ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of the following represents the velocity of a moving object?
Answer: 40 m/s north
Hypothesis: 40 m/s north describes the velocity of an object
Supporting facts: sent1: quantity means amount sent2: measuring sometimes requires recording / learning an amount sent3: velocity is a measure of a speed in a direction sent4: measuring is a kind of observing sent5: calculation means measurement sent6: calculating speed requires knowing distance travelled sent7: determining often requires measuring / observing sent8: to measure means to calculate sent9: measuring requires reading a measurement sent10: measuring is used for describing an object sent11: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent12: 40 m/s describes the speed of an object sent13: moving is similar to travelling sent14: a measure of time is a length of time sent15: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent16: phase means state sent17: moving changes position sent18: motion / movement means moving / to move sent19: an example of collecting data is measuring sent20: north / northward is a kind of direction sent21: a measurement is a kind of data sent22: both means two sent23: approximately means about sent24: fast means quickly sent25: if a value decreases then that value may become / may reach zero / 0
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] 40 m/s describes the speed of an object [AND] north / northward is a kind of direction [AND] velocity is a measure of a speed in a direction [INFER] int1: 40 m/s north describes the velocity of an object
Question: Which species have been on the Earth for the shortest amount of time?
Answer: Humans
Hypothesis: humans have been on earth for the shortest amount of time among insects, reptiles, and fish
Supporting facts: sent1: length is a measure of distance from one end of an object to the other end of that object sent2: reptiles have been on earth for 370000000 years sent3: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent4: length of time means period of time sent5: fish have been on earth for 419000000 years sent6: distance is a property of space and includes ordered values of close / far sent7: a planet is a kind of celestial object / body sent8: death means to die sent9: society is made of humans sent10: humans cause pollution sent11: a measure of time is a length of time sent12: to reproduce means to have / to produce offspring sent13: earth has air sent14: person is synonymous with human sent15: period is similar to amount of time sent16: an organism is a living thing sent17: prehistoric means before 300000000 years ago sent18: a planet contains environments sent19: life means living things sent20: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent21: existence is similar to living sent22: humans have been on earth for 300000 years sent23: insects have been on earth for 400000000 years sent24: furthest / farthest means greatest / most / highest in distance sent25: to be found in means to be contained in
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] reptiles have been on earth for 370000000 years [AND] humans have been on earth for 300000 years [AND] insects have been on earth for 400000000 years [AND] fish have been on earth for 419000000 years [INFER] int1: humans have been on earth for the shortest amount of time among insects, reptiles, and fish
Question: Which of these groups animals are ALL mammals?
Answer: mouse, monkey, bat
Hypothesis: mouse, monkey, and bat are all mammals
Supporting facts: sent1: monkeys give birth to live young sent2: a mammal is warm-blooded sent3: bats give birth to live young sent4: the number of body parts of an organism is an inherited characteristic sent5: the mature / adult form of a kitten is called a cat sent6: mice live in in holes under the ground in fields / in forests sent7: fur is a covering around the body of an animal sent8: a cat is a kind of mammal sent9: a chipmunk is a kind of mammal sent10: a human is a kind of mammal sent11: to categorize means to classify sent12: animals usually distance themselves from humans sent13: a reptile is a kind of animal sent14: an animal is a member of an animal species sent15: the size of an organism is an inherited characteristic sent16: to belong to a group means to be classified in that group sent17: a reptile is a kind of vertebrate sent18: a cat is a kind of animal sent19: mice give birth to live young sent20: a bat lives in caves and trees sent21: a bobcat is a kind of animal sent22: the immature / young / baby form of a cat is called a kitten sent23: mammals give birth to live young sent24: each is similar to individual sent25: fur is often part of an animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] monkeys give birth to live young [AND] mammals give birth to live young [INFER] int1: a monkey is a kind of mammal [BECAUSE] mammals give birth to live young [AND] bats give birth to live young [INFER] int2: a bat is a kind of mammal [BECAUSE] mice give birth to live young [AND] mammals give birth to live young [INFER] int3: a mouse is a kind of mammal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: mouse, monkey, and bat are all mammals
Question: Scientists group animals based on physical features. Trout are classified as fish because of what physical feature?
Answer: Fish have gills.
Hypothesis: gills are a part of a fish
Supporting facts: sent1: aquatic animal means water animal sent2: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent3: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent4: an animal is a member of an animal species sent5: shape is a kind of characteristic sent6: trout is a kind of fish sent7: fins are a part of aquatic animals used for moving through water sent8: length is a part of size sent9: to tell the difference between things means to classify those things sent10: aquatic animals / plants live in bodies of water sent11: what an object is made of is a kind of characteristic sent12: to belong to a class means to be a kind of something sent13: scientists make observations sent14: to categorize means to classify sent15: characteristic means property sent16: feature is synonymous with characteristic sent17: the head is a part of an animal sent18: to belong to a group means to be classified in that group sent19: to classify means to decide what class something belongs to sent20: a fish is a kind of scaled animal sent21: classifying is a kind of science process sent22: a part of something means a characteristic of something sent23: gills are a part of trout sent24: classify is similar to characterize sent25: to group means to separate
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] gills are a part of trout [AND] trout is a kind of fish [INFER] int1: gills are a part of a fish
Question: What kingdom contains organisms that are multicellular, have no chlorophyll, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue?
Answer: Fungi
Hypothesis: the biological kingdom fungi contains organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue
Supporting facts: sent1: if something does not contain something else then that something lacks that something else sent2: decay has a negative impact on a thing sent3: contains means located in sent4: a single-celled organism is a kind of living thing sent5: tissue is a kind of group of cells with a common structure that work together to perform a similar function sent6: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent7: a multicellular organism is large enough to be visible sent8: to contain something means to have that something sent9: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent10: except means not sent11: mold is a kind of fungus sent12: fungi have no chlorophyll sent13: a kingdom is a kind of taxonomic rank sent14: an organism is a living thing sent15: fungi can be multicellular sent16: a fungus is a kind of organism sent17: fungi are part of the biological kingdom fungi sent18: species means a group of like organisms sent19: to lack means to not have sent20: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent21: fungi are sometimes single-celled organisms sent22: fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue sent23: a single-celled organism is a kind of organism sent24: to be found in means to be contained in sent25: a single-celled organism is made of only one cell
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fungi have no chlorophyll [AND] fungi can be multicellular [INFER] int1: fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue [INFER] int2: fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular and fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a fungus is a kind of organism [INFER] int3: fungi are organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] fungi are part of the biological kingdom fungi [INFER] int4: the biological kingdom fungi contains organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue
Question: Cats are most closely related to which of the following animals?
Answer: whales
Hypothesis: a cat is more closely related to a whale than to animals of a different class
Supporting facts: sent1: similar means in common sent2: the diet of an animal is an inherited characteristic sent3: to tell the difference between things means to classify those things sent4: a reptile is cold-blooded sent5: living things in the same class are more closely related than living things in different classes sent6: if two or more organisms have similar characteristics then those organisms might share a common ancestor sent7: fur is a covering around the body of an animal sent8: a cat is a kind of mammal sent9: an animal is a member of an animal species sent10: trait is synonymous with characteristic sent11: both means two sent12: mammal is a kind of class of animal sent13: a whale is a kind of mammal sent14: to belong to a class means to be a kind of something sent15: if two species of animal have a similar bone structure then those two species probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history sent16: the head is a part of an animal sent17: a part of something means a characteristic of something sent18: a reptile is a kind of vertebrate sent19: a reptile is a kind of animal sent20: a mammal is warm-blooded sent21: to belong to a group means to be classified in that group sent22: if two objects are similar , then the two objects share properties sent23: an animal is a kind of living thing sent24: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent25: in common is similar to the same
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a whale is a kind of mammal [AND] a cat is a kind of mammal [INFER] int1: a cat and a whale are both mammals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mammal is a kind of class of animal [INFER] int2: a cat and a whale are part of the same class of animals [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of living thing [AND] living things in the same class are more closely related than living things in different classes [INFER] int3: animals in the same class are more closely related than animals in different classes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: a cat is more closely related to a whale than to animals of a different class
Question: What do all mammals have in common that distinguishes them from birds?
Answer: fur
Hypothesis: fur can be used to distinguish mammals from birds
Supporting facts: sent1: a bird is a kind of object sent2: fur is a kind of material sent3: fur is a part of a bat sent4: a bird is a kind of animal sent5: the opposite of same / alike is different sent6: a mammal is a kind of object sent7: in common is similar to the same sent8: to be characterized by a property means to have that property sent9: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent10: an animal is a kind of living thing sent11: similar means in common sent12: trait is synonymous with characteristic sent13: trait means property sent14: hair / fur is a part of skin for protection / keeping warm sent15: coat means fur coat sent16: fur is usually soft in texture sent17: an animal is a member of an animal species sent18: fur is usually part of a mammal sent19: if two things have the same features then those two things are alike sent20: a mammal is a kind of animal sent21: feathers are a part of a bird sent22: the parts of an object are features of that object sent23: to classify means to decide what class something belongs to sent24: if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something sent25: animals usually distance themselves from humans
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if two things have the same features then those two things are alike [AND] the opposite of same / alike is different [INFER] int1: if two things have different features then those two things are different [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something [INFER] int2: things are distinguishable by their features [BECAUSE] a mammal is a kind of animal [AND] a bird is a kind of animal [INFER] int3: a bird and a mammal are both kinds of animals [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an animal is a kind of living thing [INFER] int4: a bird and a mammal are both kinds of things [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: mammals and birds are distinguishable by their features [BECAUSE] a bird is a kind of object [AND] a mammal is a kind of object [INFER] int6: a mammal is a kind of object and a bird is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] the parts of an object are features of that object [INFER] int7: the parts of a mammal / bird are features of the mammal / bird [BECAUSE] fur is usually part of a mammal [AND] feathers are a part of a bird [INFER] int8: fur is a part of mammals and feathers are a part of birds [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: fur is a feature of mammals and feathers are a feature of birds [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: fur can be used to distinguish mammals from birds
Question: The classification of some organisms has changed. Which new process is used to reclassify organisms?
Answer: Structures are now examined at the molecular level.
Hypothesis: molecules are used for classifying organisms
Supporting facts: sent1: level is similar to amount / quantity sent2: to belong to a group means to be classified in that group sent3: to categorize means to classify sent4: classify is similar to characterize sent5: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent6: an organism is a living thing sent7: to tell the difference between things means to classify those things sent8: differentiate is similar to classify sent9: sorting is similar to classifying sent10: new means different from the former one sent11: inherited characteristics can deterimne the structure of an organism's anatomy sent12: inspect / observe means examine sent13: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent14: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent15: characteristic means property sent16: genes are made of dna sent17: dna is a kind of molecule sent18: category means kind sent19: a whole is formed by its parts sent20: to classify means to decide what class something belongs to sent21: genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of a living thing sent22: the structure of an organism 's anatomy is used to classify the organism into the appropriate taxonomic rank sent23: to convert means to change sent24: a structure of something is synonymous with a part of that something sent25: to belong to a class means to be a kind of something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] inherited characteristics can deterimne the structure of an organism's anatomy [AND] the structure of an organism 's anatomy is used to classify the organism into the appropriate taxonomic rank [INFER] int1: inherited characteristics can be used to classify an organism into the apropriate taxonomic rank [BECAUSE] genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of a living thing [AND] an organism is a living thing [INFER] int2: genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of an organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: genes can be used for classifying organisms [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] genes are made of dna [INFER] int4: dna can be used for classifying organisms [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] dna is a kind of molecule [INFER] int5: molecules are used for classifying organisms
Question: Which conclusion can be made about earthworms because they do not have an internal skeleton?
Answer: They are invertebrates.
Hypothesis: an earthworm is a kind of invertebrate organism
Supporting facts: sent1: to contain something means to have that something sent2: the skeleton of an animal can be used for inferring the height / the length of that animal sent3: to lack means to not have sent4: if there is none of a thing then that thing does not exist sent5: to conclude means to make a conclusion sent6: an animal is a member of an animal species sent7: not visible means cannot be seen sent8: to contain means to have inside sent9: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent10: classifying is when one sorts something by kind / type sent11: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent12: size is a property of objects and includes ordered values of microscopic / tiny / small / medium / large sent13: an invertebrate organism does not have an internal skeleton sent14: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent15: to be believed to be is similar to maybe sent16: an earthworm does not have an internal skeleton sent17: organisms mean life sent18: a characteristic is a part of the whole sent19: if something is not the same as something else then that something is different from that something else sent20: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent21: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent22: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent23: to belong to a class means to be a kind of something sent24: learning about something sometimes requires observing that something sent25: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an invertebrate organism does not have an internal skeleton [AND] an earthworm does not have an internal skeleton [INFER] int1: an earthworm is a kind of invertebrate organism
Question: Which characteristic is found ONLY in mammals?
Answer: glands that make milk
Hypothesis: glands that make milk are parts of only a mammal
Supporting facts: sent1: an animal is a member of an animal species sent2: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent3: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind sent4: if something required by something else is in a place then that something else may be in that place sent5: where something comes from is a source of that something sent6: to be used for something means to be required by that something sent7: non-mammals do not nurse their offspring sent8: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent9: a mammal usually nurses its offspring sent10: to contain something means to have that something sent11: trait is synonymous with characteristic sent12: milk is generally only used for nursing offspring sent13: feature is synonymous with characteristic sent14: certain is similar to specific sent15: characteristic means property sent16: glands that make milk are only used for making milk sent17: found in means existing in sent18: a structure is a kind of feature sent19: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent20: to contain means to have inside sent21: an animal is a kind of consumer sent22: a part of a living thing is a natural structure sent23: if something contains something , then something is able to provide something sent24: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent25: to be found in means to be contained in
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] non-mammals do not nurse their offspring [AND] a mammal usually nurses its offspring [INFER] int1: only mammals nurse their offspring [BECAUSE] milk is generally only used for nursing offspring [AND] glands that make milk are only used for making milk [INFER] int2: glands that make milk are only useful for nursing offspring [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: glands that make milk are parts of only a mammal
Question: All organisms classified in kingdom Animalia must also be classified as which of the following?
Answer: Eukaryota
Hypothesis: the organisms in the kingdom animalia belong to the domain eukaryota
Supporting facts: sent1: category means kind sent2: classify is similar to characterize sent3: to belong to a group means to be a kind of something sent4: organisms mean life sent5: to categorize means to classify sent6: must have means require sent7: a kind of something is classified as that something sent8: generally means usually sent9: eukaryotes are a part of the biological domain eukaryota sent10: if something is required then that something must be provided sent11: to classify means to decide what class something belongs to sent12: to tell the difference between things means to classify those things sent13: including means containing sent14: an animal is a kind of organism sent15: to belong to a group means to be classified in that group sent16: differentiate is similar to classify sent17: an animal is a member of an animal species sent18: animals are a part of the biological kingdom animalia sent19: certain is similar to specific sent20: purpose means role sent21: to group means to separate sent22: an animal is a kind of eukaryote sent23: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent24: a type is synonymous with a kind sent25: to belong to a class means to be a kind of something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] animals are a part of the biological kingdom animalia [INFER] int1: animals are kinds of organisms that are part of the biological kingdom animalia [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an animal is a kind of eukaryote [INFER] int2: the organisms in the kingdom animalia are eukaryotes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] eukaryotes are a part of the biological domain eukaryota [INFER] int3: the organisms in the kingdom animalia belong to the domain eukaryota