ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Planets in the solar system are in constant motion. What factor has the greatest effect on the orbits of the planets?
Answer: gravitational pull of the Sun
Hypothesis: gravity causes the planets in the solar system to orbit the sun
Supporting facts: sent1: isaac newton discovered the theory of gravity sent2: the effects of something is a property of that something sent3: revolving is a kind of action sent4: all planets orbit the sun in the same direction sent5: a revolution occurs when something revolves around something else sent6: a pull is a kind of force sent7: if something causes something else then that something else depends on that something sent8: a celestial body travelling around another celestial body means that celestial body completes a cycle around that other celestial body sent9: gravity causes orbits sent10: our sun is located at the center of our solar system sent11: a property is similar to a factor sent12: orbit is a kind of characteristic sent13: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent14: constant means not changing sent15: if an object orbits a celestial object then that object is probably a celestial object as well sent16: if something has a positive impact on something else then increasing the amount of that something has a positive impact on that something else sent17: system means a set of objects sent18: planets in the solar system orbit the sun sent19: orbit means orbital path sent20: movements of celestial bodies are a kind of event sent21: motion / movement means moving / to move sent22: revolving around something means orbiting that something sent23: planets are found in space sent24: planetary orbits are mostly elliptical sent25: rotating is similar to moving
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] planets in the solar system orbit the sun [AND] gravity causes orbits [INFER] int1: gravity causes the planets in the solar system to orbit the sun
Question: What object is made of hot gas and is the most massive object in our solar system?
Answer: the Sun
Hypothesis: the sun is made of gases, hot in temperature, and the largest celestial body in the solar system
Supporting facts: sent1: to be in the sun means to be in the sunlight sent2: a star is very hot in temperature sent3: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent4: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent5: the sun is average in temperature for a star in our galaxy sent6: sunlight is intense in space sent7: a star usually is larger than a planet sent8: a star is made of gases sent9: the sun is a kind of star sent10: massive means giant sent11: revolving around something means orbiting that something sent12: as mass of a planet / of a celestial body increases , the force of gravity on that planet will increase sent13: if an object orbits a celestial object then that object is probably a celestial object as well sent14: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent15: planets orbit stars sent16: the surface of the sun is extremely hot in temperature with values as high as 20 000 000  c sent17: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent18: the sun is average in size for a star in our galaxy sent19: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent20: a revolution occurs when something revolves around something else sent21: the sun is the largest celestial body in the solar system sent22: hot means high in heat energy / temperature sent23: the sun is the strongest source of gravity in the solar system sent24: being in the sun is synonymous with being in the sunlight sent25: massive means great in mass
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a star is very hot in temperature [AND] a star is made of gases [INFER] int1: a star is made of gases and hot in temperature [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the sun is a kind of star [INFER] int2: the sun is made of gases and hot in temperature [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the sun is the largest celestial body in the solar system [INFER] int3: the sun is made of gases, hot in temperature, and the largest celestial body in the solar system
Question: Why do astronauts need oxygen in the backpacks of their spacesuits?
Answer: to help astronauts breathe in outer space
Hypothesis: an astronaut requires the oxygen in a spacesuit backpack to breathe
Supporting facts: sent1: air holes in a container are often used for providing oxygen to an animal in that container sent2: to help means to aid sent3: to be used for something means to help to do that something sent4: oxygen can be found in air sent5: oxygenated means having oxygen sent6: needing something means depending on that something sent7: space is a vacuum sent8: an astronaut is a kind of human sent9: a human is a kind of animal sent10: to be used for something means to be required by that something sent11: requiring is similar to needing help sent12: the ability to do means be able to do sent13: bringing oxygen to the body is a kind of function sent14: to breathe in means to absorb air sent15: breathing is a kind of function sent16: if something has the ability to do something else , then that something can do that something else sent17: vaccum does not contain oxygen sent18: take in oxygen means get oxygen into the blood sent19: breathing is when animals convert oxygen into carbon dioxide sent20: the respiratory system is a kind of human / organ / body system sent21: requiring something means needing that something sent22: spacesuit backpacks contain oxygen sent23: lungs are used for breathing air by land animals / birds sent24: blood absorbs oxygen in the lungs sent25: an animal requires oxygen to breathe
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] vaccum does not contain oxygen [AND] space is a vacuum [INFER] int1: there is no oxygen in space [BECAUSE] an astronaut is a kind of human [AND] a human is a kind of animal [INFER] int2: an astronaut is a kind of animal [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an animal requires oxygen to breathe [INFER] int3: an astronaut requires oxygen to breathe [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [AND] spacesuit backpacks contain oxygen [INFER] int4: an astronaut requires the oxygen in a spacesuit backpack to breathe
Question: Which change makes a structure on Earth's surface?
Answer: A volcano makes new land with lava.
Hypothesis: volcanoes erupting changes earth's surface by forming a new land
Supporting facts: sent1: the formation of a new land is a kind of change on earth's surface sent2: volcanoes are often found under oceans sent3: an island is formed by lava being released / cooling on the ocean floor over time sent4: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent5: to change means to have an effect sent6: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place sent7: new means different from the former one sent8: magma is extremely high in temperature sent9: producing is similar to causing sent10: to be formed by is to be the result of sent11: a volcano changes the environment around it by covering the environment in ash sent12: volcanoes are formed by converging boundaries of tectonic plates sent13: to cause means to make sent14: forming is a kind of action sent15: to turn means to change sent16: to change means to cause a change sent17: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent18: earth is a kind of planet sent19: new land can be formed by volcanoes erupting by lava cooling sent20: due to means caused by sent21: dried lava is a kind of volcanic rock sent22: to happen means to occur sent23: to convert means to change sent24: magma is a kind of hot rock sent25: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the formation of a new land is a kind of change on earth's surface [AND] new land can be formed by volcanoes erupting by lava cooling [INFER] int1: volcanoes erupting changes earth's surface by forming a new land
Question: Some sinkholes and caves are created when water dissolves certain rocks and minerals below ground. Which two parts of the water cycle are most directly responsible for the formation of sinkholes and caves?
Answer: precipitation and infiltration
Hypothesis: precipitation and infiltration in the water cycle are responsible for the formation of sinkholes and caves
Supporting facts: sent1: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent2: rainfall means the amount of precipitation sent3: low infiltration causes flooding sent4: precipitation is a stage in the water cycle process sent5: as temperature increases , the ability of that liquid to dissolve solids will increase sent6: sinkholes and caves are formed by precipitation and infiltration sent7: in the water cycle , precipitation can follow condensation sent8: preventing something decreases the amount of that something sent9: rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives sent10: if something absorbs something else then that something will contain that something else sent11: creating is similar to causing sent12: precipitation is when rain / snow / hail fall from clouds to the earth / ground sent13: get rid of means eliminate / remove sent14: in the water cycle , infiltration can follow runoff sent15: as the amount of rainfall increases , the rate of chemical weathering will increase sent16: in the water cycle , runoff can follow precipitation sent17: infiltration is a stage in the water cycle process sent18: weathering / mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks / surface materials from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means sent19: rainwater is a kind of water sent20: decomposition is when a decomposer breaks down dead organisms sent21: ground water is a kind of water sent22: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent23: rainfall means precipitation sent24: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent25: a cavern is a cave
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] infiltration is a stage in the water cycle process [AND] precipitation is a stage in the water cycle process [AND] sinkholes and caves are formed by precipitation and infiltration [INFER] int1: precipitation and infiltration in the water cycle are responsible for the formation of sinkholes and caves
Question: All of the following can become fossils except
Answer: rocks.
Hypothesis: rocks cannot form fossils
Supporting facts: sent1: can means having the ability to sent2: less is the opposite of more sent3: ability is a property of things and includes ordered values of able / unable / can / cannot sent4: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent5: no longer means used to be sent6: a whole is formed by its parts sent7: all the other means the rest of sent8: can be means able to be sent9: to convert means to change sent10: fossils are formed by the remains of living things sent11: cannot means not be able to sent12: to be made of is similar to collection sent13: including means containing sent14: except means not sent15: rock is a kind of nonliving thing sent16: rock means stone sent17: plants can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent18: to change into means to form sent19: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent20: to be found in means to be contained in sent21: existence is similar to living sent22: an object is made of its parts sent23: shells can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent24: not is similar to the opposite of sent25: to become is similar to change into
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fossils are formed by the remains of living things [AND] rock is a kind of nonliving thing [INFER] int1: rocks cannot form fossils
Question: A student notices a paw print while walking in a park. The paw print could be considered a fossil if the print was in ___.
Answer: rock
Hypothesis: an example of a fossil is a paw print in a rock
Supporting facts: sent1: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent2: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent3: organisms can be preserved in sedimentary rock sent4: the origin of rocks can be used to classify rocks sent5: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent6: plants can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent7: shape is a property of an object sent8: if a fossil is of an organism that cannot be identified then that organism is probably extinct sent9: to detect means to find sent10: bones can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent11: an object has properties sent12: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent13: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent14: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent15: a paw print is a kind of footprint sent16: size is a property of objects and includes ordered values of microscopic / tiny / small / medium / large sent17: objects in an environment are a part of that environment sent18: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent19: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent20: to be believed to be is similar to maybe sent21: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent22: an example of a fossil is a footprint in a rock sent23: classifying means grouping objects / materials by their properties sent24: rock means stone sent25: rock is a kind of nonliving thing
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a paw print is a kind of footprint [AND] an example of a fossil is a footprint in a rock [INFER] int1: an example of a fossil is a paw print in a rock
Question: Which technique has helped scientists more accurately determine the age of fossils and draw conclusions about changes in organisms over time?
Answer: radioactive dating
Hypothesis: radioactive dating can help draw conclusions about changes in organisms over time by determing the age of fossils
Supporting facts: sent1: organisms mean life sent2: decay has a negative impact on a thing sent3: scientists make observations sent4: a measure of time is a length of time sent5: remains is similar to dead organisms sent6: making a valid conclusion in an investigation requires collecting relevant evidence sent7: a fossil record is made of a group of fossils arranged in order sent8: conclusions can be drawn about changes in organisms over time by determining the age of fossils of those organisms sent9: to conclude means to make a conclusion sent10: to change means to cause a change sent11: investigating a stage of something means investigating that something sent12: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent13: a change is a kind of event sent14: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent15: period is similar to amount of time sent16: making a valid conclusion in an investigation requires a testable hypothesis sent17: measuring sometimes requires recording / learning an amount sent18: to change means to become different sent19: alteration means change sent20: to change means to have an effect sent21: change is a kind of process sent22: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent23: calculating the age of rocks requires investigating the original amount of the elemental isotopes of the parent isotopes sent24: age means the amount of time passed since something is formed sent25: radioactive dating is used to determine the age of fossils
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] radioactive dating is used to determine the age of fossils [AND] conclusions can be drawn about changes in organisms over time by determining the age of fossils of those organisms [INFER] int1: radioactive dating can help draw conclusions about changes in organisms over time by determing the age of fossils
Question: Scientists believe that oceans once covered much of what is now land. which of these things found on land led scientists to believe this?
Answer: fossils of fish
Hypothesis: the land used to be covered by water in the past
Supporting facts: sent1: a fish is a kind of scaled animal sent2: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent3: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent4: a part of a living thing is a natural structure sent5: fish have been on earth for 419000000 years sent6: fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth sent7: something that contains water is similar to a body of water sent8: organisms are located on the surface of the earth sent9: organisms mean life sent10: to discover means to find sent11: oceans are located on earth sent12: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent13: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent14: if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent15: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent16: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent17: an aquatic animal / aquatic plant requires great amounts of water to survive / thrive sent18: fossils of fish are found on the land sent19: an animal is a member of an animal species sent20: aquatic animal means water animal sent21: sea organism is similar to water animal and water plant sent22: a fish is a kind of aquatic animal sent23: if the surface of an object contains something then that object is covered with that something sent24: once means one time sent25: a land is a kind of place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [AND] a fish is a kind of aquatic animal [INFER] int1: if fossils of fish are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fossils of fish are found on the land [AND] a land is a kind of place [INFER] int2: the land used to be covered by water in the past
Question: The fossils of extinct sea animals called trilobites are found in Ohio. This means Ohio was once covered by
Answer: water.
Hypothesis: ohio used to be covered by water in the past
Supporting facts: sent1: fossils of trilobites are found in ohio sent2: seawater is a kind of salt water sent3: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent4: a trilobite is a kind of water animal sent5: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent6: aquatic animal means water animal sent7: to discover means to find sent8: freshwater is a kind of water sent9: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent10: prehistoric means before 300000000 years ago sent11: a body of water is a source of water sent12: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent13: empty into a body of water means enters a body of water sent14: bodies of water are located on the surface of the earth sent15: something that contains water is similar to a body of water sent16: under water means covered by water / in water sent17: organisms are located on the surface of the earth sent18: similar means in common sent19: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent20: ohio is a kind of place sent21: an animal is a member of an animal species sent22: including means containing sent23: an aquatic animal / aquatic plant requires great amounts of water to survive / thrive sent24: if the surface of an object contains something then that object is covered with that something sent25: organisms lived in the water when they first appeared on earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a trilobite is a kind of water animal [AND] if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int1: if fossils of trilobites are found in a place, then that place used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fossils of trilobites are found in ohio [AND] ohio is a kind of place [INFER] int2: ohio used to be covered by water in the past
Question: Students on a field trip discovered fossilized shark teeth on the side of a cliff. Which conclusion can best be made about the history of the area?
Answer: It was once a shallow sea.
Hypothesis: the side of the cliff used to be a shallow sea
Supporting facts: sent1: deep sea animals live deep in the ocean sent2: a deep sea animal is a kind of marine organism sent3: teeth are part of a shark sent4: to discover means to make a discovery sent5: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent6: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent7: depth is a property of the shape of an object sent8: once is similar to in the past sent9: to conclude means to make a conclusion sent10: discovering something usually requires seeing that something sent11: a shark is a kind of fish sent12: something from long ago can be used for studying history sent13: studying fossils is used to learn about organisms from long ago sent14: underwater means covered by water sent15: clams live at the bottom of the ocean sent16: prehistoric means before 300000000 years ago sent17: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent18: fossils of shark teeth are discovered on the side of a cliff sent19: if fossils of a aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent20: if the formation of something is found in a place , then the formation of that something will be associated with that place sent21: fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth sent22: to be submerged means to be placed under sent23: a fish is a kind of aquatic animal sent24: a reptile is cold-blooded sent25: sharks live in shallow seas
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fossils of shark teeth are discovered on the side of a cliff [AND] teeth are part of a shark [INFER] int1: fossils of sharks are discovered on the side of a cliff [BECAUSE] a shark is a kind of fish [AND] a fish is a kind of aquatic animal [INFER] int2: sharks are a kind of aquatic animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] if fossils of a aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int3: if fossils of sharks are found on the side of a cliff, then the side of the cliff used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] sharks live in shallow seas [INFER] int4: the side of the cliff used to be a shallow sea