ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of science. A baseball strikes the roof of a car and dents it. The paint on the roof begins to crack and chip, exposing the metal. The exposed metal on the roof rusts, eventually causing a small hole in the roof. Which event is a chemical change?
Answer: The exposed metal rusts.
Hypothesis: the metal on the roof of a car rusts
Supporting facts: sent1: to combust means to catch fire sent2: an example of a chemical change is electrical energy breaking down a compound sent3: if something is exposed to air, then that something is in contact with air sent4: to change means to cause a change sent5: fire is a kind of chemical reaction sent6: producing is similar to causing sent7: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent8: the metal on the roof of a car is exposed to air sent9: substances have chemical properties sent10: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent11: metal in contact with water and oxygen will rust sent12: if the color of a substance changes then a chemical change may have occurred sent13: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent14: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent15: a phase change is when matter / a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent16: to be a source of something means to cause that something sent17: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering sent18: most chemical reactions release or absorb heat energy sent19: to change means to have an effect sent20: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent21: determine is similar to cause sent22: air contains oxygen and water vapor sent23: changing the iron in soil is a kind of chemical change sent24: combustion is a kind of chemical change sent25: exergonic chemical reactions only release energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is exposed to air, then that something is in contact with air [AND] the metal on the roof of a car is exposed to air [INFER] int1: the metal on the roof of a car is in contact with air [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] air contains oxygen and water vapor [INFER] int2: the metal on the roof of a car is in contact with oxygen and water vapor [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] metal in contact with water and oxygen will rust [INFER] int3: the metal on the roof of a car rusts
Question: A scientist combines oxygen and hydrogen to form water. This combination illustrates that water is
Answer: a compound.
Hypothesis: water is a kind of compound
Supporting facts: sent1: to add means to combine sent2: if a material / a substance is a mixture of two or more materials or substances then that material / substance is made / is formed / contains those materials / substances sent3: hydrogen is a kind of element sent4: oxygen is a kind of element sent5: chemical compounds contain chemical bonds between atoms / between elements sent6: products are formed / are produced / are created sent7: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent8: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent9: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent10: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent11: chemical bonds are formed by chemically combining elements / atoms / molecules sent12: many types of molecules can be formed by carbon with covalent bonds sent13: forming something is a kind of change sent14: to be formed by is to be the result of sent15: a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined sent16: both means two sent17: chlorine is a kind of element sent18: hydrogen chloride is made of hydrogen and chlorine sent19: water is made of hydrogen and oxygen chemically combined sent20: a molecule of water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom sent21: a molecule is made of atoms chemically combined / bonded sent22: electrolysis of water is when water is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen by passing electric current through water sent23: an element is a kind of atom sent24: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent25: water is a kind of nonliving thing
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hydrogen is a kind of element [AND] oxygen is a kind of element [INFER] int1: hydrogen and oxygen are two elements [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water is made of hydrogen and oxygen chemically combined [INFER] int2: water is made of two elements [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined [INFER] int3: water is a kind of compound
Question: Two pure substances combine to make a new substance. The new substance cannot be physically separated and has a different boiling point than each of the original substances. This new substance can best be classified as
Answer: a compound.
Hypothesis: the new substance is a compound
Supporting facts: sent1: to convert means to change sent2: the new substance cannot be physically separated sent3: a chemical property is the opposite of a physical property sent4: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent5: chemical compounds contain chemical bonds between atoms / between elements sent6: different materials usually have different properties sent7: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent8: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent9: if something is not the same as something else then that something is different from that something else sent10: boiling point means temperature at which a liquid boils / above which a liquid boils sent11: new means different from the former one sent12: the elements in the chemical reaction stays the same after the reaction sent13: chlorine is a kind of element sent14: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent15: a pure substance is made of only one kind of atom / molecule sent16: to change means to become different sent17: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent18: sodium chloride is always made of chemically combined chlorine and sodium sent19: cannot means not be able to sent20: chemical composition is a kind of property sent21: to tell the difference between things means to classify those things sent22: when two substances together form a compound then those substances cannot be physically separated sent23: a chemical property is a kind of property sent24: cannot is the opposite of can sent25: to categorize means to classify
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the new substance cannot be physically separated [AND] when two substances together form a compound then those substances cannot be physically separated [INFER] int1: the new substance is a compound
Question: The liver converts glucose to glycogen for storage. Why is this function considered a chemical change?
Answer: because the conversion changes one substance to a new one
Hypothesis: a chemical reaction causes the new substance glycogen to form in the conversion
Supporting facts: sent1: phase changes change the arrangement of molecules in a substance / in a sample sent2: to change means to have an effect sent3: if something is given off of something , then something is the product of something sent4: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent5: a new substance glycogen is produced in the conversion sent6: converting is similar to releasing sent7: chemical reactions cause new substances to form sent8: to cause means to have an effect sent9: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent10: to turn means to convert sent11: converting is similar to producing sent12: the function of something is what that something is used to do sent13: to change means to cause a change sent14: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent15: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent16: new means different from the former one sent17: converting is similar to turning into sent18: in a chemical reaction reactants have the role of molecules / substances that chemically combine sent19: to transform means to convert sent20: chemicals means substances sent21: to turn means to change sent22: to become is similar to change into sent23: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent24: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent25: converting is similar to generating
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a new substance glycogen is produced in the conversion [AND] chemical reactions cause new substances to form [INFER] int1: a chemical reaction causes the new substance glycogen to form in the conversion
Question: Which is an example of a chemical change?
Answer: a nail rusting in water
Hypothesis: nails rusting in water is a kind of chemical change
Supporting facts: sent1: materials are made of matter sent2: to change means to have an effect sent3: substances are made of matter sent4: metal is a kind of substance sent5: phase means state sent6: iron is a kind of element sent7: rust is a kind of compound sent8: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent9: nails are often made of iron sent10: rust forming is a kind of chemical change sent11: an example of a chemical change is electrical energy breaking down a compound sent12: metals in contact with water and oxygen will rust sent13: a phase change is when matter / a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent14: chemical change is the opposite of physical change sent15: substances have chemical properties sent16: rusting means forming rust sent17: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form sent18: form means kind sent19: to change means to cause a change sent20: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent21: to cause means to result in sent22: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent23: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent24: a change is a kind of event sent25: iron is a kind of metal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron is a kind of metal [AND] nails are often made of iron [INFER] int1: nails are made of metal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] metals in contact with water and oxygen will rust [INFER] int2: nails in contact with water and oxygen will rust [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] rust forming is a kind of chemical change [INFER] int3: nails rusting in water is a kind of chemical change
Question: Magnesium strips are long, thin strips that are gray and shiny. Which action will lead to a chemical change of magnesium strips?
Answer: burning them with a candle
Hypothesis: burning magnesium with a lit candle will lead to a chemical change
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form sent2: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent3: to combust means to catch fire sent4: a lit candle is a source of fire sent5: fire is a kind of chemical reaction sent6: chemical reactivity is a property of elements and includes ordered values of reactive / unreactive sent7: putting out a fire stops the burning of that fire sent8: burning converts chemical energy into thermal energy sent9: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent10: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent11: magnesium is a kind of substance sent12: sulfur is yellow in color sent13: to cause an event is similar to being involved in that event sent14: action can cause change sent15: phase means state sent16: a compound can be chemically separated into the elements that it is made of sent17: fire causes burning sent18: chemical reactions cause chemical change sent19: the emission of something is when something is added into the atmosphere sent20: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent21: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent22: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent23: to change means to cause a change sent24: destruction means to destroy sent25: if the color of a substance changes then a chemical change may have occurred
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fire causes burning [AND] fire is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int1: burning something with fire is a kind of chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a lit candle is a source of fire [INFER] int2: burning something with a lit candle is a kind of chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] magnesium is a kind of substance [INFER] int3: burning magnesium with a lit candle is a kind of chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] chemical reactions cause chemical change [INFER] int4: burning magnesium with a lit candle will lead to a chemical change
Question: Which is a chemical compound?
Answer: sodium chloride
Hypothesis: sodium chloride is a kind of chemical compound
Supporting facts: sent1: sodium chloride means salt sent2: chemical reactions cause chemical change sent3: chemical bonds are formed by chemically combining elements / atoms / molecules sent4: sodium is a kind of element sent5: if something comes from something else then that something else is a source of that something sent6: material means substance sent7: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent8: combining / mixing two substances chemically causes chemical reactions sent9: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction sent10: a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined sent11: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent12: to convert means to change sent13: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent14: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent15: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent16: chemicals means substances sent17: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form sent18: where something comes from is a source of that something sent19: including means containing sent20: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent21: substances have chemical properties sent22: chlorine is a kind of element sent23: sodium chloride is always made of chemically combined chlorine and sodium sent24: chemical compounds contain chemical bonds between atoms / between elements sent25: knowing the properties of something means knowing information about that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chlorine is a kind of element [AND] sodium is a kind of element [INFER] int1: sodium and chlorine are two elements [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sodium chloride is always made of chemically combined chlorine and sodium [INFER] int2: sodium chloride is made of two elements chemically combined [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined [INFER] int3: sodium chloride is a kind of chemical compound
Question: Which action illustrates a chemical change?
Answer: burning wood chips
Hypothesis: fire burning wood chips causes chemical change to the wood chips
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reactions cause chemical change sent2: to change means to cause a change sent3: fire is a kind of chemical reaction sent4: a chemical property is a kind of property sent5: action means activity sent6: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent7: wood chips are made of wood sent8: a phase change is when matter / a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent9: fire causes burning sent10: chemical change is the opposite of physical change sent11: to change means to have an effect sent12: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent13: change is a kind of process sent14: an example of a chemical change is electrical energy breaking down a compound sent15: chemical reactions sometimes cause gas to be released into the atmosphere sent16: wood burns sent17: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent18: a process is made of a series of actions sent19: paper burns sent20: destruction means to destroy sent21: a result of something is evidence of that something sent22: change is a kind of impact sent23: determine is similar to cause sent24: cooking causes a chemical reaction sent25: in a chemical reaction reactants have the role of molecules / substances that chemically combine
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] wood burns [AND] wood chips are made of wood [INFER] int1: wood chips burn [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fire causes burning [INFER] int2: fire causes wood chips to burn [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] fire is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int3: fire burning wood chips is an example of chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] chemical reactions cause chemical change [INFER] int4: fire burning wood chips causes chemical change to the wood chips
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of all chemical changes?
Answer: A new material is formed.
Hypothesis: chemical changes cause new materials to form
Supporting facts: sent1: to change means to cause a change sent2: being derived from is similar to being formed sent3: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent4: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent5: to change means to become different sent6: to cause the formation of means to form sent7: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction sent8: form means kind sent9: to change means to have an effect sent10: becoming is similar to changing sent11: new means different from the former one sent12: to be formed by is to be the result of sent13: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent14: forming is similar to converting sent15: to become is similar to change into sent16: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent17: to make means to form sent18: to change into means to form sent19: to convert means to change sent20: the formation of something is a kind of process sent21: chemical reactions cause new materials to form sent22: alteration means change sent23: becoming is similar to forming sent24: a change is a kind of difference sent25: a process is a kind of event
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chemical reactions cause new materials to form [AND] chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int1: chemical changes cause new materials to form
Question: Which of these describes a chemical change?
Answer: paper burning
Hypothesis: burning paper with fire causes chemical change
Supporting facts: sent1: a sheet of paper is a kind of object sent2: to cause means to result in sent3: fire causes burning sent4: paper burns sent5: a change is a kind of event sent6: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent7: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent8: chemical reactions sometimes cause gas to be released into the atmosphere sent9: burning converts chemical energy into thermal energy sent10: to convert means to change sent11: if something is caused by something else , then that something can be explained by that something else sent12: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent13: a description sometimes provides information sent14: fire is a kind of chemical reaction sent15: determine is similar to cause sent16: chemicals means substances sent17: a phase change is when matter / a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent18: to change means to have an effect sent19: chemical reactions cause chemical change sent20: to change means to cause a change sent21: destruction means to destroy sent22: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent23: in a chemical reaction reactants have the role of molecules / substances that chemically combine sent24: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent25: to cause means to have an effect
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fire causes burning [AND] paper burns [INFER] int1: fire causes paper to burn [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fire is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int2: burning paper with fire is a kind of chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] chemical reactions cause chemical change [INFER] int3: burning paper with fire causes chemical change
Question: Which fact about water is an example of a chemical property?
Answer: Water can separate into hydrogen and oxygen.
Hypothesis: water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen
Supporting facts: sent1: water is made of hydrogen and oxygen sent2: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind sent3: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent4: ability is a property of things and includes ordered values of able / unable / can / cannot sent5: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent6: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent7: a compound can be chemically separated into the elements that it is made of sent8: similar means in common sent9: including means containing sent10: chemical reactivity is a property of elements and includes ordered values of reactive / unreactive sent11: water is a kind of compound sent12: an example of a chemical property is the elements making up a compound sent13: a molecule of water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom sent14: chemical bonds are formed by chemically combining elements / atoms / molecules sent15: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent16: a chemical property is the opposite of a physical property sent17: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent18: cannot is the opposite of can sent19: a molecule is made of atoms chemically combined / bonded sent20: chemical composition is a kind of property sent21: oxygen can be found in air sent22: both means two sent23: a property is a kind of information sent24: chemical compounds contain chemical bonds between atoms / between elements sent25: charge is a property of an object / a material / a substance and includes ordered values of negatively-charged / neutral / positively-charged
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water is a kind of compound [AND] an example of a chemical property is the elements making up a compound [INFER] int1: an example of chemical property is the elements making up water [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water is made of hydrogen and oxygen [INFER] int2: a chemical property of water is that it is made of hydrogen and oxygen [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a compound can be chemically separated into the elements that it is made of [INFER] int3: water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen