ smarter transportation solutions—including ramp metering, signal coordination and incident management—reduced travel delays on average by more than 700,000 hours annually.

• Eight hospitals and 470 primary care clinics in Spain implemented smarter healthcare systems across their facilities—and improved clinical results and operational efficiency by up to 10 percent.

• Banks and other financial services organizations around the world are achieving new levels of risk control, efficiency and customer service. For instance, payment processing costs at the Bank of Russia have been reduced by 95 percent. And CLS Bank now handles most of the world’s currency exchange transactions, securely eliminating the risk from trades worth $3.5 trillion per day, and growing.
• Four leading retailers have reduced supply chain costs by up to 30 percent, reduced inventory levels by up to 25 percent, and increased sales up to 10 percent. They’ve done so by analyzing customer buying behaviors, aligning merchandising assortments with demand and building end-to-end visibility across their entire supply chain.

This list could go on. We are quantifying the outcomes of hundreds and hundreds of smarter systems, and this measurable value gives leaders everywhere the confidence to try something new.

So the questions we are hearing are no longer about whether a smarter planet is a real possibility. Now, there is an enormous hunger to learn how. CEOs, CIOs, governors and mayors are asking questions like: How do I infuse intelligence into a system for which no one enterprise or agency is responsible? How do I bring all the necessary

The opportunity to make our planet smarter is both real and inspiring. It has excited forward-thinking leaders in industry, government and across civil society. Encouragingly, but not surprisingly, it has also energized IBMers.



constituents together? How do I make the case for budget? How do I coalesce support with citizens? Where should I start?

In 2010, we are focusing our efforts on helping clients answer those questions in nine high-growth industries: healthcare; oil and gas; energy and utilities; transportation; telecommunications; retail; banking; government; and electronics.

At the same time, we are continuing to push the scientific frontiers at the core of smarter technologies. Today, more than 25 percent of IBM Research’s work is on smarter planet projects, and we are in the process of doubling that to more than 50 percent, in areas such as mobile Web, nanotechnology, stream computing, analytics and cloud.

## Seizing
the Opportunity
Before Us

The opportunity to make our planet smarter is both real and inspiring. It has excited forward-thinking leaders in industry, government and across civil society in both mature and growth markets. Encouragingly, but not surprisingly, it has also energized IBMers. Over nearly a century, IBM’s greatest achievements have arisen from our distinctive culture and values.

This is why, despite the current economic climate, I am optimistic about IBM’s prospects to lead the era we are now entering. Underneath the surface turmoil, this moment presents a rich and transformational opportunity. Everywhere around the world, people are eager for change. And every day, more and more forward-thinking leaders are creating tangible outcomes and benefits, making their parts of our planet smarter. Like IBMers, they recognize that we cannot wait, cannot let this moment pass. They know the time to act is now. And the way to act is together.

Let me close by expressing my pride in the 400,000 women and men of the global IBM team who have brought us to this point. And let me express my gratitude to you, our shareholders, for your unwavering support. I hope that you are pleased with how your company is performing and evolving. And I trust that you share our excitement about the role we can play in what promises to be a new epoch for our industry, for business and for our planet.



Samuel J. Palmisano
CHAIRMAN, PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER



## A Decade of Generating
Higher Value at IBM

## 1 A decade ago, we saw change coming.

The IT industry and the broader economy were being transformed by the rising tide of global integration, by a new computing model and by new client needs for integration and innovation.

The global economy was integrating. The rapidly growing nations of the developing world were making historic investments in fundamental business infrastructure. And enterprises everywhere were seeking access to global skills and growth markets.

A new computing architecture was taking shape. It was built on pervasive instrumentation and interconnectivity, open standards, unprecedented computing power and advanced analytics. This model could transform oceans of data into intelligence.

Clients were shifting their focus from productivity to innovation. By integrating advanced technology far deeper into their business operations, they sought to unlock innovation and drive growth.

## 2 In response, we changed the mix of our businesses ...

To capture the emerging higher-value opportunities, IBM divested commodity businesses like personal computers and hard disk drives, and strengthened its position through strategic investments and acquisitions in areas such as analytics, next-generation data centers, cloud computing and green solutions.

Segment Pre-tax Income \( ^{*} \) 
(\( in billions)





* Sum of external segment pre-tax income not equal to IBM pre-tax income
** Excludes Enterprise Investments and stock-based compensation



## 3 ... and became a globally integrated enterprise, leveraging our scale to capture new growth.

## International

(mid-19 \( ^{th} \)  to early 20 \( ^{th} \)  century)

Most operations are centered in the home country, with overseas sales and distribution.



Multinational (mid-20 \( ^{th} \)  century)

Creates smaller versions of itself in countries around the world and makes heavy local investments.
Since 2005, global integration has enabled IBM to cut expenses by $5 billion and improve service quality, speed and risk management in very dynamic environments. We have shifted resources toward building client relationships and employee skills, while positioning IBM for new market opportunities, such as business analytics, smarter cities and the large-scale infrastructure build-outs underway in emerging markets. During this period, IBM has pioneered a new operating model, changing from a classic “multinational,” with smaller versions of the parent company replicated in countries around the world, to a global model with one set of processes, shared services and broadly distributed decision making, carried out by a highly skilled global workforce managed by a common set of values.



Globally Integrated Enterprise (21 \( ^{st} \)  century)

Locates operations and functions anywhere in the world based on the right cost, skills and business environment.



## Globally Integrated Operations

IBM’s shift to a globally integrated model allowed the company to refocus our country organizations on generating growth and serving clients. Currently, nine out of every ten employees in our country organizations are focused on providing our clients with high-value, high-margin solutions.

In the globally integrated model, even the smallest of our emerging country teams can leverage IBM's global scale and expertise to deliver value of a depth and breadth unattainable in a multinational construct.





## Growth Markets Share of Geographic Revenue

In 2009, Growth Markets—defined as those countries with the potential to grow at above-average rates over the coming decade—represented 19 percent of IBM’s geographic revenue and grew 8 points faster than Major Markets.



## 4 As a result, IBM today is a higher-performing enterprise.

Our business model is more aligned with our clients' needs and generates better financial results.

We have achieved record earnings per share ...
Diluted earnings per share in 2009 were $10.01, marking seven consecutive years of double-digit growth. Pre-tax earnings from continuing operations were $18.1 billion, an increase of 9 percent.

Earnings Per Share



Note: 2005–2008 EPS reflects the adoption of amendments to ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share”

## ... and record cash performance.

In 2009 our free cash flow, excluding the year-to-year change in Global Financing receivables, was $15.1 billion—an increase of $800 million from 2008.

Financial Performance History ($ in billions)





## 5 We have therefore been able to invest in future sources of growth and provide record return to shareholders ...

Primary Uses of Cash
From 2000 to 2009

$96 billion

Returned to Shareholders
Share Repurchases & Dividends

$65 billion

Reinvested
Acquisitions & Capital Expenditures

... while continuing to invest in R&D—more than $56 billion from 2000 to 2009.



## 6 This has resulted in strong, steady performance in the current economic environment ...

The transformation of our company has allowed us to achieve consistently strong results since 2002. And despite a challenging economy over the last two years, we reached the target of our 2010 EPS road map of $10 to $11 one year ahead of schedule.

Earnings Per Share Road Map to 2010



## Key Drivers for 2010

Historical revenue growth

We maintain historical revenue growth through annuity businesses, global presence and a balanced business mix.

Margin expansion

We focus on delivering higher value to clients and on increasing productivity, to improve profitability.

Share repurchases

Our strong cash generation lets us return value to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding while reinvesting for future growth.
Growth initiatives and future acquisitions

We invest in key growth initiatives and strategic acquisitions to complement and scale our product portfolio.
Retirement-related costs

Retirement-related costs vary based on market performance and plan redesigns.



## 7 ... and our investments position us for growth in the next decade—the Decade of Smart.

## We are focusing on four major growth opportunities in 2010:

Growth markets: IBM serves clients in more than 170 countries around the world. In both mature and growth economies, infrastructure represents a major technology and business opportunity, with more than $2 trillion in fiscal stimulus earmarked by governments.

Analytics: Enabling clients to get far more value from their information, IBM’s new analytics service line draws on 4,000 dedicated consultants, plus 200 mathematicians and advanced analytics experts in IBM Research. We have invested $10 billion in 14 acquisitions since 2005, creating seven analytics solution centers around the world.
Cloud and next-generation data center: These new models are enabling efficient consumption and delivery of IT-based services. More than 18 million people use LotusLive, IBM’s cloud-based collaboration suite. More than 200 IBM researchers are working on breakthroughs in areas like cloud security and privacy.

Smarter planet: We estimate that smarter planet increases IBM’s addressable opportunity by 40 percent over the decade ahead. The sampling on this map of recent partnerships with more than 300 clients illustrates the reach of smarter solutions across industries and markets.

## Smarter luggage

## Industry: Transportation (Netherlands)

An integrated baggage-control and passenger-check-in system at Amsterdam’s airport streamlines luggage tracking, offloading and redirection of bags on alternative flights, and fully automated security screening for all transfer baggage travelling through the airport.

## Smarter medical research
Industry: Healthcare (United States)

The University of North Carolina’s smart healthcare system allows researchers, clinicians and administrators to analyze and correlate data in new ways, leading to improved patient outcomes and compliance, and advances in research on diseases such as diabetes and cancer—shortening query times from weeks to seconds.

## Smarter oil and gas imaging
Industry: Chemicals & Petroleum (Venezuela)

3-D seismic imaging technology helped Tricon Geophysics cut processing time by 50 percent and realize a 40-percent savings in power and cooling infrastructure, and operational costs.



## Smarter microfinance
Industry: Banking & Financial Markets (India)

Microfinance bank Grameen Koota uses an open-source banking platform for accurate, near-real-time information, enabling them to predict capital requirements; to expand their microloans, insurance accounts and other banking functions; and to grow from 70,000 to 350,000 low-income clients.







## Financial Highlights

<table><tr><td colspan="3">($ in millions except per share amounts)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$ 95,758</td><td>$103,630</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 13,425</td><td>$ 12,334</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Earnings per share of common stock:</td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89*</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>$ 10.12</td><td>$ 9.02*</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash provided by operating activities</td><td>$ 20,773</td><td>$ 18,812</td></tr><tr><td>Capital expenditures, net</td><td>3,747</td><td>4,536</td></tr><tr><td>Share repurchase</td><td>7,429</td><td>10,578</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends paid on common stock</td><td>2,860</td><td>2,585</td></tr><tr><td>Per share of common stock</td><td>2.15</td><td>1.90</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">At December 31:</td></tr><tr><td>Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities</td><td>$ 13,973</td><td>$ 12,907</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td>109,022</td><td>109,524</td></tr><tr><td>Working capital</td><td>12,933</td><td>6,568</td></tr><tr><td>Total debt</td><td>26,099</td><td>33,926</td></tr><tr><td>Total equity</td><td>22,755</td><td>13,584**</td></tr><tr><td>Common shares outstanding (in millions)</td><td>1,305</td><td>1,339</td></tr><tr><td>Market capitalization</td><td>$170,869</td><td>$112,698</td></tr><tr><td>Stock price per common share</td><td>$ 130.90</td><td>$ 84.16</td></tr><tr><td>Number of employees in IBM/wholly owned subsidiaries</td><td>399,409</td><td>398,455</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

** Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.



## Management Discussion

Overview 18
Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements 18
Management Discussion Snapshot 19
Description of Business 20
Year in Review 25
Prior Year in Review 40
Discontinued Operations 47
Other Information 47
Looking Forward 47
Liquidity and Capital Resources 49
Critical Accounting Estimates 52
Currency Rate Fluctuations 54
Market Risk 55
Financing Risks 56
Employees and Related Workforce 56
Global Financing 57

REPORT OF MANAGEMENT 62

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM 63

## Consolidated Financial Statements

Earnings 64
Financial Position 65
Cash Flows 66
Changes in Equity 67

## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

A Significant Accounting Policies 70
B Accounting Changes 79
C Acquisitions/Divestitures 82
D Fair Value 86
E Financial Instruments (Excluding Derivatives) 87
F Inventories 88
G Financing Receivables 88
H Plant, Rental Machines and Other Property 89
I Investments and Sundry Assets 89
J Intangible Assets Including Goodwill 89
K Borrowings 90
L Derivatives and Hedging Transactions 92
M Other Liabilities 97
N Equity Activity 98
O Contingencies and Commitments 99
P Taxes 101
Q Research, Development and Engineering 103
R Earnings Per Share of Common Stock 104
S Rental Expense and Lease Commitments 104
T Stock-Based Compensation 105
U Retirement-Related Benefits 109
V Segment Information 122
W Subsequent Events 126

FIVE-YEAR COMPARISON OF SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA 127
SELECTED QUARTERLY DATA 128
PERFORMANCE GRAPHS 129
BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND SENIOR LEADERSHIP 131
STOCKHOLDER INFORMATION 132



## Overview

The financial section of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM or the company) 2009 Annual Report includes the Management Discussion, the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. This Overview is designed to provide the reader with some perspective regarding the information contained in the financial section.

## Organization of Information

- The Management Discussion is designed to provide readers with an overview of the business and a narrative on the company's financial results and certain factors that may affect its future prospects from the perspective of the company's management. The “Management Discussion Snapshot” on pages 19 and 20 presents an overview of the key performance drivers in 2009.

- Beginning with the “Year in Review” on page 25, the Management Discussion contains the results of operations for each reportable segment of the business and a discussion of the company’s financial position and cash flows. Other key sections within the Management Discussion include: “Looking Forward” on pages 47 to 49 and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” on pages 49 to 52. It is useful to read the Management Discussion in conjunction with note V, “Segment Information,” on pages 122 to 126.

- Global Financing is a reportable segment that is measured as if it were a standalone entity. A separate “Global Financing” section is included beginning on page 57. The information presented in this section is consistent with this separate company view.

- The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented on pages 64 through 69. These statements provide an overview of the company's income and cash flow performance and its financial position.

- The notes follow the Consolidated Financial Statements. Among other items, the notes contain the company's accounting policies (pages 70 to 79), acquisitions and divestitures (pages 82 to 86), detailed information on specific items within the financial statements, certain contingencies and commitments (pages 99 to 101), and retirement-related benefits information (pages 109 through 121).
- The references to “adjusted for currency” or “at constant currency” in the Management Discussion are made so that certain financial results can be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of business performance. Financial results adjusted for currency are calculated by translating current period activity in local currency using the comparable prior year period’s currency conversion rate. This approach is used for all countries where the functional currency is the local country currency. See “Currency Rate Fluctuations” on page 54 for additional information.

- Within the financial tables in this Annual Report, certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages reported are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar numbers.

## Discontinued Operations

On December 31, 2002, the company sold its hard disk drive (HDD) business to Hitachi, Ltd. (Hitachi). The HDD business was accounted for as a discontinued operation under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP) and therefore, the HDD results of operations and cash flows have been removed from the company's results of continuing operations and cash flows for the year 2007. There was no activity in 2008 or 2009. See page 47 for additional information.

## Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements

Certain statements contained in this Annual Report may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to be materially different, as discussed more fully elsewhere in this Annual Report and in the company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including the company's 2009 Form 10-K filed on February 23, 2010.



## Management Discussion Snapshot

($ and shares in millions except per share amounts)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Percent/ Margin Change</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$ 95,758</td><td>$103,630</td><td>(7.6)%*</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit margin</td><td>45.7%</td><td>44.1%</td><td>1.7 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income</td><td>$ 25,647</td><td>$ 28,945</td><td>(11.4)%</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income-to-revenue ratio</td><td>26.8%</td><td>27.9%</td><td>(1.1) pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Income before income taxes</td><td>$ 18,138</td><td>$ 16,715</td><td>8.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>4,713</td><td>4,381</td><td>7.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 13,425</td><td>$ 12,334</td><td>8.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Net income margin</td><td>14.0%</td><td>11.9%</td><td>2.1 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89+</td><td>12.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average shares outstanding:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>1,341.4</td><td>1,387.8+</td><td>(3.3)%</td></tr><tr><td>Assets**</td><td>$109,022</td><td>$109,524</td><td>(0.5)%</td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities**</td><td>$ 86,267</td><td>$ 95,939++</td><td>(10.1)%</td></tr><tr><td>Equity**</td><td>$ 22,755</td><td>$ 13,584++</td><td>67.5%</td></tr></table>

* (5.3) percent adjusted for currency.

** At December 31.

+ Reflects the adoption of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, “Accounting Changes,” on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

++ Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, “Accounting Changes,” on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

In 2009, in a difficult global economic environment, the company continued to deliver value to its clients and strong financial results to its investors—with profit growth driven by continued margin expansion, expense productivity, market share gains in software and systems and a continuing strong cash position. The company again achieved record levels of pre-tax profit, earnings per share and cash flow from operations—despite a decline in revenue. The financial performance reflected the strength of the company's global model and the results of the strategic transformation of the business.

The company’s transformation, which started at the beginning of the decade, is driven by a combination of shifting the business mix, improving operating leverage through productivity and investing to capture growth opportunities.

The company has exited commoditizing businesses and remixed its portfolio to higher value areas through organic investments and acquisitions. This shift to higher value areas drives a more profitable mix and enables the company to better meet clients' needs. In addition, the focus on global integration has improved productivity and efficiency. The company's ongoing initiatives have reduced the fixed cost base and improved the operational balance point—generating more profit for each dollar of revenue. The strong profit and cash base has enabled the company to make significant investments for growth and return capital to shareholders. Key areas of investment include Smarter Planet solutions, business analytics, growth market opportunities and new computing models such as cloud computing. The strategic transformation of the company has enabled the company to deliver strong financial performance since the last recession in 2002, including the difficult environment in 2008 and 2009, and has positioned the business for the future.

For the year, the company delivered $10.01 in diluted earnings per share, an increase of 12.6 percent year to year. This was the seventh consecutive year of double-digit earnings per share growth. In 2007, the company developed a road map for growth with an earnings per share objective for 2010 of $10 to $11 per share. With its performance in 2009, the company achieved this objective one year early.

Total revenue decreased 7.6 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) compared to 2008. Revenue from the growth markets declined 3.5 percent, but increased 1 percent at constant currency. Performance was led by the BRIC countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China which increased 4 percent, adjusted for currency. Segment performance was driven by Software which decreased 3.1 percent year to year (1 percent adjusted for currency) and Global Technology Services which declined 4.9 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency). Within Software performance was led by key branded middleware which increased revenue 1.1 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) compared to the prior year.

Gross profit margins improved reflecting the shift to higher value businesses and the continued focus on productivity and cost management. The consolidated gross profit margin increased 1.7 points versus 2008 to 45.7 percent. This was the sixth consecutive year of improvement in the gross profit margin. Gross profit margin performance by segment and the impact to the consolidated gross margin was as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Gross Margin</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Consolidated Impact</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>35.0%</td><td>2.4 pts.</td><td>0.8 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services</td><td>28.2%</td><td>1.5 pts.</td><td>0.4 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>86.0%</td><td>0.6 pts.</td><td>0.6 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Systems &amp; Technology</td><td>37.8%</td><td>(0.2) pts.</td><td>0.1 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Global Financing</td><td>47.5%</td><td>(3.8) pts.</td><td>(0.1) pts.</td></tr></table>

Total expense and other income decreased 11.4 percent in 2009 versus 2008. The year-to-year drivers were approximately:

• Operational expense, (9) points

• Currency, (4) points

• Acquisitions, 1 point



Pre-tax income grew 8.5 percent and the pre-tax margin was 18.9 percent, the highest level in more than a decade. Net income increased 8.8 percent reflecting a slight improvement in the tax rate. The effective tax rate for 2009 was 26.0 percent, compared with 26.2 percent in 2008.

Diluted earnings per share improved 12.6 percent reflecting the strong growth in net income and the benefits of the common stock repurchase program. In 2009, the company repurchased approximately 69 million shares of its common stock. Diluted earnings per share of $10.01 increased $1.12 from the prior year driven by the following factors:

• Revenue decrease at actual rates: $0.68

• Gross margin increase of 1.7 points: $0.85

• Expense productivity: $0.58

• Tax rate decrease of 0.2 points: $0.03

• Common stock repurchases: $0.34

At December 31, 2009, the company's balance sheet and liquidity positions remained strong. Cash on hand was $12,183 million. Total debt decreased $7,826 million year to year, and the company generated $20,773 million in operating cash flow in 2009. The company has consistently generated strong cash flow from operations and also continues to have access to additional sources of liquidity through the capital markets and its global credit facility.

Key drivers in the company’s balance sheet and total cash flows are highlighted below.

Total assets decreased $502 million (decreased $3,885 million adjusted for currency) from December 31, 2008, driven by:

• Decreases in cash and cash equivalents ($558 million) and total receivables ($1,301 million); and

• Lower deferred taxes ($2,888 million) and intangible assets ($365 million), partially offset by;

• Increased goodwill ($1,964 million) and prepaid pension assets ($1,401 million); and

• Higher level of marketable securities ($1,625 million).

The company had $13,973 million in cash and marketable securities at December 31, 2009.

Total liabilities decreased $9,672 million (decreased $11,213 million adjusted for currency) from December 31, 2008 driven by:

• Lower total debt ($7,826 million);

• Decrease in retirement-related benefit obligations ($3,500 million), partially offset by;

• Higher tax liabilities ($1,083 million); and

• Increased deferred income ($997 million).

Total equity of $22,755 million increased $9,170 million from the prior year-end balance as a result of:

• Higher retained earnings ($10,546 million);

• Increase in foreign currency translation adjustments ($1,732 million);

• Increase in retirement-related items ($1,727 million) and common stock ($2,682 million), partially offset by;

• Increased treasury stock ($7,072 million); and

• Increased net unrealized losses on cash flow derivatives ($556 million).

The company generated $20,773 million in cash flow provided by operating activities, an increase of $1,961 million, compared to 2008, primarily driven by a decrease in receivables ($1,857 million). Net cash used in investing activities of $6,729 million was $2,556 million lower than 2008, primarily due to the prior year Cognos acquisition and the core logistics operations divestiture in 2009, partially offset by the year-to-year impacts related to marketable securities and other investments.

Net cash used in financing activities of $14,700 million was $2,866 million higher, primarily due to debt repayments ($5,019 million), partially offset by lower common stock repurchases ($3,150 million) in 2009 versus 2008.

Total Global Services signings were $57,094 million, flat (up 2 percent adjusted for currency) versus 2008. The estimated Global Services backlog was $137 billion at December 31, 2009, up $7 billion ($1 billion adjusted for currency) versus the prior year-end balance.

In January 2010, the company disclosed that it is expecting earnings of at least $11.00 per diluted share for the full year 2010.

For additional information and details, see the “Year in Review” section on pages 25 through 39.

## Description of Business

Please refer to IBM’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 23, 2010 for a more detailed version of this Description of Business, especially Item 1A. entitled “Risk Factors.”

The company creates business value for clients and solves business problems through integrated solutions that leverage information technology and deep knowledge of business processes. IBM solutions typically create value by reducing a client's operational costs or by enabling new capabilities that generate revenue. These solutions draw from an industry leading portfolio of consulting, delivery and implementation services, enterprise software, systems and financing.

## Strategy

Despite the volatility of the information technology (IT) industry over the past decade, IBM has consistently delivered superior performance, with a steady track record of sustained earnings per share growth. The company has shifted its business mix, exiting commoditized segments while increasing its presence in higher-value areas such as services, software and integrated solutions. As part of this shift, the company has acquired over 100 companies this past decade, complementing and scaling its portfolio of products and offerings.



IBM’s clear strategy has enabled steady results in core business areas, while expanding its offerings and addressable markets. The key tenets of this strategy are:

• Deliver value to enterprise clients through integrated business and IT innovation

• Build/expand strong positions in growth initiatives

• Shift the business mix to higher-value software and services

• Become the premier globally integrated enterprise

These priorities reflect a broad shift in client spending away from “point products” and toward integrated solutions, as companies seek higher levels of business value from their IT investments. IBM has been able to deliver this enhanced client value thanks to its industry expertise, understanding of clients’ businesses and the breadth and depth of the company’s capabilities.

IBM’s growth initiatives, like its strengthened capabilities, align with these client priorities. These initiatives include Smarter Planet and Industry Frameworks, Growth Markets, Business Analytics and Cloud Computing. Each initiative represents a significant growth opportunity with attractive profit margins for IBM.

## Smarter Planet and Industry Frameworks

Smarter Planet is an overarching strategy that highlights IBM's differentiated capabilities and generates broad-based demand for the company's products and services. Smarter Planet encapsulates IBM's view of enterprise IT's next major revolution: the instrumentation and integration of the world's processes and infrastructures—from energy grids and pipelines to supply chains and traffic systems. The massive amount of data these systems are generating can now be captured and analyzed. This infusion of intelligence enables more efficiency, productivity and responsiveness.

Clients seeking these “smart” solutions value IBM’s deep industry and process expertise, powerful back-end systems and data analytics, complex systems integration capability and unique research capacity.

IBM’s Industry Frameworks create a flexible software foundation for developing, acquiring and deploying smart industry solutions. Each framework supports multiple solutions, enabling fast, efficient and tailored capabilities in support of clients’ business needs. These frameworks represent a proven technique for the company to engage with its clients, driving sustained growth and high business value. They cover a wide variety of industries and domains, most of which are directly tied to Smarter Planet.

## Growth Markets

The company has benefited from its investments over the past several years in growth markets. The focus now is on geographic expansion of IBM’s presence; on specific industry verticals of the highest impact and opportunity; on countries’ build-out of infrastructure aligned with their national agendas; and on creating markets and new business models to serve the different requirements that exist in these emerging countries.
In order to support this growth, IBM is continuing to invest significantly in these markets to expand capacity and develop talent. At the same time, IBM is expanding and benefiting from large teams of talent with global missions of delivery. The company continues to deepen its research and development (R&D) teams to design for the unique challenges and rapid growth facing these markets.

## Business Analytics and Optimization

Business optimization through the application of advanced analytics is emerging as another major category of business value. It succeeds earlier generations of back-office automation, basic enterprise resource planning and traditional business intelligence. Advanced analytics allow clients to see patterns in data they could not see before, understand their exposure to risk and predict the outcomes of business decisions with greater certainty.

IBM’s approach is end-to-end, providing cross-enterprise as well as industry-based analytics solutions. IBM has established the Business Analytics and Optimization practice, leveraging IBM consulting capabilities and software products, along with systems and research assets. IBM’s breadth of expertise uniquely positions the company for revenue and profit growth.

## Cloud Computing

“Cloud” is an emerging consumption and delivery model for many IT-related services. Clients are attracted to its improved economics, flexibility and user experience. Traditional enterprise IT will increasingly integrate with these new cloud deployments, delivered as services via the Internet (also known as public clouds) or behind a firewall (private clouds). In discussions with enterprise clients, most are initially focused on private cloud implementations, the middle ground between the traditional enterprise IT and public clouds.

IBM is helping clients determine how to leverage cloud computing to achieve business advantage. The company provides a full set of capabilities, from support in designing and implementing cloud solutions, to services for running and managing them if desired. IBM is applying its deep experience in critical areas such as security, reliability and innovation to deliver differentiated value. The company is also investing in new cloud initiatives tailored to particular industries, in conjunction with its partners and clients, to deliver cloud business services directly to the market. By providing deployment choice, optimizing solutions based on workload characteristics and delivering complete service management capabilities, IBM is positioned as the leading cloud service and infrastructure provider for enterprises.



## Business Model

The company’s business model is built to support two principal goals: helping clients succeed in delivering business value by becoming more innovative, efficient and competitive through the use of business insight and IT solutions; and providing long-term value to shareholders. The business model has been developed over time through strategic investments in capabilities and technologies that have the best long-term growth and profitability prospects based on the value they deliver to clients.

The company’s global capabilities include services, software, systems, fundamental research and related financing. The broad mix of businesses and capabilities are combined to provide business insight and solutions for the company’s clients.

The business model is flexible, adapting to the continuously changing market and economic environment. The company continues to divest commoditizing businesses and strengthen its position through strategic investments and acquisitions in higher value segments like business analytics, smarter planet and cloud computing. In addition, the company has transformed itself into a globally integrated enterprise which has improved overall productivity and is driving investment and participation in the world's fastest growing markets. As a result, the company is a higher performing enterprise today than it was several years ago.

The business model, supported by the company’s long-term financial model, has enabled the company to deliver consistently strong earnings, cash flows and returns to shareholders in changing economic environments.

## Business Segments and Capabilities

The company’s major operations comprise: a Global Technology Services segment; a Global Business Services segment; a Software segment; a Systems and Technology segment; and a Global Financing segment.

Global Services is a critical component of the company’s strategy of providing IT infrastructure and business insight and solutions to clients. While solutions often include industry-leading IBM software and systems, other suppliers’ products are also used if a client solution requires it. Approximately 60 percent of external Global Services segment revenue is annuity-based, coming primarily from outsourcing, maintenance and custom application management services arrangements. The Global Services backlog provides a solid revenue base entering each year. Within Global Services, there are two reportable segments: Global Technology Services and Global Business Services.

Global Technology Services (GTS) primarily provides IT infrastructure services and business process services, delivering business value through the company’s global scale, standardization and automation.

## GTS CAPABILITIES

Strategic Outsourcing Services. Comprehensive IT outsourcing services dedicated to transforming clients' existing infrastructures to ensure better quality, cost control, adaptability, security and compliance. IBM integrates long-standing experience in service management, technology and industry applications with new technologies, such as cloud computing and virtualization, to enable new capabilities for clients.

Business Transformation Outsourcing. A range of offerings from standardized processing platforms and Business Process Outsourcing through transformational offerings that deliver improved business results to clients through the strategic change and/or operation of the client’s business processes, applications and infrastructure.

Integrated Technology Services. Project-based portfolio of services that enable clients to optimize their IT environments by driving efficiency, flexibility and productivity, while reducing costs. The standardized portfolio is built around key assets and patented software, and incorporates best practices and proven methodologies that ensure predictive quality of delivery, security and compliance.

Maintenance. A complete line of support services from product maintenance through solution support to maintain and improve the availability of clients' IT infrastructure.

The GTS outsourcing businesses are supported by integrated worldwide delivery organizations:

Integrated Technology Delivery (ITD) is responsible for worldwide service delivery supporting the Strategic Outsourcing business. It manages the world’s largest privately-owned IT infrastructure with employees in over 40 countries, supporting over 450 data centers. ITD operates a globally integrated delivery model which supports regional client-facing teams by utilizing a global network of competencies and centers. Each competency provides industry-leading, standardized, integrated tools and processes. By leveraging IBM’s global scale, skills and technology which is combined with the innovation from IBM research, clients gain access to leading edge, high-quality services with improved productivity, flexibility and cost.

Business Process Delivery (BPD) provides highly efficient, world-class delivery capabilities in IBM’s business process delivery operations, which include Business Transformation Outsourcing, Business Process Outsourcing and Business Process Services. BPD has employees and delivery centers in over 40 countries worldwide.

Global Business Services (GBS) primarily provides professional services and application outsourcing services, delivering business value and innovation to clients through solutions which leverage industry- and business-process expertise.



## GBS CAPABILITIES

Consulting and Systems Integration. Delivery of value to clients through consulting services for client-relationship management, financial management, human-capital management, business strategy and change, and supply-chain management. In 2009, the company announced the creation of a new consulting service line dedicated to the market for advanced business analytics and business optimization.

Application Management Services. Application development, management, maintenance and support services for packaged software, as well as custom and legacy applications. Value is delivered through the company’s global resource capabilities, industry knowledge and the standardization and automation of application development.

Software consists primarily of middleware and operating systems software. Middleware software enables clients to integrate systems, processes and applications across a standard software platform. IBM middleware is designed on open standards, making it easier to integrate disparate business applications, developed by different methods and implemented at different times. Operating systems are the software engines that run computers. Approximately two-thirds of external software segment revenue is annuity-based, coming from recurring license charges and ongoing subscription and support from one-time charge (OTC) arrangements. The remaining one-third relates to OTC arrangements in which clients pay one, up-front payment for a perpetual license. Typically, arrangements for the sale of OTC software include one year of subscription and support. Clients can also purchase ongoing subscription and support after the first year, which includes product upgrades and technical support.

## SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES

WebSphere Software. Delivers capabilities that enable clients to integrate and manage business processes across their organizations with the flexibility and agility they need to respond to changing conditions quickly. With a services-oriented architecture (SOA), businesses can more easily link together their fragmented data and business processes to extract value from their existing technology.

Information Management Software. Enables clients to integrate, manage and use their information to gain business value and improve their outcomes. Solutions include advanced database management, enterprise content management, information integration, data warehousing, business analytics and intelligence, performance management and predictive analytics.

Tivoli Software. Helps clients manage their technology and business assets by providing visibility, control and automation across their organizations. With solutions for identity management, data security, storage management and the ability to provide automation and provisioning of the datacenter, Tivoli helps build the infrastructure needed to make the world's systems—from transportation to water, energy and telecommunications—run smarter. Lotus Software. Enables businesses to connect people and processes for more effective communication and increased productivity through collaboration, messaging and social networking software. By remaining at the forefront of collaboration tools, Lotus helps organizations reap the benefits of social networking and other Web 2.0 modalities.

Rational Software. Supports software development for both IT and embedded system solutions with a suite of Application Lifecycle Management products. Jazz, Rational’s technology platform, transforms the way people work together to build software, making software delivery more collaborative, productive and transparent.

Operating Systems. Software that manages the fundamental processes that make computers run.

Systems and Technology provides clients with business solutions requiring advanced computing power and storage capabilities. Approximately 55 percent of Systems and Technology’s server and storage sales transactions are through the company’s business partners; approximately 45 percent are direct to end-user clients. In addition, Systems and Technology provides leading semiconductor technology, products and packaging solutions to clients and for IBM’s own advanced technology needs.

## SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITIES

Systems. A range of general purpose and integrated systems designed and optimized for specific business, public and scientific computing needs. These systems—System z, converged System p and System x—are typically the core technology in data centers that provide required infrastructure for business and institutions. Also, these systems form the foundation for IBM’s integrated offerings, such as IBM Smart Business Storage Cloud, IBM Smart Analytics Cloud, IBM Smart Analytics System and IBM CloudBurst. IBM servers use both IBM and non-IBM microprocessor technology and operating systems. All IBM servers run Linux, a key open-source operating system.

Storage. IBM provides data storage products and solutions that allow clients to retain and manage rapidly growing, complex volumes of digital information. These solutions address critical client requirements for information retention and archiving, data deduplication, availability and virtualization, and security and compliance. The portfolio consists of a broad range of disk and tape storage systems and software, including the next-generation, ultra-scalable disk storage system XIV.

Retail Store Solutions. Point-of-sale retail systems (network connected cash registers) as well as solutions which connect them to other store systems.



Microelectronics. Semiconductor design and manufacturing primarily for use in IBM systems and storage products and for sale to external clients.

Global Financing facilitates clients’ acquisition of IBM systems, software and services. Global Financing invests in financing assets, leverages with debt and manages the associated risks with the objective of generating consistently strong returns on equity. The primary focus on the company’s offerings and clients mitigates many of the risks normally associated with a financing company. Global Financing has the benefit of both a deep knowledge of its client base and a clear insight into the products and services that are being financed. This combination allows Global Financing to effectively manage two of the major risks (credit and residual value) that are normally associated with financing.

## GLOBAL FINANCING CAPABILITIES

Client Financing. Lease and loan financing to end users and internal clients for terms generally between two and seven years. Internal financing is predominantly in support of Global Services' long-term client service contracts. Global Financing also factors a selected portion of the company's accounts receivable, primarily for cash management purposes. All internal financing arrangements are at arm's-length rates and are based upon market conditions.

Commercial Financing. Short-term inventory and accounts receivable financing to dealers and remarketers of IT products.

Remarketing. The sale and lease of used equipment to new or existing clients both externally and internally. This equipment is primarily sourced from the conclusion of lease transactions. Externally remarketed equipment revenue represents sales or leases to clients and resellers. Internally remarketed equipment revenue primarily represents used equipment that is sold or leased internally to the Systems and Technology and Global Services segments. The Systems and Technology segment may also sell the equipment that it purchases from Global Financing to external clients.

## IBM Worldwide Organizations

The following worldwide organizations play key roles in IBM's delivery of value to its clients:

• Sales and Distribution

• Research, Development and Intellectual Property

• Integrated Supply Chain

## Sales and Distribution

IBM has a significant global presence, operating in more than 170 countries, with an increasingly broad-based geographic distribution of revenue. The company's Sales and Distribution organization manages a strong global footprint, with dedicated country-based operating units focused on delivering client value. Within these units, client relationship professionals work with integrated teams of consultants, product specialists and delivery fulfillment teams to improve clients' business performance. These teams deliver value by understanding the clients' businesses and needs, and then bring together capabilities from across IBM and an extensive network of Business Partners to develop and implement solutions.

By combining global expertise with local experience, IBM’s geographic structure enables dedicated management focus for local clients, speed in addressing new market opportunities and timely investments in emerging opportunities. The geographic units align industry-skilled resources to serve clients’ agendas. IBM extends capabilities to mid-market client segments by leveraging industry skills with marketing, IBM.com and local Business Partner resources.

In 2008, the company implemented a new growth markets organization to increase its focus on the emerging markets around the world that have market growth rates greater than the global average—countries within Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Latin America. The company's major markets include the United States (U.S.), Canada, the United Kingdom (U.K.), France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Cyprus, Norway, Israel, Spain, the Bahamas and the Caribbean region.

The majority of IBM’s revenue, excluding the company’s original equipment manufacturer (OEM) technology business, occurs in industries that are broadly grouped into six sectors:

• Financial Services: Banking, Financial Markets, Insurance

• Public: Education, Government, Healthcare, Life Sciences

• Industrial: Aerospace and Defense, Automotive, Chemical and Petroleum, Electronics

• Distribution: Consumer Products, Retail, Travel and Transportation

• Communications: Telecommunications, Media and Entertainment, Energy and Utilities

• General Business: Mainly companies with fewer than 1,000 employees

## Research, Development and Intellectual Property

IBM’s R&D operations differentiate the company from its competitors. IBM annually invests approximately $6 billion for R&D, focusing on high-growth, high-value opportunities. As a result of innovations in these and other areas, IBM was once again awarded more U.S. patents in 2009 than any other company, the 17th consecutive year IBM has been the patent leader. IBM’s 4,914 patents in 2009 were the most U.S. patents ever awarded to one company in a single year. Consistent with the shift in the company’s business mix, approximately 70 percent of these patents were for software and services. The company will continue to actively seek intellectual property protection for its innovations, while increasing emphasis on other initiatives designed to leverage its intellectual property leadership and promote innovation.



In addition to producing world-class systems, software and technology products, IBM innovations are also a major differentiator in providing solutions for the company’s clients through its services businesses. The company’s investments in R&D also result in intellectual property (IP) income of approximately $1 billion annually. Some of IBM’s technological breakthroughs are used exclusively in IBM products, while others are licensed and may be used in either/both IBM products and/or the products of the licensee. While the company’s various proprietary intellectual property rights are important to its success, IBM believes its business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular patent or license, or any particular group of patents or licenses. IBM owns or is licensed under a number of patents, which vary in duration, relating to its products. Licenses under patents owned by IBM have been and are being granted to others under reasonable terms and conditions.

## Integrated Supply Chain

Consistent with the company’s work with clients to transform their supply chains for greater efficiency and responsiveness to global market conditions, the company continues to derive business value from its own globally integrated supply chain, thereby providing a strategic advantage for the company to create value for clients. IBM leverages its supply-chain expertise for clients through its supply-chain business transformation outsourcing service to optimize and help operate clients’ end-to-end supply-chain processes, from procurement to logistics.

IBM spends approximately $35 billion annually through its supply chain, procuring materials and services globally. The supply, manufacturing and logistics and customer fulfillment operations are integrated in one operating unit that has optimized inventories over time, improved response to marketplace opportunities and external risks and converted fixed costs to variable costs. Simplifying and streamlining internal processes has improved operations, sales force productivity and processes.

## Year in Review

## Segment Details

The following is an analysis of the 2009 versus 2008 reportable segment results. The analysis of 2008 versus 2007 reportable segment results is on pages 40 to 45.

The following table presents each reportable segment’s external revenue and gross margin results.

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Percent/ Margin Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Revenue:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>$37,347</td><td>$ 39,264</td><td>(4.9)%</td><td></td><td>(2.0)%</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>35.0%</td><td>32.6%</td><td>2.4 pts.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services</td><td>17,653</td><td>19,628</td><td>(10.1)%</td><td></td><td>(8.1)%</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>28.2%</td><td>26.7%</td><td>1.5 pts.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>21,396</td><td>22,089</td><td>(3.1)%</td><td></td><td>(0.8)%</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>86.0%</td><td>85.4%</td><td>0.6 pts.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology</td><td>16,190</td><td>19,287</td><td>(16.1)%</td><td></td><td>(14.9)%</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>37.8%</td><td>38.1%</td><td>(0.2) pts.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Global Financing</td><td>2,302</td><td>2,559</td><td>(10.0)%</td><td></td><td>(7.3)%</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>47.5%</td><td>51.3%</td><td>(3.8) pts.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>869</td><td>803</td><td>8.3%</td><td></td><td>11.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>11.6%</td><td>13.4%</td><td>(1.8) pts.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>$95,758</td><td>$103,630</td><td>(7.6)%</td><td></td><td>(5.3)%</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit</td><td>$43,785</td><td>$ 45,661</td><td>(4.1)%</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>45.7%</td><td>44.1%</td><td>1.7 pts.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>



The following table presents each reportable segment’s external revenue as a percentage of total segment external revenue and each reportable segment’s pre-tax income as a percentage of total segment pre-tax income.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">For the year ended December 31:</td><td colspan="2">Revenue</td><td colspan="2">Pre-tax Income*</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>39.4%</td><td>38.2%</td><td>28.6%</td><td>26.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services</td><td>18.6</td><td>19.1</td><td>13.2</td><td>15.3</td></tr><tr><td>Total Global Services</td><td>58.0</td><td>57.3</td><td>41.9</td><td>41.6</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>22.5</td><td>21.5</td><td>41.9</td><td>40.4</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology</td><td>17.1</td><td>18.8</td><td>7.3</td><td>8.8</td></tr><tr><td>Global Financing</td><td>2.4</td><td>2.5</td><td>8.9</td><td>9.2</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>100.0%</td><td>100.0%</td><td>100.0%</td><td>100.0%</td></tr></table>

* Segment pre-tax income includes transactions between segments that are intended to reflect an arm’s-length transfer price and excludes certain unallocated corporate items; see note V, “Segment Information” for additional information.

In 2009, Global Services and Software increased as a percentage of total segment revenue and total segment pre-tax income, with Global Services and Software each contributing 42 percent of segment pre-tax income. These changes reflect the company’s continuing transformation and the remix of its business—both aimed at market segments that present the best long-term opportunities.

## Global Services

The Global Services segments, GTS and GBS, had combined revenue of $55,000 million, a decrease of 6.6 percent (4 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 when compared to 2008. Services revenue performance was supported by its annuity revenue base, but also reflected the challenges in the more economically sensitive consulting business.

Total Global Services signings of $57,094 million decreased 0.2 percent (increased 2 percent adjusted for currency). Outsourcing signings of $33,014 million increased 8.8 percent (11 percent adjusted for currency). Outsourcing signings growth was broad based across all the major geographies and in each business area: Strategic Outsourcing, Business Transformation Outsourcing and Application Outsourcing. Consulting and Systems Integration and Integrated Technology Services signings were $24,081 million, a decrease of 10.2 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency). The estimated Global Services backlog at actual currency rates was $137 billion at December 31, 2009, an increase of $7 billion ($1 billion adjusted for currency) from December 31, 2008 and an increase of $2 billion ($3 billion adjusted for currency) from September 30, 2009.

The Global Services segments delivered a combined pre-tax profit of $8,092 million in 2009, a growth of 11.0 percent versus 2008, and expanded pre-tax margin 2.3 points to 14.1 percent. The improved margin was a result of the structural changes made to services delivery over the past several years. The services global delivery capabilities have proven to be dynamic and flexible enough to deal with very tough market conditions. Overall, the Global Services business delivered strong margin and signings performance in a difficult economic climate.

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Global Services external revenue:</td><td>$55,000</td><td>$58,891</td><td>(6.6)%</td><td>(4.0)%</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>$37,347</td><td>$39,264</td><td>(4.9)%</td><td>(2.0)%</td></tr><tr><td>Strategic Outsourcing</td><td>19,340</td><td>20,183</td><td>(4.2)</td><td>(1.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Integrated Technology Services</td><td>8,771</td><td>9,283</td><td>(5.5)</td><td>(2.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Business Transformation Outsourcing</td><td>2,280</td><td>2,550</td><td>(10.6)</td><td>(6.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Maintenance</td><td>6,956</td><td>7,250</td><td>(4.1)</td><td>(1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services</td><td>$17,653</td><td>$19,628</td><td>(10.1)%</td><td>(8.1)%</td></tr></table>



Global Technology Services revenue of $37,347 million decreased 4.9 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008. Total GTS signings of $34,703 million in 2009 were flat (increased 3 percent adjusted for currency) versus 2008. Outsourcing signings of $25,507 million increased 4.3 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency) with growth of 7 percent in the major markets and 14 percent in the growth markets, adjusted for currency. Integrated Technology Services signings of $9,196 million decreased 10.3 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency).

Strategic Outsourcing (SO) revenue decreased 4.2 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency). SO revenue performance, adjusted for currency, was consistent throughout the year, although impacted by reduced volumes in the existing client base. SO signings increased 1.8 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) when compared to 2008. Revenue trends in outsourcing should improve in 2010 as a result of the 2009 signings performance.

Integrated Technology Services (ITS) revenue decreased 5.5 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008. Revenue performance largely reflects recent signings performance which continued to be impacted by declines in OEM offerings, as the ITS portfolio shifts to higher value, higher margin offerings.

Business Transformation Outsourcing (BTO) revenue decreased 10.6 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) year to year and reflects declines in client business volumes in a slower economic environment and an increased focus on deal selectivity. BTO signings increased 21.9 percent (26 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 compared to 2008.

Global Business Services revenue decreased 10.1 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 driven primarily by a double-digit decline in Consulting and Systems Integration revenue. Total signings in GBS decreased 0.4 percent (increased 1 percent adjusted for currency). Application Outsourcing signings increased 27.1 percent (25 percent adjusted for currency), illustrating the strong value proposition Application Outsourcing can provide to clients with compelling cost savings. Consulting and Systems Integration signings decreased 10.2 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency).

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Global Services:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>$13,081</td><td>$12,802</td><td>2.2%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>35.0%</td><td>32.6%</td><td>2.4 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$ 5,537</td><td>$ 4,607</td><td>20.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>14.3%</td><td>11.3%</td><td>3.0 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>$ 4,979</td><td>$ 5,238</td><td>(4.9)%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>28.2%</td><td>26.7%</td><td>1.5 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$ 2,555</td><td>$ 2,681</td><td>(4.7)%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>13.8%</td><td>13.0%</td><td>0.8 pts.</td></tr></table>

GTS gross profit margin improved 2.4 points to 35.0 percent in 2009 and expanded in all lines of business when compared to 2008. Strategic Outsourcing gross margin improved for the fifth consecutive year, while also improving overall service delivery quality. This has been accomplished through a disciplined and innovative approach to delivery focused on both labor and non-labor productivity actions. GTS has been executing a strategy to deliver services out of key global delivery centers using consistent global delivery methods and processes. The delivery centers are also improving labor utilization with analytics and by applying supply chain tools and techniques to the labor base. Integrated Technology Services gross margin improved as the result of mixing the portfolio to more profitable labor-based services. Business Transformation Outsourcing gross margin expanded as a result of improved deal selectivity and delivery performance. Segment pretax profit increased 20.2 percent to $5,537 million with a pre-tax margin of 14.3 percent, an increase of 3.0 points versus 2008.

GBS gross profit margin improved 1.5 points to 28.2 percent in 2009 with an improving margin trend throughout the year. Segment pre-tax profit was down 4.7 percent to $2,555 million, however, margin improved 0.8 points year over year. Throughout the year, the dynamic GBS delivery model enabled solid profit performance in a tough economic climate. The pre-tax margin expansion also included improving trends throughout the year and was driven primarily by improved delivery center utilization, reduced subcontractor spending and improved cost and expense management.

## GLOBAL SERVICES SIGNINGS

The table on page 28 presents Global Services signings as reported. Signings at actual currency rates provide investors with a better view of how these signings will convert to services revenue and also provides better comparability to other companies in the industry who report signings using actual rates.



<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services Signings:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Outsourcing</td><td>$25,507</td><td>$24,446</td><td>4.3%</td><td>8.1%</td></tr><tr><td>ITS</td><td>9,196</td><td>10,247</td><td>(10.3)</td><td>(8.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$34,703</td><td>$34,693</td><td>0.0%</td><td>3.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services Signings:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Application Outsourcing</td><td>$ 7,506</td><td>$ 5,905</td><td>27.1%</td><td>25.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Consulting &amp; Systems Integration</td><td>14,885</td><td>16,584</td><td>(10.2)</td><td>(7.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$22,391</td><td>$22,488</td><td>(0.4)%</td><td>0.8%</td></tr></table>

Global Services signings are management’s initial estimate of the revenue value of a client’s commitment under a Global Services contract. Signings are used by management to assess period performance of Global Services management. There are no third-party standards or requirements governing the calculation of signings. The calculation used by management involves estimates and judgments to gauge the extent of a client’s commitment, including the type and duration of the agreement, and the presence of termination charges or wind-down costs.

Signings include SO, BTO, ITS and GBS contracts. Contract extensions and increases in scope are treated as signings only to the extent of the incremental new revenue value. Maintenance is not included in signings as maintenance contracts tend to be more steady state, where revenues equal renewals.
Backlog includes SO, BTO, ITS, GBS and Maintenance. Backlog is intended to be a statement of overall work under contract and therefore does include Maintenance. Backlog estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including terminations, changes in the scope of contracts, periodic revalidations and adjustments for revenue not materialized.

Contract portfolios purchased in an acquisition are treated as positive backlog adjustments provided those contracts meet the company’s requirements for initial signings. A new signing will be recognized if a new services agreement is signed incidental or coincidental to an acquisition or divestiture.

## Software

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008*</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Software external revenue:</td><td>$21,396</td><td>$22,089</td><td>(3.1)%</td><td>(0.8)%</td></tr><tr><td>Middleware</td><td>$17,125</td><td>$17,305</td><td>(1.0)%</td><td>1.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Key Branded Middleware</td><td>12,524</td><td>12,392</td><td>1.1</td><td>3.4</td></tr><tr><td>WebSphere Family</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.5</td><td>12.7</td></tr><tr><td>Information Management</td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.5)</td><td>1.9</td></tr><tr><td>Lotus</td><td></td><td></td><td>(10.0)</td><td>(7.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Tivoli</td><td></td><td></td><td>2.9</td><td>5.1</td></tr><tr><td>Rational</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.2</td><td>2.7</td></tr><tr><td>Other middleware</td><td>4,602</td><td>4,912</td><td>(6.3)</td><td>(3.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Operating systems</td><td>2,163</td><td>2,337</td><td>(7.4)</td><td>(4.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Product Lifecycle Management</td><td>739</td><td>960</td><td>(23.0)</td><td>(21.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>1,369</td><td>1,488</td><td>(8.0)</td><td>(5.8)</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.



Software revenue of $21,396 million decreased 3.1 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 compared to 2008. Adjusted for currency, growth in the Key Branded Middleware products was offset by decreased revenue in other components of the software portfolio. Overall, the software business has continued to perform well in an uncertain environment. The company's recent acquisitions increased revenue and the company is continuing to invest in capabilities that accelerate the development of new market opportunities like business analytics and smarter planet.

Key Branded Middleware revenue increased 1.1 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) and represented 59 percent of total Software revenue, an increase of 2 points from 2008. The company continued to solidify its lead in the middleware market, gaining share for nine consecutive quarters. Organic investments and acquisitions in middleware capabilities continue to result in it becoming a larger portion of the software portfolio and improving the overall software revenue growth rate. Growth in 2009, adjusted for currency, was led by WebSphere and Tivoli.

WebSphere Family revenue increased 10.5 percent (13 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 with strong performance throughout the year. Application Servers, which provide customers with a secure and resilient infrastructure for mission-critical business applications, grew 5 percent adjusted for currency. Business Integration software had double-digit revenue growth in 2009, including strong contribution from ILOG, a company acquired in the fourth quarter of 2008.

Information Management revenue decreased 0.5 percent (increased 2 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus the prior year, with revenue growth, adjusted for currency, in both Information Management solutions and infrastructure offerings. Cognos and InfoSphere software, two key components of the business analytics area, both had double-digit revenue growth adjusted for currency. The acquisition of SPSS, which was completed in early October, 2009, further expands the company's business analytics capabilities.

Lotus revenue decreased 10.0 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009. Demand for Lotus software was impacted by customer consolidations and downsizing throughout 2009.

Tivoli revenue increased 2.9 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 when compared to 2008, driven by growth in storage software. Tivoli storage revenue grew consistently throughout the year as customers managed their rapidly growing storage data.
Rational revenue increased 0.2 percent in 2009 as reported and increased 3 percent adjusted for currency versus 2008. Rational's integrated software tools improve the speed, quality and efficiency for customers with software development projects. Telelogic contributed strong revenue growth in 2009 and extended the brand's reach into the systems development market opportunity.

Revenue from Other middleware products decreased 6.3 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus the prior year. This software product set includes more mature products which provide a more stable flow of revenue.

Operating systems product revenue decreased 7.4 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 compared to 2008, reflecting declining sales in all system brands.

Product Lifecycle Management revenue decreased 23.0 percent (22 percent adjusted for currency). The company and Dassault Systemes (DS) signed an agreement in October 2009 under which DS intends to acquire the company's sales and client support operations encompassing DS's Product Lifecycle Management software application portfolio, as well as customer contracts and related assets. The company expects to record a gain when this transaction is completed, which is anticipated in the first quarter of 2010.

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Software:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>$18,405</td><td>$18,859</td><td>(2.4)%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>86.0%</td><td>85.4%</td><td>0.6pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$ 8,095</td><td>$ 7,075</td><td>14.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>33.6%</td><td>28.5%</td><td>5.2pts.</td></tr></table>

Software gross profit of $18,405 million in 2009 decreased 2.4 percent versus 2008, driven primarily by declining revenue. Gross profit margin expanded 0.6 points to 86.0 percent in 2009. The Software segment delivered $8,095 million of pre-tax profit in 2009, an increase of 14.4 percent versus 2008. The segment pre-tax profit margin expanded 5.2 points to 33.6 percent. The breadth of the software portfolio, the strong recurring revenue stream and the actions taken to improve efficiency and productivity combined to deliver strong profit results.



## Systems and Technology

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change for Currency</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology external revenue:</td><td>$16,190</td><td>$19,287</td><td>(16.1)%</td><td>(14.9)%</td></tr><tr><td>System z</td><td></td><td></td><td>(28.7)%</td><td>(27.5)%</td></tr><tr><td>Converged System p</td><td></td><td></td><td>(10.7)</td><td>(9.2)</td></tr><tr><td>System x</td><td></td><td></td><td>(4.6)</td><td>(3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>System Storage</td><td></td><td></td><td>(12.0)</td><td>(11.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Retail Store Solutions</td><td></td><td></td><td>(25.6)</td><td>(23.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Total Systems</td><td></td><td></td><td>(15.9)</td><td>(14.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectronics OEM</td><td></td><td></td><td>(15.1)</td><td>(15.2)</td></tr></table>

Systems and Technology revenue decreased 16.1 percent (15 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008 reflecting the challenges that transactional-based businesses are facing in the current environment. While revenue performance declined in 2009, the rate of decline improved sequentially in the third and fourth quarters. The company gained share in System p, System x, blades, and in System Storage external disk and tape storage during 2009.

System z revenue decreased 28.7 percent (28 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008. MIPS (millions of instructions per second) shipments decreased 13 percent in 2009 versus the prior year. MIPS increased 4 percent in 2009 on a two year compounded growth rate and this performance is consistent with what the company would expect at this point in the product cycle. In the third quarter, the company introduced System z offerings called System z Solution Editions, which expanded the platform's value proposition to both new and existing clients. In 2010 the company will be releasing the next generation System z mainframe product.

Converged System p revenue decreased 10.7 percent (9 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008. Low-end server revenue declined 43 percent, midrange server revenue decreased 2 percent and high-end server revenue decreased 10 percent versus 2008. Although revenue declined, the company continued to gain market share in the midrange and high end of the product line by helping clients increase efficiency in their data centers by leveraging consolidation and virtualization results. This has led to seven consecutive quarters of share gains. In addition, in 2009, the company increased sales generated by UNIX competitive displacements to over $600 million. In February 2010, the company introduced several new models of the next generation POWER systems, which will deliver 2 to 3 times the performance, within the same energy envelope.
System x revenue decreased 4.6 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008. Revenue performance in the second half of the year was strong with third quarter revenue increasing 0.6 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency) and fourth quarter revenue increasing 36.8 percent (30 percent adjusted for currency) compared to the prior year periods. System x server revenue declined 4 percent, primarily driven by decreased low-end server revenue (10 percent) in 2009 versus 2008. Blades revenue increased 11 percent in 2009 versus 2008. System x server has gained share in four consecutive quarters. The company's improved sales model and enhanced product offerings were the key contributors to this performance.

System Storage revenue decreased 12.0 percent (11 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008. Total disk revenue decreased 9 percent versus 2008. These decreases were driven by declines in midrange disk revenue of 18 percent and decreased Enterprise Disk revenue of 6 percent. In the fourth quarter, the company introduced the DS8700 product, the latest addition to the DS8000 line of high-end disk systems. The company's storage acquisitions, XIV and Diligent, had strong performance. XIV has added over 400 new customers since the acquisition. Tape revenue declined 20 percent in 2009 versus 2008.

Retail Stores Solutions revenue decreased 25.6 percent (24 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008, reflecting continued weakness in the retail sector.

Microelectronics OEM revenue decreased 15.1 percent (15 percent adjusted for currency), in 2009 versus 2008. Although 2009 revenue declined, second half revenue improved significantly over first half performance with performance essentially flat compared to the prior year. The company's 45 nanometer technology is in production and on track to drive the launch of the POWER7 systems in 2010.



<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>$6,127</td><td>$7,341</td><td>(16.5)%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>37.8%</td><td>38.1%</td><td>(0.2)pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$1,419</td><td>$1,550</td><td>(8.5)%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>8.3%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>0.6pts.</td></tr></table>

The decrease in external gross profit for 2009 versus 2008 was primarily driven by lower revenue.

Overall, gross margin decreased 0.2 points versus the prior year. Margin improvements in System x, converged System p and System z were offset by impacts due to product mix and a margin decline in Microelectronics.
Systems and Technology’s pre-tax income decreased 8.5 percent in 2009 when compared to 2008 driven by lower revenue. Pre-tax margin increased 0.6 points in 2009 versus the prior year, reflecting the focus on cost and expense management and improving productivity.

## Global Financing

See page 57 for an analysis of Global Financing’s segment results.

## Geographic Revenue

In addition to the revenue presentation by reportable segment, the company also measures revenue performance on a geographic basis. The following geographic, regional and country-specific revenue performance excludes OEM revenue, which is discussed separately below.

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue:</td><td>$95,758</td><td>$103,630</td><td>(7.6)%</td><td>(5.3)%</td></tr><tr><td>Geographies:</td><td>$93,477</td><td>$100,939</td><td>(7.4)%</td><td>(5.1)%</td></tr><tr><td>Americas</td><td>40,184</td><td>42,807</td><td>(6.1)</td><td>(5.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Europe/Middle East/Africa</td><td>32,583</td><td>37,020</td><td>(12.0)</td><td>(5.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Asia Pacific</td><td>20,710</td><td>21,111</td><td>(1.9)</td><td>(3.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Major markets</td><td></td><td></td><td>(8.2)%</td><td>(6.4)%</td></tr><tr><td>Growth markets</td><td></td><td></td><td>(3.5)%</td><td>1.2%</td></tr><tr><td>BRIC countries</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.7%</td><td>4.3%</td></tr></table>

Geographic revenue decreased 7.4 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) to $93,477 million in 2009 when compared to 2008, with relatively consistent performance, adjusted for currency, across the geographies. Revenue from the growth markets decreased 3.5 percent (increased 1 percent adjusted for currency) and revenue from the major markets decreased 8.2 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency). While the economic environment slowed globally in 2009, revenue growth, adjusted for currency, in the growth markets remained approximately 8 points higher than the major markets. The company has been investing to capture the opportunity in the emerging markets as these countries build out their public and private infrastructures. The growth markets contributed 19 percent of the geographic revenue in 2009, 1 point higher versus 2008. Within the BRIC countries, revenue increased 0.7 percent (4 percent adjusted for currency) led by growth in China, India and Brazil, adjusted for currency.
Americas revenue decreased 6.1 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009. Within the major market countries, the U.S. declined 6.5 percent and Canada decreased 7.1 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency). Revenue in the Latin America growth markets decreased 3.4 percent (increased 1 percent adjusted for currency) led by growth in Brazil (increased 3 percent adjusted for currency).

Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) revenue decreased 12.0 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 when compared to 2008. Revenue decreased in the major market countries with year-to-year declines in the U.K. of 13.6 percent (increased 1 percent adjusted for currency), Germany 10.3 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency), France 11.6 percent (7 percent adjusted for currency), Italy 11.3 percent (7 percent adjusted for currency) and Spain 12.6 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency).



Asia Pacific revenue decreased 1.9 percent (4 percent adjusted for currency) year over year. Revenue in the Asia Pacific growth markets decreased 2.4 percent (increased 3 percent adjusted for currency), led by growth in China and India. China revenue increased 10 percent, adjusted for currency, as the company leveraged its broad portfolio to provide comprehensive solutions to clients. India revenue increased 6 percent, adjusted for currency. Japan revenue decreased 1.4 percent (10 percent adjusted for currency).

The company continues to see growing opportunity globally—much of which is outside the traditional IT opportunity—to help its clients drive efficiency in their physical infrastructures.

OEM revenue of $2,281 million in 2009 declined 15.2 percent (15 percent adjusted for currency) compared to 2008 driven by reduced demand year over year in the technology OEM business. Year-to-year revenue performance improved in this business across the second half of 2009.

## Total Expense and Other Income

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income</td><td>$25,647</td><td>$28,945</td><td>(11.4)%</td></tr><tr><td>Expense to Revenue</td><td>26.8%</td><td>27.9%</td><td>(1.1)pts.</td></tr></table>

The key drivers year to year in total expense and other income were approximately:

• Operational expense, (9) points

• Currency, (4) points

• Acquisitions, 1 point

In 2009, the company continued to execute its operational plan to increase process efficiency and productivity; leveraging the company's scale and global presence. The company's efforts have been focused on all areas of the business—from sales efficiency, supply chain management and service delivery to the global support functions. The company's cost and expense base (approximately $80 billion) provides ample opportunity for savings and the company yielded approximately $3.7 billion in cost and expense savings in 2009. The company's initiatives have contributed to an improved operational balance point and the improvements in margins and profit. As a result, the company is able to continue to invest in capabilities that will differentiate the company in the future and accelerate the development of new market opportunities.

For additional information regarding total expense and other income, see the following analyses by category.

## SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008*</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative—base</td><td>$18,056</td><td>$19,967</td><td>(9.6)%</td></tr><tr><td>Advertising and promotional expense</td><td>1,252</td><td>1,259</td><td>(0.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Workforce reductions</td><td>474</td><td>737</td><td>(35.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization expense—acquired intangibles</td><td>285</td><td>306</td><td>(6.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement-related expense</td><td>322</td><td>326</td><td>(1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation</td><td>417</td><td>484</td><td>(13.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Bad debt expense</td><td>147</td><td>306</td><td>(52.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$20,952</td><td>$23,386</td><td>(10.4)%</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

Total Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense decreased 10.4 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency) in 2009 versus 2008. Overall, the decrease was driven by reductions in operational expense (down 9 points) as the company continues to focus on disciplined expense management, while investing for future growth. Currency impacts also drove a year-to-year decline (down 3 points), partially offset by acquisition-related spending (up 1 point). Workforce reductions expense decreased $264 million, primarily due to actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2008, reflecting workforce actions in Japan ($120 million) and other ongoing skills rebalancing that is a regular element of the company's business model. Bad debt expense decreased $159 million primarily driven by reductions in specific reserve requirements and lower accounts receivable balances in 2009 versus 2008. The company's accounts receivable provision coverage is 2.0 percent, flat from a year ago.

## OTHER (INCOME) AND EXPENSE

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008*</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency transaction (gains)/losses</td><td>$ (1)</td><td>$ 328</td><td>NM</td></tr><tr><td>Gains on derivative instruments</td><td>(12)</td><td>(26)</td><td>(53.4)%</td></tr><tr><td>Interest income</td><td>(94)</td><td>(343)</td><td>(72.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Net losses/(gains) from securities and investment assets</td><td>112</td><td>(52)</td><td>NM</td></tr><tr><td>Net realized gains from certain real estate activities</td><td>(5)</td><td>(26)</td><td>(82.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>(352)</td><td>(179)</td><td>96.8</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>(351)</td><td>(298)</td><td>17.7%</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

NM—Not meaningful



Other (income) and expense was income of $351 million in 2009, an increase in income of $53 million year to year. The increase was driven by several key factors: the $298 million gain, reflected in Other, from the core logistics operations divestiture; increased foreign currency transaction gains of $329 million; offset by less interest income of $249 million due to lower rates; less gains from securities transactions of $162 million due to Lenovo equity sales in 2008; and a 2009 loss provision related to a joint venture investment of $119 million, also reflected in Other.

## RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Research, development and engineering</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$5,820</td><td>$6,337</td><td>(8.2)%</td></tr></table>

The company continues to invest in research and development, focusing its investments on high-value, high-growth opportunities. Total Research, development and engineering (RD&E) expense decreased 8.2 percent in 2009 versus 2008; adjusted for currency, expense decreased 6 percent in 2009. The decrease in spending, adjusted for currency, was driven by continued process efficiencies and reductions in discretionary spending, partially offset by the impact of acquisitions. RD&E investments represented 6.1 percent of total revenue in 2009, flat compared to 2008.

## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND CUSTOM DEVELOPMENT INCOME

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Sales and other transfers of intellectual property</td><td>$ 228</td><td>$ 138</td><td>65.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Licensing/royalty-based fees</td><td>370</td><td>514</td><td>(28.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Custom development income</td><td>579</td><td>501</td><td>15.5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$1,177</td><td>$1,153</td><td>2.1%</td></tr></table>

The timing and amount of sales and other transfers of IP may vary significantly from period to period depending upon timing of divestitures, industry consolidation, economic conditions and the timing of new patents and know-how development. There were no significant individual IP transactions in 2009 or 2008.

## INTEREST EXPENSE

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$402</td><td>$673</td><td>(40.3)%</td></tr></table>

The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to lower debt balances in 2009 versus 2008. Total debt at December 31, 2009 was $26.1 billion; a decline of $7.8 billion of primarily non-Global Financing debt. Interest expense is presented in cost of financing in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings if the related external borrowings are to support the Global Financing external business. Overall interest expense for 2009 was $1,109 million, a decrease of $353 million versus 2008.

## Stock-Based Compensation

Total pre-tax stock-based compensation cost of $558 million decreased $101 million compared to 2008. The decrease was principally the result of a reduction in the level of stock option grants ($159 million), offset by an increase related to restricted and performance-based share units ($58 million). The year-to-year change was reflected in the following categories: reductions in cost ($22 million), RD&E expense ($12 million), and SG&A expense ($67 million).

See note T, “Stock-Based Compensation,” on pages 105 to 109 for additional information on stock-based incentive awards.

## Retirement-Related Benefits

The following table presents the total pre-tax cost for all retirement-related plans. These amounts are included in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings within the category (e.g., cost, SG&A, RD&E) relating to the job function of the plan participants.

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008 \( ^{*} \)</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Defined benefit and contribution</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pension plans cost</td><td>$1,065</td><td>$1,076</td><td>(1.1)%</td></tr><tr><td>Nonpension postretirement plans costs</td><td>350</td><td>363</td><td>(3.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$1,415</td><td>$1,439</td><td>(1.7)%</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.



Overall retirement-related benefit costs decreased $24 million versus 2008. Total plan costs decreased $142 million year-to-year, driven by lower defined contribution plans cost of $160 million compared to 2008. This decrease was offset by higher costs for mandatory pension insolvency insurance coverage. During the year ended December 31, 2009, the company paid $140 million for mandatory pension insolvency insurance coverage in certain non-U.S. countries, an increase year to year of $117 million driven primarily by premiums paid in Germany. While not related to the IBM Plans, all companies with plans in Germany and several other countries are subject to these charges.

Retirement-related plan costs decreased approximately $16 million in cost, $4 million in SG&A expense and $3 million in RD&E expense.

See note U, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” on pages 109 through 121 for additional information on these plans and the factors driving the year-to-year change in total cost.

## Acquired Intangible Asset Amortization

The company has been investing in targeted acquisitions to increase its capabilities in higher value businesses. The following table presents the total acquired intangible asset amortization included in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. See note J, “Intangible Assets Including Goodwill,” on pages 89 and 90 for additional information.

<table><tr><td colspan="4">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Cost:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Software (Sales)</td><td>$160</td><td>$173</td><td>(7.5)%</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services (Services)</td><td>33</td><td>32</td><td>2.2</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology (Sales)</td><td>11</td><td>8</td><td>27.0</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expense</td><td>285</td><td>306</td><td>(6.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$489</td><td>$520</td><td>(6.0)%</td></tr></table>

## Income Taxes

The effective tax rate for 2009 was 26.0 percent, compared with 26.2 percent in 2008. The 0.2 point decrease was primarily driven by a more favorable geographic mix of pre-tax income, the absence of the 2008 tax cost impacts associated with the intercompany transfer of certain intellectual property and the agreements reached regarding the completion of the U.S. federal income tax examination for the years 2004 and 2005, including the associated income tax reserve redeterminations. These benefits were offset by a decrease in 2009 in the utilization of foreign tax credits.

## Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options, share awards and convertible notes.

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>$10.01</td><td>$ 8.89 \( ^{*} \)</td><td>12.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>$10.12</td><td>$ 9.02 \( ^{*} \)</td><td>12.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average shares outstanding (in millions):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>1,341.4</td><td>1,387.8 \( ^{*} \)</td><td>(3.3)%</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>1,327.2</td><td>1,369.4 \( ^{*} \)</td><td>(3.1)%</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, “Accounting Changes,” on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

Actual shares outstanding at December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2008 were 1,305.3 million and 1,339.1 million, respectively. The average number of common shares outstanding assuming dilution was 46.4 million shares lower in 2009 versus 2008. The decrease was primarily the result of the common stock repurchase program. See note N, “Equity Activity,” on pages 98 and 99 for additional information regarding common stock activities. Also see note R, “Earnings Per Share of Common Stock,” on page 104.

## Financial Position

## Dynamics

At December 31, 2009, the company’s balance sheet and liquidity position remain strong. Cash on hand at year end was $12,183 million. Total debt of $26,099 million decreased $7,826 million from prior year-end levels, primarily as a result of the repayment of debt issued in support of the 2007 accelerated share repurchase program. The commercial paper balance at December 31, 2009 was $233 million, down $233 million from December 31, 2008. In 2009, the company generated $20,773 million in cash from operations, an increase of $1,961 million compared to 2008. The company has consistently generated strong cash flow from operations and continues to have access to additional sources of liquidity through the capital markets and its $10 billion global credit facility.



Consistent with accounting standards, the company remeasures the funded status of its retirement and postretirement plans at December 31. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the benefit obligation and is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. At December 31, 2009, primarily as a result of improved returns on plan assets, the overall net underfunded position decreased $4,667 million from December 31, 2008, to a net underfunded position of $13,818 million. This change is primarily reflected in prepaid pension assets and retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations which increased $1,401 million and decreased $3,500 million, respectively, from year-end 2008 levels. Due to the improvement in the equity markets in 2009, the return on the U.S. Personal Pension Plan assets was 11 percent, compared to a negative 15 percent in 2008. The company's asset return in the non-U.S. plans was approximately 14 percent compared to a negative 21 percent in 2008. At December 31, 2009, the company's qualified defined benefit plans worldwide were 99 percent funded with the U.S. qualified Personal Pension Plan 101 percent funded.

In addition, total equity increased $9,170 million, net of tax, primarily as a result of an improvement in retained earnings of $10,546 million driven by current year net income, partially offset by net stock transactions which declined $4,390 million primarily due to common stock repurchases.

The assets and debt associated with the Global Financing business are a significant part of the company's financial position. The financial position amounts appearing on page 65 are the consolidated amounts including Global Financing. The amounts appearing in the separate Global Financing section on pages 57 through 61 are supplementary data presented to facilitate an understanding of the Global Financing business.

## Working Capital

<table><tr><td colspan="3">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Current assets</td><td>$48,935</td><td>$49,004</td></tr><tr><td>Current liabilities</td><td>36,002</td><td>42,435</td></tr><tr><td>Working capital</td><td>$12,933</td><td>$ 6,568</td></tr><tr><td>Current ratio</td><td>1.36</td><td>1.15</td></tr></table>

Working capital increased $6,365 million compared to the prior year primarily as a result of a net decrease in current liabilities. The key drivers are described below:

Current assets decreased $68 million due to:

• An increase of $1,066 million in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities (see Cash Flow analysis below and on page 36); partially offset by;
• A decrease of $1,541 million in short-term receivables, offset by a currency benefit of $779 million, driven by short-term financing receivables due to lower volumes;

• A decrease of $353 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets primarily resulting from:

– a decrease of $500 million in derivative assets as a result of changes in foreign currency rates primarily driven by instruments in cash flow hedging relationships; partially offset by;

– an increase of approximately $236 million in services prepaid and deferred transition costs; and

– a currency benefit of $135 million.

Current liabilities decreased $6,433 million as a result of:

• A decrease in short-term debt of $7,068 million primarily driven by:

– $12,123 million in payments; partially offset by;

– reclasses of $2,282 million from long-term to short-term debt to reflect maturity dates; and

– $3,502 million in new debt issuances.

• A decrease of $1,357 million in other accrued expenses and liabilities primarily due to:

– a decrease of $508 million in derivative liabilities as a result of changes in foreign currency rates primarily for certain economic hedges;

– a decrease of $349 million in workforce reduction accruals; and

– a decrease of $218 million in deferred tax liabilities; partially offset by;

• An increase of $1,083 million in taxes payable as a result of a reclass from noncurrent liabilities related to uncertain tax benefits and higher pre-tax income;

• An increase of $606 million in deferred income mainly driven by a currency impact of approximately $329 million; and

• An increase of $423 million in accounts payable including a currency impact of $131 million.

## Cash Flow

The company’s cash flow from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows on page 66, is summarized in the following table. These amounts include the cash flows associated with the Global Financing business.



<table><tr><td colspan="3">( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash provided by/(used in):</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating activities</td><td>$ 20,773</td><td>$ 18,812</td></tr><tr><td>Investing activities</td><td>(6,729)</td><td>(9,285)</td></tr><tr><td>Financing activities</td><td>(14,700)</td><td>(11,834)</td></tr><tr><td>Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents</td><td>98</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Net change in cash and cash equivalents</td><td>$ (558)</td><td>$ (2,250)</td></tr></table>

Net cash from operating activities for 2009 increased $1,961 million as compared to 2008 driven by the following key factors:

- An increase in cash provided by accounts receivable of $1,857 million, driven by Global Financing receivables due to lower volumes in 2009;

- Lower payments resulted in a benefit in accounts payable of $1,030 million year to year;

• Tax refunds of approximately $710 million; partially offset by:

• Higher retirement-related funding of $875 million;

- Derivative instruments in cash flow hedging relationships representing a use of cash of $247 million in the current year in comparison to a source of cash of $176 million in 2008; and

- Higher payments for workforce rebalancing actions of $377 million.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased $2,556 million on a year-to-year basis driven by:

- A decrease of $5,119 million in cash used for acquisitions primarily driven by the acquisition of Cognos in 2008;

- A decrease in cash used in net capital spending of $704 million driven by a decline in rental additions and lower investment requirements in the Strategic Outsourcing and Microelectronics businesses; and

- An increase in cash from divestitures of $329 million as a result of the Geodis transaction in 2009; partially offset by:

- The net impact of purchases and sales of marketable securities and other investments that resulted in a use of cash of $2,005 million in the current year in comparison to a source of cash in 2008 of $1,510 million.

Net cash used in financing activities increased $2,866 million compared to 2008 as a result of:

- An increase of $5,019 million in net cash payments used to retire debt;

- A decrease of $721 million in cash generated by other common stock transactions primarily due to lower stock option exercises; partially offset by:

• Lower common stock repurchases of $3,150 million.

Within total debt, on a net basis, the company utilized $7,463 million in net cash to retire debt versus $2,444 million in net cash used in 2008. The net cash used to retire debt in 2009 was comprised of: $13,495 million in cash payments to settle debt and net payments of $651 million in short-term borrowings, partially offset by $6,683 million of new debt issuances. See note K, “Borrowings,” on pages 90 to 92 for a listing of the company’s debt securities.

## Noncurrent Assets and Liabilities

<table><tr><td colspan="3">( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent assets</td><td>$60,087</td><td>$60,520</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt</td><td>$21,932</td><td>$22,689</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent liabilities (excluding debt)</td><td>$28,334</td><td>$30,815 \( ^{*} \)</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

The decrease in noncurrent assets of $433 million compared to the prior year-end balance was primarily driven by:

- A decrease of $3,075 million in deferred taxes primarily driven by pension related activity;

- A decrease of $904 million in long-term financing receivables, offset by a currency benefit of $365 million, driven by maturities exceeding originations; and

- A decrease of $365 million in intangible assets driven by amortization; partially offset by:

- An increase of $1,964 million in goodwill primarily driven by a currency impact of $1,035 million and the acquisition of SPSS; and

- An increase of $1,401 million in pension assets mainly driven by plan contributions and pension remeasurements.

Long-term debt decreased $758 million primarily due to releases to short-term debt as certain instruments approached maturity ($2,282 million); offset by new net debt issuances ($1,885 million).

Other noncurrent liabilities, excluding debt, decreased $2,481 million primarily driven by:

- A decrease of $3,500 million in retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations primarily driven by pension remeasurements and plan contributions; partially offset by:



• An increase in deferred income of $392 million including a currency impact of $117 million;

• An increase in executive compensation plan accruals of $300 million primarily due to improvement in market returns; and

• An increase of $200 million in deferred tax liabilities.

## Debt

The company’s funding requirements are continually monitored and strategies are executed to manage the overall asset and liability profile.

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Total company debt</td><td>$26,099</td><td>$33,926</td></tr><tr><td>Total Global Financing segment debt:</td><td>$22,383</td><td>$24,360</td></tr><tr><td>Debt to support external clients</td><td>19,091</td><td>20,892</td></tr><tr><td>Debt to support internal clients</td><td>3,292</td><td>3,468</td></tr></table>

The Global Financing business provides funding predominantly for the company’s external client assets as well as for certain assets under contract by other IBM units. These assets, primarily for Global Services, generate long-term, stable revenue streams similar to the Global Financing asset portfolio. Based on their nature, these Global Services assets are leveraged consistent with the balance of the Global Financing asset base. The debt analysis above is further detailed in the Global Financing section on page 60.

Total debt decreased $7,826 million in 2009 versus 2008, primarily as a result of the repayment of debt issued in support of the 2007 accelerated share repurchase program.

Given the significant leverage, the company presents a debt-to-capitalization ratio which excludes Global Financing debt and equity as management believes this is more representative of the company's core business operations. This ratio can vary from period to period as the company manages its global cash and debt positions.

“Core” debt-to-capitalization ratio (excluding Global Financing debt and equity) was 16.0 percent at December 31, 2009 compared to 48.7 percent at December 31, 2008. The reduction was primarily driven by the decrease in non-Global Financing debt of $5,849 million and growth in non-Global Financing equity of $9,493 million from December 31, 2008 balances.

Consolidated debt-to-capitalization ratio at December 31, 2009 was 53.4 percent versus 71.4 percent at December 31, 2008.

## Equity

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008 \( ^{*} \)</td></tr><tr><td>Equity</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$22,755</td><td>$13,584</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79-82 for additional information.

Total equity increased $9,170 million in 2009 as a result of several key factors:

• An increase of $10,546 million in retained earnings primarily driven by net income of $13,425 million, partially offset by dividends ($2,860 million); and

• An increase of $3,015 million as a result of lower accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), primarily from a positive impact from foreign currency translation adjustments of $1,732 million, in addition to pension remeasurements and other retirement-related activities of $1,727 million; partially offset by deferred losses from hedging programs in the current year of $481 million in comparison to deferred gains of $74 million in 2008; partially offset by:

• A decrease related to net stock transactions of $4,390 million, driven by less common stock repurchases in 2009 versus 2008.

## Consolidated Fourth-Quarter Results

($ and shares in millions except per share amounts)

<table><tr><td>For the fourth quarter:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Percent/Margin Change</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$27,230</td><td>$27,006</td><td>0.8% \( ^{*} \)</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit margin</td><td>48.3%</td><td>47.9%</td><td>0.4 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income</td><td>$ 6,765</td><td>$ 7,127</td><td>(5.1)%</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income-to-revenue ratio</td><td>24.8%</td><td>26.4%</td><td>(1.5) pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Income before income taxes</td><td>$ 6,381</td><td>$ 5,808</td><td>9.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>1,568</td><td>1,382</td><td>13.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 4,813</td><td>$ 4,427</td><td>8.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Net income margin</td><td>17.7%</td><td>16.4%</td><td>1.3 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>$ 3.59</td><td>$ 3.27 \( ^{+} \)</td><td>9.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average shares outstanding:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>1,340.7</td><td>1,353.7 \( ^{+} \)</td><td>(1.0)%</td></tr></table>

 \( ^{*} $  (5.5) percent adjusted for currency.

+ Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.



The fourth quarter capped off a great year for the company in an uncertain economic environment with financial performance driven by continued margin expansion, profit growth and cash generation. Total revenue increased 0.8 percent as reported and decreased 5.5 percent, adjusted for currency, versus the fourth quarter of 2008. Systems and Technology year-to-year revenue growth improved sequentially in the quarter with share gains in System p, System x and Storage. Software had share gains in WebSphere, Tivoli and Key Branded Middleware. Global Services revenue, adjusted for currency, was consistent with third-quarter performance while signings and backlog both increased year to year. Gross profit margin expanded 40 basis points primarily due to improved margins in services and systems as the company's productivity initiatives continued to yield improvements in gross margin. The company has improved gross margin in 21 of the last 22 quarters. Total expense and other income decreased 5.1 percent driven by operational expense management. Pre-tax income increased 9.9 percent and pre-tax margin improved 1.9 points versus the fourth-quarter 2008. Pre-tax profit increased and margins expanded in every segment. Net income increased 8.7 percent and diluted earnings per share of $3.59 increased 9.8 percent year to year.

The Global Services segments combined had $14,630 million of revenue in the fourth quarter, an increase of 2.1 percent (decrease of 5 percent adjusted for currency) and delivered pre-tax profit of $2,322 million, an increase of 6.7 percent year to year. Total signings for Global Services in the fourth quarter were $18,763 million, an increase of 9.0 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency) versus 2008. Signings in the quarter included 22 deals larger than $100 million. Outsourcing signings of $11,385 million increased 15.0 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency). Consulting and Systems Integration and Integrated Technology Services signings increased 1.0 percent (decreased 6 percent adjusted for currency) to $7,378 million.

GTS revenue of $10,051 million increased 4.4 percent (decreased 3 percent adjusted for currency) versus the fourth quarter of 2008. GTS signings of $11,350 million increased 2.8 percent (decreased 4 percent adjusted for currency) with outsourcing signings increasing 4.7 percent (decreased 1 percent adjusted for currency), partially offset by a 2.9 percent decrease (10 percent adjusted for currency) in Integrated Technology Services signings. SO revenue increased 5.6 percent (decreased 2 percent adjusted for currency). SO signings decreased 9.9 percent (16 percent adjusted for currency). ITS revenue increased 0.2 percent (decreased 7 percent adjusted for currency). Revenue performance largely reflects signings performance which continued to be impacted by declines in OEM as the portfolio shifts to higher value offerings. ITS signings continued to be impacted by client deferrals and capital constraints. BTO revenue increased 7.0 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency) and signings increased 132.9 percent (124 percent adjusted for currency).
GTS gross profit margin improved 0.9 points to 35.8 percent with margin expansion in all lines of business. The GTS segment fourth-quarter pre-tax profit was up 8.3 percent and the pre-tax margin improved 60 basis points to 15.0 percent from fourth-quarter 2008.

GBS revenue of $4,579 million decreased 2.8 percent (9 percent adjusted for currency) compared to the fourth-quarter 2008. GBS signings of $7,413 million, increased 20.3 percent (13 percent adjusted for currency), driven by a 65.4 percent increase (55 percent adjusted for currency) in Application Outsourcing signings. Consulting and Systems Integration signings increased 3.4 percent (decreased 3 percent adjusted for currency) in the quarter, a significant improvement compared to third-quarter 2009. In the fourth quarter, small deal performance improved as the quarter progressed, general business and distribution sectors grew and the growth markets were up 34 percent, adjusted for currency.

GBS gross profit increased 2.9 percent in the quarter with the gross margin improving 1.7 points to 30.3 percent. The GBS segment pre-tax profit increased 3.5 percent in the fourth quarter and the pre-tax margin expanded 1.1 points to 16.0 percent, a record margin performance for the segment. Pre-tax margin was driven by strong utilization in the delivery centers, good subcontractor resource management and spending management.

Software revenue of $6,577 million increased 2.4 percent (decreased 4 percent adjusted for currency). Revenue performance highlighted continued strength in demand in the growth markets, strong contributions from recent acquisitions and an increase in the volume of small deal activity in North America. Key Branded Middleware increased 6.1 percent (flat adjusted for currency) and represented 63 percent of total software revenue, an increase of 2 points year to year. WebSphere Family revenue increased 12.9 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) in the quarter. Business Process Management, Commerce and DataPower products all had double-digit revenue growth. ILOG performed well again this quarter and contributed to the overall WebSphere growth. Information Management increased 7.1 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency). Business Analytics continues to be a key growth area and Cognos posted strong double-digit revenue growth in the quarter. InfoSphere Warehouse, which helps customers turn information into a strategic asset, also grew double digits in the quarter. Tivoli software revenue increased 7.2 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency). Enterprise Asset Management, which is part of the Smarter Planet strategy, grew over 40 percent in the growth markets, adjusted for currency. Tivoli storage continued its strong growth as customers manage their rapidly growing storage data. Data Protection and Storage Management had double-digit revenue growth, with broad-based geography and sector growth. Rational revenue decreased 4.5 percent (10 percent adjusted for currency) and Lotus revenue decreased 5.3 percent (11 percent adjusted for currency).



Software gross profit increased 2.4 percent with a flat margin year to year. The Software segment delivered pre-tax profit of $3,058 million, an increase of 9.6 percent. The pre-tax margin of 41.5 percent increased 2.4 points compared to fourth-quarter 2008.

Systems and Technology revenue of $5,190 million decreased 4.3 percent (9 percent adjusted for currency). The rate of year-to-year decline improved sequentially for the second consecutive quarter. System z revenue decreased 26.8 percent (31 percent adjusted for currency). System z MIPS shipments decreased 19 percent year to year. Volume performance was consistent with expectations for this point in the product cycle. Converged System p revenue declined 13.8 percent (18 percent adjusted for currency). Although revenue has declined, the brand has continued to gain market share, up 4 points in the quarter. In the fourth quarter, sales generated by UNIX competitive displacements was approximately $200 million. System x revenue increased 36.8 percent (30 percent adjusted for currency), with share gains in server (3 points) and blades (6 points). The improved sales model and enhanced product offerings were the key contributors to the fourth quarter performance. Systems Storage revenue increased 1.4 percent (decreased 4 percent adjusted for currency). Total disk revenue increased 6.1 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency) driven by strong growth in midrange and XIV. Tape revenue declined 9.8 percent (15 percent adjusted for currency) versus the fourth quarter of 2008. Microelectronics OEM revenue increased 1.9 percent in the fourth quarter. The company's 300 millimeter fabrication facility is nearing full utilization and the 45 nanometer process output was sold out again this quarter.

Systems and Technology gross margin of 42.5 percent, increased 2.6 points versus the fourth quarter of 2008 with margin improvement in all brands. This was the highest gross profit margin since the fourth quarter of 2007 and was driven by improvements in System x server and converged System p. The Systems and Technology segment pre-tax profit increased 15.3 percent to $832 million. Pre-tax margin increased 2.6 points to 15.4 percent compared to the fourth quarter of 2008.

Global Financing external revenue of $621 million decreased 5.9 percent (12 percent adjusted for currency), driven by decreased financing revenue. The Global Financing segment delivered 2.0 points of external gross margin improvement and 5.5 points of total pre-tax margin expansion in the fourth quarter of 2009.

Geographic revenue increased 0.7 percent (decreased 6 percent adjusted for currency) with declines in all geographies, adjusted for currency. Revenue in the major markets decreased 2.2 percent (7 percent adjusted for currency) and was 1 point weaker than third quarter performance, adjusted for currency. The U.K. had solid growth and revenue performance improved sequentially in Canada and Japan (adjusted for currency). Revenue in the growth markets increased 14.3 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency), 9 points higher than the major markets, adjusted for currency. The growth markets contributed 20 percent of the geographic revenue in the fourth quarter. The BRIC countries were up 18.4 percent (7 percent adjusted for currency) driven by India, Brazil and China. Americas revenue was $11,106 million, a decrease of 3.0 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency). Adjusted for currency, revenue increased 2 percent in Latin America, while the U.S. declined 8 percent and Canada declined 1 percent. EMEA revenue increased 2.4 percent (decreased 7 percent adjusted for currency) to $9,694 million. In the major market countries, when adjusted for currency, revenue in Germany declined 8 percent, France declined 12 percent, Italy declined 11 percent and Spain declined 11 percent while the U.K. was up 4 percent. Asia Pacific revenue increased 5.7 percent (decreased 3 percent adjusted for currency) to $5,782 million, with the growth markets up 14.3 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) and Japan down 2.8 percent (9 percent adjusted for currency).

Total expense and other income decreased 5.1 percent compared to the fourth quarter of 2008 and the expense-to-revenue-ratio improved 1.5 points. The decrease was driven by lower operational expenses (approximately 15 points), partially offset by 9 points due to the impact of currency and 1 point due to the impact of acquisitions. The company continues to execute its operational plan to increase efficiency and drive productivity by leveraging its scale and global presence. Initiatives such as globalization of support functions and services delivery and workforce balancing have yielded significant expense and cost savings. Within selling, general and administrative expense, workforce reduction charges decreased approximately $340 million in the fourth quarter.

The company’s effective tax rate in the fourth-quarter 2009 was 24.6 percent compared with 23.8 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008. The higher rate was primarily driven by higher utilization of tax credits in the prior year.

Share repurchases totaled $3,128 million in the fourth quarter. The weighted-average number of diluted common shares outstanding in the fourth quarter of 2009 was 1,340.7 million compared with 1,353.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2008.

The company ended the quarter with $12,183 million of cash and cash equivalents and generated $6,448 million in cash flow provided by operating activities driven primarily by net income. Net cash from investing activities was a use of cash of $2,495 million in fourth quarter of 2009 and Net cash from financing activities was a use of cash of $1,206 million.



## Prior Year in Review

The Prior Year in Review section provides a summary of the company’s financial performance in 2008 as compared to 2007. For a detailed discussion of 2008 performance, see the 2008 Annual Report.

($ and shares in millions except per share amounts)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr-to-Yr. Percent/ Margin Change</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$103,630</td><td>$ 98,786</td><td>4.9%*</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit margin</td><td>44.1%</td><td>42.2%</td><td>1.8pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income</td><td>$ 28,945</td><td>$ 27,240</td><td>6.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income-to-revenue ratio</td><td>27.9%</td><td>27.6%</td><td>0.4pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations before income taxes</td><td>$ 16,715</td><td>$ 14,489</td><td>15.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>4,381</td><td>4,071</td><td>7.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations</td><td>$ 12,334</td><td>$ 10,418</td><td>18.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 12,334</td><td>$ 10,418</td><td>18.4</td></tr><tr><td>Net income margin</td><td>11.9%</td><td>10.5%</td><td>1.4pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Continuing operations</td><td>$ 8.89+</td><td>$ 7.15+</td><td>24.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>(0.00)</td><td>NM</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 8.89+</td><td>$ 7.15+</td><td>24.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average shares outstanding:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>1,387.8+</td><td>1,456.9+</td><td>(4.7)%</td></tr><tr><td>Assets**</td><td>$109,524</td><td>$120,431</td><td>(9.1)%</td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities**</td><td>$ 95,939++</td><td>$ 91,816++</td><td>4.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Equity**</td><td>$ 13,584++</td><td>$ 28,615++</td><td>(62.5)%</td></tr></table>

' 2.3 percent adjusted for currency.

** At December 31.

+ Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

++ Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information

NM—Not meaningful

## Continuing Operations

In 2008, the company performed extremely well in a difficult economic environment, delivering record levels of revenue, pretax profit, earnings per share and cash flow from operations. The financial performance reflected the continuing strength of the company’s global model and the results of the ongoing transformation of the business. The key elements of the company’s transformation include:

• A continuing shift to higher value businesses;

• Investing for growth in the emerging markets;

• Global integration;

• Investing in innovation; and

• Ongoing productivity resulting in higher profit margins.

Overall, the company capitalized on the opportunities in the global economies, generating approximately 65 percent of its revenue outside the U.S., in delivering full-year growth of 4.9 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency). Revenue increased in all geographies, both on an as reported basis and adjusted for currency—the revenue performance, adjusted for currency, was stable throughout the year as the company focused on solutions that meet clients' needs. Revenue from the growth markets organization increased 9.8 percent (10 percent adjusted for currency). In these markets, where the growth was driven by the infrastructure build-out, the company invested aggressively to capture these opportunities. For the full year, growth in these markets, adjusted for currency, was 8 points greater than the major markets.

Gross profit margins improved, reflecting the shift to higher value businesses, pricing for value and the continued focus on productivity and cost management. Pre-tax income from continuing operations grew 15.4 percent and net income from continuing operations increased 18.4 percent reflecting an improvement in the tax rate. Diluted earnings per share improved 24.3 percent reflecting the strong growth in net income and the benefits of the common stock repurchase program. In 2008, the company repurchased approximately 90 million shares of its common stock.

The increase in 2008 revenue was primarily due to:

- Continued strong performance from Global Technology Services and Global Business Services with growth in all business lines and geographic units;

- Continued strong demand in the Software business, driven by Key Branded Middleware products, with strong contributions from strategic acquisitions; and

• Continued strength in the growth markets.

The increase in income from continuing operations before income taxes in 2008 was primarily due to the revenue growth and gross profit margin improvements in the Global Services and Software segments.



The following is an analysis of the 2008 versus 2007 reportable segment results for Global Services, Systems and Technology and Software. The Global Financing segment analysis is included in the Global Financing section on pages 57 through 61.

## Global Services

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Global Services external revenue:</td><td>$58,891</td><td>$54,144</td><td>8.8%</td><td>5.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services:</td><td>$39,264</td><td>$36,103</td><td>8.8%</td><td>5.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Strategic Outsourcing</td><td>20,183</td><td>18,701</td><td>7.9</td><td>4.7</td></tr><tr><td>Integrated Technology Services</td><td>9,283</td><td>8,438</td><td>10.0</td><td>7.5</td></tr><tr><td>Business Transformation Outsourcing</td><td>2,550</td><td>2,294</td><td>11.2</td><td>11.9</td></tr><tr><td>Maintenance</td><td>7,250</td><td>6,670</td><td>8.7</td><td>5.1</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services</td><td>$19,628</td><td>$18,041</td><td>8.8%</td><td>5.2%</td></tr></table>

Global Technology Services revenue increased 8.8 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007 with strong performance across all lines of business. Total signings in GTS of $34,693 million increased 1 percent (flat adjusted for currency) led by Integrated Technology Services (ITS) signings growth of 5 percent (4 percent adjusted for currency). Outsourcing signings decreased 1 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency).

Strategic Outsourcing (SO) revenue was up 7.9 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) with growth in all geographies, driven by prior year's signings and continued growth in the base accounts. SO signings in 2008 increased 3 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency) when compared to 2007. Signings were very strong in the fourth quarter (up 20 percent), as clients focused on the value of the SO offerings in the current environment. The initiatives around standardization, global integration and improved efficiency are driving improvements in quality and customer satisfaction which are reflected in the signings performance and in improved profitability.

ITS revenue increased 10.0 percent (7 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007 led by growth in key infrastructure offerings such as Green Data Center and Converged Communications. ITS infrastructure offerings deliver high-value, standardized, asset-based services that leverage the company's services, systems and software capabilities, providing clients end-to-end solutions and processes that transform their businesses.
Business Transformation Outsourcing (BTO) revenue increased 11.2 percent (12 percent adjusted for currency) with growth in all geographies, led by Asia Pacific. The Daksh business, which is focused on business process outsourcing, delivered strong growth. BTO signings decreased 18 percent (14 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 compared to 2007.

Maintenance revenue increased 8.7 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) with growth in availability services on both IBM and non-IBM IT equipment.

Global Business Services (GBS) revenue increased 8.8 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008, with balanced growth across all three geographies. Revenue performance was led by growth in Application Management Services (12.5 percent) and Core Consulting (6.1 percent). Total signings of $22,488 million increased 2 percent (decreased 1 percent adjusted for currency), led by a 10 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) growth in Consulting and Systems Integration signings. Growth was driven by offerings that enable clients to reduce cost and conserve capital. In the second half of the year, signings for transformational and compliance offerings also increased. Application Outsourcing signings decreased 14 percent (16 percent adjusted for currency) year over year.



<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Global Services:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>12,802</td><td>10,800</td><td>18.5%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>32.6%</td><td>29.9%</td><td>2.7 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>4,607</td><td>3,557</td><td>29.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>11.3%</td><td>9.4%</td><td>1.9 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>5,238</td><td>4,240</td><td>23.5%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>26.7%</td><td>23.5%</td><td>3.2 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>2,681</td><td>2,064</td><td>29.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>13.0%</td><td>10.7%</td><td>2.2 pts.</td></tr></table>

GTS gross profit increased 18.5 percent compared to 2007, with gross profit margin improving 2.7 points. All lines of business delivered gross margin expansion year over year driven by a combination of a mix to higher value offerings and an improved cost structure. Segment pre-tax profit increased 29.5 percent to $4,607 million with a pre-tax margin of 11.3 percent, an increase of 1.9 points versus 2007. At year-end 2008, GTS had delivered six consecutive quarters of double-digit pre-tax profit growth. The margin improvement was driven primarily by a delivery structure that maximizes utilization and flexibility, a mix to higher value offerings, lower retirement-related costs and improved productivity.

GBS gross profit increased 23.5 percent to $5,238 million in 2008 when compared to 2007, and the gross profit margin improved 3.2 points. Segment pre-tax profit increased 29.9 percent to $2,681 million with a pre-tax margin of 13.0 percent, an improvement of 2.2 points year over year. This was the third straight year of profit growth greater than 20 percent in GBS and demonstrates the results of a strong operating discipline and the benefits of a globally integrated operating model. The margin expansion was driven by improved utilization, cost and expense management, stable pricing and lower retirement-related costs.

At December 31, 2008, the estimated Global Services backlog at actual currency rates was $130 billion ($117 billion adjusted for currency), a decrease of $6 billion ($2 billion adjusted for currency) from prior year-end levels.

## Software

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Software external revenue:</td><td>$22,089</td><td>$19,982</td><td>10.5%</td><td>8.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Middleware</td><td>$17,305</td><td>$15,505</td><td>11.6%</td><td>9.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Key Branded Middleware</td><td>12,383</td><td>10,827</td><td>14.4</td><td>12.5</td></tr><tr><td>WebSphere Family</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.2</td><td>4.5</td></tr><tr><td>Information Management</td><td></td><td></td><td>24.5</td><td>22.0</td></tr><tr><td>Lotus</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.4</td><td>7.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tivoli</td><td></td><td></td><td>2.9</td><td>2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Rational</td><td></td><td></td><td>13.2</td><td>11.6</td></tr><tr><td>Other middleware</td><td>4,922</td><td>4,678</td><td>5.2</td><td>2.6</td></tr><tr><td>Operating systems</td><td>2,337</td><td>2,319</td><td>0.8</td><td>(1.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Product Lifecycle Management</td><td>960</td><td>1,051</td><td>(8.6)</td><td>(14.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>1,488</td><td>1,107</td><td>34.4</td><td>31.3</td></tr></table>



Software revenue of $22,089 million increased 10.5 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 led by growth in the Key Branded Middleware products and strong contributions from the annuity base and acquisitions. Clients continue to embed the company's software in the fabric of their IT infrastructures.

Key Branded Middleware revenue increased 14.4 percent (12 percent adjusted for currency) and represented 56 percent of total Software segment revenue, an increase of 2 points from 2007. When adjusted for currency, growth in 2008 was led by Information Management, Rational and Lotus. Strategic acquisitions, including Cognos and Telelogic, have extended the segment's middleware capabilities.

WebSphere Family revenue increased 6.2 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 and was led by growth in WebSphere Application Servers and WebSphere Business Integration software. In December 2008, the company completed the acquisition of ILOG, whose products help customers improve business decisions with optimization, visualization and business rules software. The WebSphere products provide the foundation for Web-enabled applications and are a key product set in deploying a client's SOA. Information Management revenue increased 24.5 percent (22 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus the prior year, reflecting contribution from Cognos and strong demand for the distributed relational database products. Cognos' performance management solution helps customers improve decision-making across the enterprise to optimize business performance.

Lotus revenue increased 10.4 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 led by growth in Lotus Notes products as customers continue to invest to improve their workforce efficiency. Lotus software is well established as a tool for providing improved workplace collaboration and productivity.

Tivoli revenue increased 2.9 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 when compared to 2007. Revenue performance was led by growth in Tivoli Security and Storage Management products. Tivoli software provides the advanced capabilities required to run large mission-critical environments. This includes security and storage software which helps customers improve utilization and reduce costs.
Rational revenue increased 13.2 percent (12 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 driven primarily by Telelogic contributions. Telelogic's suite of system programming tools complements Rational's IT tool set, providing a common framework for software and systems delivery across a clients enterprise.

Revenue from Other middleware products increased 5.2 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus the prior year. This software product set includes more mature products which provide a more stable flow of revenue.

Other software segment revenue increased 34.4 percent (31 percent adjusted for currency) versus 2007 reflecting continued growth in software-related services.

<table><tr><td colspan="4">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the Year Ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Software:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>$18,859</td><td>$17,015</td><td>10.8%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>85.4%</td><td>85.2%</td><td>0.2 pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$ 7,075</td><td>$ 6,002</td><td>17.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>28.5%</td><td>26.8%</td><td>1.7 pts.</td></tr></table>

Software segment gross profit increased 10.8 percent to $18,859 million in 2008, driven primarily by the strong revenue growth. The large annuity base of this business continues to provide a predictable and growing profit stream. Gross profit margin was 85.4 percent in 2008, an increase of 0.2 points versus 2007. The company has been investing significantly in the software business with good results. The Software segment contributed $7,075 million of pre-tax profit in 2008, an increase of 17.9 percent versus 2007 while successfully integrating Cognos and Telelogic. Software contributed approximately 40 percent of the company's segment pre-tax profit in 2008. The segment pre-tax profit margin increased 1.7 points to 28.5 percent. The pre-tax income and margin improvements have been driven primarily by revenue growth and increasing operational efficiencies.



## Systems and Technology

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology external revenue:</td><td>$19,287</td><td>$21,317</td><td>(9.5)%</td><td>(10.8)%</td></tr><tr><td>System z</td><td></td><td></td><td>12.5%</td><td>10.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Legacy System i</td><td></td><td></td><td>(66.1)</td><td>(67.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Converged System p</td><td></td><td></td><td>11.2</td><td>10.7</td></tr><tr><td>System x</td><td></td><td></td><td>(16.9)</td><td>(18.9)</td></tr><tr><td>System Storage</td><td></td><td></td><td>(3.4)</td><td>(4.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Retail Store Solutions</td><td></td><td></td><td>(15.0)</td><td>(15.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Total Systems</td><td></td><td></td><td>(4.9)</td><td>(6.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectronics OEM</td><td></td><td></td><td>(25.1)</td><td>(25.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Printing Systems</td><td></td><td></td><td>NM</td><td>NM</td></tr></table>

NM—Not meaningful

Systems and Technology revenue decreased 9.5 percent (down 11 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007. In June 2007, the company divested its printing business. Systems and Technology revenue, excluding the divested printing business, decreased 7.8 percent (9 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007. Total Systems revenue decreased 4.9 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007.

In the current economic environment, clients are focused on reducing the cost of running their IT infrastructure. Virtualization, which provides the capability to run multiple workloads on a single server, is a key enabler of efficiency. System z is the leading platform for virtualization as it is able to support thousands of images and operate fully utilized. The company's POWER architecture supports hundreds of partitions, often driving utilization rates of over 60 percent. Both of these platforms leverage the entire system, from the company's custom semiconductors through the software stack, to achieve these high levels of efficiency and lower cost of ownership. The distributed computing model, which utilizes many small servers, cannot offer the same level of efficiency and value.

System z revenue increased 12.5 percent (11 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007. System z revenue growth was particularly strong in the Americas (up 19 percent), as well as in the Financial Services and Industrial sectors globally. Clients in emerging markets also leveraged this platform's stability and efficiency during 2008. MIPS (millions of instructions per second) shipments increased 25 percent in 2008 versus 2007, posting double-digit growth in each quarter, reflecting strength in both traditional and specialty workloads. Specialty MIPS increased 68 percent in 2008, as clients exploit the capabilities of System z to bring new Linux and Java applications to this highly efficient and cost effective platform.
Converged System p revenue increased 11.2 percent (11 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007, reflecting solid demand for the energy efficiencies and multi-operating system capabilities of POWER6 technology. Clients concluded that POWER6 technology is the right solution for a multitude of workloads. The revenue growth was primarily driven by mid-range servers which increased 32 percent and high-end servers which increased 3 percent in 2008 versus 2007.

Legacy System i revenue decreased 66.1 percent (67 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007, as the company continues to transition the System i customer base to the converged POWER platform within System p.

System x revenue decreased 16.9 percent (19 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007. System x server revenue declined 15 percent and blades revenue decreased 3 percent, in 2008 versus 2007, respectively. The decline in server revenue reflects a significant slowdown in the x86 market, especially in the second half of 2008, as clients are virtualizing and consolidating workloads onto more efficient platforms such as POWER and mainframe.

System Storage revenue decreased 3.4 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007. Total disk revenue was essentially flat in 2008 versus 2007. Enterprise Disk revenue increased 2 percent primarily due to increased demand for the DS8000 product, while mid-range disk revenue declined 15 percent. Tape revenue declined 10 percent in 2008 primarily due to reduced demand and clients deciding to purchase additional media to expand the utilization of their existing devices.

Microelectronics OEM revenue decreased 25.1 percent (25 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007. The primary mission of this business is to provide leadership technology for the systems business, as demonstrated during 2008 in the new System z10 mainframe and POWER6 systems.



Retail Stores Solutions revenue decreased 15.0 percent (16 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007, reflecting weakness in the retail sector and a compare to a strong 2007, when a new programmable point-of-sale solution was being delivered to large clients.

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit</td><td>$7,341</td><td>$8,468</td><td>(13.3)%</td></tr><tr><td>External gross profit margin</td><td>38.1%</td><td>39.7%</td><td>(1.7)pts.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$1,550</td><td>$2,153</td><td>(28.0)%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax margin</td><td>7.7%</td><td>9.6%</td><td>(2.0)pts.</td></tr></table>

## Geographic Revenue

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change Adjusted for Currency</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue:</td><td>$103,630</td><td>$98,786</td><td>4.9%</td><td>2.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Geographies:</td><td>$100,939</td><td>$95,320</td><td>5.9%</td><td>3.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Americas</td><td>42,807</td><td>41,122</td><td>4.1</td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><td>Europe/Middle East/Africa</td><td>37,020</td><td>34,699</td><td>6.7</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Asia Pacific</td><td>21,111</td><td>19,501</td><td>8.3</td><td>2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Major markets</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.1%</td><td>1.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Growth markets</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.8%</td><td>9.9%</td></tr><tr><td>BRIC countries</td><td></td><td></td><td>17.6%</td><td>14.5%</td></tr></table>

Geographic revenue increased 5.9 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) to $100,939 million in 2008 when compared to 2007. Revenue increased in all geographies in 2008, and adjusted for currency, revenue growth was strongest in the Americas followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. Revenue from the growth markets organization increased 9.8 percent (10 percent adjusted for currency) while growth in the more established major markets was 5.1 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency).

Americas revenue increased 4.1 percent (4 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008. Revenue increased in all regions with the U.S. up 2.9 percent, Canada 5.6 percent (6 percent adjusted for currency) and Latin America 13.9 percent (11 percent adjusted for currency).

Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) revenue increased 6.7 percent (3 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 when compared to 2007. The majority of major market countries performed well led by Spain which grew 12.0 percent (5 percent adjusted for currency), Germany increased 10.8 percent (4 percent adjusted for currency) and France increased 9.0 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency). Italy increased 5.8 percent (decreased 1 percent adjusted for currency) while the U.K. decreased 4.9 percent (increased 4 percent adjusted for currency).

Asia Pacific revenue increased 8.3 percent (2 percent adjusted for currency) year over year. Revenue increased in the India, South Korea, ASEAN, Australia/New Zealand and China regions with combined growth of 8.1 percent (9 percent adjusted for currency). Japan revenue, which represented 49 percent of the Asia Pacific revenue base, increased 8.5 percent as reported, but decreased 5 percent adjusted for currency in 2008 when compared to 2007.

Across the geographies, aggregate revenue from the countries comprising the growth markets organization increased 9.8 percent (10 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 and represented approximately 18 percent of the company’s total geographic revenue. The company has continued to invest to capture new infrastructure spending in the growth markets. Adjusted for currency, growth in these markets was 8 points higher than in the major markets. The BRIC countries, a subset of the growth



markets, together grew 17.6 percent (15 percent adjusted for currency), with growth in India of 25.8 percent (33 percent adjusted for currency), Brazil 18.3 percent (13 percent adjusted for currency), China 14.7 percent (8 percent adjusted for currency) and Russia 11.0 percent (11 percent adjusted for currency).

OEM revenue decreased 22.4 percent (23 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 when compared to 2007, driven by reduced demand in the Microelectronics OEM business.

## Total Expense and Other Income

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income</td><td>$28,945</td><td>$27,240</td><td>6.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Expense to Revenue</td><td>27.9%</td><td>27.6%</td><td>0.4pts.</td></tr></table>

The key drivers year to year in total expense and other income were approximately:

• Operational expense, (1) point

• Acquisitions, 5 points

• Currency, 2 points

In 2008, the company continued to focus on productivity improvements in its more established markets and increased its investments in the growth markets. Within selling, general and administrative expense (SG&A), total sales and marketing expense increased 4 percent year to year (2 percent adjusted for currency). Sales and marketing expense in the growth markets increased 13 percent (13 percent adjusted for currency), as compared to major markets where sales and marketing expense increased 3 percent (1 percent adjusted for currency) year to year. On a consolidated basis, general and administrative expenses, which are indirect expenses incurred in the business, increased 2 percent (flat at constant currency) year to year.

Total SG&A expense increased 6.0 percent (4 percent adjusted for currency) in 2008 versus 2007. The increase in SG&A was primarily due to acquisition-related spending, predominantly for Cognos and Telegologic, which accounted for 5 points of the increase, while the effects of currency accounted for 2 points. Workforce reductions—ongoing expense increased $387 million primarily due to charges recorded in the fourth quarter reflecting workforce actions in Japan ($120 million) and other ongoing skills rebalancing that is a regular element of the company's business model. In addition, bad debt expense increased $206 million primarily driven by additional specific accounts receivable reserves reflecting the current economic environment in many industries. The company's accounts receivable provision coverage at December 31, 2008 was 2.0 percent, an increase of 50 basis points from year-end 2007. These increases were partially offset by lower retirement-related expense of $287 million.

Other (income) and expense was income of $298 million and $626 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively. The decrease in income was primarily driven by higher foreign currency transaction losses ($285 million) and lower interest income reflecting lower cash balances and the current interest rate environment ($222 million). These decreases were partially offset by a gain on derivative instruments which primarily hedge foreign currency risks ($221 million). Included within the foreign currency hedging activity, the company hedges its major cross-border cash flows to mitigate the effect of currency volatility in its global cash planning, which also reduces volatility in the year-over-year results. The impact of these hedging programs is primarily reflected in other (income) and expense, as well as cost of goods sold. The impact of losses from these cash flow hedges reflected in other (income) and expense was $186 million, a decrease of $24 million year to year.

The increase in RD&E expense of $184 million was primarily driven by acquisitions and investments to maintain technology leadership across the company’s offerings. Software spending increased $262 million, partially offset by lower spending in Systems and Technology ($54 million) and other unit spending ($74 million).

IP income of $1,153 million increased 20.4 percent in 2008, however, there were no significant individual IP transactions in 2008 or 2007. The improvement year to year was primarily driven by the Systems and Technology business.

The increase in interest expense of $63 million to $673 million was primarily due to the increase in debt in 2007 associated with the financing of the accelerated share repurchase agreements, partially offset by lower interest rates in 2008. See note N., "Equity Activity," on page 98 for additional information regarding the accelerated share repurchase. Overall interest expense, including amounts reflected in cost of financing, for 2008 was $1,462 million, an increase of $40 million versus 2007.



## Income Taxes

The effective tax rate for 2008 was 26.2 percent, compared with 28.1 percent in 2007. The 1.9 point decrease was primarily driven by the 2008 net increase in the utilization of foreign and state tax credits (2.9 points), the benefit associated with the second quarter 2008 agreement reached with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regarding claims for certain tax incentives (1.7 points) and the benefit related to certain issues associated with newly published U.S. tax regulations (1.2 points). These benefits were partially offset by several items including the net impact related to the completion of the U.S. federal income tax examination for the years 2004 and 2005 including the associated income tax reserve redeterminations (0.5 points), the second quarter 2008 tax cost associated with the intercompany transfer of certain intellectual property (2.8 points) and lower capital loss utilization in 2008 (0.7 points). The remaining items were individually insignificant.

## Financial Position

Total assets decreased $10,907 million ($5,854 million adjusted for currency) primarily due to decreases in cash and cash equivalents ($2,250 million), prepaid pension assets ($15,816 million), short-term marketable securities ($989 million) and total financing receivables ($1,233 million). These decreases were partially offset by increases in long-term deferred taxes ($5,757 million), goodwill ($3,941 million) and intangible assets ($771 million).

Total liabilities increased $4,123 million ($5,301 million) adjusted for currency) driven primarily by increases in retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations ($5,871 million) and total deferred income ($547 million), partially offset by decreases in total debt ($1,349 million) and accounts payable ($1,041 million).

Total equity of $13,584 million decreased $15,030 million versus 2007. Net income of $12,334 million was offset by the effects of pension remeasurements and other retirement-related items ($14,856 million), common/treasury stock activity ($6,323 million), dividends ($2,585 million) and equity translation adjustments ($3,552 million).

The company generated $18,812 million in cash flow provided by operating activities, an increase of $2,718 million, compared to 2007, primarily driven by increased net income ($1,916 million). Net cash used in investing activities of $9,285 million was $4,611 million higher than 2007, primarily due to increased spending for acquisitions ($5,304 million). Net cash used in financing activities of $11,834 million increased $7,095 million primarily due to debt transactions ($14,556 million), partially offset by lower common stock repurchases ($8,249 million) in 2008 versus 2007.

## Discontinued Operations

On December 31, 2002, the company sold its HDD business to Hitachi for approximately $2 billion. The final cash payment of $399 million was received on December 30, 2005.

In 2007, the company reported a net loss of less than $1 million, net of tax. There was no activity in 2008.

## Other Information

## Looking Forward

Looking forward, the company enters 2010 in excellent operational and financial position. Since the last recession in 2002, the company has consistently generated strong profit and cash growth. In that timeframe (2003–2009), the company has added $12 billion to its pre-tax income base; pre-tax income margin has expanded more than 2.5 times; earnings per diluted share is up 4 times, and cumulatively, the company has generated approximately $115 billion in cash flow from operating activities. This financial performance is the result of the transformation of the business that started at the beginning of the decade. Its driven by a combination of shifting the company's business mix, improving leverage through productivity and investing to capture growth opportunities.

The company has remixed its business to move into higher value areas—exiting commoditizing businesses, while acquiring 108 companies since 2000 for a total of approximately $22 billion in net cash. These portfolio actions have contributed to a significant change in the company's business profile. In 2000, Global Services segment pre-tax income was $4.5 billion; in 2009, it was over $8 billion. The Software growth is even more dynamic. In 2000, Software segment pre-tax income was $2.8 billion; in 2009, it also was over $8 billion. In 2009, over 90 percent of segment pre-tax income came from Software, Global Services and Global Financing, with Software and Global Services each contributing 42 percent of segment pre-tax income. The portfolio generates high profitability and the company will continue to remix to higher value through organic investments and acquisitions.

The company has had an ongoing focus on driving operating leverage through productivity. The company has leveraged its scale and global presence to improve processes and productivity in a number of areas, including support functions and service delivery. In 2009, the company yielded $3.7 billion of cost and expense savings from the structural actions it has taken, driving gross margin improvement and reductions in operational expense. These actions have reduced the fixed cost base and improved the operational balance point. Going forward, this will provide an advantage as the spending environment improves—with solid operating leverage off of the company's leaner cost base.



Another key element of the company’s transformation is the significant investments it has made for growth—investments enabled by the strong margins, profitability and cash base. The company continues to invest to capture the opportunity in the emerging markets. In 2009, the revenue growth in the growth markets remained 8 points greater than the major markets. The company is also investing in capabilities that differentiate IBM and accelerate the development of new market opportunities—areas like business analytics, cloud computing and smarter planet. The company remains committed to technology leadership, and in 2009, the company invested approximately $6 billion in research and development. The company’s organic investments have been complemented with acquisitions, with a key focus on business analytics which provide a solid platform for the Smarter Planet initiatives. Since 2005, the company has invested approximately $8.5 billion in net cash for 14 strategic acquisitions to build its business analytics capabilities.

The last decade has seen a significant transformation of IBM. The company will continue to shift to higher value areas, improve the efficiency of the business and invest where management sees the best long-term opportunities. This transformation and the focus going forward positions the company for growth moving into 2010.

In May 2007, the company met with investors and analysts and discussed a road map to deliver earnings per share in 2010 in the range of $10 to $11 per share, or 14 to 16 percent compound growth rate from 2006. The company's 2010 road map is comprised of two key components. First, the 2010 road map includes generating earnings per share in the range of $9 to $10 per share, or 10 to 14 percent growth from 2006 through a combination of operational elements including revenue growth, margin improvement, growth initiatives, acquisitions and effective capital deployment to fund growth and provide returns to shareholders through dividends and common stock repurchases.

In addition to these operational elements, the company’s road map to the $10 to $11 per share range includes the projected benefit of retirement-related costs based on December 31, 2006 assumptions. Actual retirement-related costs will depend on several factors including financial market performance, the interest rate environment and actuarial assumptions. In March 2008 and May 2009, the company met with investors and analysts and discussed the progress the company is making on its 2010 road map.

The company’s performance in 2009 highlighted the benefits of its global reach and the strength of its business model. The financial results reflected solid progress on major elements of the long-term goals. Despite a challenging economy, with diluted earnings per share of $10.01 in 2009, the company achieved its road map objective one year early.

In January 2010, the company disclosed that it is expecting earnings of at least $11.00 per diluted share for the full year 2010, with consistent earnings per share growth throughout the year. Also in January 2010, the company disclosed that, for the first quarter of 2010, the company expects a 4–5 point improvement in its year-to-year revenue growth rate compared to the fourth quarter of 2009, at both actual currency rates and at constant currency. This would represent a mid-single-digit revenue growth at actual rates compared to the 0.8 percent growth in the fourth quarter of 2009. The company is confident in its ability to continue to leverage its business model to expand margins, grow profit, generate cash, return value to shareholders and return to revenue growth in 2010.

The continued investments in Software have led to this segment’s emergence as a strong source of revenue and the largest contributor to the company’s pre-tax profit. The Software business is differentiated in the industry by both the strength of its individual products and the breadth of the software offerings. Clients continue to rely on the extensive middleware portfolio to help them transform their business, streamline costs and seek new business opportunities. The key to continued Software growth stems from the ability to maintain and grow this industry-leading software business. Investments will be aligned to advance the company’s growth strategy through new client acquisition, with specific focus on key industries and local businesses. The company will also continue to focus on expanding its software capabilities through a combination of internal development and strategic acquisitions. In January 2010, the company disclosed that it expects Software to deliver a double-digit revenue growth rate, at actual rates, in the first quarter of 2010.

Within the Global Services business, profit margins improved and the company continues to yield significant results from the targeted actions and investments it has made in the last few years. The business has been transformed into one that is more flexible and more focused on higher-value segments of the market. The two services segments are well-positioned heading into 2010 driven by: an 11 percent growth (at constant currency) in outsourcing signings in 2009; a backlog of $137 billion at December 31, 2009; improving trends in Global Business Services; and, a global delivery structure that has enabled the company to perform well in a tough environment. In addition, the portfolio is strong with a complement of offerings and capabilities that deliver both high value and productivity to clients. Going forward the Global Services business will look to build upon its momentum by continuing to deliver value and by focusing on further enhancements to its offerings/integrated solutions portfolio and continuing to improve both the skills and structure of the business.

In the Systems and Technology business, the company will continue to focus its investments on differentiating technologies with leadership and high-growth potential including POWER, high-performance computing, virtualization, nanotechnology and energy efficiency. In this market, the value has shifted to the high end to address clients' needs to consolidate and virtualize their environments. The company will focus on providing clients with a clear path to a fully dynamic infrastructure that not only reduces



cost, but is both intelligent and secure. The systems product line will be significantly refreshed in 2010 with the release of the next generation System z mainframe in the second half and the next generation POWER systems in System p beginning in the first quarter of 2010.

In 2010, Global Financing will continue to focus on expanding its core business by accelerating growth in the participation rates for IBM products and services transactions. In addition, the business will drive increased operational efficiency and sales productivity through the deployment of its single operating model initiative. This global initiative is focused on simplifying processes, standardizing operations and optimizing business performance.

The company expects 2010 pre-tax retirement-related plan cost to be approximately $1.5 billion, an increase of approximately $100 million compared to 2009. This estimate reflects current pension plan assumptions and the impacts of recent non-U.S. pension plan redesign efforts. See note U, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” on pages 109 through 121 for additional information.

The company expects in the normal course of business that its effective tax rate in 2010 will be approximately 26.0–26.5 percent. The rate will change year to year based on non-recurring events, such as the settlement of income tax audits and changes in tax laws, as well as recurring factors including the geographic mix of income before taxes, the timing and amount of foreign dividend repatriation, state and local taxes and the effects of various global income tax strategies.

Effective January 1, 2010, the company will implement several new accounting standards that have been issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. These standards include: amended guidance for revenue recognition for arrangements with multiple deliverables; guidance that revises the scope of existing software revenue recognition accounting; amendments to the accounting rules for variable interest entities and transfers of financial assets; and, additional disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The company has evaluated the new guidance and does not expect a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. See note B, “Accounting Changes”, on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

## Liquidity and Capital Resources

The company has consistently generated strong cash flow from operations, improving results year to year and providing a source of funds ranging between $14.9 billion and $20.8 billion per year over the past five years. The company provides for additional liquidity through several sources: maintaining an adequate cash balance, access to global funding sources, a committed global credit facility and other committed and uncommitted lines of credit worldwide. At December 31, 2009, the company had total unused lines of credit of $17,314 million. The following table provides a summary of the major sources of liquidity for the years ended December 31, 2005 through 2009.

Cash Flow and Liquidity Trends

<table><tr><td>($ in billions)</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash from</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating activities</td><td>$20.8</td><td>$18.8</td><td>$16.1</td><td>$15.0</td><td>$14.9</td></tr><tr><td>Cash and short-term</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>marketable securities</td><td>$14.0</td><td>$12.9</td><td>$16.1</td><td>$10.7</td><td>$13.7</td></tr><tr><td>Committed global credit</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>facilities</td><td>$10.0</td><td>$10.0</td><td>$10.0</td><td>$10.0</td><td>$10.0</td></tr><tr><td>Trade receivables</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>securitization facility</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 0.5</td></tr></table>

The major rating agencies’ ratings on the company’s debt securities at December 31, 2009 appear in the table below and remain unchanged from December 31, 2008. The company’s debt securities do not contain any acceleration clauses which could change the scheduled maturities of the obligation. In addition, the company does not have “ratings trigger” provisions in its debt covenants or documentation, which would allow the holders to declare an event of default and seek to accelerate payments thereunder in the event of a change in credit rating. The company’s contractual agreements governing derivative instruments contain standard market clauses which can trigger the termination of the agreement if the company’s credit rating were to fall below investment grade. At December 31, 2009, the fair value of those instruments that were in a liability position was $1,555 million, before any applicable netting, and this position is subject to fluctuations in fair value period to period based on the level of the company’s outstanding instruments and market conditions. The company has no other contractual arrangements that, in the event of a change in credit rating, would result in a material adverse effect on its financial position or liquidity.

<table><tr><td></td><td>Standard &amp; Poor&#x27;s</td><td>Moderately Violent Service</td><td>Fitch Ratings</td></tr><tr><td>Senior long-term debt</td><td>A+</td><td>A1</td><td>A+</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial paper</td><td>A-1</td><td>Prime-1</td><td>F1</td></tr></table>

The company prepares its Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in accordance with applicable accounting standards for cash flow presentation on page 66 and highlights causes and events underlying sources and uses of cash in that format on pages 35 and 36. For purposes of running its business, the company manages, monitors and analyzes cash flows in a different format.

Management uses a free cash flow measure to evaluate the company’s operating results, plan share repurchase levels, evaluate strategic investments and assess the company’s ability and need to incur and service debt. Free cash flow is not a defined term under U.S. GAAP and it should not be inferred that the entire free cash flow amount is available for discretionary expenditures. The company defines free cash flow as net cash from operating activities less the change in Global Financing receivables and net



capital expenditures. As discussed on page 24, a key objective of the Global Financing business is to generate strong returns on equity. Increasing receivables is the basis for growth in a financing business. Accordingly, management considers Global Financing receivables as a profit-generating investment, not as working capital that should be minimized for efficiency. After considering Global Financing receivables as an investment, the remaining net operational cash flow less net capital expenditures is viewed by the company as free cash flow.

From the perspective of how management views cash flow, in 2009, free cash flow was $15.1 billion, an increase of $0.8 billion compared to 2008. This cash performance was driven primarily by the growth in net income of $1.1 billion, lower capital spending of $0.8 billion and higher cash from sales cycle working capital ($1.2 billion), partially offset by higher retirement-related funding ($0.9 billion) and workforce rebalancing payments ($0.6 billion).
Over the past five years, the company generated over $61 billion in free cash flow. During that period, the company invested $13.8 billion in strategic acquisitions and returned over $63 billion to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. The amount of prospective returns to shareholders in the form of dividends and share repurchases will vary based upon several factors including each year's operating results, capital expenditure requirements, research and development investments and acquisitions, as well as the factors discussed below.

The company’s Board of Directors meets quarterly to consider the dividend payment. The company expects to fund dividend payments through cash from operations. In the second quarter of 2009, the Board of Directors increased the company’s quarterly common stock dividend from $0.50 to $0.55 per share.

The table below represents the way in which management reviews cash flow as described above.

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash from operating activities per GAAP (Continuing Operations)</td><td>$20.8</td><td>$ 18.8</td><td>$16.1</td><td>$15.0</td><td>$14.9</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Global Financing receivables</td><td>(1.9)</td><td>(0.0)</td><td>(1.3)</td><td>(0.3)</td><td>1.8</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash from operating activities (Continuing Operations), excluding Global Financing receivables</td><td>18.9</td><td>18.8</td><td>17.4</td><td>15.3</td><td>13.1</td></tr><tr><td>Capital expenditures, net</td><td>(3.7)</td><td>(4.5)</td><td>(5.0)</td><td>(4.7)</td><td>(3.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Free cash flow (excluding Global Financing receivables)</td><td>15.1</td><td>14.3</td><td>12.4</td><td>10.5</td><td>9.6</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisitions</td><td>(1.2)</td><td>(6.3)</td><td>(1.0)</td><td>(3.8)</td><td>(1.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Divestitures</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.3</td><td>—</td><td>0.9</td></tr><tr><td>Share repurchase</td><td>(7.4)</td><td>(10.6)</td><td>(18.8)</td><td>(8.1)</td><td>(7.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Dividends</td><td>(2.9)</td><td>(2.6)</td><td>(2.1)</td><td>(1.7)</td><td>(1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-Global Financing debt</td><td>(4.7)</td><td>(3.2)</td><td>10.9</td><td>(1.1)</td><td>1.2</td></tr><tr><td>Other (includes Global Financing receivables and Global Financing debt)</td><td>1.7</td><td>5.0</td><td>3.8</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.9</td></tr><tr><td>Change in cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities</td><td>$ 1.1</td><td>$ (3.2)</td><td>$ 5.5</td><td>$ (3.0)</td><td>$ 3.1</td></tr></table>

Events that could temporarily change the historical cash flow dynamics discussed above include significant changes in operating results, material changes in geographic sources of cash, unexpected adverse impacts from litigation or future pension funding requirements during periods of severe downturn in the capital markets. Whether any litigation has such an adverse impact will depend on a number of variables, which are more completely described in note O, "Contingencies and Commitments" on pages 99 and 100. With respect to pension funding, in 2009, the company contributed $1,252 million to its non-U.S. defined benefit plans, versus $917 million in 2008. As highlighted in the Contractual Obligations table on page 51, the company expects to make legally mandated pension plan contributions to certain non-U.S. plans of approximately $3.6 billion in the next five years. The 2010 contributions are currently expected to be approximately $0.8 billion. Financial market performance in 2010 could increase the legally mandated minimum contributions in certain non-U.S. countries that require more frequent remeasurement of the funded status. The company is not quantifying any further impact from pension funding because it is not possible to predict future movements in the capital markets or pension plan funding regulations.

The Pension Protection Act of 2006 was enacted into law in 2006, and, among other things, increases the funding requirements for certain U.S. defined benefit plans beginning after December 31, 2007. No mandatory contribution is required for the U.S. defined benefit plan in 2010 as of December 31, 2009.



## Contractual Obligations

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">Total Contractual Payment Stream</td><td colspan="4">Payments due in</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>2011-12</td><td>2013-14</td><td>After 2014</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt obligations</td><td>$23,842</td><td>$2,186</td><td>$ 6,992</td><td>$ 5,250</td><td>$ 9,414</td></tr><tr><td>Interest on long-term debt obligations</td><td>12,381</td><td>1,166</td><td>2,073</td><td>1,507</td><td>7,635</td></tr><tr><td>Capital (finance) lease obligations</td><td>165</td><td>64</td><td>57</td><td>44</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Operating lease obligations</td><td>5,938</td><td>1,504</td><td>2,263</td><td>1,395</td><td>776</td></tr><tr><td>Purchase obligations</td><td>2,314</td><td>771</td><td>851</td><td>423</td><td>269</td></tr><tr><td>Other long-term liabilities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minimum pension funding (mandated)*</td><td>3,936</td><td>803</td><td>1,535</td><td>1,261</td><td>337</td></tr><tr><td>Executive compensation</td><td>1,207</td><td>71</td><td>152</td><td>166</td><td>817</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term termination benefits</td><td>1,789</td><td>223</td><td>245</td><td>213</td><td>1,109</td></tr><tr><td>Tax reserves**</td><td>4,371</td><td>1,083</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>879</td><td>66</td><td>93</td><td>67</td><td>653</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$56,822</td><td>$7,937</td><td>$14,261</td><td>$10,326</td><td>$21,011</td></tr></table>

* Represents future pension contributions that are mandated by local regulations or statute, all associated with non-U.S. pension plans. See note U, “Retirement-Related Benefits,” on pages 109 through 121 for additional information on the non-U.S. plans’ investment strategies and expected contributions and for information regarding the company’s unfunded pension plans of $16,819 million at December 31, 2009.

** These amounts represent the liability for unrecognized tax benefits. The company estimates that approximately $1,083 million of the liability is expected to be settled within the next 12 months. The settlement period for the noncurrent portion of the income tax liability cannot be reasonably estimated as the timing of the payments will depend on the progress of tax examinations with the various tax authorities; however, it is not expected to be due within the next 12 months.

Total contractual obligations are reported in the table above excluding the effects of time value and therefore, may not equal the amounts reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Total contractual obligations decreased $10.4 billion from the amount reported in the 2008 Annual Report primarily due to the paydown of debt and the removal of the associated interest expense obligations. Long-term debt obligations decreased $6.4 billion and interest expense related to long-term debt obligations decreased $4.1 billion.

Purchase obligations include all commitments to purchase goods or services of either a fixed or minimum quantity that meet any of the following criteria: (1) they are noncancelable, (2) the company would incur a penalty if the agreement was canceled, or (3) the company must make specified minimum payments even if it does not take delivery of the contracted products or services (take-or-pay). If the obligation to purchase goods or services is noncancelable, the entire value of the contract is included in the table above. If the obligation is cancelable, but the company would incur a penalty if canceled, the dollar amount of the penalty is included as a purchase obligation. Contracted minimum amounts specified in take-or-pay contracts are also included in the table as they represent the portion of each contract that is a firm commitment.

In the ordinary course of business, the company enters into contracts that specify that the company will purchase all or a portion of its requirements of a specific product, commodity or service from a supplier or vendor. These contracts are generally entered into in order to secure pricing or other negotiated terms. They do not specify fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased and, therefore, the company does not consider them to be purchase obligations.

Interest on floating rate debt obligations is calculated using the effective interest rate at December 31, 2009, plus the interest rate spread associated with that debt, if any.

## Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

From time to time, the company may enter into off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by the SEC Financial Reporting Release 67 (FRB-67), “Disclosure in Management’s Discussion and Analysis about Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations.”

At December 31, 2009, the company has no off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. See the table above for the company's contractual obligations and note O, "Contingencies and Commitments," on pages 99 to 101, for detailed information about the company's guarantees, financial commitments and indemnification arrangements. The company does not have retained interests in assets transferred to unconsolidated entities or other material off-balance sheet interests or instruments.



## Critical Accounting Estimates

The application of GAAP requires the company to make estimates and assumptions about future events that directly affect its reported financial condition and operating performance. The accounting estimates and assumptions discussed in this section are those that the company considers to be the most critical to its financial statements. An accounting estimate is considered critical if both (a) the nature of the estimate or assumption is material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment involved, and (b) the impact within a reasonable range of outcomes of the estimate and assumption is material to the company's financial condition or operating performance. Senior management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these estimates with the Audit Committee of the company's Board of Directors. The company's significant accounting policies are described in note A, "Significant Accounting Policies," on pages 70 to 79.

A quantitative sensitivity analysis is provided where that information is reasonably available, can be reliably estimated and provides material information to investors. The amounts used to assess sensitivity (e.g., 1 percent, 10 percent, etc.) are included to allow users of the Annual Report to understand a general direction cause and effect of changes in the estimates and do not represent management's predictions of variability. For all of these estimates, it should be noted that future events rarely develop exactly as forecasted, and estimates require regular review and adjustment.

## Pension Assumptions

The measurement of the company’s benefit obligation to its employees and net periodic pension cost/(income) requires the use of certain assumptions, including, among others, estimates of discount rates and expected return on plan assets.

Changes in the discount rate assumptions will impact the (gain)/loss amortization and interest cost components of the net periodic pension cost/(income) calculation (see page 115 for information regarding the discount rate assumptions) and the projected benefit obligation (PBO). As presented on page 115, the company decreased the discount rate assumption for the IBM Personal Pension Plan (PPP), a U.S.-based defined benefit plan, by 15 basis points to 5.60 percent on December 31, 2009. This change will increase pre-tax cost and expense recognized in 2010 by an estimated $40 million. If the discount rate assumption for the PPP increased by 15 basis points on December 31, 2009, pre-tax cost and expense recognized in 2010 would have decreased by an estimated $41 million. Changes in the discount rate assumptions will impact the PBO which, in turn, may impact the company's funding decisions if the PBO exceeds plan assets. Each 25 basis point increase or decrease in the discount rate will cause a corresponding decrease or increase, respectively, in the PPP's PBO of an estimated $1.2 billion based upon December 31, 2009 data. The PPP's PBO (after the decrease in discount rate presented on page 115) and plan assets as of December 31, 2009 is presented on page 113.

The expected long-term return on plan assets is used in calculating the net periodic pension cost/(income). See page 115 for information regarding the expected long-term return on plan assets assumption. The differences between the actual return on plan assets and expected long-term return on plan assets are recognized over five years in the expected return on plan assets line in net periodic pension cost/(income) and also as a component of actuarial gains/losses, which are recognized over the service lives or life expectancy of the plan participants, depending on the plan, provided such amounts exceed thresholds which are based upon the obligation or the value of plan assets.

To the extent the outlook for long-term returns changes such that management changes its expected long-term return on plan assets assumption, each 50 basis point increase or decrease in the expected long-term return on PPP plan assets assumption will have an estimated increase or decrease, respectively, of $252 million on the following year's pre-tax net periodic pension cost/(income) (based upon the PPP's plan assets at December 31, 2009 and assuming no contributions are made in 2010).

The company may voluntarily make contributions or be required, by law, to make contributions to its pension plans. Actual results that differ from the estimates may result in more or less future company funding into the pension plans than is planned by management.

Impacts of these types of changes on the company’s defined benefit pension plans in other countries worldwide will vary depending upon the status of each respective plan.

## Revenue Recognition

Application of the various accounting principles in GAAP related to the measurement and recognition of revenue requires the company to make judgments and estimates. Specifically, complex arrangements with nonstandard terms and conditions may require significant contract interpretation to determine the appropriate accounting, including whether the deliverables specified in a multiple element arrangement should be treated as separate units of accounting. Other significant judgments include determining whether IBM or a reseller is acting as the principal in a transaction and whether separate contracts are considered part of one arrangement.



Revenue recognition is also impacted by the company’s ability to estimate sales incentives, expected returns and allowances for uncollectible receivables. The company considers various factors, including a review of specific transactions, the credit-worthiness of the customers, historical experience and market and economic conditions when calculating these provisions and allowances. Estimates are evaluated each quarter to assess the adequacy of the estimates. If these estimates were changed by 10 percent in 2009, net income would be impacted by $74 million (excluding Global Financing receivables reserves discussed on page 59).

## Costs to Compile Service Contracts

The company enters into numerous service contracts through its GTS and GBS businesses. During the contractual period, revenue, cost and profits may be impacted by estimates of the ultimate profitability of each contract, especially contracts for which the company uses the percentage-of-completion (POC) method of accounting. If at any time these estimates indicate the POC contract will be unprofitable, the entire estimated loss for the remainder of the contract is recorded immediately in cost. The company performs ongoing profitability analyses of its services contracts in order to determine whether the latest estimates require updating. Key factors reviewed by the company to estimate the future costs to complete each contract are future labor costs, future product costs and productivity efficiencies. Contract loss provisions recorded as a component of other accrued expenses and liabilities are approximately $37 million and $24 million at December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2008, respectively.

## Income Taxes

The company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgments are required in determining the consolidated provision for income taxes.

During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. As a result, the company recognizes tax liabilities based on estimates of whether additional taxes and interest will be due. These tax liabilities are recognized when, despite the company's belief that its tax return positions are supportable, the company believes that certain positions may not be fully sustained upon review by tax authorities. The company believes that its accruals for tax liabilities are adequate for all open audit years based on its assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. To the extent that new information becomes available which causes the company to change its judgment regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities, such changes to tax liabilities will impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made.

Significant judgment is also required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all available evidence for each jurisdiction including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies. In the event that the company changes its determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the company will adjust its valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made.

To the extent that the provision for income taxes increases/ decreases by 1 percent of income from continuing operations before income taxes, consolidated income from continuing operations would have decreased/improved by $181 million in 2009.

## Valuation of Assets

The application of business combination and impairment accounting requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires the company to estimate the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree to properly allocate purchase price consideration between assets that are depreciated and amortized from goodwill. Impairment testing for assets, other than goodwill, requires the allocation of cash flows to those assets or group of assets and if required, an estimate of fair value for the assets or group of assets. The company's estimates are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. These valuations require the use of management's assumptions, which would not reflect unanticipated events and circumstances that may occur.

## Valuation of Goodwill

The company reviews goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. The guidance on goodwill impairment requires the company to perform a two-step impairment test. In the first step, the company compares the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. The company determines the fair value of its reporting units based on the income approach. Under the income approach, the company calculates the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned



to that unit, goodwill is not impaired. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the second step of the impairment test is performed in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit's goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then the company records an impairment loss equal to the difference.

Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, discount rates and future economic and market conditions. The company's estimates are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. These valuations require the use of management's assumptions, which would not reflect unanticipated events and circumstances that may occur.

The annual goodwill impairment analysis, which the company performed during the fourth quarter of 2009, did not result in an impairment charge. Utilizing the balances as of September 30, 2009, the excess of fair value over carrying value for each of the company's reporting units ranged from approximately $0.4 billion to approximately $74.7 billion. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the fair value calculations on the goodwill impairment test, the company applied a hypothetical 10 percent decrease to the fair values of each reporting unit. This hypothetical 10 percent decrease would result in excess fair value over carrying value ranging from approximately $0.4 billion to approximately $66.3 billion for each of the company's reporting units.

## Loss Contingencies

The company is currently involved in various claims and legal proceedings. Quarterly, the company reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based only on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the company reassesses the potential liability related to its pending claims and litigation and may revise its estimates. These revisions in the estimates of the potential liabilities could have a material impact on the company's results of operations and financial position.

## Financing Receivables Reserves

The Global Financing business reviews its financing receivables portfolio at least quarterly in order to assess collectibility. A description of the methods used by management to estimate the amount of uncollectible receivables is included on pages 78 and 79. Factors that could result in actual receivable losses that are materially different from the estimated reserve include sharp changes in the economy, or a significant change in the economic health of a particular client or industry segment that represents a concentration in Global Financing's receivables portfolio.

To the extent that actual collectibility differs from management’s estimates currently provided for by 10 percent, Global Financing’s segment pre-tax income and the company’s consolidated income from continuing operations before income taxes would be higher or lower by an estimated $54 million (using 2009 data), depending upon whether the actual collectibility was better or worse, respectively, than the estimates.

## Residual Value

Residual value represents the estimated fair value of equipment under lease as of the end of the lease. Residual value estimates impact the determination of whether a lease is classified as operating or capital. Global Financing estimates the future fair value of leased equipment by using historical models, analyzing the current market for new and used equipment and obtaining forward-looking product information such as marketing plans and technological innovations. Residual value estimates are periodically reviewed and “other than temporary” declines in estimated future residual values are recognized upon identification. Anticipated increases in future residual values are not recognized until the equipment is remarketed. Factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from the estimates include significant changes in the used-equipment market brought on by unforeseen changes in technology innovations and any resulting changes in the useful lives of used equipment.

To the extent that actual residual value recovery is lower than management’s estimates by 10 percent, Global Financing’s segment pre-tax income and the company’s consolidated income from continuing operations before income taxes would be lower by an estimated $120 million (using 2009 data). If the actual residual value recovery is higher than management’s estimates, the increase in income will be realized at the end of lease when the equipment is remarketed.

## Currency Rate Fluctuations

Changes in the relative values of non-U.S. currencies to the U.S. dollar affect the company’s results. At December 31, 2009, currency changes resulted in assets and liabilities denominated in local currencies being translated into more U.S. dollars than at year-end 2008. The company uses financial hedging instruments to limit specific currency risks related to financing transactions and other foreign currency-based transactions. Further discussion of currency and hedging appears in note L. “Derivatives and Hedging Transactions,” on pages 92 through 96.



In 2009, the company's revenue decreased 7.6 percent as reported and 5.3 percent adjusted for currency. In the first nine months of 2009, revenue decreased 10.6 percent as reported and 5.3 percent adjusted for currency. This currency impact reversed in the fourth quarter, as revenue increased 0.8 percent as reported and declined 5.5 percent adjusted for currency, driven from the company's operations in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The company maintains currency hedging programs for cash planning purposes which mitigate, but do not eliminate, the volatility of currency impacts on the company's financial results. In addition to the translation of earnings, the impact of currency changes also may affect the company's pricing and sourcing actions. For example, the company may procure components and supplies in multiple functional currencies and sell products and services in other currencies. The company believes that some of these currency-based changes in cost impact the price charged to clients. However, the company estimates that the effect of currency, before taking pricing or sourcing actions into account, and net of hedging activity, had no more than a $0.09 impact on earnings per share growth in 2009.

For non-U.S. subsidiaries and branches that operate in U.S. dollars or whose economic environment is highly inflationary, translation adjustments are reflected in results of operations. Generally, the company manages currency risk in these entities by linking prices and contracts to U.S. dollars.

The company is continuing to monitor the current economic conditions in Venezuela. In Venezuela, there is an official currency rate that is fixed by the government, and a parallel market of currency exchange that enables companies to obtain foreign currency, including dollars. The parallel rate is variable and may differ significantly from the official rate. Accounting guidance requires that the translation of a non-U.S. entity's financial statements into the company's consolidated financial statements be at the rate applicable to dividend remittances. Through the first 11 months of 2009, the company used the official rate for translation of its Venezuela financial statements as this was the rate applicable to prior dividend remittances. Due to the significant reduction of currency approvals by the Venezuela government, in December the company determined that the rate for translation should be changed to the parallel rate at December 31, 2009. This resulted in an immaterial charge to the income statement and a decrease of IBM stockholders' equity of $93 million. Future results are not expected to be materially impacted as a result of translation at the parallel rate.
In addition, due to the fact that the blended CPI/NCPI three-year cumulative inflation rate in Venezuela has reached 100 percent, the country will be considered highly inflationary, consistent with accounting standards, effective January 1, 2010. The company's operations in Venezuela are not significant (less than 1 percent of total 2008 and 2009 revenue), therefore, the company does not expect a material impact from the shift to highly inflationary. On January 8, 2010, a devaluation of the Venezuelan currency was announced. There will be a two-tiered official rate, for “essentials” and “non-essentials”. This is not expected to have a material impact to future operating results.

## Market Risk

In the normal course of business, the financial position of the company is routinely subject to a variety of risks. In addition to the market risk associated with interest rate and currency movements on outstanding debt and non-U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities, other examples of risk include collectibility of accounts receivable and recoverability of residual values on leased assets.

The company regularly assesses these risks and has established policies and business practices to protect against the adverse effects of these and other potential exposures. As a result, the company does not anticipate any material losses from these risks.

The company’s debt, in support of the Global Financing business and the geographic breadth of the company’s operations, contains an element of market risk from changes in interest and currency rates. The company manages this risk, in part, through the use of a variety of financial instruments including derivatives, as explained in note L, “Derivatives and Hedging Transactions,” on pages 92 through 96.

To meet disclosure requirements, the company performs a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have on the fair values of the company’s debt and other financial instruments.

The financial instruments that are included in the sensitivity analysis comprise all of the company’s cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, short-term and long-term loans, commercial financing and installment payment receivables, investments, long-term and short-term debt and all derivative financial instruments. The company’s portfolio of derivative financial instruments generally includes interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps and forward contracts.

To perform the sensitivity analysis, the company assesses the risk of loss in fair values from the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates on market-sensitive instruments. The market values for interest and foreign currency exchange risk are computed based on the present value of future cash flows as affected by the changes in rates that are attributable to the market risk being measured.



The discount rates used for the present value computations were selected based on market interest and foreign currency exchange rates in effect at December 31, 2009 and 2008. The differences in this comparison are the hypothetical gains or losses associated with each type of risk.

Information provided by the sensitivity analysis does not necessarily represent the actual changes in fair value that the company would incur under normal market conditions because, due to practical limitations, all variables other than the specific market risk factor are held constant. In addition, the results of the model are constrained by the fact that certain items are specifically excluded from the analysis, while the financial instruments relating to the financing or hedging of those items are included by definition. Excluded items include short-term and long-term receivables from sales-type and direct financing leases, forecasted foreign currency cash flows and the company's net investment in foreign operations. As a consequence, reported changes in the values of some of the financial instruments impacting the results of the sensitivity analysis are not matched with the offsetting changes in the values of the items that those instruments are designed to finance or hedge.

The results of the sensitivity analysis at December 31, 2009, and December 31, 2008, are as follows:

## Interest Rate Risk

At December 31, 2009, a 10 percent decrease in the levels of interest rates with all other variables held constant would result in a decrease in the fair market value of the company's financial instruments of $274 million as compared with a decrease of $353 million at December 31, 2008. A 10 percent increase in the levels of interest rates with all other variables held constant would result in an increase in the fair value of the company's financial instruments of $251 million as compared to an increase of $327 million at December 31, 2008. Changes in the relative sensitivity of the fair value of the company's financial instrument portfolio for these theoretical changes in the level of interest rates are primarily driven by changes in the company's debt maturities, interest rate profile and amount.

## Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

At December 31, 2009, a 10 percent weaker U.S. dollar against foreign currencies, with all other variables held constant, would result in a decrease in the fair value of the company's financial instruments of $609 million as compared with a decrease of $1,007 million at December 31, 2008. Conversely, a 10 percent stronger U.S. dollar against foreign currencies, with all other variables held constant, would result in an increase in the fair value of the company's financial instruments of $609 million compared with an increase of $1,007 million at December 31, 2008.

## Financing Risks

See the “Description of Business” on page 24 for a discussion of the financing risks associated with the Global Financing business and management’s actions to mitigate such risks.

## Employees and Related Workforce

<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">Yr.-to-Yr. Change</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2009-08</td><td>2008-07</td></tr><tr><td>IBM/wholly owned subsidiaries</td><td>399,409</td><td>398,455</td><td>386,558</td><td>0.2%</td><td>3.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Less-than-wholly owned subsidiaries</td><td>11,421</td><td>11,642</td><td>11,769</td><td>(1.9)</td><td>(1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Complementary</td><td>26,946</td><td>27,983</td><td>28,642</td><td>(3.7)</td><td>(2.3)</td></tr></table>

As a globally integrated enterprise, the company operates in over 170 countries and is continuing to shift its business to the higher value segments of enterprise computing. The company continually assesses its resource needs with the objective of balancing its workforce globally to improve the company's global reach and competitiveness. In 2009, total employees at IBM and its wholly owned subsidiaries increased slightly compared to the prior year.

The complementary workforce is an approximation of equivalent full-time employees hired under temporary, part-time and limited-term employment arrangements to meet specific business needs in a flexible and cost-effective manner.



## Global Financing

Global Financing is a reportable segment that is measured as if it were a standalone entity. Accordingly, the information presented in this section is consistent with this separate company view.

In 2009, as the global economy emerged from a challenging credit environment, the Global Financing business delivered strong financial results. The Global Financing business remained focused on its core competencies—providing IT financing to the company's clients and business partners. For the year, Global Financing improved gross margin by 4.2 points and pre-tax income margin by 6.1 points, while total revenue declined 8.4 percent. Total pre-tax income of $1,730 million increased 7.0 percent compared to 2008.

In addition to the overall health of the economy and its impact on corporate IT budgets, key drivers of Global Financing’s results are interest rates and originations. Interest rates directly impact Global Financing’s business by increasing or decreasing both financing revenue and the associated borrowing costs. Originations, which determine the asset base of Global Financing’s annuity-like business, are impacted by IBM’s non-Global Financing sales volumes and Global Financing’s participation rates. Participation rates are the propensity of IBM’s clients to finance their purchases through Global Financing in lieu of paying IBM up-front cash or financing through a third party.

## Results of Operations

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>External revenue</td><td>$2,302</td><td>$2,559</td><td>$2,502</td></tr><tr><td>Internal revenue</td><td>1,774</td><td>1,892</td><td>1,482</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>4,076</td><td>4,451</td><td>3,984</td></tr><tr><td>Cost</td><td>1,555</td><td>1,887</td><td>1,819</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit</td><td>$2,520</td><td>$2,564</td><td>$2,165</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit margin</td><td>61.8%</td><td>57.6%</td><td>54.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$1,730</td><td>$1,617</td><td>$1,386</td></tr><tr><td>After-tax income*</td><td>$1,138</td><td>$1,049</td><td>$ 877</td></tr><tr><td>Return on equity*</td><td>34.4%</td><td>29.4%</td><td>26.1%</td></tr></table>

* See page 61 for the details of the after-tax income and return on equity calculation.

The decrease in 2009 revenue, as compared to 2008, was primarily due to:

• A decline in external revenue of 10.0 percent (7 percent adjusted for currency), due to decreases in financing revenue (down 11.6 percent to $1,715 million) and in used equipment sales (down 5.2 percent to $588 million); and
• A decline in internal revenue of 6.3 percent driven by a decrease in financing revenue (down 22.0 percent to $580 million), partially offset by an increase in used equipment sales (up 3.9 percent to $1,194 million).

The decrease in external and internal financing revenue was due to lower average asset balances and lower asset yields.

Global Financing gross profit decreased 1.7 percent compared to 2008 due to the lower revenue. Gross margin increased 4.2 points due to higher margins on financing and used equipment sales.

The increase in 2008 revenue, as compared to 2007, was primarily due to:

• An increase in external revenue of 2.3 percent (flat adjusted for currency), due to growth in financing revenue (up 7.9 percent to $1,939 million), partially offset by a decrease in used equipment sales (down 12.0 percent to $620 million); and

• Growth in internal revenue of 27.7 percent primarily driven by an increase in used equipment sales (up 47.2 percent to $1,148 million) and an increase in financing revenue (up 6.0 percent to $744 million).

The increase in external and internal financing revenue was due to higher average asset balances and higher asset yields.

Global Financing gross profit increased 18.4 percent in 2008 versus 2007, with gross margin increasing 3.3 points. This was due to higher margins on financing and used equipment sales.

Global Financing pre-tax income increased 7.0 percent in 2009 versus 2008, following an increase of 16.7 percent in 2008 versus 2007. The increase in 2009 was primarily driven by decreases in financing receivables provisions of $86 million and other selling, general and administrative expenses of $67 million, partially offset by the decrease in gross profit of $44 million. The increase in 2008 was driven by the increase in gross profit of $399 million, partially offset by an increase in financing receivables provisions of $159 million. The decrease in financing receivables provisions in 2009 was primarily due to lower specific reserve requirements. Overall allowance for doubtful accounts coverage rate is 2.1 percent, an increase of 0.1 points versus 2008.

The increase in return on equity from 2008 to 2009 was driven by higher after-tax income and a lower average equity balance, while the increase from 2007 to 2008 was primarily due to higher after-tax income.



## Financial Condition

## Balance Sheet

<table><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents</td><td>$ 1,285</td><td>$ 1,269</td></tr><tr><td>Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases</td><td>9,482</td><td>10,203</td></tr><tr><td>Equipment under operating leases:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External clients \( ^{(a)} \)</td><td>1,863</td><td>2,139</td></tr><tr><td>Internal clients \( ^{(b)(c)} \)</td><td>994</td><td>1,709</td></tr><tr><td>Client loans</td><td>10,413</td><td>10,615</td></tr><tr><td>Total client financing assets</td><td>22,752</td><td>24,667</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial financing receivables</td><td>5,662</td><td>5,875</td></tr><tr><td>Intercompany financing receivables \( ^{(b)(c)} \)</td><td>3,660</td><td>2,957</td></tr><tr><td>Other receivables</td><td>370</td><td>396</td></tr><tr><td>Other assets</td><td>877</td><td>956</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td>$34,605</td><td>$36,119</td></tr><tr><td>Intercompany payables \( ^{(b)} \)</td><td>$ 5,879</td><td>$ 5,391</td></tr><tr><td>Debt \( ^{(d)} \)</td><td>22,383</td><td>24,360</td></tr><tr><td>Other liabilities</td><td>3,174</td><td>2,875</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities</td><td>31,435</td><td>32,626</td></tr><tr><td>Total equity</td><td>3,170</td><td>3,493</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities and equity</td><td>$34,605</td><td>$36,119</td></tr></table>

 \( ^{(a)} \)  Includes intercompany mark-up, priced on an arms-length basis, on products purchased from the company’s product divisions, which is eliminated in IBM’s consolidated results.

 \( ^{(a)} \)  Entire amount eliminated for purposes of IBM’s consolidated results and therefore does not appear on page 65.

 \( ^{(c)} \)  These assets, along with all other financing assets in this table, are leveraged at the value in the table using Global Financing debt.

 \( ^{(d)} \)  Global Financing debt is comprised of intercompany loans and external debt. A portion of Global Financing debt is in support of the company’s internal business, or related to intercompany mark-up embedded in the Global Financing assets. See table on page 60.

## Sources and Uses of Funds

The primary use of funds in Global Financing is to originate client and commercial financing assets. Client financing assets for end users consist primarily of IBM systems, software and services, but also include non-IBM equipment, software and services to meet IBM clients' total solutions requirements. Client financing assets are primarily sales-type, direct financing and operating leases for systems products, as well as loans for systems, software and services with terms generally from two to seven years. Global Financing's client loans are primarily for software and services and are unsecured. These loans are subjected to additional credit analysis to evaluate the associated risk and, when deemed necessary, actions are taken to mitigate risks in the loan agreements which include covenants to protect against credit deterioration during the life of the obligation. Client financing also includes internal activity as described on page 24.

Commercial financing receivables arise primarily from inventory and accounts receivable financing for dealers and remarketers of IBM and non-IBM products. Payment terms for inventory financing and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days. These short-term receivables are primarily unsecured and are also subjected to additional credit analysis in order to evaluate the associated risk.

At December 31, 2009, approximately 98 percent of Global Financing’s external financing assets are in the segment’s core competency of technology equipment and solutions financing, and approximately 59 percent of the external portfolio is with investment grade clients with no direct exposure to consumers or mortgage assets.

## Originations

The following are total external and internal financing originations.

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Client financing:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External</td><td>$11,760</td><td>$14,790</td><td>$14,171</td></tr><tr><td>Internal</td><td>755</td><td>1,039</td><td>1,040</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial financing</td><td>27,126</td><td>32,078</td><td>30,541</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$39,641</td><td>$47,907</td><td>$45,752</td></tr></table>

Cash collections exceeded new financing originations for both client and commercial financing in 2009 which resulted in a net decline in financing assets from December 31, 2008. The decrease in originations in 2009 from 2008 was primarily due to lower demand for IT equipment associated with the economic environment. The increase in originations in 2008 versus 2007 was due to improving external volumes in both client and commercial financing.

Cash generated by Global Financing in 2009 was primarily deployed to pay the intercompany payables and dividends to IBM.



## Global Financing Receivables and Allowances

The following table presents external financing receivables excluding residual values and the allowance for doubtful accounts.

<table><tr><td colspan="3">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Gross financing receivables</td><td>$25,508</td><td>$26,599</td></tr><tr><td>Specific allowance for doubtful accounts</td><td>416</td><td>386</td></tr><tr><td>Unallocated allowance for doubtful accounts</td><td>120</td><td>144</td></tr><tr><td>Total allowance for doubtful accounts</td><td>536</td><td>530</td></tr><tr><td>Net financing receivables</td><td>$24,972</td><td>$26,069</td></tr><tr><td>Allowance for doubtful accounts coverage</td><td>2.1%</td><td>2.0%</td></tr></table>

## Roll Forward of Financing Receivables Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

<table><tr><td colspan="5">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Allowance</td><td>Additions/</td><td></td><td>Dec. 31,</td></tr><tr><td>Jan. 1, 2009</td><td>Used \( ^{*} \)</td><td>(Reductions)</td><td>Other \( ^{**} \)</td><td>2009</td></tr><tr><td>$530</td><td>$(153)</td><td>$143</td><td>$16</td><td>$536</td></tr></table>

* Represents reserved receivables, net of recoveries, that were disposed of during the period.

** Primarily represents translation adjustments.

The percentage of Global Financing receivables reserved increased from 2.0 percent at December 31, 2008 to 2.1 percent at December 31, 2009 primarily due to the decline in the gross financing receivables balance from December 31, 2008. Specific reserves increased 7.8 percent from $386 million at December 31, 2008 to $416 million at December 31, 2009. Unallocated reserves decreased 16.6 percent from $144 million at December 31, 2008, to $120 million at December 31, 2009. Global Financing's bad debt expense was an increase of $143 million for 2009, compared to an increase of $229 million for 2008. The year-to-year decrease was primarily attributed to the decline of required specific reserve additions.

## Residual Value

Residual value is a risk unique to the financing business and management of this risk is dependent upon the ability to accurately project future equipment values at lease inception. Global Financing has insight into product plans and cycles for the IBM products under lease. Based upon this product information, Global Financing continually monitors projections of future equipment values and compares them with the residual values reflected in the portfolio. See note A, "Significant Accounting Policies," on page 79 for the company's accounting policy for residual values.
Global Financing optimizes the recovery of residual values by selling assets sourced from end of lease, leasing used equipment to new clients, or extending lease arrangements with current clients. Sales of equipment, which are primarily sourced from equipment returned at the end of a lease, represented 43.7 percent of Global Financing's revenue in 2009 and 39.7 percent in 2008. The percentage increase was driven primarily by the decrease in financing revenue. The gross margin on these sales was 51.3 percent and 50.0 percent in 2009 and 2008, respectively. The increase is primarily driven by a shift in mix toward higher margin internal used equipment sales.

The table on page 60 presents the recorded amount of unguaranteed residual value for sales-type, direct financing and operating leases at December 31, 2008 and 2009. In addition, the table presents the residual value as a percentage of the related original amount financed and a run out of when the unguaranteed residual value assigned to equipment on leases at December 31, 2009 is expected to be returned to the company. In addition to the unguaranteed residual value, on a limited basis, Global Financing will obtain guarantees of the future value of the equipment to be returned at end of lease. These third-party guarantees are included in minimum lease payments as provided for by accounting standards in the determination of lease classifications for the covered equipment and provide protection against risk of loss arising from declines in equipment values for these assets. The residual value guarantee increases the minimum lease payments that are utilized in determining the classification of a lease as a sales-type lease or operating lease. The aggregate asset values associated with the guarantees were $569 million and $1,083 million for the financing transactions originated during the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. In 2009, the residual value guarantee program resulted in the company recognizing approximately $400 million of revenue that would otherwise have been recognized in future periods as operating lease revenue. If the company had chosen to not participate in a residual value program in 2009 and prior years, the 2009 impact would be substantially mitigated by the effect of prior year asset values being recognized as operating lease revenue in the current year. The associated aggregate guaranteed future values at the scheduled end of lease were $30 million and $56 million for the financing transactions originated during 2009 and 2008, respectively. The cost of guarantees was $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2009 and $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2008.



## Unguaranteed Residual Value

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">Total</td><td colspan="4">Estimated Run Out of 2009 Balance</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2010</td><td>2011</td><td>2012</td><td>2013 and Beyond</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sales-type and direct financing leases</td><td>$ 916</td><td>$ 849</td><td>$203</td><td>$271</td><td>$271</td><td>$104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating leases</td><td>378</td><td>351</td><td>166</td><td>112</td><td>62</td><td>11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total unguaranteed residual value</td><td>$ 1,294</td><td>$ 1,200</td><td>$369</td><td>$383</td><td>$333</td><td>$115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Related original amount financed</td><td>$21,000</td><td>$20,687</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Percentage</td><td>6.2%</td><td>5.8%</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

## Debt

<table><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Debt-to-equity ratio</td><td>7.1x</td><td>7.0x</td></tr></table>

The company funds Global Financing through borrowings using a debt-to-equity ratio target of approximately 7 to 1. The debt used to fund Global Financing assets is composed of intercompany loans and external debt. The terms of the intercompany loans are set by the company to substantially match the term and currency underlying the financing receivable and are based on arm's-length pricing. Both assets and debt are presented in the Global Financing Balance Sheet on page 58.

The Global Financing business provides funding predominantly for the company's external clients but also provides intercompany financing for the company. Since the company measures Global Financing as if it were a standalone entity, interest expense relating to debt supporting Global Financing's external client and internal business is included in the "Global Financing Results of Operations" on page 57 and in note V, "Segment Information," on pages 122 to 126.

In the company’s Consolidated Statement of Earnings on page 64, however, the external debt-related interest expense supporting Global Financing’s internal financing to the company is reclassified from cost of financing to interest expense.

The following table provides additional information on total company debt. In this table, intercompany activity includes internal loans and leases at arm’s-length pricing in support of Global Services’ long-term contracts and other internal activity. The company believes these assets should be appropriately leveraged in line with the overall Global Financing business model.

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>December 31, 2009</td><td>December 31, 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Global Financing Segment:</td><td>$22,383</td><td>$24,360</td></tr><tr><td>Debt to support external clients</td><td>$19,091</td><td>$20,892</td></tr><tr><td>Debt to support internal clients</td><td>3,292</td><td>3,468</td></tr><tr><td>Non-Global Financing Segments:</td><td>3,717</td><td>9,566</td></tr><tr><td>Debt supporting operations</td><td>7,008</td><td>13,034</td></tr><tr><td>Intercompany activity</td><td>(3,292)</td><td>(3,468)</td></tr><tr><td>Total company debt</td><td>$26,099</td><td>$33,926</td></tr></table>



## Liquidity and Capital Resources

Global Financing is a segment of the company and therefore, is supported by the company’s overall liquidity position and access to capital markets. Cash generated by Global Financing was primarily deployed to pay intercompany payables and dividends to the company in order to maintain an appropriate debt-to-equity ratio.

## Return on Equity

<table><tr><td colspan="3">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Numerator:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Global Financing after-tax income \( ^{(a)} \)  \( ^{*} \)</td><td>1,138</td><td>1,049</td></tr><tr><td>Denominator:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Average Global Financing equity \( ^{(b)} \)  \( ^{**} \)</td><td>3,312</td><td>3,572</td></tr><tr><td>Global Financing return on equity \( ^{(a)(b)} \)</td><td>34.4%</td><td>29.4%</td></tr></table>

* Calculated based upon an estimated tax rate principally based on Global Financing’s geographic mix of earnings as IBM’s provision for income taxes is determined on a consolidated basis.

** Average of the ending equity for Global Financing for the last five quarters.

## Looking Forward

Global Financing’s financial position provides flexibility and funding capacity which enables the company to be well positioned in the current environment. Global Financing’s assets and new financing volumes are primarily IBM products and services financed to the company’s clients and business partners, and substantially all financing assets are IT related assets which provide a stable base of business for future growth. Global Financing’s offerings are competitive and available to clients as a result of the company’s borrowing cost and access to the capital markets. Overall, Global Financing’s originations will be dependent upon the demand for IT products and services as well as client participation rates.
IBM continues to access both the short-term commercial paper market and the medium- and long-term debt markets. A protracted period where IBM could not access the capital markets would likely lead to a slowdown in originations.

Interest rates and the overall economy (including currency fluctuations) will have an effect on both revenue and gross profit. The company’s interest rate risk management policy, however, combined with the Global Financing pricing strategy should mitigate gross margin erosion due to changes in interest rates.

The economy could impact the credit quality of the Global Financing receivables portfolio and therefore the level of provision for bad debts. Global Financing will continue to apply rigorous credit policies in both the origination of new business and the evaluation of the existing portfolio.

As discussed on page 59, Global Financing has historically been able to manage residual value risk both through insight into the company’s product cycles, as well as through its remarketing business.

Global Financing has policies in place to manage each of the key risks involved in financing. These policies, combined with product and client knowledge, should allow for the prudent management of the business going forward, even during periods of uncertainty with respect to the economy.



## Management Responsibility for Financial Information

Responsibility for the integrity and objectivity of the financial information presented in this Annual Report rests with IBM management. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, applying certain estimates and judgments as required.

IBM maintains an effective internal control structure. It consists, in part, of organizational arrangements with clearly defined lines of responsibility and delegation of authority, and comprehensive systems and control procedures. An important element of the control environment is an ongoing internal audit program. Our system also contains self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.

To assure the effective administration of internal controls, we carefully select and train our employees, develop and disseminate written policies and procedures, provide appropriate communication channels and foster an environment conducive to the effective functioning of controls. We believe that it is essential for the company to conduct its business affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards, as set forth in the IBM Business Conduct Guidelines. These guidelines, translated into numerous languages, are distributed to employees throughout the world, and re-emphasized through internal programs to assure that they are understood and followed.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, is retained to audit IBM's Consolidated Financial Statements and the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting. Its accompanying report is based on audits conducted in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is composed solely of independent, non-management directors, and is responsible for recommending to the Board the independent registered public accounting firm to be retained for the coming year, subject to stockholder ratification. The Audit Committee meets periodically and privately with the independent registered public accounting firm, with the company's internal auditors, as well as with IBM management, to review accounting, auditing, internal control structure and financial reporting matters.

## Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting of the company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2009.



Samuel J. Palmisano

Chairman of the Board,

President and Chief Executive Officer

February 23, 2010



Mark Loughridge

Senior Vice President,

Chief Financial Officer

February 23, 2010



# Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of International Business Machines Corporation:

In our opinion, the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements appearing on pages 64 through 126 present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of International Business Machines Corporation and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2009 and 2008 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2009 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing on page 62. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

## A: ciewatolwscopew 11P

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
New York, New York
February 23, 2010



<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>Notes</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Services</td><td></td><td>$55,128</td><td>$ 58,892</td><td>$54,057</td></tr><tr><td>Sales</td><td></td><td>38,300</td><td>42,156</td><td>42,202</td></tr><tr><td>Financing</td><td></td><td>2,331</td><td>2,582</td><td>2,526</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td></td><td>95,758</td><td>103,630</td><td>98,786</td></tr><tr><td>Cost:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Services</td><td></td><td>37,146</td><td>40,937</td><td>39,160</td></tr><tr><td>Sales</td><td></td><td>13,606</td><td>15,776</td><td>16,552</td></tr><tr><td>Financing</td><td></td><td>1,220</td><td>1,256</td><td>1,345</td></tr><tr><td>Total cost</td><td></td><td>51,973</td><td>57,969</td><td>57,057</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit</td><td></td><td>43,785</td><td>45,661</td><td>41,729</td></tr><tr><td>Expense and other income:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative</td><td></td><td>20,952</td><td>23,386</td><td>22,060</td></tr><tr><td>Research, development and engineering</td><td>Q</td><td>5,820</td><td>6,337</td><td>6,153</td></tr><tr><td>Intellectual property and custom development income</td><td></td><td>(1,177)</td><td>(1,153)</td><td>(958)</td></tr><tr><td>Other (income) and expense</td><td></td><td>(351)</td><td>(298)</td><td>(626)</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>K&amp;L</td><td>402</td><td>673</td><td>611</td></tr><tr><td>Total expense and other income</td><td></td><td>25,647</td><td>28,945</td><td>27,240</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations before income taxes</td><td></td><td>18,138</td><td>16,715</td><td>14,489</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>P</td><td>4,713</td><td>4,381</td><td>4,071</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations</td><td></td><td>13,425</td><td>12,334</td><td>10,418</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(00)</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td></td><td>$13,425</td><td>$ 12,334</td><td>$10,418</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Continuing operations</td><td>R</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89*</td><td>$ 7.15*</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations</td><td>R</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>R</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89*</td><td>$ 7.15*</td></tr><tr><td>Basic:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Continuing operations</td><td>R</td><td>$ 10.12</td><td>$ 9.02*</td><td>$ 7.27*</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations</td><td>R</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>R</td><td>$ 10.12</td><td>$ 9.02*</td><td>$ 7.27*</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td></td><td>1,341,352,754</td><td>1,387,797,198*</td><td>1,456,880,751*</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td></td><td>1,327,157,410</td><td>1,369,367,069*</td><td>1,433,935,221*</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

The accompanying notes on pages 70 through 126 are an integral part of the financial statements.



## Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

<table><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>Notes</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Assets</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents</td><td></td><td>$ 12,183</td><td>$ 12,741</td></tr><tr><td>Marketable securities</td><td>E</td><td>1,791</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Notes and accounts receivable - trade (net of allowances of $217 in 2009 and $226 in 2008)</td><td></td><td>10,736</td><td>10,906</td></tr><tr><td>Short-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $438 in 2009 and $351 in 2008)</td><td>G</td><td>14,914</td><td>15,477</td></tr><tr><td>Other accounts receivable (net of allowances of $15 in 2009 and $55 in 2008)</td><td></td><td>1,143</td><td>1,172</td></tr><tr><td>Inventories</td><td>F</td><td>2,494</td><td>2,701</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred taxes</td><td>P</td><td>1,730</td><td>1,542</td></tr><tr><td>Prepaid expenses and other current assets</td><td></td><td>3,946</td><td>4,299</td></tr><tr><td>Total current assets</td><td></td><td>48,935</td><td>49,004</td></tr><tr><td>Plant, rental machines and other property</td><td>H</td><td>39,596</td><td>38,445</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Accumulated depreciation</td><td>H</td><td>25,431</td><td>24,140</td></tr><tr><td>Plant, rental machines and other property - net</td><td>H</td><td>14,165</td><td>14,305</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $97 in 2009 and $179 in 2008)</td><td>G</td><td>10,644</td><td>11,183</td></tr><tr><td>Prepaid pension assets</td><td>U</td><td>3,001</td><td>1,601</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred taxes</td><td>P</td><td>4,195</td><td>7,270</td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill</td><td>J</td><td>20,190</td><td>18,226</td></tr><tr><td>Intangible assets - net</td><td>J</td><td>2,513</td><td>2,878</td></tr><tr><td>Investments and sundry assets</td><td>I</td><td>5,379</td><td>5,058</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td></td><td>$109,022</td><td>$109,524</td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities and equity</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current liabilities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Taxes</td><td>P</td><td>$ 3,826</td><td>$ 2,743</td></tr><tr><td>Short-term debt</td><td>K&amp;L</td><td>4,168</td><td>11,236</td></tr><tr><td>Accounts payable</td><td></td><td>7,436</td><td>7,014</td></tr><tr><td>Compensation and benefits</td><td></td><td>4,505</td><td>4,623</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income</td><td></td><td>10,845</td><td>10,239</td></tr><tr><td>Other accrued expenses and liabilities</td><td></td><td>5,223</td><td>6,580</td></tr><tr><td>Total current liabilities</td><td></td><td>36,002</td><td>42,435</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt</td><td>K&amp;L</td><td>21,932</td><td>22,689</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations</td><td>U</td><td>15,953</td><td>19,452</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income</td><td></td><td>3,562</td><td>3,171</td></tr><tr><td>Other liabilities</td><td>M</td><td>8,819</td><td>8,192*</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities</td><td></td><td>86,267</td><td>95,939*</td></tr><tr><td>Contingencies and Commitments</td><td>O</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity:</td><td>N</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IBM Stockholders&#x27; equity:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Common stock, par value $.20 per share and additional paid-in capital</td><td></td><td>41,810</td><td>39,129</td></tr><tr><td>Shares authorized: 4,687,500,000</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shares issued (2009 - 2,127,016,668; 2008 - 2,096,981,860)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Retained earnings</td><td></td><td>80,900</td><td>70,353</td></tr><tr><td>Treasury stock, at cost (shares: 2009 - 821,679,245; 2008 - 757,885,937)</td><td></td><td>(81,243)</td><td>(74,171)</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td></td><td>(18,830)</td><td>(21,845)</td></tr><tr><td>Total IBM stockholders&#x27; equity</td><td></td><td>22,637</td><td>13,465*</td></tr><tr><td>Noncontrolling interests*</td><td></td><td>118</td><td>119*</td></tr><tr><td>Total equity</td><td></td><td>22,755</td><td>13,584*</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities and equity</td><td></td><td>$109,022</td><td>$109,524</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

The accompanying notes on pages 70 through 126 are an integral part of the financial statements.



<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Cash flow from operating activities from continuing operations:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 13,425</td><td>$ 12,334</td><td>$ 10,418</td></tr><tr><td>(Income)/loss from discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>00</td></tr><tr><td>Adjustments to reconcile income from continuing operations to cash provided by operating activities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation</td><td>3,773</td><td>4,140</td><td>4,038</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of intangibles</td><td>1,221</td><td>1,310</td><td>1,163</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation</td><td>558</td><td>659</td><td>713</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred taxes</td><td>1,773</td><td>1,900</td><td>740</td></tr><tr><td>Net gain on asset sales and other</td><td>(395)</td><td>(338)</td><td>(89)</td></tr><tr><td>Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions/divestitures:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Receivables (including financing receivables)</td><td>2,131</td><td>274</td><td>(1,408)</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement related</td><td>(2,465)</td><td>(1,773)</td><td>(228)</td></tr><tr><td>Inventories</td><td>263</td><td>(102)</td><td>182</td></tr><tr><td>Other assets/other liabilities</td><td>319</td><td>1,268</td><td>706</td></tr><tr><td>Accounts payable</td><td>170</td><td>(860)</td><td>(142)</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations</td><td>20,773</td><td>18,812</td><td>16,094</td></tr><tr><td>Cash flow from investing activities from continuing operations:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Payments for plant, rental machines and other property</td><td>(3,447)</td><td>(4,171)</td><td>(4,630)</td></tr><tr><td>Proceeds from disposition of plant, rental machines and other property</td><td>330</td><td>350</td><td>537</td></tr><tr><td>Investment in software</td><td>(630)</td><td>(716)</td><td>(875)</td></tr><tr><td>Purchases of marketable securities and other investments</td><td>(5,604)</td><td>(4,590)</td><td>(24,117)</td></tr><tr><td>Proceeds from disposition of marketable securities and other investments</td><td>3,599</td><td>6,100</td><td>24,984</td></tr><tr><td>Non-operating finance receivables - net</td><td>(184)</td><td>(16)</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Divestiture of businesses, net of cash transferred</td><td>400</td><td>71</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired</td><td>(1,194)</td><td>(6,313)</td><td>(1,009)</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations</td><td>(6,729)</td><td>(9,285)</td><td>(4,675)</td></tr><tr><td>Cash flow from financing activities from continuing operations:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proceeds from new debt</td><td>6,683</td><td>13,829</td><td>21,744</td></tr><tr><td>Payments to settle debt</td><td>(13,495)</td><td>(10,248)</td><td>(11,306)</td></tr><tr><td>Short-term (repayments)/borrowings less than 90 days - net</td><td>(651)</td><td>(6,025)</td><td>1,674</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock repurchases</td><td>(7,429)</td><td>(10,578)</td><td>(18,828)</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock transactions - other</td><td>3,052</td><td>3,774</td><td>4,123</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends paid</td><td>(2,860)</td><td>(2,585)</td><td>(2,147)</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations</td><td>(14,700)</td><td>(11,834)</td><td>(4,740)</td></tr><tr><td>Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents</td><td>98</td><td>58</td><td>294</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash used in discontinued operations from: operating activities</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(5)</td></tr><tr><td>Net change in cash and cash equivalents</td><td>(558)</td><td>(2,250)</td><td>6,969</td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents at January 1</td><td>12,741</td><td>14,991</td><td>8,022</td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents at December 31</td><td>$ 12,183</td><td>$ 12,741</td><td>$ 14,991</td></tr><tr><td>Supplemental data:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes paid - net of refunds received</td><td>$ 1,567</td><td>$ 2,111</td><td>$ 2,608</td></tr><tr><td>Interest paid on debt</td><td>$ 1,240</td><td>$ 1,460</td><td>$ 1,485</td></tr><tr><td>Capital lease obligations</td><td>$ 15</td><td>$ 41</td><td>$ 57</td></tr></table>

The accompanying notes on pages 70 through 126 are an integral part of the financial statements.



## Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

<table><tr><td></td><td>Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital</td><td>Retained Earnings</td><td>Treasury Stock</td><td>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)</td><td>Total IBM Stockholders&#x27; Equity*</td><td>Non-controlling Interests*</td><td>Total Equity*</td></tr><tr><td>2007**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity, January 1, 2007</td><td>$31,271</td><td>$52,432</td><td>$(46,296)</td><td>$(8,901)</td><td>$ 28,506</td><td>$129</td><td>$ 28,635</td></tr><tr><td>Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle+</td><td></td><td>117</td><td></td><td></td><td>117</td><td></td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td></td><td>10,418</td><td></td><td></td><td>$ 10,418</td><td></td><td>$ 10,418</td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives (net of tax benefit of $32)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(123)</td><td>(123)</td><td></td><td>(123)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax benefit of $553++)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>726</td><td>726</td><td></td><td>726</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement-related benefit plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prior service costs/(credits) (net of tax expense of $31)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>44</td><td>44</td><td></td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Net gains/(losses) (net of tax expense of $1,913)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3,611</td><td>3,611</td><td></td><td>3,611</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service costs/(credits) (net of tax benefit of $50)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(85)</td><td>(85)</td><td></td><td>(85)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of net gains/(losses) (net of tax expense of $654)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1,110</td><td>1,110</td><td></td><td>1,110</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of transition assets (net of tax benefit of $1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2)</td><td>(2)</td><td></td><td>(2)</td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) on marketable securities (net of tax expense of $132)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>206</td><td>206</td><td></td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Total other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5,487</td><td></td><td>5,487</td></tr><tr><td>Subtotal: Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>$ 15,905</td><td></td><td>$ 15,905</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends declared—common stock</td><td></td><td>(2,147)</td><td></td><td></td><td>(2,147)</td><td></td><td>(2,147)</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock issued under employee plans (49,137,038 shares)</td><td>4,332</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4,332</td><td></td><td>4,332</td></tr><tr><td>Purchases (1,282,131 shares) and sales (9,282,055 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans—net</td><td></td><td>(179)</td><td>729</td><td></td><td>550</td><td></td><td>550</td></tr><tr><td>Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (178,385,436 shares)</td><td>(405)</td><td></td><td>(18,378)</td><td></td><td>(18,783)</td><td></td><td>(18,783)</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in other equity</td><td>(10)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(10)</td><td></td><td>(10)</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in noncontrolling interests</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>16</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Equity, December 31, 2007</td><td>$35,188</td><td>$60,640</td><td>$ (63,945)</td><td>$ (3,414)</td><td>$ 28,470</td><td>$145</td><td>$ 28,615</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

** Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

+ Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance for uncertain tax positions. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

++Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

The accompanying notes on pages 70 through 126 are an integral part of the financial statements.



## Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

<table><tr><td></td><td>Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital</td><td>Retained Earnings</td><td>Treasury Stock</td><td>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)</td><td>Total IBM Stockholders&#x27; Equity*</td><td>Non-controlling Interests*</td><td>Total Equity*</td></tr><tr><td>2008**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity, January 1, 2008</td><td>$ 35,188</td><td>$ 60,640</td><td>$ (63,945)</td><td>$ (3,414)</td><td>$ 28,470</td><td>$ 145</td><td>$ 28,615</td></tr><tr><td>Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td></td><td>12,334</td><td></td><td></td><td>$ 12,334</td><td></td><td>$ 12,334</td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives (net of tax expense of $79)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>301</td><td>301</td><td></td><td>301</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax benefit of $153+)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(3,552)</td><td>(3,552)</td><td></td><td>(3,552)</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement-related benefit plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prior service (credits)/costs (net of tax benefit of $86)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(136)</td><td>(136)</td><td></td><td>(136)</td></tr><tr><td>Net (losses)/gains (net of tax benefit of $8,436)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(15,245)</td><td>(15,245)</td><td></td><td>(15,245)</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailments and settlements (net of tax expense of $9)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>16</td><td>16</td><td></td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs (net of tax benefit of $73)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(132)</td><td>(132)</td><td></td><td>(132)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of net gains/(losses) (net of tax expense of $358)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>640</td><td>640</td><td></td><td>640</td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) on marketable securities (net of tax benefit of $207)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(324)</td><td>(324)</td><td></td><td>(324)</td></tr><tr><td>Total other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(18,431)</td><td></td><td>(18,431)</td></tr><tr><td>Subtotal: Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>$ (6,097)</td><td></td><td>$ (6,097)</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends declared—common stock</td><td></td><td>(2,585)</td><td></td><td></td><td>(2,585)</td><td></td><td>(2,585)</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock issued under employee plans (39,374,439 shares)</td><td>3,919</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3,919</td><td></td><td>3,919</td></tr><tr><td>Purchases (1,505,107 shares) and sales (5,882,800 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans—net</td><td></td><td>(36)</td><td>391</td><td></td><td>355</td><td></td><td>355</td></tr><tr><td>Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (89,890,347 shares)</td><td>54</td><td></td><td>(10,618)</td><td></td><td>(10,563)</td><td></td><td>(10,563)</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in other equity</td><td>(33)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(33)</td><td></td><td>(33)</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in noncontrolling interests</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(26)</td><td>(26)</td></tr><tr><td>Equity, December 31, 2008</td><td>$ 39,129</td><td>$ 70,353</td><td>$(74,171)</td><td>$ (21,845)</td><td>$ 13,465</td><td>$ 119</td><td>$ 13,584</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

** Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

† Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

The accompanying notes on pages 70 through 126 are an integral part of the financial statements.



## Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

<table><tr><td></td><td>Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital</td><td>Retained Earnings</td><td>Treasury Stock</td><td>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)</td><td>Total IBM Stockholders&#x27; Equity*</td><td>Non-controlling Interests*</td><td>Total Equity*</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity, January 1, 2009</td><td>$ 39,129</td><td>$ 70,353</td><td>$ (74,171)</td><td>$ (21,845)</td><td>$ 13,465</td><td>$ 119</td><td>$ 13,584</td></tr><tr><td>Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td></td><td>13,425</td><td></td><td></td><td>$ 13,425</td><td></td><td>$ 13,425</td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives (net of tax benefit of $256)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(556)</td><td>(556)</td><td></td><td>(556)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax benefit of $57**)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1,732</td><td>1,732</td><td></td><td>1,732</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement-related benefit plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prior service costs/(credits) (net of tax expense of $146)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>229</td><td>229</td><td></td><td>229</td></tr><tr><td>Net (losses)/gains (net of tax expense of $439)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>994</td><td>994</td><td></td><td>994</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailments and settlements (net of tax benefit of $33)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(93)</td><td>(93)</td><td></td><td>(93)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs (net of tax benefit of $55)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(107)</td><td>(107)</td><td></td><td>(107)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of net gains/(losses) (net of tax expense of $402)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>704</td><td>704</td><td></td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) on marketable securities (net of tax expense of $71)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>111</td><td>111</td><td></td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td>Total other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3,015</td><td></td><td>3,015</td></tr><tr><td>Subtotal: Net income plus other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>$ 16,440</td><td></td><td>$ 16,440</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends declared—common stock</td><td>(2,860)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2,860)</td><td></td><td>(2,860)</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock issued under employee plans (30,034,808 shares)</td><td>3,011</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3,011</td><td></td><td>3,011</td></tr><tr><td>Purchases (1,550,846 shares) and sales (6,408,265 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans—net</td><td></td><td>(19)</td><td>462</td><td></td><td>443</td><td></td><td>443</td></tr><tr><td>Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (68,650,727 shares)</td><td></td><td></td><td>(7,534)</td><td></td><td>(7,534)</td><td></td><td>(7,534)</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in other equity</td><td>(330)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(330)</td><td></td><td>(330)</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in noncontrolling interests</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1)</td><td>(1)</td></tr><tr><td>Equity, December 31, 2009</td><td>$ 41,810</td><td>$ 80,900</td><td>$ (81,243)</td><td>$ (18,830)</td><td>$ 22,637</td><td>$ 118</td><td>$ 22,755</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, “Accounting Changes,” on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

** Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.

The accompanying notes on pages 70 through 126 are an integral part of the financial statements.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## Note A.
Significant Accounting Policies

## Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes thereto of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM and/or the company) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).

On December 31, 2002, the company sold its hard disk drive (HDD) business to Hitachi, Ltd. (Hitachi). The HDD business was accounted for as a discontinued operation and therefore, the HDD results of operations and cash flows have been removed from the company's results of continuing operations and cash flows for 2007. There was no activity in 2008 or 2009.

The company evaluated subsequent events through February 23, 2010, which is the date the financial statements were issued.

Within the financial tables presented, certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. This is annotated where applicable.

## Principles of Consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of IBM and its controlled subsidiaries, which are generally majority owned. The accounts of variable interest entities (VIEs) are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements, if required. Investments in business entities in which the company does not have control, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies, are accounted for using the equity method and the company's proportionate share of income or loss is recorded in other (income) and expense. The accounting policy for other investments in equity securities is described on page 78 within "Marketable Securities." Equity investments in non-publicly traded entities are primarily accounted for using the cost method. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

## Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs, expenses and other comprehensive income/(loss) that are reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying disclosures. These estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events, historical experience, actions that the company may undertake in the future and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. As a result, actual results may be different from these estimates. See pages 52 to 54 for a discussion of the company's critical accounting estimates.

## Revenue

The company recognizes revenue when it is realized or realizable and earned. The company considers revenue realized or realizable and earned when it has persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured. Delivery does not occur until products have been shipped or services have been provided to the client, risk of loss has transferred to the client, and either client acceptance has been obtained, client acceptance provisions have lapsed, or the company has objective evidence that the criteria specified in the client acceptance provisions have been satisfied. The sales price is not considered to be fixed or determinable until all contingencies related to the sale have been resolved.

The company recognizes revenue on sales to solution providers, resellers and distributors (herein referred to as “resellers”) when the reseller has economic substance apart from the company, credit risk, title and risk of loss to the inventory, the fee to the company is not contingent upon resale or payment by the end user, the company has no further obligations related to bringing about resale or delivery and all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.

The company reduces revenue for estimated client returns, stock rotation, price protection, rebates and other similar allowances. (See Schedule II, “Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves” included in the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K). Revenue is recognized only if these estimates can be reasonably and reliably determined. The company bases its estimates on historical results taking into consideration the type of client, the type of transaction and the specifics of each arrangement. Payments made under cooperative marketing programs are recognized as an expense only if the company receives from the client an identifiable benefit sufficiently separable from the product sale whose fair value can be reasonably and reliably estimated. If the company does not receive an identifiable benefit sufficiently separable from the product sale whose fair value can be reasonably estimated, such payments are recorded as a reduction of revenue.

Revenue from sales of third-party vendor products or services is recorded net of costs when the company is acting as an agent between the client and vendor and gross when the company is a principal to the transaction. Several factors are considered to determine whether the company is an agent or principal, most notably whether the company is the primary obligor to the client, or has inventory risk. Consideration is also given to whether the company adds meaningful value to the vendor’s product or service, was involved in the selection of the vendor’s product or service, has latitude in establishing the sales price or has credit risk.



The company reports revenue net of any revenue-based taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transactions. In addition to the aforementioned general policies, the following are the specific revenue recognition policies for multiple-element arrangements and for each major category of revenue.

## Multiple-Element Arrangements

The company enters into multiple-element revenue arrangements, which may include any combination of services, software, hardware and/or financing. To the extent that a deliverable in a multiple-element arrangement is subject to specific guidance, such as, leaded hardware which is subject to specific leasing guidance or software which is subject to specific software revenue recognition guidance (see “Software” on page 72) on whether and/or how to separate multiple deliverable arrangements into separate units of accounting (separability) and how to allocate the arrangement consideration among those separate units of accounting (allocation), that deliverable is accounted for in accordance with such specific guidance. For all other deliverables in multiple-element arrangements, the guidance below is applied to determine separability and allocation. A multiple-element arrangement is separated into more than one unit of accounting if all of the following criteria are met:

- The delivered item(s) has value to the client on a stand-alone basis;

- There is objective and reliable evidence of the fair value of the undelivered item(s); and

- If the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the control of the company.

If these criteria are not met, the arrangement is accounted for as one unit of accounting which would result in revenue being recognized on a straight-line basis or being deferred until the earlier of when such criteria are met or when the last undelivered element is delivered. If these criteria are met for each element and there is objective and reliable evidence of fair value for all units of accounting in an arrangement, the arrangement consideration is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on each unit's relative fair value. There may be cases, however, in which there is objective and reliable evidence of fair value of the undelivered item(s) but no such evidence for the delivered item(s). In those cases, the residual method is used to allocate the arrangement consideration. Under the residual method, the amount of consideration allocated to the delivered item(s) equals the total arrangement consideration less the aggregate fair value of the undelivered item(s). The revenue policies described below are then applied to each unit of accounting, as applicable.

## Services

The company’s primary services offerings include information technology (IT) datacenter and business process outsourcing, application management services, consulting and systems integration, technology infrastructure and system maintenance, Web hosting and the design and development of complex IT systems to a client’s specifications (design and build). These services are provided on a time-and-material basis, as a fixed-price contract or as a fixed-price per measure of output contract and the contract terms range from less than one year to over 10 years.

Revenue from IT datacenter and business process outsourcing contracts is recognized in the period the services are provided using either an objective measure of output or a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Under the output method, the amount of revenue recognized is based on the services delivered in the period.

Revenue from application management services, technology infrastructure and system maintenance and Web hosting contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the contracts. Revenue from time-and-material contracts is recognized as labor hours are delivered and direct expenses are incurred. Revenue related to extended warranty and product maintenance contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis over the delivery period.

Revenue from fixed-price design and build contracts is recognized under the percentage-of-completion (POC) method. Under the POC method, revenue is recognized based on the labor costs incurred to date as a percentage of the total estimated labor costs to fulfill the contract. If circumstances arise that change the original estimates of revenues, costs, or extent of progress toward completion, revisions to the estimates are made. These revisions may result in increases or decreases in estimated revenues or costs, and such revisions are reflected in income in the period in which the circumstances that gave rise to the revision become known by management.

The company performs ongoing profitability analyses of its services contracts accounted for under the POC method in order to determine whether the latest estimates of revenue, costs and profits require updating. If at any time these estimates indicate that the contract will be unprofitable, the entire estimated loss for the remainder of the contract is recorded immediately. For non-POC method service contracts, losses are recorded as incurred.

In some services contracts, the company bills the client prior to recognizing revenue from performing the services. Deferred income of $7,066 million and $6,403 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, is included in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The year-to-year increase was driven by growth in the Global Services business and the impacts of currency. In other services contracts, the company performs the services prior to billing the client. Unbilled accounts receivable of $2,020 million and $2,090 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, are included in notes and accounts receivable-trade in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.



Billings usually occur in the month after the company performs the services or in accordance with specific contractual provisions. Unbilled receivables are expected to be billed within four months.

## Hardware

Revenue from hardware sales and sales-type leases is recognized when risk of loss has transferred to the client and there are no unfulfilled company obligations that affect the client's final acceptance of the arrangement. Any cost of standard warranties and remaining obligations that are inconsequential or perfunctory are accrued when the corresponding revenue is recognized. Revenue from rentals and operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the rental or lease.

## Software

Revenue from perpetual (one-time charge) license software is recognized at the inception of the license term if all revenue recognition criteria have been met. Revenue from term (recurring license charge) license software is recognized on a subscription basis over the period that the client is entitled to use the license. Revenue from subscription and support, which includes unspecified upgrades on a when-and-if-available basis and technical support, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period such items are delivered. In multiple-element revenue arrangements that include software that is more than incidental to the products or services as a whole (software multiple-element arrangements), software and software-related elements are accounted for in accordance with guidance on software revenue recognition. Software-related elements include software products and services, as well as any non-software deliverable for which a software deliverable is essential to its functionality.

A software multiple-element arrangement is separated into more than one unit of accounting if all of the following criteria are met:

- The functionality of the delivered element(s) is not dependent on the undelivered element(s);

- There is vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) of fair value of the undelivered element(s). VSOE of fair value is based on the price charged when the deliverable is sold separately by the company on a regular basis and not as part of the multiple-element arrangement; and

- Delivery of the delivered element(s) represents the culmination of the earnings process for that element(s).

If any one of these criteria are not met, the arrangement is accounted for as one unit of accounting which would result in revenue being recognized on a straight-line basis or being deferred until the earlier of when such criteria are met or when the last undelivered element is delivered. If these criteria are met for each element and there is VSOE of fair value for all units of accounting in an arrangement, the arrangement consideration is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on each unit's relative VSOE of fair value. There may be cases, however, in which there is VSOE of fair value of the undelivered item(s) but no such evidence for the delivered item(s). In these cases, the residual method is used to allocate the arrangement consideration. Under the residual method, the amount of consideration allocated to the delivered item(s) equals the total arrangement consideration less the aggregate VSOE of fair value of the undelivered elements.

## Financing

Financing income attributable to sales-type leases, direct financing leases and loans is recognized on the accrual basis using the effective interest method. Operating lease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

## Services Costs

Recurring operating costs for services contracts, including costs related to bid and proposal activities, are recognized as incurred. For fixed-price design and build contracts, the costs of external hardware and software accounted for under the POC method are deferred and recognized based on the labor costs incurred to date, as a percentage of the total estimated labor costs to fulfill the contract. Certain eligible, nonrecurring costs incurred in the initial phases of outsourcing contracts are deferred and subsequently amortized. These costs consist of transition and setup costs related to the installation of systems and processes and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, not to exceed the term of the contract. Additionally, fixed assets associated with outsourcing contracts are capitalized and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life of the asset. If an asset is contract specific, then the depreciation period is the shorter of the useful life of the asset or the contract term. Amounts paid to clients in excess of the fair value of acquired assets used in outsourcing arrangements are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis as a reduction of revenue over the expected period of benefit not to exceed the term of the contract. The company performs periodic reviews to assess the recoverability of deferred contract transition and setup costs. This review is done by comparing the estimated minimum remaining undiscounted cash flows of a contract to the unamortized contract costs. If such minimum undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the unamortized costs, a loss is recognized.

Deferred services transition and setup costs were $2,432 million and $2,023 million at December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2008, respectively. The primary driver of the increase was the continued growth of the Global Services business. Amortization expense of deferred services transition and setup costs is estimated at December 31, 2009 to be $689 million in 2010, $562 million in 2011, $464 million in 2012, $430 million in 2013 and $287 million thereafter.

Deferred amounts paid to clients in excess of the fair value of acquired assets used in outsourcing arrangements were $72 million and $119 million at December 31, 2009 and December 31, 2008, respectively. Amortization of deferred amounts paid to



clients in excess of the fair value of acquired assets is recorded as an offset of revenue and is estimated at December 31, 2009 to be $39 million in 2010, $23 million in 2011, $7 million in 2012, $2 million in 2013 and $1 million thereafter.

In situations in which an outsourcing contract is terminated, the terms of the contract may require the client to reimburse the company for the recovery of unbilled accounts receivable, unamortized deferred costs incurred to purchase specific assets utilized in the delivery of services and to pay any additional costs incurred by the company to transition the services.

## Software Costs

Costs that are related to the conceptual formulation and design of licensed programs are expensed as incurred to research, development and engineering expense; costs that are incurred to produce the finished product after technological feasibility has been established are capitalized as an intangible asset. Capitalized amounts are amortized using the straight-line method, which is applied over periods ranging up to three years. The company performs periodic reviews to ensure that unamortized program costs remain recoverable from future revenue. Costs to support or service licensed programs are charged to software cost as incurred.

The company capitalizes certain costs that are incurred to purchase or to create and implement internal-use computer software, which includes software coding, installation, testing and certain data conversions. These capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over two years and are recorded in selling, general and administrative expense. See note J. "Intangible Assets Including Goodwill," on pages 89 to 90.

## Product Warranties

The company offers warranties for its hardware products that range up to three years, with the majority being either one or three years. Estimated costs for warranty terms standard to the deliverable are recognized when revenue is recorded for the related deliverable. The company estimates its warranty costs standard to the deliverable based on historical warranty claim experience and applies this estimate to the revenue stream for products under warranty. Estimated future costs for warranties applicable to revenue recognized in the current period are charged to cost of revenue. The warranty accrual is reviewed quarterly to verify that it properly reflects the remaining obligation based on the anticipated expenditures over the balance of the obligation period. Adjustments are made when actual warranty claim experience differs from estimates. Costs from fixed-price support or maintenance contracts, including extended warranty contracts, are recognized as incurred.

Revenue from extended warranty contracts, for which the company is obligated to perform, is recorded as deferred income and subsequently recognized on a straight-line basis over the delivery period.
Changes in the company’s deferred income for extended warranty contracts and warranty liability for standard warranties, which are included in other accrued expenses and liabilities and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, are presented in the following tables:

Standard Warranty Liability

<table><tr><td>$ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1</td><td>$ 358</td><td>$ 412</td></tr><tr><td>Current period accruals</td><td>374</td><td>390</td></tr><tr><td>Accrual adjustments to reflect actual experience</td><td>(11)</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Charges incurred</td><td>(406)</td><td>(460)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td>$ 316</td><td>$ 358</td></tr></table>

Extended Warranty Liability

<table><tr><td>$ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Aggregate deferred revenue at January 1</td><td>$ 589</td><td>$ 409</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue deferred for new extended warranty contracts</td><td>283</td><td>335</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of deferred revenue</td><td>(226)</td><td>(134)</td></tr><tr><td>Other \( ^{*} \)</td><td>18</td><td>(21)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td>$ 665</td><td>$ 589</td></tr><tr><td>Current portion</td><td>$ 310</td><td>$ 234</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent portion</td><td>355</td><td>355</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td>$ 665</td><td>$ 589</td></tr></table>

* Other consists primarily of foreign currency translation adjustments.

## Shipping and Handling

Costs related to shipping and handling are recognized as incurred and included in cost in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

## Expense and Other Income

## Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense is charged to income as incurred. Expenses of promoting and selling products and services are classified as selling expense and include such items as compensation, advertising, sales commissions and travel. General and administrative expense includes such items as compensation, office supplies, non-income taxes, insurance and office rental. In addition, general and administrative expense includes other operating items such as a provision for doubtful accounts, workforce accruals for contractually obligated payments to employees terminated in the ongoing course of business, acquisition costs related to business combinations, amortization of certain intangible assets and environmental remediation costs.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## Advertising and Promotional Expense

The company expenses advertising and promotional costs when incurred. Cooperative advertising reimbursements from vendors are recorded net of advertising and promotional expense in the period the related advertising and promotional expense is incurred. Advertising and promotional expense, which includes media, agency and promotional expense, was $1,252 million, $1,259 million and $1,242 million in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively, and is recorded in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

## Research, Development and Engineering

Research, development and engineering (R&D&E) costs are expensed as incurred. Software costs that are incurred to produce the finished product after technological feasibility has been established are capitalized as an intangible asset. See “Software Costs” on page 73.

## Intellectual Property and Custom Development Income

The company licenses and sells the rights to certain of its intellectual property (IP) including internally developed patents, trade secrets and technological know-how. Certain transfers of IP to third parties are licensing/royalty-based and other transfers are transaction-based sales and other transfers. Licensing/royalty-based fees involve transfers in which the company earns the income over time, or the amount of income is not fixed or determinable until the licensee sells future related products (i.e., variable royalty, based upon licensee's revenue). Sales and other transfers typically include transfers of IP whereby the company has fulfilled its obligations and the fee received is fixed or determinable at the transfer date. The company also enters into cross-licensing arrangements of patents, and income from these arrangements is recorded only to the extent cash is received. Furthermore, the company earns income from certain custom development projects for strategic technology partners and specific clients. The company records the income from these projects when the fee is realized or realizable and earned, is not refundable and is not dependent upon the success of the project.

## Other (Income) and Expense

Other (income) and expense includes interest income (other than from Global Financing external business transactions), gains and losses on certain derivative instruments, gains and losses from securities and other investments, gains and losses from certain real estate transactions, foreign currency transaction gains and losses, gains and losses from the sale of businesses and amounts related to accretion of asset retirement obligations.

## Business Combinations and

## Intangible Assets Including Goodwill

The company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method and accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree are recorded at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. The primary drivers that generate goodwill are the value of synergies between the acquired entities and the company and the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualifies as an identifiable intangible asset. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives. Amortization of completed technology is recorded in cost and amortization of all other intangible assets is recorded in selling, general and administrative expense. See note C, “Acquisitions/Divestitures,” on pages 82 to 86 and note J, “Intangible Assets Including Goodwill,” on pages 89 to 90, for additional information. Acquisition-related costs, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other costs, are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements from the acquisition date.

## Impairment

Long-lived assets, other than goodwill, are tested for impairment based on undiscounted cash flows and, if impaired, written down to fair value based on either discounted cash flows or appraised values. Goodwill is tested annually, in the fourth quarter, for impairment, or sooner when circumstances indicate an impairment may exist, using a fair-value approach at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business, which is one level below that operating segment (the “component” level) if discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management at the segment level. Components are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics.

## Depreciation and Amortization

Plant, rental machines and other property are carried at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of certain depreciable assets are as follows: buildings, 30 to 50 years; building equipment, 10 to 20 years; land improvements, 20 years; plant, laboratory and office equipment, 2 to 20 years; and computer equipment, 1.5 to 5 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the related lease term, rarely exceeding 25 years.

Capitalized software costs incurred or acquired after technological feasibility has been established are amortized over periods ranging up to 3 years. Capitalized costs for internal-use software are amortized on a straight-line basis over periods up to 2 years. (See “Software Costs” on page 73 for additional information). Other intangible assets are amortized over periods between 2 and 7 years.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## Environmental

The cost of internal environmental protection programs that are preventative in nature are expensed as incurred. When a cleanup program becomes likely, and it is probable that the company will incur cleanup costs and those costs can be reasonably estimated, the company accrues remediation costs for known environmental liabilities. The company’s maximum exposure for all environmental liabilities cannot be estimated and no amounts are recorded for environmental liabilities that are not probable or estimable.

## Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset retirement obligations (ARO) are legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets. These liabilities are initially recorded at fair value and the related asset retirement costs are capitalized by increasing the carrying amount of the related assets by the same amount as the liability. Asset retirement costs are subsequently depreciated over the useful lives of the related assets. Subsequent to initial recognition, the company records period-to-period changes in the ARO liability resulting from the passage of time in interest expense and revisions to either the timing or the amount of the original expected cash flows to the related assets.

## Defined Benefit Pension and Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans

The funded status of the company’s defined benefit pension plans and nonpension postretirement benefit plans (retirement-related benefit plans) is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (PBO), which represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. For the nonpension postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO), which represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of cumulative company and participant contributions made to an irrevocable trust fund, held for the sole benefit of participants, which are invested by the trust fund. Overfunded plans, with the fair value of plan assets exceeding the benefit obligation, are aggregated and recorded as a prepaid pension asset equal to this excess. Underfunded plans, with the benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets, are aggregated and recorded as a retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligation equal to this excess.

The current portion of the retirement and nonpension post-retirement benefit obligations represents the actuarial present value of benefits payable in the next 12 months exceeding the fair value of plan assets, measured on a plan-by-plan basis. This obligation is recorded in compensation and benefits in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Net periodic pension and nonpension postretirement benefit cost/(income) is recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs/(credits) and (gains)/losses previously recognized as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss) and amortization of the net transition asset remaining in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss). Service cost represents the actuarial present value of participant benefits earned in the current year. Interest cost represents the time value of money cost associated with the passage of time. Certain events, such as changes in employee base, plan amendments and changes in actuarial assumptions, result in a change in the benefit obligation and the corresponding change in other comprehensive income/(loss). The result of these events is amortized as a component of net periodic cost/(income) over the service lives or life expectancy of the participants, depending on the plan, provided such amounts exceed thresholds which are based upon the benefit obligation or the value of plan assets. Net periodic cost/(income) is recorded in cost, SG&A and RD&E in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings based on the employees' respective function.

(Gains)/losses and prior service costs/(credits) not recognized as a component of net periodic cost/(income) in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings as they arise are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity, net of tax. Those (gains)/losses and prior service costs/(credits) are subsequently recognized as a component of net periodic cost/(income) pursuant to the recognition and amortization provisions of applicable accounting guidance. (Gains)/losses arise as a result of differences between actual experience and assumptions or as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions. Prior service costs/(credits) represent the cost of benefit improvements attributable to prior service granted in plan amendments.

The measurement of benefit obligations and net periodic cost/(income) is based on estimates and assumptions approved by the company’s management. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest crediting rates and mortality rates.

## Defined Contribution Plans

The company records expense for defined contribution plans for the company’s contribution when the employee renders service to the company, essentially coinciding with the cash contributions to the plans. The expense is recorded in cost, SG&A and RD&E in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings based on the employees’ respective function.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees. The company measures stock-based compensation cost at grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognizes the cost on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the employee requisite service period. The company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The cost is recorded in cost, SG&A, and RD&E in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings based on the employees' respective function.

The company records deferred tax assets for awards that result in deductions on the company’s income tax returns, based on the amount of compensation cost recognized and the statutory tax rate in the jurisdiction in which it will receive a deduction. Differences between the deferred tax assets recognized for financial reporting purposes and the actual tax deduction reported on the income tax return are recorded in additional paid-in capital (if the tax deduction exceeds the deferred tax asset) or in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings (if the deferred tax asset exceeds the tax deduction and no additional paid-in capital exists from previous awards).

See note T, “Stock-Based Compensation,” on pages 105 to 109 for additional information.

## Income Taxes

Income tax expense is based on reported income before income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the tax effect of temporary differences between asset and liability amounts that are recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts that are recognized for income tax purposes. These deferred taxes are measured by applying currently enacted tax laws. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers all available evidence for each jurisdiction including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies. When the company changes its determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the valuation allowance is adjusted with a corresponding impact to income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made.

The company recognizes tax liabilities when, despite the company’s belief that its tax return positions are supportable, the company believes that certain positions may not be fully sustained upon review by tax authorities. Benefits from tax positions are measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement. The current portion of tax liabilities is included in taxes and the noncurrent portion of tax liabilities is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. To the extent that new information becomes available which causes the company to change its judgment regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities, such changes to tax liabilities will impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. Interest and penalties, if any, related to accrued liabilities for potential tax assessments are included in income tax expense.

## Translation of Non-U.S. Currency Amounts

Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that have a local functional currency are translated to United States (U.S.) dollars at year-end exchange rates. Translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity. Income and expense items are translated at weighted-average rates of exchange prevailing during the year.

Inventories, plant, rental machines and other property—net and other non-monetary assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries and branches that operate in U.S. dollars are translated at the approximate exchange rates prevailing when the company acquired the assets or liabilities. All other assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars are translated at year-end exchange rates with the transaction gain or loss recognized in other (income) and expense. Cost of sales and depreciation are translated at historical exchange rates. All other income and expense items are translated at the weighted-average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. These translation gains and losses are included in net income for the period in which exchange rates change.

## Derivatives

All derivatives are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at fair value and are reported in prepaid expenses and other current assets, investments and sundry assets, other accrued expenses and liabilities or other liabilities. Classification of each derivative as current or noncurrent is based upon whether the maturity of the instrument is less than or greater than 12 months. To qualify for hedge accounting, the company requires that the instruments be effective in reducing the risk exposure that they are designated to hedge. For instruments that hedge cash flows, hedge effectiveness criteria also require that it be probable that the underlying transaction will occur. Instruments that meet established accounting criteria are formally designated as hedges. These criteria demonstrate that the derivative is expected to be highly effective at offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the underlying exposure both at inception of the hedging relationship and on an ongoing basis. The method of assessing hedge effectiveness and measuring hedge ineffectiveness is formally documented at hedge inception. The company assesses hedge effectiveness and measures hedge ineffectiveness at least quarterly throughout the designated hedge period.

Where the company applies hedge accounting, the company designates each derivative as a hedge of: (1) the fair value of a recognized financial asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (fair value hedge); (2) the variability of anticipated cash flows of a forecasted transaction or the cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized financial asset or liability (cash flow hedge); or (3) a hedge of a long-term investment



(net investment hedge) in a foreign operation. In addition, the company may enter into derivative contracts that economically hedge certain of its risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the company elects not to apply hedge accounting. In these cases, there exists a natural hedging relationship in which changes in the fair value of the derivative, which are recognized currently in net income, act as an economic offset to changes in the fair value of the underlying hedged item(s).

Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as a fair value hedge, along with offsetting changes in the fair value of the underlying hedged exposure, are recorded in earnings each period. For hedges of interest rate risk, the fair value adjustments are recorded as adjustments to interest expense and cost of financing in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. For hedges of currency risk associated with recorded financial assets or liabilities, derivative fair value adjustments are recognized in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as a cash flow hedge are recorded, net of applicable taxes, in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), a component of equity. When net income is affected by the variability of the underlying cash flow, the applicable offsetting amount of the gain or loss from the derivative that is deferred in equity is released to net income and reported in interest expense, cost, SG&A expense or other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings based on the nature of the underlying cash flow hedged. Effectiveness for net investment hedging derivatives is measured on a spot-to-spot basis. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of net investment hedging derivatives and other non-derivative financial instruments designated as net investment hedges are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments, net of applicable taxes, in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity. Changes in the fair value of the portion of a net investment hedging derivative excluded from the effectiveness assessment are recorded in interest expense.

When the underlying hedged item ceases to exist, all changes in the fair value of the derivative are included in net income each period until the instrument matures. When the derivative transaction ceases to exist, a hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in its fair value except as required under other relevant accounting standards. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges, as well as changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not effectively offset changes in the fair value of the underlying hedged item throughout the designated hedge period (collectively, “ineffectiveness”), are recorded in net income each period and are reported in other (income) and expense.

The company reports cash flows arising from derivative financial instruments designated as fair value or cash flow hedges consistent with the classification of cash flows from the underlying hedged items that these derivatives are hedging. Accordingly, the cash flows associated with derivatives designated as fair value or cash flow hedges are classified in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Cash flows from derivatives designated as net investment hedges and derivatives that do not qualify as hedges are reported in investing activities. For currency swaps designated as hedges of foreign currency denominated debt (included in the company's debt risk management program as addressed in note L, "Derivatives and Hedging Transactions," on pages 92 through 96), cash flows directly associated with the settlement of the principal element of these swaps are reported in payments to settle debt in the cash flow from financing activities section of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

## Financial Instruments

In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each balance sheet date. Refer to note E, “Financial Instruments (Excluding Derivatives),” on pages 87 and 88 for further information. All methods of assessing fair value result in a general approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.

## Fair Value Measurement

Exit prices are used to measure assets and liabilities that fall within the scope of the fair value measurements guidance. Under this guidance, the company is required to classify certain assets and liabilities based on the following fair value hierarchy:

- Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets that are unadjusted and accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

- Level 2—Quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or financial instruments for which significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly; and

- Level 3—Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

This guidance requires the use of observable market data if such data is available without undue cost and effort.

When available, the company uses unadjusted quoted market prices to measure the fair value and classifies such items within Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using internally generated models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation.

The determination of fair value considers various factors including interest rate yield curves and time value underlying the financial instruments. For derivatives and debt securities, the company uses a discounted cash flow analysis using discount rates commensurate with the duration of the instrument. In the event of an other-than-temporary impairment of a nonpublic equity method investment, the company uses the net asset



value of its investment in the investee adjusted using discounted cash flows for the company’s estimate of the price that it would receive to sell the investment to a market participant that would consider all factors that would impact the investment’s fair value.

In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the company considers certain market valuation adjustments to the 'base valuations' calculated using the methodologies described below for several parameters that market participants would consider in determining fair value.

- Counterparty credit risk adjustments are applied to financial instruments, taking into account the actual credit risk of a counterparty as observed in the credit default swap market to determine the true fair value of such an instrument.

- Credit risk adjustments are applied to reflect the company’s own credit risk when valuing all liabilities measured at fair value. The methodology is consistent with that applied in developing counterparty credit risk adjustments, but incorporates the company’s own credit risk as observed in the credit default swap market.

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets include equity method investments that are recognized at fair value at the end of the period to the extent that they are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. Certain assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis can be subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements. These assets include public cost method investments that are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired.

## Cash Equivalents

All highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents.

## Marketable Securities

Debt securities included in current assets represent securities that are expected to be realized in cash within one year of the balance sheet date. Long-term debt securities that are not expected to be realized in cash within one year and alliance equity securities are included in investments and sundry assets. Debt and marketable equity securities are considered available for sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable taxes, recorded in other comprehensive income/(loss), a component of equity. The realized gains and losses for available for sale securities are included in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. Realized gains and losses are calculated based on the specific identification method.

In determining whether an other-than-temporary decline in market value has occurred, the company considers the duration that, and extent to which, the fair value of the investment is below its cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer or underlying collateral of a security; and the company's intent and ability to retain the security in order to allow for an anticipated recovery in fair value. Other-than-temporary declines in fair value from amortized cost for available for sale equity and debt securities that the company intends to sell or would more-likely-than-not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis are charged to other (income) and expense in the period in which the loss occurs. For debt securities that the company has no intent to sell and believes that it more-likely-than-not will not be required to sell prior to recovery, only the credit loss component of the impairment is recognized in other (income) and expense, while the remaining loss is recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss). The credit loss component recognized in other (income) and expense is identified as the amount of the principal cash flows not expected to be received over the remaining term of the debt security as projected using the company's cash flow projections.

## Inventories

Raw materials, work in process and finished goods are stated at the lower of average cost or market. Cash flows related to the sale of inventories are reflected in net cash from operating activities from continuing operations in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

## Allowance for Uncollectible Receivables

## Trade

An allowance for uncollectible trade receivables is estimated based on a combination of write-off history, aging analysis and any specific, known troubled accounts.

## Financing

Financing receivables include sales-type leases, direct financing leases and loans. The methodologies that the company uses to calculate both its specific and its unallocated reserves, which are applied consistently to its different portfolios are as follows:

SPECIFIC – The company reviews all financing receivables considered at risk on a quarterly basis. The review primarily consists of an analysis based upon current information available about the client, such as financial statements, news reports, published credit ratings, current market-implied credit analysis, as well as the current economic environment, collateral net of repossession cost and prior collection history. For loans that are collateral dependent, impairment is measured using the fair value of the collateral when foreclosure is probable. Using this information, the company determines the expected cash flow for the receivable and calculates a recommended estimate of the potential loss and the probability of loss. For those accounts in which the loss is probable, the company records a specific reserve.

UNALLOCATED—The company records an unallocated reserve that is calculated by applying a reserve rate to its different portfolios, excluding accounts that have been specifically reserved. This reserve rate is based upon credit rating, probability of default, term, asset characteristics and loss history.



Receivable losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of the receivable is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

Certain receivables for which the company recorded specific reserves may also be placed on non-accrual status. Non-accrual assets are those receivables (impaired loans or non-performing leases) with specific reserves and other accounts for which it is likely that the company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to original terms of the lease or loan agreement. Income recognition is discontinued on these receivables. Cash collections are first applied as a reduction to principal outstanding. Any cash received in excess of principal payments outstanding is recognized as interest income. Receivables may be removed from non-accrual status, if appropriate, based upon changes in client circumstances.

## Estimated Residual Values of Lease Assets

The recorded residual values of the company’s lease assets are estimated at the inception of the lease to be the expected fair value of the assets at the end of the lease term. The company periodically reassesses the realizable value of its lease residual values. Any anticipated increases in specific future residual values are not recognized before realization through remarketing efforts. Anticipated decreases in specific future residual values that are considered to be other-than-temporary are recognized immediately upon identification and are recorded as an adjustment to the residual-value estimate. For sales-type and direct financing leases, this reduction lowers the recorded net investment and is recognized as a loss charged to financing income in the period in which the estimate is changed, as well as an adjustment to unearned income to reduce future-period financing income.

## Common Stock

Common stock refers to the $20 par value per share capital stock as designated in the company’s Certificate of Incorporation. Treasury stock is accounted for using the cost method. When treasury stock is reissued, the value is computed and recorded using a weighted-average basis.

## Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

Basic earnings per share of common stock is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share of common stock is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options, stock awards and convertible notes. See note R, “Earnings Per Share of Common Stock,” on page 104 for additional information.

## Note B.
Accounting Changes

## New Standards to be Implemented

In January 2010, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued additional disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. According to the guidance, the fair value hierarchy disclosures are to be further disaggregated by class of assets and liabilities. A class is often a subset of assets or liabilities within a line item in the statement of financial position. In addition, significant transfers between Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy will be required to be disclosed. These additional requirements are effective January 1, 2010 for quarterly and annual reporting. These amendments will not have an impact on the consolidated financial results as this guidance relates only to additional disclosures. In addition, the guidance requires more detailed disclosures of the changes in Level 3 instruments. These changes will be effective January 1, 2011 and are not expected to have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In October 2009, the FASB issued amended revenue recognition guidance for arrangements with multiple deliverables. The new guidance eliminates the residual method of revenue recognition and allows the use of management's best estimate of selling price for individual elements of an arrangement when vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE), vendor objective evidence (VOE) or third-party evidence (TPE) is unavailable. In accordance with the guidance, the company has elected to early adopt its provisions as of January 1, 2010 on a prospective basis for all new or materially modified arrangements entered into on or after that date. The company does not expect a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In October 2009, the FASB issued guidance which amends the scope of existing software revenue recognition accounting. Tangible products containing software components and non-software components that function together to deliver the product's essential functionality would be scoped out of the accounting guidance on software and accounted for based on other appropriate revenue recognition guidance. This guidance must be adopted in the same period that the company adopts the amended accounting for arrangements with multiple deliverables described in the preceding paragraph. Therefore, the company will also early adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2010 on a prospective basis for all new or materially modified arrangements entered into on or after that date. The company does not expect a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2009, the FASB issued amendments to the accounting rules for variable interest entities (VIEs) and for transfers of financial assets. The new guidance for VIEs eliminates the quantitative approach previously required for determining the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity and requires ongoing qualitative reassessments of whether an enterprise is the primary beneficiary. In addition, qualifying special purpose entities (QSPEs)



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

are no longer exempt from consolidation under the amended guidance. The amendments also limit the circumstances in which a financial asset, or a portion of a financial asset, should be de-recognized when the transferor has not transferred the entire original financial asset to an entity that is not consolidated with the transferor in the financial statements being presented, and/or when the transferor has continuing involvement with the transferred financial asset. The company will adopt these amendments for interim and annual reporting periods beginning on January 1, 2010. The company does not expect the adoption of these amendments to have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

## Standards Implemented

In September 2009, the FASB issued amended guidance concerning fair value measurements of investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value per share (or its equivalent). If fair value is not readily determinable, the amended guidance permits, as a practical expedient, a reporting entity to measure the fair value of an investment using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) provided by the investee without further adjustment. In accordance with the guidance, the company adopted these amendments for the year ended December 31, 2009. There was no material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On July 1, 2009, the FASB issued the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (the Codification). The Codification became the single source of authoritative nongovernmental U.S. GAAP, superseding existing FASB, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) and related literature. The Codification eliminates the previous U.S. GAAP hierarchy and establishes one level of authoritative GAAP. All other literature is considered non-authoritative. The Codification was effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. The company adopted the Codification for the quarter ending September 30, 2009. There was no impact to the consolidated financial results.

In May 2009, the FASB issued guidelines on subsequent event accounting which sets forth: 1) the period after the balance sheet date during which management of a reporting entity should evaluate events or transactions that may occur for potential recognition or disclosure in the financial statements; 2) the circumstances under which an entity should recognize events or transactions occurring after the balance sheet date in its financial statements; and 3) the disclosures that an entity should make about events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date. These guidelines were effective for interim and annual periods ending after June 15, 2009, and the company adopted them in the quarter ended June 30, 2009. There was no impact on the consolidated financial results.
In April 2009, the FASB issued additional requirements regarding interim disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments which were previously only disclosed on an annual basis. Entities are now required to disclose the fair value of financial instruments which are not recorded at fair value in the financial statements in both interim and annual financial statements. The new requirements were effective for interim and annual periods ending after June 15, 2009 on a prospective basis. The company adopted these requirements in the quarter ended June 30, 2009. There was no impact on the consolidated financial results as this relates only to additional disclosures in the quarterly financial statements. See note E, “Financial Instruments (Excluding Derivatives)”, on pages 87 and 88.

On January 1, 2009, the company adopted the revised FASB guidance regarding business combinations which was required to be applied to business combinations on a prospective basis. The revised guidance requires that the acquisition method of accounting be applied to a broader set of business combinations, amends the definition of a business combination, provides a definition of a business, requires an acquirer to recognize an acquired business at its fair value at the acquisition date and requires the assets and liabilities assumed in a business combination to be measured and recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date (with limited exceptions). There was no impact upon adoption and the effects of this guidance will depend on the nature and significance of business combinations occurring after the effective date. See note C, “Acquisitions/Divestitures,” on pages 82 to 86 for further information regarding 2009 business combinations.

In April 2009, the FASB issued an amendment to the revised business combination guidance regarding the accounting for assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies. The requirements of this amended guidance carry forward without significant revision the guidance on contingencies which existed prior to January 1, 2009. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are recognized at fair value if fair value can be reasonably estimated. If fair value cannot be reasonably estimated, the asset or liability would generally be recognized in accordance with the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 450 on contingencies. There was no impact upon adoption. See note C, “Acquisitions/Divestitures,” on pages 82 to 86 for further information regarding 2009 business combinations.

In April 2008, the FASB issued new requirements regarding the determination of the useful lives of intangible assets. In developing assumptions about renewal or extension options used to determine the useful life of an intangible asset, an entity needs to consider its own historical experience adjusted for entity-specific factors. In the absence of that experience, an entity shall consider the assumptions that market participants would use about renewal or extension options. The new requirements apply to intangible assets acquired after January 1, 2009. The adoption of these new rules did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

In December 2007, the FASB issued new guidance on non-controlling interests in consolidated financial statements. This guidance requires that the noncontrolling interest in the equity of a subsidiary be accounted for and reported as equity, provides revised guidance on the treatment of net income and losses attributable to the noncontrolling interest and changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary and requires additional disclosures that identify and distinguish between the interests of the controlling and noncontrolling owners. Pursuant to the transition provisions, the company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2009 via retrospective application of the presentation and disclosure requirements. Noncontrolling interests of $119 million at January 1, 2009, $145 million at January 1, 2008 and $129 million at January 1, 2007 were reclassified from the Liabilities section to the Equity section in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Noncontrolling interest amounts in income of $5 million, $14 million and $17 million, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2009, December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively, are not presented separately in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings due to immateriality, but are reflected within the other (income) and expense line item. Additionally, changes to noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity were ($1) million, $(26) million and $16 million for the years ended December 31, 2009, December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively. A separate roll forward is not presented due to immateriality.

In March 2008, the FASB issued new disclosure requirements regarding derivative instruments and hedging activities. Entities must now provide enhanced disclosures on an interim and annual basis regarding how and why the entity uses derivatives; how derivatives and related hedged items are accounted for, and how derivatives and related hedged items affect the entity's financial position, financial results and cash flow. Pursuant to the transition provisions, the company adopted these new requirements on January 1, 2009. The required disclosures are presented in note L, "Derivatives and Hedging Transactions," on pages 92 through 96 on a prospective basis. These new requirements did not impact the consolidated financial results as they relate only to additional disclosures.

In June 2008, the FASB issued guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. The guidance became effective on January 1, 2009 via retrospective application. According to the new guidance, unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are participating securities and, therefore, are included in computing earnings per share (EPS) pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends or dividend equivalents and their respective participation rights in undistributed earnings. Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) granted to employees prior to December 31, 2007 are considered participating securities as they receive non-forfeitable dividend equivalents at the same rate as common stock. RSUs granted after December 31, 2007 do not receive dividend equivalents and are not considered participating securities. The company retrospectively adopted this guidance on January 1, 2009. The impact of adoption decreased previously reported diluted EPS by $0.04 for the year ended December 31, 2008 and by $0.03 for the year ended December 31, 2007. Previously reported basic EPS decreased by $0.05 for the year ended December 31, 2008 and by $0.05 for the year ended December 31, 2007.

In November 2008, the FASB issued guidance on accounting for defensive intangible assets. A defensive intangible asset is an asset acquired in a business combination or in an asset acquisition that an entity does not intend to actively use. According to the guidance, defensive intangible assets are considered to be a separate unit of account and valued based on their highest and best use from the perspective of an external market participant. The company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2009, and there was no impact upon adoption.

In December 2008, the FASB issued guidance regarding employers' disclosures about postretirement benefit plan assets. This guidance requires more detailed disclosures about the fair value measurements of employers' plan assets including: (a) investment policies and strategies; (b) major categories of plan assets; (c) information about valuation techniques and inputs to those techniques, including the fair value hierarchy classifications (as defined in the Codification) of the major categories of plan assets; (d) the effects of fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on changes in plan assets; and (e) significant concentrations of risk within plan assets. The disclosures are required annually and have been included in the December 31, 2009 Consolidated Financial Statements. See note U "Retirement-Related Benefits" on pages 109 through 121 for further information. There was no impact on the consolidated financial results as the guidance relates only to additional disclosures.

In September 2006, the FASB issued guidance that defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements; however, it does not require any new fair value measurements. This guidance became effective January 1, 2008 and was applied prospectively to fair value measurements and disclosures of (a) financial assets and financial liabilities and (b) nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities which are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). The application of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements. See note D, "Fair Value," on pages 86 and 87 for additional information.

In February 2008, the FASB issued two amendments to the fair value guidance described above. The first amendment removed leasing from the scope of the fair value guidance. The second amendment delayed the effective date regarding fair value measurements and disclosures of nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring



basis (at least annually), to January 1, 2009. The application of these amendments did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2007, the FASB issued guidance that permits entities to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and firm commitments at fair value, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value under other generally accepted accounting principles. The fair value measurement election is irrevocable and subsequent changes in fair value must be recorded in earnings. The company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2008 but has not applied the fair value option to any eligible assets or liabilities. Thus, the adoption of this guidance did not affect the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In the first quarter of 2007, the company adopted the guidance on accounting for separately recognized servicing assets and servicing liabilities. Separately recognized servicing assets and servicing liabilities must be initially measured at fair value, if practicable. Subsequent to initial recognition, the company may use either the amortization method or the fair value measurement method to account for servicing assets and servicing liabilities within the scope of this Statement. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On January 1, 2007, the company adopted the guidance on the accounting and reporting of uncertainties in income tax law. The guidance prescribes a comprehensive model for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. See note P, "Taxes", on pages 101 to 103 for further information. The cumulative effect of adopting this guidance was a decrease in tax reserves and an increase of $117 million to the January 1, 2007 retained earnings balance.

## Note C.
Acquisitions/Divestitures

## Acquisitions

## 2009

In 2009, the company completed six acquisitions at an aggregate cost of $1,471 million. The SPSS, Inc. acquisition is shown separately given its significant purchase price.

SPSS, INC. (SPSS)—On October 2, 2009, the company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common shares of SPSS for cash consideration of $1,177 million. SPSS is a leading global provider of predictive analytics software and solutions and this acquisition will strengthen the company's business analytics and optimization capabilities. SPSS was integrated into the Software segment upon acquisition, and goodwill, as reflected in the table below, has been entirely assigned to the Software segment. Substantially all of the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The overall weighted average useful life of the intangible assets acquired, excluding goodwill, is 7.0 years.

OTHER ACQUISITIONS—The Software segment also completed acquisitions of four privately held companies: in the second quarter, Outblaze Limited, a messaging software provider, and Exeros, Inc., a data discovery firm; in the third quarter, security provider Ounce Labs, Inc.; and in the fourth quarter, Guardium, Inc., a database security company. Global Technology Services completed one acquisition in the fourth quarter: RedPill Solutions PTE Limited, a privately held company focused on business analytics.

Purchase price consideration for the “Other Acquisitions,” as reflected in the table below, was paid all in cash. All acquisitions are reported in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows net of acquired cash and cash equivalents.

## 2009 ACQUISITIONS

<table><tr><td>(\( in millions)</td><td>Amortization Life (in Years)</td><td>SPSS</td><td>Other Acquisitions</td></tr><tr><td>Current assets</td><td></td><td>$ 397</td><td>$ 13</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed assets/noncurrent</td><td></td><td>20</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Intangible assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill</td><td>N/A</td><td>748</td><td>255</td></tr><tr><td>Completed technology</td><td>4 to 7</td><td>105</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Client relationships</td><td>5 to 7</td><td>30</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>In-process R&amp;D</td><td>N/A</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other identifiable assets</td><td>1 to 7</td><td>36</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets acquired</td><td></td><td>1,336</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Current liabilities</td><td></td><td>(157)</td><td>(34)</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent liabilities</td><td></td><td>(2)</td><td>(0)</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities assumed</td><td></td><td>(160)</td><td>(35)</td></tr><tr><td>Total purchase price</td><td></td><td>$1,177</td><td>$295</td></tr></table>

N/A—Not applicable



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

The acquisitions were accounted for as business combinations, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired entities were recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The primary items that generated the goodwill are the value of the synergies between the acquired companies and IBM and the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualify as an amortizable intangible asset. For the “Other Acquisitions”, the overall weighted-average life of the identified amortizable intangible assets acquired is 6.5 years. With the exception of goodwill, these identified intangible assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Goodwill of $255 million has been assigned to the Software ($246 million) and Global Technology Services ($10 million) segments. Substantially all of the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

On October 5, 2009, the company announced that it had signed an agreement with Bank of America Corporation to acquire the core operating assets of Wilshire Credit Corporation, including the Wilshire mortgage servicing platform. This acquisition continues the company's strategic focus on the mortgage services industry and strengthens its commitment to deliver mortgage business process outsourcing solutions. The agreement is subject to customary closing conditions and is not expected to close until the first quarter of 2010.

## 2008

In 2008, the company completed 15 acquisitions at an aggregate cost of $6,796 million. The Cognos, Inc. and Telelogic, AB acquisitions are shown separately given their significant purchase prices.

COGNOS, INC. (COGNOS)—On January 31, 2008, the company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common shares of Cognos for consideration of $5,021 million consisting of $4,998 million of cash and $24 million of equity instruments. Through this acquisition, IBM and Cognos will become a leading provider of technology and services for business intelligence and performance management, delivering the industry's most complete, open standards-based platform with the broadest range of expertise to help companies expand the value of their information, optimize their business processes and maximize performance across their enterprises. The company acquired Cognos to accelerate its Information on Demand strategy, a cross-company initiative that combines the company's strength in information integration, content and data management and business consulting services to unlock the business value of information. Cognos was integrated into the Software segment upon acquisition, and goodwill, as reflected in the table on page 84, has been entirely assigned to the Software segment. Approximately 25–30 percent of the goodwill was deductible for tax purposes. The overall weighted-average useful life of the intangible assets acquired, excluding goodwill, is 6.5 years.
TELELOGIC, AB (TELELOGIC)—On April 3, 2008, IBM acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common shares of Telelogic for cash consideration of $885 million. Telelogic is a leading global provider of solutions that enable organizations to align the development of products, complex systems and software with business objectives and customer needs. This results in improved quality and predictability, while reducing time-to-market and overall costs. Clients will benefit from the combined technologies and services of both companies, providing them a wider range of software and system development capabilities used to build complex systems. Telelogic was integrated into the Software segment upon acquisition, and goodwill, as reflected in the table on page 84 has been entirely assigned to the Software segment. Substantially all of the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The overall weighted-average useful life of the intangible assets acquired, excluding goodwill, is 7.0 years.

OTHER ACQUISITIONS—The company acquired 13 additional companies at an aggregate cost of $889 million that are presented in the table on page 84 as “Other Acquisitions.”

The Software segment completed eight other acquisitions, seven of which were privately held companies: in the first quarter; AptSoft Corporation, Solid Information Technology, Net Integration Technologies Inc., and Encentuate, Inc; in the second quarter; Infodyne, Beijing Super Info and FilesX. In the fourth quarter, ILOG S.A. (ILOG), a publicly held company, was acquired for $295 million. ILOG adds significant capability across the company's entire software platform and bolsters its existing rules management offerings.

Global Technology Services completed one acquisition in the first quarter: Arsenal Digital Solutions, a privately held company. Arsenal provides global clients with security rich information protection services designed to handle increasing data retention requirements.

Global Business Services completed one acquisition in the first quarter: uBconsult, a privately held company, uBconsult complements the company’s existing capabilities in value chain consulting.

Systems and Technology completed three acquisitions: in the second quarter; Diligent Technologies Corporation and Platform Solutions, Inc (PSI), both privately held companies. Diligent will be an important component of IBM’s New Enterprise Data Center model, which helps clients improve IT efficiency and facilitates the rapid deployment of new IT services for future business growth. PSI’s technologies and skills, along with its intellectual capital, will be integrated into the company’s mainframe product engineering cycles and future product plans. In the second quarter, $24 million of the purchase price of PSI was attributed to the settlement of a preexisting lawsuit



between IBM and PSI and recorded in SG&A expense. See note O, “Contingencies and Commitments,” on pages 99 to 101 for additional information regarding this litigation. Also, the company recorded a $24 million in-process research and development (IPR&D) charge related to this acquisition in the second quarter. The acquisition of Transitive Corporation (Transitive) was completed in the fourth quarter. Transitive’s cross-platform

## 2008 ACQUISITIONS

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>Amortization Life (in Years)</td><td>Cognos</td><td>Telelogic</td><td>Other Acquisitions</td></tr><tr><td>Current assets</td><td></td><td>$ 504</td><td>$ 242</td><td>$ 185</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed assets/noncurrent</td><td></td><td>126</td><td>7</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>Intangible assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill</td><td>N/A</td><td>4,207</td><td>690</td><td>676</td></tr><tr><td>Completed technology</td><td>3 to 7</td><td>534</td><td>108</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Client relationships</td><td>3 to 7</td><td>512</td><td>127</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>In-process R&amp;D</td><td>N/A</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>3 to 7</td><td>78</td><td>15</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets acquired</td><td></td><td>5,960</td><td>1,189</td><td>1,112</td></tr><tr><td>Current liabilities</td><td></td><td>(798)</td><td>(141)</td><td>(233)</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent liabilities</td><td></td><td>(141)</td><td>(163)</td><td>(14)</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities assumed</td><td></td><td>(939)</td><td>(304)</td><td>(247)</td></tr><tr><td>Settlement of preexisting litigation</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Total purchase price</td><td></td><td>$5,021</td><td>$ 885</td><td>$ 889</td></tr></table>

N/A—Not applicable

The table above reflects the purchase price related to these acquisitions and the resulting purchase price allocations as of December 31, 2008.

The acquisitions were accounted for as purchase transactions, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired entities were recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The primary items that generated the goodwill are the value of the synergies between the acquired companies and IBM and the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualify as an amortizable intangible asset. For the “Other Acquisitions,” the overall weighted-average life of the identified amortizable intangible assets acquired is 4.3 years. With the exception of goodwill, these identified intangible assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Goodwill of $676 million has been assigned to the Software ($328 million), Global Technology Services ($68 million) and Systems and Technology ($280 million) segments. Substantially, all of the goodwill related to “Other Acquisitions” is not deductible for tax purposes.

## 2007

In 2007, the company completed 12 acquisitions at an aggregate cost of $1,144 million.

The Software segment completed six acquisitions: in the first quarter, Consul Risk Management International BV and Vallent Corporation, both privately held companies. Four acquisitions were completed in the third quarter: Watchfire Corporation, WebDialog Inc. and Princeton Softech Inc., all privately held companies, and DataMirror Corporation, a publicly held company. Each acquisition further complemented and enhanced the software product portfolio.

Global Technology Services completed four acquisitions: in the first quarter, Softek Storage Solutions Corporation (Softek) and DM Information Systems, Ltd. (DMIS), both privately held companies. Two acquisitions were completed in the fourth quarter: Novus Consulting Group, Inc. and Serbian Business Systems, both privately held companies. Softek augments the company's unified data mobility offerings and worldwide delivery expertise for managing data in storage array, host and virtualized IT environments. DMIS will enhance and complement the Technology Service offerings. Novus CG, a storage solution company, will provide improved access to business information,



enable stronger regulatory and corporate compliance and improve overall information technology performance. Serbian Business Systems establishes the company’s maintenance and technical support services business in Serbia.

Global Business Services completed one acquisition in the fourth quarter: IT Gruppen AS, which will add to the company’s presence in the retail and media sectors.

Systems and Technology completed one acquisition in the fourth quarter: XIV, Ltd., a privately held company focused on storage systems technology.

Purchase price consideration was paid in cash. These acquisitions are reported in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows net of acquired cash and cash equivalents.

The table below reflects the purchase price related to these acquisitions and the resulting purchase price allocations as of December 31, 2007.

## 2007 ACQUISITIONS

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>Amortization Life (in Years)</td><td>Acquisitions</td></tr><tr><td>Current assets</td><td></td><td>$ 184</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed assets/noncurrent</td><td></td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>Intangible assets:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill</td><td>N/A</td><td>999</td></tr><tr><td>Completed technology</td><td>3 to 7</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Client relationships</td><td>3 to 7</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>2 to 5</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets acquired</td><td></td><td>1,415</td></tr><tr><td>Current liabilities</td><td></td><td>(136)</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent liabilities</td><td></td><td>(135)</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities assumed</td><td></td><td>(271)</td></tr><tr><td>Total purchase price</td><td></td><td>$1,144</td></tr></table>

N/A—Not applicable

## Divestitures

## 2009

On October 26, 2009, the company announced that it had signed an agreement with Dassault Systemes (DS) under which DS would acquire the company's activities associated with sales and support of DS's product lifecycle management (PLM) software solutions, including customer contracts and related assets. This transaction is subject to customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2010. The company expects to record a gain when this transaction is completed.

On October 1, 2009, the company completed the divestiture of its UniData and UniVerse software products and related tools to Rocket Software, a privately held global software development firm. The company recognized a gain on the transaction in the fourth quarter.
The acquisitions were accounted for as purchase transactions, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired entities were recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The primary items that generated the goodwill are the value of the synergies between the acquired companies and IBM and the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualify as an amortizable intangible asset. Substantially all of the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The overall weighted-average life of the identified amortizable intangible assets acquired is 5.4 years. With the exception of goodwill, these identified intangible assets will be amortized over their useful lives. Goodwill of $999 million was assigned to the Software ($639 million), Global Business Services ($14 million), Global Technology Services ($76 million) and Systems and Technology ($269 million) segments.

On March 16, 2009, the company completed the sale of certain processes, resources, assets and third-party contracts related to its core logistics operations to Geodis. The company received proceeds of $365 million and recognized a net gain of $298 million on the transaction in the first quarter of 2009. The gain was net of the fair value of certain contractual terms, certain transaction costs and related real estate charges. As part of this transaction, the company outsourced its logistics operations to Geodis which enables the company to leverage industry-leading skills and scale and improve the productivity of the company's supply chain.

## 2007

In January 2007, the company announced an agreement with Ricoh Company Limited (Ricoh), a publicly traded company, to form a joint venture company based on the Printing System Division (a division of the Systems and Technology segment).



The company initially created a wholly owned subsidiary, InfoPrint Solutions Company, LLC (InfoPrint), by contributing specific assets and liabilities from its printer business. The Printing Systems Division generated approximately $1 billion of revenue in 2006. The InfoPrint portfolio includes solutions for production printing for enterprises and commercial printers as well as solutions for office workgroup environments and industrial segments. On June 1, 2007 (closing date), the company divested 51 percent of its interest in InfoPrint to Ricoh. The company will divest its remaining 49 percent ownership to Ricoh quarterly over the next three years from the closing date. At December 31, 2009, the company's ownership in InfoPrint was 8.0 percent.

The total consideration the company agreed to on January 24, 2007 (the date the definitive agreement was signed) was $725 million which was paid in cash to the company on the closing date. The cash received was consideration for the initial 51 percent acquisition of InfoPrint by Ricoh as well as a prepayment for the remaining 49 percent to be acquired and certain royalties and services to be provided by the company to InfoPrint. Final consideration for this transaction will be determined at the end of the three-year period based upon the participation in the profits and losses recorded by the equity partners. The company concluded that InfoPrint met the requirements of a variable interest entity, the company is not the primary beneficiary of the entity and that deconsolidation of the applicable net assets was appropriate. The company's investment in InfoPrint is accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
The company will provide maintenance services for one year, certain hardware products for three years and other information technology and business process services to InfoPrint for up to five years. The company assessed the fair value of these arrangements, and, as a result, deferred $274 million of the proceeds. This amount will be recorded as revenue, primarily in the company's services segments, as services are provided to InfoPrint.

The royalty agreements are related to the use of certain of the company’s trademarks for up to 10 years. The company assessed the fair value of these royalty agreements, and, as a result, deferred $116 million of the proceeds. This amount will be recognized as intellectual property and custom development income as it is earned in subsequent periods.

Net assets contributed, transaction-related expenses and provisions were $90 million, resulting in an expected total pre-tax gain of $245 million, of which $81 million was recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings in the second quarter of 2007.

The deferred pre-tax gain of $164 million at the closing date was primarily related to: (1) the transfer of the company’s remaining 49 percent interest in InfoPrint to Ricoh, and, (2) the transfer of certain maintenance services employees to InfoPrint. The company will recognize this amount over a three-year period as the remaining ownership interest is divested and the employees are transferred. The pre-tax gain will be recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

## Note D.
Fair Value

## Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents the company's financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2009 and 2008.

<table><tr><td colspan="6">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31, 2009:</td><td>Level 1</td><td>Level 2</td><td>Level 3</td><td>Netting \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents</td><td>$2,780</td><td>$6,497</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 9,277</td></tr><tr><td>Marketable securities</td><td>—</td><td>1,791</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,791</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative assets \( ^{(2)} \)</td><td>—</td><td>838</td><td>—</td><td>(573)</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Investments and sundry assets</td><td>369</td><td>14</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>383</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td>$3,149</td><td>$9,140</td><td>$ —</td><td>$(573)</td><td>$11,716</td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Derivative liabilities \( ^{(3)} \)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$1,555</td><td>$ —</td><td>$(573)</td><td>$ 982</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities</td><td>$ —</td><td>$1,555</td><td>$ —</td><td>$(573</td><td>$ 982</td></tr></table>

(1) Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement.

(2) The gross balances of derivative assets contained within prepaid expenses and other current assets, and investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31, 2009 are $273 million and $565 million, respectively.

(3) The gross balances of derivative liabilities contained within other accrued expenses and liabilities, and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31, 2009 are $906 million and $649 million, respectively.



<table><tr><td colspan="6">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31, 2008:</td><td>Level 1</td><td>Level 2</td><td>Level 3</td><td>Netting \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents</td><td>$1,950</td><td>$ 8,059</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$10,009</td></tr><tr><td>Marketable securities</td><td>—</td><td>166</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative assets \( ^{(2)} \)</td><td>56</td><td>1,834</td><td>—</td><td>(875)</td><td>1,015</td></tr><tr><td>Investments and sundry assets</td><td>165</td><td>6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td>$2,171</td><td>$10,065</td><td>$ —</td><td>$(875)</td><td>$11,361</td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Derivative liabilities \( ^{(3)} \)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 2,116</td><td>$ —</td><td>$(875)</td><td>$ 1,241</td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 2,116</td><td>$ —</td><td>$(875)</td><td>$ 1,241</td></tr></table>

 \( ^{(1)} \)  Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement.

(2) The gross balances of derivative assets contained within prepaid expenses and other current assets, and investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31, 2008 are $773 million and $1,117 million, respectively.

(3) The gross balances of derivative liabilities contained within other accrued expenses and liabilities, and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31, 2008 are $1,414 million and $702 million, respectively.

## Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

In the fourth quarter of 2008, the company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment of $81 million for an equity method investment. The resulting investment which was classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy was valued using a discounted cash flow model. The valuation inputs included an estimate of future cash flows, expectations about possible variations in the amount and timing of cash flows and a discount rate based on the risk-adjusted cost of capital. Potential results were assigned probabilities that resulted in a weighted average or most-likely discounted cash flow fair value as of December 31, 2008. The fair value of the investment after impairment was $7 million at December 31, 2008. During 2009, the balance of this investment was further reduced by an additional impairment of $5 million and other adjustments primarily related to dividends. The balance of this investment was zero at December 31, 2009.

## Note E.
Financial Instruments
(Excluding Derivatives)

## Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Cash and cash equivalents, debt and marketable equity securities and derivative financial instruments are recognized and measured at fair value in the company's financial statements. Notes and other accounts receivable and other investments are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value. Accounts payable, other accrued expenses and short-term debt are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value. In the absence of quoted prices in active markets, considerable judgment is required in developing estimates of fair value. Estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the company could realize in a current market transaction. The following methods and assumptions are used to estimate fair values:

## Loans and Long-term Receivables

Estimates of fair value are based on discounted future cash flows using current interest rates offered for similar loans to clients with similar credit ratings for the same remaining maturities.

## Long-term Debt

Fair value of publicly traded long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for the identical liability when traded as an asset in an active market. For other long-term debt for which a quoted market price is not available, an expected present value technique that uses rates currently available to the company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities is used to estimate fair value. The carrying amount of long-term debt is $21,932 million and $22,689 million and the estimated fair value is $23,748 million and $23,351 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.



## Debt and Marketable Equity Securities

The following table summarizes the company’s debt and marketable equity securities all of which are considered available-for-sale and recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">Fair Value</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents: \( ^{*} \)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Time deposits and certificates of deposit</td><td>4,324</td><td>4,805</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial paper</td><td>2,099</td><td>3,194</td></tr><tr><td>Money market funds</td><td>2,780</td><td>1,950</td></tr><tr><td>Other securities</td><td>74</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>9,277</td><td>10,009</td></tr><tr><td>Debt securities—current: \( ^{**} \)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commercial paper</td><td>1,491</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Securities of U.S. Federal government and its agencies</td><td>300</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>1,791</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Debt securities—noncurrent: \( ^{***} \)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other securities</td><td>9</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>9</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Non-equity method alliance investments \( ^{***} \)</td><td>374</td><td>165</td></tr></table>

* Included within cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

** Reported as marketable securities within the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

***Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. See note I, “Investments and Sundry Assets,” on page 89.

Gross unrealized gains (before taxes) on debt securities were less than $1 million and $1 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Gross unrealized losses (before taxes) on debt securities were less than $1 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008. Gross unrealized losses (before taxes) on marketable equity securities were $10 million and $27 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Based on an evaluation of available evidence as of December 31, 2009, the company believes that unrealized losses on marketable equity securities are temporary and do not represent a need for an other-than-temporary impairment. See note N, "Equity Activity," on pages 98 and 99 for net change in unrealized gains and losses on debt and marketable equity securities.

Proceeds from sales of debt securities and marketable equity securities were approximately $24 million and $787 million during 2009 and 2008, respectively. The gross realized gains and losses (before taxes) on these sales totaled $3 million and $40 million, respectively in 2009. The gross realized gains and losses (before taxes) on these sales totaled $182 million and $13 million, respectively, in 2008.
The contractual maturities of substantially all available-for-sale debt securities are due in less than one year at December 31, 2009.

## Note F.
Inventories

<table><tr><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Finished goods</td><td>$ 533</td><td>$ 524</td></tr><tr><td>Work in process and raw materials</td><td>1,960</td><td>2,176</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$2,494</td><td>$2,701</td></tr></table>

## Note G.
Financing Receivables

<table><tr><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Current:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases</td><td>$ 4,105</td><td>$ 4,226</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial financing receivables</td><td>5,604</td><td>5,781</td></tr><tr><td>Client loan receivables</td><td>4,475</td><td>4,861</td></tr><tr><td>Installment payment receivables</td><td>730</td><td>608</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$14,914</td><td>$15,477</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases</td><td>$ 5,331</td><td>$ 5,938</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial financing receivables</td><td>58</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Client loan receivables</td><td>4,759</td><td>4,718</td></tr><tr><td>Installment payment receivables</td><td>496</td><td>433</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$10,644</td><td>$11,183</td></tr></table>

Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases is for leases that relate principally to the company's systems products and are for terms ranging generally from two to six years. Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases includes unguaranteed residual values of $849 million and $916 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, and is reflected net of unearned income of $905 million and $1,049 million and of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable of $159 million and $217 million at those dates, respectively. Scheduled maturities of minimum lease payments outstanding at December 31, 2009, expressed as a percentage of the total, are approximately: 2010, 49 percent; 2011, 27 percent; 2012, 15 percent; 2013, 6 percent; and 2014 and beyond, 2 percent.

Commercial financing receivables relate primarily to inventory and accounts receivable financing for dealers and remarketers of IBM and non-IBM products. Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days.

Client loan receivables are loans that are provided by Global Financing primarily to clients to finance the purchase of software and services. Separate contractual relationships on these



financing arrangements are for terms ranging generally from two to seven years. Each financing contract is priced independently at competitive market rates. The company has a history of enforcing the terms of these separate financing agreements.

The company utilizes certain of its financing receivables as collateral for non-recourse borrowings. Financing receivables pledged as collateral for borrowings were $271 million and $373 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. These borrowings are included in note K, “Borrowings,” on pages 90 to 92.

The company did not have any financing receivables held for sale as of December 31, 2009 and 2008.

## Note H.
Plant, Rental Machines and
Other Property

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Land and land improvements</td><td>$ 737</td><td>$ 729</td></tr><tr><td>Buildings and building improvements</td><td>9,314</td><td>8,819</td></tr><tr><td>Plant, laboratory and office equipment</td><td>25,888</td><td>24,950</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>35,940</td><td>34,499</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Accumulated depreciation</td><td>23,485</td><td>22,178</td></tr><tr><td>Plant and other property—net</td><td>12,455</td><td>12,321</td></tr><tr><td>Rental machines</td><td>3,656</td><td>3,946</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Accumulated depreciation</td><td>1,946</td><td>1,962</td></tr><tr><td>Rental machines—net</td><td>1,710</td><td>1,984</td></tr><tr><td>Total—net</td><td>$14,165</td><td>$14,305</td></tr></table>

## Note I.
Investments and Sundry Assets

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred transition and setup costs and other deferred arrangements \( ^{*} \)</td><td>$1,772</td><td>$1,548</td></tr><tr><td>Derivatives—noncurrent \( ^{+} \)</td><td>565</td><td>1,117</td></tr><tr><td>Alliance investments:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity method</td><td>115</td><td>167</td></tr><tr><td>Non-equity method</td><td>477</td><td>285</td></tr><tr><td>Prepaid software</td><td>312</td><td>370</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term deposits</td><td>310</td><td>277</td></tr><tr><td>Other receivables</td><td>617</td><td>238</td></tr><tr><td>Employee benefit-related</td><td>427</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>Other assets</td><td>783</td><td>685</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$5,379</td><td>$5,058</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

** Deferred transition and setup costs and other deferred arrangements are related to Global Services client arrangements. Also see note A, “Significant Accounting Policies,” on pages 70 to 79 for additional information.

+ See note L, “Derivatives and Hedging Transactions,” on pages 92 through 96 for the fair value of all derivatives reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

## Note J.
Intangible Assets Including Goodwill

## Intangible Assets

The following table details the company’s intangible asset balances by major asset class.

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">At December 31, 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Gross Carrying Amount</td><td>Accumulated Amortization</td><td>Net Carrying Amount</td></tr><tr><td>Capitalized software</td><td>$1,765</td><td>$ (846)</td><td>$ 919</td></tr><tr><td>Client-related</td><td>1,367</td><td>(677)</td><td>690</td></tr><tr><td>Completed technology</td><td>1,222</td><td>(452)</td><td>770</td></tr><tr><td>Patents/trademarks</td><td>174</td><td>(59)</td><td>115</td></tr><tr><td>Other \( ^{*} \)</td><td>94</td><td>(75)</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$4,622</td><td>$(2,109)</td><td>$2,513</td></tr></table>

* Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and nonproprietary business processes, methodologies and systems, and impacts from currency translation.

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">At December 31, 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Gross Carrying Amount</td><td>Accumulated Amortization</td><td>Net Carrying Amount</td></tr><tr><td>Intangible Asset Class</td><td>$1,861</td><td>$ (839)</td><td>$1,022</td></tr><tr><td>Capitalized software</td><td>1,532</td><td>(663)</td><td>869</td></tr><tr><td>Completed technology</td><td>1,167</td><td>(327)</td><td>840</td></tr><tr><td>Patents/trademarks</td><td>188</td><td>(76)</td><td>112</td></tr><tr><td>Other \( ^{*} \)</td><td>154</td><td>(121)</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$4,901</td><td>$(2,023)</td><td>$2,878</td></tr></table>

* Other intangibles are primarily acquired proprietary and nonproprietary business processes, methodologies and systems, and impacts from currency translation.

The net carrying amount of intangible assets decreased $365 million for the year ended December 31, 2009, primarily due to amortization of acquired intangibles. No impairment of intangible assets was recorded in any of the periods presented.

Total amortization was $1,221 million and $1,310 million for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The aggregate intangible amortization expense for acquired intangibles (excluding capitalized software) was $489 million and $520 million for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008,



respectively. In addition, in 2009 the company retired $1,147 million of fully amortized intangible assets, impacting both the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for this amount.

The amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years relating to intangible assets currently recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position is estimated to be the following at December 31, 2009:

## Goodwill

The changes in the goodwill balances by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, are as follows:

<table><tr><td>Segment</td><td>Balance January 1, 2009</td><td>Goodwill Additions</td><td>Purchase Price Adjustments</td><td>Divestitures</td><td>Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments</td><td>Balance December 31, 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services</td><td>$ 3,370</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 172</td><td>$ 4,042</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>2,616</td><td>10</td><td>1</td><td>—</td><td>150</td><td>2,777</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>10,966</td><td>994</td><td>(50)</td><td>(13)</td><td>708</td><td>12,605</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology</td><td>772</td><td>—</td><td>(7)</td><td>—</td><td>1</td><td>766</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$18,226</td><td>$1,004</td><td>$ (56)</td><td>$ (13)</td><td>$1,031</td><td>$20,190</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Segment</td><td>Balance January 1, 2008</td><td>Goodwill Additions</td><td>Purchase Price Adjustments</td><td>Divestitures</td><td>Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments</td><td>Balance December 31, 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Global Business Services</td><td>$ 4,041</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (4)</td><td>$ (16)</td><td>$ (151)</td><td>$ 3,870</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>2,914</td><td>68</td><td>(5)</td><td>—</td><td>(361)</td><td>2,616</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>6,846</td><td>5,225</td><td>(85)</td><td>—</td><td>(1,018)</td><td>10,966</td></tr><tr><td>Systems and Technology</td><td>484</td><td>280</td><td>9</td><td>—</td><td>(1)</td><td>772</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$14,285</td><td>$5,573</td><td>$ (85)</td><td>$ (16)</td><td>$ (1,531)</td><td>$18,226</td></tr></table>

Purchase price adjustments recorded in 2009 were related to acquisitions that were completed on or prior to December 31, 2008 and were still subject to the measurement period that ends at the earlier of 12 months from the acquisition date or when information becomes available. There were no goodwill impairment losses recorded in 2009 or 2008, and the company has no accumulated impairment losses.

## Note K.
Borrowings

## Short-Term Debt

<table><tr><td colspan="3">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial paper</td><td>$ 235</td><td>$ 468</td></tr><tr><td>Short-term loans</td><td>1,711</td><td>1,827</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt - current maturities</td><td>2,222</td><td>8,942</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$4,168</td><td>$11,236</td></tr></table>

The weighted-average interest rates for commercial paper at December 31, 2009 and 2008, were 0.1 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively. The weighted-average interest rates for short-term loans were 1.8 percent and 4.5 percent at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.



## Long-Term Debt

## Pre-Swap Borrowing

<table><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>Maturities</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Dollar Notes and Debentures (average interest rate at December 31, 2009):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3.33%</td><td>2010-2012</td><td>$ 5,456*</td><td>$10,496</td></tr><tr><td>4.99%</td><td>2013-2014</td><td>3,332</td><td>5,053</td></tr><tr><td>6.63%</td><td>2015-2019</td><td>5,396</td><td>5,511</td></tr><tr><td>7.00%</td><td>2025</td><td>600</td><td>600</td></tr><tr><td>6.22%</td><td>2027</td><td>469</td><td>469</td></tr><tr><td>6.50%</td><td>2028</td><td>313</td><td>313</td></tr><tr><td>5.875%</td><td>2032</td><td>600</td><td>600</td></tr><tr><td>8.00%</td><td>2038</td><td>187</td><td>1,000</td></tr><tr><td>5.60%</td><td>2039</td><td>1,518</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>7.00%</td><td>2045</td><td>27</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td>7.125%</td><td>2096</td><td>350</td><td>850</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>18,247</td><td>25,041</td></tr><tr><td>Other currencies (average interest rate at December 31, 2009, in parentheses):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Euros (4.4%)</td><td>2010-2014</td><td>3,427</td><td>3,330</td></tr><tr><td>Japanese yen (1.5%)</td><td>2010-2014</td><td>1,565</td><td>1,457</td></tr><tr><td>Swiss francs (3.4%)</td><td>2011-2015</td><td>484</td><td>470</td></tr><tr><td>Other (5.5%)</td><td>2010-2013</td><td>285</td><td>203</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>24,008</td><td>30,502</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net unamortized discount</td><td></td><td>527</td><td>81</td></tr><tr><td>Add: Fair value adjustment**</td><td></td><td>673</td><td>1,210</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>24,154</td><td>31,631</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Current maturities</td><td></td><td>2,222</td><td>8,942</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>$21,932</td><td>$22,689</td></tr></table>

* $1.6 billion in debt securities issued by IBM International Group Capital LLC, which is an indirect, 100 percent owned finance subsidiary of the company, is included in 2010–2012. Debt securities issued by IBM International Group Capital LLC are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the company.

** The portion of the fixed-rate debt obligations that is hedged is reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as an amount equal to the sum of the debt's carrying value plus a fair value adjustment representing changes in the fair value of the hedged debt obligations attributable to movements in benchmark interest rates.

## Post-Swap Borrowing (Long-term Debt, Including Current Portion)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">At December 31:</td><td colspan="2">2009</td><td colspan="2">2008</td></tr><tr><td>Amount</td><td>Average Rate</td><td>Amount</td><td>Average Rate</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed-rate debt*</td><td>$11,939</td><td>6.13%</td><td>$16,608</td><td>6.16%</td></tr><tr><td>Floating-rate debt**</td><td>12,215</td><td>1.22%</td><td>15,023</td><td>3.35%</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$24,154</td><td></td><td>$31,631</td><td></td></tr></table>

* Includes $0 in 2009 and $1,700 million in 2008 of notional interest rate swaps that effectively convert floating-rate long-term debt into fixed-rate debt. (See note L, "Derivatives and Hedging Transactions," on pages 92 through 96).

** Includes $9,054 million in 2009 and $7,435 million in 2008 of notional interest rate swaps that effectively convert the fixed-rate long-term debt into floating-rate debt. (See note L, "Derivatives and Hedging Transactions," on pages 92 through 96).



Pre-swap annual contractual maturities of long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 2009, are as follows:

<table><tr><td>(\$ in millions)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>$ 2,251</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>3,953</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>3,096</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>3,778</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>1,516</td></tr><tr><td>2015 and beyond</td><td>9,414</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$24,008</td></tr></table>

## Debt Exchange

During the fourth quarter of 2009, the company completed an exchange of approximately $500 million principal amount of its 7.125 percent debentures due 2096, $123 million principal amount of its 7 percent debentures due 2045 and $813 million principal amount of its 8 percent notes due 2038, for approximately $1.5 billion of 5.60 percent senior notes due 2039 and cash of approximately $376 million. The exchange was conducted to retire high coupon long-dated debt in a favorable interest rate environment.

The debt exchange was accounted for as a non-revolving debt modification in accordance with U.S. GAAP and therefore it did not result in any gain or loss recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. Cash payments made will be amortized over the life of the new debt. Upfront fees with third parties in relation to the exchange were expensed as incurred.

## Interest on Debt

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\$ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Cost of financing</td><td>$ 706</td><td>$ 788</td><td>$ 811</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>404</td><td>687</td><td>753</td></tr><tr><td>Net investment derivative activity</td><td>(1)</td><td>(13)</td><td>(142)</td></tr><tr><td>Interest capitalized</td><td>13</td><td>15</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Total interest paid and accrued</td><td>$1,122</td><td>$1,477</td><td>$1,431</td></tr></table>

Refer to the related discussion on page 124 in note V, “Segment Information,” for total interest expense of the Global Financing segment. See note L, “Derivatives and Hedging Transactions,” on pages 92 through 96 for a discussion of the use of currency and interest rate swaps in the company’s debt risk management program.

## Lines of Credit

The company maintains a five-year, $10 billion Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), which expires on June 28, 2012. The total expense recorded by the company related to this facility was $6.3 million in 2009, $6.2 million in 2008 and $6.2 million in 2007. The amended Credit Agreement permits the company and its Subsidiary Borrowers to borrow up to $10 billion on a revolving basis. Borrowings of the Subsidiary Borrowers will be unconditionally backed by the company. The company may also, upon the agreement of either existing lenders, or of the additional banks not currently party to the Credit Agreement, increase the commitments under the Credit Agreement up to an additional $2.0 billion. Subject to certain terms of the Credit Agreement, the company and Subsidiary Borrowers may borrow, prepay and reborrow amounts under the Credit Agreement at any time during the Credit Agreement. Interest rates on borrowings under the Credit Agreement will be based on prevailing market interest rates, as further described in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, covenants, events of default, and indemnification provisions. The company believes that circumstances that might give rise to breach of these covenants or an event of default, as specified in the Credit Agreement are remote. The company’s other lines of credit, most of which are uncommitted, totaled approximately $9,790 million and $11,031 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Interest rates and other terms of borrowing under these lines of credit vary from country to country, depending on local market conditions.

<table><tr><td colspan="3">(\$ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Unused lines:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>From the committed global credit facility</td><td>$ 9,910</td><td>$ 9,888</td></tr><tr><td>From other committed and uncommitted lines</td><td>7,405</td><td>8,376</td></tr><tr><td>Total unused lines of credit</td><td>$17,314</td><td>$18,264</td></tr></table>

## Note L.
Derivatives and Hedging Transactions

The company operates in multiple functional currencies and is a significant lender and borrower in the global markets. In the normal course of business, the company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations, and to a lesser extent equity changes and client credit risk. The company limits these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives, and, where cost effective, financing with debt in the currencies in which assets are denominated. For interest rate exposures, derivatives are used to better align rate movements between the interest rates associated with the company's lease and other financial assets and the interest rates associated with its financing debt. Derivatives are also used to manage the related cost of debt. For foreign currency exposures, derivatives are used to better manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

As a result of the use of derivative instruments, the company is exposed to the risk that counterparties to derivative contracts will fail to meet their contractual obligations. To mitigate the counterparty credit risk, the company has a policy of only entering into contracts with carefully selected major financial institutions based upon their credit ratings and other factors. The company's established policies and procedures for mitigating credit risk on principal transactions include reviewing and establishing limits for credit exposure and continually assessing the creditworthiness of counterparties. The right of set-off that exists under certain of these arrangements enables the legal entities of the company subject to the arrangement to net amounts due to and from the counterparty reducing the maximum loss from credit risk in the event of counterparty default. The company is also a party to collateral security arrangements with certain counterparties. These arrangements require the company to hold or post collateral (cash or U.S. Treasury securities) when the derivative fair values exceed contractually established thresholds. Posting thresholds can be fixed or can vary based on credit default swap pricing or credit ratings received from the major credit agencies. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments under these collateralized arrangements that were in a liability position at December 31, 2009 was $779 million for which the company has posted collateral of $37 million. Full overnight collateralization of these agreements would be required in the event that the company's credit rating falls below investment grade or if its credit default swap spread exceeds 250 basis points, as applicable, pursuant to the terms of the collateral security arrangements. The aggregate fair value of derivative instruments in net asset positions as of December 31, 2009 was $838 million. This amount represents the maximum exposure to loss at the reporting date as a result of the counterparties failing to perform as contracted. This exposure is reduced by $573 million of liabilities included in master netting arrangements with those counterparties. The company does not offset derivative assets against liabilities in master netting arrangements nor does it offset receivables or payables recognized upon payment or receipt of cash collateral against the fair values of the related derivative instruments. At December 31, 2009, the company recorded $37 million in cash collateral related to all applicable derivative instruments in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

The company may employ derivative instruments to hedge the volatility in equity resulting from changes in currency exchange rates of significant foreign subsidiaries of the company with respect to the U.S. dollar. These instruments, designated as net investment hedges, expose the company to liquidity risk as the derivatives have an immediate cash flow impact upon maturity which is not offset by a cash flow from the translation of the underlying hedged equity. The company monitors the cash loss potential on an ongoing basis and may discontinue some of these hedging relationships by de-designating the derivative instrument to manage this liquidity risk. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company may utilize derivatives to offset the changes in fair value of the de-designated instruments from the date of de-designation until maturity. The company expended $533 million related to maturities of derivative instruments that existed in qualifying net investment hedge relationships in the 12 months ending December 31, 2009. At December 31, 2009, the company had assets of $84 million, representing the fair value of derivative instruments in qualifying net investment hedge relationships. The weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments at December 31, 2009 was 1.6 years. In addition, at December 31, 2009, the company had liabilities of $318 million representing the fair value of derivative instruments that were previously designated in qualifying net investment hedging relationships but were de-designated prior to December 31, 2009; of this amount $94 million is expected to mature over the next 12 months. The notional amount of these instruments at December 31, 2009 was $2.3 billion including original and offsetting transactions.

In its hedging programs, the company uses forward contracts, futures contracts, interest-rate swaps and cross-currency swaps, depending upon the underlying exposure. The company is not a party to leveraged derivative instruments.

A brief description of the major hedging programs, categorized by underlying risk, follows.

## Interest Rate Risk

## Fixed and Variable Rate Borrowings

The company issues debt in the global capital markets, principally to fund its financing lease and loan portfolio. Access to cost-effective financing can result in interest rate mismatches with the underlying assets. To manage these mismatches and to reduce overall interest cost, the company uses interest-rate swaps to convert specific fixed-rate debt issuances into variable-rate debt (i.e., fair value hedges) and to convert specific variable-rate debt issuances into fixed-rate debt (i.e., cash flow hedges). At December 31, 2009, the total notional amount of the company's interest rate swaps was $9.1 billion.

## Forecasted Debt Issuance

The company is exposed to interest rate volatility on forecasted debt issuances. To manage this risk, the company may use forward starting interest-rate swaps to lock in the rate on the interest payments related to the forecasted debt issuance. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The company did not have any derivative instruments relating to this program outstanding at December 31, 2009.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## Foreign Exchange Risk

## Long-Term Investments in Foreign Subsidiaries (Net Investment)

A significant portion of the company’s foreign currency denominated debt portfolio is designated as a hedge of net investment to reduce the volatility in equity caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the functional currency of major foreign subsidiaries with respect to the U.S. dollar. The company also uses cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts for this risk management purpose. At December 31, 2009, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges was $1.0 billion.

## Anticipated Royalties and Cost Transactions

The company’s operations generate significant nonfunctional currency, third-party vendor payments and intercompany payments for royalties and goods and services among the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries and with the parent company. In anticipation of these foreign currency cash flows and in view of the volatility of the currency markets, the company selectively employs foreign exchange forward contracts to manage its currency risk. These forward contracts are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The maximum length of time over which the company is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is approximately four years. At December 31, 2009, the total notional amount of forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted royalty and cost transactions was $18.7 billion with a weighted-average remaining maturity of 1.3 years.

## Foreign Currency Denominated Borrowings

The company is exposed to exchange rate volatility on foreign currency denominated debt. To manage this risk, the company employs cross-currency swaps to convert fixed-rate foreign currency denominated debt to fixed-rate debt denominated in the functional currency of the borrowing entity. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The maximum length of time over which the company is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is approximately five years. At December 31, 2009, the total notional amount of cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated debt was $0.3 billion.

## Subsidiary Cash and Foreign Currency Asset/Liability Management

The company uses its Global Treasury Centers to manage the cash of its subsidiaries. These centers principally use currency swaps to convert cash flows in a cost-effective manner. In addition, the company uses foreign exchange forward contracts to economically hedge, on a net basis, the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the company's nonfunctional currency assets and liabilities. The terms of these forward and swap contracts are generally less than two years. The changes in the fair values of these contracts and of the underlying exposures are generally offsetting and are recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. At December 31, 2009, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of foreign currency exposure was $13.1 billion.

## Equity Risk Management

The company is exposed to market price changes primarily related to certain obligations to employees. These exposures are primarily related to market price movements in certain broad equity market indices and in the company’s own common stock. Changes in the overall value of these employee compensation obligations are recorded in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company utilizes derivatives, including equity swaps and futures, to economically hedge the exposures related to its employee compensation obligations. The derivatives are linked to the total return on certain broad market indices or the total return on the company’s common stock. They are recorded at fair value with gains or losses also reported in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. At December 31, 2009, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of these compensation obligations was $0.8 billion.

## Other Risks

The company holds warrants to purchase shares of common stock in connection with various investments that are deemed derivatives because they contain net share or net cash settlement provisions. The amount of shares to be purchased under these agreements was immaterial at December 31, 2009. The company records the changes in the fair value of these warrants in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

The company is exposed to a potential loss if a client fails to pay amounts due under contractual terms. The company utilizes credit default swaps to economically hedge its credit exposures. These derivatives have terms of one year or less. The swaps are recorded at fair value with gains and losses reported in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. The company did not have any derivative instruments relating to this program outstanding at December 31, 2009.

The following tables provide a quantitative summary of the derivative and non-derivative instrument related risk management activity as of and for the 12 months ended December 31, 2009:



## Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">At December 31, 2009:</td><td colspan="3">Fair value of derivative assets</td><td colspan="3">Fair value of derivative liabilities</td></tr><tr><td>Designated as hedging instruments</td><td>Not designated as hedging instruments</td><td>Total</td><td>Designated as hedging instruments</td><td>Not designated as hedging instruments</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate contracts:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prepaid expenses and other current assets</td><td>$ 43</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 43</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td></tr><tr><td>Investments and sundry assets</td><td>383</td><td>—</td><td>383</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2</td><td>—</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange contracts:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prepaid expenses and other current assets</td><td>74</td><td>151</td><td>225</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Investments and sundry assets</td><td>156</td><td>26</td><td>182</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other accrued expenses and liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>602</td><td>304</td><td>906</td></tr><tr><td>Other liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>423</td><td>224</td><td>647</td></tr><tr><td>Equity contracts:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prepaid expenses and other current assets</td><td>—</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other accrued expenses and liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of derivative assets and liabilities</td><td>$656</td><td>$182</td><td>$838</td><td>$1,027</td><td>$528</td><td>$1,555</td></tr><tr><td>Total debt designated as hedging instruments:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Short-term debt</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>$1,440</td><td>—</td><td>$1,440</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>2,618</td><td>—</td><td>2,618</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td>$838</td><td></td><td></td><td>$5,613</td></tr></table>



## The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td colspan="4">For the year ended December 31, 2009:</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Gain (loss) recognized in earnings</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative instruments in fair value hedges</td><td>Consolidated Statement of Earnings line item</td><td>Recognized on derivatives \( ^{a} \)</td><td>Attributable to risk being hedged \( ^{b} \)</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate contracts</td><td>Cost of financing</td><td>(172)</td><td>(344)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Interest expense</td><td>(97)</td><td>193</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>(269)</td><td>(537)</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td colspan="4">Gain (loss) recognized in earnings and other comprehensive income</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges</td><td>Effective portion recognized in AOCI</td><td>Consolidated Statement of Earnings line item</td><td>Effective portion reclassified from AOCI to earnings</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate contracts</td><td>$ (0)</td><td>Interest income</td><td>$ (13)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange contracts</td><td>(718)</td><td>Other (income) and expense</td><td>143</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Cost of sales</td><td>(49)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>SG&amp;A expense</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>(718)</td><td></td><td>(3)</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td colspan="4">Gain (loss) recognized in earnings and other comprehensive income</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative instruments in net investment hedges</td><td>Effective portion recognized in AOCI</td><td>Consolidated Statement of Earnings line item</td><td>Effective portion reclassified from AOCI to earnings</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange contracts</td><td>(234)</td><td>Interest income</td><td>(1)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Other (income) and expense</td><td>(1)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1)</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments(1)</td><td></td><td>Consolidated Statement of Earnings line item</td><td>Gain (loss) recognized in earnings</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange contracts</td><td></td><td>Other (income) and expense</td><td>(128)</td></tr><tr><td>Equity contracts</td><td></td><td>SG&amp;A expense</td><td>177</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td>(50)</td></tr></table>

Note: AOCI represents Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity.

(1) See pages 76 and 77 for additional information on the purpose for entering into derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.

(2) Includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(3) Includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(4) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income represents ineffectiveness on hedge relationships.

(5) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income represents amounts excluded from effectiveness assessment.

At December 31, 2009, in connection with cash flow hedges of anticipated royalties and cost transactions, the company recorded net losses of $718 million (before taxes), in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss); $427 million of losses are expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying anticipated transactions. At December 31, 2009, net losses of approximately $18 million (before taxes), were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in connection with cash flow hedges of the company's borrowings; $10 million of losses are expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying transactions.

For the 12 months ending December 31, 2009, there were no significant gains or losses recognized in earnings representing hedge ineffectiveness or excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (for fair value hedges), or associated with an underlying exposure that did not or was not expected to occur (for cash flow hedges); nor are there any anticipated in the normal course of business.

Refer to note A, “Significant Accounting Policies”, on pages 76 and 77 for additional information.



## Note M.
Other Liabilities

<table><tr><td colspan="3">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008 \( ^{*} \)</td></tr><tr><td>Income tax reserves</td><td>$3,627</td><td>$3,557</td></tr><tr><td>Executive compensation accruals</td><td>1,160</td><td>860</td></tr><tr><td>Disability benefits</td><td>795</td><td>743</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative liabilities</td><td>649</td><td>702</td></tr><tr><td>Restructuring actions</td><td>441</td><td>476</td></tr><tr><td>Workforce reductions</td><td>409</td><td>415</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred taxes</td><td>470</td><td>270</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental accruals</td><td>245</td><td>246</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent warranty accruals</td><td>126</td><td>189</td></tr><tr><td>Asset retirement obligations</td><td>116</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>Other \( ^{*} \)</td><td>781</td><td>615</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$8,819</td><td>$8,192</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, “Accounting Changes”, on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

In response to changing business needs, the company periodically takes workforce reduction actions to improve productivity, cost competitiveness and to rebalance skills. The noncurrent contractually obligated future payments associated with these activities are reflected in the workforce reductions caption in the previous table.

In addition, the company executed certain special actions as follows: (1) the second quarter of 2005 associated with Global Services segments, primarily in Europe, (2) the fourth quarter of 2002 associated with the acquisition of the PricewaterhouseCoopers consulting business, (3) the second quarter of 2002 associated with the Microelectronics Division and the rebalancing of both the company's workforce and leased space resources, (4) the 2002 actions associated with the HDD business for reductions in workforce, manufacturing capacity and space, (5) the actions taken in 1999, and (6) the actions that were executed prior to 1994.

The table below provides a roll forward of the current and noncurrent liabilities associated with these special actions. The current liabilities presented in the table are included in other accrued expenses and liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

<table><tr><td></td><td>Liability as of Dec. 31, 2008</td><td>Payments</td><td>Other Adjustments*</td><td>Liability as of Dec. 31, 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Current:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Workforce</td><td>$ 95</td><td>$ (95)</td><td>$ 71</td><td>$ 71</td></tr><tr><td>Space</td><td>23</td><td>(21)</td><td>13</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>7</td><td>—</td><td>(7)</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Total Current</td><td>$125</td><td>$(116)</td><td>$ 77</td><td>$ 87</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Workforce</td><td>$453</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (26)</td><td>$427</td></tr><tr><td>Space</td><td>23</td><td>—</td><td>(10)</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Total Noncurrent</td><td>$476</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (36)</td><td>$441</td></tr></table>

* The other adjustments column in the table above principally includes the reclassification of noncurrent to current, foreign currency translation adjustments and interest accretion.

The workforce accruals primarily relate to terminated employees who are no longer working for the company who were granted annual payments to supplement their incomes in certain countries. Depending on the individual country's legal requirements, these required payments will continue until the former employee begins receiving pension benefits or passes away. The space accruals are for ongoing obligations to pay rent for vacant space that could not be sublet or space that was sublet at rates lower than the committed lease arrangement. The length of these obligations varies by lease with the longest extending through 2016.

The company employs extensive internal environmental protection programs that primarily are preventive in nature. The company also participates in environmental assessments and cleanups at a number of locations, including operating facilities, previously owned facilities and Superfund sites. The company's maximum exposure for all environmental liabilities cannot be estimated and no amounts have been recorded for non-ARO environmental liabilities that are not probable or estimable. The total amounts accrued for non-ARO environmental liabilities, including amounts classified as current in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, that do not reflect actual or anticipated insurance recoveries, were $258 million and $267 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Estimated environmental costs are not expected to materially affect the consolidated financial position or consolidated results of the company's operations in future periods. However, estimates of future costs are subject to change due to protracted cleanup periods and changing environmental remediation regulations.

As of December 31, 2009, the company was unable to estimate the range of settlement dates and the related probabilities



for certain asbestos remediation AROs. These conditional AROs are primarily related to the encapsulated structural fireproofing that is not subject to abatement unless the buildings are demolished and non-encapsulated asbestos that the company would remediate only if it performed major renovations of certain existing buildings. Because these conditional obligations have indeterminate settlement dates, the company could not develop a reasonable estimate of their fair values. The company will continue to assess its ability to estimate fair values at each future reporting date. The related liability will be recognized once sufficient additional information becomes available. The total amounts accrued for ARO liabilities, including amounts classified as current in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were $126 million and $127 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.

## Note N.
Equity Activity

The authorized capital stock of IBM consists of 4,687,500,000 shares of common stock with a $0.20 per share par value, of which 1,305,337,423 shares were outstanding at December 31, 2009 and 150,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a $0.01 per share par value, none of which were outstanding at December 31, 2009.

## Stock Repurchases

The Board of Directors authorizes the company to repurchase IBM common stock. The company repurchased 68,650,727 common shares at a cost of $7,534 million, 89,890,347 common shares at a cost of $10,563 million and 178,385,436 common shares at a cost of $18,783 million in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. These amounts reflect transactions executed through December 31 of each year. Actual cash disbursements for repurchased shares may differ due to varying settlement dates for these transactions.

Included in the 2007 repurchases highlighted above, in May 2007, IBM International Group (ILG), a wholly owned foreign subsidiary of the company, repurchased 118.8 million shares of common stock for $12.5 billion under accelerated share repurchase (ASR) agreements with three banks.

Pursuant to the ASR agreements, executed on May 25, 2007, ILG paid an initial purchase price of $105.18 per share for the repurchase. The initial purchase price was subject to adjustment based on the volume weighted-average price of IBM common stock over a settlement period of three months for each of the banks. The adjustment also reflected certain other amounts including the banks' carrying costs, compensation for ordinary dividends declared by the company during the settlement period and interest benefits for receiving the $12.5 billion payment in advance of the anticipated purchases by each bank of shares in the open market during the respective settlement periods. The adjustment amount could be settled in cash, registered shares or unregistered shares at ILG's option. Under the ASR agreements, ILG had a separate settlement with each of the three banks. The first settlement occurred on September 6, 2007, resulting in a settlement payment to the bank of $151.8 million. The second settlement occurred on December 5, 2007, resulting in a settlement payment to the bank of $253.1 million. The third settlement occurred on March 4, 2008, resulting in a settlement payment to the company of $54.2 million. The adjusted average price paid per share during the ASR was $108.13, resulting in a total purchase price of $12,581 million. The $351 million difference was settled in cash. The settlement amounts were paid in cash at the election of ILG in accordance with the provisions of the ASR agreements and were recorded as adjustments to equity in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position on the settlement dates.

The company issued 6,408,265 treasury shares in 2009, 5,882,800 treasury shares in 2008 and 9,282,055 treasury shares in 2007, as a result of exercises of stock options by employees of certain recently acquired businesses and by non-U.S. employees. At December 31, 2009, $6,113 million of Board common stock repurchase authorization was still available. The company plans to purchase shares on the open market or in private transactions from time to time, depending on market conditions. In connection with the issuance of stock as part of the company's stock-based compensation plans, 1,550,846 common shares at a cost of $161 million, 1,505,107 common shares at a cost of $166 million and 1,282,131 common shares at a cost of $134 million in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively, were remitted by employees to the company in order to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding requirements. These amounts are included in the treasury stock balance in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity.

## Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (Net of tax)

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges Derivatives</td><td>Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments*</td><td>Net Change Retirement-related Benefit Plans</td><td>Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Marketable Securities</td><td>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2007</td><td>$227</td><td>$3,655</td><td>$ (7,168)</td><td>$325</td><td>$ (3,414)</td></tr><tr><td>Change for period</td><td>301</td><td>(3,552)</td><td>(14,856)</td><td>(324)</td><td>(18,431)</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2008</td><td>74</td><td>103</td><td>(22,025)</td><td>2</td><td>(21,845)</td></tr><tr><td>Change for period</td><td>(556)</td><td>1,732</td><td>1,727</td><td>111</td><td>3,015</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2009</td><td>$481</td><td>$1,836</td><td>$(20,297)</td><td>$113</td><td>$(18,830)</td></tr></table>

* Foreign currency translation adjustments are presented gross except for any associated hedges which are presented net of tax.



## Net Change in Unrealized Gains/(Losses) on Marketable Securities (net of tax)

<table><tr><td>For the period ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period</td><td>$ 72</td><td>$(224)</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net (losses)/gains included in net income for the period \( ^{*} \)</td><td>(39)</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Net change in unrealized gains/(losses) on marketable securities</td><td>$111</td><td>$(324)</td></tr></table>

* Includes writedowns of $16.2 million and $3.0 million in 2009 and 2008, respectively.

## Note O.
Contingencies and Commitments

## Contingencies

The company is involved in a variety of claims, demands, suits, investigations, tax matters and proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of its business, including actions with respect to contracts, intellectual property (IP), product liability, employment, benefits, securities, foreign operations and environmental matters. These actions may be commenced by a number of different parties, including competitors, partners, clients, current or former employees, government and regulatory agencies, stockholders and representatives of the locations in which the company does business.

The following is a summary of the more significant legal matters involving the company.

The company is a defendant in an action filed on March 6, 2003 in state court in Salt Lake City, Utah by The SCO Group (SCO v. IBM). The company removed the case to Federal Court in Utah. Plaintiff is an alleged successor in interest to some of AT&T's UNIX IP rights, and alleges copyright infringement, unfair competition, interference with contract and breach of contract with regard to the company's distribution of AIX and Dynix and contribution of code to Linux. The company has asserted counterclaims, including breach of contract, violation of the Lanham Act, unfair competition, intentional torts, unfair and deceptive trade practices, breach of the General Public License that governs open source distributions, promissory estoppel and copyright infringement. In October 2005, the company withdrew its patent counterclaims in an effort to simplify and focus the issues in the case and to expedite their resolution. Motions for summary judgment were heard in March 2007, and the court has not yet issued its decision. On August 10, 2007, the court in another suit, The SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc., issued a decision and order determining, among other things, that Novell is the owner of UNIX and UnixWare copyrights, and obligating SCO to recognize Novell's waiver of SCO's claims against IBM and Sequent for breach of UNIX license agreements. At the request of the court in SCO v. IBM, on August 31, 2007, each of the parties filed a status report with the court concerning the effect of the August 10th Novell ruling on the SCO v. IBM case, including the pending motions. On September 14, 2007, plaintiff filed for bankruptcy protection, and all proceedings in this case were stayed. In the SCO v. Novell case, on November 25, 2008, SCO filed its notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, which included an appeal of the August 10, 2007 ruling; on August 24, 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the August 10, 2007 ruling and remanded the SCO v. Novell case for trial. On August 25, 2009, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware approved the appointment of a Chapter 11 Trustee of SCO.

On November 29, 2006, the company filed a lawsuit against Platform Solutions, Inc. (PSI) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging that PSI violated certain intellectual property rights of IBM. PSI asserted counterclaims against IBM. On January 11, 2008, the court permitted T3 Technologies, a reseller of PSI computer systems, to intervene as a counterclaim-plaintiff. T3 claimed that IBM violated certain antitrust laws by refusing to license its patents and trade secrets to PSI and by tying the sales of its mainframe computers to its mainframe operating systems. On June 30, 2008, IBM acquired PSI. As a result of this transaction, IBM and PSI dismissed all claims against each other, and PSI withdrew a complaint it had filed with the European Commission in October 2007 with regard to IBM. On September 30, 2009, the court granted IBM's motion for summary judgment and dismissed T3's claims against IBM. This decision is subject to appeal by T3. In January 2009, T3 filed a complaint with the European Commission alleging that IBM violated European Commission competition law based on the facts alleged in the above-referenced U.S. litigation. IBM has been notified that the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) is investigating possible antitrust violations by IBM. The DOJ has requested certain information, including the production of materials from the litigation between T3 and IBM.

The company is a defendant in an action filed on December 14, 2009 in the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas by Neon Enterprise Software, LLC. Neon alleges that the company has interfered with Neon's efforts to license its zPrime software. They seek damages and injunctive relief. In late January 2010, IBM filed its answer to Neon's complaint and asserted counterclaims against Neon.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

In January 2004, the Seoul District Prosecutors Office in South Korea announced it had brought criminal bid-rigging charges against several companies, including IBM Korea and LG IBM (a joint venture between IBM Korea and LG Electronics, which has since been dissolved, effective January, 2005) and had also charged employees of some of those entities with, among other things, bribery of certain officials of government-controlled entities in Korea and bid rigging. IBM Korea and LG IBM cooperated fully with authorities in these matters. A number of individuals, including former IBM Korea and LG IBM employees, were subsequently found guilty and sentenced. IBM Korea and LG IBM were also required to pay fines. Debarment orders were imposed at different times, covering a period of no more than a year from the date of issuance, which barred IBM Korea from doing business directly with certain government-controlled entities in Korea. All debarment orders have since expired and when they were in force did not prohibit IBM Korea from selling products and services to business partners who sold to government-controlled entities in Korea. In addition, the U.S. Department of Justice and the SEC have both contacted the company in connection with this matter. In March 2008, the company received a request from the SEC for additional information.

The company was a defendant in a civil lawsuit brought in Tokyo District Court by Tokyo Leasing Co., Ltd., which sought to recover losses that it allegedly suffered after IXI Co., Ltd. initiated civil rehabilitation (bankruptcy) proceedings in Japan and apparently failed to pay Tokyo Leasing amounts for which Tokyo Leasing sought to hold IBM and others liable. The claims in this suit included tort and breach of contract. The action against IBM was resolved in December 2009 and is no longer pending.

The company is a defendant in numerous actions filed after January 1, 2008 in the Supreme Court for the State of New York, county of Broome, on behalf of hundreds of plaintiffs. The complaints allege numerous and different causes of action, including for negligence and recklessness, private nuisance and trespass. Plaintiffs in these cases seek medical monitoring and claim damages in unspecified amounts for a variety of personal injuries and property damages allegedly arising out of the presence of groundwater contamination and vapor intrusion of groundwater contaminants into certain structures in which plaintiffs reside or resided, or conducted business, allegedly resulting from the release of chemicals into the environment by the company at its former manufacturing and development facility in Endicott. These complaints also seek punitive damages in an unspecified amount.

The company is party to, or otherwise involved in, proceedings brought by U.S. federal or state environmental agencies under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), known as "Superfund," or laws similar to CERCLA. Such statutes require potentially responsible parties to participate in remediation activities regardless of fault or ownership of sites. The company is also conducting environmental investigations, assessments or remediations at or in the vicinity of several current or former operating sites globally pursuant to permits, administrative orders or agreements with country, state or local environmental agencies, and is involved in lawsuits and claims concerning certain current or former operating sites.

The company is also subject to ongoing tax examinations and governmental assessments in various jurisdictions. Along with many other U.S. companies doing business in Brazil, the company is involved in various challenges with Brazilian authorities regarding non-income tax assessments and non-income tax litigation matters. These matters include claims for taxes on the importation of computer software. In November 2008, the company won a significant case in the Superior Chamber of the federal administrative tax court in Brazil, and in late July 2009, the company received written confirmation regarding this decision. The total potential amount related to the remaining matters for all applicable years is approximately $600 million. The company believes it will prevail on these matters and that this amount is not a meaningful indicator of liability.

The company records a provision with respect to a claim, suit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Claims and proceedings are reviewed at least quarterly and provisions are taken or adjusted to reflect the impact and status of settlements, rulings, advice of counsel and other information pertinent to a particular matter. Any recorded liabilities, including any changes to such liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2009, were not material to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Based on its experience, the company believes that the damage amounts claimed in the matters previously referred to are not a meaningful indicator of the potential liability. Claims, suits, investigations and proceedings are inherently uncertain and it is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of the matters previously discussed. While the company will continue to defend itself vigorously, it is possible that the company's business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be affected in any particular period by the resolution of one or more of these matters.

Whether any losses, damages or remedies finally determined in any such claim, suit, investigation or proceeding could reasonably have a material effect on the company's business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows will depend on a number of variables, including the timing and amount of such losses or damages; the structure and type of any such remedies; the significance of the impact any such losses, damages or remedies may have on the Consolidated Financial Statements; and the unique facts and circumstances of the particular matter which may give rise to additional factors.



## Commitments

The company’s extended lines of credit to third-party entities include unused amounts of $3,576 million and $3,857 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. A portion of these amounts was available to the company’s business partners to support their working capital needs. In addition, the company has committed to provide future financing to its clients in connection with client purchase agreements for approximately $2,788 million and $3,342 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The change over the prior year was due to decreased signings of long-term IT infrastructure arrangements in which financing is committed by the company to fund a client’s future purchases from the company.

The company has applied the guidance requiring a guarantor to disclose certain types of guarantees, even if the likelihood of requiring the guarantor’s performance is remote. The following is a description of arrangements in which the company is the guarantor.

The company is a party to a variety of agreements pursuant to which it may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts entered into by the company, under which the company customarily agrees to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations and covenants related to such matters as title to assets sold, certain IP rights, specified environmental matters, third-party performance of nonfinancial contractual obligations and certain income taxes. In each of these circumstances, payment by the company is conditioned on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract, which procedures typically allow the company to challenge the other party's claims. While typically indemnification provisions do not include a contractual maximum on the company's payment, the company's obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or nature of claim, and in some instances, the company may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by the company.

It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these or similar agreements due to the conditional nature of the company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the company under these agreements have not had a material effect on the company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, the company guarantees certain loans and financial commitments. The maximum potential future payment under these financial guarantees was $85 million and $50 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The fair value of the guarantees recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position is not material.

## Note P.
Taxes

<table><tr><td colspan="4">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations before income taxes:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S. operations</td><td>$ 9,524</td><td>$ 8,424</td><td>$ 7,667</td></tr><tr><td>Non-U.S. operations</td><td>8,614</td><td>8,291</td><td>6,822</td></tr><tr><td>Total income from continuing operations before income taxes</td><td>$18,138</td><td>$16,715</td><td>$14,489</td></tr></table>

The continuing operations provision for income taxes by geographic operations is as follows:

<table><tr><td colspan="4">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. operations</td><td>$2,427</td><td>$2,348</td><td>$2,280</td></tr><tr><td>Non-U.S. operations</td><td>2,286</td><td>2,033</td><td>1,791</td></tr><tr><td>Total continuing operations provision for income taxes</td><td>$4,713</td><td>$4,381</td><td>$4,071</td></tr></table>

The components of the continuing operations provision for income taxes by taxing jurisdiction are as follows:

<table><tr><td colspan="4">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. federal:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current</td><td>$ 473</td><td>$ 338</td><td>$1,085</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred</td><td>1,341</td><td>1,263</td><td>683</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>1,814</td><td>1,601</td><td>1,768</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. state and local:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current</td><td>120</td><td>216</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred</td><td>185</td><td>205</td><td>(19)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>305</td><td>421</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>Non-U.S.:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current</td><td>2,347</td><td>1,927</td><td>2,105</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred</td><td>247</td><td>432</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2,594</td><td>2,359</td><td>2,181</td></tr><tr><td>Total continuing operations provision for income taxes</td><td>4,713</td><td>4,381</td><td>4,071</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for social security, real estate, personal property and other taxes</td><td>3,986</td><td>4,076</td><td>3,832</td></tr><tr><td>Total taxes included in income from continuing operations</td><td>$8,699</td><td>$8,457</td><td>$7,903</td></tr></table>



A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal tax rate to the company’s continuing operations effective tax rate is as follows:

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Statutory rate</td><td>35%</td><td>35%</td><td>35%</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign tax differential</td><td>(9)</td><td>(8)</td><td>(6)</td></tr><tr><td>State and local</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>(1)</td><td>(2)</td><td>(2)</td></tr><tr><td>Effective rate</td><td>26%</td><td>26%</td><td>28%</td></tr></table>

The effect of tax law changes on deferred tax assets and liabilities did not have a material impact on the company’s effective tax rate.

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities that are recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:

## Deferred Tax Assets

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008 \( ^{*} \)</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement benefits</td><td>$ 3,921</td><td>$ 5,215</td></tr><tr><td>Share-based and other compensation</td><td>1,853</td><td>2,579</td></tr><tr><td>Domestic tax loss/credit carryforwards</td><td>859</td><td>862</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income</td><td>847</td><td>739</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign tax loss/credit carryforwards</td><td>680</td><td>642</td></tr><tr><td>Bad debt, inventory and warranty reserves</td><td>605</td><td>561</td></tr><tr><td>Capitalized research and development</td><td>539</td><td>795</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation</td><td>485</td><td>388</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>1,999</td><td>1,863</td></tr><tr><td>Gross deferred tax assets</td><td>11,788</td><td>13,644</td></tr><tr><td>Less: valuation allowance</td><td>812</td><td>720</td></tr><tr><td>Net deferred tax assets</td><td>10,976</td><td>12,924</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

## Deferred Tax Liabilities

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008 \( ^{*} \)</td></tr><tr><td>Leases</td><td>$2,129</td><td>$1,913</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation</td><td>1,138</td><td>941</td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill and intangible assets</td><td>639</td><td>552</td></tr><tr><td>Software development costs</td><td>409</td><td>449</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement benefits</td><td>389</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>874</td><td>697</td></tr><tr><td>Gross deferred tax liabilities</td><td>$5,578</td><td>$4,556</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

For income tax return purposes, the company has foreign and domestic loss carryforwards, the tax effect of which is $860 million as well as domestic and foreign credit carryforwards of $679 million. Substantially all of these carryforwards are available for at least two years or are available for ten years or more.

The company has certain foreign tax loss carryforwards that have not been reflected in the gross deferred tax asset balance due to the level of uncertainty associated with the sustainability of the losses which are under examination by the local taxing authority. The tax benefit of these losses approximated $930 million at December 31, 2009. In addition, during the second quarter of 2009, foreign tax losses were utilized against a prior year tax liability resulting in a cash benefit of approximately $360 million. However, the company has recorded an unrecognized tax benefit for the entire amount received given the degree of uncertainty in sustaining the associated tax benefit. The company expects that the local taxing authority will complete its field examination in early 2010.

The valuation allowance at December 31, 2009, principally applies to certain foreign, state and local loss carryforwards that, in the opinion of management, are more likely than not to expire unutilized. However, to the extent that tax benefits related to these carryforwards are realized in the future, the reduction in the valuation allowance will reduce income tax expense. The year-to-year change in the allowance balance was an increase of $92 million.

The amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2009 increased by $892 million in 2009 to $4,790 million. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1</td><td>$3,898</td><td>$3,094</td></tr><tr><td>Additions based on tax positions related to the current year</td><td>554</td><td>1,481</td></tr><tr><td>Additions for tax positions of prior years</td><td>634</td><td>747</td></tr><tr><td>Reductions for tax positions of prior years (including impacts due to a lapse in statute)</td><td>(277)</td><td>(1,209)</td></tr><tr><td>Settlements</td><td>(19)</td><td>(215)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td>$4,790</td><td>$3,898</td></tr></table>

The additions to the unrecognized tax benefits related to the current and prior years are primarily attributable to non-U.S. issues, certain tax incentives and credits, acquisition-related matters and other non-U.S. and state matters.



The settlements and reductions to the unrecognized tax benefits for tax positions of prior years are primarily attributable to the conclusion of the company’s various U.S., state and non-U.S. income tax examinations and various non-U.S. matters including impacts due to lapses in statutes of limitation.

The liability at December 31, 2009 of $4,790 million can be reduced by $577 million of offsetting tax benefits associated with the correlative effects of potential transfer pricing adjustments, state income taxes and timing adjustments. The net amount of $4,213 million, if recognized, would favorably affect the company's effective tax rate. The net amounts at December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007 were $3,366 million and $2,598 million, respectively.

Interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities are included in income tax expense. During the year ended December 31, 2009, the company recognized $193 million in interest and penalties; in 2008, the company recognized $96 million in interest and penalties and in 2007, the company recognized $85 million in interest and penalties. The company has $479 million for the payment of interest and penalties accrued at December 31, 2009 and had $286 million accrued at December 31, 2008.

Within the next 12 months, the company believes it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits associated with certain positions may be significantly reduced. The potential decrease in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits is primarily associated with the possible resolution of the company's U.S. income tax audit for 2006 and 2007, as well as various non-U.S. audits. Specific positions that may be resolved, and that may significantly reduce the related amount of unrecognized tax benefits, include transfer pricing matters, tax incentives and credits as well as various other foreign tax matters including foreign tax loss utilization. The company estimates that the unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2009 could be reduced by approximately $1,100 million.

With limited exception, the company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local or non-U.S. income tax audits by taxing authorities for years through 2003. The years subsequent to 2003 contain matters that could be subject to differing interpretations of applicable tax laws and regulations as it relates to the amount and/or timing of income, deductions and tax credits. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the company believes that adequate amounts of tax and interest have been provided for any adjustments that are expected to result for these years.
During the fourth quarter of 2008, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) concluded its examination of the company's income tax returns for 2004 and 2005 and issued a final Revenue Agent's Report (RAR). The company has agreed with all of the adjustments contained in the RAR, with the exception of a proposed adjustment, with a pre-tax amount in excess of $2 billion, relating to valuation matters associated with the intercompany transfer of certain intellectual property in 2005 and computational issues related to certain tax credits. The company disagrees with the IRS position on these specific matters and in March 2009 filed a protest with the IRS Appeals Office.

The audit of the company’s 2006 and 2007 U.S. income tax returns commenced in the first quarter of 2009. The company anticipates that this audit will be completed by the end of 2010.

The company has not provided deferred taxes on $26.0 billion of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries at December 31, 2009, as it is the company's policy to indefinitely reinvest these earnings in non-U.S. operations. However, the company periodically repatriates a portion of these earnings to the extent that it does not incur an additional U.S. tax liability. Quantification of the deferred tax liability, if any, associated with indefinitely reinvested earnings is not practicable.

For additional information on the company’s effective tax rate refer to the “Looking Forward” section of the Management Discussion on pages 47 to 49.

## Note Q.
Research, Development and Engineering

RD&E expense was $5,820 million in 2009, $6,337 million in 2008 and $6,153 million in 2007.

The company incurred expense of $5,523 million in 2009, $6,015 million in 2008 and $5,754 million in 2007 for scientific research and the application of scientific advances to the development of new and improved products and their uses, as well as services and their application. Within these amounts, software-related expense was $2,991 million, $3,359 million and $3,037 million in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. In addition, included in the expense was a charge of $24 million in 2008 for acquired IPR&D.

Expense for product-related engineering was $297 million, $322 million and $399 million in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.



## Note R.
Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share of common stock.

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average number of shares on which earnings per share calculations are based:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic:</td><td>1,327,157,410</td><td>1,369,367,069*</td><td>1,433,935,221*</td></tr><tr><td>Add—incremental shares under stock-based compensation plans</td><td>12,258,864</td><td>16,617,801*</td><td>18,145,715*</td></tr><tr><td>Add—incremental shares associated with Accelerated Share Repurchase agreements</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,891,095</td></tr><tr><td>Add—incremental shares associated with convertible notes</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,362,191</td></tr><tr><td>Add—incremental shares associated with contingently issuable shares</td><td>1,936,480</td><td>1,812,328</td><td>1,546,529</td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>1,341,352,754</td><td>1,387,797,198*</td><td>1,456,880,751*</td></tr><tr><td>($ in millions except per share amounts)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations</td><td>$13,425</td><td>$12,334</td><td>$10,418</td></tr><tr><td>Income/(loss) from discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(00)</td></tr><tr><td>Net income from total operations on which basic earnings per share is calculated</td><td>$13,425</td><td>$12,334</td><td>$10,418</td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations</td><td>$13,425</td><td>$12,334</td><td>$10,418</td></tr><tr><td>Less—net income applicable to contingently issuable shares</td><td>—</td><td>1</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Income/(loss) from discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(00)</td></tr><tr><td>Net income from total operations on which diluted earnings per share is calculated</td><td>$13,425</td><td>$12,333</td><td>$10,418</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Continuing operations</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89*</td><td>$ 7.15*</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Total assuming dilution</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89*</td><td>$ 7.15*</td></tr><tr><td>Basic:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Continuing operations</td><td>$ 10.12</td><td>$ 9.02*</td><td>$ 7.27*</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Total basic</td><td>$ 10.12</td><td>$ 9.02*</td><td>$ 7.27*</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

Stock options to purchase 612,272 common shares in 2009, 42,981,463 common shares in 2008 and 62,782,516 common shares in 2007 were outstanding, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise price of the options was greater than the average market price of the common shares for the applicable full year, and therefore, the effect would have been antidilutive.

## Note S.
Rental Expense and Lease Commitments

Rental expense from continuing operations, including amounts charged to inventories and fixed assets, and excluding amounts previously reserved, was $1,677 million in 2009, $1,681 million in 2008 and $1,559 million in 2007. Rental expense in agreements



with rent holidays and scheduled rent increases is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Contingent rentals are included in the determination of rental expense as accruable. The table below depicts gross minimum rental commitments from continuing operations under noncancelable leases, amounts related to vacant space associated with infrastructure reductions and restructuring actions taken through 1994, and in 1999, 2002 and 2005 (previously reserved), sublease income commitments and capital lease commitments. These amounts reflect activities primarily related to office space, as well as manufacturing facilities.

<table><tr><td colspan="7">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2010</td><td>2011</td><td>2012</td><td>2013</td><td>2014</td><td>Beyond 2014</td></tr><tr><td>Operating lease commitments:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gross minimum rental commitments (including vacant space below)</td><td>$1,504</td><td>$1,281</td><td>$982</td><td>$769</td><td>$626</td><td>$776</td></tr><tr><td>Vacant space</td><td>$ 69</td><td>$ 37</td><td>$ 18</td><td>$ 9</td><td>$ 8</td><td>$ 9</td></tr><tr><td>Sublease income commitments</td><td>$ 52</td><td>$ 27</td><td>$ 15</td><td>$ 8</td><td>$ 4</td><td>$ 2</td></tr><tr><td>Capital lease commitments</td><td>$ 64</td><td>$ 25</td><td>$ 32</td><td>$ 31</td><td>$ 13</td><td>$ —</td></tr></table>

## Note T.

## Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation cost is measured at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized over the employee requisite service period. See note A, "Significant Accounting Policies," on page 76 for additional information.

The following table presents total stock-based compensation cost included in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

<table><tr><td colspan="4">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Cost</td><td>$ 94</td><td>$ 116</td><td>$ 166</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative</td><td>417</td><td>484</td><td>480</td></tr><tr><td>Research, development and engineering</td><td>47</td><td>58</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Other (income) and expense \( ^{*} \)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(1)</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax stock-based compensation cost</td><td>558</td><td>659</td><td>713</td></tr><tr><td>Income tax benefits</td><td>(221)</td><td>(224)</td><td>(248)</td></tr><tr><td>Total stock-based compensation cost</td><td>$ 337</td><td>$ 435</td><td>$ 464</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the one-time effects of the divestiture of the Printing Systems business in the second quarter of 2007.

Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards at December 31, 2009 and 2008 was $1,082 million and $1,076 million, respectively, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.5 years.

There was no significant capitalized stock-based compensation cost at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.

## Incentive Awards

Stock-based incentive awards are provided to employees under the terms of the company's long-term performance plans (the "Plans"). The Plans are administered by the Executive Compensation and Management Resources Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Committee"). Awards available under the Plans principally include stock options, restricted stock units, performance share units or any combination thereof. The nonmanagement members of the IBM Board of Directors also received stock options under a director stock option plan through December 31, 2006. The director stock option plan was terminated effective January 1, 2007.

The amount of shares originally authorized to be issued under the company's existing Plans was 274.1 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008. In addition, certain incentive awards granted under previous Plans, if and when those awards were canceled, could be reissued under the company's existing Plans. As such, 66.4 million and 47.6 million additional awards were considered authorized to be issued under the company's existing Plans as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. There were 1.9 million and 23.8 million option awards outstanding (which were included in the total options outstanding at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively) under previous Plans that, if and when canceled, would increase the number of authorized shares. There were 140.4 million and 130.1 million unused shares available to be granted under the Plans as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.

Under the company’s long-standing practices and policies, all awards are approved prior to or on the date of grant. The exercise price of at-the-money stock options is the average of the high and low market price on the date of grant. The options



approval process specifies the individual receiving the grant, the number of options or the value of the award, the exercise price or formula for determining the exercise price and the date of grant. All awards for senior management are approved by the Committee. All awards for employees other than senior management are approved by senior management pursuant to a series of delegations that were approved by the Committee, and the grants made pursuant to these delegations are reviewed periodically with the Committee. Awards that are given as part of annual total compensation for senior management and other employees are made on specific cycle dates scheduled in advance. With respect to awards given in connection with promotions or new hires, the company’s policy requires approval of such awards prior to the grant date, which is typically the date of the promotion or the date of hire. The exercise price of these options is the average of the high and low market price on the date of grant.

## Stock Options

Stock options are awards which allow the employee to purchase shares of the company's stock at a fixed price. Stock options are granted at an exercise price equal to the company stock price on the date of grant. These awards, which generally vest 25 percent per year, are fully vested four years from the date of grant and have a contractual term of ten years. The company also had a stock-based program under the Plans for its senior executives, designed to drive improved performance and increase the ownership executives have in the company. These executives had the opportunity to receive at-the-money stock options by agreeing to defer a certain percentage of their annual incentive compensation into IBM equity, where it is held for three years or until retirement. In 2005, this program was expanded to cover all executives of the company. Options under this program become fully vested three years from the date of grant and have a contractual term of ten years. The plan element permitting executives to defer annual incentive compensation into IBM equity and receive at-the-money stock options was terminated at December 31, 2006.

The company estimates the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Key inputs and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options include the grant price of the award, the expected option term, volatility of the company's stock, the risk-free rate and the company's dividend yield. Estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value ultimately realized by employees who receive equity awards, and subsequent events are not indicative of the reasonableness of the original estimates of fair value made by the company.

The fair value of each stock option grant was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used in the valuation and the resulting weighted-average fair value per option granted.

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009*</td><td>2008*</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Option term (years)**</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Volatility+</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>23.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Risk-free interest rate (zero coupon U.S. treasury note)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>4.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Dividend yield</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average fair value per option granted</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>$26</td></tr></table>

* During the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, the company did not grant stock options.

** The option term is the number of years that the company estimates, based upon history, that options will be outstanding prior to exercise or forfeiture.

† The company’s estimates of expected volatility are principally based on daily price changes of the company’s stock over the expected option term, as well as the additional requirements included in accounting guidance on share-based payments.

The following table summarizes option activity under the Plans during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2009</td><td colspan="2">2008</td><td colspan="2">2007</td></tr><tr><td>Wtd. Avg. Exercise Price</td><td>No. of Shares Under Option</td><td>Wtd. Avg. Exercise Price</td><td>No. of Shares Under Option</td><td>Wte. Avg. Exercise Price</td><td>No. of Shares Under Option</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1</td><td>$102</td><td>119,307,170</td><td>$100</td><td>157,661,257</td><td>$95</td><td>207,663,223</td></tr><tr><td>Options granted</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>103</td><td>1,087,381</td></tr><tr><td>Options exercised</td><td>120</td><td>(28,100,192)</td><td>91</td><td>(36,282,000)</td><td>77</td><td>(46,961,380)</td></tr><tr><td>Options canceled/expired</td><td>127</td><td>(17,996,521)</td><td>109</td><td>(2,072,087)</td><td>106</td><td>(4,127,967)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td>$98</td><td>73,210,457</td><td>$102</td><td>119,307,170</td><td>$100</td><td>157,661,257</td></tr><tr><td>Exercisable at December 31</td><td>$98</td><td>72,217,126</td><td>$102</td><td>114,445,381</td><td>$100</td><td>144,092,169</td></tr></table>



The shares under option at December 31, 2009 were in the following exercise price ranges:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="4">Options Outstanding</td></tr><tr><td>Wtg. Avg. Exercise Price</td><td>Number of Shares Under Option</td><td>Aggregate Intrinsic Value</td><td>Wtd. Avg. Remaining Contractual Life (in years)</td></tr><tr><td>Exercise Price Range</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>$61-$85</td><td>$ 77</td><td>17,468,272</td><td>$ 940,917,103</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><td>$86-$105</td><td>98</td><td>32,894,001</td><td>1,067,822,966</td><td>3.4</td></tr><tr><td>$106 and over</td><td>112</td><td>22,848,184</td><td>432,260,579</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$ 98</td><td>73,210,457</td><td>$2,441,000,648</td><td>2.8</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="4">Options Exercisable</td></tr><tr><td>Wtd. Avg. Exercise Price</td><td>Number of Shares Under Option</td><td>Aggregate Intrinsic Value</td><td>Wtd. Avg. Remaining Contractual Life (in years)</td></tr><tr><td>Exercise Price Range</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>$61-$85</td><td>$ 77</td><td>17,439,702</td><td>$ 939,529,901</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><td>$86-$105</td><td>98</td><td>31,929,240</td><td>1,039,848,239</td><td>3.3</td></tr><tr><td>$106 and over</td><td>112</td><td>22,848,184</td><td>432,260,579</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$ 98</td><td>72,217,126</td><td>$2,411,638,719</td><td>2.7</td></tr></table>

In connection with various acquisition transactions, there were an additional 1.1 million options outstanding at December 31, 2009, as a result of the company's assumption of options granted by the acquired entities. The weighted-average exercise price of these options was $76 per share.

## Exercises of Employee Stock Options

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was $639 million, $1,073 million and $1,414 million, respectively. The total cash received from employees as a result of employee stock option exercises for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was approximately $2,744 million, $3,320 million and $3,619 million, respectively. In connection with these exercises, the tax benefits realized by the company for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 were $243 million, $356 million and $481 million, respectively.

The company settles employee stock option exercises primarily with newly issued common shares and, occasionally, with treasury shares. Total treasury shares held at December 31, 2009 and 2008 were approximately 822 million and 758 million shares, respectively.

## Stock Awards

In lieu of stock options, currently the company grants its employees stock awards. These awards are made in the form of Restricted Stock Units (RSUs), including Retention Restricted Stock Units (RRSUs), or Performance Share Units (PSUs). RSUs are stock awards granted to employees that entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the award vests, typically over a one- to five-year period. The fair value of the awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the company's stock price. For RSUs awarded after December 31, 2007, dividend equivalents will not be paid. The fair value of such RSUs is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the company's stock price adjusted for the exclusion of dividend equivalents.

The tables on page 108 summarize RSU and PSU activity under the Plans during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.



## RSUs

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2009</td><td colspan="2">2008</td><td colspan="2">2007</td></tr><tr><td>Wtd. Avg. Grant Price</td><td>Number of Units</td><td>Wtd. Avg. Grant Price</td><td>Number of Units</td><td>Wtd. Avg Grant Price</td><td>Number of Units</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1</td><td>$100</td><td>12,397,515</td><td>$ 94</td><td>11,887,746</td><td>$ 84</td><td>10,217,258</td></tr><tr><td>RSUs granted</td><td>105</td><td>4,432,449</td><td>107</td><td>4,587,011</td><td>104</td><td>4,929,141</td></tr><tr><td>RSUs released</td><td>99</td><td>(2,748,613)</td><td>88</td><td>(3,526,580)</td><td>77</td><td>(2,747,110)</td></tr><tr><td>RSUs canceled/forfeited</td><td>101</td><td>(675,697)</td><td>98</td><td>(550,662)</td><td>88</td><td>(511,543)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td>$102</td><td>13,405,654</td><td>$100</td><td>12,397,515</td><td>$ 94</td><td>11,887,746</td></tr></table>

## PSUs

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2009</td><td colspan="2">2008</td><td colspan="2">2007</td></tr><tr><td>Wtd. Avg. Grant Price</td><td>Number of Units</td><td>Wtd. Avg. Grant Price</td><td>Number of Units</td><td>Wtd. Avg Grant Price</td><td>Number of Units</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1</td><td>$102</td><td>3,078,694</td><td>$ 93</td><td>2,783,823</td><td>$ 89</td><td>2,417,378</td></tr><tr><td>PSUs granted at target</td><td>101</td><td>1,568,129</td><td>119</td><td>1,058,381</td><td>103</td><td>1,156,708</td></tr><tr><td>Additional shares earned above target*</td><td>83</td><td>396,794</td><td>91</td><td>275,190</td><td>95</td><td>216,826</td></tr><tr><td>PSUs released</td><td>83</td><td>(1,440,099)</td><td>91</td><td>(860,705)</td><td>96</td><td>(926,386)</td></tr><tr><td>PSUs canceled/forfeited</td><td>111</td><td>(126,781)</td><td>102</td><td>(177,995)</td><td>90</td><td>(80,703)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31**</td><td>$107</td><td>3,476,737</td><td>$102</td><td>3,078,694</td><td>$ 93</td><td>2,783,823</td></tr></table>

* Represents additional shares issued to employees after vesting of PSUs because final performance metrics exceeded specified targets.

** Represents the number of shares expected to be issued based on achievement of grant date performance targets. The actual number of shares issued depends on the company's performance against specified targets over the vesting period.

The remaining weighted-average contractual term of RSUs at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 is the same as the period over which the remaining cost of the awards will be recognized, which is approximately three years. The fair value of RSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was $467 million, $490 million and $513 million, respectively. The total fair value of RSUs vested and released during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was $272 million, $311 million and $213 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, there was $892 million, $863 million and $740 million, respectively, of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs. The company received no cash from employees as a result of employee vesting and release of RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007.

PSUs are stock awards where the number of shares ultimately received by the employee depends on the company's performance against specified targets and typically vest over a three-year period. The fair value of each PSU is determined on the grant date, based on the company's stock price, and assumes that performance targets will be achieved. Over the performance period, the number of shares of stock that will be issued is adjusted upward or downward based upon the probability of achievement of performance targets. The ultimate number of shares issued and the related compensation cost recognized as expense will be based on a comparison of the final performance metrics to the specified targets. The fair value of PSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was $159 million, $126 million and $116 million, respectively. Total fair value of PSUs vested and released during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 was $120 million, $78 million and $88 million, respectively.

In connection with vesting and release of RSUs and PSUs, the tax benefits realized by the company for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 were $156 million, $165 million and $133 million, respectively.

## IBM Employees Stock Purchase Plan

The company maintains a non-compensatory Employees Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). The ESPP enables eligible participants to purchase full or fractional shares of IBM common stock at a five-percent discount off the average market price on the day of purchase through payroll deductions of up to 10 percent of eligible compensation. Eligible compensation includes any compensation received by the employee during the year. The ESPP provides for offering periods during which shares may be purchased and continues as long as shares remain available under the ESPP, unless terminated earlier at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Individual ESPP participants are restricted from purchasing more than $25,000 of common stock in one calendar year or 1,000 shares in an offering period.



Employees purchased 3.2 million, 3.5 million and 4.0 million shares under the ESPP during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Cash dividends declared and paid by the company on its common stock also include cash dividends on the company stock purchased through the ESPP. Dividends are paid on full and fractional shares and can be reinvested in the ESPP. The company stock purchased through the ESPP is considered outstanding and is included in the weighted-average outstanding shares for purposes of computing basic and diluted earnings per share.

Approximately 9.6 million, 12.8 million and 16.3 million shares were available for purchase under the ESPP at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

## Note U.
Retirement-Related Benefits

## Description of Plans

IBM sponsors defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans that cover substantially all regular employees, a supplemental retention plan that covers certain U.S. executives and nonpension postretirement benefit plans primarily consisting of retiree medical and dental benefits for eligible retirees and dependents.

## U.S. Plans

## DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLANS

## IBM Personal Pension Plan

IBM provides U.S. regular, full-time and part-time employees hired prior to January 1, 2005 with noncontributory defined benefit pension benefits via the IBM Personal Pension Plan. Prior to 2008, the IBM Personal Pension Plan consisted of a tax qualified (qualified) plan and a non-tax qualified (nonqualified) plan. Effective January 1, 2008, the nonqualified plan was renamed the Excess Personal Pension Plan (Excess PPP) and the qualified plan is now referred to as the Qualified PPP. The combined plan is now referred to as the PPP. The Qualified PPP is funded by company contributions to an irrevocable trust fund, which is held for the sole benefit of participants and beneficiaries. The Excess PPP, which is unfunded, provides benefits in excess of IRS limitations for qualified plans.

Benefits provided to the PPP participants are calculated using benefit formulas that vary based on the participant. Pension benefits are calculated using one of two methods based upon specified criteria used to determine each participant's eligibility. The first method uses a five-year, final pay formula that determines benefits based on salary, years of service, mortality and other participant-specific factors. The second method is a cash balance formula that calculates benefits using a percentage of employees' annual salary, as well as an interest crediting rate.
Benefit accruals under the IBM Personal Pension Plan ceased December 31, 2007 for all participants.

## U.S. Supplemental Executive Retention Plan

The company also sponsors a nonqualified U.S. Supplemental Executive Retention Plan (Retention Plan). The Retention Plan, which is unfunded, provides benefits to eligible U.S. executives based on average earnings, years of service and age at termination of employment. Effective July 1, 1999, the company replaced the then effective Retention Plan with the current Retention Plan. Some participants in the previous Retention Plan will still be eligible for benefits under that prior plan if those benefits are greater than the benefits provided under the current plan.

Benefit accruals under the Retention Plan ceased December 31, 2007 for all participants.

## DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS

## IBM 401(k) Plus Plan

U.S. regular, full-time and part-time employees are eligible to participate in the IBM 401(k) Plus Plan, which is a qualified defined contribution plan under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Effective January 1, 2008, under the IBM 401(k) Plus Plan, eligible employees receive a dollar-for-dollar match of their contributions up to 6 percent of eligible compensation for those hired prior to January 1, 2005, and up to 5 percent of eligible compensation for those hired on or after January 1, 2005. In addition, eligible employees receive automatic contributions from the company equal to 1, 2 or 4 percent of eligible compensation based on their eligibility to participate in the PPP as of December 31, 2007. Employees receive automatic contributions and matching contributions after the completion of one year of service. Further, through June 30, 2009, IBM contributed transition credits to eligible participants' 401(k) Plus Plan accounts. The amount of the transition credits was based on a participant's age and service as of June 30, 1999.

Prior to January 1, 2008, the company match equaled 50 percent of the first 6 percent of eligible compensation that participants contributed to the plan for those hired before January 1, 2005, and 100 percent of the first 6 percent contributed for those hired after December 31, 2004.

The company’s matching contributions vest immediately and participants are always fully vested in their own contributions. All contributions, including the company match, are made in cash and invested in accordance with participants’ investment elections. There are no minimum amounts that must be invested in company stock, and there are no restrictions on transferring amounts out of company stock to another investment choice, other than excessive trading rules applicable to such investments.



IBM Excess 401(k) Plus Plan

Effective January 1, 2008, the company replaced the IBM Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, an unfunded, nonqualified, defined contribution plan, with the IBM Excess 401(k) Plus Plan (Excess 401(k)), an unfunded, nonqualified defined contribution plan. All employees whose eligible compensation is expected to exceed the IRS compensation limit for qualified plans are eligible to participate in the Excess 401(k). The purpose of the Excess 401(k) is to provide benefits that would be provided under the qualified IBM 401(k) Plus Plan if the compensation limits did not apply.

Amounts deferred into the Excess 401(k) are recordkeeping (notional) accounts and are not held in trust for the participants. Participants in the Excess 401(k) may invest their notional accounts in the primary investment options available to all employees through the 401(k) Plus Plan. Participants in the Excess 401(k) are also eligible to receive company match and automatic contributions on eligible compensation deferred into the Excess 401(k) and on compensation earned in excess of the Internal Revenue Code pay limit once they have completed one year of service. Through June 30, 2009, eligible participants also received transition credits. Amounts deferred into the Excess 401(k), including company contributions are recorded as liabilities.

## NONPENSION POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT PLAN

## U.S. Nonpension Postretirement Plan

The company sponsors a defined benefit nonpension postretirement benefit plan that provides medical and dental benefits to eligible U.S. retirees and eligible dependents, as well as life insurance for eligible U.S. retirees. Effective July 1, 1999, the company established a Future Health Account (FHA) for employees who were more than five years from retirement eligibility. Employees who were within five years of retirement eligibility are covered under the company's prior retiree health benefits arrangements. Under either the FHA or the prior retiree health benefit arrangements, there is a maximum cost to the company for retiree health benefits.

Since January 1, 2004, new hires, as of that date or later, are not eligible for company subsidized postretirement benefits.

## Non-U.S. Plans

Most subsidiaries and branches outside the United States sponsor defined benefit and/or defined contribution plans that cover substantially all regular employees. The company deposits funds under various fiduciary-type arrangements, purchases annuities under group contracts or provides reserves for these plans. Benefits under the defined benefit plans are typically based either on years of service and the employee's compensation (generally during a fixed number of years immediately before retirement) or on annual credits. The range of assumptions that are used for the non-U.S. defined benefit plans reflect the different economic environments within the various countries.

In addition, certain of the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit nonpension postretirement benefit plans that provide medical and dental benefits to eligible non-U.S. retirees and eligible dependents, as well as life insurance for certain eligible non-U.S. retirees. However, most of the non-U.S. retirees are covered by local government sponsored and administered programs.

## Plan Financial Information

## Summary of Financial Information

The following table presents a summary of the total retirement-related benefits net periodic (income)/cost recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">For the year ended December 31:</td><td colspan="3">U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="3">Non-U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="3">Total</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2009</td><td>2008*</td><td>2007*</td><td>2009</td><td>2008*</td><td>2007*</td></tr><tr><td>Defined benefit pension plans</td><td>$ (919)</td><td>$ (948)</td><td>$ 473</td><td>$ 521</td><td>$ 402</td><td>$ 835</td><td>$ (398)</td><td>$ (546)</td><td>$ 1,308</td></tr><tr><td>Retention Plan</td><td>13</td><td>13</td><td>23</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>13</td><td>13</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Total defined benefit pension plans (income)/cost</td><td>$ (906)</td><td>$ (936)</td><td>$ 496</td><td>$ 521</td><td>$ 402</td><td>$ 835</td><td>$ (384)</td><td>$ (534)</td><td>$ 1,331</td></tr><tr><td>IBM 401(k) Plus Plan and Non-U.S. plans</td><td>$ 946</td><td>$ 1,034</td><td>$ 390</td><td>$ 478</td><td>$ 540</td><td>$ 478</td><td>$ 1,424</td><td>$ 1,574</td><td>$ 868</td></tr><tr><td>Excess 401(k)</td><td>26</td><td>36</td><td>12</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>26</td><td>36</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Total defined contribution plans cost</td><td>$ 972</td><td>$ 1,069</td><td>$ 402</td><td>$ 478</td><td>$ 540</td><td>$ 478</td><td>$ 1,450</td><td>$ 1,609</td><td>$ 880</td></tr><tr><td>Nonpension postretirement benefit plans cost</td><td>$ 292</td><td>$ 310</td><td>$ 342</td><td>$ 58</td><td>$ 53</td><td>$ 57</td><td>$ 350</td><td>$ 363</td><td>$ 399</td></tr><tr><td>Total retirement-related benefits net periodic cost</td><td>$ 358</td><td>$ 443</td><td>$ 1,240</td><td>$ 1,057</td><td>$ 996</td><td>$ 1,370</td><td>$ 1,415</td><td>$ 1,439</td><td>$ 2,610</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.



The following table presents a summary of the total projected benefit obligation (PBO) for defined benefit plans, accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) for nonpension postretirement benefit plans (benefit obligations), fair value of plan assets and the associated funded status recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">At December 31:</td><td colspan="2">Benefit Obligations</td><td colspan="2">Fair Value of Plan Assets</td><td colspan="2">Funded Status*</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Overfunded plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qualified PPP</td><td>$46,910</td><td>$ —</td><td>$47,269</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 359</td><td>$ —</td></tr><tr><td>Underfunded plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qualified PPP</td><td>$ —</td><td>$47,297</td><td>$ —</td><td>$45,918</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (1,379)</td></tr><tr><td>Excess PPP</td><td>1,195</td><td>1,224</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(1,195)</td><td>(1,224)</td></tr><tr><td>Retention Plan</td><td>249</td><td>235</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(249)</td><td>(235)</td></tr><tr><td>Nonpension postretirement benefit plan</td><td>5,100</td><td>5,224</td><td>33</td><td>113</td><td>(5,067)</td><td>(5,111)</td></tr><tr><td>Total underfunded U.S. plans</td><td>$ 6,545</td><td>$53,980</td><td>$ 33</td><td>$46,031</td><td>$ (6,512)</td><td>$ (7,949)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-U.S. Plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Overfunded plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qualified defined benefit pension plans</td><td>$14,032</td><td>$12,586</td><td>$16,673</td><td>$14,183</td><td>$ 2,641</td><td>$ 1,598</td></tr><tr><td>Nonpension postretirement benefit plans</td><td>7</td><td>12</td><td>8</td><td>14</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Total overfunded non-U.S. plans</td><td>$14,039</td><td>$12,598</td><td>$16,681</td><td>$14,197</td><td>$ 2,642</td><td>$ 1,601</td></tr><tr><td>Underfunded plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qualified defined benefit pension plans</td><td>$21,521</td><td>$21,179</td><td>$17,633</td><td>$14,980</td><td>$ (3,888)</td><td>$ (6,199)</td></tr><tr><td>Nonqualified defined benefit pension plans</td><td>5,755</td><td>5,406</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(5,755)</td><td>(5,406)</td></tr><tr><td>Nonpension postretirement benefit plans</td><td>760</td><td>596</td><td>96</td><td>65</td><td>(664)</td><td>(532)</td></tr><tr><td>Total underfunded non-U.S. plans</td><td>$28,036</td><td>$27,182</td><td>$17,729</td><td>$15,045</td><td>$ (10,307)</td><td>$ (12,137)</td></tr><tr><td>Total overfunded plans</td><td>$60,949</td><td>$12,598</td><td>$63,950</td><td>$14,197</td><td>$ 3,001</td><td>$ 1,601</td></tr><tr><td>Total underfunded plans</td><td>$34,581</td><td>$81,162</td><td>$17,762</td><td>$61,076</td><td>$ (16,819)</td><td>$ (20,086)</td></tr></table>

* Funded status is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as follows: Asset amounts as prepaid pension assets; (Liability) amounts as compensation and benefits (current liability) and retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations (noncurrent liability).

At December 31, 2009, the company’s qualified defined benefit pension plans worldwide were 99 percent funded compared to the benefit obligations, with the U.S. qualified PPP 101 percent funded. Overall, including nonqualified plans, the company’s defined benefit pension plans were 91 percent funded, an improvement of 6 points from the year-end 2008 position.

## Defined Benefit Pension and Nonpension

## Postretirement Benefit Plan Financial Information

The tables on pages 112 to 114 represent financial information for the company’s retirement-related benefit plans. Defined benefit pension plans in the U.S. Plans consist of the Qualified PPP, the Excess PPP and the Retention Plan. Defined benefit pension plans in the non-U.S. Plans consist of all plans sponsored by the company’s subsidiaries. The nonpension postretirement benefit plan in the U.S. Plan represents the U.S. Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plan. Nonpension postretirement benefit plans in the non-U.S. Plans consist of all plans sponsored by the company’s subsidiaries.

The tables on page 112 present the components of net periodic (income)/cost of the company’s retirement-related benefit plans recognized in Consolidated Statement of Earnings.



## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="6">Defined Benefit Pension Plans</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="3">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2009</td><td>2008*</td><td>2007*</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Service cost</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 773</td><td>$ 585</td><td>$ 660</td><td>$ 688</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>2,682</td><td>2,756</td><td>2,660</td><td>1,898</td><td>2,042</td><td>1,825</td></tr><tr><td>Expected return on plan assets</td><td>(4,009)</td><td>(3,978)</td><td>(3,703)</td><td>(2,534)</td><td>(2,725)</td><td>(2,528)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of transition assets</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0)</td><td>(0)</td><td>(3)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)</td><td>10</td><td>(7)</td><td>57</td><td>(126)</td><td>(129)</td><td>(125)</td></tr><tr><td>Recognized actuarial losses</td><td>411</td><td>291</td><td>703</td><td>624</td><td>612</td><td>934</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailments and settlements</td><td>—</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>(126)</td><td>(139)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-employer plan/other costs</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>200</td><td>82</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Total net periodic (income)/cost</td><td>$ (906)</td><td>$ (936)</td><td>$ 496</td><td>$ 521</td><td>$ 402</td><td>$ 835</td></tr></table>

* Reclassified to conform with 2009 presentation.

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="6">Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">U.S. Plan</td><td colspan="3">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Service cost</td><td>$ 41</td><td>$ 55</td><td>$ 69</td><td>$ 10</td><td>$ 10</td><td>$ 12</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>289</td><td>312</td><td>311</td><td>51</td><td>53</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Expected return on plan assets</td><td>—</td><td>(8)</td><td>—</td><td>(8)</td><td>(10)</td><td>(11)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of transition assets</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)</td><td>(39)</td><td>(62)</td><td>(62)</td><td>(6)</td><td>(7)</td><td>(8)</td></tr><tr><td>Recognized actuarial losses</td><td>—</td><td>9</td><td>24</td><td>11</td><td>14</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailments and settlements</td><td>—</td><td>3</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(6)</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Total net periodic cost</td><td>$292</td><td>$310</td><td>$342</td><td>$58</td><td>$53</td><td>$57</td></tr></table>



The following table presents the changes in benefit obligations and plan assets of the company’s retirement-related benefit plans.

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4">Defined Benefit Pension Plans</td><td colspan="4">Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans*</td><td colspan="2">U.S. Plan</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Change in benefit obligation:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benefit obligation at January 1</td><td>$48,756</td><td>$47,673</td><td>$39,171</td><td>$42,291</td><td>$5,224</td><td>$5,472</td><td>$608</td><td>$769</td></tr><tr><td>Service cost</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>585</td><td>660</td><td>41</td><td>55</td><td>10</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>2,682</td><td>2,756</td><td>1,898</td><td>2,042</td><td>289</td><td>312</td><td>51</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Plan participants&#x27; contributions</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>58</td><td>63</td><td>228</td><td>216</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisitions/divestitures, net</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(58)</td><td>(6)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(2)</td><td>(1)</td></tr><tr><td>Actuarial losses/(gains)</td><td>155</td><td>1,183</td><td>506</td><td>(64)</td><td>(65)</td><td>(191)</td><td>14</td><td>(12)</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid from trust</td><td>(3,144)</td><td>(2,999)</td><td>(1,855)</td><td>(1,814)</td><td>(646)</td><td>(656)</td><td>(6)</td><td>(31)</td></tr><tr><td>Direct benefit payments</td><td>(94)</td><td>(81)</td><td>(464)</td><td>(486)</td><td>(25)</td><td>(24)</td><td>(23)</td><td>(21)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange impact</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,920</td><td>(3,357)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>111</td><td>(146)</td></tr><tr><td>Medicare subsidy</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>52</td><td>37</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Plan amendments/curtailments/settlements</td><td>—</td><td>224</td><td>(454)</td><td>(157)</td><td>—</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>(13)</td></tr><tr><td>Benefit obligation at December 31</td><td>$48,354</td><td>$48,756</td><td>$41,308</td><td>$39,171</td><td>$5,100</td><td>$5,224</td><td>$767</td><td>$608</td></tr><tr><td>Change in plan assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of plan assets at January 1</td><td>$45,918</td><td>$57,191</td><td>$29,164</td><td>$41,696</td><td>$113</td><td>$504</td><td>$79</td><td>$121</td></tr><tr><td>Actual return on plan assets</td><td>4,496</td><td>(8,274)</td><td>4,030</td><td>(7,678)</td><td>(1)</td><td>4</td><td>8</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Employer contributions</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,195</td><td>858</td><td>338</td><td>45</td><td>1</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisitions/divestitures, net</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(29)</td><td>16</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Plan participants&#x27; contributions</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>58</td><td>63</td><td>228</td><td>216</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid from trust</td><td>(3,144)</td><td>(2,999)</td><td>(1,855)</td><td>(1,814)</td><td>(646)</td><td>(656)</td><td>(6)</td><td>(31)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange impact</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,710</td><td>(3,978)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>23</td><td>(30)</td></tr><tr><td>Plan amendments/curtailments/settlements</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>33</td><td>2</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(1)</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of plan assets at December 31</td><td>$47,269</td><td>$45,918</td><td>$34,305</td><td>$29,164</td><td>$33</td><td>$113</td><td>$104</td><td>$79</td></tr><tr><td>Funded status at December 31</td><td>$(1,085)</td><td>$(2,838)</td><td>$(7,003)</td><td>$(10,007)</td><td>$(5,067)</td><td>$(5,111)</td><td>$(663)</td><td>$(529)</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated benefit obligation**</td><td>$48,354</td><td>$48,756</td><td>$40,339</td><td>$37,759</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td></tr></table>

* Excludes a defined benefit pension plan in Brazil due to restrictions on the use of plan assets imposed by governmental regulations.

** Represents the benefit obligation assuming no future participant compensation increases.

N/A—Not applicable

The following table presents the net funded status recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4">Defined Benefit Pension Plans</td><td colspan="4">Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans*</td><td colspan="2">U.S. Plan</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prepaid pension assets</td><td>$ 359</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 2,641</td><td>$ 1,598</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 1</td><td>$ 3</td></tr><tr><td>Current liabilities—Compensation and benefits</td><td>(91)</td><td>(86)</td><td>(326)</td><td>(283)</td><td>(425)</td><td>(255)</td><td>(24)</td><td>(9)</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent liabilities—Retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations</td><td>(1,353)</td><td>(2,752)</td><td>(9,318)</td><td>(11,322)</td><td>(4,642)</td><td>(4,856)</td><td>(640)</td><td>(523)</td></tr><tr><td>Funded status—net</td><td>(1,085)</td><td>(2,838)</td><td>(7,003)</td><td>(10,007)</td><td>(5,067)</td><td>(5,111)</td><td>(663)</td><td>(529)</td></tr></table>

The table on page 114 presents the pre-tax net loss and prior service costs/(credits) and transition (assets)/liabilities recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss) and the changes in pre-tax net loss, prior service costs/(credits) and transition (assets)/liabilities recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the retirement-related benefit plans.



<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4">Defined Benefit Pension Plans</td><td colspan="4">Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="2">U.S. Plan</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>208</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net loss at January 1</td><td>$15,623</td><td>$ 2,479</td><td>$18,898</td><td>$ 9,228</td><td>$454</td><td>$ 657</td><td>$155</td><td>$186</td></tr><tr><td>Current period loss/(gain)</td><td>(332)</td><td>13,435</td><td>(1,107)</td><td>10,339</td><td>(57)</td><td>(194)</td><td>24</td><td>(11)</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailments and settlements</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>6</td><td>(56)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(7)</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of net loss included in net periodic (income)/cost</td><td>(411)</td><td>(291)</td><td>(624)</td><td>(612)</td><td>—</td><td>(9)</td><td>(11)</td><td>(14)</td></tr><tr><td>Net loss at December 31</td><td>$14,880</td><td>$15,623</td><td>$17,172</td><td>$18,898</td><td>$397</td><td>$454</td><td>$167</td><td>$155</td></tr><tr><td>Prior service costs/(credits) at January 1</td><td>$ 168</td><td>$ (60)</td><td>$ (980)</td><td>$ (1,147)</td><td>$ (53)</td><td>$ (115)</td><td>$ (21)</td><td>$ (28)</td></tr><tr><td>Current period prior service costs/(credits)</td><td>—</td><td>222</td><td>(370)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(5)</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailments and settlements</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>120</td><td>38</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service (costs)/credits included in net periodic (income)/cost</td><td>(10)</td><td>7</td><td>126</td><td>129</td><td>39</td><td>62</td><td>6</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Prior service costs/(credits) at December 31</td><td>$ 159</td><td>$ 168</td><td>$ (1,104)</td><td>$ (980)</td><td>$ (14)</td><td>$ (53)</td><td>$ (19)</td><td>$ (21)</td></tr><tr><td>Transition (assets)/liabilities at January 1</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (1)</td><td>$ (1)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 1</td><td>$ 1</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of transition assets/(liabilities) included in net periodic (income)/cost</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Transition (assets)/liabilities at December 31</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (1)</td><td>$ (1)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 1</td><td>$ 1</td></tr><tr><td>Total loss recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)*</td><td>$15,038</td><td>$15,791</td><td>$16,067</td><td>$17,917</td><td>$382</td><td>$ 401</td><td>$148</td><td>$135</td></tr></table>

* See note N, "Equity Activity," on page 98 for the total change in the accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) and the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for components of net periodic (income)/cost, including the related tax effects, recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss) for the retirement-related benefit plans.

The following table presents the pre-tax estimated net loss, estimated prior service costs/(credits) and estimated transition (assets)/liabilities of the retirement-related benefit plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) into net periodic (income)/cost and recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings in 2010.

<table><tr><td rowspan="3">(\( in millions)</td><td colspan="2">Defined Benefit Pension Plans</td><td colspan="2">Nonpension Post-retirement Benefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Plans</td><td>Non-U.S. Plans</td><td>U.S. Plan</td><td>Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>$476</td><td>$ 722</td><td>$ —</td><td>$9</td></tr><tr><td>Prior service costs/(credits)</td><td>10</td><td>(165)</td><td>(14)</td><td>(5)</td></tr><tr><td>Transition (assets)/liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr></table>

During the year ended December 31, 2009, the company paid $140 million for mandatory pension insolvency insurance coverage premiums in certain non-U.S. countries (Germany, Canada, Luxembourg and the U.K.), an increase of $117 million from the year ended December 31, 2008, driven primarily by premiums paid in Germany. These premiums relate to the rising level of plan insolvencies experienced by other companies.

During the year ended December 31, 2009, the company approved changes to the United Kingdom Pension Plan which included the elimination of accrued benefits under this plan effective April 2011. As a result of this action, the company recorded a curtailment gain of $124 million included in 2009 net periodic (income)/cost and reduced the PBO by $85 million. The company also amended its cash balance and defined contribution plans in Japan to reduce overall benefits for active participants for future years of service. This amendment resulted in a decrease in the PBO of $359 million and had no impact on 2009 net periodic (income)/cost.

During the year ended December 31, 2008, the IBM Board of Directors approved a pension adjustment for certain U.S. retirees and beneficiaries in the PPP. This adjustment provided a pension increase to approximately 42,000 IBM retirees who retired before January 1, 1997. This adjustment resulted in an increase in the PBO of $222 million and had no impact on 2008 net periodic (income)/cost.

During the year ended December 31, 2008, the company terminated one of its defined benefit pension plans in Japan that resulted in a settlement gain of $140 million recorded as part of 2008 net periodic (income)/cost and resulted in a decrease in the PBO of $157 million.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

No significant amendments of retirement-related benefit plans occurred during the year ended December 31, 2007 that had a material effect on the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

## Assumptions Used to Determine Plan Financial Information

Underlying both the measurement of benefit obligations and net periodic (income)/cost are actuarial valuations. These valuations use participant-specific information such as salary, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, the most significant of which include estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest crediting rates and mortality rates. The company evaluates these assumptions, at a minimum, annually, and makes changes as necessary.

The table below presents the assumptions used to measure the net periodic (income)/cost and the year-end benefit obligations for retirement-related benefit plans.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="5">Defined Benefit Pension Plans</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average assumptions used to measure net periodic (income)/cost for the year ended December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Discount rate</td><td>5.75%</td><td>6.00%</td><td>5.75%</td><td>4.89%</td><td>5.06%</td></tr><tr><td>Expected long-term returns on plan assets</td><td>8.00%</td><td>8.00%</td><td>8.00%</td><td>6.73%</td><td>6.86%</td></tr><tr><td>Rate of compensation increase*</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>4.00%</td><td>3.09%</td><td>3.23%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average assumptions used to measure benefit obligations at December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Discount rate</td><td>5.60%</td><td>5.75%</td><td>6.00%</td><td>4.84%</td><td>4.89%</td></tr><tr><td>Rate of compensation increase*</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>2.92%</td><td>3.09%</td></tr></table>

* Rate of compensation increase is not applicable to the U.S. defined benefit pension plans as benefit accruals ceased December 31, 2007 for all participants.
N/A—Not applicable

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="5">Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">U.S. Plans</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average assumptions used to measure net periodic cost for the year ended December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Discount rate</td><td>5.75%</td><td>6.00%</td><td>5.75%</td><td>7.36%</td><td>7.13%</td></tr><tr><td>Expected long-term returns on plan assets</td><td>N/A</td><td>3.02%</td><td>N/A</td><td>9.19%</td><td>9.04%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average assumptions used to measure benefit obligations at December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Discount rate</td><td>5.40%</td><td>5.75%</td><td>6.00%</td><td>7.92%</td><td>7.36%</td></tr></table>

N/A—Not applicable

## DISCOUNT RATE

The discount rate assumptions used for retirement-related benefit plans accounting reflect the yields available on high-quality, fixed income debt instruments at the measurement date. For the U.S. discount rate assumptions, a portfolio of high-quality corporate bonds is used to construct a yield curve. The cash flows from the company's expected benefit obligation payments are then matched to the yield curve to derive the discount rates. In the non-U.S., where markets for high-quality long-term bonds are not generally as well developed, a portfolio of long-term government bonds is used as a base, to which a credit spread is added to simulate corporate bond yields at these maturities in the jurisdiction of each plan, as the benchmark for developing the respective discount rates.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

For the U.S. defined benefit pension plans, the changes in discount rate assumptions impacted the net periodic (income)/cost and the PBO. The changes in discount rate assumptions resulted in a decrease in 2009 net periodic income of $70 million, an increase in 2008 net periodic income of $67 million and a decrease in 2007 net periodic cost of $92 million. The changes in discount rate assumptions resulted in an increase in the PBO of $703 million and $1,190 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.

For the nonpension postretirement benefit plans, the changes in discount rate assumptions had no material impact on net periodic cost for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 and on the APBO at December 31, 2009 and 2008.

## EXPECTED LONG-TERM RETURNS ON PLAN ASSETS

Expected returns on plan assets, a component of net periodic (income)/cost, represent the expected long-term returns on plan assets based on the calculated market-related value of plan assets. Expected long-term returns on plan assets take into account long-term expectations for future returns and investment policies and strategies as described on page 117. These rates of return are developed by the company, calculated using an arithmetic average and are tested for reasonableness against historical returns. The use of expected long-term returns on plan assets may result in recognized pension income that is greater or less than the actual returns of those plan assets in any given year. Over time, however, the expected long-term returns are designed to approximate the actual long-term returns, and therefore result in a pattern of income and cost recognition that more closely matches the pattern of the services provided by the employees. Differences between actual and expected returns are recognized as a component of net loss or gain in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), which is amortized as a component of net periodic (income)/cost over the service lives or life expectancy of the plan participants, depending on the plan, provided such amounts exceed certain thresholds provided by accounting standards. The market-related value of plan assets recognizes changes in the fair value of plan assets systematically over a five-year period in the expected return on plan assets line in net periodic (income)/cost.

For the U.S. defined benefit pension plan, Qualified PPP, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 8.00 percent remained constant for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007 and, consequently, had no incremental impact on net periodic (income)/cost.
For the nonpension postretirement benefit plans, the company maintains a nominal, highly liquid trust fund balance to ensure payments are made timely. As a result, for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, the expected long-term return on plan assets and the actual return on those assets were not material.

## RATE OF COMPENSATION INCREASES AND MORTALITY RATE

The rate of compensation increases is determined by the company, based upon its long-term plans for such increases. The rate of compensation increase is not applicable to the U.S. defined benefit pension plans as benefit accruals ceased December 31, 2007 for all participants. Mortality rate assumptions are based on life expectancy and death rates for different types of participants. Mortality rates are periodically updated based on actual experience.

## INTEREST CREDITING RATE

Benefits for certain participants in the PPP are calculated using a cash balance formula. An assumption underlying this formula is an interest crediting rate, which impacts both net periodic (income)/cost and the PBO. This assumption provides a basis for projecting the expected interest rate that participants will earn on the benefits that they are expected to receive in the following year and is based on the average from August to October of the one-year U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity yield plus one percent.

For the PPP, the change in the interest crediting rate to 2.8 percent for the year ended December 31, 2009 from 5.2 percent for the year ended December 31, 2008 resulted in an increase in 2009 net periodic income of $151 million. The change in the interest crediting rate to 5.2 percent for the year ended December 31, 2008 from 6.0 percent for the year ended December 31, 2007 resulted in an increase in 2008 net periodic income of $65 million. The change in the interest crediting rate to 6.0 percent for the year ended December 31, 2007 from 5.0 percent for the year ended December 31, 2006 resulted in an increase in 2007 net periodic cost of $125 million.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## HEALTHCARE COST TREND RATE

For nonpension postretirement benefit plan accounting, the company reviews external data and its own historical trends for healthcare costs to determine the healthcare cost trend rates. However, the healthcare cost trend rate has an insignificant effect on plan costs and obligations as a result of the terms of the plan which limit the company's obligation to the participants. The company assumes that the healthcare cost trend rate for 2010 will be 7 percent. In addition, the company assumes that the same trend rate will decrease to 5 percent over the next three years. A one percentage point increase or decrease in the assumed healthcare cost trend rate would not have a material effect on 2009, 2008 and 2007 net periodic cost or the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2009 and 2008.

## Plan Assets

Retirement-related benefit plan assets are recognized and measured at fair value as described in note A, "Significant Accounting Policies," on page 77. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuations, these fair value measurements may not necessarily reflect the amounts the company could realize in current market transactions.

## INVESTMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

The investment objectives of the Qualified PPP portfolio are designed to generate returns that will enable the plan to meet its future obligations. The precise amount for which these obligations will be settled depends on future events, including the retirement dates and life expectancy of the plans' participants. The obligations are estimated using actuarial assumptions, based on the current economic environment and other pertinent factors described on page 115. The Qualified PPP portfolio's investment strategy balances the requirement to generate returns, using potentially higher yielding assets such as equity securities, with the need to control risk in the portfolio with less volatile assets, such as fixed-income securities. Risks include, among others, inflation, volatility in equity values and changes in interest rates that could cause the plan to become underfunded, thereby increasing its dependence on contributions from the company. To mitigate any potential concentration risk, careful consideration is given to balancing the portfolio among industry sectors, companies and geographies, taking into account interest rate sensitivity, dependence on economic growth, currency and other factors that affect investment returns. As a result, the Qualified PPP portfolio's target allocation is 44 percent equity securities, 46 percent fixed income securities, 5 percent real estate and 5 percent other investments, which is consistent with the allocation decisions made by the company's management and is similar to the prior year target allocation. The table on page 118 details the actual allocation of equity, fixed income, real estate and all other types of investments for the Qualified PPP portfolio.
The assets are managed by professional investment firms and investment professionals who are employees of the company. They are bound by investment mandates determined by the company's management and are measured against specific benchmarks. Among these managers, consideration is given, but not limited to, balancing security concentration, issuer concentration, investment style and reliance on particular active and passive investment strategies.

Market liquidity risks are tightly controlled, with only a modest percentage of the Qualified PPP portfolio invested in private market assets consisting of private equities and private real estate investments, which are less liquid than publicly traded securities. As of December 31, 2009, the Qualified PPP portfolio had $3,618 million in commitments for future investments in private markets to be made over a number of years. These commitments are expected to be funded from plan assets.

Derivatives are used on a limited basis as an effective means to achieve investment objectives and/or as a component of the plan’s risk management strategy. The primary reasons for the use of derivatives are fixed income management, including duration, interest rate management and credit exposure, cash equitization and as a means to gain exposure to the currency and commodities markets.

Outside the U.S., the investment objectives are similar to those described above, subject to local regulations. The weighted-average target allocation for the non-U.S. plans is 47 percent equity securities, 46 percent fixed income securities, 2 percent real estate and 5 percent other investments, which is consistent with the allocation decisions made by the company's management and is similar to the prior year weighted-average target allocation. The table on page 118 details the actual allocations of equity, fixed income, real estate and all other types of investments for non-U.S. plans. In some countries, a higher percentage allocation to fixed income securities is required. In others, the responsibility for managing the investments typically lies with a board that may include up to 50 percent of members elected by employees and retirees. This can result in slight differences compared with the strategies previously described. Generally, these non-U.S. plans do not invest in illiquid assets and their use of derivatives is usually limited to currency hedging, adjusting portfolio durations and reducing specific market risks. There was no significant change in the investment strategies of these plans during either 2009 or 2008.

The company’s nonpension postretirement benefit plans are underfunded or unfunded. For some plans, the company maintains a nominal, highly liquid trust fund balance to ensure timely benefit payments.



## DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLAN ASSETS

The following table presents the company’s defined benefit pension plans’ major asset categories and their associated fair value at December 31, 2009. The U.S. Plan consists of the Qualified PPP and the non-U.S. Plans consist of all plans sponsored by the company’s subsidiaries.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="4">U.S. Plan</td><td colspan="4">Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>Level 1</td><td>Level 2</td><td>Level 3</td><td>Total</td><td>Level 1</td><td>Level 2</td><td>Level 3</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Equity:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity securities(a)</td><td>$15,205</td><td>$ 56</td><td>$ —</td><td>$15,261</td><td>$7,012</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 7,012</td></tr><tr><td>Equity commingled/mutual funds(b)(c)</td><td>303</td><td>1,085</td><td>26</td><td>1,413</td><td>386</td><td>8,923</td><td>—</td><td>9,309</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed income:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Government and related(d)</td><td>—</td><td>10,880</td><td>—</td><td>10,880</td><td>—</td><td>6,231</td><td>—</td><td>6,231</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate bonds</td><td>—</td><td>7,264</td><td>—</td><td>7,264</td><td>—</td><td>1,467</td><td>—</td><td>1,467</td></tr><tr><td>Mortgage and asset-backed securities</td><td>—</td><td>1,403</td><td>37</td><td>1,440</td><td>—</td><td>21</td><td>—</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed income commingled/mutual funds(e)(f)</td><td>369</td><td>1,064</td><td>192</td><td>1,625</td><td>45</td><td>6,835</td><td>—</td><td>6,880</td></tr><tr><td>Insurance contracts</td><td>—</td><td>1</td><td>—</td><td>1</td><td>—</td><td>1,143</td><td>—</td><td>1,143</td></tr><tr><td>Cash and short-term investments(f)</td><td>243</td><td>2,460</td><td>—</td><td>2,703</td><td>98</td><td>236</td><td>—</td><td>333</td></tr><tr><td>Hedge funds</td><td>—</td><td>214</td><td>587</td><td>800</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Private equity(g)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3,877</td><td>3,877</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>93</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Private real estate(h)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2,247</td><td>2,247</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>492</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Derivatives(i)</td><td>18</td><td>(221)</td><td>—</td><td>(203)</td><td>62</td><td>(7)</td><td>—</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>Other commingled/mutual funds(j)(k)</td><td>—</td><td>(0)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,190</td><td>—</td><td>1,190</td></tr><tr><td>Subtotal</td><td>16,138</td><td>24,205</td><td>6,964</td><td>47,308</td><td>7,602</td><td>26,038</td><td>585</td><td>34,226</td></tr><tr><td>Other(i)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(39)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of plan assets</td><td>$16,138</td><td>$24,205</td><td>$6,964</td><td>$47,269</td><td>$7,602</td><td>$26,038</td><td>$585</td><td>$34,305</td></tr></table>

(4) Represents U.S. and international securities. The U.S. Plan includes IBM common stock of $122 million, representing 0.3 percent of the U.S. Plan assets. Non-U.S. Plans include IBM common stock of $45 million, representing 0.1 percent of the non-U.S. Plans assets.

(5) Commingled funds represent pooled institutional investments.

(6) Investments in predominantly equity securities.

(4) Includes debt issued by national, state and local governments and agencies.

(8) Investments in predominantly fixed income securities.

(9) Includes cash and cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities.

(10) Includes limited partnerships and venture capital partnerships.

(11) Primarily includes interest rate derivatives and, to a lesser extent, forwards, exchange traded and other over-the-counter derivatives.

(12) Invests in both equity and fixed income securities.

(13) Represents net unsettled transactions, relating primarily to purchases and sales of plan assets.

The U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan assets of $33 million were invested in fixed income commingled/mutual funds, categorized as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The non-U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan assets of $104 million, primarily in Brazil, and, to a lesser extent, in Mexico and South Africa, were invested primarily in government and related fixed income securities, categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
The company’s asset allocations at December 31, 2008 were as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>U.S. Plan</td><td>Non-U.S. Plans</td></tr><tr><td>Asset Category:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity securities(a)(b)</td><td>37.1%</td><td>46.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Debt securities</td><td>54.0</td><td>48.5</td></tr><tr><td>Real estate(a)</td><td>5.9</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>3.0</td><td>4.0</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>100.0%</td><td>100.0%</td></tr></table>

(4) The Qualified PPP portfolio (U.S. Plan) included private market assets comprising approximately 12.9 percent of total assets.

(5) Equity securities included IBM common stock of $83 million, representing 0.2 percent of the Qualified PPP portfolio plan assets.



The following table presents the reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2009 for the U.S. Plan:

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Equity Commingled/ Mutual Funds</td><td>Mortgage And Asset-Backed Securities</td><td>Fixed Income Commingled/ Mutual Funds</td><td>Hedge Funds</td><td>Private Equity</td><td>Private Real Estate</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1</td><td>$—</td><td>$47</td><td>$180</td><td>$513</td><td>$3,169</td><td>$2,698</td><td>$6,607</td></tr><tr><td>Return on assets held at end of year</td><td>1</td><td>11</td><td>11</td><td>80</td><td>575</td><td>(634)</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Return on assets sold during the year</td><td>—</td><td>1</td><td>—</td><td>2</td><td>14</td><td>(98)</td><td>(81)</td></tr><tr><td>Purchases, sales and settlements, net</td><td>25</td><td>(7)</td><td>—</td><td>(8)</td><td>118</td><td>281</td><td>408</td></tr><tr><td>Transfers, net</td><td>—</td><td>(14)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(14)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td>$26</td><td>$37</td><td>$192</td><td>$587</td><td>$3,877</td><td>$2,247</td><td>$6,964</td></tr></table>

The following table presents the reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2009 for the non-U.S. Plans:

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Private Equity</td><td>Private Real Estate</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1</td><td></td><td></td><td>$ 64</td><td>$429</td><td>$494</td></tr><tr><td>Return on assets held at end of year</td><td></td><td></td><td>(10)</td><td>(10)</td><td>(19)</td></tr><tr><td>Return on assets sold during the year</td><td></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Purchases, sales and settlements, net</td><td></td><td></td><td>32</td><td>27</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Transfers, net</td><td></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange impact</td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>46</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31</td><td></td><td></td><td>$ 93</td><td>$492</td><td>$585</td></tr></table>

## VALUATION TECHNIQUES

The following is a description of the valuation techniques used to measure plan assets at fair value. There were no changes in valuation techniques during 2009 and 2008.

Equity securities are valued at the closing price reported on the stock exchange on which the individual securities are traded. IBM common stock is valued at the closing price reported on the New York Stock Exchange. Equity commingled/mutual funds are typically valued using the net asset value (NAV) provided by the administrator of the fund and reviewed by the company. The NAV is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus liabilities and divided by the number of shares or units outstanding. These assets are classified as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 depending on availability of quoted market prices.

The fair value of fixed income securities is typically estimated using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or discounted cash flows and are generally classified as Level 2. If available, they are valued using the closing price reported on the major market on which the individual securities are traded.
Cash includes money market accounts that are valued at their cost plus interest on a daily basis, which approximates fair value. Short-term investments represent securities with original maturities of one year or less. These assets are classified as Level 1 or Level 2.

Private equity and private real estate partnership valuations require significant judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, the inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of such assets. These assets are initially valued at cost and are reviewed periodically utilizing available and relevant market data to determine if the carrying value of these assets should be adjusted. These investments are classified as Level 3. The valuation methodology is applied consistently from period to period.



Exchange traded derivatives are valued at the closing price reported on the exchange on which the individual securities are traded, while forward contracts are valued using a mid-close price. Over-the-counter derivatives are typically valued using pricing models. The models require a variety of inputs, including, for example, yield curves, credit curves, measures of volatility and foreign exchange rates. These assets are classified as Level 1 or Level 2 depending on availability of quoted market prices.

## Expected Contributions

## DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLANS

It is the company’s general practice to fund amounts for pensions sufficient to meet the minimum requirements set forth in applicable employee benefits laws and local tax laws. From time to time, the company contributes additional amounts as it deems appropriate.

The company contributed $1,252 million and $917 million in cash to non-U.S. plans, including non-U.S. multi-employer plans, during the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.

In 2010, the company is not legally required to make any contributions to the U.S. defined benefit pension plans. However, depending on market conditions, or other factors, the company may elect to make discretionary contributions to the Qualified PPP during the year.

The Pension Protection Act of 2006 (the Act), enacted into law in 2006, is a comprehensive reform package that, among other provisions, increases pension funding requirements for certain U.S. defined benefit plans, provides guidelines for measuring pension plan assets and pension obligations for funding purposes and raises tax deduction limits for contributions to retirement-related benefit plans. The additional funding requirements by the Act apply to plan years beginning after December 31, 2007. The Act was updated by the Worker, Retiree and Employer Recovery Act of 2008, which revised the funding requirements in the Act by clarifying that the company may smooth the change in value of pension plan assets over 24 months. At December 31, 2009, no mandatory contribution is required for 2010.

In 2010, the company estimates contributions to its non-U.S. plans to be approximately $800 million, which will be mainly contributed to defined benefit pension plans in Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This amount represents the legally mandated minimum contributions. Financial market performance in 2010 could increase the legally mandated minimum contribution in certain countries which require monthly or daily remeasurement of the funded status. The company could also elect to contribute more than the legally mandated amount based on market conditions or other factors.

## NONPENSION POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

The company contributed $293 million and $10 million to the nonpension postretirement benefit plans during the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008. These contribution amounts exclude the Medicare-related subsidy discussed below.

## Expected Benefit Payments

## DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLAN EXPECTED PAYMENTS

The following table presents the total expected benefit payments to defined benefit pension plan participants. These payments have been estimated based on the same assumptions used to measure the plans' PBO at December 31, 2009 and include benefits attributable to estimated future compensation increases, where applicable.

<table><tr><td>($ in millions)</td><td>Qualified U.S. Plan Payments</td><td>Nonqualified U.S. Plans Payments</td><td>Qualified Non-U.S. Plans Payments</td><td>Nonqualified Non-U.S. Plans Payments</td><td>Total Expected Benefit Payments</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>$ 3,375</td><td>$ 91</td><td>$ 2,079</td><td>$ 314</td><td>$ 5,860</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>3,262</td><td>91</td><td>1,951</td><td>315</td><td>5,620</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>3,276</td><td>92</td><td>1,971</td><td>324</td><td>5,664</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>3,291</td><td>95</td><td>1,989</td><td>333</td><td>5,709</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>3,316</td><td>97</td><td>2,022</td><td>337</td><td>5,772</td></tr><tr><td>2015-2019</td><td>16,692</td><td>518</td><td>10,536</td><td>1,843</td><td>29,590</td></tr></table>

The 2010 expected benefit payments to defined benefit pension plan participants not covered by the respective plan assets (under-funded plans) represent a component of compensation and benefits, within current liabilities, in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.



## NONPENSION POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT PLAN

## EXPECTED PAYMENTS

The following table reflects the total expected benefit payments to nonpension postretirement benefit plan participants, as well as the expected receipt of the company’s share of the Medicare subsidy described below. These payments have been estimated based on the same assumptions used to measure the plan’s APBO at December 31, 2009.

<table><tr><td colspan="7">($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>U.S. Plan Payments</td><td>Less: IBM Share of Expected Medicare Subsidy</td><td>Net Expected U.S. Plan Payments</td><td>Qualified Non-U.S. Plans Payments</td><td>Nonqualified Non-U.S. Plans Payments</td><td>Total Expected Benefit Payments</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>$ 499</td><td>$(27)</td><td>$ 472</td><td>$ 11</td><td>$ 24</td><td>$ 507</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>492</td><td>(28)</td><td>464</td><td>15</td><td>25</td><td>503</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>458</td><td>(28)</td><td>430</td><td>16</td><td>26</td><td>472</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>440</td><td>(28)</td><td>412</td><td>18</td><td>27</td><td>457</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>431</td><td>—</td><td>431</td><td>20</td><td>28</td><td>479</td></tr><tr><td>2015-2019</td><td>$2,113</td><td>—</td><td>$2,113</td><td>135</td><td>154</td><td>2,402</td></tr></table>

The 2010 expected benefit payments to nonpension postretirement benefit plan participants not covered by the respective plan assets represent a component of compensation and benefits, within current liabilities, in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

## Medicare Prescription Drug Act

In connection with the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003, the company is expected to continue to receive a federal subsidy of approximately $229 million to subsidize the prescription drug coverage provided by the U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan, which is expected to extend until 2013. Approximately $111 million of the subsidy will be used by the company to reduce its obligation and cost related to the U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan. The company will contribute the remaining subsidy of $118 million to the plan in order to reduce contributions required by the participants. The company received a total subsidy of $45 million for prescription drug-related coverage during each of the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, which was utilized to reduce the company contributions to the U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan.

The company has included the impact of its portion of the subsidy in the determination of net periodic cost and APBO for the U.S. nonpension postretirement benefit plan at and for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007. The impact of the subsidy resulted in a reduction in APBO of $100 million and $127 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The impact of the subsidy resulted in a reduction in 2009, 2008 and 2007 net periodic cost of $28 million, $40 million and $36 million, respectively.

## Other Plan Information

The following table presents information for defined benefit pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations (ABO) in excess of plan assets. For a more detailed presentation of the funded status of the company’s defined benefit pension plans, see the table on page 113.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2009</td><td colspan="2">2008</td></tr><tr><td>Benefit Obligation</td><td>Plan Assets</td><td>Benefit Obligation</td><td>Plan Assets</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plans with PBO in excess of plan assets</td><td>$28,720</td><td>$17,633</td><td>$75,341</td><td>$60,898</td></tr><tr><td>Plans with ABO in excess of plan assets</td><td>27,996</td><td>17,561</td><td>73,939</td><td>60,630</td></tr><tr><td>Plans with assets in excess of PBO</td><td>60,942</td><td>63,942</td><td>12,586</td><td>14,183</td></tr></table>



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

## Note V.
Segment Information

The company creates business value for clients and solves business problems through integrated solutions that leverage information technology and deep knowledge of business processes. IBM solutions typically create value by reducing a client's operational costs or by enabling new capabilities that generate revenue. These solutions draw from an industry-leading portfolio of consulting, delivery and implementation services, enterprise software, systems and financing.

The company’s major operations comprise: a Global Technology Services segment; a Global Business Services segment; a Software segment; a Systems and Technology segment; and a Global Financing segment. The segments represent components of the company for which separate financial information is available that is utilized on a regular basis by the chief executive officer in determining how to allocate the company’s resources and evaluate performance. The segments are determined based on several factors, including client base, homogeneity of products, technology, delivery channels and similar economic characteristics.

Information about each segment’s business and the products and services that generate each segment’s revenue is located in the “Description of Business” section of the Management Discussion on pages 20 to 25, and “Segment Details,” on pages 25 to 31.

Segment revenue and pre-tax income include transactions between the segments that are intended to reflect an arm’s-length transfer price. Systems and software that is used by the Global Technology Services segment in outsourcing engagements is primarily sourced internally from the Systems and Technology and Software segments. For the internal use of IT services, Global Technology Services and Global Business Services recover cost, as well as a reasonable fee, reflecting the arm’s-length value of providing the services. The Global Services segments enter into arm’s-length leases and loans at prices equivalent to market rates with the Global Financing segment to facilitate the acquisition of equipment used in services engagements. All internal transaction prices are reviewed annually, and reset if appropriate.

The company utilizes globally integrated support organizations to realize economies of scale and efficient use of resources. As a result, a considerable amount of expense is shared by all of the segments. This shared expense includes sales coverage, marketing and support functions such as Accounting, Treasury, Procurement, Legal, Human Resources and Billing and Collections. Where practical, shared expenses are allocated based on measurable drivers of expense, e.g., headcount. When a clear and measurable driver cannot be identified, shared expenses are allocated on a financial basis that is consistent with the company's management system; e.g., advertising expense is allocated based on the gross profits of the segments. The unallocated corporate amounts arising from certain divestitures, indirect infrastructure reductions, miscellaneous tax items and the unallocated corporate expense pool are recorded in net income but are not allocated to the segments.

The following tables reflect the results of continuing operations of the segments consistent with the company’s management and measurement system. These results are not necessarily a depiction that is in conformity with GAAP. Performance measurement is based on pre-tax income. These results are used, in part, by senior management, both in evaluating the performance of, and in allocating resources to, each of the segments.



## Management System Segment View

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">For the year ended December 31:</td><td colspan="6">Global Services Segments</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>Global Business Services</td><td>Software</td><td>Systems and Technology</td><td>Global Financing</td><td>Total Segments</td></tr><tr><td>2009:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External revenue</td><td>$37,347</td><td>$17,653</td><td>$21,396</td><td>$16,190</td><td>$2,302</td><td>$ 94,889</td></tr><tr><td>Internal revenue</td><td>1,386</td><td>887</td><td>2,677</td><td>911</td><td>1,774</td><td>7,635</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>$38,734</td><td>$18,540</td><td>$24,073</td><td>$17,102</td><td>$4,076</td><td>$102,524</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$ 5,537</td><td>$ 2,555</td><td>$ 8,095</td><td>$ 1,419</td><td>$1,730</td><td>$ 19,335</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue year-to-year change</td><td>(5.1)%</td><td>(10.3)%</td><td>(3.1)%</td><td>(15.2)%</td><td>(8.4)%</td><td>(7.6)%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income year-to-year change</td><td>20.2%</td><td>(4.7)%</td><td>14.4%</td><td>(8.5)%</td><td>7.0%</td><td>10.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income margin</td><td>14.3%</td><td>13.8%</td><td>33.6%</td><td>8.3%</td><td>42.4%</td><td>18.9%</td></tr><tr><td>2008:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External revenue</td><td>$39,264</td><td>$19,628</td><td>$22,089</td><td>$19,287</td><td>$2,559</td><td>$102,827</td></tr><tr><td>Internal revenue</td><td>1,546</td><td>1,044</td><td>2,761</td><td>882</td><td>1,892</td><td>8,125</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>$40,810</td><td>$20,671</td><td>$24,850</td><td>$20,169</td><td>$4,451</td><td>$110,951</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$ 4,607</td><td>$ 2,681</td><td>$ 7,075</td><td>$ 1,550</td><td>$1,617</td><td>$ 17,531</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue year-to-year change</td><td>8.1%</td><td>7.5%</td><td>10.9%</td><td>(9.6)%</td><td>11.7%</td><td>5.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income year-to-year change</td><td>29.5%</td><td>29.9%</td><td>17.9%</td><td>(28.0)%</td><td>16.7%</td><td>15.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income margin</td><td>11.3%</td><td>13.0%</td><td>28.5%</td><td>7.7%</td><td>36.3%</td><td>15.8%</td></tr><tr><td>2007:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>External revenue</td><td>$36,103</td><td>$18,041</td><td>$19,982</td><td>$21,317</td><td>$2,502</td><td>$ 97,944</td></tr><tr><td>Internal revenue</td><td>1,636</td><td>1,193</td><td>2,416</td><td>998</td><td>1,482</td><td>7,726</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>$37,739</td><td>$19,234</td><td>$22,398</td><td>$22,315</td><td>$3,984</td><td>$105,670</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income</td><td>$ 3,557</td><td>$ 2,064</td><td>$ 6,002</td><td>$ 2,153</td><td>$1,386</td><td>$ 15,163</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue year-to-year change</td><td>10.7%</td><td>10.9%</td><td>9.7%</td><td>(3.6)%</td><td>2.4%</td><td>6.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income year-to-year change</td><td>8.2%</td><td>21.0%</td><td>9.3%</td><td>23.8%</td><td>(4.7)%</td><td>10.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-tax income margin</td><td>9.4%</td><td>10.7%</td><td>26.8%</td><td>9.6%</td><td>34.8%</td><td>14.3%</td></tr></table>



## Reconciliations of IBM as Reported

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total reportable segments</td><td>$102,524</td><td>$110,951</td><td>$105,670</td></tr><tr><td>Other revenue and adjustments</td><td>869</td><td>803</td><td>842</td></tr><tr><td>Elimination of internal revenue</td><td>(7,635)</td><td>(8,125)</td><td>(7,726)</td></tr><tr><td>Total IBM consolidated revenue</td><td>$95,758</td><td>$103,630</td><td>$98,786</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-Tax Income:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total reportable segments</td><td>$19,335</td><td>$17,531</td><td>$15,163</td></tr><tr><td>Elimination of internal transactions</td><td>(744)</td><td>(433)</td><td>(194)</td></tr><tr><td>Unallocated corporate amounts*</td><td>(453)</td><td>(382)</td><td>(480)</td></tr><tr><td>Total IBM consolidated pre-tax income from continuing operations</td><td>$18,138</td><td>$16,715</td><td>$14,489</td></tr></table>

* Includes a provision related to a joint venture investment (2009 only); gains related to the divestiture of the printing business (2007–2009), interest expense associated with debt related to the 2007 accelerated share repurchase (2007–2009); and gains related to the sale of Lenovo stock (2008 and 2007).

## Immaterial Items

## Investment in Equity Alliances and Equity Alliances Gains/(Losses)

The investments in equity alliances and the resulting gains and (losses) from these investments that are attributable to the segments did not have a material effect on the financial position or the financial results of the segments.

## Segment Assets and Other Items

Global Technology Services assets are primarily accounts receivable, plant, property and equipment including those associated with the segment's outsourcing business, goodwill, acquired intangible assets, deferred services arrangement transition costs and maintenance parts inventory. Global Business Services assets are primarily goodwill and accounts receivable. Software segment assets are mainly goodwill, acquired intangible assets and accounts receivable. Systems and Technology assets are primarily plant, property and equipment, manufacturing inventory and accounts receivable. The assets of the Global Financing segment are primarily financing receivables and fixed assets under operating leases.

To ensure the efficient use of the company’s space and equipment, it usually is necessary for several segments to share plant, property and equipment assets. Where assets are shared, landlord ownership of the assets is assigned to one segment and is not allocated to each user segment. This is consistent with the company’s management system and is reflected accordingly in the following table. In those cases, there will not be a precise correlation between segment pre-tax income and segment assets.

Similarly, the depreciation amounts reported by each segment are based on the assigned landlord ownership and may not be consistent with the amounts that are included in the segments' pre-tax income. The amounts that are included in pre-tax income reflect occupancy charges from the landlord segment and are not specifically identified by the management reporting system. Capital expenditures that are reported by each segment also are consistent with the landlord ownership basis of asset assignment.

The Global Financing segment amounts for interest income and interest expense reflect the interest income and interest expense associated with the Global Financing business, including the intercompany financing activities discussed on page 24, as well as the income from investment in cash and marketable securities. The explanation of the difference between cost of financing and interest expense for segment presentation versus presentation in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings is included on page 60 of the Management Discussion.



## Management System Segment View

($ in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">For the year ended December 31:</td><td colspan="6">Global Services Segments</td></tr><tr><td>Global Technology Services</td><td>Global Business Services</td><td>Software</td><td>Systems and Technology</td><td>Global Financing</td><td>Total Segments</td></tr><tr><td>2009:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assets</td><td>$16,422</td><td>$6,885</td><td>$16,894</td><td>$6,907</td><td>$34,605</td><td>$81,714</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation/amortization of intangibles</td><td>1,680</td><td>87</td><td>906</td><td>814</td><td>1,694</td><td>5,181</td></tr><tr><td>Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles</td><td>1,512</td><td>45</td><td>471</td><td>658</td><td>1,460</td><td>4,145</td></tr><tr><td>Interest income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2,265</td><td>2,265</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>674</td><td>674</td></tr><tr><td>2008:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assets</td><td>$15,456</td><td>$6,874</td><td>$15,336</td><td>$7,313</td><td>$36,119</td><td>$81,098</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation/amortization of intangibles</td><td>1,797</td><td>99</td><td>905</td><td>851</td><td>2,065</td><td>5,718</td></tr><tr><td>Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles</td><td>1,607</td><td>54</td><td>504</td><td>754</td><td>2,143</td><td>5,062</td></tr><tr><td>Interest income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2,604</td><td>2,604</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>988</td><td>988</td></tr><tr><td>2007:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assets</td><td>$16,157</td><td>$7,226</td><td>$10,042</td><td>$7,338</td><td>$37,586</td><td>$78,348</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation/amortization of intangibles</td><td>1,714</td><td>122</td><td>684</td><td>894</td><td>2,034</td><td>5,448</td></tr><tr><td>Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles</td><td>1,803</td><td>61</td><td>559</td><td>840</td><td>2,432</td><td>5,694</td></tr><tr><td>Interest income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2,421</td><td>2,421</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>966</td><td>966</td></tr></table>

## Reconciliations of IBM as Reported

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total reportable segments</td><td>$ 81,714</td><td>$ 81,098</td><td>$ 78,348</td></tr><tr><td>Elimination of internal transactions</td><td>(5,481)</td><td>(5,594)</td><td>(5,964)</td></tr><tr><td>Unallocated amounts:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash and marketable securities</td><td>12,688</td><td>11,631</td><td>16,007</td></tr><tr><td>Notes and accounts receivable</td><td>3,928</td><td>3,632</td><td>3,639</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred tax assets</td><td>5,545</td><td>8,341</td><td>2,664</td></tr><tr><td>Plant, other property and equipment</td><td>2,971</td><td>3,172</td><td>3,098</td></tr><tr><td>Pension assets</td><td>2,994</td><td>1,594</td><td>17,397</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>4,665</td><td>5,647</td><td>5,242</td></tr><tr><td>Total IBM consolidated</td><td>$109,022</td><td>$109,524</td><td>$120,431</td></tr></table>

## Major Clients

No single client represents 10 percent or more of the company's total revenue.

## Geographic Information

The following provides information for those countries that are 10 percent or more of the specific category.

## Revenue \( ^{*} \) 

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>$34,150</td><td>$ 36,686</td><td>$36,511</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>10,222</td><td>10,403</td><td>9,632</td></tr><tr><td>Other countries</td><td>51,386</td><td>56,541</td><td>52,643</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$95,758</td><td>$103,630</td><td>$98,786</td></tr></table>

* Revenues are attributed to countries based on location of client.

## Net Plant, Property and Equipment

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>$ 6,313</td><td>$ 6,469</td><td>$ 6,592</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>1,050</td><td>1,055</td><td>890</td></tr><tr><td>Other countries</td><td>5,092</td><td>4,797</td><td>5,365</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$12,455</td><td>$12,321</td><td>$12,847</td></tr></table>



## Revenue by Classes of Similar Products or Services

The table presents external revenue for similar classes of products or services within the company’s reportable segments. Within Global Technology Services and Global Business Services, client solutions often include IBM software and systems and other suppliers’ products if the client solution requires it. Within Software, product license charges and ongoing subscription and support are reported as Software and consulting, education, training and other product-related services are reported as Services. Within Systems and Technology, Microelectronics original equipment manufacturer (OEM) revenue is primarily from the sale of semiconductors. Microelectronics Services revenue includes circuit and component design services and technology and manufacturing consulting services. See “Description of the Business” beginning on page 20 for additional information. The data is presented on a continuing operations basis.

<table><tr><td colspan="4">(\( in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Global Technology Services:</td></tr><tr><td>Services</td><td>$28,762</td><td>$29,928</td><td>$27,482</td></tr><tr><td>Maintenance</td><td>6,956</td><td>7,250</td><td>6,670</td></tr><tr><td>Systems</td><td>1,279</td><td>1,648</td><td>1,496</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>351</td><td>438</td><td>454</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Global Business Services:</td></tr><tr><td>Services</td><td>$17,213</td><td>$19,176</td><td>$17,579</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>231</td><td>237</td><td>289</td></tr><tr><td>Systems</td><td>208</td><td>215</td><td>173</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Software:</td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>$20,094</td><td>$20,695</td><td>$18,992</td></tr><tr><td>Services</td><td>1,302</td><td>1,394</td><td>990</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Systems and Technology:</td></tr><tr><td>Servers</td><td>$10,627</td><td>$12,717</td><td>$13,348</td></tr><tr><td>Storage</td><td>3,177</td><td>3,612</td><td>3,738</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectronics OEM</td><td>1,550</td><td>1,862</td><td>2,589</td></tr><tr><td>Retail Store Solutions</td><td>551</td><td>741</td><td>872</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectronics Services</td><td>285</td><td>355</td><td>383</td></tr><tr><td>Printing Systems</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>386</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Global Financing:</td></tr><tr><td>Financing</td><td>$ 1,715</td><td>$ 1,946</td><td>$ 1,803</td></tr><tr><td>Remarketing</td><td>588</td><td>613</td><td>699</td></tr></table>

## Note W.
Subsequent Events

On January 20, 2010, the company announced that it signed a definitive agreement to acquire National Interest Security Company, LLC (NISC). NISC, a privately held company, will strengthen the company's ability to deliver advanced analytics and IT solutions to the public sector. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory reviews, and is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2010.

On January 26, 2010, the company announced that the Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.55 per common share. The dividend is payable March 10, 2010 to shareholders of record on February 10, 2010.

On January 26, 2010, the company announced that it completed the acquisition of Lombardi, a privately held software company based in Austin, Texas. Lombardi is a leading provider of business process management software and services. Lombardi will become a part of the company's application integration software portfolio. At the date of issuance of the financial statements, the initial purchase accounting was not complete.

On February 3, 2010, the company announced that it signed a definitive agreement to acquire Initiate Systems. Initiate Systems, a privately held company based in Chicago, Illinois is a leading provider of data integrity software for information sharing among healthcare and government organizations. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory reviews, and is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2010.

On February 16, 2010, the company announced that it had completed the acquisition of Intelliden Inc., a privately held software company based in Menlo Park, California. Intelliden will extend the company’s network management offerings. At the date of issuance of the financial statements, the initial purchase accounting was not complete.



## Five-year Comparison of Selected Financial Data

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

<table><tr><td>For the year ended December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$ 95,758</td><td>$103,630</td><td>$98,786</td><td>$91,424</td><td>$91,134</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations</td><td>$ 13,425</td><td>$ 12,334</td><td>$10,418</td><td>$ 9,416</td><td>$ 7,994</td></tr><tr><td>Income/(loss) from discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(00)</td><td>76</td><td>(24)</td></tr><tr><td>Income before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle</td><td>13,425</td><td>12,334</td><td>10,418</td><td>9,492</td><td>7,970</td></tr><tr><td>Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle**</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(36)</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 13,425</td><td>$ 12,334</td><td>$10,418</td><td>$ 9,492</td><td>$ 7,934</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Continuing operations</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89*</td><td>$ 7.15*</td><td>$ 6.05*</td><td>$ 4.90*</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.00)</td><td>0.05</td><td>(0.01)</td></tr><tr><td>Before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle</td><td>10.01</td><td>8.89*</td><td>7.15*</td><td>6.10*</td><td>4.89*</td></tr><tr><td>Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle**</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.02)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 10.01</td><td>$ 8.89*</td><td>$ 7.15*</td><td>$ 6.10*</td><td>$ 4.86*</td></tr><tr><td>Basic:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Continuing operations</td><td>$ 10.12</td><td>$ 9.02*</td><td>$ 7.27*</td><td>$ 6.13*</td><td>$ 4.97*</td></tr><tr><td>Discontinued operations</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.00)</td><td>0.05</td><td>(0.02)</td></tr><tr><td>Before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle</td><td>10.12</td><td>9.02*</td><td>7.27*</td><td>6.18*</td><td>4.96*</td></tr><tr><td>Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle**</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(0.02)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 10.12</td><td>$ 9.02*</td><td>$ 7.27*</td><td>$ 6.18*</td><td>$ 4.94*</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends paid on common stock</td><td>$ 2,860</td><td>$ 2,585</td><td>$ 2,147</td><td>$ 1,683</td><td>$ 1,250</td></tr><tr><td>Per share of common stock</td><td>2.15</td><td>1.90</td><td>1.50</td><td>1.10</td><td>0.78</td></tr><tr><td>Investment in plant, rental machines and other property</td><td>$ 3,447</td><td>$ 4,171</td><td>$ 4,630</td><td>$ 4,362</td><td>$ 3,842</td></tr><tr><td>Return on IBM stockholders&#x27; equity</td><td>80.4%</td><td>48.7%+</td><td>42.6%+</td><td>29.3%+</td><td>25.8%+</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>At December 31:</td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td>$109,022</td><td>$109,524</td><td>$120,431</td><td>$103,234</td><td>$105,748</td></tr><tr><td>Net investment in plant, rental machines and other property</td><td>14,165</td><td>14,305</td><td>15,081</td><td>14,440</td><td>13,756</td></tr><tr><td>Working capital</td><td>12,933</td><td>6,568</td><td>8,867</td><td>4,569</td><td>10,509</td></tr><tr><td>Total debt</td><td>26,099</td><td>33,926</td><td>35,274</td><td>22,682</td><td>22,641</td></tr><tr><td>Total equity</td><td>22,755</td><td>13,584+</td><td>28,615+</td><td>28,635+</td><td>33,209+</td></tr></table>

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.

** Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance in accounting for conditional asset retirement obligations.

+ Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.



## Selected Quarterly Data

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

<table><tr><td colspan="6">( in millions except per share amounts and stock prices)</td></tr><tr><td>2009:</td><td>First Quarter</td><td>Second Quarter</td><td>Third Quarter</td><td>Fourth Quarter</td><td>Full Year</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$21,711</td><td>$23,250</td><td>$23,566</td><td>$27,230</td><td>$ 95,758</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit</td><td>$ 9,431</td><td>$10,581</td><td>$10,627</td><td>$13,145</td><td>$ 43,785</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 2,295</td><td>$ 3,103</td><td>$ 3,214</td><td>$ 4,813</td><td>$ 13,425</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>$ 1.70</td><td>$ 2.32</td><td>$ 2.40</td><td>$ 3.59</td><td>$ 10.01*</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>$ 1.71</td><td>$ 2.34</td><td>$ 2.44</td><td>$ 3.65</td><td>$ 10.12*</td></tr><tr><td>Dividends per share of common stock</td><td>$ 0.50</td><td>$ 0.55</td><td>$ 0.55</td><td>$ 0.55</td><td>$ 2.15</td></tr><tr><td>Stock prices:**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td>$ 99.86</td><td>$110.62</td><td>$122.88</td><td>$132.85</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low</td><td>81.76</td><td>95.70</td><td>99.50</td><td>117.31</td><td></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>2008:</td><td>First Quarter</td><td>Second Quarter</td><td>Third Quarter</td><td>Fourth Quarter</td><td>Full Year</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$24,502</td><td>$26,820</td><td>$25,302</td><td>$27,006</td><td>$103,630</td></tr><tr><td>Gross profit</td><td>$10,166</td><td>$11,599</td><td>$10,959</td><td>$12,936</td><td>$ 45,661</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 2,319</td><td>$ 2,765</td><td>$ 2,824</td><td>$ 4,427</td><td>$ 12,334</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings per share of common stock:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assuming dilution</td><td>$ 1.64+</td><td>$ 1.97+</td><td>$ 2.04+</td><td>$ 3.27+</td><td>$ 8.89+</td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>$ 1.67+</td><td>$ 2.01+</td><td>$ 2.08+</td><td>$ 3.29+</td><td>$ 9.02+</td></tr><tr><td>Dividends per share of common stock</td><td>$ 0.40</td><td>$ 0.50</td><td>$ 0.50</td><td>$ 0.50</td><td>$ 1.90</td></tr><tr><td>Stock prices:**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td>$119.78</td><td>$129.99</td><td>$130.92</td><td>$116.80</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low</td><td>97.04</td><td>113.86</td><td>109.95</td><td>69.50</td><td></td></tr></table>

* Earnings Per Share (EPS) in each quarter is computed using the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during that quarter while EPS for the full year is computed using the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the year. Thus, the sum of the four quarter's EPS does not equal the full-year EPS.

** The stock prices reflect the high and low prices for IBM's common stock on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape for the last two years.

+ Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance in determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities. See note B, "Accounting Changes," on pages 79 to 82 for additional information.



# Comparison of One-, Five- and Ten-year Cumulative Total Return for IBM, S&P 500 Stock Index and S&P Information Technology Index

The following graphs compare the one-, five- and ten-year cumulative total returns for IBM common stock with the comparable cumulative return of certain Standard & Poor's (S&P) indices. Due to the fact that IBM is a company included in the S&P 500 Stock Index, the SEC's rules require the use of that index for the required five-year graph. Under those rules, the second index used for comparison may be a published industry or line-of-business index. The S&P Information Technology Index is such an index. IBM is also included in this index.

Each graph assumes 100 invested on December 31 (of the initial year shown in the graph) in IBM common stock and 100 invested on the same date in each of the S&P indices. The comparisons assume that all dividends are reinvested.





<table><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td></tr><tr><td>• IBM Common Stock</td><td>$100.00</td><td>$158.61</td></tr><tr><td>• S&amp;P 500 Index</td><td>100.00</td><td>126.46</td></tr><tr><td>• S&amp;P Information Technology Index</td><td>100.00</td><td>161.72</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td></td><td>2004</td><td>2005</td><td>2006</td><td>2007</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td></tr><tr><td>• IBM Common Stock</td><td>$100.00</td><td>$ 84.17</td><td>$100.81</td><td>$113.75</td><td>$90.13</td><td>$142.96</td></tr><tr><td>• S&amp;P 500 Index</td><td>100.00</td><td>104.91</td><td>121.48</td><td>128.16</td><td>80.74</td><td>102.11</td></tr><tr><td>• S&amp;P Information Technology Index</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.99</td><td>109.49</td><td>127.35</td><td>72.41</td><td>117.11</td></tr></table>



## Ten-year



<table><tr><td>Ten-year</td><td>1999</td><td>2000</td><td>2001</td><td>2002</td><td>2003</td><td>2004</td><td>2005</td><td>2006</td><td>2007</td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td></tr><tr><td>• IBM Common Stock</td><td>$100.00</td><td>$79.16</td><td>$113.20</td><td>$73.04</td><td>$88.02</td><td>$94.34</td><td>$79.41</td><td>$95.11</td><td>$107.32</td><td>$85.03</td><td>$134.87</td></tr><tr><td>• S&amp;P 500 Index</td><td>100.00</td><td>90.89</td><td>80.09</td><td>62.39</td><td>80.29</td><td>89.02</td><td>93.40</td><td>108.15</td><td>114.09</td><td>71.88</td><td>90.90</td></tr><tr><td>• S&amp;P Information Technology Index</td><td>100.00</td><td>59.10</td><td>43.81</td><td>27.42</td><td>40.37</td><td>41.40</td><td>41.81</td><td>45.33</td><td>52.72</td><td>29.98</td><td>48.48</td></tr></table>



## Board of Directors

Alain J.P. Belda
Chairman
Alcoa Inc.
and
Managing Director
Warburg Pincus LLC

Cathleen Black
President
Hearst Magazines

William R. Brody
President
Salk Institute for Biological Studies

Kenneth I. Chenault
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
American Express Company

Michael L. Eskew
Retired Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer
United Parcel Service, Inc.

## Senior Leadership

Rodney C. Adkins
Senior Vice President
Systems and Technology Group

Colleen F. Arnold
Senior Vice President
Application Management Services

Andrew Bonzani
Vice President, Assistant
General Counsel and Secretary

Michael E. Daniels
Senior Vice President
Global Technology Services

Jesse J. Greene, Jr.
Vice President
Financial Management and
Chief Financial Risk Officer

Jon C. Iwata
Senior Vice President
Marketing and Communications

James J. Kavanaugh
Vice President and Controller

Shirley Ann Jackson
President
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Andrew N. Liversi
Chairman, President and
Chief Executive Officer
The Dow Chemical Company

W. James McNerney, Jr.
Chairman, President and
Chief Executive Officer
The Boeing Company

Taizo Nishimura
Chairman
Tokyo Stock Exchange Group, Inc.

James W. Owens
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Caterpillar Inc.

John E. Kelly III
Senior Vice President
Research and Intellectual Property

R. Franklin Kern III
Senior Vice President
Global Business Services

Robert J. LeBlanc
Senior Vice President
Software Middleware Group

Mark Loughridge
Senior Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer

J. Randall MacDonald
Senior Vice President
Human Resources

Steven A. Mills
Senior Vice President
Software Group

Samuel J. Palmisano
Chairman, President and
Chief Executive Officer

Samuel J. Palmisano
Chairman, President and
Chief Executive Officer
IBM

Joan E. Spero
Visiting Fellow
Foundation Center

Sidney Taurel
Chairman Emeritus
Eli Lilly and Company

Lorenzo H. Zambrano
Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer
CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V.

Michael D. Rhodin
Senior Vice President
Software Solutions Group

Virginia M. Rometty
Senior Vice President
Global Sales and Distribution

Linda S. Sanford
Senior Vice President
Enterprise Transformation

Martin J. Schroeter
Treasurer

Timothy S. Shaughnessy
Senior Vice President
Services Delivery

Robert C. Weber
Senior Vice President
Legal and Regulatory Affairs, and
General Counsel



## IBM STOCKHOLDER SERVICES

Stockholders with questions about their accounts should contact:

Computershare Trust Company, N.A., P.O. Box 43072, Providence, Rhode Island 02940-3072 (888) IBM-6700

Investors residing outside the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico should call (781) 575-2727.

Stockholders can also reach Computershare Trust Company, N.A. via e-mail at: ibm@computershare.com

Hearing-impaired stockholders with access to a telecommunications device (TDD) can communicate directly with Computershare Trust Company, N.A., by calling (800) 490-1493. Stockholders residing outside the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico should call (781) 575-2694.

## IBM ON THE INTERNET

Topics featured in this Annual Report can be found via the IBM home page on the Internet (http://www.ibm.com). Financial results, news on IBM products, services and other activities can also be found via that address.

Stockholders of record can receive online account information and answers to frequently asked questions regarding stockholder accounts via the Internet (http://www.ibm.com/investor).

Stockholders of record can also consent to receive future IBM Annual Reports and Proxy Statements online through the Internet at this site.

IBM files reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including the annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any other filings required by the SEC.

IBM's website (http://www.ibm.com) contains a significant amount of information about IBM, including the company's annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC (http://www.ibm.com/investor). These materials are available free of charge on or through our website.

The public may read and copy any materials the company files with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (800) SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

## IBM INVESTOR SERVICES PROGRAM

The Investor Services Program brochure outlines a number of services provided for IBM stockholders and potential IBM investors, including the reinvestment of dividends, direct purchase and the deposit of IBM stock certificates for safekeeping. Call (888) IBM-6700 for a copy of the brochure. Investors residing outside the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico should call (781) 575-2727.

Investors with other requests may write to: IBM Stockholder Relations, New Orchard Road, Armonk, New York 10504

## IBM STOCK

IBM common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Chicago Stock Exchange, and outside the United States.

## ANNUAL MEETING

The IBM Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held on Tuesday, April 27, 2010, at 10 a.m. at the Midwest Airlines Center, 400 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

## STOCKHOLDER COMMUNICATIONS

Stockholders in the United States and Canada can get quarterly financial results, listen to a summary of the Annual Meeting remarks and hear voting results from the meeting by calling (800) IBM-7800. Callers can also request printed copies of the information via mail or fax. Stockholders residing outside the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico should call (402) 573-9861.

## LITERATURE FOR IBM STOCKHOLDERS

The following literature on IBM is available without charge from:

Computershare Trust Company, N.A., P.O. Box 43072, Providence, Rhode Island 02940-3072 (888) IBM-6700.

Investors residing outside the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico should call (781) 575-2727.

The Form 10-K Annual Report and Form 10-Q Quarterly Reports to the SEC provide additional information on IBM's business. The 10-K report is released by the end of February; 10-Q reports are released by early May, August and November.

An audio recording of the 2009 Annual Report will be available for sight-impaired stockholders in June.

The IBM Corporate Responsibility Report details the company's distinct strategy, results and key performance metrics in the areas of employees, communities, environment, supply chain, public policy and governance. The report highlights IBM's values-based leadership of IBMers, leadership that drives not just our corporate social responsibility efforts, but also our hiring decisions, our partnering strategy, and our client engagements. The report is available in printed form, online and downloadable at http://www.ibm.com/investor.

## GENERAL INFORMATION

For answers to general questions about IBM from within the continental United States, call (800) IBM-4YOU. From outside the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico, call (914) 499-1900.



## IBM \( ^{®} \) 

International Business Machines Corporation
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(914) 499-1900

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