ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which kind of rock is produced by deposition and cementation?
Answer: sandstone, a sedimentary rock
Hypothesis: sandstone is produced by deposition and cementation
Supporting facts: sent1: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent2: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent3: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent4: the origin of the rocks means the way the rocks are formed sent5: igneous rocks / minerals are formed by magma / lava cooling / crystallizing sent6: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent7: in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion sent8: to produce means to create sent9: to be formed by is to be the result of sent10: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent11: if something is made of something else then the formation of that something requires that something else sent12: phase means state sent13: products are formed / are produced / are created sent14: sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition / cementation sent15: sediment means deposited materials sent16: sandstone is a kind of sedimentary rock sent17: class is a measure of how a rock is formed sent18: class is a property of a rock and includes values of sedimentary / metamorphic / igneous sent19: to generate means to form sent20: rock means stone sent21: cementation means the process of cementing sent22: sediment is a kind of small particle sent23: a process usually requires all of the stages in that process sent24: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent25: in the formation of sedimentary rock , erosion is the first stage
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] products are formed / are produced / are created [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition / cementation [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks are produced by deposition and cementation [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sandstone is a kind of sedimentary rock [INFER] int2: sandstone is produced by deposition and cementation
Question: One process in the formation of sedimentary rocks is when rocks are
Answer: broken up and deposited in layers.
Hypothesis: a process in the formation of sedimentary rock is rock being broken down and then deposited in layers
Supporting facts: sent1: break apart means break down sent2: cementation means the process of cementing sent3: in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion sent4: separating is similar to breaking sent5: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent6: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent7: sedimentary rocks are formed in layers sent8: crumble means break down sent9: erosion causes deposition sent10: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent11: cracking something may cause that something to break apart sent12: the formation of sedimentary rock is a sequential process, with stages of weathering, erosion, deposition,burying, compaction sent13: deposition is a kind of natural process sent14: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent15: sedimentary rocks are made of small particles sent16: sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition sent17: sediment is a kind of small particle sent18: sediment means deposited materials sent19: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent20: erosion and deposition can change metamorphic rock into sedimentary rock sent21: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent22: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent23: weathering is a kind of erosion sent24: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent25: weathering is a kind of geologic process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] weathering is a kind of erosion [AND] erosion causes deposition [INFER] int1: weathering causes deposition [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the formation of sedimentary rock is a sequential process, with stages of weathering, erosion, deposition,burying, compaction [INFER] int2: a stage in the formation of sedimentary rock is rock being weathered and then deposited [BECAUSE] deposition is a kind of natural process [AND] weathering is a kind of geologic process [INFER] int3: weathering and deposition are kinds of processes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: a process in the formation of sedimentary rock is rock being weathered and then deposited [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means [INFER] int5: a process in the formation of sedimentary rock is rock being broken down and then deposited [BECAUSE] sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed in layers [INFER] int6: sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: a process in the formation of sedimentary rock is rock being broken down and then deposited in layers
Question: When buried sediments are subjected to pressure, the mineral grains are squeezed together. What is the result of this action?
Answer: new rock is formed
Hypothesis: the formation of a new rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together
Supporting facts: sent1: break apart means break down sent2: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent3: sediment is a kind of small particle sent4: in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion sent5: sediment means deposited materials sent6: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent7: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent8: extreme heat and pressure compact sediments into sedimentary rocks sent9: to compact means to squeeze together sent10: a mineral is a kind of solid / natural material sent11: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent12: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent13: igneous rocks / minerals are formed by magma / lava cooling / crystallizing sent14: compressing is similar to compacting sent15: formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks sent16: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together sent17: becoming is similar to forming sent18: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent19: cementation means the process of cementing sent20: cementing is similar to hardening sent21: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent22: if something causes something else then that something else is a result of that something sent23: squeezing an object can cause that object 's shape to change sent24: compaction means the process of compacting sent25: cementing is similar to sticking together
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together [AND] extreme heat and pressure compact sediments into sedimentary rocks [INFER] int1: pressure compacting sediments causes sedimentary rock to form [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] to compact means to squeeze together [INFER] int2: pressure squeezing sediments together causes sedimentary rock to form [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something causes something else then that something else is a result of that something [INFER] int3: the formation of sedimentary rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int4: the formation of a kind of rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks [INFER] int5: the formation of a new rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together
Question: Most sedimentary rock is made from sediments of other rock. Which of these processes would the sediments most likely go through to form sedimentary rock?
Answer: compaction and cementation
Hypothesis: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment going through the processes of compaction and cementation
Supporting facts: sent1: sediment means deposited materials sent2: sand is a kind of sediment sent3: a rock is usually a solid sent4: being derived from is similar to being formed sent5: class is a property of a rock and includes values of sedimentary / metamorphic / igneous sent6: a process usually requires all of the stages in that process sent7: cementation means the process of cementing sent8: form means kind sent9: cementing is similar to hardening sent10: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent11: both means two sent12: to cause the formation of means to form sent13: if something is made of something else then the formation of that something requires that something else sent14: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting / cementing together sent15: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent16: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent17: compaction means the process of compacting sent18: to be formed by is to be the result of sent19: the origin of the rocks means the way the rocks are formed sent20: compaction is a kind of process sent21: most means over 50% of something sent22: sediment is a kind of small particle sent23: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent24: cementation is a kind of process sent25: class is a measure of how a rock is formed
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] compaction is a kind of process [AND] cementation is a kind of process [INFER] int1: compaction and cememtation are kinds of processes [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting / cementing together [INFER] int2: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment going through the processes of compaction and cementation
Question: In order for sediments to become rock, the sediments are generally
Answer: compacted.
Hypothesis: sediment becomes a kind of rock by sediments compacting together
Supporting facts: sent1: to be formed by is to be the result of sent2: becoming is similar to forming sent3: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent4: cementation means the process of cementing sent5: generally means usually sent6: sedimentary rocks are made of small particles sent7: compaction means the process of compacting sent8: if something is formed from something else then that something else becomes that something sent9: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together sent10: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent11: earth is made of rock sent12: typically means usually sent13: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent14: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent15: compressed rock means sedimentary rock sent16: sand is a kind of sediment sent17: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent18: a whole is formed by its parts sent19: sediment falls to the bottom of bodies of water sent20: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent21: a process usually requires all of the stages in that process sent22: sediment means deposited materials sent23: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent24: a rock is usually a solid sent25: organic sedimentary is formed by the remains of organims and sediments compressed together
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is formed from something else then that something else becomes that something [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together [INFER] int1: sediment becomes sedimentary rock by sediments compacting together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int2: sediment becomes a kind of rock by sediments compacting together
Question: There are several different types of rock. Each type of rock is formed under different conditions. How are sedimentary rocks, such as shale and sandstone, formed?
Answer: Particles are compressed into layers.
Hypothesis: sedimentary rocks are formed by small particles being compressed together in layers
Supporting facts: sent1: a type of something is a kind of property of that something sent2: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent3: break apart means break down sent4: sediment is a kind of small particle sent5: compressed rock means sedimentary rock sent6: to compact something means to compress something sent7: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent8: compaction means the process of compacting sent9: sedimentary rocks are formed in layers sent10: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together sent11: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent12: matter with variable volume and shape assumes / expands to fill / takes the shape and size of its entire container sent13: a type is synonymous with a kind sent14: forming is similar to converting sent15: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent16: to make means to form sent17: the origin of the rocks means the way the rocks are formed sent18: sedimentary rocks often have different colored layers sent19: deposition is when moving water / wind moves / deposits an object / sediment from one location to a different location sent20: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent21: to compact together means to squeeze together sent22: motion / movement means moving / to move sent23: sand is a kind of sediment sent24: to be formed by is to be the result of sent25: to split means to break down
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together [AND] to compact something means to compress something [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments being compressed together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sediment is a kind of small particle [INFER] int2: sedimentary rocks are formed by small particles being compressed together [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed in layers [INFER] int3: sedimentary rocks are formed by small particles being compressed together in layers
Question: In the rock cycle, weathering and erosion begin the process of the formation of
Answer: sediments.
Hypothesis: weathering and erosion begin the formation of sediments
Supporting facts: sent1: organic weathering means organisms cause the weathering of rocks sent2: sediment means deposited materials sent3: sand is a kind of sediment sent4: if a process follows another process, then the other process begins that process sent5: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent6: crumble means break down sent7: water causes soil and rock erosion sent8: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent9: the origin of the rocks means the way the rocks are formed sent10: formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks sent11: in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion sent12: erosion is a kind of process sent13: break apart means break down sent14: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent15: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent16: earth is made of rock sent17: sediment is a kind of small particle sent18: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent19: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent20: weathering is a kind of geologic process sent21: sediment falls to the bottom of bodies of water sent22: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent23: the formation of something is a kind of process sent24: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent25: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the formation of something is a kind of process [AND] if a process follows another process, then the other process begins that process [INFER] int1: if the formation of something follows another process, then the other process begins the formation of that something [BECAUSE] erosion is a kind of process [AND] weathering is a kind of geologic process [INFER] int2: weathering and erosion are kinds of processes [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: if the formation of something follows weathering and erosion, then weathering and erosion begin the formation of that something [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion [INFER] int4: weathering and erosion begin the formation of sediments
Question: Which of these is directly formed as a result of weathering and erosion?
Answer: sediments
Hypothesis: sediment is formed as a result of weathering / erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent2: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent3: sediment falls to the bottom of bodies of water sent4: sediment means deposited materials sent5: sediment is formed by rocks weathering sent6: sediment is similar to soil sent7: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent8: organic weathering means organisms cause the weathering of rocks sent9: sediment is a kind of matter sent10: weathering is a kind of erosion sent11: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent12: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent13: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent14: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent15: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering sent16: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent17: if something is formed by a process then that something is formed as a result of that process sent18: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent19: break apart means break down sent20: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent21: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent22: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent23: erosion is a kind of process sent24: creating is similar to causing sent25: weathering is a kind of geologic process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] weathering is a kind of erosion [AND] sediment is formed by rocks weathering [INFER] int1: sediment is formed by weathering / erosion [BECAUSE] erosion is a kind of process [AND] weathering is a kind of geologic process [INFER] int2: weathering and erosion are kinds of processes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something is formed by a process then that something is formed as a result of that process [INFER] int3: if something is formed by weathering and erosion then that something is formed as a result of weathering and erosion [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: sediment is formed as a result of weathering / erosion
Question: A hillside along a highway has exposed layers of undisturbed sedimentary rock. Which method would be best for scientists to use to determine the relative age of these sedimentary rock layers?
Answer: apply the law of superposition
Hypothesis: the law of superposition can be used to determine the age of sedimentary rock layers
Supporting facts: sent1: plants can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent2: years are a kind of unit for measuring time sent3: the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of the rock sent4: determining is similar to learning sent5: process is similar to method sent6: tectonic plates colliding causes older layers of rock to be located above newer layers of rock sent7: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent8: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent9: rocky outcrop / outcrop is a kind of bedrock sent10: scientists make observations sent11: age means the amount of time passed since something is formed sent12: if something can be used to determine a property of something else then that something can likely be used to determine that property of a part of that something else sent13: layers are a part of sedimentary rock sent14: rock is a kind of nonliving thing sent15: determine is similar to cause sent16: bedrock is a kind of rock sent17: best means most positive sent18: age is a property of rocks sent19: identifying is similar to determining sent20: earthquakes folding rock layers causes older rock to be on top of younger rock sent21: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent22: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent23: sediment means deposited materials sent24: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent25: leaving something undisturbed means not changing that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something can be used to determine a property of something else then that something can likely be used to determine that property of a part of that something else [AND] age is a property of rocks [INFER] int1: if something can be used to determine the age of a rock then that something can likely be used to determine the age of a part of a rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of the rock [INFER] int2: the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of part of a rock [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int3: the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of a part of sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] layers are a part of sedimentary rock [INFER] int4: the law of superposition can be used to determine the age of sedimentary rock layers
Question: Which of these can be mined from Earth and used as an energy source?
Answer: Coal
Hypothesis: coal can be mined from the earth and used as an energy source
Supporting facts: sent1: earth is made of rock sent2: mining is when humans take rocks and minerals from the ground sent3: coal is a kind of sedimentary rock sent4: to happen means to occur sent5: iron is a kind of mineral sent6: surface mining has a negative impact on the lithosphere / the biosphere / the ecosystem sent7: if an object / a substance makes something then that object / that substance is a source of that thing sent8: the ground is part of the earth sent9: fuel is a kind of energy source sent10: a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something sent11: earth contains water / ice / (steam, water vapor) sent12: underground means under ground sent13: if an object is made of a material then that object has the properties of that material sent14: fossil fuel is a kind of fuel sent15: rock is made of minerals sent16: coal is a kind of fossil fuel sent17: a mine produces minerals sent18: where something comes from is a source of that something sent19: fossil fuels are acquired by mining the lithosphere sent20: a coal mine is a kind of mine sent21: bauxite is a kind of ore sent22: a coal mine is a source of coal under the ground sent23: to be a source of something means to cause that something sent24: ore is a kind of rock sent25: something in the soil is located underground
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something [AND] a mine produces minerals [INFER] int1: a mine is a source of minerals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mining is when humans take rocks and minerals from the ground [INFER] int2: if a mine is a source of something then that something can be mined [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a coal mine is a kind of mine [INFER] int3: if a coal mine is a source of something then that something can be mined [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a coal mine is a source of coal under the ground [INFER] int4: coal can be mined from under the ground [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] the ground is part of the earth [INFER] int5: coal can be mined from the earth [BECAUSE] fossil fuel is a kind of fuel [AND] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int6: coal is a kind of fuel [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] fuel is a kind of energy source [INFER] int7: coal is a kind of energy source [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: coal can be mined from the earth and used as an energy source