ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Many natural rock formations change color over time. In Utah, for example, iron oxidized and formed red, orange, and yellow rock. Which of the following is the cause of this change?
Answer: chemical weathering
Hypothesis: chemical weathering can cause iron in rock to oxidize and change the color of the rock to yellow, red, or orange
Supporting facts: sent1: the color of an environment means the color of the things that environment contains sent2: color is a property of an object / a material sent3: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent4: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent5: a change in soil chemistry is a kind of chemical weathering sent6: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent7: phase means state sent8: the color of an object can be discovered by looking at that object sent9: oxidation of iron will change the iron to yellow, red, or orange color sent10: to change means to cause a change sent11: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent12: if something is caused by something else , then that something can be explained by that something else sent13: as the state of matter changes , the color of the object will stay the same sent14: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent15: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent16: rocks sometimes contain iron sent17: to change means to have an effect sent18: alteration means change sent19: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent20: pink is a combination of red and white sent21: chemical weathering causes iron in rock to oxidize sent22: iron element in soil causes soil to be red sent23: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction sent24: sedimentary rocks are often light brown in color sent25: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rocks sometimes contain iron [AND] chemical weathering causes iron in rock to oxidize [AND] oxidation of iron will change the iron to yellow, red, or orange color [INFER] int1: chemical weathering can cause iron in rock to oxidize and change the color of the rock to yellow, red, or orange
Question: Biotic forces can cause changes to the surface of Earth. Which is the best example of living organisms causing weathering?
Answer: Tree seedlings growing and forming cracks in rocks.
Hypothesis: a plant's roots causing weathering is an example of a living thing causing weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: seeds may sprout when buried in soil sent2: cracking something usually has a negative impact on that something sent3: a plant 's roots slowly break down rocks as the roots grow sent4: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent5: sprouting means germinating sent6: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent7: break apart means break down sent8: weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means sent9: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent10: forming something is a kind of change sent11: crumble means break down sent12: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent13: tree roots decrease / reduce soil erosion sent14: surfaces sometimes cause objects to break sent15: forming is similar to growing sent16: a plant is a kind of living thing sent17: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent18: earth is made of rock sent19: causing is a kind of affecting sent20: organic weathering means organisms cause the weathering of rocks sent21: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent22: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent23: colliding is a kind of touching sent24: biotic means living sent25: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a plant 's roots slowly break down rocks as the roots grow [AND] weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int1: a plant's roots can cause weathering on rocks [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a plant is a kind of living thing [INFER] int2: a plant's roots causing weathering is an example of a living thing causing weathering
Question: Growth and activities of organisms can speed up the chemical weathering of rocks. Which organisms naturally cause most of the chemical weathering of rocks?
Answer: mosses
Hypothesis: mosses can cause chemical weathering by producing acid from their roots
Supporting facts: sent1: a leaf is a part of a green plant sent2: a fungus is a kind of organism sent3: if an object / a substance makes something then that object / that substance is a source of that thing sent4: a fungus is a kind of living thing sent5: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent6: a decomposer is usually a bacterium / fungus sent7: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent8: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent9: rocks dissolving is a kind of chemical change sent10: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent11: organic weathering means organisms cause the weathering of rocks sent12: decomposition is when a decomposer recycles / returns nutrients / nitrogen from dead organisms to the soil by eating those dead organisms sent13: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent14: chemical weathering causes iron in rock to oxidize sent15: decomposition is when a decomposer breaks down dead organisms sent16: acid can cause chemical change sent17: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction sent18: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent19: lichens can produce acid to break down rocks sent20: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent21: mosses produces acid from their roots sent22: growth means size / number / value / strength increases sent23: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form sent24: speed up means increase sent25: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [AND] mosses produces acid from their roots [INFER] int1: mosses can cause chemical weathering by producing acid from their roots
Question: The weathering of landforms depends on various factors. Which area would most likely have the fastest rate of chemical weathering?
Answer: warm and moist regions
Hypothesis: a warm and moist environment can accelerate the rate of chemical weathering on rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: air masses formed over the ocean near the equator are usually moist / warm sent2: temperature is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of cold / warm sent3: as the temperature of an object increases , the size of that object will increase sent4: rate is similar to speed sent5: moisture is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of dry / humid sent6: moist air mass contains a high amount of water vapor sent7: humidity is a property of weather and include ordered values of dry / humid sent8: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent9: moisture is a kind of environmental factor sent10: warm means warm temperature sent11: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent12: landform means surface feature / physical feature / land feature sent13: heat has a great / big impact on weather sent14: warmth is a kind of environmental factor sent15: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent16: a chemical property is a kind of property sent17: area is similar to location sent18: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent19: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent20: as the temperature of something increases , the intensive properties of that something will not change sent21: warmth and moisture can accelerate chemical reactions sent22: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent23: as the distance from a source of something increases , that something will decrease sent24: region means place sent25: a source of something increases the amount of that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] warmth is a kind of environmental factor [AND] moisture is a kind of environmental factor [INFER] int1: warmth and moisture are kinds of environmental factors [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] warmth and moisture can accelerate chemical reactions [INFER] int2: a warm and moist environment can accelerate chemical reactions [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks [INFER] int3: a warm and moist environment can accelerate the rate of chemical weathering on rocks
Question: The students observed a large crack found in a boulder with a tree growing out of it. Which process were the students observing?
Answer: weathering
Hypothesis: a tree's root growing in a crack in a boulder is an example of weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: observations / data are a part of the results of an experiment sent2: growing means a plant 's height / mass / size increase sent3: roots anchor plants into the soil sent4: a plant is a member of a plant species sent5: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent6: if something is visible , then that something can be observed sent7: a tree is a kind of plant sent8: observe means see sent9: studying is similar to observing sent10: ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings sent11: an example of weathering is a plant root growing into a crack in rock sent12: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent13: a boulder is a kind of large rock sent14: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent15: people can plant trees sent16: colliding is a kind of touching sent17: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent18: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent19: cracking something usually has a negative impact on that something sent20: warm / humid environment increases the rate of rocks weathering sent21: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent22: to observe means to gather information sent23: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering sent24: vegetation means plants sent25: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an example of weathering is a plant root growing into a crack in rock [AND] a boulder is a kind of large rock [AND] a tree is a kind of plant [INFER] int1: a tree's root growing in a crack in a boulder is an example of weathering
Question: The iron in iron-rich red soils may not be in a form that can be taken up by tree roots. As a result, leaves and needles may look yellow. Some trees release acids that convert iron in soil to a usable form. This change in soil chemistry is a type of which process?
Answer: weathering
Hypothesis: some trees producing acid is an example of chemical weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: an example of a chemical change is acid breaking down substances sent2: acid produced by some trees can change the soil chemistry sent3: color is a kind of physical / visual property sent4: tree roots decrease / reduce soil erosion sent5: a change in soil chemistry is a kind of chemical weathering sent6: a chemical property is a kind of property sent7: acidity is a property of chemicals / substances and includes ordered values of basic / neutral / acidic sent8: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent9: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent10: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent11: high quality / rich / good soil has a high number of nutrients / amount of nitrogen sent12: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent13: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent14: if the color of a substance changes then a chemical change may have occurred sent15: if an organism cannot do something , then that organism is unable to do that something sent16: decomposition increases the amount of nutrients / nitrogen in the soil sent17: leaves are sometimes brown in color sent18: decomposition is when a decomposer recycles / returns nutrients / nitrogen from dead organisms to the soil by eating those dead organisms sent19: red is a kind of color sent20: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent21: a source of something increases the amount of that something sent22: moss causes chemical weathering sent23: to change means to have an effect sent24: how something appears is how that something looks sent25: decomposition is when a decomposer breaks down dead organisms
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] acid produced by some trees can change the soil chemistry [AND] a change in soil chemistry is a kind of chemical weathering [INFER] int1: some trees producing acid is an example of chemical weathering
Question: Before rock can become soil, it must undergo certain processes. One process in the formation of soil involves plants. How can plants chemically change rocks into soil?
Answer: They weather rocks with acid.
Hypothesis: plants can form soil by producing acid to weather rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent2: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction sent3: a source of something increases the amount of that something sent4: earth is made of rock sent5: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent6: plants can produce acid sent7: lichens can produce acid to break down rocks sent8: to change means to have an effect sent9: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent10: acidic rainwater contains acid sent11: roots are a part of a plant / tree sent12: soil is made of solid particles sent13: chemical reactions cause chemical change sent14: to change means to cause a change sent15: acid rain is acidic sent16: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent17: a chemical property is a kind of property sent18: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent19: rock means stone sent20: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction sent21: acidity is a property of chemicals / substances and includes ordered values of basic / neutral / acidic sent22: to convert means to change sent23: dissolving is similar to breaking down sent24: if an object / a substance makes something then that object / that substance is a source of that thing sent25: soil is formed by rocks weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [AND] soil is formed by rocks weathering [INFER] int1: acid can form soil by weathering rocks [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] plants can produce acid [INFER] int2: plants can form soil by producing acid to weather rocks
Question: A scientist was examining a large boulder that was covered with lichens (a combination of fungi and algae). He chipped a piece of the rock and placed it under a microscope. He observed that the surface of the rock was breaking down underneath the lichen. Which was the scientist most likely observing?
Answer: the effects of chemical weathering
Hypothesis: lichens producing acid to break down rocks is an example of chemical weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent2: crumble means break down sent3: dissolving is similar to breaking down sent4: rocks dissolving is a kind of chemical change sent5: decomposition is when a decomposer breaks down dead organisms sent6: observations / data are a part of the results of an experiment sent7: mechanical weathering means physical weathering sent8: a source of something increases the amount of that something sent9: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction sent10: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent11: acid can cause chemical change sent12: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent13: lichens can produce acid to break down rocks sent14: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent15: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form sent16: chemical reactions cause chemical change sent17: an example of a chemical change is acid breaking down substances sent18: studying something usually requires seeing that something sent19: chemical weathering causes iron in rock to oxidize sent20: to study means to examine sent21: the effects of something is a property of that something sent22: breaking an object into pieces changes the shape of the object sent23: organic weathering means organisms cause the weathering of rocks sent24: scientists make observations sent25: studying is similar to observing
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks [AND] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [INFER] int1: acid weathering rocks is a kind of chemical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] lichens can produce acid to break down rocks [INFER] int2: lichens producing acid to break down rocks is an example of chemical weathering
Question: Which of these environmental changes goes on for months or years?
Answer: drought
Hypothesis: a drought is an environmental change that occurs over a period of months or years
Supporting facts: sent1: precipitation is when water falls from the sky sent2: due to means caused by sent3: an example of a change in climate is the average amount of annual precipitation decreases sent4: a measure of time is a length of time sent5: rainfall means precipitation sent6: a drought occurs over a period of months / years sent7: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent8: affected means changed sent9: if a plant / crop requires less water then that plant / crop will survive in a drought sent10: years ( y ) are a metric unit used for measuring time generally used for values between 1 and 14000000000 sent11: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent12: days ( d ) are a metric unit used for measuring time generally used for values between 1 and 365 sent13: period is similar to amount of time sent14: measures of length / measures of distance are used to measure the amount of rainfall sent15: drought may cause wildfires sent16: to change means to cause a change sent17: a drought is a kind of slow environmental change sent18: to change means to have an effect sent19: phase means state sent20: if a body of water loses all water then that body of water does not exist any more sent21: el nio causes drought in the western united states sent22: length of time means period of time sent23: 1 month is equal to 28-31 days sent24: rainfall means the amount of precipitation sent25: lack of moisture in the air causes low amounts of rainfall
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a drought is a kind of slow environmental change [AND] a drought occurs over a period of months / years [INFER] int1: a drought is an environmental change that occurs over a period of months or years
Question: Where would animals and plants be most affected by a flood?
Answer: low areas
Hypothesis: a flood will affect low areas more than higher areas
Supporting facts: sent1: storms / rain cause bodies of water to increase amount of water they contain sent2: plants are a part of the environment sent3: most means over 50% of something sent4: loss of resources has a negative impact on the organisms in an area sent5: an area receiving rain means rain falling in that area sent6: harming an environment causes harm to the living things / to the organisms in that environment sent7: a floodplain is a kind of land / landform sent8: low infiltration causes flooding sent9: as the cause of something decreases , that something will decrease sent10: high means great in altitude sent11: area is similar to location sent12: flood plains are located near rivers sent13: organisms mean life sent14: low means down sent15: as elevation of a place decreases , how much a flood will affect that place will increases sent16: soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals sent17: high means a lot of something sent18: low means low in elevation / height / altitude sent19: harming something has a negative impact on / effect on that something sent20: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent21: natural disasters can cause animals to leave an environment sent22: to impact means to affect sent23: soil erosion is when wind / moving water / gravity moves soil from fields / environments sent24: area means a place sent25: humans changing ecosystems / environments usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] low means low in elevation / height / altitude [AND] area means a place [INFER] int1: low areas means places with low elevation [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] as elevation of a place decreases , how much a flood will affect that place will increases [INFER] int2: a flood will affect low areas more than higher areas
Question: Which natural event can dry out plants and cause wildfires?
Answer: drought
Hypothesis: drought can cause plants to dry out and cause wildfires
Supporting facts: sent1: a drought is a kind of slow environmental change sent2: drought is when available water decreases in an environment sent3: rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives sent4: a plants / living things require water for survival / to grow sent5: water is a kind of natural resource sent6: decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing sent7: if water vapor is limited to reach a location , then that location will be dry sent8: rain is a kind of water sent9: rainfall means precipitation sent10: precipitation is a kind of natural occurrence / cause sent11: plants require water to survive sent12: el nio causes drought in the western united states sent13: humans changing an environment sometimes causes that environment to be destroyed sent14: wildfire means forest fire sent15: if a plant / crop requires less water then that plant / crop will survive in a drought sent16: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent17: drought may cause wildfires sent18: humans changing ecosystems / environments usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent19: drying up means losing all water sent20: to cause means to have an effect sent21: moisture means liquid / liquid water sent22: to cause means to result in sent23: plants drying out means plants do not have enough water to survive sent24: rainfall means the amount of precipitation sent25: as the amount of rainfall increases in an area , the amount of available water in that area will increase
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] plants require water to survive [AND] drought is when available water decreases in an environment [INFER] int1: drought will decrease the water plants need to survive [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] plants drying out means plants do not have enough water to survive [INFER] int2: drought can cause plants to dry out [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] drought may cause wildfires [INFER] int3: drought can cause plants to dry out and cause wildfires