ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of the following is an example of a physical change but not a chemical change?
Answer: A water pipe freezes and cracks on a cold night.
Hypothesis: the water pipe freezing and cracking is an example of physical change but not a chemical change
Supporting facts: sent1: if something changes , then that something is not the same sent2: cracking is a kind of breaking sent3: freezing point is a property of a substance / material sent4: an example of a physical change is breaking an object sent5: freezing is a kind of phase change sent6: a water pipe freezes and cracks on a cold night sent7: phase changes change the arrangement of molecules in a substance / in a sample sent8: a physical property is a kind of property sent9: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction sent10: chemical change is the opposite of physical change sent11: freezing means cold temperatures sent12: phase means state sent13: the water pipe freezes sent14: freezing causes a solid to form sent15: to change means to cause a change sent16: a chemical property is the opposite of a physical property sent17: definite is the opposite of variable sent18: a phase change is a kind of physical change sent19: freezing point is a kind of physical property sent20: liquid water cooling causes that liquid water to freeze sent21: freezing point means temperature at which a liquid freezes / below which a liquid freezes sent22: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent23: physical state means state of matter sent24: temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of molecules sent25: a water pipe is a kind of object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the water pipe freezes [AND] freezing is a kind of phase change [INFER] int1: the water pipe undergoes a phase change [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a phase change is a kind of physical change [INFER] int2: the water pipe undergoes a physical change when it freezes [BECAUSE] cracking is a kind of breaking [AND] an example of a physical change is breaking an object [INFER] int3: an object cracking is a kind of physical change [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a water pipe is a kind of object [INFER] int4: the water pipe cracking is a kind of physical change [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [AND] a water pipe freezes and cracks on a cold night [INFER] int5: the water pipe freezing and cracking is an example of physical change [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] chemical change is the opposite of physical change [INFER] int6: the water pipe freezing and cracking is an example of physical change but not a chemical change
Question: Which of the following changes occurs as a solid is heated?
Answer: The average molecular speed in the solid increases.
Hypothesis: the molecules in the solid substance increases in speed
Supporting facts: sent1: if something causes an increase in something else then that something produces that something else sent2: to add means to increase sent3: fast means quickly sent4: heat means heat energy sent5: an increase is the opposite of a decrease sent6: a solid is a kind of substance sent7: warm up means increase temperature sent8: as the amount of heat energy of a substance / of an object increases , the amount of kinetic energy will increase sent9: as the temperature increases , the kinetic energy of the molecules will increase sent10: rate is similar to speed sent11: speed is a measure of distance travelled by an object over time / divided by time / per unit of time sent12: speed up means increase sent13: adding heat means increasing temperature sent14: speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving sent15: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent16: faster means an increase / higher in speed sent17: heat means temperature increases sent18: increase means more sent19: as the temperature of a substance increases , the molecules in that substance will move faster sent20: faster means increased rate sent21: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent22: increasing heat causes thermal expansion sent23: cooling means temperature decreases sent24: heat is a kind of energy sent25: a solid is heated
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] heat means temperature increases [AND] a solid is heated [INFER] int1: the temperature of the solid increases [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a solid is a kind of substance [INFER] int2: the temperature of the solid substance increases [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as the temperature of a substance increases , the molecules in that substance will move faster [INFER] int3: the molecules in the solid substance moves faster [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] faster means an increase / higher in speed [INFER] int4: the molecules in the solid substance increases in speed
Question: Mercury and gold are both metals. Unlike gold, mercury cannot be used to make jewelry because it is a liquid at room temperature. The difference in the state of matter is an example of which type of property?
Answer: physical
Hypothesis: gold and mercury are different in a physical property
Supporting facts: sent1: matter in the liquid phase has definite volume sent2: constant means not changing sent3: similar means in common sent4: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent5: state of matter means physical state sent6: cannot means not be able to sent7: platinum is always magnetic sent8: hardness is a kind of physical property sent9: condition means the state of the property sent10: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent11: solid is a kind of state of matter sent12: physical state means state of matter sent13: gold is a kind of solid sent14: cannot is the opposite of can sent15: identical is the opposite of different sent16: state means form sent17: state of matter is a kind of physical property sent18: magnetism is a kind of physical property sent19: property is similar to measurement sent20: mercury is liquid at room temperature sent21: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent22: liquid is a kind of state of matter sent23: both means two sent24: variability of shape / variability of volume is a kind of physical property sent25: temperature is a measure of heat energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] solid is a kind of state of matter [AND] gold is a kind of solid [INFER] int1: gold is in solid state [BECAUSE] mercury is liquid at room temperature [AND] liquid is a kind of state of matter [INFER] int2: mercury is in liquid state [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: gold and mercury are in different states of matter [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] state of matter is a kind of physical property [INFER] int4: gold and mercury are different in a physical property
Question: As part of a study, a scientist observed a number of different molecular changes in matter. Which of the following observations provides evidence of a physical change?
Answer: a bottle that was broken into many small pieces
Hypothesis: the bottle undergoes a physical change
Supporting facts: sent1: a whole is formed by its parts sent2: a change is a kind of difference sent3: shape is a property of an object sent4: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent5: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent6: variability of shape / variability of volume is a kind of physical property sent7: scientists make observations sent8: observations / data are a part of the results of an experiment sent9: break apart means break down sent10: shape is a kind of physical property sent11: to split means to break down sent12: a result of something is evidence of that something sent13: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent14: observe means see sent15: volume is a property of matter sent16: structure is a property of an object / a material / a substance sent17: shape of the parts of something is a property of that something sent18: length is a property of the shape of an object sent19: chemical change is the opposite of physical change sent20: a physical property is a kind of property sent21: a piece is a part of a whole sent22: the number of parts of something is a property of that something sent23: if a thing's physical properties change then it has undergone a physical change sent24: breaking a bottle changes the shape of the bottle sent25: the parts of something make up that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] shape is a kind of physical property [AND] breaking a bottle changes the shape of the bottle [INFER] int1: breaking a bottle changes the physical property of the bottle [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a thing's physical properties change then it has undergone a physical change [INFER] int2: the bottle undergoes a physical change
Question: A student crumples up a sheet of paper. Which property of the paper has changed?
Answer: shape
Hypothesis: crumpling changes the shape of a sheet of paper
Supporting facts: sent1: crumpling is a kind of change of shape action sent2: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent3: a sheet of is similar to a piece of sent4: to change means to become different sent5: look at means observe sent6: a sheet of paper is a kind of object sent7: a decrease is a kind of change sent8: different materials usually have different properties sent9: a change is a kind of difference sent10: to change means to have an effect sent11: a property is similar to a factor sent12: affected means changed sent13: characteristic means property sent14: a whole is formed by its parts sent15: change of shape actions change the shape of an object sent16: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed sent17: a physical property is a kind of property sent18: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent19: structure is similar to shape sent20: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent21: alteration means change sent22: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent23: unchanged means not changed sent24: material means substance sent25: a property is a kind of information
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] crumpling is a kind of change of shape action [AND] change of shape actions change the shape of an object [INFER] int1: crumpling changes the shape of an object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a sheet of paper is a kind of object [INFER] int2: crumpling changes the shape of a sheet of paper
Question: Which term is used to describe a physical property of a mineral?
Answer: solid
Hypothesis: being solid is a physical property of a mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: a mineral usually has a crystal structure sent2: a metal is usually a solid at room temperature sent3: to be found in means to be contained in sent4: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent5: different materials usually have different properties sent6: matter in the solid phase has definite volume sent7: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent8: state of matter means physical state sent9: similar means in common sent10: a mineral is a kind of solid material sent11: a description sometimes provides information sent12: liquid / solid means nongaseous sent13: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent14: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent15: appearance is a kind of physical property sent16: physical state means state of matter sent17: state of matter is a kind of physical property sent18: material means substance sent19: liquid is a kind of state of matter sent20: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent21: can be means able to be sent22: state means form sent23: solid is a kind of state of matter sent24: property is similar to measurement sent25: matter in the solid phase has definite shape
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] state of matter is a kind of physical property [AND] solid is a kind of state of matter [INFER] int1: solid is a kind of physical property [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mineral is a kind of solid material [INFER] int2: being solid is a physical property of a mineral
Question: What is the process called when an acid and a base combine to produce water and salt?
Answer: neutralization
Hypothesis: neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base and produces water and salt
Supporting facts: sent1: to cause means to result in sent2: producing is similar to releasing sent3: to turn means to convert sent4: if a material / a substance is a mixture of two or more materials or substances then that material / substance is made / is formed / contains those materials / substances sent5: generate means produce sent6: produce is similar to release sent7: make means produce sent8: to add means to combine sent9: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent10: neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base sent11: a molecule of water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom sent12: a compound is a kind of substance sent13: a compound is a kind of material sent14: neutralization produces water and salt sent15: both means two sent16: similar means in common sent17: if something is given off of something , then something is the product of something sent18: charge is a property of an object / a material / a substance and includes ordered values of negatively-charged / neutral / positively-charged sent19: forming something is a kind of change sent20: a reaction is a kind of process sent21: to produce means to result in sent22: acid can cause chemical change sent23: to convert means to change sent24: a chemical property is a kind of property sent25: phase means state
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base [AND] neutralization produces water and salt [INFER] int1: neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base and produces water and salt
Question: All matter is made up of particles called
Answer: atoms
Hypothesis: matter is made of particles called atoms
Supporting facts: sent1: substances are made of elements sent2: all living and nonliving materials are made of elements sent3: matter is made of atoms sent4: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent5: made of is similar to contains sent6: atom cannot be divided into smaller substances sent7: can be means able to be sent8: atomic means of the atom sent9: to be found in means to be contained in sent10: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent11: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent12: an atom is a kind of particle sent13: including means containing sent14: if an object is made of a material then that object has the properties of that material sent15: material means substance sent16: composed of means made of sent17: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent18: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent19: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent20: a kind of something is an example of that something sent21: the parts of something make up that something sent22: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent23: made up of means contains / made of sent24: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent25: all the other means the rest of
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an atom is a kind of particle [AND] matter is made of atoms [INFER] int1: matter is made of particles called atoms
Question: Which part of the atom has a negative charge?
Answer: electron
Hypothesis: electrons are part of an atom that has negative charge
Supporting facts: sent1: made of is similar to contains sent2: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent3: not is similar to the opposite of sent4: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent5: form means kind sent6: proton is a kind of subatomic particles sent7: negatively charged particles are involved in chemical reactions sent8: a electron has a negative -1 electric charge sent9: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent10: made up of means contains / made of sent11: both means two sent12: cannot is the opposite of can sent13: affected means changed sent14: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent15: if an atom has more electrons than protons , then the atom will be an ion with negative charge sent16: electrons are a part of an atom sent17: a proton is a part of an atom / an element sent18: a chemical property is the opposite of a physical property sent19: if part of the whole has electric charge , then that part of the object will be responsible for the electric charge of the object sent20: n means newton sent21: an ion with negative charge is formed by atom gaining electrons sent22: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent23: magnetism is a property of materials / objects and includes ordered values of nonmagnetic / magnetic sent24: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent25: part means role
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] electrons are a part of an atom [AND] a electron has a negative -1 electric charge [INFER] int1: electrons are part of an atom that has negative charge
Question: Where is most of the mass of the atom located?
Answer: in the nucleus
Hypothesis: most of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus
Supporting facts: sent1: the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons sent2: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent3: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent4: largest amount means most sent5: mostly means being the most sent6: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent7: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent8: the structure of an atom is made of a massive nucleus surrounded by electrons sent9: all the other means the rest of sent10: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent11: quantity means amount sent12: to be found in means to be contained in sent13: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent14: contains means located in sent15: mass is a kind of physical property sent16: the mass of the atom is determined by protons and neutrons sent17: made up of means contains / made of sent18: approximately means about sent19: location is a kind of information sent20: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent21: proton is a kind of subatomic particles sent22: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent23: physical state means state of matter sent24: mass is a kind of information sent25: located means situated
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons [AND] the mass of the atom is determined by protons and neutrons [INFER] int1: most of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus
Question: As a sample of mercury changes state from liquid to solid, the atoms of the sample
Answer: move closer together and have less kinetic energy.
Hypothesis: mercury atoms have less kinetic energy and move closer together
Supporting facts: sent1: matter in the solid phase has definite volume sent2: matter in the solid phase has definite shape sent3: to reduce means to decrease sent4: state means form sent5: liquid / solid means nongaseous sent6: as the temperature of a substance increases , the molecules in that substance will move faster / farther apart sent7: state of matter is a kind of physical property sent8: phase changes change the arrangement of molecules in a substance / in a sample sent9: motion is a source of kinetic energy in an object sent10: particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid sent11: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent12: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent13: atom is a kind of particle sent14: particles in a solid are closer together than particles in a liquid sent15: as the temperature of a substance / an object decreases , the molecules in that substance will move slower / closer sent16: stay the same means not changing sent17: particles in a solid are slower than particles in a liquid sent18: less means a reduced amount sent19: state of matter means physical state sent20: mercury is made of mercury atoms sent21: mercury changes from liquid state to solid state sent22: physical state means state of matter sent23: particles in a liquid are close to each other sent24: matter in the liquid phase has variable shape sent25: phase means state
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] atom is a kind of particle [AND] mercury is made of mercury atoms [INFER] int1: mercury is made of atom particles [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] particles in a solid are closer together than particles in a liquid [AND] mercury changes from liquid state to solid state [INFER] int2: mercury atoms move closer together [BECAUSE] atom is a kind of particle [AND] mercury is made of mercury atoms [INFER] int3: mercury is made of atom particles [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid [AND] mercury changes from liquid state to solid state [INFER] int4: mercury atoms have less kinetic energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: mercury atoms have less kinetic energy and move closer together