ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Paleontologists often find and study the remains of ancient plants and animals. When the remains of ancient plants and animals are covered by layers of sediment over time, the remains
Answer: become a fossil
Hypothesis: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of plants and animals over time
Supporting facts: sent1: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent2: a part of a living thing is a natural structure sent3: being buried under soil and mud changes dead plant matter / dead animal matter / remains of living things into oil / natural gas through extreme heat and pressure at the bottom of the sea over a long period of time sent4: being buried under soil and mud changes dead vegetation / dead plant matter into peat through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time sent5: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent6: becoming is similar to forming sent7: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent8: a plant is a kind of organism sent9: if fossils of an organism change depending on the level in which they were found then that species of organism changed over time sent10: an animal is a kind of organism sent11: to become is similar to change into sent12: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent13: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent14: to discover means to find sent15: fossil fuels / fossils forming occurs over a period of 300000000 years which is considered a very long time to a human sent16: decomposition is when a decomposer breaks down dead organisms sent17: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent18: sediment is a kind of small particle sent19: studying something usually requires seeing that something sent20: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent21: sediment means deposited materials sent22: remains is similar to dead organisms sent23: bones can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent24: a dinosaur is a kind of ancient organism sent25: becoming is similar to changing
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of plants and animals over time
Question: Why are most fossils found in sedimentary rocks?
Answer: Organisms can be preserved in sedimentary rock.
Hypothesis: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock
Supporting facts: sent1: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent2: if something has the ability to do something else , then that something can do that something else sent3: organisms are located on the surface of the earth sent4: organic sedimentary is a kind of sedimentary rock sent5: organisms mean life sent6: to contain something means to have that something sent7: shale is a kind of sedimentary rock sent8: rock means stone sent9: objects in an environment are a part of that environment sent10: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent11: if something is preserved in sedimentary rocks, then that something can be found in the sedimentary rock sent12: an organism is a living thing sent13: ability is a property of things and includes ordered values of able / unable / can / cannot sent14: existence is similar to living sent15: to conserve means to not change sent16: sediment means deposited materials sent17: can be means able to be sent18: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent19: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent20: to be found in means to be contained in sent21: organism remains can be preserved in sedimentary rock sent22: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent23: can means having the ability to sent24: to be made of is similar to collection sent25: fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] organism remains can be preserved in sedimentary rock [AND] fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms [INFER] int1: fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something is preserved in sedimentary rocks, then that something can be found in the sedimentary rock [INFER] int2: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock
Question: Rocks that contain fragments of bones, shells, and plant remains are most likely
Answer: sedimentary.
Hypothesis: if a rock contains bones remains, shells remians, or plants remains, then the rock is a sedimentary rock
Supporting facts: sent1: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment / materials that settle compacting / cementing together sent2: class is a property of a rock and includes values of sedimentary / metamorphic / igneous sent3: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent4: a dinosaur is a kind of ancient organism sent5: fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms sent6: a shell is a part of some animals sent7: class is a measure of how a rock is formed sent8: a bone is a part of a body sent9: sediment is a kind of small particle sent10: to contain something means to have that something sent11: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent12: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent13: containing fossils is a kind of characteristic of sedimentary rock sent14: organic sedimentary is a kind of sedimentary rock sent15: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent16: animals are a kind of organism sent17: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent18: rock means stone sent19: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent20: sedimentary rocks are made of small particles sent21: sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition / cementation sent22: bones are part of some animals sent23: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent24: plants are a kind of organism sent25: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] animals are a kind of organism [AND] bones are part of some animals [INFER] int1: bones are part of organisms [BECAUSE] animals are a kind of organism [AND] a shell is a part of some animals [INFER] int2: shells are part of some organisms [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] plants are a kind of organism [AND] fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms [INFER] int3: bones remains, shells remians, and plants remains are fossils [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] containing fossils is a kind of characteristic of sedimentary rock [INFER] int4: if a rock contains bones remains, shells remians, or plants remains, then the rock is a sedimentary rock
Question: Which rock is most likely to contain fossil seashells?
Answer: limestone
Hypothesis: a fossil seashell can be found in a limestone
Supporting facts: sent1: most means over 50% of something sent2: class is a property of a rock and includes values of sedimentary / metamorphic / igneous sent3: if something does not contain something else then that something lacks that something else sent4: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent5: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place sent6: a fossil seashell is a kind of fossil sent7: limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock sent8: shale is a kind of sedimentary rock sent9: containing something is similar to providing that something sent10: classifying means grouping objects / materials by their properties sent11: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock sent12: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent13: as the amount / size of something increases , the extensive properties of that something will increase sent14: if fossils of an animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place sent15: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent16: to discover means to find sent17: plants can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent18: to contain means to have inside sent19: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent20: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent21: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent22: rock means stone sent23: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent24: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent25: to contain something means to have that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock [AND] limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock [INFER] int1: fossils can be found in limestones [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a fossil seashell is a kind of fossil [INFER] int2: a fossil seashell can be found in a limestone
Question: Which type of rock would most likely contain a fossil?
Answer: sedimentary rock
Hypothesis: sedimentary rocks contain nearly all fossils
Supporting facts: sent1: rock means stone sent2: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent3: bones can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent4: class is a measure of how a rock is formed sent5: often is similar to likely sent6: if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something sent7: contains means located in sent8: sediment means deposited materials sent9: the formation of sedimentary rock is a sequential process, with stages of weathering, erosion, deposition,burying, compaction sent10: age is a property of rocks sent11: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent12: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock sent13: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent14: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent15: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent16: most means over 50% of something sent17: organic sedimentary is a kind of sedimentary rock sent18: including means containing sent19: the origin of rocks can be used to classify rocks sent20: shale is a kind of sedimentary rock sent21: containing something is similar to providing that something sent22: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent23: a dinosaur is a kind of ancient organism sent24: to contain something means to have that something sent25: classifying means grouping objects / materials by their properties
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock [AND] if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks contain nearly all fossils
Question: In 1971, the bones of an extinct flying dinosaur were discovered. This kind of discovery helps everyone learn more about
Answer: history of animal species on Earth.
Hypothesis: fossils can be used to study the history of dinosaurs and environments on earth
Supporting facts: sent1: positive impacts on organisms / species will increase the population of the organisms / the species sent2: history means the past sent3: to help / to benefit means to be of use sent4: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent5: knowing the properties of something means knowing information about that something sent6: a description sometimes provides information sent7: species from long ago have changed over time sent8: flying is a kind of motion through air / space sent9: if something / an invention / a discovery is invented / discovered then that something / that invention / that discovery can be used sent10: to discover means to make a discovery sent11: increase means more sent12: if a population decreases to zero then that organism is extinct sent13: if fossils of an animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place sent14: a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal sent15: species means a group of like organisms sent16: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent17: an animal is a kind of organism sent18: to discover means to find sent19: making discoveries requires observing sent20: to be helpful means to help to do sent21: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent22: fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth sent23: scientific discoveries sometimes require specific technologies sent24: discovering something usually requires seeing that something sent25: to help means to aid
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth [INFER] int1: fossils can be used to study the history of animals and environments on earth [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal [INFER] int2: fossils can be used to study the history of dinosaurs and environments on earth
Question: A geologist found fossils of horse bones in different rock layers of a canyon. The fossils in the lower levels show shorter bones than those in the upper-level fossils. Which conclusion is based on the geologist's observations?
Answer: Horse's became larger over time.
Hypothesis: horse species have changed from smaller to larger over time
Supporting facts: sent1: if fossils of an organism change depending on the level in which they were found then that species of organism changed over time sent2: younger layer of rocks are on top of the older layer of rocks according to superposition sent3: if two species of animal have a similar bone structure then those two species probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history sent4: bones can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent5: observations / data are a part of the results of an experiment sent6: an example of evidence for a scientific theory is observations sent7: comparing skeletons of an animal that lived long ago and skeletons of the same species of animal that lived recently can be used to show the evolution of that species sent8: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent9: to shorten means to make shorter sent10: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent11: an animal is a kind of organism sent12: length is a property of the shape of an object sent13: the fossils of horse has shorter bones in lower levels and the fossils of horse has longer bones in the upper level sent14: if fossils of an animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place sent15: a dinosaur is a kind of ancient organism sent16: the length of body parts is an inherited characteristic sent17: shorter means decreased length sent18: the size of an organism is an inherited characteristic sent19: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent20: the thickness of the parts of an organism is an inherited characteristic sent21: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent22: a bone is a part of a body sent23: to conclude means to make a conclusion sent24: the skeleton of an animal can be used for inferring the height / the length of that animal sent25: a horse is a kind of animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] a horse is a kind of animal [INFER] int1: a horse is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if fossils of an organism change depending on the level in which they were found then that species of organism changed over time [INFER] int2: if fossils of horses change depending on the level in which they were found, then the horses has changed over time [BECAUSE] the fossils of horse has shorter bones in lower levels and the fossils of horse has longer bones in the upper level [AND] younger layer of rocks are on top of the older layer of rocks according to superposition [INFER] int3: the younger fossils of horse has longer bones than the older fossils of horse [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: horse species have changed from smaller to larger over time
Question: A complete fossil has been found of a type of bird that cannot be identified. What can most likely be determined about the bird from the fossil?
Answer: The bird existed at one time but is now extinct.
Hypothesis: if a fossil of a bird cannot be identified then that kind of bird is probably extinct
Supporting facts: sent1: identifying is similar to determining sent2: if a fossil is of an organism that cannot be identified then that organism is probably extinct sent3: discovering something usually requires seeing that something sent4: a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal sent5: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent6: dead means not alive sent7: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent8: a type is synonymous with a kind sent9: nonliving means not living sent10: if a living thing dies then that living thing is dead sent11: a description sometimes provides information sent12: to discover means to find sent13: a bird is a kind of animal sent14: cannot means not be able to sent15: an animal is a member of an animal species sent16: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent17: endangered means low in population sent18: if there is none of a thing then that thing does not exist sent19: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent20: to identify means to discover sent21: existence is similar to living sent22: identifying sometimes requires examining sent23: if the population of an animal decreases then that animal may no longer be found in that place sent24: an animal is a kind of organism sent25: fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a bird is a kind of animal [AND] an animal is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: a bird is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a fossil is of an organism that cannot be identified then that organism is probably extinct [INFER] int2: if a fossil of a bird cannot be identified then that kind of bird is probably extinct
Question: Which of the following best describes a mineral?
Answer: a solid natural material with a crystal structure
Hypothesis: a mineral is a solid natural material with a crystal structure
Supporting facts: sent1: including means containing sent2: a mineral usually has a crystal structure sent3: matter / materials / substances are made of atoms / particles sent4: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent5: the origin of the rocks means the way the rocks are formed sent6: rock means stone sent7: to make means to form sent8: made of is similar to contains sent9: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent10: an object has properties sent11: rocks are a kind of structure sent12: particles in objects are a kind of matter sent13: a mineral is a kind of solid natural material sent14: rock is a kind of nonliving thing sent15: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent16: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent17: a whole is formed by its parts sent18: to cause the formation of means to form sent19: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent20: a kind of something is an example of that something sent21: minerals have different recognizable properties sent22: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent23: if an object is made of a material then that object has the properties of that material sent24: best means most positive sent25: made up of means contains / made of
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral is a kind of solid natural material [AND] a mineral usually has a crystal structure [INFER] int1: a mineral is a solid natural material with a crystal structure
Question: Which of the following is a mineral?
Answer: diamond
Hypothesis: diamond is a kind of mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: a mineral usually has a crystal structure sent2: an element is made of one kind of atoms sent3: an object has properties sent4: an element is a kind of substance sent5: material means substance sent6: a type of something is a kind of property of that something sent7: characteristic means property sent8: classifying is when one sorts something by kind / type sent9: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind sent10: a diamond is made of face-centered cubic crystals sent11: different materials usually have different properties sent12: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent13: including means containing sent14: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent15: knowing the properties of something means knowing information about that something sent16: luster is a property of an object / a material and includes ordered values of dull / shiny sent17: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent18: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent19: in common is similar to the same sent20: both means two sent21: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent22: similar means in common sent23: to be found in means to be contained in sent24: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent25: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral usually has a crystal structure [AND] a diamond is made of face-centered cubic crystals [INFER] int1: diamond is a kind of mineral
Question: Which of the following is one reason that quartz is classified as a mineral?
Answer: It has a specific crystal structure.
Hypothesis: quartz is a kind of mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: physical state means state of matter sent2: to classify means to decide what class something belongs to sent3: different chemical impurities cause quartz to have different colors sent4: classify is similar to characterize sent5: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent6: a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals sent7: different materials usually have different properties sent8: an object has properties sent9: knowing the properties of something means knowing information about that something sent10: certain is similar to specific sent11: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent12: a structure of something is synonymous with a part of that something sent13: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent14: category means kind sent15: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent16: to tell the difference between things means to classify those things sent17: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent18: to be found in means to be contained in sent19: a mineral usually has a crystal structure sent20: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent21: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent22: to categorize means to classify sent23: state of matter means physical state sent24: solid is a kind of state of matter sent25: quartz is various in colors naturally
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral usually has a crystal structure [AND] a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals [INFER] int1: quartz is a kind of mineral