ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: When someone plays the flute, sound is produced because the air in the flute is
Answer: vibrating.
Hypothesis: the vibrations of air in the flute are a source of sound when the flute is played
Supporting facts: sent1: where something comes from is a source of that something sent2: someone plays the flute sent3: blowing air into a whistle causes air to vibrate inside the whistle sent4: sound requires matter to travel sent5: a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source sent6: sound waves means sound energy sent7: sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves sent8: tapping two objects together causes the particles in those objects to vibrate sent9: louder means higher / greater in volume sent10: wave motion is transferred from the source to matter to produce sound sent11: oscillation means physical vibration sent12: if a flute is played, then the air in the flute will vibrate sent13: materials are made of matter sent14: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent15: vibrations are a source of sound sent16: noise means sound sent17: producing is similar to causing sent18: when sound reaches the ear , that sound can be heard sent19: a person speaking is a source of sound sent20: echo is when sound reflects off of a surface sent21: sound is produced when mechanical energy is transformed into sound energy sent22: a vibration is similar to a wave sent23: sound wave is similar to sound sent24: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent25: intense sound energy can move objects
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if a flute is played, then the air in the flute will vibrate [AND] someone plays the flute [INFER] int1: the air in the flute will vibrate when the flute is played [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] vibrations are a source of sound [INFER] int2: the vibrations of air in the flute are a source of sound when the flute is played
Question: An earthquake in the Earth's crust under the ocean releases sound waves. Which statement accurately describes how the sound waves spread?
Answer: They spread in all directions away from their source.
Hypothesis: sound waves spread in all directions away from their source
Supporting facts: sent1: sound requires matter to travel sent2: sound travels as longitudinal waves sent3: waves contain mechanical energy sent4: sound waves means sound energy sent5: to emit means to release sent6: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent7: sound is produced when mechanical energy is transformed into sound energy sent8: motion / movement means moving / to move sent9: all waves transfer / transmit energy from one place to another sent10: the crust is a layer of the earth sent11: a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source sent12: sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves sent13: moving away from the source increases the distance sent14: tectonic plates being pushed together causes earthquakes sent15: to move away means to increase distance sent16: as the distance from the wave source increases , the frequency of the waves will decrease sent17: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent18: sound wave is similar to sound sent19: intense sound energy can move objects sent20: vibrating matter can produce sound sent21: spreading around is similar to spreading in all directions sent22: where something comes from is a source of that something sent23: colliding is a kind of touching sent24: sound wave is a kind of wave sent25: motion is when moves an object / something to a direction
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source [AND] sound wave is a kind of wave [INFER] int1: sound wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] spreading around is similar to spreading in all directions [INFER] int2: sound waves spread in all directions away from their source
Question: Sound waves can pass through all of these except
Answer: a vacuum.
Hypothesis: sound cannot travel through a vacuum
Supporting facts: sent1: to pass through means to move through sent2: air is a kind of matter sent3: except means not sent4: materials are made of matter sent5: sound requires matter to travel sent6: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent7: sound waves means sound energy sent8: ability is a property of things and includes ordered values of able / unable / can / cannot sent9: a vacuum has no matter in it sent10: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent11: noise means sound sent12: to pass means to transfer sent13: sound travels as longitudinal waves sent14: sound is a kind of air vibration sent15: all the other means the rest of sent16: including means containing sent17: to pass means to occur sent18: can be means able to be sent19: to be found in means to be contained in sent20: cannot means not be able to sent21: if sound is absorbed then that sound can not be heard sent22: to pass into means to enter sent23: wave motion is transferred from the source to matter to produce sound sent24: can means having the ability to sent25: passing through is similar to entering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound requires matter to travel [AND] a vacuum has no matter in it [INFER] int1: sound cannot travel through a vacuum
Question: Sound waves travel fastest in
Answer: iron.
Hypothesis: sound will travel fastest in iron
Supporting facts: sent1: sound can travel through air by vibrating air sent2: sound is a kind of air vibration sent3: iron is a kind of solid sent4: can be means able to be sent5: solid is a kind of state of matter sent6: sound cannot travel through a vacuum sent7: sound waves transfer energy sent8: sound is a kind of sound energy sent9: sound means sound energy sent10: less is similar to decrease sent11: all waves transfer / transmit energy from one place to another sent12: usually means most of the time sent13: travel means to move sent14: sound travels fastest through solid sent15: fast means quickly sent16: waves travel differently in different media sent17: the ability to reflect is a property of sound wave sent18: when sound reaches the ear , that sound can be heard sent19: sound waves means sound energy sent20: waves usually cannot travel through a vacuum sent21: the type of material through which sound passes changes the speed at which sound travels sent22: faster means increased rate sent23: speed is a measure of how fast the wave passes the medium sent24: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent25: noise means sound
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound travels fastest through solid [AND] iron is a kind of solid [INFER] int1: sound will travel fastest in iron
Question: Sound waves travel the fastest through
Answer: rock.
Hypothesis: sound travels fastest in a rock
Supporting facts: sent1: fast means quickly sent2: sound waves transfer energy sent3: all waves transfer / transmit energy from one place to another sent4: rocks are a kind of structure sent5: speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving sent6: media / medium means the material something travel through sent7: speed is a measure of how fast the wave passes the medium sent8: a rock is usually a solid sent9: sound wave is similar to sound sent10: moving is similar to travelling sent11: waves travel differently in different media sent12: sound waves means sound energy sent13: sound travels fastest through solid sent14: sound is a kind of air vibration sent15: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent16: sound means sound energy sent17: rock means stone sent18: sand is a kind of solid sent19: usually means most of the time sent20: motion / movement means moving / to move sent21: travel means to move sent22: faster means increased rate sent23: as the kinetic energy of an object increases , the object will travel faster sent24: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent25: intense sound energy can move objects
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound travels fastest through solid [AND] a rock is usually a solid [INFER] int1: sound travels fastest in a rock
Question: A chef uses a metal spoon to stir noodles cooking in a pan. After five minutes, she notices that the thermal energy from the pan has made the spoon
Answer: hot.
Hypothesis: the metal spoon will become home
Supporting facts: sent1: a hot substance is a source of heat sent2: if heat is transferred to an object , then the object will get hot sent3: increasing heat causes thermal expansion sent4: high temperatures can cause an object to combust sent5: when metal conducts heat , that metal expands sent6: sodium is a kind of metal sent7: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent8: thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles sent9: when a cooler object touches a warmer object , thermal conduction occurs sent10: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool sent11: a spoon sometimes is made of metal sent12: as the specific heat of a material decreases , the temperature of the material will increase more given the same amount of energy sent13: absorbing energy causes objects / materials / substances to heat sent14: if something hot is exposed to the air , then the heat will transfer to the air sent15: adding heat to an object sometimes causes chemical reactions sent16: metal is a thermal conductor sent17: a metal spoon is touching the pan sent18: if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat then that conductor may become hot / warm sent19: a thermal insulator can be used to remove hot objects from a heat source sent20: if one object touches something then one is exposed to that something sent21: the heat energy in the cooler object increases in thermal conduction sent22: the pan is a source of heat sent23: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent24: thermal energy is a kind of energy sent25: a thermal insulator slows / prevents the transfer of heat
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a metal spoon is touching the pan [AND] if one object touches something then one is exposed to that something [INFER] int1: the metal spoon is exposed to the pan [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the pan is a source of heat [INFER] int2: the metal spoon is exposed to a source of heat [BECAUSE] a spoon sometimes is made of metal [AND] metal is a thermal conductor [INFER] int3: a spoon is a kind of thermal conductor [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat then that conductor may become hot / warm [INFER] int4: if a spoon is exposed to a source of heat, then the conductor may become hot [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: the metal spoon will become home
Question: When two objects are touching, heat is transferred from the warmer object to the cooler one by
Answer: conduction.
Hypothesis: heat flows from warmer object to cooler object through thermal conduction when two objects are touching
Supporting facts: sent1: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent2: metals usually have higher / greater conductivity than nonmetals sent3: conductivity is a kind of physical property sent4: absorbing energy causes objects / materials / substances to heat sent5: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent6: touching something means feeling that something sent7: heat energy can change the state of matter sent8: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool sent9: a source of heat can be used to heat something sent10: to conduct is similar to to transfer sent11: moving an object from a cool place to a warm place causes the object 's temperature to increase sent12: if two objects are apart from each other then matter is between those two objects sent13: applying heat means adding heat energy sent14: thermal energy is a kind of energy sent15: if one object absorbs more energy than another object , then the object will be warmer sent16: magnetism is a property of materials / objects and includes ordered values of nonmagnetic / magnetic sent17: cool means cold sent18: an object moving from a cool place to a warm place causes the object 's temperature to increase sent19: warm means warm temperature sent20: when a cooler object touches a warmer object , thermal conduction occurs sent21: friction causes the temperature of an object to increase sent22: cooler means colder sent23: conductivity is a measure of how easily electricity travels through a material sent24: to touch means to contact sent25: friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object [AND] when a cooler object touches a warmer object , thermal conduction occurs [INFER] int1: heat flows from warmer object to cooler object through thermal conduction when two objects are touching
Question: Which is an example of conduction?
Answer: a metal spoon warming in a pot of hot soup
Hypothesis: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Supporting facts: sent1: if too much heat is transferred to an object then that object may burn sent2: if liquid is boiling then that liquid is hot sent3: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent4: metals usually have higher / greater conductivity than nonmetals sent5: metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor sent6: if a hot object / substance is exposed to / touches a cold object / substance then that object / that substance will likely cool sent7: if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot sent8: hot means high in heat energy / temperature sent9: a spoon sometimes is made of metal sent10: when metal conducts heat , that metal expands sent11: thermal energy is a kind of energy sent12: friction causes the temperature of an object to increase sent13: a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup sent14: metals are made of metal sent15: soup is a kind of substance sent16: if a body part was burned then that body part was exposed to a lot of heat energy sent17: if an object is placed in a substance / in a location that is colder then that object will cool to the same temperature of that substance / of that location sent18: a hot substance is a source of heat sent19: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent20: the heat energy in the cooler object increases in thermal conduction sent21: a hot plate is a source of heat sent22: if heat is transferred to an object , then the object will get hot sent23: heat energy can change the state of matter sent24: if something hot is exposed to the air , then the heat will transfer to the air sent25: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor [AND] a spoon sometimes is made of metal [INFER] int1: a metal spoon is a thermal conductor [BECAUSE] soup is a kind of substance [AND] a hot substance is a source of heat [INFER] int2: hot soup is a source of heat [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup [INFER] int3: the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [AND] if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot [INFER] int4: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Question: Which of the following is an example of heat transfer by conduction?
Answer: a whole metal spoon getting hot when one end is in hot soup
Hypothesis: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Supporting facts: sent1: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent2: a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup sent3: if too much heat is transferred to an object then that object may burn sent4: if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot sent5: if something is places over a heat source then that something is exposed to that heat source sent6: as heat is transferred from something to something else , the temperature of that something will decrease sent7: if something is in something else , then that something is exposed to that something else sent8: when metal conducts heat , that metal expands sent9: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent10: heat energy can be used to heat up an object sent11: thermal energy is a kind of energy sent12: if a hot object / substance is exposed to / touches a cold object / substance then that object / that substance will likely cool sent13: soup is a kind of substance sent14: a hot substance is a source of heat sent15: if a body part was burned then that body part was exposed to a lot of heat energy sent16: a hot plate is a source of heat sent17: metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor sent18: a spoon sometimes is made of metal sent19: a source of heat can be used to heat something sent20: if something hot is exposed to the air , then the heat will transfer to the air sent21: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent22: heat energy can change the state of matter sent23: heat means heat energy sent24: adding heat to an object sometimes causes chemical reactions sent25: friction causes the temperature of an object to increase
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor [AND] a spoon sometimes is made of metal [INFER] int1: a metal spoon is a thermal conductor [BECAUSE] soup is a kind of substance [AND] a hot substance is a source of heat [INFER] int2: hot soup is a source of heat [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup [INFER] int3: the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [AND] if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot [INFER] int4: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Question: Which of the following heat exchange processes involves the collision of particles?
Answer: conduction
Hypothesis: thermal conduction is a heat exchange process involving the collision of particles
Supporting facts: sent1: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent2: metals usually have higher / greater conductivity than nonmetals sent3: conductivity is a kind of physical property sent4: phase means state sent5: heat energy can change the state of matter sent6: magnetism is a property of materials / objects and includes ordered values of nonmagnetic / magnetic sent7: motion is a source of kinetic energy in an object sent8: when a cooler object touches a warmer object , thermal conduction occurs sent9: friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other sent10: due to means caused by sent11: to cause means to result in sent12: a surface is a part of a material sent13: to cause an event is similar to being involved in that event sent14: temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of molecules sent15: when metal conducts heat , that metal expands sent16: thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles sent17: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent18: material means substance sent19: heat means heat energy sent20: colliding means coming into a collision sent21: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent22: both means two sent23: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent24: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent25: as the amount of heat energy of a substance / of an object increases , the amount of kinetic energy will increase
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles [AND] thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object [INFER] int1: thermal conduction is a heat exchange process involving the collision of particles
Question: A student standing near a campfire feels warmer as the fire grows. Which process most likely transfers heat from the campfire to the student?
Answer: radiation
Hypothesis: the campfire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation
Supporting facts: sent1: transferring is similar to adding sent2: moving an object from a cool place to a warm place causes the object 's temperature to increase sent3: if something transfers energy to something else then that something else absorbs that energy sent4: fire transfers heat through radiation sent5: heat means heat energy sent6: a campfire is a kind of fire sent7: radiation is a kind of process sent8: combustion means fire converts chemical energy into light energy and heat energy sent9: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent10: if something hot is exposed to the air , then the heat will transfer to the air sent11: sitting on something provides warmth to that something sent12: more burning causes fire to be hotter sent13: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent14: radiation is when heat is transferred through waves / particles sent15: if something transfers something else then that something is a source of something else sent16: if one object absorbs more energy than another object , then the object will be warmer sent17: heat is a kind of energy sent18: transferring is similar to giving sent19: hot means high in heat energy / temperature sent20: transferring is moving from one place to another place sent21: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent22: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool sent23: if heat is added to a substance then that substance absorbs that heat sent24: absorbing energy causes objects / materials / substances to heat sent25: as heat is transferred from something to something else , the temperature of that something will decrease
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] radiation is when heat is transferred through waves / particles [AND] fire transfers heat through radiation [AND] radiation is a kind of process [INFER] int1: fire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a campfire is a kind of fire [INFER] int2: the campfire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation