Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (CTSH, NASDAQ)
Industry: Information Technology Services
Annual report, fiscal year 2015


2015 ANNUAL REPORT

## HELPING CLIENTS
NAVIGATE THE SHIFT
TO THE DIGITAL ERA






OUR ABILITY TO ANTICIPATE & DELIVER ON CLIENTS' DIGITAL IMPERATIVES YIELDS SOLID PERFORMANCE ACROSS BUSINESS SEGMENTS












## THE DIGITAL SHIFT

DIGITAL IS DRIVING A ONCE-IN-A-GENERATION SHIFT IN HOW WE LIVE, WORK AND PLAY. IT'S THIS SHIFT THAT MAKES IT POSSIBLE – AND NECESSARY – FOR BUSINESSES TO RADICALLY RESHAPE HOW THEY INTERACT AND TRANSACT WITH CUSTOMERS AND PARTNERS, SEAMLESSLY CONNECTING THE PHYSICAL WITH THE VIRTUAL. COMPANIES THAT SUCCESSFULLY NAVIGATE THIS SHIFT ARE REIMAGINING AND REINVENTING THEIR BUSINESSES, DRAMATICALLY ALTERING THE DECADES-OLD – SOMETIMES CENTURIES-OLD – WAYS IN WHICH THEY SERVE THEIR MARKETS.

## THE COGNIZANT DIFFERENCE

Cognizant is guided by a singular mission - to help clients across industries build stronger, more agile and innovative businesses. We take an advisory led approach that helps them simultaneously boost their operational efficiency; ensure that vital business functions work better, faster and less expensively; and enhance their overall effectiveness with next-generation IT services, modern platforms and digital models that unleash new market potential and deliver ever-higher levels of performance.




## TO OUR STOCKHOLDERS

Cognizant again delivered industry-leading growth in 2015. Revenue reached a record $12.42 billion, rising 21% from 2014. This strong performance reflects our unique ability to help global organizations fulfill a dual mandate. Leaders recognize that they must run better – operating with greater efficiency, productivity and flexibility. They also must run differently – embracing innovation and reinventing their businesses to compete in today's dynamic digital world.

With our vast process and technology capabilities, robust consulting expertise, deep industry knowledge, global delivery network, and 221,700 talented associates, we are well positioned to help clients master both sides of the dual mandate.

## A STRONG PARTNER
FOR DIGITAL ENTERPRISES

Digital is now the lifeblood of our clients' business – and our own. We see global demand being shaped by the shift from traditional physical value chains to more agile value chains that rely on data and modern IT capabilities. This is creating substantial market opportunities for us. More and more companies recognize the need to disrupt their own business models, redesign their products and services, and rethink the ways in which they engage with customers, employees and partners. In this environment, organizations must make the leap from doing digital to being digital to meet the rapidly-changing demands of customers, develop new business models based on the value of information and data, and become more competitive by using technology to be more nimble and wring out excess operating costs.

Cognizant is a trusted partner in navigating this shift – helping clients architect, build and scale digital capabilities enterprise-wide. Clients seek to team with us to drive innovation and create products, services and customer experiences that connect the physical and virtual worlds. Toward that end, we continue to invest in critical business and technology capabilities to further increase our value to clients and shareholders.

## Digital Transformation at Scale

We have developed capabilities to help clients drive business change across their operations and inform their go-to-market activities. Our Cognizant Digital Works \( ^{™} \)  business is central to this effort. Digital Works offers



# ORGANIZATIONS MUST MAKE THE LEAP FROM DOING DIGITAL TO
TO MEET THE RAPIDLY-CHANGING DEMO
DEVELOP NEW BUSINESS MODELS, AND BECOME MORE COMPE
TO BE MORE NIMBLE AND WRING OUT EXCESS

technologies, methods, dedicated creative spaces, a fresh mindset and an integrated team to help clients rapidly build, pilot and scale enterprise-level digital initiatives. Today, we are driving change in such industries as financial services, healthcare, travel & hospitality, retail, manufacturing and logistics.

## Next-Generation IT Services

We are extending our IT services to help clients create a next-generation technology infrastructure to satisfy their dual mandates. This allows them to achieve high levels of operational efficiency while becoming effective digital businesses. Our services help clients realize higher levels of automation, and convert core IT activities into managed services that drive innovation and reduce operational costs. We also assist them in modernizing legacy systems and creating core platforms, processes and infrastructure that support digital business across the extended enterprise and deliver higher levels of performance.

## Platform-Based Solutions

Increasingly, we offer platform-based solutions that help clients reach new levels of efficiency and effectiveness, while enhancing their ability to innovate and accelerate the shift to digital. With platform solutions, clients can turn over entire processes or sub-processes to us to own and operate, on either an output- or outcome-based model. These platforms offer variable cost structures and speed time-to-value by enabling clients to quickly achieve best-in-class performance. Analytics embedded in the platforms provide critical, real-time, actionable insights. We have delivered platform solutions to our top clients across many industry sectors, and expect to see continued growth in this business over the short and long term.



## ENVISIONING THE DIGITAL FUTURE

A key element in accelerating our clients' transformation is our consulting expertise. Cognizant Business Consulting works in concert with our other teams, particularly Digital Works and Business Process Services, to help clients envision and execute the digital shift. Many client engagements are consulting-



BEING DIGITAL
ANDS OF CUSTOMERS,
TITIVE BY USING TECHNOLOGY
OPERATING COSTS



led, bringing together precision strategic thinking, broad technology acumen and deep industry knowledge to speed our clients' digital journeys.

## DRIVING PERFORMANCE & SHAREHOLDER VALUE

Cognizant’s ability to align with clients’ changing needs continues to drive profitable growth and enhance shareholder value. Our 21% increase in revenue and a 13% rise in net income for 2015 reflected solid performance across all business segments, our expanded service offerings, and the full-year contribution from our November 2014 acquisition of TriZetto, among other factors. We ended the year with nearly $5 billion in cash and short-term investments, and have deployed our capital to invest in growth while also returning value to shareholders via our stock buyback program.



## CONVERTING DIGITAL
PROMISE INTO REALITY

At Cognizant, we are well positioned to help clients navigate the digital shift and steer a course toward new horizons of opportunity. We have a proven ability to guide clients through technology-enabled business transformation, plus a deep understanding of what organizations across industries and the globe need to thrive in today's new business world. We are committed to investing in expanded capabilities and solutions. And, we have a team of talented people with exceptional industry, technology and process expertise and a passion for enabling our clients' success as we help them envision and build a bright digital future.

Sincerely,



Francisco D'Souza
Chief Executive Officer

We invite you to visit Cognizant.com/investors for more information on our performance and how we are helping clients navigate the shift to the new digital era.



# UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

# FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS
PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from

to

Commission File Number 0-24429

# COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

13-3728359

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

Glenpointe Centre West
500 Frank W. Burr Blvd.
Teaneck, New Jersey
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

07666

(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (201) 801-0233

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share

Name of each exchange on which registered
The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. □ Yes □ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T ( \( §223.405 \)  of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

Smaller reporting company

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2015, based on $61.09 per share, the last reported sale price on the NASDAQ Global Select Market of the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC on that date, was $37.0 billion.

The number of shares of Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, of the registrant outstanding as of February 19, 2016 was 609,120,446 shares.

## DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The following documents are incorporated by reference into the Annual Report on Form 10-K: Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.



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## TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item Page
PART I 1
1. Business 1
1A. Risk Factors 16
1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 30
2. Properties 31
3. Legal Proceedings 31
4. Mine Safety Disclosures 31
PART II 32
5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 32
6. Selected Financial Data 34
7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 35
7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 51
8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 52
9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 52
9A. Controls and Procedures 53
9B. Other Information 54
PART III 55
10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 55
11. Executive Compensation 55
12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 55
13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 55
14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 55
PART IV 56
15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules 56
SIGNATURES 57
EXHIBIT INDEX 58
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE F-1






## PART I

## Item 1. Business

## Overview

We are a leading provider of information technology (IT), consulting and business process services, dedicated to helping the world’s leading companies build stronger businesses. Our clients engage us to help them operate more efficiently, provide solutions for critical business and technology problems, and to help them drive technology-based innovation and growth. Our core competencies include: business, process, operations and IT consulting, application development and systems integration, enterprise information management, application testing, application maintenance, IT infrastructure services, and business process services. We tailor our services to specific industries and utilize an integrated global delivery model. This seamless global sourcing model combines industry-specific expertise, client service teams based on-site at the client locations and delivery teams located at dedicated near-shore and offshore global delivery centers.

## Industry Background

In today’s complex business environment, many companies face intense competitive pressure and rapidly changing market dynamics, driven by such factors as changes in the economy, government regulations, globalization, virtualization and other technological innovations. Companies must also evaluate the effect of emerging digital technologies, including social networks, mobile devices, advanced analytics and cloud computing, on their business operations. These technologies represent a new IT infrastructure that continues to transform the way companies relate to their customers, engage with employees, and bring innovative products and services to market. In response to these challenges, many companies are focused on improving efficiencies and enhancing effectiveness while also driving innovation through technology to favorably impact both the bottom-line and the top-line. Companies increasingly view a global sourcing model as a key to their efforts to operate more cost-effectively and productively. At the same time, companies are confronting secular industry shifts, changing customer requirements and new technologies that require them to innovate by building new and different capabilities with emerging technologies to ensure their businesses stay competitive.

Companies increasingly seek to meet a dual mandate of achieving more efficient and effective operations, including cost reductions, while developing technology-based innovation and business transformation in a comprehensive, integrated manner. Achieving these objectives presents major challenges and requires companies to have highly skilled professionals trained in many diverse and new technologies combined with industry-specific expertise. Increasingly, companies are relying on service providers operating with global delivery models, like Cognizant, to help them meet these ever-changing objectives.

Global demand for high quality, cost-effective technology services from outside providers has created a significant opportunity for IT service providers that can successfully leverage the benefits of and address the challenges in using a global talent pool. The effective use of personnel from across the globe can offer a variety of benefits, including deep industry expertise, lower costs, faster delivery of new IT solutions and innovations in industry-specific solutions, processes and technologies. Certain countries have large talent pools of highly qualified technical professionals who can provide high quality IT and business process services at a lower cost. India is a leader in IT services and is regarded as having one of the largest and highest quality pools of talent in the world. Historically, IT service providers have used offshore labor pools primarily to supplement the internal staffing needs of customers. However, evolving customer demands have led to the increasing acceptance and use of offshore resources for higher value-added services. These services include application design, development, testing and systems integration, technology and industry-specific consulting and infrastructure management.

## The Cognizant Approach

Our approach is built on a global network of delivery centers, deep domain expertise and a robust portfolio of industry-specific services.

Global Delivery Model. Our geographic reach extends across the globe, with more than 100 delivery centers worldwide. We have a four-tiered global architecture for service delivery and operations, consisting of employees co-located at clients' sites, at local or in-country delivery centers, at regional delivery centers and at global delivery centers. We are continuously expanding global delivery capacity at our centers throughout the world. We use our proprietary Cognizant 2.0 knowledge-sharing and project-management platform to unite all of our operations around the globe, access capabilities across the Company and streamline workflow. Our extensive facilities, technology and communications infrastructure facilitates the seamless integration of our global workforces.



Domain Expertise. Our business is organized and managed primarily around our four industry-oriented business segments:

• Financial Services;

• Healthcare;

• Manufacturing, Retail and Logistics; and

• Other, which includes Communications, Information, Media and Entertainment, and High Technology.

This industry focus has been central to our revenue growth and high client satisfaction. As the IT services industry continues to mature, clients are looking for service providers with a deep understanding of their businesses, industry initiatives, customers, markets and cultures who can create solutions tailored to meet their customers' individual business needs. To strengthen our industry practices, we hire professionals with in-depth experience in the industries we serve. We continually invest in industry training for our staff and build out industry-specific services and solutions. This approach is central to our high levels of on-time delivery and client satisfaction, as we understand the full context of our clients' challenges and have deep experience in addressing them.

Portfolio of Services. We offer a broad range of services designed to help clients address business challenges and enhance their ability to pursue growth opportunities. Our key service areas, consulting and technology services and outsourcing services, are delivered to our clients across our four business segments in a standardized, high-quality manner through our global delivery model. We continually invest in the expansion of our service portfolio to anticipate and meet clients' evolving needs. Our current service areas include:

• Consulting and Technology Services

• Business, process, operations and IT consulting

• Application development and systems integration

• Enterprise information management

• Application testing

• Digital technologies services

• Software solutions and related services

• Outsourcing Services

• Application maintenance

• IT infrastructure services

• Business process services

## Business Segments

We are organized around and report the operations of our business according to our four industry-oriented business segments:

<table><tr><td>Financial Services</td><td>Healthcare</td><td>Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics</td><td>Other</td></tr><tr><td>-Banking</td><td>-Healthcare</td><td>-Manufacturing and Logistics</td><td>-Communications</td></tr><tr><td>-Insurance</td><td>-Life Sciences</td><td>-Retail, Travel and Hospitality</td><td>-Information, Media and Entertainment</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>-Consumer Goods</td><td>-High Technology</td></tr></table>

For the year ended December 31, 2015, the distribution of our revenues across our business segments was as follows: 40.3% from Financial Services, 29.5% from Healthcare, 18.9% from Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics and 11.3% from Other. See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information related to our business segments, including the disclosure of segment operating profit and financial information by geographic area.

## Financial Services

Our Financial Services business segment serves leading financial institutions throughout the world. Our clients include banks, investment firms and insurance companies. This business segment provides services to our customers operating in the following industries:

- Banking. We serve traditional retail and commercial banks, diversified financial enterprises, broker-dealers, asset management firms, depositories, clearing organizations and exchanges. We assist these clients in such areas as retail banking, wholesale banking, consumer lending, cards and payments, risk management, investment banking and



brokerage, asset and wealth management, and securities services. The demand for our services in the banking sector is being driven by several significant changes in the industry. In response to the current global economic environment, central banks and government bodies have adopted policies designed to manage interest rates, raise capital requirements, impose new regulations, and institute risk-mitigation measures, such as restricting proprietary trading. Such actions have the effect of curtailing some revenue sources and increasing compliance costs for most financial institutions. In addition, financial institutions are considering adopting new digital technologies to change the way they interface with customers and employees and manage their operations.

- Insurance. We serve global property and casualty insurers, life insurers, reinsurance firms and insurance brokers. We focus on such aspects of our clients’ operations as business acquisition, policy administration, claims processing, management reporting, regulatory compliance, and reinsurance. One of the factors driving the need for our services in the insurance industry is a desire to improve the sales and marketing process, both by deepening direct retail customer relationships and strengthening interactions with networks of independent and captive insurance agents, often through the use of digital technologies. Insurers also seek to enhance their profitability by differentiating their products and services, resulting in a need for specialized underwriting models and systems. Additionally, many insurers seek to improve business effectiveness by reducing expense ratios and exiting non-core lines of business and operations.

## Healthcare

Our Healthcare business segment serves many leading healthcare and life sciences companies. This business segment provides services to our clients operating in the following industries:

- Healthcare. We serve many leading global healthcare organizations, including healthcare payers, providers and pharmacy benefit managers. The healthcare industry is facing the dual challenge of improving the quality of care while lowering the cost of care. A key factor driving transformation in this industry has been the Affordable Care Act. In 2014, we acquired TZ US Parent, Inc., or TriZetto, to enhance our competitive position in the healthcare sector. TriZetto delivers world-class, healthcare IT solutions that enable healthcare organizations to work more efficiently and collaboratively. Our Healthcare business focuses on providing a broad range of services and solutions that address regulatory requirements and emerging industry trends such as regulatory compliance, integrated health management, enterprise information management, claims investigative services and operational improvement in areas such as claims processing, enrollment, membership and billing. We also help our clients to enable their systems and processes to deal with the retail orientation of health care, such as the support of individual mandates and the adoption of digital solutions to improve access to health information and decision making by end consumers. Through our 2014 acquisition of TriZetto, we develop, license, implement and support proprietary and third-party software products for the healthcare industry.

- Life Sciences. We serve leading pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device companies, as well as providers of generic, animal health and consumer health products. Some of the factors driving demand for our services are financial pressures caused by payer and government pricing pressures, patent expiry and competition from generics, the drive to expand into new geographic markets, the need for more targeted or personalized therapies leading to research and development innovation, continued diversification of product portfolios and the related high cost of product development, and a dynamic regulatory environment with greater emphasis on product safety, ethics and compliance, transparency of pricing and promotional activity. Our life sciences solutions help transform many of the business processes in the life sciences value chain (research, clinical development, manufacturing and supply chain, sales and marketing) as well as regulatory and administrative functions and general IT. Life sciences companies around the world have significantly increased their emphasis on digital engagement with all of their stakeholders while increasingly leveraging enterprise-level analytics to drive a customer-centric approach to marketing and sales.

## Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics

Our Manufacturing, Retail and Logistics business segment provides services for global leaders in a range of sub-sectors, including industrial, automotive, process logistics, energy and utilities, and retail. This business segment services customers in the following industry groups:

- Manufacturing and Logistics. Clients in this sector include manufacturers of automotive and industrial products as well as processors of natural resources, chemicals and raw materials. In logistics, our clients include rail, truck, marine and other transportation and distribution companies. We also serve many leading energy utilities, as well as oil and gas producers. Some of our manufacturing and logistics solutions for automotive and industrial clients include warranty management, dealer systems integration, supply chain management, sales and operations planning, and mobility. For transportation and distribution clients, our service areas include warehouse and yard management, transportation asset management, transportation network design, global trade management and analytics. Industry



trends that influence the demand for our services in this sector include the increasing globalization of sourcing and the desire of clients to further penetrate emerging markets, leading to longer and more complex supply chains. In the power generation sector, industry trends include the continued energy conservation efforts, including “smart meter” installations, the need for better grid reliability and security, regulatory changes and the need to relieve cost pressures through better asset performance and web-based customer care systems. Clients also are optimizing their supply chains to better manage inventory, support growing ecommerce operations and improve customer-supplier collaboration. They are applying intelligent systems to manufacturing and logistics operations, enabling mobile platforms to support field sales and are using data analytics to make better informed decisions.

- Retail, Travel and Hospitality: We serve a wide spectrum of retailers and distributors, including supermarkets, specialty premium retailers, department stores and large mass-merchandise discounters. Current trends affecting demand in the retail industry include a need for greater cost-efficiency to combat the industry’s traditionally narrow profit margins, changes in supply chain management to facilitate direct store delivery, the ability to accommodate multi-channel (in-store and on-line) models, and the impact of digital technologies on customer and employee interaction. We also serve the travel and hospitality industry, including airlines, hotels, restaurants, online and retail travel, global distribution systems and intermediaries and real estate companies.

- Consumer Goods. We serve many of the world’s premier consumer goods manufacturers, creating innovative solutions and strategies that help them build and sustain strong brands while enhancing their price-competitiveness, category leadership and consumer loyalty. Principal segments served include consumer durables, food and beverage, footwear and apparel, and home and personal care products. Our expertise in these areas includes demand-driven supply chains, revenue-creating trade promotion management systems, analytics systems and mobility solutions that anticipate and serve ever-changing customer needs. The demand for our services in this sector is driven by the need of consumer goods companies to accelerate product innovation to remain competitive and deliver top-line growth, the continuing drive to optimize global sourcing and supply chain management, the impact of digital technologies on consumer interaction, marketing and sales processes, the use of data analytics to increase the effectiveness of product development and marketing, as well as ongoing pressures to curtail IT costs.

## Other

The Other business segment includes the Communications, Information, Media and Entertainment, and High Technology operating segments. The Other business segment is an aggregation of operating segments each of which, individually, represents less than 10.0% of consolidated revenues and segment operating profit. Descriptions of the key operating segments included in the Other business segment are as follows:

• Communications. We serve some of the world’s leading communications (cable, wireless and wireline) service providers, equipment vendors, and software vendors. We help our clients address the important trends in the communications industry, such as transitioning to new network technologies, designing, developing, testing and introducing new products and channels, improving customer service and increasing customer satisfaction, transforming business support systems and operations support systems, transitioning to agile development methodologies and enabling applications for cloud deployment.

• Information, Media and Entertainment. We serve some of the world’s largest media and entertainment companies, including information service providers, publishers, broadcasters, and movie, music and video game companies. The growth of digital platforms is causing significant change in these industries and we are working with clients to help them meet these challenges and transform their businesses. Additional trends affecting the industry include a decline in traditional print publishing, the need for digital asset management and the increasing role of digital technologies on the consumption of entertainment content. We provide solutions in critical areas such as the digital content supply chain and media asset management. Some of our other services include business solutions, such as advertising management, online media, and e-business, digital distribution, workflow automation, intellectual property management, anti-piracy initiatives and operational systems (advertising sales, studio management, billing and payments, content management and delivery).

- High Technology. We serve some of the world’s leading independent software vendors, or ISVs, technology equipment manufacturers, and online service providers. We assist the ISVs with their transitions to new business models (such as software-as-a-service, or SaaS, models) and facilitate their license management and sales processes. We help the high-technology manufacturers take on complex, transformational business process and product engineering initiatives. The technology sector is largely driven by product development. This creates demand for analytical, engineering, testing, and content management services and go-to-market strategies.



Across our business segments, we are highly dependent upon our foreign operations. Our development and delivery centers and technical professionals are positioned globally, with the majority located in India. Our operations in India and the rest of the world expose us to various risks, including regulatory, economic and political instability, potentially unfavorable tax, import and export policies, fluctuations in foreign exchange and inflation rates, international and civil hostilities, terrorism, natural disasters and pandemics.

## Our Solutions and Services

Across each of our business segments, we provide a broad and expanding range of consulting, information technology and outsourcing services, including:

## Consulting and Technology Services

- Business, Process, Operations and IT Consulting. Our global consulting team, Cognizant Business Consulting, or CBC, helps clients re-imagine and transform their businesses to gain competitive advantage. CBC works with clients to improve business performance and operational productivity in order to exceed business goals. We also provide assistance with strategy consulting, business and operations consulting, IT strategy and change management, and program management consulting.

Key factors driving the demand for CBC’s services are the following:

• The need to run the business better while increasing operational flexibility and reducing time to market;

• Optimizing big data and predictive analytics to gain competitive insight;

• Large business transformations, impacting business and IT operating models;

• Increased demands to collaborate and compete in the market for customers, capabilities and talent;

- Readiness to embrace virtualization capabilities, including greater infrastructure outsourcing and cloud solutions, with a focus on identifying and managing risk and cost; and

- Ongoing regulatory shifts, which require enhanced risk management and compliance frameworks as well as greater organizational resilience.

In this environment, the services currently provided by CBC include:

- IT strategy consulting to define new IT target operating and delivery models, and to optimize IT-to-business alignment, sourcing strategies and IT costs;

- Program management consulting, including post-acquisition integration, business and IT integration, business transformation, and large scale business transformation;

- Operations improvement consulting for business process management, operations strategy, global sourcing and supply chain management, and change management;

- Strategy consulting with respect to re-imagining new business and operating models, market growth, mergers and acquisitions, product innovation and sustainability initiatives; and

- Business consulting related to finance, risk advisory, human resources, marketing and analytics functions.

- Application Development and Systems Integration. We offer a full range of application design, application development and systems integration services, which ensures that customer IT functions operate in the most efficient, responsive and cost-effective manner. We have particular depth of skills in implementing large, complex, business-critical IT development and integration programs. Demand for our application development and systems integration services is being driven by our customers' growing need to access outside capabilities to respond to the impact of changes in markets, regulation, competition and digital technologies on their businesses.

As part of our application development services, we define customer requirements, document specifications and design, develop, test and integrate software across multiple platforms, including Internet technologies. We modify and test applications to enable systems to function in new operating environments. In addition, these services include enterprise resource planning and customer relationship management implementation services. We follow one of two alternative approaches to application development and systems integration:

- Full life-cycle application development, in which we assume start-to-finish responsibility for analysis, design, implementation, testing and integration of systems; or

- Cooperative development, in which our employees work with a customer’s in-house IT personnel to jointly analyze, design, implement, test and integrate new systems.



In both of these approaches, our on-site team members work closely and collaboratively with our clients. Detailed design, implementation and testing are generally performed at dedicated near-shore and offshore development and delivery centers. In addition, we maintain an on-site presence at each customer location in order to address evolving client needs and resulting changes to the project. A key part of our application development and systems integration offering is a suite of services to help organizations build and integrate business applications with the rest of their operations. Using this suite of services we build and deploy robust, scalable and extensible architectures for use in a wide range of industries. We maintain competency centers specializing in various areas such as: Microsoft solutions; IBM, SAP, Oracle and Java applications; and cloud computing and mobile solutions. These competency centers enable us to provide application development and integration services to a broad spectrum of clients. Our re-engineering service offerings automate many of the processes required to implement advanced technology platforms. We believe that this automation substantially reduces the time and cost to perform re-engineering services. These tools also enable us to perform source code analysis and to re-design target databases and convert certain programming languages. Our programmers also help clients re-design and convert user interfaces.

- Enterprise Information Management. Our enterprise information management practice focuses on helping clients harness the vast amounts of data available on their operations, customers and markets, and convert that data into information and insights that are valuable to their businesses and can be used to drive management decisions. We help clients identify the types of data available both within their organizations and from outside sources, including social media, and work to bring that data together in a meaningful “data to foresight” continuum. Among the trends driving this business are the desire of companies to better understand consumer demands and market opportunities in order to create new products and services, the need to manage reporting requirements in regulated industries such as healthcare and financial services, and the pressures to manage operations more efficiently and cost-effectively through the use of analytical tools. Among the services we provide in the enterprise information management area are the following:

- Strategic, advisory and management consulting services across information management, business intelligence & analytics;

- Enterprise data management, including the creation of data warehouses, data marts, operational stores, enterprise master data management platforms, enterprise metadata platforms and enterprise data governance;

- Descriptive analytics / business intelligence that involves the strategy, design, build and management of information assets that drive day-to-day decision making;

- Strategic corporate performance management, which enables clients to create executive dashboards or scorecards to better manage operations;

- Packaged analytics designed to provide solutions to specific business problems leveraging technologies such as mobile and cloud; and

- Big data services that assist clients in managing and deriving actionable insights from the explosion in the volume, variety, velocity and complexity of data.

- Application Testing. Our application testing practice offers a comprehensive suite of services in testing, consulting and engineering. Our quality assurance, or QA, transformation services help clients develop deep, agile QA capabilities that create or extend their competitive advantage. QA is driven by six strategic themes: integrated automation, user advocacy, intellectual property-based intelligent platform, a factory model, end-to-end quality focus, and an on-demand infrastructure model. Our business-aligned services in the areas of system and integration testing, package testing, user acceptance, automation, performance testing and test data management address our clients' critical quality needs. Consulting and infrastructure solutions in quality management, test tools and test infrastructure enable our clients to capitalize on emerging opportunities. Factors driving the demand for our testing services include the adoption of digital technologies, the need for testing of new regulatory compliance processes, and the desire of clients for more cost-effective and nimble “on-demand” testing. Accordingly, among the functions we provide are testing related to integration of SAP, Seibel and other systems, IT process and quality consulting, testing of customized mobile and cloud-based applications, and Testing-as-a-Service. We focus our managed test centers on specific domains (e.g., specific industries and software solutions), ensuring we tailor our testing solutions to the particular needs of clients. We help our clients achieve significant reduction in time to market as well as cost of quality, and realize significant improvements in the maturity of their quality processes.

- Digital Technologies Services. We help clients implement digital technologies in their businesses. These technologies are now fundamental components of the enterprise IT architecture. These technologies are profoundly changing the



way companies bring products and services to market and relate to and interact with their customers, employees and others. As such, these technologies may help companies achieve innovation-driven top line growth and efficiencies that improve the bottom line. As part of our services, we help clients analyze social media sentiment and build those insights into their customer relationship management process, as well as enabling clients to manage and analyze vast accumulations of data and use that data to drive management decisions. We also offer end-to-end services to enable cloud-based processes, from consulting and implementation to ongoing support activities.

- Software Solutions and Related Services. Through our 2014 acquisition of TriZetto, we develop, license, implement and support proprietary and third-party software products for the healthcare industry, including solutions for health insurance plans, third party benefit administrators, or TPAs, and healthcare providers that enable healthcare organizations to work more efficiently and collaboratively to deliver better healthcare services. Our solutions help health plans and TPAs increase administrative efficiency, improve the cost and quality of care, and succeed in the retail healthcare market. Our solutions help physicians and healthcare organizations simplify business processes and execute strategies for population health management, accountable care, and value-based initiatives.

## Outsourcing Services

• Application Maintenance. Our application maintenance service offering supports some or all of a client’s applications, ensuring that systems remain operational and responsive to changing user requirements and provide ongoing enhancements as required by the client. Beyond the traditional view of IT outsourcing as a cost-saving measure, our application maintenance services enable clients to improve the overall agility, responsiveness, productivity and efficiency of their IT infrastructure. Increasingly, we are also assisting clients in adapting their IT systems to digital technologies. As part of this process, we are often able to introduce product and process enhancements and improve service levels to customers requesting modifications and on-going support. We also provide application value management solutions that can help balance cost, complexity and capacity and can help clients reduce cost of ownership, improve service levels and create new operational efficiencies. Our global delivery business model enables us to provide a range of rapid response and cost-effective support services to our clients. Our on-site personnel often provide help-desk services at the client’s facility. These employees typically are available in the event of an emergency service request and are also able to quickly resolve customer problems from remote locations. In the case of more complex maintenance services, including modifications, enhancements and documentation, which typically take a longer amount of time, we utilize our offshore resources to develop solutions more cost-effectively than would be possible locally. As part of our application maintenance services, we assist clients in renovating their core systems to meet the requirements imposed by new regulations, new standards or other external events. We anticipate the operational environment of our clients’ IT systems as we design and develop such systems. We also offer diagnostic services to assist clients in identifying issues in their IT systems and optimizing the performance of their systems.

- IT Infrastructure Services. We provide end-to-end IT Infrastructure management outsourcing services. We have service capability in redundant global operating centers worldwide, through which we provide significant scale, quality and cost savings to our clients. Clients are increasingly utilizing IT infrastructure services to sharpen their focus on core business operations, reallocate overhead costs to growth investments, enable businesses to respond more quickly to changing demands, decrease time to market, ensure that the IT infrastructure can scale as the business evolves and access skill sets outside the organization. The major services we provide include data center, infrastructure security, network and convergence, end-user computing services and mobility. We also have cloud services offering that utilize virtualization technologies across delivery solutions for private cloud, enterprise multi-tenant cloud and public cloud models.

- Business Process Services. We provide business process services through unique industry-aligned solutions that integrate process, domain and technology expertise to enable our clients to respond in an agile manner to market opportunities and challenges, while also creating variable cost structures to drive greater effectiveness and cost-efficiency. We have extensive domain-specific expertise in core front office, middle office and back office functions including finance and accounting, procurement, data administration, data management, and research and analytics. Our industry-specific solutions include clinical data management, pharmacovigilance, equity research support, commercial operations and order management. In addition to business process services, related services include consulting to ensure process excellence and a range of platform-based services. Our goals for our client relationships are customer satisfaction, operational productivity, strategic value and business transformation. Among the factors driving growth in our services are the desire to improve cost-effectiveness, the emergence of digital technologies, and the need for clients to access capabilities beyond their organizations to adapt to rapid changes in technologies, markets and customer demands.



## Business Strategies

Our objectives are to maximize shareholder value and enhance our position as a leading provider of information technology, consulting and business process services. We implement the following core strategies to achieve these objectives:

Growth through Reinvestment. We aim to invest our profits above the 19% to 20% non-GAAP operating margin level, excluding stock-based compensation expense and acquisition-related charges, back into our business. We believe this is a significant contributing factor to our strong revenue growth. This investment is primarily focused in the areas of: strengthening and expanding our portfolio of services; continuing to expand our geographic presence for both sales and delivery; hiring client partners and relationship personnel with specific industry experience or domain expertise; training our technical staff in a broader range of service offerings; recognizing and rewarding exceptional performance by our employees; and maintaining a level of resources, trained in a broad range of service offerings, to be well positioned to respond to our client requests, as described below.

- Expand Service Offerings and Solutions: We have several teams dedicated to creating innovative technology-based solutions and developing new, high value services. The teams collaborate with customers to develop these services. We are currently developing new offerings in business and IT consulting and industry-oriented IT solutions utilizing innovative technologies. We also continue to enhance our capabilities and service offerings in the areas of customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, enterprise information management, software testing, infrastructure management, industry-oriented business process services and digital technologies. We believe that the continued expansion of our service offerings will provide new sources of revenue, reduce our reliance on any one technology initiative and foster long-term relationships with our customers by allowing us to better serve their needs. Additionally, as part of our vision to continue our growth and anticipate our clients' and the markets' rapidly changing demands, we are investing in emerging digital opportunities which will transform client and user platforms to Internet, cloud and mobile-based experiences.

- Expand Domestic and International Geographic Presence: We have established sales and marketing offices in various metropolitan areas in the United States and internationally. As we expand our customer base, we plan to open additional sales and marketing offices globally to support the demands of our clients and markets. This expansion is expected to facilitate sales and services to existing and new customers.

- Research and Development and Competency Centers: We have project experience and expertise across multiple architectures and technologies, and have made significant investments in our competency centers and in research and development around the latest technology developments. Most of our technical staff is trained in multiple technologies and architectures. As a result, we are able to react to clients' needs quickly and efficiently redeploy our technical staff to support a variety of technologies. Also, to develop and maintain this flexibility, we have made a substantial investment in our competency centers so that the experience gained from particular projects and research and development efforts is leveraged across our entire organization. Through our investment in research and development activities and the continuing education of our technical personnel, we enlarge our knowledge base and develop the necessary skills to keep pace with emerging technologies. We believe that our ability to work in new technologies allows us to foster long-term relationships by having the capacity to continually address the needs of both existing and new clients.

- Enhance Processes, Methodologies and Productivity Toolsets: We have a comprehensive process framework that addresses the entire software engineering life cycle and support activities, which are scalable for projects of different sizes and complexities. This proprietary framework, which we refer to as “Process Space”, is supported by in-house project management, metrics management and workflow tools and is available to all our programmers globally. Our Delivery Excellence Group facilitates process implementation from project inception and audits the projects periodically to ensure that the implementation is effective and the risks are being managed. With the globalization of business, we are committed to improving and enhancing our proprietary Process Space software engineering process and other methodologies and toolsets. We are constantly designing and developing additional productivity software tools to automate testing processes and improve project estimation and risk assessment techniques. We have invested considerably in automation to improve process institutionalization across the organization. For example, we have built and deployed “Cognizant 2.0,” an intelligent delivery ecosystem which orchestrates processes, methodologies and best practices driving effective usage of knowledge, while providing a collaborative framework for our worldwide client service personnel. Our process framework has been extensively adapted to cater to different types of projects managed by the organization across different service lines.



Global Delivery Model. We have a four-tiered global architecture for service delivery and operations, consisting of employees co-located at clients' sites, at local facilities or in-country delivery centers, at regional delivery centers and at global delivery centers. Our extensive facilities, technology and communications infrastructure facilitate the seamless integration of our global workforces. This is accomplished by permitting team members in different locations to access common project information and to work directly on client projects. This infrastructure allows for rapid completion of projects, highest level of quality, efficient use of clients' technological resources and real-time access to project information by the on-site account manager or the client. In addition, for large projects with short time frames, our offshore facilities allow for parallel processing of various development phases to accelerate delivery time. Key aspects of our global delivery model include:

• Two-in-a-Box Engagement Model: Our proprietary, trademarked client engagement model, called Two-in-a-Box, or TIB, represents our commitment to providing superior service to help clients reduce IT operational costs, embrace best practices and undergo sustainable business transformation. Centered on the needs of the client’s organization, TIB is designed specifically to help clients quickly reduce IT budgets, revamp IT operations and re-deploy freed-up assets to more strategic initiatives that generate business value. The TIB model includes a relationship management team, led by the Client Partner, or CP, with deep industry expertise, working onsite to absorb the client’s culture, operational processes, challenges and business goals and to assist with strategic planning. Another critical TIB team member is the dedicated global delivery manager, or DM. The relationship between the CP and DM is essential to ensure that our IT services are delivered with precision and that they are tailored to each client’s unique needs.

- Highly-Skilled Workforce: Our managers and senior technical personnel provide in-depth project management expertise to clients. To maintain this level of expertise, we place significant emphasis on recruiting and training our workforce of highly-skilled professionals including project managers and senior service delivery staff around the world, many of whom have significant work experience in North America, Europe and Asia. We also maintain programs and personnel to hire and train the best available technical professionals in both legacy systems and emerging technologies. We provide extensive combined classroom and on-the-job training to newly-hired technical staff, as well as additional annual training programs designed to enhance the business practices, tools, technology and consulting skills of our professional staff.

• Initiatives to Remain an Employer of Choice: As a growing professional services firm, a key attribute of our continued success is the ability to continually hire, assimilate, motivate and retain the best talent possible in the industry. We have developed strong relationships with key universities around the world, particularly in India, to provide a continual pipeline of talented staff from top-ranked schools. In addition, we have established an active lateral recruiting program in North America, Europe and India and an on-campus recruiting program in North America. We continue to expand our presence and brand in our key supply markets, further enhancing our ability to hire experienced professionals from competing IT services firms and industry to support our client needs and growth. We invest heavily in training programs, motivational programs and career development to ensure personal professional growth for each of our employees.

Further Development of Long-Term Client Relationships. We have strong long-term strategic relationships with our clients and business partners. We seek to establish long-term relationships that present recurring revenue opportunities, frequently trying to establish relationships with our clients' chief information officers, or other IT and business decision makers, by offering a wide array of cost-effective high quality services. Approximately 98.4% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 were derived from clients who had been using our services at the end of 2014. We also seek to leverage our experience with a client's IT systems into new business opportunities. A successful track record and in-depth knowledge of a client's processes and IT systems gained during the performance of application maintenance services can provide us with a competitive advantage in securing additional maintenance, development and other projects.

Pursuit of Selective Strategic Acquisitions, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances. We believe that opportunities continue to exist in the fragmented market in which we operate to expand our business through selective strategic acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances. We believe that acquisition and joint venture candidates may enable us to expand our geographic presence, service offering and capabilities more rapidly.

## Sales and Marketing

We market and sell our services directly through our professional staff, senior management and direct sales personnel operating out of our global headquarters and business development offices which are strategically located in various metropolitan areas around the world. The sales and marketing group works with our client delivery team as the sales process moves closer to the customer’s selection of a services provider. The duration of the sales process may vary widely depending on the type and complexity of services.



## Customers

The number of customers served by us has increased significantly in recent years. As of December 31, 2015, we increased the number of strategic clients to 300. We define a strategic client as one offering the potential to generate at least $5 million to $50 million or more in annual revenues at maturity. Accordingly, we provide a significant volume of services to many customers in each of our business segments. Therefore, a loss of a significant customer or a few significant customers in a particular segment could materially reduce revenues for such segment. However, no individual customer exceeded 10.0% of our consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. In addition, the services we provide to our larger customers are often critical to the operations of such customers and a termination of our services generally would require an extended transition period with gradually declining revenues. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, 78.6%, 76.8% and 77.6% of our revenue, respectively, was from North American customers. The volume of work performed for specific customers is likely to vary from year to year, and a significant customer in one year may not use our services in a subsequent year. Presented in the table below is additional information about our customers.

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues from top five customers as a percentage of total revenues</td><td>11.0%</td><td>12.2%</td><td>13.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues from top ten customers as a percentage of total revenues</td><td>18.6%</td><td>21.3%</td><td>22.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues under fixed-bid contracts as a percentage of total revenues</td><td>36.5%</td><td>35.5%</td><td>34.0%</td></tr></table>

## Competition

The intensely competitive IT services and outsourcing market includes a large number of participants and is subject to rapid change. This market includes participants from a variety of market segments, including:

• Systems integration firms;

• Contract programming companies;

• Application software companies;

• Large or traditional consulting firms;

• Professional services groups of computer equipment companies; and

• Facilities management and outsourcing companies.

Our direct competitors include, among others, Accenture, Capgemini, Computer Sciences Corporation, Genpact, HCL Technologies, HP Enterprise, IBM Global Services, Infosys Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro. In addition, we compete with numerous smaller local companies in the various geographic markets in which we operate.

Some of our competitors have greater financial, technical and marketing resources and/or greater name recognition. The principal competitive factors affecting the markets for our services include:

• Performance and reliability;

• Quality of technical support, training and services;

• Responsiveness to customer needs;

• Reputation and experience;

• Financial stability and strong corporate governance; and

• Competitive pricing of services.

We rely on the following to compete effectively:

• A well-developed recruiting, training and retention model;

• A successful service delivery model;

• A broad referral base;

• Continual investment in process improvement and knowledge capture;

• Investment in infrastructure and research and development;

• Financial stability and strong corporate governance;

• Continued focus on responsiveness to customer needs, quality of services, competitive prices; and

• Project management capabilities and technical expertise.



## Intellectual Property

We provide value to our clients based, in part, on our proprietary innovations, methodologies, reusable knowledge capital and other intellectual property assets. We recognize the importance of intellectual property and its ability to differentiate us from our competitors. We rely on a combination of intellectual property laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property and our brand. We have registered, and applied for the registration of, U.S. and international trademarks, service marks, domain names and copyrights. As of December 31, 2015, we have also applied for or obtained a total of 596 trademark registrations in 63 countries. In addition, we have applied for or obtained 115 U.S. and international patents and patent applications and 156 U.S. and international copyright registrations covering certain of our proprietary technology assets. Although we believe the ownership of such patents, copyrights, trademarks and service marks is an important factor in our business and that our success does depend in part on the ownership thereof, we rely primarily on the innovative skills, technical competence and marketing abilities of our personnel.

## Employees

We had approximately 221,700 employees at the end of 2015, with approximately 40,800 persons in the North American region, approximately 8,600 persons in the European region and approximately 172,300 persons in various other locations throughout the rest of world, including 162,500 persons in India. We are not party to any significant collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

## Our Executive Officers

The following table identifies our current executive officers:

<table><tr><td>Name</td><td>Age</td><td>Capacities in Which Served</td><td>In Current Position Since</td></tr><tr><td>Francisco D’Souza(1)</td><td>47</td><td>Chief Executive Officer</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Gordon Coburn(2)</td><td>52</td><td>President</td><td>2012</td></tr><tr><td>Karen McLoughlin(3)</td><td>51</td><td>Chief Financial Officer</td><td>2012</td></tr><tr><td>Ramakrishnan Chandrasekaran(4)</td><td>58</td><td>Executive Vice Chairman, Cognizant India</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Rajeev Mehta(5)</td><td>49</td><td>Chief Executive Officer, IT Services</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Malcolm Frank(6)</td><td>49</td><td>Executive Vice President, Strategy and Marketing</td><td>2012</td></tr><tr><td>Steven Schwartz(7)</td><td>48</td><td>Executive Vice President, Chief Legal and Corporate Affairs Officer</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Sridhar Thiruvengadam(8)</td><td>52</td><td>Chief Operating Officer</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Ramakrishna Prasad Chintamaneni(9)</td><td>46</td><td>Executive Vice President and President, Banking and Financial Services</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Venkat Krishnaswamy(10)</td><td>62</td><td>Executive Vice President and President, Healthcare &amp; Life Sciences</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Debashis Chatterjee(11)</td><td>50</td><td>Executive Vice President and President, Technology Solutions</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Dharmendra Kumar Sinha(12)</td><td>53</td><td>Executive Vice President and President, Client Services</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Sumithra Gomatam(13)</td><td>48</td><td>Executive Vice President and President, Industry Solutions</td><td>2013</td></tr></table>

(1) Francisco D’Souza was appointed Chief Executive Officer and became a member of the Board of Directors, effective January 1, 2007. Mr. D’Souza served as our President from January 2007 through February 2012 and as our Chief Operating Officer from December 2003 through December 2006. Prior to that, from November 1999 to December 2003, he served as our Senior Vice President, North American Operations and Business Development. From March 1998 to November 1999, he served as our Vice President, North American Operations and Business Development and as our Director-North American Operations and Business Development from June 1997 to March 1998. From January 1996 to June 1997, Mr. D’Souza was engaged as our consultant. From February 1995 to December 1995, Mr. D’Souza was employed as Product Manager at Pilot Software. Between 1992 and 1995, Mr. D’Souza held various marketing, business development and technology management positions as a Management Associate at The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation. While working at The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation, Mr. D’Souza was part of the team that established the software development and maintenance business conducted by us. Mr. D’Souza has served on the Board of Directors of General Electric Company since 2013, where he is currently a member of the Audit Committee and the Science and Technology Committee. Mr. D’Souza also serves on the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Mellon University, as Co-Chairman of the



Board of Trustees of The New York Hall of Science and on the Board of Directors of the U.S.-India Business Council. Mr. D'Souza holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Macau (formerly known as the University of East Asia) and a Master of Business Administration degree from Carnegie Mellon University.

(2) Gordon Coburn was appointed President of the Company, effective February 6, 2012. From March 1998 until February 6, 2012, Mr. Coburn served as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer and from January 2007 until February 2012, Mr. Coburn also held the position of Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Coburn also served as the Company’s Executive Vice President from December 2003 through December 2006. From November 1999 to December 2003, he served as our Senior Vice President. He previously was our Vice President from 1996 to November 1999. Mr. Coburn served as Senior Director-Group Finance and Operations for Cognizant Corporation from November 1996 to December 1997. From 1990 to October 1996, Mr. Coburn held key financial positions with The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation. Mr. Coburn serves on the Board of Directors of The Corporate Executive Board Company. He also served on the Board of Directors of ICT Group, Inc. until its acquisition on February 2, 2010. Mr. Coburn holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wesleyan University and a Master of Business Administration degree from the Amos Tuck School at Dartmouth College, where he serves as a member of its MBA Advisory Board.

(3) Karen McLoughlin was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Company, effective February 6, 2012. She previously served as the Company’s Senior Vice President of Finance and Enterprise Transformation, a role she held since January 2010. In such role, Ms. McLoughlin was responsible for the Company’s worldwide financial planning and analysis, enterprise risk management and enterprise transformation functions, including the facilitation and execution of various internal reengineering and transformation initiatives designed to enable the Company’s strategic vision. From August 2008 to January 2010, Ms. McLoughlin served as the Company’s Senior Vice President of Finance, responsible for overseeing the Company’s global financial planning and analysis team and enterprise risk management, and from October 2003 until August 2008, Ms. McLoughlin served as the Company’s Vice President of Global Financial Planning and Analysis. Prior to joining Cognizant in October 2003, Ms. McLoughlin held various financial management positions at Spherion Corporation from August 1997 to October 2003 and at Ryder System Inc. from July 1994 to August 1997. Prior to joining Ryder, she spent six years in the South Florida Practice of Price Waterhouse (now PricewaterhouseCoopers). Ms. McLoughlin has served on the Board of Directors of Best Buy Co., Inc. since 2015. Ms. McLoughlin has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Wellesley College and a Master of Business Administration degree from Columbia University.

(4) Ramakrishnan Chandrasekaran was appointed Executive Vice Chairman, Cognizant India, effective December 4, 2013. In this role, Mr. Chandrasekaran focuses on strengthening our strong relationship with industry bodies, driving strategic initiatives that strengthen outreach to the government, and further enhancing our brand equity through public relations in India. From February 2012 to December 2013, Mr. Chandrasekaran served as Group Chief Executive-Technology and Operations. In this role, Mr. Chandrasekaran was responsible for leading our solutions and delivery teams world-wide. From August 2006 to February 2012, he served as our President and Managing Director, Global Delivery, responsible for leading our global delivery organization, spearheading new solutions, and championing process improvements. Mr. Chandrasekaran served as our Executive Vice President and Managing Director from January 2004 through July 2006. Prior to that, from November 1999 to January 2004, he served as our Senior Vice President responsible for Independent Software Vendor relationships, key alliances, capacity growth, process initiatives, business development and offshore delivery. Mr. Chandrasekaran joined us as Assistant Vice President in December 1994, before being promoted to Vice President in January 1997. Prior to joining us, Mr. Chandrasekaran worked with Tata Consultancy Services. Mr. Chandrasekaran holds a Mechanical Engineering degree and Master of Business Administration degree from the Indian Institute of Management.

(5) Rajeev Mehta was appointed Chief Executive Officer, IT Services, effective December 4, 2013. In this role, Mr. Mehta is responsible for market facing activities across the Company as well as for delivery across our IT Services business. From February 2012 to December 2013, Mr. Mehta served as Group Chief Executive-Industries and Markets. In this role, Mr. Mehta was responsible for leading our industry vertical and geographic market operations on a global basis. From August 2006 to February 2012, he served as our Chief Operating Officer, Global Client Services, responsible for our sales, business development and client relationship management organizations. Mr. Mehta served as Senior Vice President and General Manager of our Financial Services business segment from June 2005 to August 2006. From November 2001 to June 2005, he served as our Vice President and General Manager of our Financial Services business segment. From January 1998 to November 2001, Mr. Mehta served as our Director of the U.S. Central Region. Mr. Mehta served as our Senior Manager of Business Development from January 1997 to January 1998. Prior to joining Cognizant in 1997, Mr. Mehta was involved in implementing GE Information Services offshore outsourcing program and also held consulting positions at Deloitte & Touche and Andersen Consulting. Mr. Mehta holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Maryland and a Master of Business Administration degree from Carnegie Mellon University.

(6) Malcolm Frank was appointed Executive Vice President, Strategy and Marketing, effective February 6, 2012. Mr. Frank served as our Senior Vice President of Strategy and Marketing from August 2005 to February 2012. In both these roles, Mr. Frank’s responsibilities have included, and continue to include, directing all aspects of our corporate marketing



function, including strategy and branding, industry and media relations, corporate communications and corporate marketing. From August 2005 until June 2009, Mr. Frank was also responsible for leading our field marketing function. Prior to joining Cognizant in August 2005, Mr. Frank was co-founder, President and Chief Executive Officer of CXO Systems, Inc., an independent software vendor providing dashboard solutions for senior managers, from March 2002 to July 2005. From June 1999 to September 2002, Mr. Frank was the founder, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Nervewire Inc. (“Nervewire”), a management consulting and systems integration firm. Prior to founding Nervewire, Mr. Frank was a co-founder, executive officer, and Senior Vice President at Cambridge Technology Partners, where he ran Worldwide Marketing, Business Development, and several business units, from January 1990 to June 1999. Mr. Frank graduated from Yale University with a degree in Economics.

(7) Steven Schwartz was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Legal and Corporate Affairs Officer on December 4, 2013. In this role, Mr. Schwartz is responsible for our global legal teams, our global government affairs efforts and our global security team. From July 2007 to December 2013, Mr. Schwartz served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, having global responsibility for managing Cognizant's legal function. Mr. Schwartz, who joined Cognizant in 2001, previously served as Vice President and General Counsel, a position he held from March 2003 to July 2007. From April 2002 to March 2003, he served as our Vice President and Chief Corporate Counsel. From October 2001 to December 2002, he served as our Chief Corporate Counsel. Mr. Schwartz serves on the Board of Directors of Information Technology Industry Council. Mr. Schwartz holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Miami, a Juris Doctor degree from Fordham University School of Law and a Master of Law (in Taxation) degree from the New York University School of Law.

(8) Sridhar Thiruvengadam was appointed Chief Operating Officer of the Company, effective May 8, 2013. Previously, from January 2012 to May 2013, Mr. Thiruvengadam served as an Executive Vice President of the Company, leading the global delivery operations for several of the Company’s industry verticals, and head of the Company’s Business Process Services (BPS) practice. From January 2010 to January 2012, Mr. Thiruvengadam served as a Senior Vice President and global head of BPS, infrastructure and testing services. From April 2007 to January 2010, Mr. Thiruvengadam served as the Company’s Chief People Officer in charge of talent acquisition, management, training and staffing. From March 2001 to March 2007, Mr. Thiruvengadam held several positions in the Company’s banking, financial services, healthcare and insurance practices, including Vice President and head of the Company’s insurance industry vertical. Mr. Thiruvengadam joined the Company as a project manager in November 1994. Mr. Thiruvengadam holds a Masters in Technology degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.

(9) Ramakrishna Prasad Chintamaneni was appointed Executive Vice President and President, Banking and Financial Services (BFS), effective December 4, 2013. In this role, Mr. Chintamaneni is responsible for leading the BFS practice. From 2011 to December 2013, Mr. Chintamaneni served as our Global Head of BFS Practice and was responsible for the practice’s sales, business development, consulting, client relationships, management and delivery, and global profit and loss. Previously, from 2010 to 2011, Mr. Chintamaneni served as our Global Head of Markets for the BFS Practice. From 2006 to 2009, he served as our Head of BFS Practice for North America. From 1999 through 2006, Mr. Chintamaneni served as our Client Partner, managing the relationships with several of our key BFS clients, and also led our U.S. Eastern Region’s BFS Practice. Prior to joining Cognizant in 1999, Mr. Chintamaneni spent seven years in the investment banking and financial services industry, including working at Merrill Lynch and its affiliates for five years as an Investment Banker and a member of Merrill’s business strategy committee in India. Mr. Chintamaneni serves on the Board of Directors of NPower, a nonprofit that helps nonprofits, schools and individuals build technology skills by harnessing the power of the technology community. Mr. Chintamaneni obtained his Bachelor of Technology degree in Chemical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and a Postgraduate Diploma in Business Management from XLRI School of Management in India.

(10) Venkat Krishnaswamy was appointed President, Healthcare & Life Sciences, effective December 4, 2013. In this role, Mr. Krishnaswamy is focused on delivering solutions and services to the healthcare industry. From February 2012 to December 2013, Mr. Krishnaswamy served as Executive Vice President of Healthcare and Life Sciences. From April 2007 to February 2012, Mr. Krishnaswamy served as Senior Vice President and General Manager of Healthcare and Life Sciences. Mr. Krishnaswamy served as Vice President - Projects from January 2003 to April 2007 and as Director of Projects from April 1999 to January 2003. Upon joining Cognizant in 1997, Mr. Krishnaswamy served as Senior Manager until April 1999. Between 1997 and 2003, Mr. Krishnaswamy served in our BFS Practice. Prior to joining Cognizant in 1997, Mr. Krishnaswamy spent over ten years in retail and commercial banking with Colonial State Bank (now Commonwealth Bank of Australia). Mr. Krishnaswamy holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree from the University of Madras and a Masters degree in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi.

(11) Debashis Chatterjee was appointed Executive Vice President and President, Technology Solutions, effective December 4, 2013. In this role, Mr. Chatterjee has responsibility for all of our horizontal practices within IT Services and is responsible for implementing best practices in service delivery and creating solutions across our horizontal practices. From May 2013 until his current appointment, Mr. Chatterjee served as Senior Vice President and Global Head, Technology and Information Services. From March 2012 to April 2013, he was Senior Vice President, Transformational Services.



Previously, from April 2011 to January 2012, Mr. Chatterjee served as Vice President and Sectors Leader, Global Business Services, Global Delivery at IBM, a multinational technology and consulting company. From January 2010 to March 2011, Mr. Chatterjee was Senior Vice President and Global Head of Cognizant's BFS Practice, from April 2007 to December 2009, he was Senior Vice President and Global Delivery Head of BFS, and from April 2004 to March 2007, he was Vice President and Global Delivery Head of BFS. Prior to that, Mr. Chatterjee held various key management roles at Cognizant since joining us in 1996. Mr. Chatterjee has a Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering from Jadavpur University in India.

(12) Dharmendra Kumar Sinha was appointed Executive Vice President and President, Client Services, effective December 4, 2013. In this role, Mr. Sinha leads our global sales, field marketing and intermediary relations teams. He is also responsible for our strategic partnerships and alliances organization. From 2007 to December 2013, Mr. Sinha served as Senior Vice President and General Manager, Global Sales and Field Marketing. From 2004 to 2007, Mr. Sinha served as our Vice President, responsible for our Manufacturing, Logistics, Retail, Hospitality, and Technology verticals. In addition, he assumed the role of Head of Sales and managed our Field Marketing function. From January 2008 to December 2008, Mr. Sinha additionally managed the Insurance business unit. Prior to that, from 1998 to 2004, Mr. Sinha served as Director and subsequently as Vice President of the U.S. Western Region. From 1997 to 1998, Mr. Sinha served in various operational and business development positions. Prior to joining Cognizant in 1997, Mr. Sinha worked with Tata Consultancy Services and CMC Limited, an end-to-end IT solutions provider. Mr. Sinha has a Bachelor of Science Degree from Patna Science college, Patna and a Master's Degree in Business Administration from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra.

(13) Sumithra Gomatam was appointed Executive Vice President and President, Industry Solutions, effective December 4, 2013. In this role, Ms. Gomatam oversees global delivery for all of our industry verticals and our BPS unit, and is responsible for implementing best practices in services delivery and for creating solutions across our industry practices. Ms. Gomatam also leads our Communications and High Technology business units. From July 2008 to December 2013, Ms. Gomatam served as Senior Vice President, Projects. In this role, Ms. Gomatam served initially as our Global Delivery Head and then as Global Practice Leader for our testing practice. From March 2006 to July 2008, Ms. Gomatam served as Vice President, Projects, leading global delivery and building out the testing practice. From 2001 to March 2006, Ms. Gomatam served as an Account Relationship Manager and as part of our Core Delivery Leadership Team in our BFS Practice. From 1995, when Ms. Gomatam joined us, until 2001, she held various key positions within The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and Cognizant, including serving our BFS clients on application development and application maintenance projects. Ms. Gomatam received her B.E. in Electronics and Communication from Anna University.

None of our executive officers is related to any other executive officer or to any of our Directors. Our executive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors and serve until their successors are duly elected and qualified.

## Corporate History

We began our IT development and maintenance services business in early 1994, as an in-house technology development center for The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and its operating units. In 1996, we, along with certain other entities, were spun-off from The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation to form a new company, Cognizant Corporation. On June 24, 1998, we completed an initial public offering of our Class A common stock. On June 30, 1998, a majority interest in us, and certain other entities were spun-off from Cognizant Corporation to form IMS Health. Subsequently, Cognizant Corporation was renamed Nielsen Media Research, Incorporated.

On January 30, 2003, we filed a tender offer in which IMS Health stockholders could exchange IMS Health shares held by them for our Class B common stock held by IMS Health. On February 13, 2003, IMS Health distributed all of our Class B common stock that IMS Health owned in an exchange offer to its stockholders. On February 21, 2003, pursuant to the terms of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, all of the shares of Class B common stock automatically converted into shares of Class A common stock. Since February 21, 2003, there have been no outstanding shares of Class B common stock. Effective May 26, 2004, pursuant to our Certificate of Incorporation, there are no authorized shares of Class B common stock.

## Available Information

We make available the following public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, free of charge through our website at www.cognizant.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC:

• our Annual Reports on Form 10-K and any amendments thereto;

• our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any amendments thereto; and

• our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto.



In addition, we make available our code of business conduct and ethics entitled “Cognizant’s Core Values and Standards of Business Conduct” free of charge through our website. We intend to disclose any amendments to, or waivers from, our code of business conduct and ethics that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to rules of the SEC and the NASDAQ Global Select Market by posting it on our website.

No information on our website is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K or any other public filing made by us with the SEC.



## Item 1A. Risk Factors

## Factors That May Affect Future Results

We face various important risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and, as a result, cause a decline in the trading price of our common stock.

## Risks Relating to our Business

## We face intense competition from other service providers.

We operate in intensely competitive industries that experience rapid technological developments, changes in industry standards, and changes in customer requirements. The intensely competitive information technology, consulting and business process services markets include a large number of participants and are subject to rapid change. These markets include participants from a variety of market segments, including:

• systems integration firms;

• contract programming companies;

• application software companies;

• internet solutions providers;

• large or traditional consulting companies;

• professional services groups of computer equipment companies; and

• infrastructure management and outsourcing companies.

These markets also include numerous smaller local competitors in the various geographic markets in which we operate which may be able to provide services and solutions at lower costs or on terms more attractive to clients than we can. Our direct competitors include, among others, Accenture, Capgemini, Computer Sciences Corporation, Genpact, HCL Technologies, HP Enterprise, IBM Global Services, Infosys Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro. In certain markets, our competitors may have greater financial, technical and marketing resources and greater name recognition and, therefore, may be better able to compete for new work and skilled professionals. There is a risk that increased competition could put downward pressure on the prices we can charge for our services and, in turn, our operating margins. Similarly, if our competitors develop and implement processes and methodologies that yield greater efficiency and productivity, they may be able to offer services similar to ours at lower prices without adversely affecting their profit margins. If we are unable to provide our clients with superior services and solutions at competitive prices or successfully market those services to current and prospective clients, our business, results of operations and financial condition may suffer.

Our international expansion plans may not be successful if we are unable to compete effectively in other countries. We may face competition in other countries from companies that may have more experience with operations in such countries or with international operations. Additionally, such companies may have long-standing or well-established relationships with desired clients, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. If we fail to compete effectively in the new markets we enter, our ability to continue to grow our business could be adversely affected. In addition, if we cannot compete effectively, we may be required to reconsider our strategy to expand internationally as well as our intent not to repatriate our non-U.S. earnings.

We may also face competition from companies that increase in size or scope as the result of strategic mergers or acquisitions. These transactions may include consolidation activity among hardware manufacturers, software companies and vendors, and service providers, which could result in the convergence of products and services. If buyers of products and services in the markets we serve favor using a single provider of integrated products and services, such buyers may direct more business to such providers, which could have a variety of negative effects on our competitive position and, in turn, adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

## Our operating margin may decline and we may not be able to sustain our current level of profitability.

Our operating margin may decline if we experience declines in demand and pricing for our services, an increase in our operating costs, including imposition of new non-income related taxes, or adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, wages in India have historically increased at a faster rate than in the United States, which has in the past and may in the future put pressure on our operating margins due to our offshore delivery model. Additionally, the number and type of equity-based compensation awards and the assumptions used in valuing equity-based compensation awards may change resulting in increased stock-based compensation expense and lower margins.



Further, our operating margin, and therefore our profitability, is dependent on the rates we are able to recover for our services. If we are not able to maintain favorable pricing for our services, our operating margin and our profitability could suffer. The rates we are able to recover for our services are affected by a number of factors, including:

• our clients’ perceptions of our ability to add value through our services;

• introduction of new services or products by us or our competitors;

• our competitors’ pricing policies;

- our ability to accurately estimate, attain and sustain contract revenues, margins and cash flows over increasingly longer contract periods;

• bid practices of clients and their use of third-party advisors;

- the use by our competitors and our clients of offshore resources to provide lower-cost service delivery capabilities;

• our ability to charge premium prices when justified by market demand or the type of service; and

• general economic and political conditions.

In addition, if we are not able to maintain an appropriate utilization rate for our professionals, our profitability may suffer. Our utilization rates are affected by a number of factors, including:

• our ability to efficiently transition employees from completed projects to new assignments;

• our ability to hire and assimilate new employees;

- our ability to accurately forecast demand for our services and thereby maintain an appropriate headcount in each of our geographies and workforces;

• our ability to effectively manage attrition; and

• our need to devote time and resources to training, professional development and other non-chargeable activities.

If we are unable to control our costs and operate our business in an efficient manner, our operating margin, and therefore our profitability, may decline.

We could be held liable for damages or our reputation could suffer from security breaches or disclosure of confidential information or personal data.

We are dependent on information technology networks and systems to process, transmit and securely store electronic information and to communicate among our locations around the world and with our clients. Security breaches of this infrastructure could lead to shutdowns or disruptions of our systems and potential unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or data, including personal data. In addition, many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our customers' businesses. The theft and/or unauthorized use or publication of our, or our clients', confidential information or other proprietary business information as a result of such an incident could adversely affect our competitive position and reduce marketplace acceptance of our services. Any failure in the networks or computer systems used by us or our customers could result in a claim for substantial damages against us and significant reputational harm, regardless of our responsibility for the failure.

In addition, we often have access to or are required to manage, utilize, collect and store sensitive or confidential client or employee data, including personal data. As a result, we are subject to numerous U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations designed to protect this information, such as the European Union Directive on Data Protection and various U.S. federal and state laws governing the protection of personal data. If any person, including any of our employees, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches controls or procedures with which we are responsible for complying with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, or if unauthorized access to or disclosure of data in our possession or control occurs, we could be subject to liability and penalties in connection with any violation of applicable privacy laws and/or criminal prosecution, as well as significant liability to our clients or our clients' customers for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or privacy laws. These risks will increase as we continue to grow our cloud-based offerings and services and store and process increasingly large amounts of our customers' confidential information and data and host or manage parts of our customers' businesses, especially in industries involving particularly sensitive data such as the financial services industry and the healthcare industry. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or employee data, including personal data, whether through breach of computer systems, systems failure, employee negligence, fraud or misappropriation, or otherwise, could damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients. Similarly, unauthorized access to or through our information systems and networks or those we develop or manage for our clients, whether by our employees or third parties, could result in negative publicity, legal liability and damage to our reputation, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.



Healthcare-related data protection, privacy and similar laws restrict access, use, and disclosure of information, and failure to comply with or adapt to changes in these laws could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As a service provider in the healthcare industry, we are subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, which are federal laws that apply to firms that provide services to certain entities in the healthcare industry.

A portion of the data that we obtain and handle for or on behalf of our healthcare clients is subject to HIPAA, and we are required to maintain the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information in accordance with HIPAA and the terms of our agreements with clients. HITECH increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against us, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal court to enforce HIPAA’s requirements. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs to establish and maintain HIPAA-required safeguards and, if additional safeguards are required to comply with HIPAA or our healthcare clients’ requirements, our costs could increase further, which would negatively affect our results of operations. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain adequate safeguards, or we inappropriately use or disclose individually identifiable health information, we could be subject to significant liabilities and consequences, including, without limitation:

- breach of our contractual obligations to our healthcare clients, which may cause these clients to terminate their relationship with us and may result in potentially significant financial obligations to them;

- investigation by the federal regulatory authorities empowered to enforce HIPAA and by the state attorneys general empowered to enforce comparable state laws, and the possible imposition of civil and criminal penalties;

- private litigation by individuals adversely affected by any violation of HIPAA, HITECH or comparable state laws to which we are subject; and

- negative publicity, which may decrease the willingness of current and potential future clients in the healthcare industry to work with us.

Laws and expectations relating to privacy, security and data protection continue to evolve, and we continue to adapt to changing needs. Nevertheless, changes in these laws may limit our data access, use, and disclosure, and may require increased expenditures by us or may dictate that we not offer certain types of services. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our ability to provide services to our healthcare clients and, in turn, on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

## Our revenues and operating results may experience significant quarterly fluctuations.

We may experience significant quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations. Among the factors that could cause these variations are:

• the nature, number, timing, scope and contractual terms of the projects in which we are engaged;

• delays incurred in the performance of those projects;

• the accuracy of estimates of resources and time required to complete ongoing projects;

• changes to the financial condition of our clients;

• changes in pricing in response to customer demand and competitive pressures;

• longer sales cycles and ramp-up periods for our larger, more complex projects;

• volatility and seasonality of our software sales;

• the mix of on-site and offshore staffing;

• the ratio of fixed-price contracts versus time-and-materials contracts;

• employee wage levels and utilization rates;

• changes in foreign exchange rates, including the Indian rupee versus the U.S. dollar;

• the timing of collection of accounts receivable;

• enactment of new taxes;

• changes in domestic and international income tax rates and regulations;

- changes to levels and types of stock-based compensation awards and assumptions used to determine the fair value of such awards; and

• general economic conditions.



As a result of these factors, it is possible that in some future periods, our revenues and results of operations may be significantly below the expectations of public market analysts and investors. In such an event, the price of our common stock would likely be materially and adversely affected.

## We rely on a few customers for a large portion of our revenues.

Our top five and top ten customers generated approximately 11.0% and 18.6%, respectively, of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015. The volume of work performed for specific customers is likely to vary from year to year, and a major customer in one year may not use our services in a subsequent year. The loss of one of our large customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition will suffer if we fail to enhance our existing services and solutions and develop new services and solutions that allow us to keep pace with rapidly evolving technological developments.

The information technology, consulting and business process services markets are characterized by rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, changing customer preferences and new product and service introductions. Our future success will depend on our ability to develop services and solutions that keep pace with changes in the markets in which we operate. We cannot be sure that we will be successful in developing new services and solutions addressing evolving technologies in a timely or cost-effective manner or that any services and solutions we do develop will be successful in the marketplace. Our failure to address the demands of the rapidly evolving technological environment could have a material adverse effect on our ability to retain and attract clients and our competitive position, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition may be affected by the rate of growth in the use of technology in business and the type and level of technology spending by our clients.

Our business depends, in part, upon continued growth in the use of technology in business by our clients and prospective clients as well as their customers and suppliers. In challenging economic environments, our clients may reduce or defer their spending on new technologies in order to focus on other priorities, or may choose to use their own internal resources rather than engage an outside firm to perform the types of services and solutions we provide. In addition, many companies have already invested substantial resources in their current means of conducting commerce and exchanging information, and they may be reluctant or slow to adopt new approaches that could disrupt existing personnel, processes and infrastructures. If the growth of technology usage in business, or our clients' spending on technology in business, declines, or if we cannot convince our clients or potential clients to embrace new technological solutions, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Most of our contracts with our customers are short-term, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if our clients terminate their contracts on short notice.

Consistent with industry practice, most of our contracts with our customers are short-term. A majority of our contracts can be terminated by our clients with short notice and without significant early termination cost. Terminations may result from factors that are beyond our control and unrelated to our work product or the progress of the project, including the business or financial condition of a client, changes in ownership, management or the strategy of a client or economic or market conditions generally or specific to a client's industry. When contracts are terminated, we lose the anticipated revenues and might not be able to eliminate our associated costs in a timely manner. Consequently, our operating margins in subsequent periods could be lower than expected. If we are unable to replace the lost revenue with other work on terms we find acceptable or effectively eliminate costs, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

If our pricing structures are based on inaccurate expectations and assumptions regarding the cost and complexity of performing our work, then our contracts could be unprofitable.

We negotiate pricing terms with our clients utilizing a range of pricing structures and conditions. We predominantly contract to provide services either on a time-and-materials basis or on a fixed-price basis. Fixed-price contracts accounted for approximately 36.5% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015, and we expect that an increasing number of our future projects will be contracted on a fixed-price basis. Our pricing is highly dependent on our internal forecasts and predictions about our projects and the marketplace, which might be based on limited data and could turn out to be inaccurate. We face a number of risks when pricing our contracts, as many of our projects entail the coordination of operations and workforces in multiple locations and utilizing workforces with different skill sets and competencies across geographically diverse service locations. Our pricing, cost and operating margin estimates for the work that we perform frequently include anticipated long-term cost savings from transformational and other initiatives that we expect to achieve and sustain over the life



of the contract. There is a risk that we will underprice our projects, fail to accurately estimate the costs of performing the work or fail to accurately assess the risks associated with potential contracts. In particular, any increased or unexpected costs, delays, failures to achieve anticipated cost savings, or unexpected risks we encounter in connection with the performance of this work, including those caused by factors outside our control, could make these contracts less profitable or unprofitable, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we fail to maintain appropriate internal controls in the future, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately, which may adversely affect our stock price and our business.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related regulations require our management to report on, and our independent registered public accounting firm to attest to, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We have committed and will be required to continue to commit significant financial and managerial resources in order to comply with these requirements.

Further, we are required to integrate any acquired businesses into our system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Companies we acquire may not be required to implement or maintain the disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting that are required of public companies, prior to being acquired by us and we cannot provide assurance as to how long the integration process may take.

Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations, including human error, the possibility that controls could be circumvented or become inadequate because of changed conditions, and fraud. If we are unable to maintain effective internal controls, we may not have adequate, accurate or timely financial information, and we may be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly traded company or comply with the requirements of the SEC or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This could result in a restatement of our financial statements, the imposition of sanctions, or investigation by regulatory authorities, and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. Any such consequence or other negative effect of our inability to meet our reporting requirements or comply with legal and regulatory requirements, as well as any disclosure of an accounting, reporting or control issue, could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock and our business.

We may not be able to successfully acquire target companies or integrate acquired companies or technologies into our company, and we may become subject to certain liabilities assumed or incurred in connection with our acquisitions that could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to complete the number and kind of acquisitions for which we plan, or if we are inefficient or unsuccessful at integrating any acquired businesses, including TriZetto, into our operations, we may not be able to achieve our planned rates of growth or improve our market share, profitability or competitive position in specific markets or services. The process of integrating an acquired company, business, or technology has created, and will continue to create, operating difficulties. The risks we face include:

• Diversion of management time and focus from operating our core business to acquisition integration challenges;

- Failure to successfully integrate the acquired business into our operations, including cultural challenges associated with integrating and retaining employees; and

- Failure to achieve anticipated efficiencies and/or benefits, realize our strategic objectives or further develop the acquired business.

Although we conduct due diligence in connection with each of our acquisitions, there may be liabilities that we fail to discover, that we inadequately assess or that are not properly disclosed to us. In particular, to the extent that any acquired business (or any assets thereof) (i) failed to comply with or otherwise violated applicable laws or regulations, (ii) failed to fulfill contractual obligations to customers or (iii) incurred material liabilities or obligations to customers that are not identified during the diligence process, we, as the successor owner, may be financially responsible for these violations, failures and liabilities and may suffer financial and/or reputational harm or otherwise be adversely affected. In addition, as part of an acquisition, we may assume responsibilities and obligations of the acquired business pursuant to the terms and conditions of agreements entered by the acquired entity that are not consistent with the terms and conditions that we typically accept and require. We also have been and may in the future be subject to litigation or other claims in connection with an acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders, or other third parties. Any material liabilities associated with our acquisitions could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We cannot predict or guarantee that we will successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates, consummate any acquisition or integrate any acquired business. Any failure to do so could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.



System failures, system outages or operational disruptions in our communications or information technology systems and infrastructure could negatively impact our operations and ability to provide our services and solutions, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

To deliver our services and solutions to our customers, we must maintain a high speed network of satellite, fiber optic and land lines and active voice and data communications 24 hours a day between our main operating offices in India, our other development and delivery centers and the offices of our customers worldwide. Any systems failure or outage or a significant disruption in our ability to transmit voice and data through satellite and telephone communications or in our information technology systems and infrastructure could result in curtailed operations and a loss of customers, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be impaired if we lose key members of our management team.

Our future performance depends upon the continued service of the key members of our management team. Competition for experienced executive officers and other key employees in the industries in which we compete is intense, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to retain key persons, or that we will be successful in attracting and retaining replacements in the future. The loss of any one or more of our executive officers or significant employees, or the failure to attract, integrate and retain additional talent, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We do not maintain key man life insurance on any of our executive officers or significant employees.

In addition, our business could be harmed if any key member of our management team leaves our employment and joins one of our competitors. Currently we have entered into non-competition agreements with the majority of our executive officers. We cannot be certain, however, that the restrictions in these agreements prohibiting such executive officers from engaging in competitive activities are enforceable. Any defection by a key member of our management team could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Competition for highly-skilled technical personnel is intense, and our ability to compete for and manage client engagements depends on our ability to attract and retain such personnel.

Our ability to maintain and renew existing client engagements and obtain new business depends to a significant extent on our ability to attract, train and retain highly-skilled technical personnel so as to keep our supply of skills and resources in balance with client demand. In particular, in order to serve client needs and grow our business, we must attract, train and retain appropriate numbers of talented people, including project managers, IT engineers and other senior technical personnel, who are able to keep pace with continuing changes in information technology, evolving industry standards and changing customer preferences. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to train and assimilate new employees successfully. In addition, we believe there is a shortage of, and significant competition for, professionals with the advanced technological skills necessary to perform the services we offer. We have subcontracted in the past, and may continue to subcontract in the future, with other service providers in order to meet our obligations to our customers. If we are unable to attract and retain highly-skilled technical personnel, our ability to effectively lead our current projects and develop new business could be jeopardized, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our business could be negatively affected if we incur legal liability in connection with providing our services and solutions.

If we fail to meet our contractual obligations or otherwise breach obligations to our clients, we could be subject to legal liability. We may enter into non-standard agreements because we perceive an important financial opportunity by doing so or because our personnel did not adequately adhere to our guidelines. In addition, the contracting practices of our competitors may cause contract terms and conditions that are unfavorable to us to become standard in the marketplace. If we cannot, or do not, meet our contractual obligations to provide services and solutions, and if our exposure is not adequately limited through the enforceable terms of our agreements, we might face significant legal liability and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

In the normal course of business and in conjunction with certain client engagements, we have entered into contractual arrangements through which we may be obligated to indemnify clients or other parties with whom we conduct business with respect to certain matters. These arrangements can include provisions whereby we agree to hold the indemnified party and certain of their affiliated entities harmless with respect to third-party claims, including matters such as our breach of certain representations or covenants, our infringement of the intellectual property of others or our gross negligence or willful misconduct. Payments by us under any of these arrangements are generally conditioned on the client making a claim and providing us with full control over the defense and settlement of such claim. It is not possible to determine our maximum potential exposure under these indemnification agreements due to the unique facts and circumstances involved in each



particular agreement. If events arise requiring us to make payment for indemnification claims under our contractual indemnification obligations, such payments could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Additionally, our clients may perform audits or require us to perform audits and provide audit reports with respect to the controls and procedures that we use in the performance of services for such clients, especially when we process data belonging to them. Our ability to acquire new clients and retain existing clients may be adversely affected and our reputation could be harmed if we receive a qualified opinion, or if we cannot obtain an unqualified opinion, with respect to our controls and procedures in connection with any such audit in a timely manner. We could also incur liability if our controls and procedures, or the controls and procedures we manage for a client, were to result in an internal control failure or impair our client’s ability to comply with its own internal control requirements.

We may face difficulties in providing end-to-end business solutions or delivering complex and large projects for our clients that could cause clients to discontinue their work with us, which in turn could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have been expanding the nature and scope of our engagements and have added new service offerings, such as consulting, business process services, systems integration and outsourcing of entire portions of IT infrastructure across the industries we serve. The success of these service offerings depends, in part, upon continued demand for such services by our existing and prospective clients and our ability to meet this demand in a cost-competitive and effective manner. To obtain engagements for such end-to-end solutions, we also are more likely to compete with large, well-established international consulting firms, resulting in increased competition and pricing pressure. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that our new service offerings will effectively meet client needs or that we will be able to attract existing and prospective clients to these service offerings.

The increased breadth of our service offerings has resulted and may continue to result in larger and more complex projects with our clients. This requires us to establish closer relationships with our clients and achieve a thorough understanding of their operations. Our ability to establish such relationships depends on a number of factors, including the proficiency of our professionals and our management personnel. Our failure to understand our client requirements or our failure to deliver services that meet the requirements specified by our clients could result in termination of client contracts, and we could be liable to our clients for significant penalties or damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Larger projects often involve multiple engagements or stages, and there is a risk that a client may choose not to retain us for additional stages or may cancel or delay additional planned engagements. These terminations, cancellations or delays may result from factors that have little or nothing to do with the quality of our services, such as the business or financial condition of our clients or the economy generally. Such cancellations or delays make it difficult to plan for project resource requirements and inaccuracies in such resource planning and allocation may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to collect our receivables from, or bill our unbilled services to, our clients, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our business depends on our ability to successfully obtain payment from our clients of the amounts they owe us for work performed. We evaluate the financial condition of our clients and usually bill and collect on relatively short cycles. We maintain allowances against receivables and unbilled services. Actual losses on client balances could differ from those that we currently anticipate and, as a result, we might need to adjust our allowances. There is no guarantee that we will accurately assess the creditworthiness of our clients. Macroeconomic conditions could also result in financial difficulties for our clients, including limited access to the credit markets, insolvency or bankruptcy, and, as a result, could cause clients to delay payments to us, request modifications to their payment arrangements that could increase our receivables balance, or default on their payment obligations to us. Timely collection of client balances also depends on our ability to complete our contractual commitments and bill and collect our contracted revenues. If we are unable to meet our contractual requirements, we might experience delays in collection of and/or be unable to collect our client balances, and if this occurs, our results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. In addition, if we experience an increase in the time to bill and collect for our services, our cash flows could be adversely affected.

If our clients are not satisfied with our services and solutions or if our reputation in the marketplace is damaged, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our business model depends in large part on our ability to attract additional work from our base of existing clients. Our business model also depends on our account teams' ability to develop relationships with our clients that enable us to understand



our clients’ needs and deliver services and solutions that are tailored to those needs. If a client is not satisfied with the quality of work performed by us, or with the type of services or solutions delivered, then we could incur additional costs to address the situation, the profitability of that work might be impaired, and the client’s dissatisfaction with our services could damage our ability to obtain additional work from that client. In particular, clients that are not satisfied might seek to terminate existing contracts prior to their scheduled expiration date and could direct future business to our competitors.

In addition, negative publicity related to our client services or relationships, regardless of its accuracy, could adversely affect our business by inhibiting our ability to compete for new contracts with current and prospective clients. Our corporate reputation is potentially susceptible to damage due to actions or statements made by current or former clients that are dissatisfied with our services or work product, as well as competitors, vendors, adversaries in legal proceedings, government regulators, former and current employees, members of the investment community and the media. Damage to our reputation could be difficult and time-consuming to repair, make potential or existing clients reluctant to select us for new engagements and, in turn, result in a loss of business, adversely affect our recruitment and retention efforts, reduce the value and effectiveness of the Cognizant brand name and reduce investor confidence in us, any one of which could adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition.

## We rely on third parties for certain software products.

Certain of our software products contain components that are developed by third parties. In addition, we resell certain software products of third parties and we use third-party software products to deliver our services and solutions. We may not be able to replace the functions provided by these third-party software components or products if they become obsolete, defective, or incompatible with future versions of our products or with our services and solutions, or if they are not adequately maintained or updated. Any defects in or significant interruption in the availability of these third-party software products or components could harm the sale of our products and our delivery of services and solutions to our clients unless and until we can secure or develop an alternative source. In addition, third-party suppliers of software or other intellectual property assets could be unwilling to permit us to use their intellectual property and this could impede or disrupt use of their products or services by us and our clients. If our ability to provide services and solutions to our clients is impaired as a result of any such denial, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Alternate sources for the technology currently licensed to us may not be available to us in a timely manner, may not provide us with the same functions as currently provided to us or may be more expensive than products we currently use. Further, our success depends on our ability to maintain our existing relationships with third-party software providers and build new relationships with other providers in order to enhance our services and remain competitive. If we are unable to maintain such existing relationships or successfully build new relationships, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could suffer.

## We are exposed to credit risk and fluctuations in the market values of our investment portfolio.

Any deterioration of the credit and capital markets in the United States, Europe or other regions of the world could result in volatility of our investment earnings and impairments to our investment portfolio, which could negatively impact our financial condition and reported income. Any decline in economic activity could adversely affect the ability of counterparties to use certain financial instruments such as marketable securities and derivatives to meet their obligations to us.

Our revenues are highly dependent on clients concentrated in certain industries, including the financial services and healthcare industries. Consolidation and factors that negatively affect these industries may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, we earned approximately 40.3% of our revenues from the financial services industry, which includes insurance, and 29.5% from the healthcare industry. Significant consolidation or a decrease in growth in the financial services industry or the healthcare industry may reduce the demand for our services and negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, two or more of our current clients may merge or consolidate and combine their operations, which may cause us to lose work or lose the opportunity to gain additional work. The increased market power of larger companies may also increase pricing and competitive pressures on us. Any of these possible results of industry consolidation could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are unable to successfully anticipate changing regulatory, economic and political conditions affecting the industries in which we operate, we may be unable to effectively plan for or respond to those changes, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively affected.



Our revenues are highly dependent on clients located in the United States and Europe. Any weakening of economic conditions in these markets may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Approximately 78.6% of our revenues during the year ended December 31, 2015 were derived from clients located in North America. In the same period, approximately 16.2% of our revenues were derived from clients located in Europe. Any weakening of economic conditions in the United States or European economies could depress the pricing for our services and cause our customers to reduce or postpone their technology spending significantly, which may in turn lower the demand for our services and negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we do not continue to improve our operational, financial and other internal controls and systems to manage our rapid growth and size, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our recent and anticipated growth, including our acquisition of TriZetto, will continue to place significant demands on our management and other resources, and will require us to continue to develop and improve our operational, financial and other internal controls. In particular, our growth will increase the challenges involved in:

- recruiting, training and retaining technical, finance, marketing and management personnel with the knowledge, skills and experience that our business model requires;

• maintaining high levels of client satisfaction;

- developing and improving our internal administrative infrastructure, particularly our financial, operational, communications and other internal systems;

• preserving our culture, values and entrepreneurial environment; and

- effectively managing our personnel and operations and effectively communicating to our personnel worldwide our core values, strategies and goals.

In addition, the increasing size and scope of our operations increase the possibility that a member of our personnel will engage in unlawful or fraudulent activity, breach our contractual obligations, or otherwise expose us to unacceptable business risks, despite our efforts to train our people and maintain internal controls to prevent such instances. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our enterprise, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

There can be no assurance that our business, results of operations and financial condition will not be adversely affected by our incurrence of indebtedness.

On November 20, 2014, in conjunction with our acquisition of TriZetto, we entered into a credit agreement with a bank syndicate providing for a $1.0 billion unsecured term loan and a $750.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility, both of which mature on November 20, 2019. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which may be significant. We will be required to have sufficient cash available in the United States to pay scheduled installments of principal, accrued interest and fees from time to time and at maturity. If we do not have sufficient cash available in the United States, we may be required to repatriate earnings held by our foreign subsidiaries. Any such repatriation would cause us to accrue the applicable amount of taxes associated with such earnings at that time, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, we may not have sufficient cash in the United States or abroad to make payments on our debt obligations, which could cause us to seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our existing indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.

In addition, the credit agreement contains certain covenants including a requirement that we maintain a debt to total stockholders' equity ratio not in excess of 0.40 to 1.00 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter. Failure to comply with this covenant or other provisions of the credit agreement could result in a default under the credit agreement, requiring us to either cure such default, receive a waiver, or in the absence of such cure or waiver, refinance any outstanding indebtedness under the credit agreement. There is no assurance that we would be able to refinance our debt on acceptable terms and conditions.

## Risks Relating to our International Operations

## Our global operations are subject to complex risks, some of which might be beyond our control.

We have offices and operations in various countries around the world and provide services to clients globally. In 2015, approximately 78.6% of our revenues were attributable to the North American region, 16.2% were attributable to the European region, and the remainder was attributable to the rest of the world, primarily the Asia Pacific region. We anticipate that revenues from customers outside North America will continue to account for a material portion of our revenues in the



foreseeable future and may increase as we expand our international presence, particularly in Europe, the Asia Pacific region and the Latin America region.

In addition, the majority of our employees, along with our development and delivery centers, are located in India. As a result, we may be subject to risks inherently associated with international operations, including risks associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, difficulties in enforcing intellectual property and/or contractual rights, the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations, potentially adverse tax consequences, tariffs, quotas and other barriers, potential difficulties in collecting accounts receivable, international hostilities, terrorism and natural disasters. We may also face difficulties integrating new facilities in different countries into our existing operations, as well as integrating employees that we hire in different countries into our existing corporate culture. If we are unable to manage the risks of our global operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

A substantial portion of our assets and operations are located in India and we are subject to regulatory, economic, political and other uncertainties in India.

We intend to continue to develop and expand our offshore facilities in India where a majority of our technical professionals are located. While wage costs are lower in India than in the United States and other developed countries for comparably skilled professionals, wages in India have historically increased at a faster rate than in the United States and other countries in which we operate. If this trend continues in the future, it would result in increased costs for our skilled professionals and thereby potentially reduce our operating margins. Also, there is no assurance that, in future periods, competition for skilled professionals will not drive salaries higher in India, thereby resulting in increased costs for our technical professionals and reduced operating margins.

India has also recently experienced civil unrest and terrorism and has been involved in conflicts with neighboring countries. In recent years, there have been military confrontations between India and Pakistan that have occurred in the region of Kashmir and along the India-Pakistan border. The potential for hostilities between the two countries has been high in light of tensions related to recent terrorist incidents in India and the unsettled nature of the regional geopolitical environment, including events in and related to Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria. If India becomes engaged in armed hostilities, particularly if these hostilities are protracted or involve the threat of or use of weapons of mass destruction, it is likely that our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

In the past, the Indian economy has experienced many of the problems that commonly confront the economies of developing countries, including high inflation, erratic gross domestic product growth and shortages of foreign exchange. The Indian government has exercised, and continues to exercise, significant influence over many aspects of the Indian economy and Indian government actions concerning the economy could have a material adverse effect on private sector entities like us. In the past, the Indian government has provided significant tax incentives and relaxed certain regulatory restrictions in order to encourage foreign investment in specified sectors of the economy, including the software development services industry. Changes in government leadership in India or a change in policies of the existing government in India that results in the elimination of any of the benefits realized by us from our Indian operations or the imposition of new taxes applicable to such operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operating results may be adversely affected by fluctuations in the Indian rupee and other foreign currency exchange rates, restrictions on the deployment of cash across our global operations and our use of derivative financial instruments.

Although we report our operating results in U.S. dollars, a portion of our revenues and expenses are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates can have a number of adverse effects on us. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate revenues, expenses and income, as well as assets and liabilities, into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect during or at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, changes in the value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies will affect our revenues, income from operations, net income and the value of balance sheet items originally denominated in other currencies. There is no guarantee that our financial results will not be adversely affected by currency exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, in some countries we could be subject to strict restrictions on the movement of cash and the exchange of foreign currencies, which could limit our ability to use these funds across our global operations. Further, as we continue to leverage our global delivery model, more of our expenses are incurred in currencies other than those in which we bill for the related services. An increase in the value of certain currencies, such as the Indian rupee, against the U.S. dollar could increase costs for delivery of services at offshore sites by increasing labor and other costs that are denominated in local currency.

We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of certain rupee denominated payments in India. These contracts are intended to partially offset the impact of the movement of the exchange rates on future operating costs. In addition, we have also entered into foreign exchange forward contracts in order to



mitigate foreign currency risk on foreign currency denominated net monetary assets. The hedging strategies that we have implemented, or may in the future implement, to mitigate foreign currency exchange rate risks may not reduce or completely offset our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and may expose our business to unexpected market, operational and counterparty credit risks. Accordingly, we may incur losses from our use of derivative financial instruments that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our global operations expose us to numerous and sometimes conflicting legal and regulatory requirements, and violations of these regulations could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Because we provide services to clients throughout the world, we are subject to numerous, and sometimes conflicting, legal rules on matters as diverse as import/export controls, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy and labor relations. Violations of these laws or regulations in the conduct of our business could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us or our officers, prohibitions on doing business, damage to our reputation and other unintended consequences such as liability for monetary damages, fines and/or criminal prosecution, unfavorable publicity, restrictions on our ability to process information and allegations by our clients that we have not performed our contractual obligations. Due to the varying degrees of development of the legal systems of the countries in which we operate, local laws might be insufficient to protect our rights. Our failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Among other anti-corruption laws and regulations, we are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, which prohibits improper payments or offers of improper payments to foreign officials to obtain business or any other benefit, and the U.K. Bribery Act. Violations of these laws or regulations could subject us to criminal or civil enforcement actions, including fines and suspension or disqualification from government contracting or contracting with private entities in certain highly regulated industries, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

International hostilities, terrorist activities, other violence or war, natural disasters, pandemics and infrastructure disruptions, could delay or reduce the number of new service orders we receive and impair our ability to service our customers, thereby adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Hostilities involving acts of terrorism, violence or war, natural disasters, global health risks or pandemics or the threat or perceived potential for these events could materially adversely affect our operations and our ability to provide services to our customers. Such events may cause customers to delay their decisions on spending for information technology, consulting, and business process services and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events also pose significant risks to our personnel and to our and our clients' physical facilities and operations around the world. Additionally, by disrupting communications and travel, giving rise to travel restrictions, and increasing the difficulty of obtaining and retaining highly-skilled and qualified personnel, these events could make it difficult or impossible for us to deliver services to some or all of our clients. The majority of our employees are located in India, and the vast majority of our technical professionals in the United States and Europe are Indian nationals who are able to work in the United States and Europe only because they hold current visas and work permits. Any inability to travel could cause us to incur additional unexpected costs and expenses or could impair our ability to retain the skilled professionals we need for our operations. In addition, any extended disruptions of electricity, other public utilities or network services at our facilities could also adversely affect our ability to serve our clients.

Hostilities involving the United States, the United Kingdom, India and other countries in which we provide services to our clients, and other acts of terrorism, violence or war, natural disasters, global health risks or pandemics may reduce the demand for our services and negatively affect our revenues. If we fail to defend against any of these occurrences, we might be unable to protect our people, facilities and systems. If these disruptions prevent us from effectively serving our clients, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

## Risks Relating to Taxes

## Our earnings and financial condition may be negatively impacted by certain tax related matters.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Our provision for income taxes and cash tax liability could be adversely affected by numerous factors including, but not limited to, income before taxes being lower than anticipated in countries with lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in countries with higher statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or interpretations thereof, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition in future periods. In addition, our income tax returns are subject to examination in the jurisdictions in which we operate. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for



income taxes. An unfavorable outcome of one or more of these examinations may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings may be adversely affected if we change our intent not to repatriate foreign earnings or if such earnings become subject to U.S. tax on a current basis.

We earn a significant amount of our earnings outside of the United States. Other than amounts for which we have already accrued U.S. taxes, we consider foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the United States. While we have no plans to do so, events may occur that could effectively force us to change our intent not to repatriate such earnings. If such earnings are repatriated in the future or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the United States, or if legislation is enacted in the United States providing for a tax on foreign earnings or profits prior to their repatriation, we may have to accrue taxes associated with such earnings or profits at a substantially higher rate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings may be negatively impacted by the loss of certain tax benefits provided by India to companies in our industry as well as by possible changes in Indian tax laws.

Our Indian subsidiaries, collectively referred to as Cognizant India, are primarily export-oriented and are eligible for certain income tax holiday benefits granted by the Indian government for export activities conducted within Special Economic Zones, or SEZs, for periods of up to 15 years. Recently, the Indian government announced a proposal which includes, among other items, phasing out of certain tax exemptions and deductions, discontinuation of tax holiday for new SEZs commencing activity from April 1, 2017, and a phased reduction of the current Indian corporate income tax rate. If enacted, these changes or any changes that would reduce or deny SEZ tax benefits could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, all Indian profits, including those generated within SEZs, are subject to the Minimum Alternative Tax, or MAT, at the rate of 21.3%. Any MAT paid is creditable against future corporate income tax, subject to limitations. Currently, we anticipate utilizing our existing MAT balances against future corporate income tax. Our ability to fully do so may be influenced by possible changes to the Indian tax laws as well as the future financial results of Cognizant India. Our potential inability to fully utilize our deferred income tax assets related to the MAT could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

## Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

We may not be able to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, which may harm our ability to compete and harm our business.

Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary methodologies and other valuable intellectual property. We presently hold a limited number of issued patents, and we have filed and intend to file patent applications. There is no guarantee that any patents will issue in the United States or in any other country we may seek protection or that they will serve as a barrier from competition from other organizations. Additionally, the protection afforded by international patent laws as well as the enforcement actions differ from country to country. There is no guarantee that we will be able to maintain adequate protection or enforcement of our intellectual property rights.

We also rely upon a combination of copyright and trade secret laws, non-disclosure and related contractual arrangements, and other security measures to protect our intellectual property rights. We believe that laws, rules, regulations and treaties in effect in the United States, India and other countries in which we operate are adequate to protect us from misappropriation or unauthorized use of our intellectual property. However, there can be no assurance that these laws will not change in ways that may prevent or restrict the transfer of software components, libraries, toolsets and other technology or data we use in the performance of our services, and existing laws of some countries in which we provide services, such as China, might offer only limited protection of our intellectual property rights. There also can be no assurance that the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to deter misappropriation, or that we will be able to detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property.

Unauthorized use of our intellectual property may result in development of technology, products or services that compete with our products and services and unauthorized parties may infringe upon or misappropriate our products, services or proprietary information. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our business may be adversely affected and our ability to compete may be impaired.

Depending on the circumstances, we might need to grant a specific client greater rights in intellectual property developed or used in connection with a contract than we normally do. In certain situations, we might forego all rights to the use of intellectual property we create and intend to reuse across multiple client engagements, which would limit our ability to reuse that intellectual property for other clients. Any limitation on our ability to provide a service or solution could cause us to lose



revenue-generating opportunities and require us to incur additional expenses to develop new or modified solutions for future projects.

Our ability to enforce our software license agreements, service agreements, and other intellectual property rights is subject to general litigation risks, as well as uncertainty as to the enforceability of our intellectual property rights in various countries. To the extent that we seek to enforce our rights, we could be subject to claims that an intellectual property right is invalid, otherwise not enforceable, or is licensed to the party against whom we are pursuing a claim. In addition, our assertion of intellectual property rights may result in the other party seeking to assert alleged intellectual property rights or assert other claims against us, which could harm our business. If we are not successful in defending such claims in litigation, we may not be able to sell or license a particular service or solution due to an injunction, or we may have to pay damages that could, in turn, harm our results of operations. In addition, governments may adopt regulations, or courts may render decisions, requiring compulsory licensing of intellectual property to others, or governments may require that products meet specified standards that serve to favor local companies. Our inability to enforce our intellectual property rights under these circumstances may harm our competitive position and our business.

Our services or solutions could infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others and we may be subject to claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights.

We cannot be sure that our services and solutions, or the solutions of others that we offer to our clients, do not infringe on the intellectual property rights of others. Third parties may assert against us or our customers claims alleging infringement of patent, copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights to technologies or services that are important to our business. Infringement claims could harm our reputation, cost us money and prevent us from offering some services or solutions. In our contracts, we generally agree to indemnify our clients for certain expenses or liabilities resulting from potential infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties. In some instances, the amount of our liability under these indemnities could be substantial. Any claims that our products, services or processes infringe the intellectual property rights of others, regardless of the merit or resolution of such claims, may result in significant costs in defending and resolving such claims, and may divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel from our business. In addition, as a result of such intellectual property infringement claims, we could be required or otherwise decide that it is appropriate to:

• pay third-party infringement claims;

• discontinue using, licensing, or selling particular products subject to infringement claims;

• discontinue using the technology or processes subject to infringement claims;

• develop other technology not subject to infringement claims, which could be costly or may not be possible; and/or

- license technology from the third party claiming infringement, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

The occurrence of any of the foregoing could result in unexpected expenses or require us to recognize an impairment of our assets, which would reduce the value of our assets and increase expenses. In addition, if we alter or discontinue our offering of affected items or services, our revenue could be affected. If a claim of infringement were successful against us or our clients, an injunction might be ordered against our client or our own services or operations, causing further damages.

We expect that the risk of infringement claims against us will increase if our competitors are able to obtain patents or other intellectual property rights for software products and methods, technological solutions, and processes. We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims from certain individuals or companies that have acquired patent portfolios for the primary purpose of asserting such claims against other companies. The risk of infringement claims against us may also increase as we continue to develop and license our intellectual property to our clients and other third parties. Any infringement claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

## Risks Relating to Legislation and Government Regulation

Anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing could impair our ability to service our customers and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The issue of companies outsourcing services to organizations operating in other countries is a topic of political discussion in the United States, which is our largest market, as well as in Europe, the Asia Pacific and other regions in which we have clients. For example, measures aimed at limiting or restricting outsourcing by United States companies are periodically considered in the U.S. Congress and in numerous state legislatures to address concerns over the perceived association between offshore outsourcing and the loss of jobs domestically. If enacted, such measures may broaden existing restrictions on outsourcing by federal and state government agencies and on government contracts with firms that outsource



services directly or indirectly, or impact private industry with measures that include, but are not limited to, tax disincentives, fees or penalties, intellectual property transfer restrictions, mandatory government audit requirements, and new standards that have the effect of restricting the use of certain business and/or work visas. In the event that any of these measures become law, our ability to provide services to our customers could be impaired, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Existing and future legislative and administrative/regulatory policies restricting the performance of business process services from an offshore location in jurisdictions in Europe, the Asia Pacific or any other region in which we have clients could also have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, from time to time there has been publicity about negative experiences associated with offshore outsourcing, such as domestic job loss and theft and misappropriation of sensitive client data, particularly involving service providers in India. Current or prospective clients may elect to perform certain services themselves or may be discouraged from utilizing global service delivery providers due to negative perceptions that may be associated with using global service delivery models or firms. Any slowdown or reversal of existing industry trends toward global service delivery would seriously harm our ability to compete effectively with competitors that provide the majority of their services from within the country in which our clients operate.

Restrictions on immigration may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to clients, which could hamper our growth and cause our revenue to decline.

Our future success continues to depend on our ability to attract and retain employees with technical and project management skills, including those from developing countries, especially India. The ability of foreign nationals to work in the United States, Europe, the Asia Pacific and other regions in which we have clients depends on their and our ability to obtain the necessary visas and work permits for our personnel who need to travel internationally. If we are unable to obtain such visas or work permits, or if their issuance is delayed or if their length is shortened, we may not be able to provide services to our clients or to continue to provide services on a timely and cost-effective basis, receive revenues as early as expected or manage our delivery centers as efficiently as we otherwise could, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Immigration and work permit laws and regulations in the countries in which we have clients are subject to legislative and administrative changes as well as changes in the application of standards and enforcement. For example, the United States Congress has recently considered and may consider in the future extensive changes to U.S. immigration laws regarding the admission of high-skilled temporary and permanent workers. If such provisions are signed into law, our cost of doing business in the United States would increase and that may discourage customers from seeking our services. Our international expansion strategy and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected if changes in immigration and work permit laws and regulations or the administration or enforcement of such laws or regulations impair our ability to staff projects with professionals who are not citizens of the country where the work is to be performed.

Increased regulation of the financial services industry, healthcare industry or other industries in which our clients operate could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The industries in which our clients are concentrated, such as the financial services industry and the healthcare industry, are, or may be, increasingly subject to governmental regulation and intervention. For instance, the financial services industry is subject to extensive and complex federal and state regulation. As a provider of services to financial institutions, portions of our operations are examined by a number of regulatory agencies. These agencies regulate the services we provide and manner in which we operate. For example, some financial services regulators have imposed guidelines for use of cloud computing services that mandate specific controls or require financial services enterprises to obtain regulatory approval prior to outsourcing certain functions. If we are unable to comply with these guidelines or controls, or if our customers are unable to obtain regulatory approval to use our services where required, our business may be harmed. In addition, clients in the financial services sector have been subject to increased regulation following the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in the United States. New or changing regulations under Dodd-Frank, as well as other regulations or legislation affecting our customers in the financial services industry, may reduce demand for our services or cause us to incur costly changes in our processes or personnel, thereby negatively affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The healthcare industry is highly regulated at the federal, state and local levels and is subject to changing legislative, regulatory, political and other influences. Many healthcare laws, such as the Affordable Care Act, are complex, subject to frequent change, and dependent on interpretation and enforcement decisions from government agencies with broad discretion. The application of these laws to us, our clients or the specific services and relationships we have with our clients is not always clear. Our failure to anticipate accurately the application of the Affordable Care Act and similar or future laws and regulations,



or our failure to comply with them, could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, the growth of our business, results of operations and financial condition rely, in part, on clients in the healthcare industry that receive substantial revenues from governmental and other third-party payor programs. A reduction or less than expected increase in government funding for these programs, a change in allocation methodologies or the termination of our clients' government contracts could negatively affect our clients' businesses and, in turn, negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, as a service provider to clients who are government contractors, we may in the future become involved in governmental investigations to evaluate our or our clients' compliance with government healthcare programs, which could result in the assessment of damages, civil or criminal fines or penalties, or other sanctions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Increased regulation, changes in existing regulation or increased government intervention in the other industries in which our clients operate also may adversely affect the growth of their respective businesses and therefore negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

## Risks Relating to our Common Stock and Governing Documents

## Our stock price continues to be volatile.

Our stock has at times experienced substantial price volatility as a result of variations between our actual and anticipated financial results, announcements by us and our competitors, projections or speculation about our business or that of our competitors by the media or investment analysts or uncertainty about current global economic conditions. The stock market, as a whole, also has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market price of many technology companies in ways that may have been unrelated to these companies' operating performance. Furthermore, we believe our stock price should reflect future growth and profitability expectations and, if we fail to meet these expectations, our stock price may significantly decline.

Provisions in our charter and by-laws and provisions under Delaware law may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals.

Provisions in our charter and by-laws, each as amended, and Delaware General Corporate Law, or DGCL, may have the effect of deterring unsolicited takeover proposals or delaying or preventing changes in our control or management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices. These provisions include:

- Authority of the board of directors, without further action by the stockholders, to fix the rights and preferences, and issue shares of preferred stock;

- The classification of our board of directors until the 2016 annual meeting of stockholders, at which point the board of directors will be declassified and each director will be elected on an annual basis. While our board of directors remains classified, a change of control of our board of directors cannot occur at a single meeting of stockholders;

- The inability of our stockholders to act by written consent and the restrictions imposed on our stockholders’ ability to call a special meeting. As a result, any action by our stockholders may be delayed until annual meetings or until a special meeting is called by our chairman or chief executive officer or our board of directors;

- The supermajority-voting requirement for specified amendments to our charter and by-laws, which allows a minority of our stockholders to block those amendments; and

- Provisions in the DGCL preventing stockholders from engaging in business combinations with us, subject to certain exceptions.

These provisions could also discourage bids for our common stock at a premium as well as create a depressive effect on the market price of the shares of our common stock.

## Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.



## Item 2. Properties

To support our planned growth, we are continually expanding our development and delivery center capacity through the construction of new facilities, supplemented by additional leasing of non-owned facilities. As presented in the table below, as of December 31, 2015, we leased 11.7 million square feet and owned 13.0 million square feet in 24 countries, which are used to deliver services to our customers across all four of our business segments.

<table><tr><td>Geographic Area</td><td>Number of Locations</td><td>Square Footage Leased (in millions)</td><td>Square Footage Owned (in millions)</td><td>Total Square Footage (in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>45</td><td>9.8</td><td>12.8</td><td>22.6</td></tr><tr><td>North America</td><td>35</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>Europe</td><td>15</td><td>0.3</td><td>—</td><td>0.3</td></tr><tr><td>Rest of World \( ^{1} \)</td><td>20</td><td>0.5</td><td>—</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>115</td><td>11.7</td><td>13.0</td><td>24.7</td></tr></table>

 \( ^{1} \)  Includes our operations in Asia Pacific, Middle East and Latin America. Substantially all of this square footage is located in the Philippines, China and Argentina.

We operate out of our Teaneck, New Jersey executive office where we lease 0.1 million square feet. In addition to our executive office and the above development and delivery centers, we have business development offices in approximately 68 cities and 35 countries across the globe.

We believe that our current facilities are adequate to support our existing operations. We also believe that we will be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms on an “as needed basis.”

## Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of our management, the outcome of such claims and legal actions, if decided adversely, is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our quarterly or annual operating results, cash flows or consolidated financial position.

## Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.



## PART II

## Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our Class A common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (NASDAQ) under the symbol “CTSH”.

The following table shows the per share range of high and low sale prices for shares of our Class A common stock, as listed for quotation on the NASDAQ, for the quarterly periods indicated.

<table><tr><td>Quarter Ended</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>March 31, 2014</td><td>54.00</td><td>44.96</td></tr><tr><td>June 30, 2014</td><td>53.40</td><td>45.73</td></tr><tr><td>September 30, 2014</td><td>51.38</td><td>41.51</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2014</td><td>54.89</td><td>42.94</td></tr><tr><td>March 31, 2015</td><td>64.69</td><td>50.71</td></tr><tr><td>June 30, 2015</td><td>65.96</td><td>58.35</td></tr><tr><td>September 30, 2015</td><td>69.35</td><td>57.50</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2015</td><td>69.80</td><td>58.15</td></tr></table>

As of December 31, 2015, the approximate number of holders of record of our Class A common stock was 156 and the approximate number of beneficial holders of our Class A common stock was 50,200.

## Cash Dividends

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our Class A common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the growth of our business and, therefore, do not currently anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

## Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our existing stock repurchase program, as amended and approved by our Board of Directors, allows for the repurchase of $2.0 billion of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock, excluding fees and expenses, through December 31, 2017. Under the stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase its Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a trading plan adopted pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or private transactions, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The timing of repurchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased are determined by the Company's management, in its discretion, or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, and will depend upon market conditions and other factors.

During the three months ended December 31, 2015, we repurchased $42.1 million of our Class A common stock under our stock repurchase program. These stock repurchases were funded from working capital and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2015, the remaining available balance under the Board authorization was $437.9 million.

<table><tr><td>Month</td><td>Total Number of Shares Purchased</td><td>Average Price Paid per Share</td><td>Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs</td><td>Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>October 1, 2015 - October 31, 2015</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>$ 480.0</td></tr><tr><td>November 1, 2015 - November 30, 2015</td><td>400,000</td><td>64.82</td><td>400,000</td><td>454.1</td></tr><tr><td>December 1, 2015 - December 31, 2015</td><td>250,000</td><td>64.65</td><td>250,000</td><td>$ 437.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>650,000</td><td>64.76</td><td>650,000</td><td></td></tr></table>

In addition, during the three months ended December 31, 2015, we purchased additional shares in connection with our stock-based compensation plans, whereby shares of our common stock were tendered by employees for payment of applicable statutory tax withholdings. For the three months ended December 31, 2015, we purchased 554,160 shares at an aggregate cost of $34.7 million in connection with employee tax withholding obligations.



## Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index, NASDAQ-100 Index and a Peer Group Index (capitalization weighted) for the period beginning December 31, 2010 and ending on the last day of our last completed fiscal year. The stock performance shown on the graph below is not indicative of future price performance.

## COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN \( ^{(1)(2)} \) 

## Among Cognizant, the S&P 500 Index, the NASDAQ-100 Index

And a Peer Group Index \( ^{(3)} \)  (Capitalization Weighted)



<table><tr><td>Company / Index</td><td>Base Period 12/31/10</td><td>12/31/11</td><td>12/31/12</td><td>12/31/13</td><td>12/31/14</td><td>12/31/15</td></tr><tr><td>COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORP</td><td>$ 100</td><td>$ 87.75</td><td>$ 100.81</td><td>$ 137.78</td><td>$ 143.70</td><td>$ 163.79</td></tr><tr><td>S&amp;P 500 INDEX</td><td>100</td><td>102.11</td><td>118.45</td><td>156.82</td><td>178.29</td><td>180.75</td></tr><tr><td>NASDAQ-100</td><td>100</td><td>102.70</td><td>119.98</td><td>161.96</td><td>191.01</td><td>207.10</td></tr><tr><td>PEER GROUP</td><td>100</td><td>78.87</td><td>83.24</td><td>115.16</td><td>122.45</td><td>139.40</td></tr></table>

(1) Graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2010 in our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index, the NASDAQ-100 Index, and the Peer Group Index (capitalization weighted).

(2) Cumulative total return assumes reinvestment of dividends.

(3) We have constructed a Peer Group Index of other information technology consulting firms consisting of Accenture plc., Computer Sciences Corporation, Computer Task Group, Inc., ExIService Holdings Inc., Genpact Limited, Infosys Ltd., Syntel Inc., Wipro Ltd. and WNS (Holdings) Limited. Sapient Corp. and iGate Corp. were removed from our peer group as they were acquired by private companies during 2015.



## Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated historical financial data as of the dates and for the periods indicated. Our selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 have been derived from the audited financial statements included elsewhere herein. Our selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included elsewhere herein. Our selected consolidated financial information for 2015, 2014 and 2013 should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

<table><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td><td>2012</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">(in millions, except per share data)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">For the Year Ended December 31:</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td>$ 8,843.2</td><td>$ 7,346.5</td><td>$ 6,121.2</td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>2,142.0</td><td>1,884.9</td><td>1,677.9</td><td>1,361.5</td><td>1,136.5</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 1,623.6</td><td>$ 1,439.3</td><td>$ 1,228.6</td><td>$ 1,051.3</td><td>$ 883.6</td></tr><tr><td>Basic earnings per share</td><td>$ 2.67</td><td>$ 2.37</td><td>$ 2.03</td><td>$ 1.74</td><td>$ 1.46</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted earnings per share</td><td>$ 2.65</td><td>$ 2.35</td><td>$ 2.02</td><td>$ 1.72</td><td>$ 1.42</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends declared per common share</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average number of common shares outstanding-Basic</td><td>609.1</td><td>608.1</td><td>604.0</td><td>602.6</td><td>606.6</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average number of common shares outstanding-Diluted</td><td>613.3</td><td>612.5</td><td>609.7</td><td>611.7</td><td>620.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">As of December 31:</td></tr><tr><td>Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments</td><td>$ 4,949.5</td><td>$ 3,774.7</td><td>$ 3,747.5</td><td>$ 2,863.8</td><td>$ 2,432.3</td></tr><tr><td>Working capital(2)</td><td>5,194.9</td><td>3,828.5</td><td>4,117.1</td><td>3,235.5</td><td>2,766.8</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets(1)(2)</td><td>13,065.4</td><td>11,479.0</td><td>8,129.2</td><td>6,454.8</td><td>5,480.8</td></tr><tr><td>Total debt</td><td>1,287.5</td><td>1,637.5</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Stockholders’ equity</td><td>9,278.1</td><td>7,740.2</td><td>6,135.8</td><td>4,854.4</td><td>3,952.9</td></tr></table>

(1) In July 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued new guidance which requires the netting of any unrecognized tax benefits against all available same-jurisdiction deferred income tax carryforward assets that would apply if the uncertain tax positions were settled. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2014 and conformed prior years' presentation.

(2) In November 2015, the FASB issued an update to the standard on income taxes pertaining to the balance sheet classification of deferred income taxes. The update requires that all deferred income tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, within each tax jurisdiction be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. As a result, each tax jurisdiction will only have one net noncurrent deferred income tax asset or liability. We have adopted this guidance retrospectively in the fourth quarter of 2015 and conformed prior years' presentation to current year's presentation.



## Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

## Executive Summary

We are a leading provider of information technology (IT), consulting and business process services, dedicated to helping the world’s leading companies build stronger businesses. Our clients engage us to help them operate more efficiently, provide solutions for critical business and technology problems, and to help them drive technology-based innovation and growth. Our core competencies include: business, process, operations and IT consulting, application development and systems integration, enterprise information management, application testing, application maintenance, IT infrastructure services, and business process services. We tailor our services to specific industries and utilize an integrated global delivery model. This seamless global sourcing model combines industry-specific expertise, client service teams based on-site at the client locations and delivery teams located at dedicated near-shore and offshore global delivery centers.

The following table sets forth key financial results for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="4">Increase</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>$</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">(Dollars in millions, except per share data)</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td>$2,153.3</td><td>21.0</td></tr><tr><td>Net Income</td><td>1,623.6</td><td>1,439.3</td><td>184.3</td><td>12.8</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted earnings per share</td><td>2.65</td><td>2.35</td><td>0.30</td><td>12.8</td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share \( ^{1} \)</td><td>3.07</td><td>2.60</td><td>0.47</td><td>18.1</td></tr></table>

The key drivers of our revenue growth in 2015 were as follows:

• Our November 2014 acquisition of TZ US Parent Inc., or TriZetto, contributed revenue of approximately $724.5 million in 2015 compared to $80.6 million in 2014;

• Solid performance across all of our business segments with revenue growth of 16.7% for Financial Services, 36.4% for Healthcare (inclusive of TriZetto revenue), 12.0% for Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics and 17.4% for Other;

• Sustained strength in the North American market where revenues grew 23.9% (inclusive of TriZetto revenue) as compared to 2014;

• Continued penetration of the European and Rest of World (primarily the Asia Pacific) markets. Revenue from our customers outside the United States was negatively affected by the recent strength of the U.S. dollar against the British pound, the Euro and other currencies. In Europe, we experienced revenue growth of 6.6%, after a negative currency impact of 10.2%, as compared to 2014. Revenue from our Rest of World customers increased 29.9%, after a negative currency impact of 9.2%, as compared to 2014;

• Increased customer spending on discretionary projects;

• Expansion of our service offerings, including consulting, infrastructure services, and business process services, which enabled us to cross-sell new services to our customers and meet the rapidly growing demand for complex large-scale outsourcing solutions;

• Increased penetration at existing customers, including strategic clients; and

• Continued expansion of the market for global delivery of IT and business process services.

In December 2015, Chennai, India experienced heavy rains that caused unprecedented flooding. This event did not materially impact our financial results for the three months and year ended December 31, 2015 and we do not expect it to materially affect our 2016 financial results.



We saw a continued demand from our customers for a broad range of services, including IT strategy and business consulting, application development and systems integration, enterprise information management, application testing, application maintenance, infrastructure services, and business process services. In addition, we are seeing continued customer interest in digital solutions, including our social, mobile, analytics and cloud-based services and increased demand for mobility, data and security services. We are also seeing an increase in demand for larger, more complex projects that are transformational for our customers. Such contracts may have longer sales cycles and ramp-up periods and could lead to greater variability in our period-to-period operating results. We increased the number of strategic clients by 29 during the year, bringing the total number of our strategic clients to 300. We define a strategic client as one offering the potential to generate at least $5 million to $50 million or more in annual revenues at maturity.

In 2015, our operating margin decreased to 17.3% from 18.4% in 2014. The decrease in our operating margin was due to increases in compensation and benefit costs (inclusive of the impact of higher incentive-based compensation) and increases in depreciation and amortization due to recent acquisitions, partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, lower realized losses on our cash flow hedges and decreases in certain operating expenses, including travel, in 2015 compared to 2014.

Our non-GAAP operating margin in 2015 decreased to  $ 19.7\%^{2} \)  from  $ 20.2\%^{2} \)  in 2014. The decrease in our non-GAAP operating margin was due to increases in compensation and benefit costs (inclusive of the impact of higher incentive-based compensation), partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, lower realized losses on our cash flow hedges and decreases in certain operating expenses, including travel, in 2015 compared to 2014. Historically, we have invested our profitability above the 19% to 20% non-GAAP operating margin level back into our business, which we believe is a significant contributing factor to our strong revenue growth. This investment is primarily focused in the areas of hiring client partners and relationship personnel with specific industry experience or domain expertise, training our technical staff in a broader range of service offerings, strengthening our business analytics and digital technology capabilities, strengthening and expanding our portfolio of services, continuing to expand our geographic presence for both sales and delivery, as well as recognizing and rewarding employee performance by means of enhanced incentive-based compensation. In addition, this investment includes maintaining a level of resources, trained in a broad range of service offerings, to be well positioned to respond to our customer requests to take on additional projects. We expect to continue to invest amounts in excess of our targeted operating margin levels back into the business.

We finished the year with approximately 221,700 employees, which is an increase of approximately 10,200 over the prior year. The increase in the number of our service delivery staff and the related infrastructure costs to meet the demand for our services is the primary driver of the increase in our operating expenses in 2015. Annualized turnover, including both voluntary and involuntary, was approximately 19.1% for the three months ended December 31, 2015. The majority of our turnover occurs in India. As a result, annualized attrition rates on-site at clients are below our global attrition rate. In addition, attrition is weighted towards the more junior members of our staff. We have experienced increases in compensation and benefit costs, including incentive-based compensation costs, in India, which may continue in the future; however, historically, this has not had a material impact on our results of operations as we have been able to absorb such cost increases through price increases or cost management strategies such as managing discretionary costs, the mix of our professional staff as well as utilization levels, and achieving other operating efficiencies.

At December 31, 2015, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $4,949.5 million, working capital of $5,194.9 million and debt outstanding of $1,287.5 million. We believe our cash from operations and capital resources on hand provide sufficient liquidity to continue to make investments to expand and grow our business, and meet our debt repayment obligations.



During 2016, barring any unforeseen events, we expect the following factors to affect our business and our operating results:

• Demand from our customers to help them meet their dual mandate of achieving cost savings while investing in transformation and innovation;

• Continued focus by customers on directing IT spending towards cost containment projects, such as application maintenance, infrastructure services and business process services;

• Secular changes driven by evolving digital technologies and regulatory changes;

• Volatility in foreign currency rates; and

• Continued uncertainty in the world economy.

In response to this environment, we plan to:

• Continue to invest in our talent base and new service offerings including digital technologies and new delivery models;

• Partner with our existing customers to garner an increased portion of our customers’ overall IT spend by providing innovative solutions;

• Focus on growing our business in Europe, the Middle East, the Asia Pacific and Latin America regions, where we believe there are opportunities to gain market share;

• Increase our strategic customer base across all of our business segments;

• Opportunistically look for acquisitions that may improve our overall service delivery capabilities, expand our geographic presence and/or enable us to enter new areas of technology;

• Focus on operating discipline in order to appropriately manage our cost structure; and

• Locate most of our new development center facilities in tax incentivized areas.

## Business Segments

Our four reportable business segments are:

• Financial Services, which includes customers providing banking/transaction processing, capital markets and insurance services;

• Healthcare, which includes healthcare providers and payers as well as life sciences customers including pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies;

• Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics, which includes consumer goods manufacturers, retailers, travel and other hospitality customers, as well as customers providing logistics services; and

• Other, which is an aggregation of industry operating segments each of which, individually, represents less than 10.0% of consolidated revenues and segment operating profit. The Other segment includes information, media and entertainment services, communications, and high technology operating customers.

Our chief operating decision maker evaluates Cognizant’s performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as income from operations before unallocated costs. Generally, operating expenses for each operating segment have similar characteristics and are subject to the same factors, pressures and challenges. However, the economic environment and its effects on industries served by our operating groups may affect revenue and operating expenses to different degrees. Expenses included in segment operating profit consist principally of direct selling and delivery costs as well as a per seat charge for use of the development and delivery centers. Certain selling, general and administrative expenses, excess or shortfall of incentive compensation for delivery personnel as compared to target, stock-based compensation expense, a portion of depreciation and amortization and the impact of the settlements of our cash flow hedges are not allocated to individual segments in internal management reports used by the chief operating decision maker. Accordingly, such expenses are excluded from segment operating profit.

We provide a significant volume of services to many customers in each of our business segments. Therefore, a loss of a significant customer or a few significant customers in a particular segment could materially reduce revenues for that segment. However, no individual customer accounted for sales in excess of 10% of our consolidated revenues during 2015, 2014 or 2013. In addition, the services we provide to our larger customers are often critical to the operations of such customers and we believe that a termination of our services would require an extended transition period with gradually declining revenues.



## Results of Operations for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2015

The following table sets forth certain financial data for the three years ended December 31, 2015:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td rowspan="2">% of Revenues</td><td rowspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">% of Revenues</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td><td rowspan="2">% of Revenues</td><td colspan="2">Increase (Decrease)</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Dollars in millions, except per share data)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Revenues</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td>100.0</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td>100.0</td><td>$ 8,843.2</td><td>100.0</td><td>$ 2,153.3</td><td>$ 1,419.5</td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>7,440.2</td><td>59.9</td><td>6,141.1</td><td>59.8</td><td>5,265.5</td><td>59.5</td><td>1,299.1</td><td>875.6</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>2,508.6</td><td>20.2</td><td>2,037.0</td><td>19.8</td><td>1,727.6</td><td>19.5</td><td>471.6</td><td>309.4</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization expense</td><td>325.2</td><td>2.6</td><td>199.7</td><td>1.9</td><td>172.2</td><td>1.9</td><td>125.5</td><td>27.5</td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>2,142.0</td><td>17.3</td><td>1,884.9</td><td>18.4</td><td>1,677.9</td><td>19.0</td><td>257.1</td><td>207.0</td></tr><tr><td>Other income (expense), net</td><td>21.6</td><td></td><td>39.1</td><td></td><td>10.0</td><td></td><td>(17.5)</td><td>29.1</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>540.0</td><td></td><td>484.7</td><td></td><td>459.3</td><td></td><td>55.3</td><td>25.4</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 1,623.6</td><td>13.1</td><td>$ 1,439.3</td><td>14.0</td><td>$ 1,228.6</td><td>13.9</td><td>$ 184.3</td><td>$ 210.7</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted earnings per share</td><td>$ 2.65</td><td></td><td>$ 2.35</td><td></td><td>$ 2.02</td><td></td><td>$ 0.30</td><td>$ 0.33</td></tr><tr><td>Other Financial Information  \( ^{(2)} \)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP operating margin</td><td>$ 2,449.8</td><td>19.7</td><td>$ 2,068.1</td><td>20.2</td><td>$ 1,820.7</td><td>20.6</td><td>$ 381.7</td><td>$ 247.4</td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share</td><td>$ 3.07</td><td></td><td>$ 2.60</td><td></td><td>$ 2.27</td><td></td><td>$ 0.47</td><td>$ 0.33</td></tr></table>

(1) Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense.

(2) Non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

Revenue - Overall. Revenue increased by 21.0% to $12,416.0 million during 2015 as compared to an increase of 16.1% to $10,262.7 million in 2014. In 2015, revenue includes $724.5 million from TriZetto, which we acquired in the fourth quarter of 2014, as compared to $80.6 million in 2014. The increase in TriZetto revenue represented 29.9% of the year over year revenue growth in 2015. In both years, the remaining increase was primarily attributed to greater acceptance of our global delivery model among an increasing number of industries, continued interest in using our global delivery model as a means to reduce overall IT and operations costs, increased customer spending on discretionary projects, and continued penetration in all our geographic markets. Revenues from new customers contributed $195.4 million and $298.1 million, representing 9.1% and 21.0% of the year-over-year revenue growth for 2015 and 2014, respectively. In 2015, our consulting and technology services revenues increased by 31.8% and represented 57.6% of total 2015 revenues, while our outsourcing services revenue increased by 8.9% and constituted 42.4% of total revenues. In 2014, consulting and technology services revenue increased by 22.1% and represented 52.8% of total 2014 revenues, while our outsourcing services revenue increased by 10.0% and constituted 47.2% of total 2014 revenues. While both consulting and technology services revenue and outsourcing services revenue grew in 2015 and 2014, we saw a shift in customer spending from legacy application maintenance toward project-based work, including digital and other transformational programs.

Revenues from our top five customers as a percentage of total revenues were 11.0%, 12.2% and 13.2% in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Revenues from our top ten customers as a percentage of total revenues were 18.6%, 21.3% and 22.6% in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As we continue to add new customers and increase our penetration at existing customers, we expect the percentage of revenues from our top five and top ten customers to continue to decline over time.



Revenue - Reportable Segments. Revenues by reportable business segment were as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3">2015</td><td rowspan="3">2014</td><td rowspan="3">2013</td><td colspan="6">Increase</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">%</td><td rowspan="2">%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">(Dollars in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Financial Services</td><td>$ 5,002.9</td><td>$ 4,285.6</td><td>$ 3,717.6</td><td>$ 717.3</td><td>16.7</td><td>$ 568.0</td><td>15.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Healthcare</td><td>3,667.5</td><td>2,689.4</td><td>2,264.8</td><td>978.1</td><td>36.4</td><td>424.6</td><td>18.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics</td><td>2,343.9</td><td>2,093.6</td><td>1,868.3</td><td>250.3</td><td>12.0</td><td>225.3</td><td>12.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>1,401.7</td><td>1,194.1</td><td>992.5</td><td>207.6</td><td>17.4</td><td>201.6</td><td>20.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td>$ 8,843.2</td><td>$ 2,153.3</td><td>21.0</td><td>$ 1,419.5</td><td>16.1</td><td></td></tr></table>

Revenue from our Financial Services segment grew 16.7% or $717.3 million in 2015, as compared to 2014. Our banking and insurance customers contributed $403.6 million and $313.7 million, respectively, to the year over year revenue increase. In this segment, revenue from customers added during 2015 was $57.3 million and represented 8.0% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment. Key areas of focus for our Financial Services customers included cost optimization, regulatory and compliance driven initiatives, cyber security and the adoption and integration of digital technologies to align with shifts in consumer preferences. Revenue from our Financial Services segment grew 15.3% or $568.0 million in 2014, as compared to 2013. In 2014, our banking and insurance customers contributed $344.1 million and $223.9 million, respectively, to the year over year revenue growth. In 2014, revenue from customers added during that year was $49.6 million and represented 8.7% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment. We believe future demand from certain of our banking customers may be negatively affected by the current macroeconomic conditions affecting the industry.

Revenue from our Healthcare segment grew 36.4% or $978.1 million in 2015, as compared to 2014. During 2015, our healthcare customers contributed $824.0 million to the year over year revenue growth, including a $643.9 million increase in year over year revenue from TriZetto. Revenue from our life sciences customers increased by $154.1 million. Revenue from customers added during 2015 was $51.3 million and represented 5.2% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment. The demand among our healthcare payer customers was partially driven by cost optimization initiatives. Revenue from our Healthcare segment grew 18.7% or $424.6 million in 2014, as compared to 2013 and included $80.6 million from TriZetto. In 2014, growth over 2013 was driven by an increase in discretionary spending and was negatively affected by uncertainty created by regulatory changes, including the Affordable Care Act initiatives in the U.S. In 2014, revenue from customers added during that year, including new TriZetto customers, was $158.1 million and represented 37.2% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment. The demand for our services may also be affected by the recent trend towards consolidation within the healthcare payer industry. We believe that in the long term, the health care industry continues to present a growth opportunity due to factors that are transforming the industry, including the changing regulatory environment, increasing focus on medical costs, and the consumerization of healthcare.

Revenue from our Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics segment grew 12.0% or $250.3 million in 2015, as compared to 2014. During 2015, our manufacturing and logistics customers contributed $130.3 million to the year over year revenue growth as compared to $120.0 million for our retail and hospitality customers. Revenue from customers added during 2015 was $63.3 million and represented 25.3% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment. Demand within this segment continues to be driven by omnichannel commerce implementation and integration efforts, analytics, supply chain consulting and implementation initiatives, and increased adoption of digital technologies to align with shifts in consumer preferences. Revenue from our Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics segment grew 12.1% or $225.3 million in 2014, as compared to 2013. In 2014, growth within this segment was stronger among our manufacturing and logistics customers, where revenue increased by $124.4 million, while revenue for our retail and hospitality customers increased by $100.8 million. In 2014, revenue from customers added during that year was $59.6 million and represented 26.5% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment.

Revenue from our Other segment grew 17.4% or $207.6 million in 2015, as compared to 2014. In 2015, growth within Other was due primarily to increased demand for digital services and was strong among our information, media and entertainment customers, where revenue increased by $85.0 million, and our technology customers, where revenue increased by $88.8 million. Revenue from customers added during 2015 was $23.4 million and represented 11.3% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment. Revenue from our Other segment grew 20.3% or $201.6 million in 2014, as compared to 2013. In 2014, growth within Other was particularly strong among our telecommunication and high technology customers, where revenue increased by $93.3 million and $71.0 million, respectively, due to an increase in discretionary spending. In 2014, revenue from customers added during that year was $30.8 million and represented 15.3% of the year over year revenue increase in this segment.



Revenue - Geographic Locations. Revenues by geographic market, as determined by customer location, were as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="8">Increase</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td rowspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">%</td></tr><tr><td>$</td><td>%</td><td>$</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td>North America</td><td>$ 9,759.4</td><td>$ 7,879.8</td><td>$ 6,860.1</td><td>$ 1,879.6</td><td>23.9</td><td>$ 1,019.7</td><td>14.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>1,188.5</td><td>1,099.2</td><td>942.6</td><td>89.3</td><td>8.1</td><td>156.6</td><td>16.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rest of Europe</td><td>819.7</td><td>784.4</td><td>636.6</td><td>35.3</td><td>4.5</td><td>147.8</td><td>23.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Europe - Total</td><td>2,008.2</td><td>1,883.6</td><td>1,579.2</td><td>124.6</td><td>6.6</td><td>304.4</td><td>19.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rest of World</td><td>648.4</td><td>499.3</td><td>403.9</td><td>149.1</td><td>29.9</td><td>95.4</td><td>23.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td>$ 8,843.2</td><td>$ 2,153.3</td><td>21.0</td><td>$ 1,419.5</td><td>16.1</td><td></td></tr></table>

North America continues to be our largest market representing 78.6% of total 2015 revenue and accounting for $1,879.6 million of the $2,153.3 million revenue increase in 2015. Revenue growth among our North America customers includes $643.9 million year over year growth in TriZetto revenue.

In 2015, revenue from Europe grew 6.6%, after a negative currency impact of 10.2%, driven by the increasing acceptance of our global delivery model, partially offset by the recent strength of the U.S. dollar against the British pound, the Euro and other currencies. In 2014, revenue from Europe grew 19.3%, which included the full-year benefit of our acquisition of Equinox Consulting, which closed in the fourth quarter of 2013. The 2014 revenue growth in Europe was driven by the strength of Europe's economy and the increasing acceptance of our global delivery model. In 2015, revenue from our Rest of World customers grew 29.9%, after a negative currency impact of 9.2%. In 2014, revenue from our Rest of World customers grew 23.6%. In 2015 and 2014, growth was primarily driven by the India, Singapore, Australia, Japan and Hong Kong markets. We believe that Europe, the Middle East, the Asia Pacific and Latin America regions will continue to be areas of significant investment for us as we see these regions as long term growth opportunities.

Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense). Our cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, payroll taxes, employee benefits, immigration and project-related travel for technical personnel, subcontracting and sales commissions related to revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 21.2% or $1,299.1 million during 2015 as compared to an increase of 16.6% or $875.6 million during 2014. In both 2015 and 2014, the increase was due primarily to an increase in compensation and benefits costs (inclusive of the impact of higher incentive-based compensation costs), partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee versus the U.S. dollar, and lower realized losses on our cash flow hedges in 2015 compared to 2014. In 2015, compensation and benefit costs increased by $1,112.1 million as a result of the increase in the number of our service delivery personnel, including new TriZetto employees, and higher incentive-based compensation costs in 2015 as compared to 2014. In 2014, the increase in compensation and benefit costs was $650.6 million as a result of the increase in the number of our service delivery personnel, partially offset by lower incentive-based compensation costs in 2014 as compared to 2013.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, payroll taxes, employee benefits, immigration, travel, marketing, communications, management, finance, administrative and occupancy costs. Selling, general and administrative expenses, including depreciation and amortization, increased by 26.7% or $597.1 million during 2015 as compared to an increase of 17.7% or $336.9 million during 2014. Selling, general and administrative expenses, including depreciation and amortization, increased as a percentage of revenue to 22.8% in 2015 as compared to 21.8% in 2014 and 21.5% in 2013. In 2015, the increase as a percentage of revenue was due primarily to an increase in compensation and benefit costs (inclusive of the impact of higher incentive-based compensation costs) and increases in depreciation and amortization due to recent acquisitions, partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee versus the U.S. dollar, and lower realized losses on our cash flow hedges in 2015 compared to 2014. In 2014, the increase as a percentage of revenue was due primarily to increases in compensation and benefit costs (net of the impact of lower incentive-based compensation), professional services, including acquisition-related costs, and investments to grow our business, partially offset by the favorable impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar and lower realized losses on our cash flow hedges in 2014 compared to 2013.

Income from Operations and Operating Margin - Overall. Income from operations increased 13.6%, or $257.1 million in 2015 as compared to an increase of 12.3% or $207.0 million in 2014. Our operating margin decreased to 17.3% of revenues in



2015 from 18.4% of revenues in 2014, due to increases in compensation and benefit costs (inclusive of the impact of higher incentive-based compensation) and increases in depreciation and amortization due to recent acquisitions, partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, lower realized losses on our cash flow hedges and decreases in certain operating expenses, including travel, in 2015 compared to 2014. In 2014, operating margin decreased to 18.4% of revenues from 19.0% of revenues in 2013, due to increases in compensation and benefit costs (net of the impact of lower incentive-based compensation), subcontractor expense, professional fees and investments to grow our business, partially offset by the impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar and lower realized losses on our cash flow hedges in 2014 compared to 2013.

Excluding the impact of applicable designated cash flow hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 98 basis points or 0.98 percentage points in 2015 and 86 basis points or 0.86 percentage points in 2014. Each additional 1.0% change in exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar will have the effect of moving our operating margin by approximately 19 basis points or 0.19 percentage points.

We entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These hedges are intended to mitigate the volatility of the changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the settlement of certain cash flow hedges negatively impacted our operating margin by approximately 57 basis points or 0.57 percentage points, 133 basis points or 1.33 percentage points, and 184 basis points or 1.84 percentage points, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our non-GAAP operating margins were 19.7% \( ^{3} \) , 20.2% \( ^{3} \)  and 20.6% \( ^{3} \) , respectively. As set forth in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below, our non-GAAP operating margin excludes stock-based compensation expense and acquisition-related charges.

Segment Operating Profit. Segment operating profits were as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td rowspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td><td colspan="5">Increase</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">(Dollars in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Financial Services</td><td>$ 1,641.9</td><td>$ 1,320.1</td><td>$ 1,212.1</td><td>$ 321.8</td><td>24.4</td><td>$ 108.0</td><td>8.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Healthcare</td><td>1,200.0</td><td>851.0</td><td>829.9</td><td>349.0</td><td>41.0</td><td>21.1</td><td>2.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics</td><td>802.7</td><td>685.7</td><td>630.3</td><td>117.0</td><td>17.1</td><td>55.4</td><td>8.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>453.7</td><td>391.9</td><td>318.3</td><td>61.8</td><td>15.8</td><td>73.6</td><td>23.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total segment operating profit</td><td>4,098.3</td><td>3,248.7</td><td>2,990.6</td><td>849.6</td><td>26.2</td><td>258.1</td><td>8.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Less: unallocated costs</td><td>1,956.3</td><td>1,363.8</td><td>1,312.7</td><td>592.5</td><td>43.4</td><td>51.1</td><td>3.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>$ 2,142.0</td><td>$ 1,884.9</td><td>$ 1,677.9</td><td>$ 257.1</td><td>13.6</td><td>$ 207.0</td><td>12.3</td><td></td></tr></table>

In our Financial Services, Healthcare, and Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics segments, segment operating profit increased as a percentage of revenues primarily due to revenue growth outpacing headcount growth and the favorable impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee versus the U.S. dollar, partially offset by an increase in compensation and benefits costs and continued investments to grow our business. In our Other segment, segment operating profit decreased as a percentage of revenues due to continued investments to grow our business, partially offset by the favorable impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee versus the U.S. dollar. In 2015, the unallocated costs increased when compared to 2014 due to continued investments to grow our business, higher incentive-based compensation accrual rates in 2015 compared to 2014 and increases in selling, general and administrative expenses (including depreciation and amortization) due to recent acquisitions.

The 2014 increase in segment operating profit within our reportable segments was attributable primarily to increased revenues and the favorable impact of the depreciation of the Indian rupee versus the U.S. dollar, partially offset by an increase in compensation and benefit costs resulting primarily from additional headcount to support our revenue growth and continued investments to grow our business. In 2014, the unallocated costs increased when compared to 2013 due to continued investments to grow our business, partially offset by the impact of lower incentive-based compensation accrual rates in 2014.



Other Income (Expense), Net. Total other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains and (losses), interest income and interest expense. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, total other income (expense), net:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td rowspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td><td colspan="3">Increase / Decrease</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency exchange (losses)</td><td>$ (42.9)</td><td>$ (16.5)</td><td>$ (55.2)</td><td>$ (26.4)</td><td>$ 38.7</td></tr><tr><td>Gains (losses) on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments</td><td>0.3</td><td>(3.9)</td><td>14.1</td><td>4.2</td><td>(18.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Net foreign currency exchange (losses)</td><td>(42.6)</td><td>(20.4)</td><td>(41.1)</td><td>(22.2)</td><td>20.7</td></tr><tr><td>Interest income</td><td>83.7</td><td>62.4</td><td>48.9</td><td>21.3</td><td>13.5</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>(17.7)</td><td>(2.5)</td><td>—</td><td>(15.2)</td><td>(2.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Other, net</td><td>(1.8)</td><td>(0.4)</td><td>2.2</td><td>(1.4)</td><td>(2.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Total other income (expense), net</td><td>$ 21.6</td><td>$ 39.1</td><td>$ 10.0</td><td>$ (17.5)</td><td>$ 29.1</td></tr></table>

The foreign currency exchange losses in all the years presented were attributable to the remeasurement of the Indian rupee denominated net monetary assets in our U.S. dollar functional currency India subsidiaries as well as the remeasurement of other net monetary assets denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. The gains (losses) on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments relate to the realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts entered into primarily to offset foreign currency exposure to the Indian rupee and other non-U.S. dollar denominated net monetary assets. As of December 31, 2015, the notional value of our undesignated hedges was $165.5 million. The increases in interest income in 2015 and 2014 were primarily attributed to the increase in average invested balances. The 2015 and 2014 increases in interest expense are primarily attributable to the interest on debt originated in the fourth quarter of 2014.

Provision for Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes was $540.0 million in 2015, $484.7 million in 2014 and $459.3 million in 2013. The effective income tax rate decreased to 25.0% in 2015 from 25.2% in 2014 primarily due to discrete tax benefits recorded in 2015, partially offset by changes in the geographic mix of our current year taxable income. The effective income tax rate decreased to 25.2% in 2014 from 27.2% in 2013, primarily due to changes in the geographic mix of taxable income and discrete tax benefits recorded in 2014, partially offset by a scheduled reduction of certain income tax holiday benefits in India in 2014.

Net Income. Net income increased to $1,623.6 million in 2015 from $1,439.3 million in 2014 and $1,228.6 million in 2013. Net income as a percentage of revenues decreased to 13.1% in 2015 from 14.0% in 2014 primarily as a result of the decrease in the operating margin, partially offset by the decrease in the effective income tax rate. In 2014, net income as a percentage of revenues increased slightly to 14.0% from 13.9% in 2013.

## Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Portions of our disclosure, including the following table, include non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin, and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from non-GAAP measures used by other companies. In addition, these non-GAAP measures should be read in conjunction with our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The reconciliations of Cognizant’s non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP measures should be carefully evaluated.

We seek to manage the Company to a targeted non-GAAP operating margin of 19% to 20% of revenues. We believe providing investors with an operating view consistent with how we manage the Company provides enhanced transparency into the operating results of the Company. For our internal management reporting and budgeting purposes, we use non-GAAP financial information that does not include stock-based compensation expense, acquisition-related charges and net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses for financial and operational decision making, to evaluate period-to-period comparisons and for making comparisons of our operating results to those of our competitors. Therefore, it is our belief that the use of non-GAAP financial measures excluding these costs provides a meaningful measure for investors to evaluate our financial performance. Accordingly, we believe that the presentation of non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share, when read in conjunction with our reported GAAP results, can



provide useful supplemental information to our management and investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations.

A limitation of using non-GAAP financial measures versus financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP is that non-GAAP measures do not reflect all of the amounts associated with our operating results as determined in accordance with GAAP and exclude costs that are recurring, namely stock-based compensation expense, certain acquisition-related charges, and net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses. In addition, other companies may calculate non-GAAP financial measures differently than us, thereby limiting the usefulness of these non-GAAP financial measures as a comparative tool. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share to allow investors to evaluate such non-GAAP financial measures.

The following table presents a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure for the years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>% of Revenues</td><td>2014</td><td>% of Revenues</td><td>2013</td><td>% of Revenues</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">(Dollars in millions, except per share data)</td></tr><tr><td>GAAP income from operations and operating margin</td><td>$ 2,142.0</td><td>17.3</td><td>$ 1,884.9</td><td>18.4</td><td>$ 1,677.9</td><td>19.0</td></tr><tr><td>Add: Stock-based compensation expense</td><td>192.0</td><td>1.5</td><td>134.8</td><td>1.3</td><td>118.8</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>Add: Acquisition-related charges \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>115.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>48.4</td><td>0.5</td><td>24.0</td><td>0.3</td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP operating margin</td><td>$ 2,449.8</td><td>19.7</td><td>$ 2,068.1</td><td>20.2</td><td>$ 1,820.7</td><td>20.6</td></tr><tr><td>GAAP diluted earnings per share</td><td>$ 2.65</td><td></td><td>$ 2.35</td><td></td><td>$ 2.02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Effect of above operating adjustments, net of tax</td><td>0.35</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses, net of tax \( ^{(2)} \)</td><td>0.07</td><td></td><td>0.02</td><td></td><td>0.08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share</td><td>$ 3.07</td><td></td><td>$ 2.60</td><td></td><td>$ 2.27</td><td></td></tr></table>

(1) Acquisition-related charges include, when applicable, amortization of purchased intangible assets included in the depreciation and amortization expense line on our consolidated statements of operations, external deal costs, acquisition-related retention bonuses, integration costs, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, charges for impairment of acquired intangible assets and other acquisition-related costs.

(2) Non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses are inclusive of gains and losses on related foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes.

## Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our cash generated from operations has historically been our primary source of liquidity to fund operations and investments to grow our business. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $4,949.5 million and additional available capacity under our revolving credit facility of approximately $400.0 million. We have used and plan to continue to use a combination of our cash flow from operations, cash on hand and capacity available under our revolving credit facility for expansion of existing operations, including our offshore development and delivery centers, continued development of new service lines, acquisitions of related businesses, formation of joint ventures, stock repurchases and general corporate purposes, including funding working capital requirements.



The following table provides a summary of our cash flows for the three years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td rowspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td><td colspan="3">Increase / Decrease</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net cash from operating activities</td><td>$ 2,153.3</td><td>$ 1,473.0</td><td>$ 1,423.8</td><td>$ 680.3</td><td>$ 49.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net cash (used in) investing activities</td><td>(1,370.6)</td><td>(3,160.7)</td><td>(730.8)</td><td>1,790.1</td><td>(2,429.9)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities</td><td>(648.1)</td><td>1,503.4</td><td>(30.9)</td><td>(2,151.5)</td><td>1,534.3</td><td></td></tr></table>

Operating activities. The increase in operating cash flow for 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily attributable to the increase in net income, further impacted by the increase in non-cash expenses and higher incentive-based compensation accruals that will be paid in the first quarter of 2016. The increase in operating cash flow for 2014 was primarily attributed to the increase in net income. Trade accounts receivable increased to $2,252.6 million at December 31, 2015 as compared to $1,968.7 million at December 31, 2014 and $1,648.8 million at December 31, 2013. Unbilled accounts receivable increased to $369.0 million at December 31, 2015 from $324.6 million at December 31, 2014 and $226.5 million at December 31, 2013. The increase in trade accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable during 2015 was primarily due to increased revenues. We monitor turnover, aging and the collection of accounts receivable through the use of management reports that are prepared on a customer basis and evaluated by our finance staff. Our days sales outstanding calculation includes billed and unbilled accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, reduced by the uncollected portion of our deferred revenue. Our days sales outstanding was 70 days as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

Investing activities. The reduction in net cash used in investing activities in 2015 compared to 2014 is due to lower payments for acquisitions, as we acquired TriZetto in 2014, partially offset by greater net purchases of investments and higher outflows for capital expenditures in 2015. In 2014, the increase in investing outflows, when compared to 2013, was primarily related to our payment for the acquisition of TriZetto.

Financing activities. In 2015, we had net outflows from financing activities primarily due to our net repayments of debt and greater stock repurchases as compared to net cash inflows from financing activities in 2014 driven by our net borrowings under the credit agreement. In 2014, the increase in net cash provided by financing activities when compared to 2013, was primarily related to proceeds from borrowings under the 2014 credit agreement.

On November 20, 2014, we entered into a credit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate providing for a $1,000.0 million unsecured term loan and a $750.0 million revolving credit facility. The term loan was used to pay a portion of the cash consideration in connection with our acquisition of TriZetto. The revolving credit facility is available for general corporate purposes. The term loan and the revolving credit facility both mature on November 20, 2019. As of December 31, 2015, we had $937.5 million outstanding under the term loan and $350.0 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility.

The credit agreement requires interest to be paid at either the base rate or the Eurocurrency rate, plus a margin. The margin over the base rate is 0.00%, and the margin over the Eurocurrency rate ranges from 0.75% to 1.125%, depending on our debt ratings (or, if we have not received debt ratings, from 0.875% to 1.00%, depending on our debt to total stockholders' equity ratio). Thus, our debt exposes us to market risk from changes in interest rates. Under the credit agreement, we are required to pay commitment fees on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, which vary based on our debt ratings (or, if we have not received debt ratings, our debt to total stockholders' equity ratio). Additionally, we are required to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the term loan.

The credit agreement contains certain negative covenants, including limitations on liens, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, subsidiary indebtedness and affiliate transactions, as well as certain affirmative covenants. In addition, the credit agreement requires us to maintain a debt to total stockholders' equity ratio not in excess of 0.40 to 1.00. As of December 31, 2015, we are in compliance with our debt covenants and have provided a quarterly certification to our lenders to that effect. We believe that we currently meet all conditions set forth in the credit agreement to borrow thereunder, and we are not aware of any conditions that would prevent us from borrowing part or all of the remaining available capacity under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2015 and through the date of this filing.

We intend to continue to use a portion of our available capital resources for stock repurchases during 2016. The number of shares ultimately repurchased under our open-market share purchase program may vary depending on numerous factors, including, without limitation, our stock price and other market conditions, our ongoing capital allocation planning, the levels of cash and debt balances, other demands for cash, such as acquisition activity, general economic and/or business conditions, and



board and management discretion. Additionally, as these factors may change over the course of the year, the amount of stock repurchase activity during any particular period cannot be predicted and may fluctuate from time to time. Stock repurchases may be made from time to time through open-market purchases and through the use of Rule 10b5-1 plans and/or by other means. The stock repurchase program may be accelerated, suspended, delayed or discontinued at any time, without notice.

We believe our U.S. cash flows continue to be sufficient to fund our current domestic operations and obligations, including debt service. The amount of funds held in U.S. tax jurisdictions can fluctuate due to the timing of receipts and payments in the ordinary course of business, including debt repayments, and due to other reasons, such as acquisition-related activities. The Company’s U.S. operations historically have generated and are expected to continue to generate substantial cash flows. In circumstances where the Company has additional cash requirements in the United States, we have several additional liquidity options available to meet those requirements. These options may include borrowing additional funds, including borrowings under our committed revolving credit facility, temporarily utilizing inter-company loans with certain foreign subsidiaries on a limited basis, and, while we currently do not have plans to do so, repatriating certain of our foreign earnings. We also believe we have access to the credit and equity markets and could borrow additional funds under acceptable terms and conditions or raise additional capital through an equity transaction.

Many of our operations are conducted outside the United States and significant portions of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are held internationally. As of December 31, 2015, $4,505.7 million of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments was held outside the United States. As part of our ongoing liquidity assessments, we regularly monitor the mix of domestic and international cash flows and cash balances. We utilize certain strategies in an effort to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. Most of the amounts held outside of the United States could be repatriated to the United States but, under current law, would be subject to income taxes in the United States, less applicable foreign tax credits. Other than amounts for which we have already accrued U.S. taxes, we intend to indefinitely reinvest these funds outside the United States and our current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate these amounts to fund our liquidity needs in the United States. If such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, we will accrue the applicable amount of taxes associated with such earnings at that time. Due to the various methods by which such earnings could be repatriated in the future, it is not currently practicable to determine the amount of applicable taxes that would result from such repatriation.

We expect our operating cash flow, cash and investment balances, and available capacity under our revolving credit facility to be sufficient to meet our operating requirements for the next twelve months. Our ability to expand and grow our business in accordance with current plans, to make acquisitions and form joint ventures and to meet our long-term capital requirements beyond a twelve month period will depend on many factors, including the rate, if any, at which our cash flow increases, our ability and willingness to accomplish acquisitions and joint ventures with capital stock, our continued intent not to repatriate foreign earnings, and the availability of public and private debt and equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing, if required, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to us, if at all.

## Commitments and Contingencies

As of December 31, 2015, we had the following obligations and commitments to make future payments under contractual obligations and commercial commitments:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="6">Payments due by period</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Total</td><td colspan="2">Less than 1 year</td><td>1-3 years</td><td>3-5 years</td><td>More than 5 years</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt obligations \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>$ 937.5</td><td>$ 56.3</td><td>$ 181.2</td><td>$ 700.0</td><td>$ —</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest on long-term debt \( ^{(2)} \)</td><td>52.0</td><td>15.0</td><td>26.3</td><td>10.7</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capital lease obligations</td><td>54.8</td><td>5.4</td><td>9.7</td><td>8.2</td><td>31.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating lease obligations</td><td>666.7</td><td>134.2</td><td>213.0</td><td>154.6</td><td>164.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fixed capital commitments \( ^{(3)} \)</td><td>76.4</td><td>76.4</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other purchase commitments \( ^{(4)} \)</td><td>175.6</td><td>77.8</td><td>92.8</td><td>5.0</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 1,963.0</td><td>$ 365.1</td><td>$ 523.0</td><td>$ 878.5</td><td>$ 196.4</td><td></td></tr></table>

(1) Includes scheduled repayments of our term loan.

(2) Interest on the term loan was calculated at interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2015.

(3) Relates to the expansion of our India development and delivery centers.



(4) Other purchase commitments include, among other things, communications and information technology obligations, as well as other obligations in the ordinary course of business that we cannot cancel or where we would be required to pay a termination fee in the event of cancellation.

As of December 31, 2015, we had $138.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits. This represents the tax benefits associated with certain tax positions on our domestic and international tax returns that have not been recognized on our financial statements due to uncertainty regarding their resolution. The resolution of these income tax positions with the relevant taxing authorities is at various stages and therefore we are unable to make a reliable estimate of the eventual cash flows by period that may be required to settle these matters.

We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. As of December 31, 2015, these contracts were in a net unrealized loss position of $14.4 million and have settlement dates in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The actual amounts at which these contracts will be settled may be significantly impacted by fluctuations in the Indian rupee to U.S. dollar foreign currency exchange rate prior to settlement. Therefore, we are unable to make a reliable estimate of the eventual cash flows by period related to the settlement of these foreign exchange forward contracts.

We are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. In the opinion of management, the outcome of any existing claims and legal or regulatory proceedings, if decided adversely, is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our customers' business and provide benefits that are difficult to quantify. Any failure in a customer's systems or our failure to meet our contractual obligations to our clients, including any breach involving a customer's confidential information or sensitive data, or our obligations under applicable laws or regulations could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering our services, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability set forth in our contracts will be enforceable in all instances or will otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Although we have general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for errors or omissions, there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover all types of claims, continue to be available on reasonable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

## Foreign Currency Risk

Overall, we believe that we have limited revenue risk resulting from movement in foreign currency exchange rates as 78.6% of our revenues during 2015 were generated from customers located in North America. Revenue from our customers in the United Kingdom, Rest of Europe and Rest of World represented 9.6%, 6.6% and 5.2%, respectively, of our 2015 revenues. Accordingly, our operating results outside the United States may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates, primarily the British pound and the Euro, as compared to the U.S. dollar.

A portion of our costs in India, representing approximately 23.5% of our global operating costs during 2015, are denominated in the Indian rupee and are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. These foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations have an impact on our results of operations. In addition, a portion of our balance sheet is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which may result in non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses upon remeasurement. In 2015, we reported foreign currency exchange losses, exclusive of hedging gains or losses, of approximately $42.9 million, which were attributable to the remeasurement of the Indian rupee denominated net monetary assets in our U.S. dollar functional currency India subsidiaries as well as the remeasurement of other net monetary assets denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. On an ongoing basis, we manage a portion of this risk by limiting our net monetary asset exposure to certain currencies, primarily the Indian rupee, in our foreign subsidiaries.



We entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. Cognizant India converts U.S. dollar receipts from intercompany billings to Indian rupees to fund local expenses. These hedges to buy Indian rupees and sell U.S. dollars are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future operating costs. In 2015, we reported net losses of $71.2 million on contracts that settled during the year. As of December 31, 2015, we have outstanding contracts with a notional value of $2,445.0 million and weighted average contract rate of 70.2 Indian rupees to the U.S. dollar. These contracts are scheduled to mature as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Notional Value (in millions)</td><td>Weighted Average Contract Rate (Indian rupee to U.S. dollar)</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>$ 1,215.0</td><td>68.2</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>900.0</td><td>71.4</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>330.0</td><td>74.1</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 2,445.0</td><td>70.2</td></tr></table>

Our foreign subsidiaries are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk for transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective subsidiary. We also use foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge balance sheet exposure to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiary. These contracts are not designated as hedges and are intended to offset the foreign currency exchange gains or losses upon remeasurement of these net monetary assets. We entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts scheduled to mature in 2016 which are used to hedge our foreign currency denominated net monetary assets. At December 31, 2015, the notional value of the outstanding contracts was $165.5 million and the related fair value was a liability of $0.8 million. During 2015, inclusive of gains of $0.3 million on our undesignated balance sheet hedges, we reported net foreign currency exchange losses of approximately $42.6 million.

## Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Other than our foreign exchange forward contracts, there were no off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons in 2015, 2014 and 2013 that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

## Effects of Inflation

Our most significant costs are the salaries and related benefits for our programming staff and other professionals. In certain regions, competition for professionals with advanced technical skills necessary to perform our services has caused wages to increase at a rate greater than the general rate of inflation. As with other service providers in our industry, we must adequately anticipate wage increases, particularly on our fixed-price contracts. Historically, we have experienced increases in compensation and benefit costs, including incentive-based compensation, in India; however, this has not had a material impact on our results of operations as we have been able to absorb such cost increases through price increases or cost management strategies such as managing discretionary costs, mix of professional staff and utilization levels and achieving other operating efficiencies. There can be no assurance that we will be able to offset such cost increases in the future.

## Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our accompanying consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. We base our estimates on historical experience, current trends and on various other assumptions that are believed to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. However, the actual amounts may differ from the estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

We believe the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported consolidated financial statements as they require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition. Revenues related to our highly complex application development contracts, which are predominantly fixed-price contracts, and certain other fixed-price contracts are recognized as the services are performed using the percentage of completion method and the proportional performance method of accounting, respectively. Under the



percentage of completion method, total contract revenue during the term of an agreement is recognized based on the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor cost (cost to cost method). Under the proportional performance method, total contract revenue is recognized based on the level of effort to date in relation to total expected efforts provided to the customer. Management reviews the assumptions related to these methods on an ongoing basis. Revisions to our estimates may result in increases or decreases to revenues and income and are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the periods in which they are first identified. If our estimates indicate that a contract loss will be incurred, a loss provision is recorded in the period in which the loss first becomes probable and reasonably estimable. Contract losses are determined to be the amount by which the estimated costs of the contract exceed the estimated total revenues that will be generated by the contract and such losses are included in cost of revenues in our consolidated statement of operations. Changes in estimates related to our revenue contracts and contract losses were immaterial for the periods presented.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts by evaluating the financial condition and relative credit-worthiness of each customer, historical collections experience and other information, including the aging of the receivables.

Income Taxes. Determining the consolidated provision for income tax expense, deferred income tax assets (and related valuation allowance, if any) and liabilities requires significant judgment. We are required to calculate and provide for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions where we operate. Changes in the geographic mix of income before taxes or estimated level of annual pre-tax income can affect our overall effective income tax rate. The consolidated provision for income taxes may also change period to period based on non-recurring events, such as the settlement of income tax audits and changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting principles.

Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of reserves established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as the related interest, which may require us to apply judgment to complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve. Although we believe we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of these matters will not differ from our recorded amounts. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters differs from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Significant judgment is also required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred income tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence for each jurisdiction including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that future tax benefits associated with a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is provided. In the event we change our determination as to the amount of deferred income tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact recorded to our provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Our Indian subsidiaries, collectively referred to as Cognizant India, are primarily export-oriented companies and are eligible for certain income tax holiday benefits granted by the government of India for export activities conducted within SEZs for periods of up to 15 years. A majority of our SEZ income tax holiday benefits are currently scheduled to expire in whole or in part during the years 2016 to 2025 and may be extended on a limited basis for an additional five years per unit if certain reinvestment criteria are met. We have constructed and expect to continue to operate most of our newer development facilities in SEZs. Our Indian profits ineligible for SEZ benefits are subject to corporate income tax at the rate of 34.6%. In addition, all Indian profits, including those generated within SEZs, are subject to the MAT, at the rate of 21.3%. Any MAT paid is creditable against future Indian corporate income tax, subject to limitations. Currently, we anticipate utilizing our existing MAT balances against our future corporate income tax obligations in India. However, our ability to do so could be impacted by possible changes to the Indian tax laws as well as the future financial results of Cognizant India. Additionally, the Indian government recently announced a proposal which includes, among other items, phasing out of certain tax exemptions and deductions, discontinuation of tax holidays for new SEZs commencing activity from April 1, 2017, and a phased reduction of the current Indian corporate income tax rate. Upon enactment, we will evaluate the impact of these proposals on our effective income tax rate.

Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the vesting period. Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires judgment, including estimating the expected term over which the stock awards will be outstanding before they are exercised, the expected volatility of our stock and the number of stock-based awards that are expected to be forfeited. In addition, for performance stock units, we are required to estimate the most probable outcome of the performance conditions in order to



determine the amount of stock compensation costs to be recorded over the vesting period. To the extent that actual results differ significantly from our estimates, stock-based compensation expense and our results of operations could be materially impacted.

Derivative Financial Instruments. Derivative financial instruments are accounted for in accordance with the authoritative guidance which requires that each derivative instrument be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value as of the reporting date. Our derivative financial instruments consist of foreign exchange forward contracts. We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange forward contract by using a present value of expected cash flows model. This model utilizes various assumptions, including, but not limited to timing and amounts of cash flows, discount rates, and credit risk factors. The use of different assumptions could have a positive or negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Investments. Our investment portfolio is comprised primarily of time deposits, mutual funds invested in fixed income securities and U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds, municipal bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, debt issuances by the U.S. government, U.S. government agencies, foreign governments and supranational entities and asset-backed securities. The asset-backed securities included Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) mortgage backed securities and securities backed by auto loans, credit card receivables, and other receivables. The years of issuance of our asset-backed securities fall in the 2005 to 2015 range.

We utilize various inputs to determine the fair value of our investment portfolio. To the extent they exist, unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets in active markets (Level 1) or quoted prices on similar assets (Level 2) are utilized to determine the fair value of each investment in our portfolio. In the absence of quoted prices or liquid markets, valuation techniques would be used to determine fair value of any investments that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (Level 3). Valuation techniques are based on various assumptions, including, but not limited to timing and amounts of cash flows, discount rates, rate of return, and adjustments for nonperformance and liquidity. A significant degree of judgment is involved in valuing investments using Level 3 inputs. The use of different assumptions could have a positive or negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information related to our security valuation methodologies.

We periodically evaluate if unrealized losses, as determined based on the security valuation methodologies discussed above, on individual securities classified as available-for-sale in the investment portfolio are considered to be other-than-temporary. The analysis of other-than-temporary impairment requires the use of various assumptions, including, but not limited to, the length of time an investment’s book value is greater than fair value, the severity of the investment’s decline, any credit deterioration of the investment, whether management intends to sell the security and whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. Once a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge is generally recorded to income and a new cost basis in the investment is established.

Business Combinations. Accounting for business combinations requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method which requires us to estimate the fair value of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree to properly allocate purchase price consideration to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The allocation of the purchase price utilizes significant estimates in determining the fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets. The significant estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the timing and amount of future revenue and cash flows based on, among other things, anticipated growth rates and customer attrition rates and the discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows as well as the determination of useful lives for finite-lived assets.

Long-lived Assets and Finite-lived Intangibles. We review long-lived assets and certain finite-lived identifiable intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We recognize an impairment loss when the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such assets. The impairment loss would equal the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assessing the fair value of assets involves significant estimates and assumptions including estimation of future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and discount rates reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows. If such assets were determined to be impaired, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangibles. We allocate goodwill to reporting units based on the reporting unit expected to benefit from the business combination. Reporting units are our operating segments or one level below the operating segments. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, regulatory environment, established



business plans, operating performance indicators or competition. Evaluation of goodwill for impairment requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.

We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of an income approach, utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis, and a market approach, using market multiples. Under the income approach, we need to estimate projected future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and long term growth rates, and determine the appropriate discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in the projected future cash flows. The discount rate used is based on our weighted-average cost of capital and may be adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting unit's ability to execute on the projected future cash flows. Under the market approach, we estimate fair value based on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with characteristics similar to the reporting unit.

The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions, and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

We also evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as circumstances warrant. Our 2015 qualitative assessment included the review of relevant macroeconomic factors and entity-specific qualitative factors to determine if it was more-likely-than-not that the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets was below carrying value.

Based on our most recent evaluation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, which was performed as of December 31, 2015, none of our reporting units or indefinite-lived intangible assets was considered to be at risk of impairment. As of December 31, 2015, our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset balances were $2,404.7 million and $63.0 million, respectively.

## Recently Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

## Forward Looking Statements

The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “should” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. From time to time, we or our representatives have made or may make forward-looking statements, orally or in writing.

Such forward-looking statements may be included in various filings made by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or press releases or oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. These forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding anticipated future revenues or operating margins, contract percentage completions, earnings, capital expenditures, liquidity, plans, objectives and other statements regarding matters that are not historical facts, are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Our actual results, performance or achievements could differ materially from the results expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to:

• Competition from other service providers;

- The risk that our operating margin may decline and we may not be able to sustain our current level of profitability;

• The risk of liability or damage to our reputation resulting from security breaches;

• Any possible failure to comply with or adapt to changes in healthcare-related data protection and privacy laws;

• The loss of customers, especially as a few customers account for a large portion of our revenues;

• The risk that we may not be able to keep pace with the rapidly evolving technological environment;

• The rate of growth in the use of technology in business and the type and level of technology spending by our clients;

- Mispricing of our services, especially as an increasing percentage of our revenues are derived from fixed-price contracts;



- The risk that we might not be able to maintain effective internal controls, including as we acquire and integrate other companies;

• Our inability to successfully acquire or integrate target companies;

• System failure or disruptions in our communications or information technology;

• The risk that we may lose key executives and not be able to enforce non-competition agreements with them;

• Competition for hiring highly-skilled technical personnel;

• Possible failure to provide end-to-end business solutions and deliver complex and large projects for our clients;

• The risk of reputational harm to us;

- Our revenues being highly dependent on clients concentrated in certain industries, including financial services and healthcare, and located primarily in the United States and Europe;

• Risks relating to our global operations, including our operations in India;

• The effects of fluctuations in the Indian rupee and other currency exchange rates;

• The effect of our use of derivative instruments;

• The risk of war, terrorist activities, pandemics and natural disasters;

- The possibility that we may be required, as a result of our indebtedness, or otherwise choose to repatriate foreign earnings or that our foreign earnings or profits may become subject to U.S. taxes;

• The possibility that we may lose certain tax benefits provided to companies in our industry by the Indian government;

- The risk that we may not be able to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, or that we may infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others;

• Changes in domestic and international regulations and legislation relating to immigration and anti-outsourcing;

- Increased regulation of the financial services and healthcare industries, as well as other industries in which our clients operate; and

• The factors set forth in Part I, in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this report.

You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in the reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including this report in the sections titled “Part I, Item 1. Business,” “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

## Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk in the ordinary course of doing business as we transact or hold a portion of our funds in foreign currencies, particularly the Indian rupee. Accordingly, we periodically evaluate the need for hedging strategies, including the use of derivative financial instruments, to mitigate the effect of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and expect to continue to use such instruments in the future to reduce foreign currency exposure to appreciation or depreciation in the value of certain foreign currencies. All hedging transactions are authorized and executed pursuant to regularly reviewed policies and procedures.

We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. Cognizant India converts U.S. dollar receipts from intercompany billings to Indian rupees to fund local expenses. These U.S. dollar / Indian rupee hedges are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future operating costs. As of December 31, 2015, the notional value and weighted average contract rates of these contracts were as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Notional Value (in millions)</td><td>Weighted Average Contract Rate (Indian rupee to U.S. dollar)</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>$ 1,215.0</td><td>68.2</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>900.0</td><td>71.4</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>330.0</td><td>74.1</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 2,445.0</td><td>70.2</td></tr></table>

As of December 31, 2015, the net unrealized loss on our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts was $14.4 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis of our foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2015, which estimates the



fair value of the contracts based upon market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of approximately $227.7 million.

Our foreign subsidiaries are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk for transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective subsidiary. We also use foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge balance sheet exposure to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiary. These contracts are not designated as hedges and are intended to offset the foreign currency exchange gains or losses upon remeasurement of these net monetary assets. We entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts scheduled to mature in 2016 which are used to hedge our foreign currency denominated net monetary assets. At December 31, 2015, the notional value of the outstanding contracts was $165.5 million and the related fair value was a liability of $0.8 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis of our foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2015, which estimates the fair value of the contracts based upon market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of approximately $16.5 million.

In the fourth quarter of 2014, we entered into a credit agreement providing for a $1,000 million unsecured term loan and a $750.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility. The term loan and the revolving credit facility both mature on November 20, 2019. As of December 31, 2015, we have $350.0 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility. The credit agreement requires interest to be paid at either the base rate or the Eurocurrency rate, plus a margin. The margin over the base rate is 0.00%, and the margin over the Eurocurrency rate ranges from 0.75% to 1.125%, depending on our debt ratings (or, if we have not received debt ratings, from 0.875% to 1.00%, depending on our debt to total stockholders' equity ratio). Thus, our debt exposes us to market risk from changes in interest rates. We performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of interest rate fluctuations on our interest expense. A 10% change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in an approximately $0.3 million change to our reported interest expense for 2015.

In addition, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are subject to market risk from changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2015, a 10% change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would result in a change in the fair market value of our available-for-sale investment securities of approximately $2.5 million.

Information provided by the sensitivity analysis does not necessarily represent the actual changes that would occur under normal market conditions.

We typically invest in highly-rated securities and our policy generally limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. Our investment policy requires investments to be investment grade with the objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. We may sell our investments prior to their stated maturities for strategic purposes, in anticipation of credit deterioration, or for duration management. As of December 31, 2015, our short-term investments totaled $2,824.3 million. Our investment portfolio is comprised primarily of time deposits, mutual funds invested in fixed income securities and U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds, municipal bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, debt issuances by the U.S. government, U.S. government agencies, foreign governments and supranational entities and asset-backed securities. The asset-backed securities included Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) mortgage backed securities and securities backed by auto loans, credit card receivables, and other receivables.

## Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A list of the financial statements filed herewith is found in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule".

## Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.



## Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

## Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2015. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

## Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our internal control over financial reporting in 2015 includes certain additional internal controls relating to TriZetto, which we acquired in the fourth quarter of 2014. Other than such changes with respect to TriZetto, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

## Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements

Our management is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of all information presented in this annual report. The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include amounts based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Management believes the consolidated financial statements fairly reflect the form and substance of transactions and that the financial statements fairly represent the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which is composed solely of independent directors, meets regularly with the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm and representatives of management to review accounting, financial reporting, internal control and audit matters, as well as the nature and extent of the audit effort. The Audit Committee is responsible for the engagement of the independent registered public accounting firm. The independent registered public accounting firm has free access to the Audit Committee.

## Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act and is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our chief executive and chief financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

- Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

- Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

- Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on its evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this annual report, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report which is included on page F-2.



## Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

## Item 9B. Other Information

None.



## PART III

## Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information relating to our executive officers in response to this item is contained in part under the caption “Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics, entitled “Cognizant’s Core Values and Standards of Business Conduct,” that applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller, or persons performing similar functions. We make available our code of business conduct and ethics free of charge through our website which is located at www.cognizant.com. We intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or NASDAQ Stock Market listing standards concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our code of business conduct and ethics.

The remaining information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

## Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

## Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

## Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

## Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.



## PART IV

## Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) (1) Consolidated Financial Statements.
Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on Page F-1.

(2) Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule.
Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statement Schedule on Page F-1.

(3) Exhibits.
Reference is made to the Index to Exhibits on Page 58.

Schedules other than as listed above are omitted as not required or inapplicable or because the required information is provided in the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto.



## SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

## COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
CORPORATION

<table><tr><td>By:</td><td>/s/ FRANCISCO D’SOUZA</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Francisco D’Souza,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Chief Executive Officer</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>(Principal Executive Officer)</td></tr><tr><td>Date:</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr></table>

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

<table><tr><td>Signature</td><td>Title</td><td>Date</td></tr><tr><td>/s/ FRANCISCO D&#x27;SOUZA</td><td>Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Francisco D&#x27;Souza</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ KAREN MCLOUGHLIN</td><td>Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Karen McLoughlin</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ JOHN E. KLEIN</td><td>Chairman of the Board and Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>John E. Klein</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ LAKSHMI NARAYANAN</td><td>Vice Chairman of the Board and Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Lakshmi Narayanan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ THOMAS M. WENDEL</td><td>Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Thomas M. Wendel</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ ROBERT E. WEISSMAN</td><td>Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Robert E. Weissman</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ JOHN N. FOX, JR.</td><td>Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>John N. Fox, Jr.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ MAUREEN BREAKIRON-EVANS</td><td>Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Maureen Breakiron-Evans</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ MICHAEL PATSALOS-FOX</td><td>Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Michael Patsalos-Fox</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ LEO S. MACKAY, JR.</td><td>Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Leo S. Mackay, Jr.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>/s/ ZEIN ABDALLA</td><td>Director</td><td>February 25, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Zein Abdalla</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>



## EXHIBIT INDEX

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">Number</td><td rowspan="2">Exhibit Description</td><td colspan="4">Incorporated by Reference</td><td rowspan="2">Filed or Furnished Herewith</td></tr><tr><td>Form</td><td>File No.</td><td>Exhibit</td><td>Date</td></tr><tr><td>2.1</td><td>Stock Purchase Agreement, by and among TZ Holdings, L.P., TZ US Parent, Inc. and Cognizant Domestic Holdings Corporation, dates as of September 14, 2014</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>2.1</td><td>9/15/2014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3.1</td><td>Restated Certificate of Incorporation</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>3.2</td><td>9/17/2013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3.2</td><td>Amended and Restated By-laws of the Company, as amended and restated on January 28, 2016</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>3.2</td><td>2/1/2016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4.1</td><td>Specimen Certificate for shares of Class A common stock</td><td>S-4/A</td><td>333-101216</td><td>4.2</td><td>1/30/2003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.1†</td><td>Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers</td><td>10-Q</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>8/7/2013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.2†</td><td>Form of Amended and Restated Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non-Competition, and Invention Assignment Agreement, between the Company and each of the following Executive Officers: Francisco D&#x27;Souza, Gordon Coburn, Karen McLoughlin, Ramakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Rajeev Mehta, Malcolm Frank, Steven Schwartz, Sridhar Thiruvengadam</td><td>10-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.4</td><td>2/26/2013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.3†</td><td>Amended and Restated 1999 Incentive Compensation Plan (as Amended and Restated Through April 26, 2007)</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>6/8/2007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.4†</td><td>2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (as amended and restated effective as of April 1, 2013)</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>6/5/2013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.5†</td><td>Form of Stock Option Certificate</td><td>10-Q</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>11/8/2004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.6</td><td>Distribution Agreement between IMS Health Incorporated and the Company, dated January 7, 2003</td><td>S-4/A</td><td>333-101216</td><td>10.13</td><td>1/9/2003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.7†</td><td>Amended and Restated Key Employees&#x27; Stock Option Plan Amendment No. 1, which became effective on March 2, 2007</td><td>10-Q</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.2</td><td>5/10/2007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.8†</td><td>Amended and Restated Non-Employee Directors&#x27; Stock Option Plan Amendment No. 1, which became effective on March 2, 2007</td><td>10-Q</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.3</td><td>5/10/2007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.9†</td><td>Form of Performance Unit Award for grants to certain executive officers</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>12/7/2007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.10†</td><td>Form of Stock Unit Award Agreement pursuant to the Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 1999 Incentive Compensation Plan</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>9/5/2008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.11†</td><td>The Cognizant Technology Solutions Executive Pension Plan, as amended and restated</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.2</td><td>12/5/2008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.12†</td><td>Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan, effective March 9, 2015</td><td>10-Q</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>5/4/2015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.13†</td><td>Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Stock Option Agreement</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr></table>



<table><tr><td rowspan="2">Number</td><td rowspan="2">Exhibit Description</td><td colspan="4">Incorporated by Reference</td><td rowspan="2">Filed or Furnished Herewith</td></tr><tr><td>Form</td><td>File No.</td><td>Exhibit</td><td>Date</td></tr><tr><td>10.14†</td><td>Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Notice of Grant of Stock Option</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.2</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.15†</td><td>Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Time-Based Vesting</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.3</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.16†</td><td>Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Notice of Award of Restricted Stock Units Time-Based Vesting</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.4</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.17†</td><td>Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Performance-Based Vesting</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.5</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.18†</td><td>Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Notice of Award of Restricted Stock Units Performance-Based Vesting</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.6</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.19†</td><td>Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Non-Employee Director Deferred Issuance</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.7</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.20†</td><td>Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Notice of Award of Restricted Stock Units Non-Employee Director Deferred Issuance</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.8</td><td>7/6/2009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10.21†</td><td>Credit Agreement, dated as of November 20, 2014 among Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation, the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent for the Lenders</td><td>8-K</td><td>000-24429</td><td>10.1</td><td>11/20/2014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>21.1</td><td>List of subsidiaries of the Company</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>23.1</td><td>Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>31.1</td><td>Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>31.2</td><td>Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32.1</td><td>Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Chief Executive Officer)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Furnished</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32.2</td><td>Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Chief Financial Officer)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Furnished</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101.INS</td><td>XBRL Instance Document</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101.SCH</td><td>XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101.CAL</td><td>XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101.DEF</td><td>XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101.LAB</td><td>XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101.PRE</td><td>XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Filed</td><td></td></tr></table>

† A management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K.






# COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE

Consolidated Financial Statements:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-8
Financial Statement Schedule:
Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts F-37



# Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation:

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the accompanying index appearing under Item 15(a)(1) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (the "Company") and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements, on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it presents deferred income taxes in 2015.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

New York, New York

February 25, 2016



## COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(in millions, except par values)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">At December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Assets</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents</td><td>$ 2,125.2</td><td>$ 2,010.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Short-term investments</td><td>2,824.3</td><td>1,764.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances of $39.0 and $36.9, respectively</td><td>2,252.6</td><td>1,968.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unbilled accounts receivable</td><td>369.0</td><td>324.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other current assets</td><td>337.5</td><td>352.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total current assets</td><td>7,908.6</td><td>6,420.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Property and equipment, net</td><td>1,271.4</td><td>1,247.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill</td><td>2,404.7</td><td>2,413.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Intangible assets, net</td><td>864.3</td><td>953.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income tax assets, net</td><td>347.8</td><td>234.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent assets</td><td>268.6</td><td>209.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total assets</td><td>$ 13,065.4</td><td>$ 11,479.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities and Stockholders&#x27; Equity</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current liabilities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accounts payable</td><td>$ 165.3</td><td>$ 145.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred revenue</td><td>323.7</td><td>224.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Short-term debt</td><td>406.3</td><td>700.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accrued expenses and other current liabilities</td><td>1,818.4</td><td>1,522.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total current liabilities</td><td>2,713.7</td><td>2,592.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred revenue, noncurrent</td><td>49.3</td><td>81.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income tax liabilities, net</td><td>3.3</td><td>11.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt</td><td>881.2</td><td>937.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent liabilities</td><td>139.8</td><td>116.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities</td><td>3,787.3</td><td>3,738.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commitments and contingencies (See Note 12)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stockholders&#x27; Equity:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Preferred stock, $0.10 par value, 15.0 shares authorized, none issued</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000.0 shares authorized, 609.0 and 609.4 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively</td><td>6.1</td><td>6.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Additional paid-in capital</td><td>453.0</td><td>555.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Retained earnings</td><td>8,925.2</td><td>7,301.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)</td><td>(106.2)</td><td>(123.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total stockholders&#x27; equity</td><td>9,278.1</td><td>7,740.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total liabilities and stockholders&#x27; equity</td><td>$ 13,065.4</td><td>$ 11,479.0</td><td></td></tr></table>

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.



## COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in millions, except per share data)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td>$ 8,843.2</td></tr><tr><td>Operating expenses:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown separately below)</td><td>7,440.2</td><td>6,141.1</td><td>5,265.5</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>2,508.6</td><td>2,037.0</td><td>1,727.6</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization expense</td><td>325.2</td><td>199.7</td><td>172.2</td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>2,142.0</td><td>1,884.9</td><td>1,677.9</td></tr><tr><td>Other income (expense), net:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest income</td><td>83.7</td><td>62.4</td><td>48.9</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>(17.7)</td><td>(2.5)</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net</td><td>(42.6)</td><td>(20.4)</td><td>(41.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Other, net</td><td>(1.8)</td><td>(0.4)</td><td>2.2</td></tr><tr><td>Total other income (expense), net</td><td>21.6</td><td>39.1</td><td>10.0</td></tr><tr><td>Income before provision for income taxes</td><td>2,163.6</td><td>1,924.0</td><td>1,687.9</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>540.0</td><td>484.7</td><td>459.3</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 1,623.6</td><td>$ 1,439.3</td><td>$ 1,228.6</td></tr><tr><td>Basic earnings per share</td><td>$ 2.67</td><td>$ 2.37</td><td>$ 2.03</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted earnings per share</td><td>$ 2.65</td><td>$ 2.35</td><td>$ 2.02</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Basic</td><td>609.1</td><td>608.1</td><td>604.0</td></tr><tr><td>Dilutive effect of shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans</td><td>4.2</td><td>4.4</td><td>5.7</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Diluted</td><td>613.3</td><td>612.5</td><td>609.7</td></tr></table>

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.



## COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="4">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 1,623.6</td><td>$ 1,439.3</td><td>$ 1,228.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments</td><td>(55.1)</td><td>(58.8)</td><td>12.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Change in unrealized losses on cash flow hedges, net of taxes</td><td>75.0</td><td>213.3</td><td>(47.2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities, net of taxes</td><td>(3.0)</td><td>(1.3)</td><td>(1.9)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income (loss)</td><td>16.9</td><td>153.2</td><td>(36.6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Comprehensive income</td><td>$ 1,640.5</td><td>$ 1,592.5</td><td>$ 1,192.0</td><td></td></tr></table>

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.



## COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Class A Common Stock</td><td rowspan="2">Additional Paid-in Capital</td><td rowspan="2">Retained Earnings</td><td rowspan="2">Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)</td><td rowspan="2">Total</td></tr><tr><td>Shares</td><td>Amount</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, December 31, 2012</td><td>603.4</td><td>$ 6.0</td><td>$ 454.4</td><td>$ 4,633.7</td><td>$ (239.7)</td><td>$ 4,854.4</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,228.6</td><td>—</td><td>1,228.6</td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive (loss)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(36.6)</td><td>(36.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans and other</td><td>9.6</td><td>0.1</td><td>117.4</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>117.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tax benefit, stock-based compensation plans</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>32.1</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>32.1</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation expense</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>118.8</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>118.8</td></tr><tr><td>Repurchases of common stock</td><td>(5.3)</td><td>—</td><td>(179.0)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(179.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, December 31, 2013</td><td>607.7</td><td>6.1</td><td>543.7</td><td>5,862.3</td><td>(276.3)</td><td>6,135.8</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,439.3</td><td>—</td><td>1,439.3</td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>153.2</td><td>153.2</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans and other</td><td>6.7</td><td>0.1</td><td>101.3</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>101.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tax benefit, stock-based compensation plans</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>24.0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>24.0</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation expense</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>134.8</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>134.8</td></tr><tr><td>Repurchases of common stock</td><td>(5.0)</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>(248.2)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(248.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, December 31, 2014</td><td>609.4</td><td>6.1</td><td>555.6</td><td>7,301.6</td><td>(123.1)</td><td>7,740.2</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,623.6</td><td>—</td><td>1,623.6</td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>16.9</td><td>16.9</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans and other</td><td>6.9</td><td>0.1</td><td>131.5</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>131.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tax benefit, stock-based compensation plans</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>33.8</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>33.8</td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation expense</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>192.0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>192.0</td></tr><tr><td>Repurchases of common stock</td><td>(7.3)</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>(459.9)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>(460.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, December 31, 2015</td><td>609.0</td><td>$ 6.1</td><td>$ 453.0</td><td>$ 8,925.2</td><td>$ (106.2)</td><td>$ 9,278.1</td></tr></table>

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.



## COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="4">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash flows from operating activities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$ 1,623.6</td><td>$ 1,439.3</td><td>$ 1,228.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization</td><td>330.0</td><td>208.1</td><td>179.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Provision for doubtful accounts</td><td>10.2</td><td>4.7</td><td>3.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income taxes</td><td>(126.1)</td><td>(99.6)</td><td>(88.2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation expense</td><td>192.0</td><td>134.8</td><td>118.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation plans</td><td>(33.7)</td><td>(23.6)</td><td>(30.6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>48.6</td><td>30.3</td><td>52.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Changes in assets and liabilities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trade accounts receivable</td><td>(322.4)</td><td>(259.3)</td><td>(258.5)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other current assets</td><td>(32.5)</td><td>(118.6)</td><td>(74.7)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent assets</td><td>(38.6)</td><td>19.1</td><td>(24.3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accounts payable</td><td>19.4</td><td>25.7</td><td>(12.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred revenues, current and noncurrent</td><td>49.7</td><td>70.6</td><td>15.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other current and noncurrent liabilities</td><td>433.1</td><td>41.5</td><td>313.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net cash provided by operating activities</td><td>2,153.3</td><td>1,473.0</td><td>1,423.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash flows from investing activities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purchases of property and equipment</td><td>(272.8)</td><td>(212.2)</td><td>(261.6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purchases of investments</td><td>(3,003.7)</td><td>(2,497.3)</td><td>(1,848.8)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proceeds from maturity or sale of investments</td><td>1,907.6</td><td>2,240.2</td><td>1,573.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Business combinations, net of cash acquired</td><td>(1.7)</td><td>(2,691.4)</td><td>(193.8)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net cash (used in) investing activities</td><td>(1,370.6)</td><td>(3,160.7)</td><td>(730.8)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash flows from financing activities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans</td><td>131.6</td><td>101.4</td><td>117.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation plans</td><td>33.7</td><td>23.6</td><td>30.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Repurchases of common stock</td><td>(460.0)</td><td>(248.3)</td><td>(179.0)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proceeds from term loan borrowings</td><td>—</td><td>1,000.0</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debt issuance costs</td><td>—</td><td>(9.1)</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Repayment of term loan borrowings and capital lease obligations</td><td>(53.4)</td><td>(14.2)</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net change in notes outstanding under the revolving credit facility</td><td>(300.0)</td><td>650.0</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities</td><td>(648.1)</td><td>1,503.4</td><td>(30.9)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents</td><td>(19.5)</td><td>(18.6)</td><td>(19.2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents</td><td>115.1</td><td>(202.9)</td><td>642.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year</td><td>2,010.1</td><td>2,213.0</td><td>1,570.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash and cash equivalents, end of period</td><td>$ 2,125.2</td><td>$ 2,010.1</td><td>$ 2,213.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Supplemental information:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash paid for income taxes during the year</td><td>$ 578.6</td><td>$ 558.6</td><td>$ 481.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash interest paid during the year</td><td>$ 14.4</td><td>$ 0.1</td><td>$ —</td><td></td></tr></table>

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.



# Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in millions, except share data)

## Note 1 — Business Description and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The terms “Cognizant,” “we,” “our,” “us” and “the Company” refer to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise.

Description of Business. We are a leading provider of information technology (IT), consulting and business process services, dedicated to helping the world’s leading companies build stronger businesses. Our clients engage us to help them operate more efficiently, provide solutions to critical business and technology problems, and help them drive technology-based innovation and growth. Our core competencies include: business, process, operations and IT consulting, application development and systems integration, enterprise information management, application testing, application maintenance, infrastructure services, and business process services. We tailor our services to specific industries and utilize an integrated global delivery model. This seamless global sourcing model combines industry-specific expertise, client service teams based on-site at the client locations and delivery teams located at dedicated near-shore and offshore global delivery centers.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and reflect the consolidated financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income and cash flows of our consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments. Cash and cash equivalents consist of all cash balances, including money market funds and liquid instruments. Liquid instruments are classified as cash equivalents when their maturities at the date of purchase are three months or less and as short-term investments when their maturities at the date of purchase are greater than three months.

We determine the appropriate classification of our investments in marketable securities at the date of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We have classified and accounted for our marketable securities as available-for-sale. After consideration of our risk versus reward objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell these securities prior to their stated maturities. As we view these marketable securities as available to support current operations, we classify such securities with maturities at the date of purchase beyond twelve months as short-term investments because such investments represent an investment in cash that is available for current operations.

Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. We determine the cost of the securities sold based on the specific identification method. Time deposits with financial institutions are valued at cost, which approximates fair value.

Interest and amortization of premiums and discounts for debt securities are included in interest income. We also evaluate our available-for-sale investments periodically for possible other-than-temporary impairment by reviewing factors such as the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer, whether we intend to sell the security and whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. Once a decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge is generally recorded to income and a new cost basis in the investment is established.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts is determined by evaluating the relative credit-worthiness of each customer, historical collections experience and other information, including the aging of the receivables. We evaluate the collectibility of our accounts receivable on an on-going basis and write-off accounts when they are deemed to be uncollectible.

Unbilled Accounts Receivable. Unbilled accounts receivable represent revenues recognized on contracts to be billed, in subsequent periods, as per the terms of the related contracts.

Short-term Financial Assets and Liabilities. Cash and certain cash equivalents, trade receivables, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities are short-term in nature and, accordingly, their carrying values approximate fair value.

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvement. In India, leasehold



land is leased by us from the government of India with lease terms ranging up to 99 years. Lease payments are made at the inception of the lease agreement and amortized over the lease term. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, while renewals and betterments are capitalized. Deposits paid towards acquisition of long-lived assets and the cost of assets not put in use before the balance sheet date are disclosed under the caption “capital work-in-progress” in Note 4.

Internal Use Software. We capitalize certain costs that are incurred to purchase, develop and implement internal-use software during the application development phase, which primarily include coding, testing and certain data conversion activities. Capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the software. Costs incurred in performing activities associated with the preliminary project phase and the post-implementation phase are expensed as incurred.

Business Combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method, which requires the identification of the acquirer, the determination of the acquisition date and the allocation of the purchase price paid by the acquirer to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.

Long-lived Assets and Finite-lived Intangibles. We review long-lived assets and certain finite-lived identifiable intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We recognize an impairment loss when the sum of undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such assets. The impairment loss would equal the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships and developed technology, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangibles. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as circumstances warrant. Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. For indefinite-lived intangible assets, if our annual qualitative assessment indicates possible impairment, we test the assets for impairment by comparing the fair value of such assets to their carrying value. In determining the fair value, we utilize various estimates and assumptions, including discount rates and projections of future cash flows. If an impairment is indicated, a write down to the implied fair value of goodwill or fair value of indefinite-lived intangible asset is recorded.

Stock Repurchase Program. Our existing stock repurchase program, as amended and approved by our Board of Directors, allows for the repurchase of $2,000.0 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock and expires on December 31, 2017. Through December 31, 2015, we completed stock repurchases of 41.2 million shares for $1,562.4 million, inclusive of fees and expenses, under this program. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, we repurchased 6.0 million, 3.8 million and 4.1 million shares respectively, at an aggregate cost of $376.0 million, $188.2 million and $131.6 million, respectively. Additional stock repurchases were made in connection with our stock-based compensation plans, whereby Company shares were tendered by employees for payment of applicable statutory tax withholdings. During 2015, 2014 and 2013 such repurchases totaled 1.3 million, 1.2 million and 1.2 million shares, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $84.0 million, $60.1 million and $47.4 million, respectively. At the time of repurchase, shares are returned to the status of authorized and unissued shares. We account for the repurchases as constructively retired and record such repurchases as a reduction of Class A common stock and additional paid-in capital.

Revenue Recognition. Revenues related to time-and-material contracts are recognized as the service is performed and amounts are earned. Revenues from transaction-priced contracts are recognized as transactions are processed and amounts are earned. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for highly complex application development and systems integration services are recognized as the service is performed using the percentage of completion method of accounting, under which the total value of revenue is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract's total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs (cost to cost method). Revenues related to fixed price outsourcing services are recognized on a straight-line basis unless revenues are earned and obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for consulting or other IT services are recognized as services are performed on a proportional performance basis based upon the level of effort.

For all services, revenue is earned and recognized only when all of the following criteria are met: evidence of an arrangement exists, the price is fixed or determinable, the services have been rendered and collectibility is reasonably assured. Contingent or incentive revenues are recognized when the contingency is satisfied and we conclude the amounts are earned.



Volume discounts are recorded as a reduction of revenue over the contract period as services are provided. Revenues also include the reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses.

Costs to deliver services are expensed as incurred with the exception of specific costs directly related to transition or set-up activities for outsourcing contracts. Transition costs are deferred and expensed ratably over the period of service. Generally, deferred amounts are protected by collected cash or early termination penalty clauses and are monitored regularly for impairment. Impairment losses are recorded when projected remaining undiscounted operating cash flows of the related contract are not sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the contract assets. Deferred transition costs were approximately $137.4 million and $98.2 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and are included in other noncurrent assets in our consolidated statements of financial position. Costs related to warranty provisions are accrued at the time the related revenues are recorded.

We may enter into arrangements that consist of multiple elements. Such arrangements may include any combination of our consulting and technology services and outsourcing services. For arrangements with multiple deliverables, we evaluate at the inception of each new arrangement all deliverables to determine whether they represent separate units of accounting. For arrangements with multiple units of accounting, other than arrangements that contain software licenses and software-related services, we allocate consideration among the units of accounting, where separable, based on their relative selling price. Relative selling price is determined based on vendor-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, if it exists. Otherwise, third-party evidence of selling price is used, when it is available, and in circumstances when neither VSOE nor third-party evidence of selling price is available, management’s best estimate of selling price is used. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting based on our revenue recognition policy described above.

Fixed-price contracts are generally cancelable subject to a specified notice period. All services provided by us through the date of cancellation are due and payable under the contract terms. We issue invoices related to fixed-price contracts based upon achievement of milestones during a project or other contractual terms. Differences between the timing of billing, based on contract milestones or other contractual terms, and the recognition of revenue are recognized as either unbilled receivables or deferred revenue. Estimates of certain fixed-price contracts are subject to adjustment as a project progresses to reflect changes in expected completion costs or efforts. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known and any anticipated losses on contracts are recognized immediately.

We also generate product revenue from licensing our software. For perpetual software license arrangements that do not require significant modification or customization of the underlying software, revenue is recognized when the software is delivered and all other software revenue recognition criteria are met. For software license arrangements that require significant functionality enhancements or modification of the software, revenue for the software license and those services is recognized as those services are performed. For software license arrangements that include a right to use the product for a defined period of time, we recognize revenue ratably over the term of the license.

We may enter into arrangements with customers that purchase both software licenses and software-related services from us at the same time, or within close proximity of one another (referred to as software-related multiple-element arrangements). Such software related multiple-element arrangements may include software licenses, software license updates, product support contracts and other software-related services. For those software related multiple-element arrangements, we apply the residual method to determine the amount of software license revenue. Under the residual method, if VSOE of fair value exists for undelivered elements in a multiple-element arrangement, revenue equal to the fair value of the undelivered elements is deferred with the remaining portion of the arrangement consideration generally recognized upon delivery of the software license. For arrangements in which VSOE of fair value does not exist for each software-related undelivered element, revenue for the software license is deferred and not recognized until VSOE of fair value is available for the undelivered element or delivery of each element has occurred. If the only undelivered element is a service, revenue from the delivered element is recognized over the service period.

We also enter into multiple-element arrangements that may include a combination of software licenses and various software-related and non-software-related services. In such arrangements, we first allocate the total arrangement consideration, based on relative selling prices, between the software group of elements and the non-software group of elements. We then further allocate consideration within the software group to the respective elements within that group following the software-related multiple-element arrangements policies described above. For the non-software group of elements, we further allocate consideration to the respective elements based on relative selling prices. After the arrangement consideration has been allocated to the individual elements, we account for each respective element in the arrangement as described above.



Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for awards of equity instruments to employees and non-employee directors is determined based on the grant-date fair value of those awards. We recognize these compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate over the requisite service period of the award. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

Foreign Currency. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars from local currencies at current exchange rates and revenues and expenses are translated from local currencies at average monthly exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position.

Foreign currency transactions and balances are those that are denominated in a currency other than the subsidiary’s functional currency. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for certain foreign subsidiaries who conduct business predominantly in U.S. dollars. For these subsidiaries, transactions and balances denominated in the local currency are foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency transactions and balances related to non-monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the subsidiary at historical exchange rates while monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the subsidiary at current exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange gains or losses from remeasurement are included in the "Foreign currency exchange gain (losses), net" line on our consolidated statement of operations together with gains or losses on our undesignated foreign currency hedges.

Derivative Financial Instruments. Derivative financial instruments are accounted for in accordance with the authoritative guidance which requires that each derivative instrument be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value as of the reporting date. Our derivative financial instruments consist of foreign exchange forward contracts. For derivative financial instruments to qualify for hedge accounting, the following criteria must be met: (1) the hedging instrument must be designated as a hedge; (2) the hedged exposure must be specifically identifiable and must expose us to risk; and (3) it is expected that a change in fair value of the derivative financial instrument and an opposite change in the fair value of the hedged exposure will have a high degree of correlation. The authoritative guidance requires that changes in our derivatives' fair values be recognized in income unless specific hedge accounting and documentation criteria are met (i.e., the instruments are accounted for as hedges). We record the effective portion of the unrealized gains and losses on our derivative financial instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position. Any ineffectiveness or excluded portion of a designated cash flow hedge is recognized in income. Upon settlement or maturity of the cash flow hedge contracts, the realized gains and losses are recognized in income.

Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, including the recoverability of tangible and intangible assets, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. The most significant estimates relate to the recognition of revenue and profits based on the percentage of completion method of accounting for certain fixed-bid contracts, the allowance for doubtful accounts, income taxes, assumptions used in valuing stock-based compensation arrangements, valuation of derivative financial instruments and investments, business combinations, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, valuation of goodwill, contingencies and litigation. We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The actual amounts may vary from the estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Risks and Uncertainties. The majority of our development and delivery centers and employees are located in India. As a result, we may be subject to certain risks associated with international operations, including risks associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and risks associated with the application and imposition of protective legislation and regulations relating to import and export or otherwise resulting from foreign policy or the variability of foreign economic or political conditions. Additional risks associated with international operations include difficulties in enforcing intellectual property rights, the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws, potential geo-political and other risks associated with terrorist activities and local or cross-border conflicts and potentially adverse tax consequences, tariffs, quotas and other barriers.

Concentration of Credit Risk. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, time deposits, investments in securities, derivative financial instruments and billed and unbilled accounts receivable. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents, investments and derivative financial instruments with high credit quality financial institutions, invest in investment-grade debt securities and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one commercial issuer. Our accounts receivable are dispersed across many customers operating in different industries; therefore, concentration of credit risk is limited.



Income Taxes. We provide for income taxes utilizing the asset and liability method of accounting. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each balance sheet date, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that future tax benefits associated with a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is provided. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in the tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Tax benefits earned on exercise of employee stock options in excess of compensation charged to income are credited to additional paid-in capital. Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of provisions established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as the related interest.

Earnings Per Share, or EPS. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS includes all potential dilutive common stock in the weighted average shares outstanding. For purposes of computing diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, 4.2 million, 4.4 million and 5.7 million shares were assumed to have been outstanding related to common share equivalents. We exclude from the calculation of diluted EPS options with exercise prices that are greater than the average market price and shares related to stock-based awards whose combined exercise price, unamortized fair value and excess tax benefits were greater in each of those periods than the average market price of our common stock for the period, because their effect would be anti-dilutive. We excluded 0.1 million of anti-dilutive shares in 2015, 2014 and 2013 from our diluted EPS calculation. We include performance stock unit awards in the dilutive potential common shares when they become contingently issuable per the authoritative guidance and exclude the awards when they are not contingently issuable.

## Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement.

In November 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued an update to the standard on income taxes pertaining to the balance sheet classification of deferred income taxes. The update requires that all deferred income tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, within each tax jurisdiction be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. As a result, each tax jurisdiction will only have one net noncurrent deferred income tax asset or liability. This guidance is effective on either a prospective or retrospective basis for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2017 with early adoption permitted. We elected to early adopt this guidance retrospectively in the fourth quarter of 2015. We conformed prior years' presentation to current year's presentation on our consolidated statement of financial position. There is no impact on our consolidated statement of operations.

## New Accounting Pronouncements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued a standard on revenue from contracts with customers. The new standard sets forth a single comprehensive model for recognizing and reporting revenue. The standard also requires additional financial statement disclosures that will enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows relating to customer contracts. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of the standard by one year to periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted but not before the original effective date of periods beginning on or after January 1, 2017. The standard allows for two methods of adoption: the full retrospective adoption, which requires the standard to be applied to each prior period presented, or the modified retrospective adoption, which requires the cumulative effect of adoption to be recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings in the period of adoption. We are currently evaluating the effect the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In April 2015, the FASB issued an update to the standard on interest related to the presentation of debt issuance costs. The standard requires debt issuance costs, other than costs incurred to secure lines of credit, be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of that debt liability. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by this standard. The standard is effective on a retrospective basis for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2016. The adoption of this standard will affect financial statement presentation only and will have no effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

In April 2015, the FASB issued an update to the standard on internal-use software providing guidance to customers in evaluating whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, the standard requires the customer to account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer is required to account for the arrangement as a service contract. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2016. A company can elect to adopt the amendments either prospectively to all arrangements entered into or materially modified after the effective date or retrospectively. We plan to adopt



the amendments to this standard prospectively beginning January 1, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of this amendment to have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

In January 2016, the FASB issued an update to the standard on financial instruments. The update significantly revises an entity’s accounting related to (1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. It also amends certain disclosure requirements. The update is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning on or after January 1, 2018. Upon adoption, entities will be required to make a cumulative-effect adjustment to the statement of financial position as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. However, the specific guidance on equity securities without readily determinable fair value will apply prospectively to all equity investments that exist as of the date of adoption. Early adoption of certain sections of this update is permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

## Note 2 — Business Combinations

2015:

We did not complete any material business combinations in 2015.

2014 TriZetto acquisition:

On November 20, 2014, we completed the acquisition of TZ US Parent, Inc. ("TriZetto"), a private U.S. healthcare information technology company for an aggregate purchase price, after giving effect to various purchase price adjustments, of approximately $2,627.8 million (net of cash acquired of $170.5 million). The TriZetto acquisition positioned Cognizant to better serve a wider cross-section of clients with an integrated solution set, combining technology with our healthcare services business. In connection with the acquisition of TriZetto, we entered into a credit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate providing for a $1,000.0 million unsecured term loan and a $750.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility. The term loan was used to pay a portion of the cash consideration in connection with the TriZetto acquisition.

Our allocation of purchase price as of November 20, 2014 (the closing date of the TriZetto acquisition) to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed was as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Amount</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Cash</td><td>$</td><td>170.5</td></tr><tr><td>Trade accounts receivable</td><td></td><td>83.1</td></tr><tr><td>Unbilled accounts receivable</td><td></td><td>32.5</td></tr><tr><td>Other current assets</td><td></td><td>11.2</td></tr><tr><td>Property and equipment</td><td></td><td>124.0</td></tr><tr><td>Identifiable intangible assets</td><td></td><td>849.0</td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent assets</td><td></td><td>14.8</td></tr><tr><td>Accounts payable</td><td></td><td>(12.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred revenue</td><td></td><td>(48.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Accrued expenses and other current liabilities</td><td></td><td>(118.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent liabilities</td><td></td><td>(54.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income tax liabilities, net</td><td></td><td>(209.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill</td><td></td><td>1,956.1</td></tr><tr><td>Total purchase price</td><td>$</td><td>2,798.3</td></tr></table>

We allocated the purchase price to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values. The excess of purchase price over the estimated fair value of the underlying assets acquired and liabilities assumed was allocated to goodwill. Such goodwill principally represents the value of synergies expected to be realized between Cognizant and TriZetto and the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualify as a separate amortizable intangible asset. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes and has been allocated to our Healthcare reportable segment. The above allocation of the purchase price is based upon our analysis of the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. We finalized the purchase price allocation within the measurement period ended on November 20, 2015, resulting in no material adjustments.



Acquired identifiable intangible assets were measured at fair value determined primarily using the income approach, which required a forecast of all expected future cash flows either through the use of the relief-from-royalty method or the excess earnings method. The fair value of the identifiable intangible assets and their weighted-average useful lives at the time of acquisition were as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Fair Value</td><td>Weighted Average Useful Life</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Dollars in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate trademark</td><td>$ 63.0</td><td>Indefinite</td></tr><tr><td>Product trademarks</td><td>21.0</td><td>16.9 years</td></tr><tr><td>Technology</td><td>328.0</td><td>7.7 years</td></tr><tr><td>Customer relationships</td><td>437.0</td><td>15.8 years</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 849.0</td><td></td></tr></table>

TriZetto’s results of operations have been included in our financial statements for the period subsequent to the completion of the acquisition on November 20, 2014. The following unaudited pro forma information reflecting the combined operating results of Cognizant and TriZetto for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 assumes the TriZetto acquisition occurred on January 1, 2013. Such pro forma information does not reflect the potential realization of cost savings relating to the integration of TriZetto. Further, the pro forma information is not indicative of the combined results of operations that actually would have occurred had the TriZetto acquisition been completed on January 1, 2013 nor is it intended to be a projection of future operating results.

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="3">Unaudited Pro Forma Information</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">For the Years Ended</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2014</td><td colspan="2">December 31, 2013</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues</td><td>$ 10,893.0</td><td>$ 9,519.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>1,959.5</td><td>1,253.2</td><td></td></tr></table>

These amounts have been calculated after adjusting for the additional amortization and depreciation expense that would have been recorded assuming the fair value adjustments to finite-lived intangible assets and property, plant and equipment had been applied on January 1, 2013.

The pro forma income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 was adjusted to exclude $40.6 million of transaction related professional services costs and $94.3 million of other costs incurred. Such costs were included in the pro forma income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Supplemental schedule of noncash investing activities:

In conjunction with the TriZetto acquisition, liabilities were assumed as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Year Ended December 31, 2014</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of assets acquired</td><td>$ 3,070.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purchase price paid in cash (net of cash acquired)</td><td>(2,627.8)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities assumed</td><td>$ 442.9</td><td></td></tr></table>

Other 2014 and 2013 acquisitions:

During 2014, excluding the acquisition of TriZetto, we completed three other business combinations for total cash consideration of approximately $46.2 million (net of cash acquired). These transactions strengthened our digital business capabilities and expertise to further develop the portfolio of digital solutions and services we offer our customers. As part of these business combinations, we acquired customer relationship assets, assembled workforces, developed technology and other assets.



During 2013, we completed four business combinations business combinations for total cash consideration of approximately $184.2 million (net of cash acquired). These transactions strengthened our local presence in Germany, Switzerland and France, expanded our expertise in enterprise application services and high-end testing services, broadened our business process services capabilities within finance and accounting, and strengthened our financial services management and regulatory consulting practice. As part of these business combinations, we acquired customer relationship assets, assembled workforces, a software platform and other assets.

These acquisitions were included in our consolidated financial statements as of the date on which the businesses were acquired and were not material to our operations, financial position or cash flow. We have allocated the purchase price related to these transactions to tangible and intangible assets and liabilities, including goodwill, based on their fair values on their respective dates of acquisition, as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2014</td><td colspan="2">2013</td></tr><tr><td>Fair Value</td><td>Useful Life</td><td>Fair Value</td><td>Useful Life</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">(Dollars in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Total initial consideration, net of cash acquired</td><td>$ 46.2</td><td></td><td>$ 184.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purchase price allocated to:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-deductible goodwill</td><td>30.9</td><td></td><td>129.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Customer relationship intangible assets</td><td>12.1</td><td>3-10 years</td><td>58.6</td><td>5-10 years</td></tr><tr><td>Other intangible assets</td><td>4.3</td><td>1-4 years</td><td>7.2</td><td>1-5 years</td></tr></table>

The primary items that generated the aforementioned goodwill are the value of the synergies between the acquired companies and us and the acquired assembled workforces, neither of which qualify as an amortizable intangible asset.

## Note 3 — Short-term Investments

Our short-term investments were as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Available-for-sale investment securities:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities</td><td>$ 527.1</td><td>$ 544.7</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate and other debt securities</td><td>360.5</td><td>358.6</td></tr><tr><td>Certificates of deposit and commercial paper</td><td>754.0</td><td>4.6</td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>229.6</td><td>220.1</td></tr><tr><td>Municipal debt securities</td><td>121.3</td><td>112.8</td></tr><tr><td>Mutual funds</td><td>22.3</td><td>21.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>2,014.8</td><td>1,262.7</td></tr><tr><td>Time deposits</td><td>809.5</td><td>501.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total short-term investments</td><td>$ 2,824.3</td><td>$ 1,764.6</td></tr></table>

Our available-for-sale investment securities consist of U.S. dollar denominated investments primarily in U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. government agency debt securities, municipal debt securities, non-U.S. government debt securities, U.S. and international corporate bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, debt securities issued by supranational institutions, mutual funds invested in fixed income securities, and asset-backed securities, including Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) mortgage backed securities and securities backed by auto loans, credit card receivables, and other receivables. Our investment guidelines are to purchase securities which are investment grade at the time of acquisition. We monitor the credit ratings of the securities in our portfolio on an ongoing basis.



## Available-for-Sale Investment Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of available-for-sale investment securities were as follows at December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="5">2015</td></tr><tr><td>Amortized Cost</td><td>Unrealized Gains</td><td>Unrealized Losses</td><td>Fair Value</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities</td><td>$ 528.9</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (1.8)</td><td>$ 527.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corporate and other debt securities</td><td>361.9</td><td>0.1</td><td>(1.5)</td><td>360.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Certificates of deposit and commercial paper</td><td>754.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>754.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>230.3</td><td>0.1</td><td>(0.8)</td><td>229.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Municipal debt securities</td><td>121.2</td><td>0.2</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>121.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mutual funds</td><td>25.3</td><td>0.1</td><td>(3.1)</td><td>22.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>$ 2,021.6</td><td>$ 0.6</td><td>$ (7.4)</td><td>$ 2,014.8</td><td></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="5">2014</td></tr><tr><td>Amortized Cost</td><td>Unrealized Gains</td><td>Unrealized Losses</td><td>Fair Value</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities</td><td>$ 544.7</td><td>$ 0.4</td><td>$ (0.4)</td><td>$ 544.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corporate and other debt securities</td><td>359.0</td><td>0.3</td><td>(0.7)</td><td>358.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Certificates of deposit and commercial paper</td><td>4.6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>4.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>220.4</td><td>0.1</td><td>(0.4)</td><td>220.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Municipal debt securities</td><td>112.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>112.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mutual funds</td><td>23.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>(2.3)</td><td>21.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>$ 1,265.1</td><td>$ 1.5</td><td>$ (3.9)</td><td>$ 1,262.7</td><td></td></tr></table>

The fair value and related unrealized losses of available-for-sale investment securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and for 12 months or longer were as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="6">2015</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Less than 12 Months</td><td colspan="2">12 Months or More</td><td colspan="2">Total</td></tr><tr><td>Fair Value</td><td>Unrealized Losses</td><td>Fair Value</td><td>Unrealized Losses</td><td>Fair Value</td><td>UnrealizedLosses</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="6">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities</td><td>$ 475.7</td><td>$ (1.8)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 475.7</td><td>$ (1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate and other debt securities</td><td>315.1</td><td>(1.5)</td><td>3.1</td><td>—</td><td>318.2</td><td>(1.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Certificates of deposit and commercial paper</td><td>271.5</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>271.5</td><td>(0.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>199.4</td><td>(0.7)</td><td>11.4</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>210.8</td><td>(0.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Municipal debt securities</td><td>56.5</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>56.5</td><td>(0.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Mutual funds</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>21.1</td><td>(3.1)</td><td>21.1</td><td>(3.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 1,318.2</td><td>$ (4.2)</td><td>$ 35.6</td><td>$ (3.2)</td><td>$ 1,353.8</td><td>$ (7.4)</td></tr></table>



<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="8">2014</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Less than 12 Months</td><td colspan="2">12 Months or More</td><td colspan="2">Total</td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>Fair Value</td><td>Unrealized Losses</td><td>Fair Value</td><td>Unrealized Losses</td><td>Fair Value</td><td>Unrealized losses</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="5">(in millions)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities</td><td>$ 256.9</td><td>$ (0.4)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 256.9</td><td>$ (0.4)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corporate and other debt securities</td><td>229.7</td><td>(0.7)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>229.7</td><td>(0.7)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Certificates of deposit and commercial paper</td><td>3.7</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3.7</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>151.9</td><td>(0.3)</td><td>2.8</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>154.7</td><td>(0.4)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Municipal debt securities</td><td>28.0</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>28.0</td><td>(0.1)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mutual funds</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>20.7</td><td>(2.3)</td><td>20.7</td><td>(2.3)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 670.2</td><td>$ (1.5)</td><td>$ 23.5</td><td>$ (2.4)</td><td>$ 693.7</td><td>$ (3.9)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

The unrealized losses for the above securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2015, we do not consider any of the investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired. The gross unrealized gains and losses in the above tables were recorded, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

The contractual maturities of our fixed income available-for-sale investment securities as of December 31, 2015 are set forth in the following table:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Amortized Cost</td><td>Fair Value</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Due within one year</td><td>$ 806.4</td><td>$ 806.5</td></tr><tr><td>Due after one year up to two years</td><td>536.6</td><td>535.1</td></tr><tr><td>Due after two years up to three years</td><td>404.9</td><td>403.3</td></tr><tr><td>Due after three years up to four years</td><td>18.1</td><td>18.0</td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>230.3</td><td>229.6</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed income available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>$ 1,996.3</td><td>$ 1,992.5</td></tr></table>

Asset-backed securities were excluded from the maturity categories because the actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities since the underlying receivables may be prepaid without penalties. Further, actual maturities of debt securities may differ from those presented above since certain obligations provide the issuer the right to call or prepay the obligation prior to scheduled maturity without penalty.

Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale investment securities and the gross gains and losses that have been included in earnings as a result of those sales were as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>$ 781.9</td><td>$ 1,475.6</td><td>$ 1,119.8</td></tr><tr><td>Gross gains</td><td>$ 1.4</td><td>$ 2.2</td><td>$ 2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Gross losses</td><td>(0.5)</td><td>(0.4)</td><td>(0.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Net realized gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>$ 0.9</td><td>$ 1.8</td><td>$ 1.4</td></tr></table>



## Note 4 — Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment were as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Estimated Useful Life (Years)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Buildings</td><td>30</td><td>$ 804.9</td><td>$ 605.0</td></tr><tr><td>Computer equipment and software</td><td>3</td><td>696.9</td><td>537.3</td></tr><tr><td>Furniture and equipment</td><td>5 - 9</td><td>384.5</td><td>322.6</td></tr><tr><td>Land</td><td></td><td>22.6</td><td>22.6</td></tr><tr><td>Leasehold land</td><td>lease term</td><td>63.4</td><td>60.1</td></tr><tr><td>Capital work-in-progress</td><td></td><td>114.9</td><td>304.7</td></tr><tr><td>Leasehold improvements</td><td>Shorter of the lease term or the life of the leased asset</td><td>263.3</td><td>247.0</td></tr><tr><td>Sub-total</td><td></td><td>2,350.5</td><td>2,099.3</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated depreciation and amortization</td><td></td><td>(1,079.1)</td><td>(852.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Property and equipment, net</td><td></td><td>$ 1,271.4</td><td>$ 1,247.2</td></tr></table>

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $233.1 million, $172.1, and $155.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The gross amount of property and equipment recorded under capital leases was $45.9 million and $37.0 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and primarily related to buildings. Accumulated amortization and amortization expense related to capital lease assets were immaterial for the periods presented.

In India, leasehold land is leased by us from the government of India with lease terms ranging up to 99 years. Lease payments are made at the inception of the lease agreement and amortized over the lease term. Amortization expense of leasehold land is immaterial for the periods presented and is included in depreciation and amortization expense in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

## Note 5 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net

Changes in goodwill by our reportable segments were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

<table><tr><td>Segment</td><td>January 1, 2015</td><td>Goodwill Additions</td><td>Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments</td><td>December 31, 2015</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Financial Services</td><td>$ 204.5</td><td>$ 5.5</td><td>$ (7.3)</td><td>$ 202.7</td></tr><tr><td>Healthcare</td><td>2,079.9</td><td>—</td><td>(3.5)</td><td>2,076.4</td></tr><tr><td>Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics</td><td>69.2</td><td>—</td><td>(2.3)</td><td>66.9</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>60.0</td><td>—</td><td>(1.3)</td><td>58.7</td></tr><tr><td>Total goodwill</td><td>$ 2,413.6</td><td>$ 5.5</td><td>$ (14.4)</td><td>$ 2,404.7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>January 1, 2014</td><td>Goodwill Additions</td><td>Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments</td><td>December 31, 2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Financial Services</td><td>$ 208.6</td><td>$ 4.0</td><td>$ (8.1)</td><td>$ 204.5</td></tr><tr><td>Healthcare</td><td>107.4</td><td>1,976.9</td><td>(4.4)</td><td>2,079.9</td></tr><tr><td>Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics</td><td>71.6</td><td>0.7</td><td>(3.1)</td><td>69.2</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>56.6</td><td>5.4</td><td>(2.0)</td><td>60.0</td></tr><tr><td>Total goodwill</td><td>$ 444.2</td><td>$ 1,987.0</td><td>$ (17.6)</td><td>$ 2,413.6</td></tr></table>

In 2014, the increase in goodwill was primarily related to business combinations completed during the year and described in Note 2. We have not recognized any impairment losses on our goodwill balances.



Components of intangible assets were as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4">2015</td></tr><tr><td>Gross Carrying Amount</td><td>Accumulated Amortization</td><td>Net Carrying Amount</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Customer relationships</td><td>$     650.3</td><td>$    (157.6)</td><td>$     492.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Developed technology</td><td>332.1</td><td>(52.5)</td><td>279.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Indefinite life trademarks</td><td>63.0</td><td>—</td><td>63.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>45.1</td><td>(16.1)</td><td>29.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total intangible assets</td><td>$     1,090.5</td><td>$    (226.2)</td><td>$     864.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4">2014</td></tr><tr><td>Gross Carrying Amount</td><td>Accumulated Amortization</td><td>Net Carrying Amount</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Customer relationships</td><td>$     644.4</td><td>$    (112.2)</td><td>$     532.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Developed technology</td><td>332.1</td><td>(8.7)</td><td>323.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Indefinite life trademarks</td><td>63.0</td><td>—</td><td>63.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>45.8</td><td>(10.7)</td><td>35.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total intangible assets</td><td>$     1,085.3</td><td>$    (131.6)</td><td>$     953.7</td><td></td></tr></table>

Other than certain trademarks with indefinite lives, our intangible assets have finite lives and as such are subject to amortization. Amortization of intangible assets totaled $96.9 million for 2015, $36.0 million for 2014 and $24.2 million for 2013. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, amortization of $4.8 million, $8.4 million and $7.7 million, respectively, relating to customer relationship intangible assets was recorded as a reduction of revenues. These intangible assets are attributed to direct revenue contracts with sellers of acquired businesses.

Estimated amortization expense related to our existing intangible assets for the next five years is as follows:

<table><tr><td>Year</td><td>Amount</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>$ 96.1</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>93.2</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>85.8</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>83.5</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>76.3</td></tr></table>

## Note 6 — Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities were as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Compensation and benefits</td><td>$     1,272.0</td><td>$     906.8</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes</td><td>17.1</td><td>23.8</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Professional fees</td><td>69.6</td><td>82.7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Travel and entertainment</td><td>29.8</td><td>35.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Customer volume incentives</td><td>236.1</td><td>192.1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Derivative financial instruments</td><td>10.9</td><td>97.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>182.9</td><td>184.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities</td><td>$     1,818.4</td><td>$     1,522.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>



On November 20, 2014, we entered into a credit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate providing for a $1,000.0 million unsecured term loan and a $750.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility. The term loan was used to pay a portion of the cash consideration in connection with the TriZetto acquisition. The revolving credit facility is available for general corporate purposes. The term loan and the revolving credit facility both mature on November 20, 2019. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had notes outstanding under the revolving credit facility of $350.0 million and $650.0 million, respectively. All notes drawn to date under the revolving credit facility have been less than 90 days in duration. We are required under the credit agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the term loan.

The credit agreement requires interest to be paid at either the base rate or the Eurocurrency rate, plus a margin. The margin over the base rate is 0.00%, and the margin over the Eurocurrency rate ranges from 0.75% to 1.125%, depending on our debt ratings (or, if we have not received debt ratings, from 0.875% to 1.00%, depending on our debt to total stockholders' equity ratio). Under the credit agreement, we are required to pay commitment fees on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, which vary based on our debt ratings (or, if we have not received debt ratings, our debt to total stockholders' equity ratio). At December 31, 2015, the interest rates on the term loan and revolving credit facility were 1.40% and 1.42%, respectively. As the interest rates on our term loan and notes outstanding under the revolving credits facility are variable, the fair value of our debt balances approximates their carrying value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

The credit agreement contains certain negative covenants, including limitations on liens, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, subsidiary indebtedness and affiliate transactions, as well as certain affirmative covenants. In addition, the credit agreement requires us to maintain a debt to total stockholders' equity ratio not in excess of 0.40 to 1.00. As of December 31, 2015, we are in compliance with our debt covenants.

Deferred financing costs of $6.0 million related to the credit agreement are being amortized over the life of the credit agreement. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $4.4 million and $5.7 million, respectively, of deferred financing costs are included in other noncurrent assets in the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position.

## Short-term Debt

The following summarizes our short-term debt balances as of December 31:

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Notes drawn under revolving credit facility</td><td>$     350.0</td><td>$     650.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Term loan - current maturities</td><td>56.3</td><td></td><td>50.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total short-term debt</td><td>$     406.3</td><td>$     700.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

We have classified debt outstanding under our revolving credit facility as a short-term obligation on our consolidated statement of financial position. While the revolving credit facility has a contractual term beyond one year, it requires an execution of a note for each borrowing under the facility and such notes are each less than one year in duration. In addition, management does not intend to continuously replace the notes executed under the revolving credit facility for a continuous period that extends beyond one year.

## Long-term Debt

The following summarizes our long-term debt balances as of December 31:

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Term loan, due 2019</td><td>$     937.5</td><td>$     987.5</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Less: current maturities</td><td>(56.3)</td><td></td><td>(50.0)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt, net of current maturities</td><td>$     881.2</td><td>$     937.5</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>



The following represents the schedule of maturities of long-term debt:

<table><tr><td>Year</td><td>Amounts</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>56.3</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>81.2</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>700.0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$ 937.5</td></tr></table>

## Note 8 — Income Taxes

Income before provision for income taxes shown below is based on the geographic location to which such income is attributed for years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>$     738.5</td><td>$     589.2</td><td>$     540.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign</td><td>1,425.1</td><td>1,334.8</td><td>1,147.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income before provision for income taxes</td><td>$     2,163.6</td><td>$     1,924.0</td><td>$     1,687.9</td><td></td></tr></table>

The provision for income taxes consists of the following components for the years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Current:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Federal and state</td><td>$     351.8</td><td>$     260.2</td><td>$     270.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign</td><td>314.3</td><td>324.1</td><td>277.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total current</td><td>666.1</td><td>584.3</td><td>547.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Federal and state</td><td>(58.1)</td><td>(20.2)</td><td>(37.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign</td><td>(68.0)</td><td>(79.4)</td><td>(51.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total deferred</td><td>(126.1)</td><td>(99.6)</td><td>(88.2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total provision for income taxes</td><td>$     540.0</td><td>$     484.7</td><td>$     459.3</td><td></td></tr></table>

The reconciliation between our effective income tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory rate were as follows for the years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td rowspan="2">%</td><td rowspan="2">2014</td><td rowspan="2">%</td><td rowspan="2">2013</td><td rowspan="2">%</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td>Tax expense, at U.S. federal statutory rate</td><td>$     757.3</td><td>35.0</td><td>$     673.4</td><td>35.0</td><td>$     590.8</td><td>35.0</td></tr><tr><td>State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit</td><td>42.4</td><td>2.0</td><td>34.5</td><td>1.8</td><td>33.1</td><td>2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Non-taxable income for Indian tax purposes</td><td>(201.4)</td><td>(9.3)</td><td>(183.0)</td><td>(9.5)</td><td>(146.3)</td><td>(8.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Rate differential on foreign earnings</td><td>(34.0)</td><td>(1.6)</td><td>(31.8)</td><td>(1.7)</td><td>(24.6)</td><td>(1.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>(24.3)</td><td>(1.1)</td><td>(8.4)</td><td>(0.4)</td><td>6.3</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td>Total provision for income taxes</td><td>$     540.0</td><td>25.0</td><td>$     484.7</td><td>25.2</td><td>$     459.3</td><td>27.2</td></tr></table>



The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position were as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income tax assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net operating losses</td><td>$     5.9</td><td>$     10.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Revenue recognition</td><td>72.1</td><td>56.5</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compensation and benefits</td><td>194.0</td><td>145.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stock-based compensation</td><td>26.1</td><td>22.5</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minimum alternative tax (MAT) and other credits</td><td>219.1</td><td>184.2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other accrued expenses</td><td>110.6</td><td>101.7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>2.9</td><td>15.1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>630.7</td><td>535.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Less: valuation allowance</td><td>(10.4)</td><td>(11.4)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income tax assets, net</td><td>620.3</td><td>524.2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income tax liabilities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization</td><td>23.9</td><td>21.2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Intangible assets</td><td>251.9</td><td>280.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deferred income tax liabilities</td><td>275.8</td><td>301.8</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net deferred income tax assets</td><td>$     344.5</td><td>$     222.4</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

In the table above, certain unrecognized income tax benefits have been netted against available same-jurisdiction deferred income tax carryforward assets.

At December 31, 2015, we had foreign and U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $6.1 million and $8.5 million, respectively. We have recorded valuation allowances on certain foreign net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, deferred income tax assets related to the minimum alternative tax, or MAT, were approximately $252.3 million and $218.5 million, respectively. The calculation of the MAT includes all profits realized by our Indian subsidiaries and any MAT paid is creditable against future corporate income tax, subject to certain limitations. Our existing MAT assets expire between March 2018 and March 2026 and we expect to fully utilize them within the applicable 10-year expiration periods.

Our Indian subsidiaries, collectively referred to as Cognizant India, are primarily export-oriented and are eligible for certain income tax holiday benefits granted by the government of India for export activities conducted within Special Economic Zones, or SEZs, for periods of up to 15 years. Our SEZ income tax holiday benefits are currently scheduled to expire in whole or in part during the years 2016 to 2025 and may be extended on a limited basis for an additional five years per unit if certain reinvestment criteria are met. Our Indian profits ineligible for SEZ benefits are subject to corporate income tax at the rate of 34.6%. In addition, all Indian profits, including those generated within SEZs, are subject to the MAT, at the rate of 21.3%. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the effect of the income tax holidays granted by the Indian government was to reduce the overall income tax provision and increase net income by approximately $201.4 million, $183.0 million and $146.3 million, respectively, and increase diluted EPS by $0.33, $0.30 and $0.24, respectively.

We pursue an international strategy that includes expanded infrastructure investments in India and geographic expansion outside the United States. Therefore, other than foreign earnings for which we have already accrued U.S. taxes, we do not intend to repatriate our foreign earnings as such earnings are deemed to be indefinitely reinvested outside the United States. As of December 31, 2015, the amount of unrepatriated Indian earnings and total foreign earnings (including unrepatriated Indian earnings) upon which no incremental U.S. taxes have been recorded is approximately $6,671.0 million and $7,495.0 million, respectively. If such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, we will accrue the applicable amount of taxes associated with such earnings at that time. Due to the various methods by which such earnings could be repatriated in the future, it is not practicable to determine the amount of applicable taxes that would result from such repatriation.

We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in the U.S., including federal and state, as well as various foreign jurisdictions. Tax years that remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service are 2012 and onward, and years that remain subject to examination by state authorities vary by state. Years under examination by foreign tax authorities are 2001 and onward. We record incremental tax expense, based upon the more-likely-than-not standard, for any uncertain tax



positions. In addition, when applicable, we adjust the previously recorded income tax expense to reflect examination results when the position is effectively settled or otherwise resolved. Our ongoing evaluations of the more-likely-than-not outcomes of the examinations and related tax positions require judgment and can result in adjustments that increase or decrease our effective income tax rate, as well as impact our operating results. The specific timing of when the resolution of each tax position will be reached is uncertain.

Changes in unrecognized income tax benefits were as follows for the years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, beginning of year</td><td>$     135.6</td><td>$     96.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Additions based on tax positions related to the current year</td><td>20.7</td><td>7.8</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Additions for tax positions of prior years</td><td>6.5</td><td>5.9</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Additions for tax positions of acquired subsidiaries</td><td>—</td><td>29.2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reductions for tax positions due to lapse of statutes of limitations</td><td>(23.1)</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reductions for tax positions of prior years</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Settlements</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency exchange movement</td><td>(1.0)</td><td>(3.9)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Balance, end of year</td><td>$     138.7</td><td>$     135.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

At December 31, 2015, the entire balance of unrecognized income tax benefits would affect our effective income tax rate, if recognized. While the Company believes uncertain tax positions may be settled or resolved within the next twelve months, it is difficult to estimate the income tax impact of these potential resolutions at this time. We recognize accrued interest and any penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of our provision for income taxes. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $11.3 million and $11.2 million, respectively, and relates to U.S. and foreign tax matters. The amounts of interest and penalties expensed in 2015, 2014 and 2013 were immaterial.

## Note 9 — Derivative Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, we use foreign exchange forward contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk. The estimated fair value of the foreign exchange forward contracts considers the following items: discount rate, timing and amount of cash flow and counterparty credit risk. Derivatives may give rise to credit risks from the possible non-performance by counterparties. Credit risk is generally limited to the fair value of those contracts that are favorable to us. We have limited our credit risk by entering into derivative transactions only with highly-rated global financial institutions, limiting the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution and conducting ongoing evaluation of the creditworthiness of the financial institutions with which we do business. In addition, all the assets and liabilities related to our foreign exchange forward contracts set forth in the below table are subject to International Swaps and Derivatives Association, or ISDA, master netting arrangements or other similar agreements with each individual counterparty. These master netting arrangements generally provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with the counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event. We have presented all the assets and liabilities related to our foreign exchange forward contracts on a gross basis, with no offsets, in our accompanying consolidated statements of financial position. There is no financial collateral (including cash collateral) posted or received by us related to our foreign exchange forward contracts.



The following table provides information on the location and fair values of derivative financial instruments included in our consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">Designation of Derivatives</td><td rowspan="2">Location on Statement of Financial Position</td><td colspan="3">2015</td><td colspan="3">2014</td></tr><tr><td>Assets</td><td>Liabilities</td><td>Assets</td><td>Liabilities</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cash Flow Hedges - Designated as hedging instruments</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange forward contracts</td><td>Other current assets</td><td>$ 7.2</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 0.7</td><td>$ —</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Other noncurrent assets</td><td>1.6</td><td>—</td><td>3.9</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Accrued expenses and other current liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>9.7</td><td>—</td><td>97.2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Other noncurrent liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>13.5</td><td>—</td><td>10.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Total</td><td>8.8</td><td>23.2</td><td>4.6</td><td>107.2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other Derivatives - Not designated as hedging instruments</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange forward contracts</td><td>Other current assets</td><td>0.4</td><td>—</td><td>2.0</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Accrued expenses and other current liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>1.2</td><td>—</td><td>0.1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Total</td><td>0.4</td><td>1.2</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>$ 9.2</td><td>$ 24.4</td><td>$ 6.6</td><td>$ 107.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

## Cash Flow Hedges

We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These contracts are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future operating costs and are scheduled to mature each month during 2016, 2017 and 2018. Under these contracts, we purchase Indian rupees and sell U.S. dollars. The changes in fair value of these contracts are initially reported in the caption “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in our consolidated statements of financial position and are subsequently reclassified to earnings in the same period the hedge contract matures. As of December 31, 2015, we estimate that $2.0 million, net of tax, of the net losses related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months.

The notional value of our outstanding contracts by year of maturity and the net unrealized (loss) included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for such contracts were as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 1,320.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>1,215.0</td><td>720.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>900.0</td><td>420.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>330.0</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total notional value of contracts outstanding</td><td>$ 2,445.0</td><td>$ 2,460.0</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized (loss) included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes</td><td>$ (11.7)</td><td>$ (86.7)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Upon settlement or maturity of the cash flow hedge contracts, we record the related gain or loss, based on our designation at the commencement of the contract, with the hedged Indian rupee denominated expense reported within cost of revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses. Hedge ineffectiveness was immaterial for all periods presented.



The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax (losses) on our cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Decrease (Increase) in Derivative Losses Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (effective portion)</td><td colspan="2">Location of Net Derivative (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion)</td><td colspan="2">Net (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portio)</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td>Cash Flow Hedges - Designated as hedging instruments</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange forward contracts</td><td>$ 17.0</td><td>$ 115.7</td><td>Cost of revenues</td><td>$ (59.3)</td><td>$ (113.4)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>(11.9)</td><td>(23.2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Total</td><td>$ (71.2)</td><td>$ (136.6)</td><td></td></tr></table>

The activity related to the change in net unrealized (losses) on our cash flow hedges included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is presented in Note 11.

## Other Derivatives

We use foreign exchange forward contracts, which have not been designated as hedges, to hedge balance sheet exposure to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries. Contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2015 are schedule to mature in 2016. Realized gains or losses and changes in the estimated fair value of these derivative financial instruments are reported in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations.

Additional information related to our outstanding contracts is as follows as of December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">2015</td><td colspan="3">2014</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Notional</td><td>Market Value</td><td colspan="2">Notional</td><td>Market Value</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">Contracts to purchase U.S. dollars and sell:</td></tr><tr><td>Indian rupees</td><td>$</td><td>150.7</td><td>$</td><td>(0.6)</td><td>$</td><td>160.0</td></tr><tr><td>Euros</td><td></td><td>5.3</td><td></td><td>(0.1)</td><td></td><td>24.4</td></tr><tr><td>British pounds</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>17.9</td></tr><tr><td>Australian dollars</td><td></td><td>8.2</td><td></td><td>(0.1)</td><td></td><td>9.6</td></tr><tr><td>Canadian dollars</td><td></td><td>1.3</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>3.7</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>$ 165.5</td><td>$</td><td>(0.8)</td><td>$</td><td>215.6</td></tr></table>

The following table provides information on the location and amounts of realized and unrealized pre-tax gains and losses on our other derivative financial instruments for the year ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="2">Location of Net Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments</td><td colspan="2">Amount of Net Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Other Derivatives - Not designated as hedging instruments</td><td>Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange forward contracts</td><td></td><td>$</td><td>0.3</td><td>$ (3.9)</td></tr></table>

The related cash flow impacts of all of our derivative activities are reflected as cash flows from operating activities.



## Note 10 — Fair Value Measurements

We measure our cash equivalents, investments and foreign exchange forward contracts at fair value. The authoritative guidance defines fair value as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The authoritative guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that is intended to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions.

The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:

• Level 1 – Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

- Level 2 – Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and market-corroborated inputs which are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.

- Level 3 – Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable.

The following table summarizes our financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Level 1</td><td>Level 2</td><td>Level 3</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Cash equivalents:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Money market funds</td><td>$ 495.9</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 495.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total cash equivalents</td><td>495.9</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>495.9</td></tr><tr><td>Short-term investments:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Time deposits</td><td>—</td><td>809.5</td><td>—</td><td>809.5</td></tr><tr><td>Available-for-sale investment securities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities</td><td>463.7</td><td>63.4</td><td>—</td><td>527.1</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate and other debt securities</td><td>—</td><td>360.5</td><td>—</td><td>360.5</td></tr><tr><td>Certificates of deposit and commercial paper</td><td>—</td><td>754.0</td><td>—</td><td>754.0</td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>—</td><td>229.6</td><td>—</td><td>229.6</td></tr><tr><td>Municipal debt securities</td><td>—</td><td>121.3</td><td>—</td><td>121.3</td></tr><tr><td>Mutual funds</td><td>—</td><td>22.3</td><td>—</td><td>22.3</td></tr><tr><td>Total available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>463.7</td><td>1,551.1</td><td>—</td><td>2,014.8</td></tr><tr><td>Total short-term investments</td><td>463.7</td><td>2,360.6</td><td>—</td><td>2,824.3</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative financial instruments - foreign exchange forward contracts:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other current assets</td><td>—</td><td>7.6</td><td>—</td><td>7.6</td></tr><tr><td>Accrued expenses and other current liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>(10.9)</td><td>—</td><td>(10.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent assets</td><td>—</td><td>1.6</td><td>—</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>(13.5)</td><td>—</td><td>(13.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 959.6</td><td>$ 2,345.4</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 3,305.0</td></tr></table>



The following table summarizes our financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2014:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Level 1</td><td>Level 2</td><td>Level 3</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Cash equivalents:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Money market funds</td><td>$ 176.5</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 176.5</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial paper</td><td>—</td><td>7.4</td><td>—</td><td>7.4</td></tr><tr><td>Total cash equivalents</td><td>176.5</td><td>7.4</td><td>—</td><td>183.9</td></tr><tr><td>Short-term investments:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Time deposits</td><td>—</td><td>501.9</td><td>—</td><td>501.9</td></tr><tr><td>Available-for-sale investment securities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities</td><td>426.8</td><td>117.9</td><td>—</td><td>544.7</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate and other debt securities</td><td>—</td><td>358.6</td><td>—</td><td>358.6</td></tr><tr><td>Certificates of deposit and commercial paper</td><td>—</td><td>4.6</td><td>—</td><td>4.6</td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>—</td><td>220.1</td><td>—</td><td>220.1</td></tr><tr><td>Municipal debt securities</td><td>—</td><td>112.8</td><td>—</td><td>112.8</td></tr><tr><td>Mutual funds</td><td>—</td><td>21.9</td><td>—</td><td>21.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total available-for-sale investment securities</td><td>426.8</td><td>835.9</td><td>—</td><td>1,262.7</td></tr><tr><td>Total short-term investments</td><td>426.8</td><td>1,337.8</td><td>—</td><td>1,764.6</td></tr><tr><td>Derivative financial instruments - foreign exchange forward contracts:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other current assets</td><td>—</td><td>2.7</td><td>—</td><td>2.7</td></tr><tr><td>Accrued expenses and other current liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>(97.3)</td><td>—</td><td>(97.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent assets</td><td>—</td><td>3.9</td><td>—</td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><td>Other noncurrent liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>(10.0)</td><td>—</td><td>(10.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 603.3</td><td>$ 1,244.5</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 1,847.8</td></tr></table>

We measure the fair value of money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and therefore classify these assets as Level 1. The fair value of commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. government agency securities, municipal debt securities, U.S. and international corporate bonds and foreign government debt securities is measured based on relevant trade data, dealer quotes, or model driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data, such as yield curves and credit spreads. We measure the fair value of our asset-backed securities using model driven valuations based on significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as dealer quotes, available trade information, spread data, current market assumptions on prepayment speeds and defaults and historical data on deal collateral performance. The value of the mutual funds invested in fixed income securities is based on the net asset value, or NAV, of the fund, with appropriate consideration of the liquidity and any restrictions on disposition of our investment in the fund. The carrying value of the time deposits approximated fair value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange forward contract by using a present value of expected cash flows model. This model calculates the difference between the current market forward price and the contracted forward price for each foreign exchange contract and applies the difference in the rates to each outstanding contract. The market forward rates include a discount and credit risk factor. The amounts are aggregated by type of contract and maturity.

During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, there were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 financial assets and liabilities.



## Note 11—Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2015:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4">2015</td></tr><tr><td>Before Tax Amount</td><td>Tax Effect</td><td>Net of Tax Amount</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ (34.8)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (34.8)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Change in foreign currency translation adjustments</td><td>(55.1)</td><td>—</td><td>(55.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (89.9)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (89.9)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized (losses) on available-for-sale investment securities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ (2.4)</td><td>$ 0.8</td><td>$ (1.6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized (losses) arising during the period</td><td>(3.5)</td><td>0.8</td><td>(2.7)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reclassification of net (gains) to Other, net</td><td>(0.9)</td><td>0.6</td><td>(0.3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>(4.4)</td><td>1.4</td><td>(3.0)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (6.8)</td><td>$ 2.2</td><td>$ (4.6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized (losses) on cash flow hedges:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ (102.6)</td><td>$ 15.9</td><td>$ (86.7)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized gains arising during the period</td><td>17.0</td><td>(0.3)</td><td>16.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reclassifications of losses to:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues</td><td>59.3</td><td>(10.8)</td><td>48.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>11.9</td><td>(2.1)</td><td>9.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>88.2</td><td>(13.2)</td><td>75.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (14.4)</td><td>$ 2.7</td><td>$ (11.7)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ (139.8)</td><td>$ 16.7</td><td>$ (123.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income (loss)</td><td>28.7</td><td>(11.8)</td><td>16.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (111.1)</td><td>$ 4.9</td><td>$ (106.2)</td><td></td></tr></table>



Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="3">2014</td><td colspan="3">2013</td></tr><tr><td>Before Tax Amount</td><td>Tax Effect</td><td>Net of Tax Amount</td><td>Before Tax Amount</td><td>Tax Effect</td><td>Net of Tax Amount</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="6">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency translation adjustments:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ 24.0</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 24.0</td><td>$ 11.5</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 11.5</td></tr><tr><td>Change in foreign currency translation adjustments</td><td>(58.8)</td><td>—</td><td>(58.8)</td><td>12.5</td><td>—</td><td>12.5</td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (34.8)</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ (34.8)</td><td>$ 24.0</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 24.0</td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale investment securities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ (0.5)</td><td>$ 0.2</td><td>$ (0.3)</td><td>$ 2.5</td><td>$ (0.9)</td><td>$ 1.6</td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized (losses) arising during the period</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>—</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>(1.7)</td><td>0.6</td><td>(1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Reclassification of net (gains) to Other, net</td><td>(1.8)</td><td>0.6</td><td>(1.2)</td><td>(1.3)</td><td>0.5</td><td>(0.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>(1.9)</td><td>0.6</td><td>(1.3)</td><td>(3.0)</td><td>1.1</td><td>(1.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (2.4)</td><td>$ 0.8</td><td>$ (1.6)</td><td>$ (0.5)</td><td>$ 0.2</td><td>$ (0.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized (losses) on cash flow hedges:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ (354.9)</td><td>$ 54.9</td><td>$ (300.0)</td><td>$ (296.6)</td><td>$ 43.8</td><td>$ (252.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period</td><td>115.7</td><td>(17.9)</td><td>97.8</td><td>(221.3)</td><td>36.2</td><td>(185.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Reclassifications of net losses to:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues</td><td>113.4</td><td>(17.5)</td><td>95.9</td><td>135.0</td><td>(20.8)</td><td>114.2</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>23.2</td><td>(3.6)</td><td>19.6</td><td>28.0</td><td>(4.3)</td><td>23.7</td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>252.3</td><td>(39.0)</td><td>213.3</td><td>(58.3)</td><td>11.1</td><td>(47.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (102.6)</td><td>$ 15.9</td><td>$ (86.7)</td><td>$ (354.9)</td><td>$ 54.9</td><td>$ (300.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ (331.4)</td><td>$ 55.1</td><td>$ (276.3)</td><td>$ (282.6)</td><td>$ 42.9</td><td>$ (239.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Other comprehensive income (loss)</td><td>191.6</td><td>(38.4)</td><td>153.2</td><td>(48.8)</td><td>12.2</td><td>(36.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance</td><td>$ (139.8)</td><td>$ 16.7</td><td>$ (123.1)</td><td>$ (331.4)</td><td>$ 55.1</td><td>$ (276.3)</td></tr></table>



## Note 12 — Commitments and Contingencies

We lease office space and equipment under operating leases, which expire at various dates through the year 2027. Certain leases contain renewal provisions and generally require us to pay utilities, insurance, taxes, and other operating expenses. Future minimum rental payments on our operating leases as of December 31, 2015 are as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Operating lease obligation</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>$     134.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>117.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>95.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>86.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>68.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thereafter</td><td>164.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total minimum lease payments</td><td>$     666.7</td><td></td></tr></table>

Rental expense totaled $212.3 million, $190.9 million and $166.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Future minimum rental payments on our capital leases as of December 31, 2015 are as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Capital lease obligation</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>$     5.4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>4.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>4.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>4.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>3.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thereafter</td><td>31.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total minimum lease payments</td><td>54.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest</td><td>(14.6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Present value of minimum lease payments</td><td>$     40.2</td><td></td></tr></table>

As of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding fixed capital commitments of approximately $76.4 million related to our India real estate development program to build new Company-owned state-of-the-art IT development and delivery centers.

We are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. In the opinion of management, the outcome of any existing claims and legal or regulatory proceedings, if decided adversely, is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our customers' business and provide benefits that are difficult to quantify. Any failure in a customer's systems or our failure to meet our contractual obligations to our clients, including any breach involving a customer's confidential information or sensitive data, or our obligations under applicable laws or regulations could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering our services, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability set forth in our contracts will be enforceable in all instances or will otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Although we have general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for errors or omissions, there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover all types of claims, continue to be available on reasonable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.



In the normal course of business and in conjunction with certain client engagements, we have entered into contractual arrangements through which we may be obligated to indemnify clients or other parties with whom we conduct business with respect to certain matters. These arrangements can include provisions whereby we agree to hold the indemnified party and certain of their affiliated entities harmless with respect to third-party claims related to such matters as our breach of certain representations or covenants, or out of our intellectual property infringement, our gross negligence or willful misconduct or certain other claims made against certain parties. Payments by us under any of these arrangements are generally conditioned on the client making a claim and providing us with full control over the defense and settlement of such claim. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount of loss under these indemnification agreements due to the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, we have not made payments under these indemnification agreements and therefore they have not had any impact on our operating results, financial position, or cash flows. However, if events arise requiring us to make payment for indemnification claims under our indemnification obligations in contracts we have entered, such payments could have material adverse impacts on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

## Note 13 — Employee Benefits

We contribute to defined contribution plans in the United States and Europe, including 401(k) savings and supplemental retirement plans in the United States. Total expenses for Company contributions to these plans were $62.0 million, $45.1 million and $34.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

We maintain employee benefit plans that cover substantially all India-based employees. The employees’ provident fund, pension and family pension plans are statutorily defined contribution retirement benefit plans. Under the plans, employees contribute up to 12% of their base compensation, which is matched by an equal contribution by the Company. For these plans, we recognized a contribution expense of $71.4 million, $63.4 million and $56.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

We also maintain a gratuity plan in India that is a statutory post-employment benefit plan providing defined lump sum benefits. We make annual contributions to the employees' gratuity fund established with a government-owned insurance corporation to fund a portion of the estimated obligation. Accordingly, our liability for the gratuity plan reflects the undiscounted benefit obligation payable as of the balance sheet date which was based upon the employees' salary and years of service. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the amount accrued under the gratuity plan was $98.2 million and $90.8 million, which is net of fund assets of $77.6 million and $66.7 million, respectively. Expense recognized by us was $30.0 million, $36.4 million and $31.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

## Note 14 — Stock-Based Compensation Plans

On June 5, 2009, our stockholders approved the adoption of the Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan (as amended and restated, the "2009 Incentive Plan"). Under the 2009 Incentive Plan, 48.0 million shares of our Class A common stock were reserved for issuance. The 2009 Incentive Plan is the successor plan to our Amended and Restated 1999 Incentive Compensation Plan which terminated on April 13, 2009 in accordance with its terms, our Amended and Restated Non-Employee Directors' Stock Option Plan and our Amended and Restated Key Employees' Stock Option Plan which terminated in July 2009 (collectively, the "Predecessor Plans"). The 2009 Incentive Plan will not affect any options or stock issuances outstanding under the Predecessor Plans. No further awards will be made under the Predecessor Plans. As of December 31, 2015, we have 12.9 million shares available for grant under the 2009 Incentive Plan.

Stock options granted to employees under our plans have a life ranging from seven to ten years, vest proportionally over four years, unless specified otherwise, and have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Grants to non-employee directors vest proportionally over two years. Stock-based compensation expense relating to stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Restricted stock units vest proportionately in quarterly or annual installments over three to four years. Stock-based compensation expense relating to restricted stock units is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

We granted performance stock units that vest over periods ranging from one to three years to employees, including our executive officers. The vesting of performance stock units is contingent on both meeting certain financial performance targets and continued service. Stock-based compensation costs for performance stock units that vest proportionally are recognized on a graded-vesting basis over the vesting period based on the most probable outcome of the performance conditions. If the minimum performance targets are not met, no compensation cost is recognized and any recognized compensation cost is reversed.



The Company’s 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Purchase Plan”), as amended in 2013, provides for the issuance of up to 28.0 million shares of Class A common stock to eligible employees. The Purchase Plan provides for eligible employees to purchase whole shares of Class A common stock at a price of 90% of the lesser of: (a) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the first date of the purchase period or (b) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the last date of the purchase period. Stock-based compensation expense for the Purchase Plan is recognized over the vesting period of three months on a straight-line basis. As of December 31, 2015, we had 8.2 million shares available for future grants and issuances under the Purchase Plan.

The allocation of total stock-based compensation expense between cost of revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses as well as the related income tax benefit were as follows for the three years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues</td><td>$ 39.5</td><td>$ 26.8</td><td>$ 19.1</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>152.5</td><td>108.0</td><td>99.7</td></tr><tr><td>Total stock-based compensation expense</td><td>$ 192.0</td><td>$ 134.8</td><td>$ 118.8</td></tr><tr><td>Income tax benefit</td><td>$ 46.2</td><td>$ 31.4</td><td>$ 29.4</td></tr></table>

We estimate the fair value of each stock option granted using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, expected volatility was calculated using implied market volatilities. In addition, the expected term, which represents the period of time, measured from the grant date, that vested options are expected to be outstanding, was derived by incorporating exercise and post-vest termination assumptions, based on historical data, in a Monte Carlo simulation model. The risk-free rate is derived from the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. We have not paid any dividends. Forfeiture assumptions used to recognize stock-based compensation expense are based on an analysis of historical data.

The fair values of option grants, including the Purchase Plan, were estimated at the date of grant during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 based upon the following assumptions and were as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td></tr><tr><td>Dividend yield</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average volatility factor:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stock options</td><td>28.11%</td><td>28.74%</td><td>33.47%</td></tr><tr><td>Purchase Plan</td><td>25.78%</td><td>24.86%</td><td>29.17%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average expected life (in years):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stock options</td><td>4.29</td><td>3.92</td><td>3.82</td></tr><tr><td>Purchase Plan</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.25</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average risk-free interest rate:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stock options</td><td>1.41%</td><td>1.25%</td><td>0.73%</td></tr><tr><td>Purchase Plan</td><td>0.12%</td><td>0.02%</td><td>0.05%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted average grant date fair value:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stock options</td><td>$ 16.53</td><td>$ 11.81</td><td>$ 8.65</td></tr><tr><td>Purchase Plan</td><td>$ 9.04</td><td>$ 7.29</td><td>$ 5.87</td></tr></table>

During the year ended December 31, 2015, we issued 2.1 million shares of Class A common stock under the Purchase Plan with a total vested fair value of approximately $19.2 million.



A summary of the activity for stock options granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Number of Options (in millions)</td><td>Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars)</td><td>Weighted Average Remaining Life (in years)</td><td>Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Outstanding at January 1, 2015</td><td>5.4</td><td>17.84</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Granted</td><td>0.1</td><td>65.38</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Exercised</td><td>(1.3)</td><td>15.76</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cancelled</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Expired</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Outstanding at December 31, 2015</td><td>4.2</td><td>19.09</td><td>1.75</td><td>170.8</td></tr><tr><td>Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2015</td><td>4.2</td><td>19.02</td><td>1.75</td><td>170.8</td></tr><tr><td>Exercisable at December 31, 2015</td><td>4.1</td><td>18.22</td><td>1.66</td><td>170.4</td></tr></table>

As of December 31, 2015, $0.8 million of total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to stock options is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of one year. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $58.5 million, $58.3 million and $137.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The fair value of performance stock units and restricted stock units is determined based on the number of stock units granted and the quoted price of our stock at date of grant.

A summary of the activity for performance stock units granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year then ended is presented below. The presentation reflects the number of performance stock units at the maximum performance milestones.

<table><tr><td></td><td>Number of Units (in millions)</td><td>Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars)</td></tr><tr><td>Unvested at January 1, 2015</td><td>3.6</td><td>47.42</td></tr><tr><td>Granted</td><td>0.7</td><td>64.39</td></tr><tr><td>Vested</td><td>(1.2)</td><td>37.69</td></tr><tr><td>Forfeited</td><td>(0.1)</td><td>47.67</td></tr><tr><td>Reduction due to the achievement of lower than maximum performance milestones</td><td>(0.5)</td><td>54.30</td></tr><tr><td>Unvested at December 31, 2015</td><td>2.5</td><td>55.69</td></tr></table>

As of December 31, 2015, $55.0 million of total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to performance stock units is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.83 years.

A summary of the activity for restricted stock units granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:

<table><tr><td></td><td>Number of Units (in millions)</td><td>Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars)</td></tr><tr><td>Unvested at January 1, 2015</td><td>5.4</td><td>48.73</td></tr><tr><td>Granted</td><td>2.0</td><td>63.25</td></tr><tr><td>Vested</td><td>(2.3)</td><td>47.15</td></tr><tr><td>Forfeited</td><td>(0.4)</td><td>50.97</td></tr><tr><td>Unvested at December 31, 2015</td><td>4.7</td><td>55.50</td></tr></table>

As of December 31, 2015, $219.1 million of total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to restricted stock units is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 2.01 years.



## Note 15 — Segment Information

Our reportable segments are:

- Financial Services, which includes customers providing banking/transaction processing, capital markets and insurance services;

- Healthcare, which includes healthcare providers and payers as well as life sciences customers, including pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies;

- Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics, which includes manufacturers, retailers, travel and other hospitality customers, as well as customers providing logistics services; and

- Other, which is an aggregation of industry segments each of which, individually, represents less than 10% of consolidated revenues and segment operating profit. The Other reportable segment includes our information, media and entertainment services, communications and high technology operating segments.

Our sales managers, account executives, account managers and project teams are aligned in accordance with the specific industries they serve.

Our chief operating decision maker evaluates the Company’s performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as income from operations before unallocated costs. Generally, operating expenses for each operating segment have similar characteristics and are subject to the same factors, pressures and challenges. However, the economic environment and its effects on industries served by our operating segments may affect revenue and operating expenses to differing degrees. Expenses included in segment operating profit consist principally of direct selling and delivery costs as well as a per seat charge for use of the development and delivery centers. Certain selling, general and administrative expenses, excess or shortfall of incentive compensation for delivery personnel as compared to target, stock-based compensation expense, a portion of depreciation and amortization and the impact of the settlements of our cash flow hedges are not allocated to individual segments in internal management reports used by the chief operating decision maker. Accordingly, such expenses are excluded from segment operating profit and are separately disclosed as “unallocated” and adjusted only against our total income from operations. Additionally, management has determined that it is not practical to allocate identifiable assets by segment, since such assets are used interchangeably among the segments.

Revenues from external customers and segment operating profit, before unallocated expenses, for the Financial Services, Healthcare, Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics, and Other reportable segments were as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td colspan="2">2014</td><td colspan="2">2013</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Financial Services</td><td>$     5,002.9</td><td>$     4,285.6</td><td>$     3,717.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Healthcare</td><td>3,667.5</td><td>2,689.4</td><td>2,264.8</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics</td><td>2,343.9</td><td>2,093.6</td><td>1,868.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>1,401.7</td><td>1,194.1</td><td>992.5</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>$     12,416.0</td><td>$     10,262.7</td><td>$     8,843.2</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Segment Operating Profit:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Financial Services</td><td>$     1,641.9</td><td>$     1,320.1</td><td>$     1,212.1</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Healthcare</td><td>1,200.0</td><td>851.0</td><td>829.9</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manufacturing/Retail/Logistics</td><td>802.7</td><td>685.7</td><td>630.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>453.7</td><td>391.9</td><td>318.3</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total segment operating profit</td><td>4,098.3</td><td>3,248.7</td><td>2,990.6</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Less: unallocated costs</td><td>1,956.3</td><td>1,363.8</td><td>1,312.7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>$     2,142.0</td><td>$     1,884.9</td><td>$     1,677.9</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>



## Geographic Area Information

Revenue and long-lived assets, by geographic area, were as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues: (1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>North America (2)</td><td>$ 9,759.4</td><td>$ 7,879.8</td><td>$ 6,860.1</td></tr><tr><td>Europe (3)</td><td>2,008.2</td><td>1,883.6</td><td>1,579.2</td></tr><tr><td>Rest of World (4)</td><td>648.4</td><td>499.3</td><td>403.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td>$ 8,843.2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Long-lived Assets: (5)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>North America (2)</td><td>$ 242.4</td><td>$ 188.3</td><td>$ 48.4</td></tr><tr><td>Europe</td><td>32.2</td><td>29.8</td><td>22.7</td></tr><tr><td>Rest of World (4)(6)</td><td>996.8</td><td>1,029.1</td><td>1,010.1</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$ 1,271.4</td><td>$ 1,247.2</td><td>$ 1,081.2</td></tr></table>

(1) Revenues are attributed to regions based upon customer location.

(2) Substantially all relates to operations in the United States.

(3) Includes revenue from operations in the United Kingdom of $1,188.5 million, $1,099.2 million and $942.6 million for the years ended 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

(4) Includes our operations in Asia Pacific, the Middle East and Latin America.

(5) Long-lived assets include property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization.

(6) Substantially all of these long-lived assets relate to our operations in India.



## Note 16 — Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Summarized quarterly results for the two years ended December 31, 2015 are as follows:

<table><tr><td rowspan="3">2015</td><td colspan="6">Three Months Ended</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">March 31</td><td>June 30</td><td>September 30</td><td>December 31</td><td>Full Year</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">(in millions, except per share data)</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues</td><td>$ 2,911.4</td><td>$ 3,085.1</td><td>$ 3,187.0</td><td>$ 3,232.5</td><td>$ 12,416.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown separately below)</td><td>1,727.2</td><td>1,844.8</td><td>1,934.6</td><td>1,933.6</td><td>7,440.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>610.8</td><td>612.0</td><td>627.1</td><td>658.7</td><td>2,508.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization expense</td><td>73.1</td><td>82.8</td><td>82.5</td><td>86.8</td><td>325.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>500.3</td><td>545.5</td><td>542.8</td><td>553.4</td><td>2,142.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>382.9</td><td>420.1</td><td>397.2</td><td>423.4</td><td>1,623.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic EPS \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>$ 0.63</td><td>$ 0.69</td><td>$ 0.65</td><td>$ 0.70</td><td>$ 2.67</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diluted EPS \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>$ 0.62</td><td>$ 0.68</td><td>$ 0.65</td><td>$ 0.69</td><td>$ 2.65</td><td></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td rowspan="3">2014</td><td colspan="6">Three Months Ended</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">March 31</td><td>June 30</td><td>September 30</td><td>December 31</td><td>Full Year</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">(in millions, except per share data)</td></tr><tr><td>Revenues</td><td>$ 2,422.3</td><td>$ 2,517.1</td><td>$ 2,581.0</td><td>$ 2,742.3</td><td>$ 10,262.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown separately below)</td><td>1,432.4</td><td>1,499.5</td><td>1,569.8</td><td>1,639.4</td><td>6,141.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>485.4</td><td>482.9</td><td>506.0</td><td>562.7</td><td>2,037.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization expense</td><td>44.5</td><td>46.7</td><td>47.7</td><td>60.8</td><td>199.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>460.0</td><td>488.0</td><td>457.5</td><td>479.4</td><td>1,884.9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>348.9</td><td>371.9</td><td>355.6</td><td>362.9</td><td>1,439.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic EPS \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>$ 0.57</td><td>$ 0.61</td><td>$ 0.58</td><td>$ 0.60</td><td>$ 2.37</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diluted EPS \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>$ 0.57</td><td>$ 0.61</td><td>$ 0.58</td><td>$ 0.59</td><td>$ 2.35</td><td></td></tr></table>

 \( ^{(1)} \)  The sum of the quarterly basic and diluted EPS for each of the four quarters may not equal the EPS for the year due to rounding.



## Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
For the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
(in millions)

<table><tr><td>Description</td><td>Balance at Beginning of Period</td><td>Charged to Costs and Expenses</td><td>Charged to Other Accounts \( ^{(1)} \)</td><td>Deductions /Other</td><td>Balance at End of Period</td></tr><tr><td>Trade accounts receivable allowance for doubtful accounts:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>$ 36.9</td><td>$ 10.2</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 8.1</td><td>$ 39.0</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>$ 26.8</td><td>$ 4.7</td><td>$ 6.2</td><td>$ 0.8</td><td>$ 36.9</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>$ 25.8</td><td>$ 3.6</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 2.6</td><td>$ 26.8</td></tr><tr><td>Warranty accrual:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>$ 21.2</td><td>$ 27.6</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 25.1</td><td>$ 23.7</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>$ 17.7</td><td>$ 24.9</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 21.4</td><td>$ 21.2</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>$ 14.8</td><td>$ 20.3</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 17.4</td><td>$ 17.7</td></tr><tr><td>Valuation allowance—deferred income tax assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>$ 11.4</td><td>$ 3.3</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 4.3</td><td>$ 10.4</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>$ 5.7</td><td>$ 0.2</td><td>$ 5.6</td><td>$ 0.1</td><td>$ 11.4</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>$ 6.3</td><td>$ 4.0</td><td>$ —</td><td>$ 4.6</td><td>$ 5.7</td></tr></table>

(1) Amounts relate to material acquisitions.






## CERTIFICATION

I, Francisco D'Souza, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 25, 2016

/s/ Francisco D'Souza

Francisco D'Souza

Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)



## CERTIFICATION

I, Karen McLoughlin, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 25, 2016

/s/ Karen McLoughlin

Karen McLoughlin

Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)



# CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002*

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (the "Company") for the period ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned, Francisco D'Souza, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: February 25, 2016

/s/ Francisco D'Souza

Francisco D'Souza

Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

* A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and will be retained by Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.



# CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002*

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (the "Company") for the period ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), the undersigned, Karen McLoughlin, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: February 25, 2016

/s/ Karen McLoughlin

Karen McLoughlin
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

* A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and will be retained by Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.









## DIRECTORS

John E. Klein \( ^{(1)} \)  \( ^{(2)} \)  \( ^{(3)} \) 
Chairman of the Board
Cognizant

President &
Chief Executive Officer
Polarex, Inc.

Lakshmi Narayanan
Vice Chairman of the Board
Cognizant

Zein Abdalla \( ^{(2)} \)  \( ^{(3)} \) 
Former President
PepsiCo, Inc.

Maureen Breakiron-Evans \( ^{(2)} \)  \( ^{(3)} \) 
Former Chief Financial Officer
Towers Perrin

Jonathan Chadwick \( ^{(2)} \) 
Former Chief Financial Officer
VMware, Inc.

Francisco D'Souza
Chief Executive Officer
Cognizant

John N. Fox, Jr. \( ^{(1)} \)  \( ^{(3)} \) 
Former Vice Chairman
Deloitte & Touche LLP

Leo S. Mackay, Jr. \( ^{(2)} \) 
Vice President
Lockheed Martin Corporation

Michael Patsalos-Fox \( ^{(1)} \)  \( ^{(3)} \) 
Chief Executive Officer
Stroz Friedberg

Robert E. Weissman \( ^{(1)} \)  \( ^{(3)} \) 
Chairman
Shelburne Investments

Thomas M. Wendel \( ^{(2)} \)  \( ^{(3)} \) 
Former Chief Executive Officer
Bridge Information Systems

BOARD COMMITTEES

 \( ^{1} \)  Compensation
 \( ^{2} \)  Audit
 \( ^{3} \)  Nominating and Corporate Governance

## EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Francisco D'Souza
Chief Executive Officer

Gordon J. Coburn
President

Malcolm Frank
Executive Vice President
Strategy and Marketing

Karen McLoughlin
Chief Financial Officer

Rajeev Mehta
Chief Executive Officer
IT Services

Steven Schwartz
Executive Vice President
Chief Legal and Corporate
Affairs Officer

Chandra Sekaran
Executive Vice Chairman
Cognizant India

Sridhar Thiruvengadam
Chief Operating Officer

EXECUTIVE OFFICES

Glenpointe Centre West
500 Frank W. Burr Blvd.
Teaneck, NJ 07666
Phone: 201.801.0233

FORM 10-K

A copy of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K is available without charge upon request by contacting Investor Relations at the address or phone number listed.

COMMON STOCK INFORMATION

The Company’s Class A Common Stock (CTSH) is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

## ANNUAL MEETING

The Company’s annual meeting of stockholders will be held at 9:30 am on Wednesday, June 15, 2016 at the Company’s headquarters:

Glenpointe Centre West
500 Frank W. Burr Blvd.
Teaneck, NJ 07666

LEGAL COUNSEL

Latham & Watkins LLP
885 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022-4834

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
300 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10017

TRANSFER AGENT

American Stock Transfer &
Trust Company, LLC
6201 15th Avenue
Brooklyn, NY 11219

INTERNET

Additional company information is available on the World Wide Web: www.cognizant.com

INVESTOR RELATIONS

Requests for financial information should be sent to:

David Nelson
Cognizant Technology Solutions
Glenpointe Centre West
500 Frank W. Burr Blvd.
Teaneck, NJ 07666
Phone: 201.801.0233



Cognizant

World Headquarters
500 Frank W. Burr Blvd.
Teaneck, NJ 07666

www.cognizant.com