ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Two processes are involved in the formation of a sand dune. Which two processes best describe how a sand dune forms?
Answer: wind erosion then deposition
Hypothesis: sand dunes are formed by wind erosion and deposition
Supporting facts: sent1: the wind blowing across the surface of the ocean causes wind-water interaction sent2: sand is insoluble in water sent3: sand drains water quickly sent4: a sand dune is a kind of hill sent5: wind means moving air sent6: sand is insoluble in water sent7: a description sometimes provides information sent8: if something is made of something else then the formation of that something requires that something else sent9: sand dunes are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand sent10: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent11: wind is a kind of airflow sent12: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent13: water causes soil and rock erosion sent14: deposition is when wind deposits sediments sent15: sand is made of small particles sent16: to be formed by is to be the result of sent17: erosion is when wind transports sediments sent18: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent19: sediment means deposited materials sent20: sand is a kind of sediment sent21: deposition is a kind of constructive force sent22: the surface of a beach is formed by mechanical weathering sent23: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent24: both means two sent25: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] deposition is when wind deposits sediments [AND] erosion is when wind transports sediments [AND] sand is a kind of sediment [INFER] int1: wind erosion and deposition can transport and deposit sand [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sand dunes are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand [INFER] int2: sand dunes are formed by wind erosion and deposition
Question: Which process occurs when rocks and soil slide down a mountain?
Answer: erosion
Hypothesis: erosion can cause the rocks and soil on a mountain to move downhill
Supporting facts: sent1: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent2: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent3: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent4: wind and rain / storms cause erosion sent5: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent6: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent7: rolling down is similar to falling sent8: downhill means down sent9: wind causes erosion sent10: crumble means break down sent11: ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings sent12: a landslide is when water / gravity rapidly moves rocks / soil downhill especially after a rain storm sent13: a mountain is made of rocks / soil sent14: the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold sent15: to drop means to fall sent16: falling means height decreases sent17: gravity / gravitational force causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet sent18: up means upward sent19: erosion / storms can cause a landslide sent20: falling means moving downward sent21: topsoil is a kind of soil sent22: rock means stone sent23: mountains are formed by earthquakes / volcanoes / plate tectonics sent24: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent25: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a landslide is when water / gravity rapidly moves rocks / soil downhill especially after a rain storm [AND] erosion / storms can cause a landslide [INFER] int1: erosion causes rocks and soil to move downhill [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mountain is made of rocks / soil [INFER] int2: erosion can cause the rocks and soil on a mountain to move downhill
Question: Which of the following can cause erosion?
Answer: flowing water
Hypothesis: flowing water can cause erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: to cause means to result in sent2: the ground is part of the earth sent3: erosion is a kind of destructive force sent4: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent5: downstream is a kind of direction in a river sent6: causing is similar to generating sent7: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent8: when a river floods , that river deposits soil / sediment in flood plains sent9: soil is made of very small rocks / minerals sent10: flowing water is a kind of moving water sent11: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent12: soil and sediment deposited by a river are usually high / rich in nutrients sent13: wind causes erosion sent14: due to means caused by sent15: to cause means to have an effect sent16: a river is a kind of channel for water sent17: bodies of water are located on the surface of the earth sent18: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent19: a body of water contains water sent20: to cause means to make sent21: to lead to means to cause sent22: deposition is when moving water / wind moves / deposits an object / sediment from one location to a different location sent23: erosion usually causes harm to the environment sent24: pouring water onto soil causes that soil to wash away sent25: erosion is when moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] flowing water is a kind of moving water [AND] erosion is when moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance [INFER] int1: flowing water can cause erosion
Question: Which would cause the most soil to erode from a river bank in just a few days?
Answer: water from a flood flowing over the river bank
Hypothesis: a flood overflowing the riverbank will cause soil erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: rain is a kind of precipitation sent2: flood is the water that overflows the river bank sent3: a river is a kind of channel for water sent4: humans changing ecosystems / environments usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent5: a riverbank is made of soil sent6: soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments sent7: precipitation is when water falls from the sky sent8: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent9: a floodplain is a kind of land / landform sent10: an area receiving rain means rain falling in that area sent11: the ground is part of the earth sent12: storms / rain cause bodies of water to increase amount of water they contain sent13: rain is a kind of water sent14: rainwater is a kind of water sent15: rainfall means precipitation sent16: pouring water onto soil causes that soil to wash away sent17: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent18: moving water on earth is a part of water cycle sent19: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent20: rain is a source of water sent21: ground water is a kind of water sent22: a flood is a kind of moving water sent23: an example of a physical cycle is the water cycle sent24: days are a kind of unit for measuring time sent25: measures of length / measures of distance are used to measure the amount of rainfall
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] flood is the water that overflows the river bank [AND] a riverbank is made of soil [INFER] int1: when it floods, water will overflow the soil on the river bank [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a flood is a kind of moving water [AND] soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments [INFER] int2: a flood overflowing the riverbank will cause soil erosion
Question: Wind can cause erosion that changes the surface of the Earth. Wind erosion can have negative effects on the environment by removing soil and polluting the air during dust storms. Which of the following land forms are created by wind erosion?
Answer: sand dunes and arches
Hypothesis: wind erosion can form sand dunes and arches
Supporting facts: sent1: sand is made of small particles sent2: wind means moving air sent3: the surface of a beach is formed by mechanical weathering sent4: soil is made of very small rocks / minerals sent5: the ground means earth 's surface sent6: the ground is part of the earth sent7: erosion is when wind transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent8: the wind blowing across the surface of the ocean causes wind-water interaction sent9: erosion causes deposition sent10: erosion is a kind of destructive force sent11: a surface is a part of an object sent12: wind is a kind of airflow sent13: soil is found on the the surface of the earth sent14: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent15: water causes soil and rock erosion sent16: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent17: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent18: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent19: sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand sent20: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent21: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent22: sand drains water quickly sent23: creating is similar to causing sent24: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent25: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand [AND] erosion is when wind transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance [INFER] int1: wind erosion can form sand dunes and arches
Question: Why are some rocks smoother and rounder than others?
Answer: They were smoothed by the action of wind and water.
Hypothesis: weathering by wind and water sometimes smooths rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent2: water causes soil and rock erosion sent3: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent4: texture means how an object feels sent5: wind means moving air sent6: in the rock cycle , erosion follows weathering sent7: wind is a kind of airflow sent8: soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals sent9: surfaces sometimes cause objects to break sent10: the drag of wind causes the surface of the water to change its direction toward the direction of the wind sent11: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent12: the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold sent13: sometimes weathering smooths / rounds rocks sent14: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent15: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent16: rock means stone sent17: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent18: deposition is when moving water / wind moves / deposits an object / sediment from one location to a different location sent19: weather is a source of wind and water for weathering sent20: abrasion changes rocks from rough into smooth / round sent21: crumple means change shape from smooth / flat into compacted / irregular by mechanical force / kinetic energy sent22: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent23: shape is a property of an object sent24: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent25: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sometimes weathering smooths / rounds rocks [AND] weather is a source of wind and water for weathering [INFER] int1: weathering by wind and water sometimes smooths rocks
Question: At some places in Florida, sand on the beaches is being reduced. New sand is brought from other areas and spread on the beaches. What process causes this reduction to the beach sand?
Answer: erosion
Hypothesis: new sand is brought to the beach by erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: cementation means the process of cementing sent2: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent3: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent4: wind and rain / storms cause erosion sent5: sand is made of small particles sent6: sand is a kind of sediment sent7: dunes along the coast can protect the coastline sent8: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent9: sand drains water quickly sent10: sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand sent11: a surface is a part of an object sent12: erosion causes deposition sent13: deposition is when moving water / wind moves / deposits an object / sediment from one location to a different location sent14: sand dunes are made of sand sent15: rocks / soil / materials interacting with wind / moving water over long periods of time causes weathering sent16: dunes along the coast often are destroyed by strong hurricane sent17: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent18: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent19: a plant 's roots slowly break down rocks as the roots grow sent20: new sand is brought from other places and spread on the beaches sent21: sandy means made of a high amount of sand sent22: water causes soil and rock erosion sent23: wave action changes the shape of the beach by mechanical energy sent24: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent25: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance [AND] sand is a kind of sediment [INFER] int1: erosion can transport sand from one place to another place [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] new sand is brought from other places and spread on the beaches [INFER] int2: new sand is brought to the beach by erosion
Question: What happens when water flows over a rock for a long period of time?
Answer: erosion
Hypothesis: water will cause erosion to the rock over a long period of time
Supporting facts: sent1: break apart means break down sent2: in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion sent3: crumble means break down sent4: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent5: erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent6: rocks contacting / rubbing each other over long periods of time causes those rocks to smooth sent7: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent8: soil is made of very small rocks / minerals sent9: length of time means period of time sent10: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent11: soil is formed by weathering sent12: water causes soil and rock erosion sent13: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent14: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent15: period is similar to amount of time sent16: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent17: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent18: pouring water onto soil causes that soil to wash away sent19: rock means stone sent20: in the rock cycle , erosion follows weathering sent21: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent22: earth is made of rock sent23: sediment is formed by rocks weathering sent24: soil is formed by rocks eroding sent25: to break down means to break into smaller pieces
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water causes soil and rock erosion [AND] erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time [INFER] int1: water will cause erosion to the rock over a long period of time
Question: The prairie grass ecosystem once had a deep layer of topsoil which was protected by the grasses that covered it. Removal of these grasses for farmland is causing the soil to be eroded mainly by
Answer: wind and rain.
Hypothesis: removal of grasses from the land will cause wind and rain to erode the soil
Supporting facts: sent1: due to means caused by sent2: grass is a kind of plant sent3: overgrazing increases soil erosion sent4: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent5: the grasses are removed from the land sent6: humans changing ecosystems / environments usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent7: soil erosion can cause desertification of the land sent8: wind and rain cause erosion sent9: water causes soil and rock erosion sent10: decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing sent11: clearing is similar to removing sent12: removing an inhibitor of a process causes that process sent13: erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil sent14: soil loss causes an area decrease in size sent15: in the erosion process roots of plants are an inhibitor sent16: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place sent17: humans changing an environment sometimes causes that environment to be destroyed sent18: soil erosion is when wind and moving water moves soil from fields / environments sent19: absorbing something from the air means removing that something from earth 's atmosphere sent20: as the deforestation increases , the soil erosion will increase sent21: preventing something decreases the amount of that something sent22: a large quantity of heavy rain in a short time increases erosion sent23: eliminate means remove sent24: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent25: decreasing use of a resource protects that resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] in the erosion process roots of plants are an inhibitor [AND] grass is a kind of plant [AND] the grasses are removed from the land [INFER] int1: the inhibitor of the erosion process is removed [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] removing an inhibitor of a process causes that process [AND] the grasses are removed from the land [INFER] int2: removal of grasses from the land will cause erosion [BECAUSE] soil erosion is when wind and moving water moves soil from fields / environments [AND] wind and rain cause erosion [INFER] int3: wind and rain can cause soil erosion [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: removal of grasses from the land will cause wind and rain to erode the soil
Question: Grooves running down the sides of a riverbank are most likely caused by
Answer: rainwater.
Hypothesis: rainwater can cause grooves in a riverbank
Supporting facts: sent1: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent2: a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something sent3: surface sediments can absorb some rain sent4: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent5: soil loss causes grooves in soil sent6: the ground means earth 's surface sent7: a large quantity of heavy rain in a short time increases erosion sent8: topsoil is a kind of soil sent9: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent10: an area receiving rain means rain falling in that area sent11: heavy rains cause flooding sent12: precipitation is when water falls from the sky sent13: roots hold soil in place sent14: to be a source of something means to cause that something sent15: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place sent16: erosion is a kind of destructive force sent17: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent18: soil is made of very small rocks / minerals sent19: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent20: soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals sent21: rainfall means precipitation sent22: rainwater is a kind of water sent23: rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives sent24: a riverbank is made of soil sent25: damp means a large amount of water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals [AND] soil loss causes grooves in soil [INFER] int1: soil erosion caused by water will cause grooves in soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rainwater is a kind of water [INFER] int2: rainwater can cause grooves in soil [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a riverbank is made of soil [INFER] int3: rainwater can cause grooves in a riverbank
Question: A student finds a round, smooth pebble on a beach. Which action made the pebble smooth?
Answer: waves moving
Hypothesis: waves interacting with pebbles can smooth pebbles
Supporting facts: sent1: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent2: water easily passes through pebbles sent3: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent4: sand is insoluble in water sent5: waves can travel through matter sent6: sand is insoluble in water sent7: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place sent8: to round means to make more round sent9: deposition is when moving water / wind moves / deposits an object / sediment from one location to a different location sent10: texture means how an object feels sent11: sand in water settles to the bottom of water sent12: abrasion changes rocks from rough into smooth / round sent13: the texture of an object can sometimes be told by looking at the object sent14: the shape of an object can be discovered through feeling that object / touching that object sent15: sometimes weathering smooths rocks sent16: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent17: if the surface of an object contains something then that object is covered with that something sent18: crumple means change shape from smooth / flat into compacted / irregular by mechanical force / kinetic energy sent19: warm / humid environment increases the rate of rocks weathering sent20: rocks interacting with moving water over long periods of time causes weathering sent21: waves are made of moving water sent22: round means circular in shape sent23: weathering is a kind of erosion sent24: a pebble is a kind of small rock sent25: sand is made of small particles
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sometimes weathering smooths rocks [AND] rocks interacting with moving water over long periods of time causes weathering [INFER] int1: moving water interacting with rocks would smooth the rocks [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] waves are made of moving water [INFER] int2: waves interacting with rocks can smooth rocks [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a pebble is a kind of small rock [INFER] int3: waves interacting with pebbles can smooth pebbles