ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: A large quantity of heavy rain falling in a short time period will most likely
Answer: reduce the amount of nutrients in the soil.
Hypothesis: rain can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil
Supporting facts: sent1: precipitation is a kind of weather sent2: disrupting something from reaching something else decreases the availability of that something sent3: rain causes erosion sent4: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent5: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent6: heavy rains cause flooding sent7: harming something has a negative impact on / effect on that something sent8: an area receiving rain means rain falling in that area sent9: if something has a negative impact on something else then increasing the amount of that something has a negative impact on that something else sent10: absorbing something from the air decreases the amount of that something in the air sent11: soil erosion is a kind of slow / natural process sent12: as the amount of rainfall increases , the rate of chemical weathering will increase sent13: the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on that organism 's survival / that organism 's ability sent14: rainy means often raining sent15: erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil sent16: rainfall means the amount of precipitation sent17: rainfall means precipitation sent18: erosion usually causes harm to the environment sent19: erosion of soil has a negative impact on the environment / soil quality sent20: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent21: lack of moisture in the air causes low amounts of rainfall sent22: to depend on / to rely on / to need means to require sent23: quantity means amount sent24: precipitation is a stage in the water cycle process sent25: soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil [AND] rain causes erosion [INFER] int1: rain can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil
Question: A group of students is taking a hike along a stream channel. One student picks up a rock from the stream and notices that the rock is very smooth and round. Which type of weathering most likely shaped the rock?
Answer: abrasion
Hypothesis: abrasion is the kind of weathering that would change the rocks from rough into smooth and rough
Supporting facts: sent1: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent2: rock is a kind of nonliving thing sent3: as roughness of a surface increases , friction will increase sent4: if someone walks on a surface then that someone touches that surface sent5: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent6: abrasion changes rocks from rough into smooth and round sent7: friction exerts force on moving objects sent8: shape is a property of the appearance of an object sent9: as the roughness of something increases , the friction of that something will increase when its surface moves against another surface sent10: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent11: surface type is a kind of characteristic sent12: characteristic means property sent13: texture means how an object feels sent14: crumple means change shape from smooth / flat into compacted / irregular by mechanical force / kinetic energy sent15: friction causes the temperature of an object to increase sent16: the shape of an object can be discovered through feeling that object / touching that object sent17: abrasion is a kind of weathering sent18: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent19: a river is a kind of flowing / moving body of water sent20: weathering is a kind of erosion sent21: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent22: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent23: a channel contains moving water sent24: as the smoothness of something increases , the friction of that something will decrease when its surface moves against another surface sent25: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] abrasion is a kind of weathering [AND] abrasion changes rocks from rough into smooth and round [INFER] int1: abrasion is the kind of weathering that would change the rocks from rough into smooth and rough
Question: When trees are removed from an area in a tropical rainforest, the area experiences an increase in soil erosion. Which statement best explains why removing the trees can lead to soil erosion?
Answer: There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place.
Hypothesis: removing trees will increase soil erosion by decreasing the roots holding the soil in place
Supporting facts: sent1: rainforests contain many species sent2: if soil is held in place, then soil erosion can be prevented sent3: a forest contains lots of plants / trees sent4: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent5: if something has a negative impact on something else then increasing the amount of that something has a negative impact on that something else sent6: clearing is similar to removing sent7: preventing something decreases the amount of that something sent8: to keep something from happening means to prevent that something sent9: removing trees will decrease the roots in the soil sent10: erosion usually causes harm to the environment sent11: the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on that organism 's survival / that organism 's ability sent12: overgrazing increases soil erosion sent13: as the deforestation increases , the soil erosion will increase sent14: to inhibit means to prevent sent15: cutting down trees has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent16: a plant 's roots slowly break down rocks as the roots grow sent17: roots hold soil in place sent18: removing a forest means cutting down the trees in that forest sent19: a tree is a kind of habitat sent20: less means a reduced amount sent21: get rid of means eliminate / remove sent22: large canopies / trees block sunlight from reaching the ground sent23: as the distance from a source of something increases , that something will decrease sent24: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent25: a rainforest is a kind of forest
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] roots hold soil in place [AND] if soil is held in place, then soil erosion can be prevented [INFER] int1: roots help prevent soil erosion by holding soil in place [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] removing trees will decrease the roots in the soil [INFER] int2: removing trees will increase soil erosion by decreasing the roots holding the soil in place
Question: If water gets into the crack of a rock and then freezes, the rock will MOST likely
Answer: break apart
Hypothesis: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes
Supporting facts: sent1: freezing means cold temperatures sent2: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent3: separating is similar to breaking sent4: to split means to break down sent5: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent6: water expanding when it freezes is a physical property of water sent7: ice is colder in temperature than water sent8: apart means away sent9: cold means low in temperature sent10: the freezing point of water / melting point of water is 32f / 0c / 273k sent11: freezing point means temperature at which a liquid freezes / below which a liquid freezes sent12: liquid water cooling causes that liquid water to freeze sent13: freezing point is similar to melting point sent14: when water freezes , that water expands sent15: ice is a kind of water phase sent16: if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack sent17: ice wedging is similar to ice fracturing sent18: heat energy can change the state of matter sent19: heat means heat energy sent20: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent21: separate is similar to break down sent22: break apart means break down sent23: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent24: if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart sent25: temperature changing can cause phase changes
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] when water freezes , that water expands [AND] if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack [INFER] int1: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then water will expand in the crack [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart [INFER] int2: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes
Question: Which event can cause a large rock to become soil over time?
Answer: weathering
Hypothesis: soil is formed by breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: the ground is part of the earth sent2: rock means stone sent3: in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion sent4: topsoil is a kind of soil sent5: soil is formed by weathering sent6: crumble means break down sent7: organic weathering means organisms cause the weathering of rocks sent8: break apart means break down sent9: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent10: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent11: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent12: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent13: water causes soil and rock erosion sent14: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent15: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent16: in the rock cycle , erosion follows weathering sent17: cementation means the process of cementing sent18: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent19: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent20: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent21: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent22: sediment is formed by rocks weathering sent23: weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces sent24: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent25: earth is made of rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces [AND] soil is formed by weathering [INFER] int1: soil is formed by breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Question: A glacier is a slow moving river of ice. How does a glacier help create soil?
Answer: It scrapes small particles off large rocks.
Hypothesis: the small particles of a rock scraped by the glacier can make up soil
Supporting facts: sent1: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent2: to produce means to create sent3: sometimes weathering smooths / rounds rocks sent4: creating means making sent5: the parts of something make up that something sent6: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent7: fast means quickly sent8: to be used for something means to help to do that something sent9: weathering is a kind of erosion sent10: very small rocks / minerals are kinds of of small particles sent11: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent12: scraping an object may cause small particles to break off of that object sent13: soil is made of very small rocks / minerals sent14: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent15: to scrape means to scratch sent16: to create means to make sent17: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent18: size is a property of objects and includes ordered values of microscopic / tiny / small / medium / large sent19: if rocks in an area have many scratches then that area was once covered by glaciers sent20: ice sheet / polar ice sheet is a kind of glacier sent21: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent22: a rock is a kind of object sent23: helping means something can be done / completed more easily / better sent24: to generate means to create sent25: glacier may scrape rocks when it moves
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] scraping an object may cause small particles to break off of that object [AND] a rock is a kind of object [INFER] int1: scraping a rock may cause small particles to break off the whole rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] glacier may scrape rocks when it moves [INFER] int2: glacier can scrape a rock and cause small particles to break off the whole rock [BECAUSE] very small rocks / minerals are kinds of of small particles [AND] soil is made of very small rocks / minerals [INFER] int3: soil is made of small particles of rock / minerals [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: the small particles of a rock scraped by the glacier can make up soil
Question: Which action most likely causes large rocks to become smaller pieces of rock?
Answer: weathering by wind and water
Hypothesis: interacting with wind and moving water causes the rocks to be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent2: weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent3: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent4: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent5: sediment is formed by rocks weathering sent6: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent7: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent8: larger means greater / higher / more / increase in size sent9: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent10: length is a property of the shape of an object sent11: rock means stone sent12: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent13: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent14: water causes soil and rock erosion sent15: break apart means break down sent16: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent17: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent18: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent19: crumble means break down sent20: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent21: size is a property of objects and includes ordered values of microscopic / tiny / small / medium / large sent22: rocks interacting with wind and moving water over long periods of time causes weathering sent23: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging sent24: wind means moving air sent25: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means [AND] rocks interacting with wind and moving water over long periods of time causes weathering [INFER] int1: interacting with wind and moving water causes the rocks to be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Question: A large rock breaks into small pieces within 10 years. Which process is most likely responsible for breaking the large rock into small pieces within 10 years?
Answer: water repeatedly freezing and thawing in a crack
Hypothesis: rocks will be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces by cycles of freezing and thawing water
Supporting facts: sent1: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent2: ice is a kind of water phase sent3: an example of rock expansion is rock thawing sent4: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent5: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent6: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent7: breaking an object into pieces changes the shape of the object sent8: when water freezes , that water expands sent9: an example of rock contraction is rock freezing sent10: a measure of time is a length of time sent11: ice wedging is similar to ice fracturing sent12: mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means sent13: water causes soil and rock erosion sent14: dissolving is similar to breaking down sent15: thawing is similar to melting sent16: ice is colder in temperature than water sent17: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent18: break apart means break down sent19: water expanding when it freezes is a physical property of water sent20: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent21: to split means to break down sent22: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent23: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent24: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging sent25: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging [AND] ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering [INFER] int1: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int2: rocks will be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces by cycles of freezing and thawing water
Question: The freezing and thawing action of water affects a rock by
Answer: gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.
Hypothesis: cycles of freezing and thawing water will break down rocks from larger whole into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: freezing means cold temperatures sent2: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent3: breaking an object into pieces changes the shape of the object sent4: break apart means break down sent5: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent6: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent7: freezing point means temperature at which a liquid freezes / below which a liquid freezes sent8: water causes soil and rock erosion sent9: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent10: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent11: when water freezes , that water expands sent12: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent13: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent14: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering sent15: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent16: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent17: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent18: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging sent19: mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means sent20: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent21: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent22: size is a property of objects and includes ordered values of microscopic / tiny / small / medium / large sent23: damage means harm sent24: separating is similar to breaking sent25: freezing point is a property of a substance / material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging [AND] ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering [INFER] int1: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int2: cycles of freezing and thawing water will break down rocks from larger whole into smaller pieces
Question: A student climbs up a rocky mountain trail in Maine. She sees many small pieces of rock on the path. Which action most likely made the small pieces of rock?
Answer: ice breaking large rocks apart
Hypothesis: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause the rocks to break into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: crumble means break down sent2: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent3: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent4: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent5: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging sent6: glaciers moving causes mechanical weathering sent7: mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means sent8: breaking an object into pieces changes the shape of the object sent9: separating is similar to breaking sent10: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent11: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent12: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent13: to split means to break down sent14: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent15: ice wedging is similar to ice fracturing sent16: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent17: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent18: rocks / soil / materials interacting with wind / moving water over long periods of time causes weathering sent19: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent20: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent21: water causes soil and rock erosion sent22: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent23: glaciers moving cause scratches in rocks sent24: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent25: break apart means break down
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering [AND] cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging [INFER] int1: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int2: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause the rocks to break into smaller pieces