ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: A scientist finds the bones of a dinosaur. What could help the scientist determine the approximate age of the dinosaur bones?
Answer: the index fossils in the area of the bones
Hypothesis: index fossils can be used to determine the approximate age of the fossils of the bones of dinosaurs
Supporting facts: sent1: index fossils can be used to determine the approximate age of other fossils in that area sent2: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent3: period is similar to amount of time sent4: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent5: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent6: age is a property of rocks sent7: classifying means grouping objects / materials by their properties sent8: to discover means to find sent9: a measurement is a kind of data sent10: age means the amount of time passed since something is formed sent11: discovering something usually requires seeing that something sent12: a bone is a part of some animals sent13: to help / to benefit means to be of use sent14: area is similar to location sent15: a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal sent16: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent17: scientists make observations sent18: locating means determining sent19: identifying is similar to determining sent20: size is a property of objects and includes ordered values of microscopic / tiny / small / medium / large sent21: an example of a fossil is the bones of an extinct animal sent22: the location of an object can be used to describe that object sent23: data means information sent24: if a fossil is of an organism that cannot be identified then that organism is probably extinct sent25: approximately means about
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a bone is a part of some animals [AND] a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal [AND] an example of a fossil is the bones of an extinct animal [INFER] int1: the bones of dinosaurs are an example of fossils [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] index fossils can be used to determine the approximate age of other fossils in that area [INFER] int2: index fossils can be used to determine the approximate age of the fossils of the bones of dinosaurs
Question: Index fossils help scientists estimate the age of a rock because index fossil species only existed for a relatively short time. What happened to the species that are now used as index fossils?
Answer: They became extinct.
Hypothesis: the species that form the index fossils are now extinct
Supporting facts: sent1: species means a group of like organisms sent2: a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal sent3: index fossils are formed from species that existed for a relatively short time sent4: if a species existed for a relatively short time then that species is now extinct sent5: variable means able to change sent6: an animal is a member of an animal species sent7: once-living means dead sent8: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent9: a rock is a kind of object sent10: calculating is similar to estimating sent11: data means information sent12: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent13: continuation of a species means survival of that species sent14: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent15: classifying means grouping objects / materials by their properties sent16: classifying is when one sorts something by kind / type sent17: age means the amount of time passed since something is formed sent18: to be used for something means to help to do that something sent19: a dinosaur is a kind of ancient organism sent20: die out means become extinct sent21: no longer means used to be sent22: a measure of time is a length of time sent23: period is similar to amount of time sent24: a type of something is a kind of property of that something sent25: to measure means to calculate
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] index fossils are formed from species that existed for a relatively short time [AND] if a species existed for a relatively short time then that species is now extinct [INFER] int1: the species that form the index fossils are now extinct
Question: Scientists dig in a dry area at the bottom of a mountain range. Fossilized shells of freshwater mussels are found in the area. Which is a likely conclusion that scientists will draw based on this evidence?
Answer: Rivers once flowed through the area.
Hypothesis: the mountain range was likely to be covered by a river
Supporting facts: sent1: the location of an object can be used to describe that object sent2: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place sent3: mountain top is a kind of location sent4: a freshwater mussel is a mussel lives in freshwater sent5: prehistoric means before 300000000 years ago sent6: a river usually contains freshwater sent7: fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth sent8: mountain area means mountain range sent9: once is similar to in the past sent10: to conclude means to make a conclusion sent11: a freshwater mussel is a kind of mussel sent12: fossils of shells of freshwater mussels are found in a mountain range sent13: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent14: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent15: a mussel is a kind of water animal sent16: shell is a part of a mussel sent17: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent18: place is synonymous with location sent19: a dry environment is low in availability of water sent20: to discover means to find sent21: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent22: a river is a kind of channel for water sent23: a mountain range is a kind of place sent24: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place sent25: area is similar to location
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a freshwater mussel is a kind of mussel [AND] shell is a part of a mussel [INFER] int1: shell  is a part of a freshwater mussel [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fossils of shells of freshwater mussels are found in a mountain range [INFER] int2: fossils of freshwater mussels are found in the mountain range [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a mussel is a kind of water animal [AND] a mountain range is a kind of place [AND] if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place [INFER] int3: the freshwater mussels used to live in the place where the mountain range is located [BECAUSE] a mussel is a kind of water animal [AND] a freshwater mussel is a mussel lives in freshwater [INFER] int4: a freshwater mussel is a kind of water animal that lives in freshwater [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: the mountain range used to be covered by freshwater [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] a river usually contains freshwater [INFER] int6: the mountain range was likely to be covered by a river
Question: Corals are animals that live in tropical oceans. Fossils of corals are found in Ohio. What does the presence of coral fossils suggest about how the environment of Ohio has changed over time?
Answer: Ohio was once covered by warm seas.
Hypothesis: ohio used to be covered in warm oceans in the past
Supporting facts: sent1: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent2: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent3: if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent4: a body of water is a kind of environment sent5: a tropical environment usually has warm temperatures sent6: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent7: under water means covered by water / in water sent8: warm means warm temperature sent9: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent10: something that contains water is similar to a body of water sent11: tropical is a kind of climate sent12: organisms can be found in their habitats sent13: marine is similar to water sent14: coral lives in tropical oceans sent15: fossils of corals are found in ohio sent16: fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth sent17: once means one time sent18: organisms are located on the surface of the earth sent19: a body of water contains water sent20: once is similar to in the past sent21: organisms lived in the water when they first appeared on earth sent22: coral is a kind of aquatic animal sent23: an environment means an area sent24: a coast is where land meets the edge of a body of water sent25: bodies of water are located on the surface of the earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a body of water is a kind of environment [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [INFER] int1: an ocean is a kind of environment [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a tropical environment usually has warm temperatures [INFER] int2: a tropical ocean usually has warm temperatures [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] coral lives in tropical oceans [INFER] int3: coral lives in warm oceans [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] coral is a kind of aquatic animal [INFER] int4: corals are aquatic animals that live in warm oceans [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [INFER] int5: if fossils of corals are found in a place then that place used to be covered by warm oceans in the past [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] fossils of corals are found in ohio [INFER] int6: ohio used to be covered in warm oceans in the past
Question: Which would best aid a scientist in discovering how Earth may have changed over time?
Answer: discovering a fossil of a seashell in a wooded area
Hypothesis: the place has changed from being covered by water to a wooded area
Supporting facts: sent1: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent2: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent3: fossils of seashells are found in a wooded area sent4: discovering something usually requires seeing that something sent5: ocean shell means seashell sent6: area is similar to location sent7: to discover means to find sent8: a part of a living thing is a natural structure sent9: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent10: a dinosaur is a kind of ancient organism sent11: earth is a kind of planet sent12: place is synonymous with location sent13: to discover means to make a discovery sent14: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent15: forest is synonymous with wooded area sent16: usually fossils are found in the ground sent17: an aquatic animal is a kind of animal sent18: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent19: an aquatic animal / aquatic plant requires great amounts of water to survive / thrive sent20: place means area sent21: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent22: a body of water contains water sent23: a wooded area is a kind of place sent24: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed sent25: objects in an environment are a part of that environment
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [AND] a wooded area is a kind of place [AND] fossils of seashells are found in a wooded area [INFER] int1: the wooded area used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something used to be in the past then that something has changed [INFER] int2: the place has changed from being covered by water to a wooded area
Question: Currently, Antarctica is the coldest and driest place on Earth. Paleontologists have found dinosaur fossils in rock layers below the ice. Based on this evidence, which is a reasonable conclusion about the climate of Antarctica in the past?
Answer: At some time in the past, Antarctica was much warmer and wetter.
Hypothesis: antarctica was not a cold environment when dinosaurs used to live in antarctica
Supporting facts: sent1: a layer of something is similar to the area of something sent2: once is similar to in the past sent3: an amphibian is cold-blooded sent4: cold-blooded animals cannot live in cold environments sent5: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent6: as temperature in the environment increases , the body temperature of a reptile in that environment will increase sent7: a reptile is a kind of vertebrate sent8: if water vapor is limited to reach a location , then that location will be dry sent9: a mammal is warm-blooded sent10: fossils of dinosaurs are found in antarctica sent11: a reptile is a kind of animal sent12: a reptile is cold-blooded sent13: decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing sent14: environments changing can cause layers of rock that are near each other or on top of each other to have different amounts of fossils / different kinds of rock sent15: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent16: cooler means colder sent17: cold temperatures usually have a negative impact on organisms sent18: the body of a warm-blooded animal is usually warm in temperature sent19: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent20: if fossils of an animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place sent21: place / location is synonymous with position sent22: temperature is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of cold / warm sent23: a dinosaur is a kind of reptile sent24: if evidence of glacial activity is found in an area that is not located in an arctic environment then the climate of that area must have gotten warmer over time sent25: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a reptile is a kind of animal [AND] a dinosaur is a kind of reptile [INFER] int1: a dinosaur is a kind of animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fossils of dinosaurs are found in antarctica [AND] if fossils of an animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place [INFER] int2: dinosaurs used to live in antarctica [BECAUSE] a reptile is cold-blooded [AND] a dinosaur is a kind of reptile [INFER] int3: dinosaurs are cold-blooded [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: dinosaurs are cold-blooded animals [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] cold-blooded animals cannot live in cold environments [INFER] int5: dinosaurs cannot live in cold environments [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: antarctica was not a cold environment when dinosaurs used to live in antarctica
Question: A researcher found shark fossils on top of a mountain. This evidence suggests which of the following about this region?
Answer: It was once covered by an ocean.
Hypothesis: the mountain used to be covered by oceans in the past
Supporting facts: sent1: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent2: if something exists on a surface then that surface contains that something sent3: fossils of sharks are found on top of a mountain sent4: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent5: ancient means a long time in the past sent6: at the top of a place means at the highest point of the place sent7: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent8: underwater means covered by water sent9: the top of a mountain is a kind of place sent10: a shark is a kind of fish sent11: clams live at the bottom of the ocean sent12: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent13: place is synonymous with location sent14: if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent15: if the surface of an object contains something then that object is covered with that something sent16: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent17: the location of an object can be used to describe that object sent18: nearby is similar to near sent19: once means one time sent20: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent21: sharks live in oceans sent22: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place sent23: once is similar to in the past sent24: a fish is a kind of aquatic animal sent25: place means area
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a shark is a kind of fish [AND] a fish is a kind of aquatic animal [INFER] int1: a shark is a kind of aquatic animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int2: if fossils of sharks are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sharks live in oceans [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [INFER] int3: if fossils of sharks are found in a place then that place used to be covered by oceans in the past [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] fossils of sharks are found on top of a mountain [AND] the top of a mountain is a kind of place [INFER] int4: the mountain used to be covered by oceans in the past
Question: The surface of Earth is constantly changing. Which of these findings provides the best evidence that the crustal surface of Earth has changed over time?
Answer: Marine fossils are found in mountain areas.
Hypothesis: the environments on the crustal surface of earth have changed from a body of water to mountains
Supporting facts: sent1: marine animals are water animals sent2: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place sent3: a mountain is a kind of environment sent4: species from long ago have changed over time sent5: a body of water contains water sent6: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent7: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent8: environments changing can cause layers of rock that are near each other or on top of each other to have different amounts of fossils / different kinds of rock sent9: bodies of water are located on the surface of the earth sent10: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent11: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent12: aquatic animals / plants live in bodies of water sent13: objects in an environment are a part of that environment sent14: organisms are located on the surface of the earth sent15: marine fossils are found in mountains sent16: aquatic animal means water animal sent17: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock sent18: marine fossils means fossils of marine animals sent19: organisms can be found in their habitats sent20: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed sent21: area is similar to location sent22: a body of water is a kind of environment sent23: environments are found on the crustal surface of earth sent24: something that contains water is similar to a body of water sent25: organisms lived in the water when they first appeared on earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] marine animals are water animals [AND] marine fossils means fossils of marine animals [INFER] int1: marine fossils are fossils of water animals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] marine fossils are found in mountains [INFER] int2: fossils of water animals are found in mountains [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int3: the mountains used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if something used to be in the past then that something has changed [AND] a body of water is a kind of environment [AND] a mountain is a kind of environment [INFER] int4: the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] environments are found on the crustal surface of earth [INFER] int5: the environments on the crustal surface of earth have changed from a body of water to mountains
Question: A road cut shows a layer of shale on top of a layer of limestone. This indicates
Answer: the environment changed between the times of deposition.
Hypothesis: environments changing causes the shale and limestone to be on top of each other
Supporting facts: sent1: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent2: a layer of shale is on top of a layer of limestone sent3: limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock sent4: place is synonymous with location sent5: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent6: recent means close to present time sent7: an environment means an area sent8: shale is a kind of sedimentary rock sent9: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent10: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent11: age is a property of rocks sent12: size / amount of space means volume sent13: a layer of something is similar to the area of something sent14: class is a property of a rock and includes values of sedimentary / metamorphic / igneous sent15: once is similar to in the past sent16: place means area sent17: alteration means change sent18: phase means state sent19: period is similar to amount of time sent20: to show means to present sent21: sedimentary rocks are made of small particles sent22: area is similar to location sent23: environments changing can cause layers of rock that are on top of each other to be of different kind sent24: a region is similar to an environment sent25: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock [AND] shale is a kind of sedimentary rock [INFER] int1: shale and limestone are different kinds of sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a layer of shale is on top of a layer of limestone [AND] environments changing can cause layers of rock that are on top of each other to be of different kind [INFER] int2: environments changing causes the shale and limestone to be on top of each other