ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: A student needs to find the mass of an atom. The numbers of which atomic particles determines the mass of the atom?
Answer: both its protons and neutrons
Hypothesis: atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons particle numbers
Supporting facts: sent1: protons are a kind of subatomic particle sent2: determining is similar to controlling sent3: mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object sent4: composed of means made of sent5: to discover means to find sent6: calculating is similar to estimating sent7: mass is a property of objects / matter sent8: mass is a kind of physical property sent9: neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle sent10: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent11: mass is a kind of information sent12: the mass of an object causes the gravitational force exerted by that object sent13: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent14: both means two sent15: a physicist is a kind of scientist sent16: atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons numbers in an atom sent17: determining is similar to learning sent18: the structure of an atom is made of a massive nucleus surrounded by electrons sent19: how many means what number sent20: n means newton sent21: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent22: discovering something usually requires seeing that something sent23: if an event is required for a process then that event must occur before that process can occur sent24: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent25: to measure means to calculate
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] protons are a kind of subatomic particle [AND] atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons numbers in an atom [AND] neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle [INFER] int1: atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons particle numbers
Question: When an atom loses or gains an electron, it changes
Answer: charge.
Hypothesis: losing or gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an atom to be unbalanced
Supporting facts: sent1: positive charge is a kind of electric charge sent2: magnetism is a property of materials / objects and includes ordered values of nonmagnetic / magnetic sent3: unbalanced electrical charge of object / material causes static electricity sent4: if there is a loss of something then that something decreases sent5: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent6: if part of the whole has electric charge , then that part of the object will be responsible for the electric charge of the object sent7: an atom is a kind of object sent8: negative charge is a kind of electric charge sent9: to convert means to change sent10: to change means to cause a change sent11: electricity means electrical energy sent12: if two objects / two materials have the same electrical charge then those two objects / those two materials will repel / move apart from each other when they are close to each other sent13: losing / gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an object to be unbalanced sent14: loss means reduction sent15: to lose means to have less of sent16: if something generates energy for something else then that something powers that something else sent17: losing something decreases the amount of that something sent18: energy transformation means one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy sent19: electricity is made of moving charges / moving charged particles sent20: to change means to have an effect sent21: to modify means to change sent22: an electrical charge can attract objects to other objects sent23: an ion with negative charge is formed by atom gaining electrons sent24: gaining is similar to increasing sent25: an ion with positive charge is formed by atom losing electrons
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] losing / gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an object to be unbalanced [AND] an atom is a kind of object [INFER] int1: losing or gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an atom to be unbalanced
Question: Which best describes a proton?
Answer: positively charged and part of the nucleus
Hypothesis: protons are found in the nucleus of an atom and are positvely charged
Supporting facts: sent1: an electron is a kind of subatomic particle sent2: to be found in means to be contained in sent3: contains means located in sent4: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent5: nucleus is synonymous with core / center sent6: best means most positive sent7: both means two sent8: the parts of something make up that something sent9: made up of means contains / made of sent10: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent11: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent12: a description sometimes provides information sent13: electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom sent14: a structure of something is synonymous with a part of that something sent15: including means containing sent16: a component of something means a part of that something sent17: similar means in common sent18: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent19: a part of something means a characteristic of something sent20: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent21: a part of something is present in that something sent22: composed of means made of sent23: part means role sent24: made of is similar to contains sent25: protons are found in the nucleus of an atom
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] protons are found in the nucleus of an atom [AND] a proton has a positive 1 electric charge [INFER] int1: protons are found in the nucleus of an atom and are positvely charged
Question: Which statement best describes a neutron?
Answer: It adds mass to the nucleus.
Hypothesis: neutrons add mass to the nucleus
Supporting facts: sent1: including means containing sent2: mass is a kind of information sent3: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent4: a kind of something is an example of that something sent5: a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something sent6: mass is a kind of physical property sent7: a description sometimes provides information sent8: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent9: similar means in common sent10: to add means to combine sent11: classifying is when one sorts something by kind / type sent12: composed of means made of sent13: contains means located in sent14: proton is a kind of subatomic particles sent15: a source of something increases the amount of that something sent16: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent17: nucleus is synonymous with core / center sent18: made up of means contains / made of sent19: to add means to increase sent20: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent21: one neutron has one atomic mass unit sent22: adding is a kind of activity sent23: if an event occurs by adding something then that event requires that something sent24: the nucleus of an atom is usually made of both protons and neutrons sent25: if something is caused by something else , then that something can be explained by that something else
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] one neutron has one atomic mass unit [AND] the nucleus of an atom is usually made of both protons and neutrons [INFER] int1: neutrons add mass to the nucleus
Question: An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by
Answer: electrons.
Hypothesis: an atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons
Supporting facts: sent1: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent2: nucleus is synonymous with core / center sent3: including means containing sent4: nucleus is a part of an atom sent5: physical state means state of matter sent6: electrons are found farthest from the center of the atom sent7: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent8: proton is a kind of subatomic particles sent9: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent10: made up of means contains / made of sent11: if something is part of another thing, then another thing consist of that something sent12: electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom sent13: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent14: both means two sent15: atomic means of the atom sent16: to be found in means to be contained in sent17: contains means located in sent18: electron configuration is a property of elements sent19: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent20: the location of an electron is determined by the attraction of the nucleus sent21: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent22: made of is similar to contains sent23: being around something means surrounding that something sent24: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent25: similar means in common
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is part of another thing, then another thing consist of that something [AND] nucleus is a part of an atom [INFER] int1: an atom consists of a nucleus [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom [INFER] int2: an atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons
Question: An atom will always have
Answer: equal numbers of protons and electrons.
Hypothesis: that atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
Supporting facts: sent1: charge is a property of an object / a material / a substance and includes ordered values of negatively-charged / neutral / positively-charged sent2: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent3: an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons sent4: similar means in common sent5: identical means copy sent6: stay the same means not changing sent7: if the outermost electron shell of an atom is full / complete , then the element of those atoms will not react with other elements easily sent8: a physical property is a kind of property sent9: if a neutral atom loses an electron then an atom with a positive charge will be formed sent10: an normal atom has a neutral electric charge sent11: an ion atom has a positive or negative electric charge sent12: an electron has a negative -1 electric charge sent13: positive charge is a kind of electric charge sent14: neutral charge is a kind of electric charge sent15: positive charge is the opposite of negative charge sent16: a neutron has a neutral electric charge sent17: ability is a property of things and includes ordered values of able / unable / can / cannot sent18: an electron is a kind of subatomic particle sent19: if an atom has more electrons than protons , then the atom will be an ion with negative charge sent20: fixed is similar to definite sent21: physical state means state of matter sent22: if an atom has more protons than electrons , then the atom will be an ion with positive charge sent23: constant means not changing sent24: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent25: definite is the opposite of variable
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an electron has a negative -1 electric charge [AND] a proton has a positive 1 electric charge [INFER] int1: equal numbers of protons and electrons result in a neutral 0 electric charge [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a neutron has a neutral electric charge [INFER] int2: equal numbers of protons and electrons and any number of neutrons result in a neutral 0 electric charge [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons [INFER] int3: if an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, then the atom will have a neutral charge [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an normal atom has a neutral electric charge [INFER] int4: that atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
Question: What particle always has a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu) and no charge?
Answer: a neutron
Hypothesis: a neutron is a particle that is neutral in electric charge and has one atomic mass unit
Supporting facts: sent1: not is similar to the opposite of sent2: unit is similar to part sent3: mass is a kind of information sent4: a proton is a part of an atom / an element sent5: variable means able to change sent6: negative charge is a kind of electric charge sent7: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent8: similar means in common sent9: constant means not changing sent10: if part of the whole has electric charge , then that part of the object will be responsible for the electric charge of the object sent11: atomic means of the atom sent12: a neutron has a neutral electric charge sent13: mass is a kind of physical property sent14: one neutron has one atomic mass unit sent15: charge is a property of an object / a material / a substance and includes ordered values of negatively-charged / neutral / positively-charged sent16: electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom sent17: atom cannot be divided into smaller substances sent18: positive charge is the opposite of negative charge sent19: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent20: an ion is a kind of charged particle sent21: neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle sent22: cannot is the opposite of can sent23: both means two sent24: electrons are a part of an atom sent25: proton is a kind of subatomic particles
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a neutron has a neutral electric charge [AND] one neutron has one atomic mass unit [INFER] int1: a neutron is neutral in electric charge and has one atomic mass unit [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle [INFER] int2: a neutron is a particle that is neutral in electric charge and has one atomic mass unit
Question: An atom with a +1 charge has
Answer: lost an electron.
Hypothesis: the atom loses an electron
Supporting facts: sent1: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent2: an atom is positive 1 in electric charge sent3: able is the opposite of unable sent4: to lose means to have less of sent5: losing something decreases the amount of that something sent6: an increase is a kind of change sent7: nuclear energy is a kind of energy sent8: loss is similar to removal sent9: an electron is a kind of subatomic particle sent10: magnetism is a property of materials / objects and includes ordered values of nonmagnetic / magnetic sent11: positive charge is the opposite of negative charge sent12: colliding is a kind of touching sent13: loss means reduction sent14: n means newton sent15: if there is a loss of something then that something decreases sent16: cannot means not be able to sent17: if a neutral atom loses an electron then an atom with a positive charge will be formed sent18: similar means in common sent19: an ion with negative charge is formed by atom gaining electrons sent20: to convert means to change sent21: electricity means electrical energy sent22: form means kind sent23: proton is a kind of subatomic particles sent24: ability is a property of things and includes ordered values of able / unable / can / cannot sent25: affected means changed
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if a neutral atom loses an electron then an atom with a positive charge will be formed [AND] an atom is positive 1 in electric charge [INFER] int1: the atom loses an electron
Question: In the atomic model that includes a nucleus, the positive charge is
Answer: concentrated in the center of the model.
Hypothesis: the positive charge is concentrated in the center of an atom
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent2: concentration means amount sent3: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent4: an electron is a kind of subatomic particle sent5: made up of means contains / made of sent6: physical state means state of matter sent7: the location of an electron is determined by the attraction of the nucleus sent8: electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom sent9: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent10: a neutron has a neutral electric charge sent11: electrons are located on the orbitals in an atom sent12: including means containing sent13: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent14: composed of means made of sent15: the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons sent16: a neutron has a neutral 0 electric charge sent17: to focus means to concentrate sent18: contains means located in sent19: the nucleus is the center of an atom sent20: electron configuration is a property of elements sent21: electrons are located at the outside of the nucleus sent22: electrons are found farthest from the center of the atom sent23: the location of an electron is determined by the energy of the electron sent24: nucleus is synonymous with core / center sent25: a component of something means a part of that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a neutron has a neutral 0 electric charge [AND] a proton has a positive 1 electric charge [INFER] int1: protons and neutrons together will be positive in electric charge [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons [INFER] int2: the nucleus of an atom is positve in electric charge [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the nucleus is the center of an atom [INFER] int3: the positive charge is concentrated in the center of an atom
Question: The difference between the atomic number of an element and the element's atomic mass is the number of
Answer: neutrons.
Hypothesis: the difference between atomic mass and atomic number is the number of the neutrons in an element
Supporting facts: sent1: the number of parts of something is a property of that something sent2: if a value decreases then that value may become / may reach zero / 0 sent3: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent4: mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object sent5: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent6: atom cannot be divided into smaller substances sent7: the structure of an atom is made of a massive nucleus surrounded by electrons sent8: to tell the difference between things means to classify those things sent9: according to is similar to be determined by sent10: an electron is a kind of subatomic particle sent11: proton is a kind of subatomic particles sent12: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent13: a proton is a part of an atom / an element sent14: an element is a kind of substance sent15: mass is a kind of physical property sent16: composed of means made of sent17: mass is a kind of information sent18: protons are found in the nucleus of an atom sent19: atomic mass is determined by the number of protons and neutrons sent20: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent21: both means two sent22: mass is a property of objects / matter sent23: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent24: how many means what number sent25: atomic number is only determined by the number of proton of an element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] atomic mass is determined by the number of protons and neutrons [AND] atomic number is only determined by the number of proton of an element [INFER] int1: the difference between atomic mass and atomic number is the number of the neutrons in an element
Question: Which part of an atom is involved in chemical reactions?
Answer: negatively-charged particles
Hypothesis: negatively charged particles are involved in chemical reactions
Supporting facts: sent1: if part of the whole has electric charge , then that part of the object will be responsible for the electric charge of the object sent2: a electron has a negative -1 electric charge sent3: electrons are reactive during chemical process sent4: part means role sent5: electrical charge is a property of atoms sent6: ^+ means positive charge sent7: a reaction is a kind of process sent8: a part of something is present in that something sent9: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent10: electricity means electrical energy sent11: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent12: charge is a property of an object / a material / a substance and includes ordered values of negatively-charged / neutral / positively-charged sent13: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent14: neutral charge is a kind of electric charge sent15: to be involved in something means to have a role in something sent16: electrons are located at the outside of the nucleus sent17: both means two sent18: chemical reaction causes atoms to lose / to gain electrons sent19: an electrical charge can attract objects to other objects sent20: electrons are involved in chemical reactions sent21: electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom sent22: electrons are a part of an atom sent23: positive charge cause the particles to bounce off the metal sent24: an electron is a kind of charged particle sent25: including means containing
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a electron has a negative -1 electric charge [AND] an electron is a kind of charged particle [INFER] int1: an electron is a kind of negatively charged particle [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] electrons are a part of an atom [INFER] int2: electrons are part of an atom that is negatively-charged [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] electrons are involved in chemical reactions [INFER] int3: negatively charged particles are involved in chemical reactions
Question: A scientist uses angstrom units to measure the distance between two points. The scientist is most likely measuring the distance between two
Answer: atoms.
Hypothesis: angstrom units can be used to measure the distance between atoms
Supporting facts: sent1: length is a part of size sent2: measuring is used for describing an object sent3: calculation means measurement sent4: proximity means distance sent5: often is similar to likely sent6: angstrom unit is used to measure the distance between two points sent7: recording an observation sometimes requires measuring sent8: both means two sent9: an atom is exceptionally small in size sent10: shape is a kind of physical property sent11: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent12: length is a property of the shape of an object sent13: closer means lower / less / a decrease in distance sent14: substances are made of matter sent15: scientists make observations sent16: distance moved / distance travelled is a measure of how far an object moves sent17: a molecule is exceptionally small in size sent18: length is a measure of distance from one end of an object to the other end of that object sent19: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent20: to measure means to calculate sent21: a point is small in size sent22: an example of collecting data is measuring sent23: a measurement is a kind of data sent24: determining often requires measuring / observing sent25: atom cannot be divided into smaller substances
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a point is small in size [AND] an atom is exceptionally small in size [INFER] int1: atoms are similar in size with points [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] angstrom unit is used to measure the distance between two points [INFER] int2: angstrom units can be used to measure the distance between atoms