ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: What best describes the mantle of Earth?
Answer: the largest layer between the crust and outer core
Hypothesis: the mantle is the largest layer of the earth located between the crust and the outer core
Supporting facts: sent1: made up of means contains / made of sent2: massive is similar to large sent3: the mantle is the largest layer of the earth sent4: largest amount means most sent5: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent6: the mantle is located between the crust and the outer core sent7: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent8: the crust is divided into tectonic plates sent9: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent10: magma is a kind of hot rock sent11: larger is a kind of difference sent12: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent13: the outer core of earth is made of liquid molten iron and nickel sent14: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent15: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent16: convection in the mantle transfers heat from deep in the interior of earth to the crust sent17: a lot means large in amount / quantity sent18: a structure of something is synonymous with a part of that something sent19: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent20: massive means great in mass sent21: magma is extremely high in temperature sent22: the outer core is the layer that is closest to the center of the earth sent23: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent24: composed of means made of sent25: a layer of something is similar to a part of something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the mantle is the largest layer of the earth [AND] the mantle is located between the crust and the outer core [INFER] int1: the mantle is the largest layer of the earth located between the crust and the outer core
Question: In studying layers of rock sediment, a geologist found an area where older rock was layered on top of younger rock. Which best explains how this occurred?
Answer: Earthquake activity folded the rock layers.
Hypothesis: earthquakes causes older rock layers to be on top of younger rock layers by folding the rock layers
Supporting facts: sent1: age means the amount of time passed since something is formed sent2: sediment is a kind of small particle sent3: earthquake is a kind of vibration of the ground sent4: in the formation of sedimentary rock , erosion is the first stage sent5: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent6: sedimentary rocks often have different colored layers sent7: folding an object causes that object to change shape sent8: tectonic plates being pushed together causes earthquakes sent9: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent10: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent11: a layer of something is similar to the area of something sent12: recent means close to present time sent13: studying something usually requires seeing that something sent14: age is a property of rocks sent15: the law of superposition is the lowest layers contain the oldest rocks in undisturbed layers of sedimentary rocks sent16: sediment means deposited materials sent17: crumble means break down sent18: class is a property of a rock and includes values of sedimentary / metamorphic / igneous sent19: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent20: earthquakes cause rock layers to fold on top of each other sent21: years are a kind of unit for measuring time sent22: break apart means break down sent23: erosion is a part of geological process sent24: earthquakes causes older rock to be on top of younger rock sent25: area is similar to location
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] earthquakes cause rock layers to fold on top of each other [AND] earthquakes causes older rock to be on top of younger rock [INFER] int1: earthquakes causes older rock layers to be on top of younger rock layers by folding the rock layers
Question: When an earthquake wave passes from the crust to the mantle, the wave
Answer: changes speed.
Hypothesis: earthquake waves will travel at different speed in the mantle and the crust
Supporting facts: sent1: speed up means increase sent2: silicate is a kind of material sent3: a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source sent4: speed is a measure of distance travelled by an object over time / divided by time / per unit of time sent5: granite is a kind of material sent6: shaking is a kind of motion sent7: the outer core is located beneath the mantle sent8: motion is when moves an object / something to a direction sent9: the mantle of the earth is mainly made of silicate sent10: force causes the speed of an object to increase / to decrease sent11: basalt is a kind of material sent12: motion / movement means moving / to move sent13: crustal plate means tectonic plate sent14: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent15: different media are made of different materials sent16: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent17: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent18: earthquake is a kind of vibration of the ground sent19: a tectonic plate moves along a fault line sent20: tectonic plates being pushed together causes earthquakes sent21: the crust is divided into tectonic plates sent22: the crust of the earth is made of basalt or granite sent23: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave sent24: to pass means to occur sent25: waves travel at different speed in different medium
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the crust of the earth is made of basalt or granite [AND] the mantle of the earth is mainly made of silicate [INFER] int1: the mantle of the earth is mainly made of silicate and the crust of the earth is made of basalt or ganite [BECAUSE] basalt is a kind of material [AND] silicate is a kind of material [AND] granite is a kind of material [INFER] int2: silicate, basalt, and granite are kinds of materials [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] different media are made of different materials [INFER] int3: the mantle and the crust are different media [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] waves travel at different speed in different medium [INFER] int4: waves will travel at different speed in the mantle and the crust [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] an earthquake wave is a kind of wave [INFER] int5: earthquake waves will travel at different speed in the mantle and the crust
Question: Many processes on Earth occur at or near tectonic plate boundaries. Which geological events are most common along tectonic plate boundaries?
Answer: earthquakes and volcanoes
Hypothesis: active volcanoes and earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries
Supporting facts: sent1: colliding means coming into a collision sent2: intense means high in intensity sent3: to cause an event is similar to being involved in that event sent4: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent5: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave sent6: the crust is divided into tectonic plates sent7: earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent8: to happen means to occur sent9: continental land masses are located on earth sent10: converging boundaries is a kind of geologic process sent11: the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold sent12: the continental plate is a kind of tectonic plate sent13: similar means in common sent14: the collision of tectonic plates changes the order of the rock layers by compressing rock layers into faults and folds sent15: many means high in number sent16: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent17: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent18: mount st helens is a kind of cone-shaped mountain sent19: earthquakes cause rock layers to fold on top of each other sent20: crustal plate means tectonic plate sent21: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place sent22: active volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent23: earth 's surface is made of rock sent24: magma is extremely high in temperature sent25: earth 's plates means tectonic plates
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] active volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries [AND] earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries [INFER] int1: active volcanoes and earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries
Question: Which of the following statements best explains why earthquakes occur more frequently in California than in Massachusetts?
Answer: California is located on the boundary of two crustal plates, but Massachusetts is not.
Hypothesis: earthquakes are more likely to occur in california than in massachusetts
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is caused by something else , then that something can be explained by that something else sent2: place / location is synonymous with position sent3: place means area sent4: earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent5: the collision of tectonic plates changes the order of the rock layers by compressing rock layers into faults and folds sent6: volcanoes are formed by converging boundaries of tectonic plates sent7: the movement of tectonic plates causes volcanic eruptions sent8: volcanoes are often found under oceans sent9: the location of an object can be used to describe that object sent10: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent11: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent12: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent13: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave sent14: colliding means coming into a collision sent15: california is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates sent16: earthquake is a kind of vibration of the ground sent17: a tectonic plate moves along a fault line sent18: both means two sent19: active volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent20: a coast is where land meets the edge of a body of water sent21: massachusetts is not located on the boundary of two tectonic plates sent22: place is synonymous with location sent23: distance is a property of space and includes ordered values of close / far sent24: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent25: to cause an event is similar to being involved in that event
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] california is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates [AND] massachusetts is not located on the boundary of two tectonic plates [AND] earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries [INFER] int1: earthquakes are more likely to occur in california than in massachusetts
Question: Earthquake waves are recorded by seismograph machines. What does an earthquake wave transmit?
Answer: energy
Hypothesis: earthquake waves transmit energy from one place to another
Supporting facts: sent1: mechanical energy is a kind of energy sent2: recording data is similar to showing data sent3: electrical energy is a kind of energy sent4: emit means produce sent5: mechanical energy exerted by an object can be used to push or pull another object sent6: all waves transmit energy from one place to another sent7: recording is similar to measuring sent8: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent9: a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something sent10: data means information sent11: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave sent12: information is used to describe something sent13: mechanical energy can cause objects to move sent14: electromagnetic wave is a kind of wave sent15: where something comes from is a source of that something sent16: an example of collecting data is measuring sent17: an example of mechanical energy is an object in motion sent18: if something is received on a location then that something can be observed on that location sent19: a measurement is a kind of data sent20: a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source sent21: tectonic plates being pushed together causes earthquakes sent22: to transmit means to carry to another place sent23: waves can travel through matter sent24: motion / movement means moving / to move sent25: electromagnetic energy is a kind of energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an earthquake wave is a kind of wave [AND] all waves transmit energy from one place to another [INFER] int1: earthquake waves transmit energy from one place to another
Question: Which is a process that most likely formed the Appalachian Mountains found in the eastern part of North America?
Answer: plate tectonics
Hypothesis: the appalachian mountains are formed by plate tectonics
Supporting facts: sent1: the movement of tectonic plates causes volcanic eruptions sent2: to be formed by is to be the result of sent3: most means over 50% of something sent4: region means place sent5: a volcano is a source of magma / lava sent6: a mountain is a kind of land feature sent7: a region is a kind of location sent8: the collision of tectonic plates changes the order of the rock layers by compressing rock layers into faults and folds sent9: mountains are formed by the interaction between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere sent10: crustal plate means tectonic plate sent11: earth 's plates means tectonic plates sent12: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent13: mountains are formed by plate tectonics sent14: the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain sent15: erosion is a part of geological process sent16: mountain area means mountain range sent17: igneous rocks / minerals are formed by magma / lava cooling / crystallizing sent18: the origin of the rocks means the way the rocks are formed sent19: active volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent20: the appalachians means the appalachian mountains sent21: granite is a kind of igneous rock sent22: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place sent23: the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold sent24: volcanic mountains means volcanoes sent25: volcanoes are formed by converging boundaries of tectonic plates
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mountains are formed by plate tectonics [AND] the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain [INFER] int1: the appalachian mountains are formed by plate tectonics
Question: Which best explains how the Appalachian Mountains formed?
Answer: tectonic plates collided
Hypothesis: the appalanchian mountains are formed at the convergent boundaries by the collision of the tectonice plates
Supporting facts: sent1: the origin of the rocks means the way the rocks are formed sent2: due to means caused by sent3: sometimes piles of rock are formed by melting glaciers depositing rocks sent4: the subduction of one tectonic plate causes accretion on the subducted tectonic plate sent5: converging boundaries is a kind of geologic process sent6: if two land masses were once connected then those two landmasses were once a single land mass sent7: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent8: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent9: the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold sent10: crustal plate means tectonic plate sent11: the collision of tectonic plates are found at the convergent boundaries sent12: forming something is a kind of change sent13: ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings sent14: earth 's plates means tectonic plates sent15: mountains are formed by the interaction between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere sent16: to be formed by is to be the result of sent17: a mountain range is formed by rocks folding upon one another sent18: the surface of the earth contains mountains sent19: the continental plate is a kind of tectonic plate sent20: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent21: igneous rocks / minerals are formed by magma / lava cooling / crystallizing sent22: colliding means coming into a collision sent23: the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain sent24: a mountain is a kind of land feature sent25: ice sheet / polar ice sheet is a kind of glacier
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the collision of tectonic plates are found at the convergent boundaries [AND] the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold [INFER] int1: the collision of the tectonic plates causes rocks to fold at the convergent boundaries [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mountain range is formed by rocks folding upon one another [INFER] int2: mountains will form at the convergent boundaries by the collision of the tectonic plates [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain [INFER] int3: the appalanchian mountains are formed at the convergent boundaries by the collision of the tectonice plates
Question: The principle of uniformitarianism states that most of the landscape of Earth was formed slowly and over a long period of time. Which occurrence of Earth is least supported by this principle?
Answer: volcanic eruption
Hypothesis: volcano eruption can quickly form a new land when lava cools down
Supporting facts: sent1: quickly means in a short period of time sent2: to cause means to result in sent3: dried lava is a kind of volcanic rock sent4: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent5: slowly is similar to decreased rate sent6: if something is caused by something else , then that something can be explained by that something else sent7: intense heat has a negative impact on an organism sent8: rapidly is similar to fast sent9: cannot is the opposite of can sent10: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent11: active volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent12: gradual means slow / over time sent13: new land can be formed by volcanoes erupting by lava cooling sent14: the movement of tectonic plates causes volcanic eruptions sent15: a volcanic eruption is a kind of quick process sent16: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent17: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent18: volcanoes are formed by converging boundaries of tectonic plates sent19: rapidly means quickly sent20: volcanic eruption destroys the ecosystem around it sent21: an increase is the opposite of a decrease sent22: intense means high in intensity sent23: a measure of time is a length of time sent24: to be formed by is to be the result of sent25: less is the opposite of more
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] new land can be formed by volcanoes erupting by lava cooling [AND] a volcanic eruption is a kind of quick process [INFER] int1: volcano eruption can quickly form a new land when lava cools down
Question: In 1783, Europe was unusually cold and foggy. The rain was acidic. Which event most likely caused the unusual climate in Europe that year?
Answer: A major volcanic eruption released ash and sulfur gas into the atmosphere.
Hypothesis: a volcanic eruption may have happened to cause the cold weather and acid rain in europe
Supporting facts: sent1: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent2: cold temperatures usually have a negative impact on organisms sent3: an erupting volcano releases sulfur gas and ash into the atmosphere sent4: gases from burning coal and oil dissolving in water in the atmosphere causes acid rain sent5: absorbing something from the air means removing that something from earth 's atmosphere sent6: intense heat has a negative impact on an organism sent7: acid rain has a negative impact on water quality sent8: a cloudy day has little sunlight sent9: acid rain causes water pollution sent10: the emission of something is when something is added into the atmosphere sent11: sulfur dioxide is a kind of pollutant sent12: weather is a measure of the condition of the air in a place at a certain time sent13: lack of moisture in the air causes low amounts of rainfall sent14: clouds produce precipitation sent15: chemical reactions sometimes cause gas to be released into the atmosphere sent16: burning fossil fuels releases sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere sent17: sulfur is a kind of mineral sent18: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent19: water vapor is found in the atmosphere sent20: smoke from volcanic eruptions can disrupt sunlight from reaching earth 's surface sent21: volcanic ash in the atmosphere decreases the temperature by blocking the sun sent22: smoke from volcanic eruptions causes air pollution sent23: emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain sent24: the temperature / ph of a body of water has an impact on the health of a body of water sent25: europe was unusally cold and had acid rain in 1783
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] volcanic ash in the atmosphere decreases the temperature by blocking the sun [AND] emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain [AND] an erupting volcano releases sulfur gas and ash into the atmosphere [INFER] int1: a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] europe was unusally cold and had acid rain in 1783 [INFER] int2: a volcanic eruption may have happened to cause the cold weather and acid rain in europe
Question: Which is true of the seasonal weather patterns of places that are at the same latitude?
Answer: They have the same intensity of sunlight.
Hypothesis: locations with same latitude has the same seasonal weather pattern of sunlight intensity
Supporting facts: sent1: receiving sunlight is synonymous with absorbing sunlight sent2: seasonal changes are made in response to changes in the environment sent3: if an object / a substance / a location absorbs solar energy then that object / that substance will increase in temperature sent4: daylight is when the sun shines on a location sent5: sunlight is intense in space sent6: to receive sunlight means to absorb sunlight sent7: daylight means sunlight sent8: absorbing sunlight causes objects to heat sent9: distance is a property of space and includes ordered values of close / far sent10: the amount of sunlight usually is the same at the locations with same latitude sent11: as the distance of a location from the north pole becomes smaller / closer , the amount of daylight received by that location will increase during the summer sent12: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent13: place is synonymous with location sent14: every summer is a kind of period of time sent15: sunshine means sunlight sent16: the amount of daylight is greatest in the summer sent17: solar radiation means solar energy sent18: weather is a measure of the condition of the air in a place at a certain time sent19: each season occurs once per year sent20: if an object / something is in the sunlight then that object / that something will absorb solar energy sent21: as distance from the equator decreases , the climate will become warmer sent22: the sun transfers solar energy / light energy / heat energy from itself to the planets / earth through sunlight sent23: the intensity of sunlight is a kind of seasonal weather pattern sent24: weather is a property of a environment sent25: sunlight shining means sunlight is provided
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the amount of sunlight usually is the same at the locations with same latitude [AND] the intensity of sunlight is a kind of seasonal weather pattern [INFER] int1: locations with same latitude has the same seasonal weather pattern of sunlight intensity