ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of these are broken down during chemical, but not physical, changes?
Answer: compounds
Hypothesis: a compound can only be broken down in chemical change but not physcial changes
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent2: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent3: a compound being broken down is a kind of chemical change sent4: except means not sent5: a compound can be chemically separated into the elements that it is made of sent6: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent7: if two substances together form a mixture then those substances can be separated from one another by physical changes sent8: an element cannot be decomposed into two or more different substances by simple chemical methods sent9: chemical reactions do not cause the total number of atoms to change sent10: an example of a physical change is breaking an object sent11: break apart means break down sent12: changed is the opposite of unchanged sent13: separating is similar to breaking sent14: breaking an object into pieces changes the shape of the object sent15: break down is the opposite of put together sent16: chemical bonds are formed by chemically combining elements / atoms / molecules sent17: a chemical property is the opposite of a physical property sent18: when two substances together form a compound then those substances cannot be physically separated sent19: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent20: matter / energy is always conserved in any physical or chemical process sent21: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent22: a physical property is a kind of property sent23: a chemical property is a kind of property sent24: stay the same means not changing sent25: if something changes , then that something is not the same
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a compound being broken down is a kind of chemical change [AND] a compound can be chemically separated into the elements that it is made of [INFER] int1: a compound can only be separated into the elements by chemical change [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] when two substances together form a compound then those substances cannot be physically separated [INFER] int2: a compound can only be broken down in chemical change but not physcial changes
Question: Which is the best example of a pure substance?
Answer: gold
Hypothesis: gold is only made of gold atoms
Supporting facts: sent1: to be found in means to be contained in sent2: an element is a kind of atom sent3: composed of means made of sent4: material means substance sent5: gold is a pure substance sent6: good means positive sent7: metals are made of metal sent8: best means most positive sent9: all living and nonliving materials are made of elements sent10: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent11: can be means able to be sent12: a pure substance is made up of only one kind of atom sent13: not is similar to the opposite of sent14: made up of means contains / made of sent15: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind sent16: made of is similar to contains sent17: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent18: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent19: form means kind sent20: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent21: a chemical property is the opposite of a physical property sent22: an object is made of its parts sent23: an element is made of one kind of atoms sent24: an object has properties sent25: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a pure substance is made up of only one kind of atom [AND] gold is a pure substance [INFER] int1: gold is only made of gold atoms
Question: Which activity is an example of a chemical change?
Answer: lighting a match
Hypothesis: lighting a match is an example of chemical change
Supporting facts: sent1: change is a kind of impact sent2: to cause means to make sent3: an example of a chemical change is electrical energy breaking down a compound sent4: chemical reactions sometimes cause gas to be released into the atmosphere sent5: to match means to be the same sent6: lighting a candle causes that candle to burn sent7: chemicals means substances sent8: determine is similar to cause sent9: to change means to cause a change sent10: action can cause change sent11: if something is given off of something , then something is the product of something sent12: a phase change is when matter / a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent13: to change means to have an effect sent14: chemical change is the opposite of physical change sent15: fire causes burning sent16: in a chemical reaction reactants have the role of molecules / substances that chemically combine sent17: if the color of a substance changes then a chemical change may have occurred sent18: to cause means to result in sent19: to cause means to have an effect sent20: lighting a match causes that match to burn sent21: fire causes chemical change sent22: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent23: burning converts chemical energy into thermal energy sent24: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent25: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fire causes burning [AND] lighting a match causes that match to burn [INFER] int1: lighting a match is when a fire causes the match to burn [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fire causes chemical change [INFER] int2: lighting a match is an example of chemical change
Question: An electrical circuit can be used to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen. In this process, electrical energy produces
Answer: chemical changes.
Hypothesis: electrical energy causes chemical change to the water
Supporting facts: sent1: a whole is formed by its parts sent2: different substances usually have different amount of chemical energy sent3: hydrogen is a kind of element sent4: chemical energy is a kind of energy sent5: water is a kind of substance sent6: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent7: chemical bonds are formed by chemically combining elements / atoms / molecules sent8: electrical energy is added to water sent9: an element is a kind of substance sent10: carbon is a kind of element sent11: forming something is a kind of change sent12: oxygen is a kind of element sent13: electricity means electrical energy sent14: the elements in the chemical reaction stays the same after the reaction sent15: products are formed / are produced / are created sent16: hydrogen is produced when electrical energy is added to water sent17: chemical changes cause different substances to form sent18: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent19: methane is a kind of compound sent20: a molecule of water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom sent21: combining / mixing two substances chemically causes chemical reactions sent22: oxygen is produced when electrical energy is added to water sent23: forming is similar to converting sent24: chemical compounds contain chemical bonds between atoms / between elements sent25: chlorine is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] oxygen is a kind of element [AND] hydrogen is a kind of element [INFER] int1: hydrogen and oxygen are different elements [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an element is a kind of substance [INFER] int2: hydrogen and oxygen are different substances [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] water is a kind of substance [INFER] int3: hydrogen, oxygen, and water are different substances [BECAUSE] hydrogen is produced when electrical energy is added to water [AND] electrical energy is added to water [INFER] int4: electrical energy causes hydrogen to form from water [BECAUSE] oxygen is produced when electrical energy is added to water [AND] electrical energy is added to water [INFER] int5: electrical energy causes oxygen to form from water [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: electrical energy causes hydrogen and oxygen to form from water [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: electrical energy causes different substances to form from water [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] chemical changes cause different substances to form [INFER] int8: electrical energy causes chemical change to the water
Question: Which of the following causes a chemical change?
Answer: lemon juice added to milk
Hypothesis: adding lemon juice to milk can cause chemical change
Supporting facts: sent1: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent2: an example of a chemical change is starch turning into sugar through reactions with saliva sent3: adding heat to an object sometimes causes chemical reactions sent4: glycogen is a kind of substance sent5: determine is similar to cause sent6: substances have chemical properties sent7: an example of a chemical change is acid breaking down substances sent8: in a chemical reaction reactants have the role of molecules / substances that chemically combine sent9: plants can produce acid sent10: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent11: combining acid and protein can cause chemical change sent12: a chemical reaction is a kind of process sent13: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent14: a phase change is when matter / a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent15: a poison is a kind of substance sent16: to change means to have an effect sent17: if the color of a substance changes then a chemical change may have occurred sent18: chemical change is the opposite of physical change sent19: phase changes change the arrangement of molecules in a substance / in a sample sent20: if something is given off of something , then something is the product of something sent21: lemon juice contains acid sent22: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent23: to change means to cause a change sent24: chemicals means substances sent25: milk contains proteins
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] lemon juice contains acid [AND] milk contains proteins [INFER] int1: adding lemon juice to milk is similar to combining acid and protein together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] combining acid and protein can cause chemical change [INFER] int2: adding lemon juice to milk can cause chemical change
Question: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO_{3}) is commonly known as baking soda. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that can dissolve in water. Under the proper conditions, sodium bicarbonate can release carbon dioxide (CO_{2}) gas. Which of the following is not a physical property of sodium bicarbonate?
Answer: It releases carbon dioxide.
Hypothesis: releasing carbon dioxide under proper conditions is a kind of chemical property of sodium bicarbonate
Supporting facts: sent1: boiling point is a kind of physical property sent2: chemical reactions releasing new substances means chemical reactions forming new substances sent3: a chemical property is a kind of property sent4: conductivity is a kind of physical property sent5: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent6: carbon dioxide is a new substance produced by sodium bicarbonate under proper conditions sent7: if something is given off of something , then something is the product of something sent8: chemical reactions cause new substances to form sent9: vapor is synonymous with gas sent10: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent11: a source of something increases the amount of that something sent12: an example of a chemical property is the elements making up a compound sent13: to emit means to release sent14: matter in the gas phase has variable volume sent15: in a chemical reaction reactants have the role of molecules / substances that chemically combine sent16: matter in the gas phase has variable shape sent17: the emission of something is when something is added into the atmosphere sent18: a volatile substance gives off gas sent19: releasing something into the atmosphere increases the amount of that something in the atmosphere sent20: the effects of something is a property of that something sent21: physical state means state of matter sent22: chemical composition is a kind of property sent23: an example of a chemical property is how a material reacts chemically sent24: the chemistry of something is similar to what that something is made of sent25: chemical compounds contain chemical bonds between atoms / between elements
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] carbon dioxide is a new substance produced by sodium bicarbonate under proper conditions [AND] chemical reactions cause new substances to form [INFER] int1: sodium bicarbonate releasing carbon dioxide under proper conditions is a chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an example of a chemical property is how a material reacts chemically [INFER] int2: releasing carbon dioxide under proper conditions is a kind of chemical property of sodium bicarbonate
Question: Which of the following is a chemical property of matter?
Answer: flammability
Hypothesis: flammability is a chemical property of matter
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reaction means chemical bonds change sent2: material means substance sent3: to cause means to result in sent4: particles in objects are a kind of matter sent5: can means having the ability to sent6: substances are made of molecules sent7: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind sent8: to cause means to have an effect sent9: substances are made of elements sent10: atom is the basic unit of matter sent11: an example of a chemical property is the elements making up a compound sent12: can be means able to be sent13: to convert means to change sent14: different materials usually have different properties sent15: flammability is a kind of chemical property sent16: matter is made of molecules sent17: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent18: flammability means the ability to be flammable sent19: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent20: a property is a kind of information sent21: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent22: made up of means contains / made of sent23: flammability is a property of matter sent24: chemicals means substances sent25: to be found in means to be contained in
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] flammability is a kind of chemical property [AND] flammability is a property of matter [INFER] int1: flammability is a chemical property of matter
Question: Which features are physical properties of an iron nail?
Answer: conducts heat, magnetic, solid
Hypothesis: iron nails can conduct heat and are magnetic and are solid
Supporting facts: sent1: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent2: iron is always magnetic sent3: physical state means state of matter sent4: state of matter means physical state sent5: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent6: heat means heat energy sent7: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind sent8: metal is a thermal energy conductor sent9: a thermal energy conductor conducts heat sent10: luster is a property of an object / a material and includes ordered values of dull / shiny sent11: feature is synonymous with characteristic sent12: iron is a kind of solid sent13: characteristic means property sent14: heat energy can change the state of matter sent15: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent16: iron nails are made of iron sent17: state of matter is a property of substance includes values of solid / liquid / gas sent18: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent19: appearance is a kind of physical property sent20: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent21: state of matter is a kind of physical property sent22: iron is a kind of metal sent23: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent24: conductivity is a measure of how easily electricity travels through a material sent25: magnetism is a kind of energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron is a kind of solid [AND] iron nails are made of iron [INFER] int1: iron nails are solid [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] state of matter is a property of substance includes values of solid / liquid / gas [INFER] int2: iron nails are solid in state of matter [BECAUSE] iron nails are made of iron [AND] iron is a kind of metal [INFER] int3: iron nails are made of metal [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] metal is a thermal energy conductor [AND] a thermal energy conductor conducts heat [INFER] int4: iron nails can conduct heat [BECAUSE] iron nails are made of iron [AND] iron is always magnetic [INFER] int5: iron nails are magnetic [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: iron nails can conduct heat and are magnetic and are solid
Question: Sharpening a pencil and tearing paper are examples of physical changes. Which statement describes why these are physical changes?
Answer: There is a change in the appearance of the objects.
Hypothesis: pencil and paper underwent a physical change
Supporting facts: sent1: color is a property of an object / a material sent2: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed sent3: sharpening a pencil changes the shape of the pencil sent4: shape is a kind of characteristic sent5: if something undergoes a physical change then the physical properties of that something will change sent6: shape is a property of the appearance of an object sent7: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent8: tearing paper changes the shape of the paper sent9: to change means to become different sent10: how something appears is how that something looks sent11: tearing is a kind of damage sent12: alteration means change sent13: tearing means ripping sent14: tearing means changing a whole into pieces sent15: to change means to cause a change sent16: shape is a property of an object sent17: if something is caused by something else , then that something can be explained by that something else sent18: characteristic means property sent19: a pencil is a kind of object sent20: to change means to have an effect sent21: color is a kind of physical / visual property sent22: appearance is a kind of physical property sent23: paper is a kind of object sent24: a change is a kind of difference sent25: to change into means to form
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a pencil is a kind of object [AND] sharpening a pencil changes the shape of the pencil [INFER] int1: sharpening a pencil changes the shape of an object [BECAUSE] paper is a kind of object [AND] tearing paper changes the shape of the paper [INFER] int2: tearing paper changes the shape of an object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: sharpening a pencil and tearing paper both change the shape of the object [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] shape is a property of the appearance of an object [INFER] int4: sharpening a pencil and tearing paper both change the appearance of the object [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] appearance is a kind of physical property [INFER] int5: sharpening a pencil and tearing paper both change the physical property of the object [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] if something undergoes a physical change then the physical properties of that something will change [INFER] int6: pencil and paper underwent a physical change
Question: As the molecules of water begin to slow down they go into a phase where they are no longer able to easily move past each other. The water is passing through a phase change and will
Answer: remain a compound.
Hypothesis: water being a compound will remain unchanged
Supporting facts: sent1: to remain means to stay where it is sent2: a phase change is when a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent3: if something undergoes a physical change then the physical properties of that something will change sent4: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent5: solid is a kind of state of matter sent6: an example of a physical change is a phase change sent7: staying means not changing sent8: water is a kind of substance sent9: slowly is similar to decreased rate sent10: water is a kind of compound sent11: if an object undergoes chemical change then that object will have new chemical properties sent12: the molecules of a substance cannot move easily past each other in solid state sent13: water changes into a phase where the molecules cannot move easily past each other sent14: to remain means to stay the same sent15: if something undergoes physical change then the chemical properties of that something will remain unchanged sent16: particles in a liquid flows past each other sent17: stay the same means not changing sent18: to retain means to remain sent19: to maintain means to not change sent20: liquid is a kind of state of matter sent21: matter / energy is always conserved in any physical or chemical process sent22: if something has no impact on something else then that something else stays the same sent23: phase means state sent24: being a compound or an element is a chemical property of substances sent25: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the molecules of a substance cannot move easily past each other in solid state [AND] water is a kind of substance [INFER] int1: the molecules of water cannot move easily past each other in solid state [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water changes into a phase where the molecules cannot move easily past each other [INFER] int2: water changes into solid state [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a phase change is when a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter [AND] solid is a kind of state of matter [INFER] int3: water undergoes a phase change [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an example of a physical change is a phase change [INFER] int4: water undergoing a phase change is an example of physical change [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] if something undergoes physical change then the chemical properties of that something will remain unchanged [INFER] int5: the chemical properties of water will remain unchanged [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] being a compound or an element is a chemical property of substances [INFER] int6: water being a compound or an element will remain unchanged [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] water is a kind of compound [INFER] int7: water being a compound will remain unchanged