ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Environments have changed over millions of years. Which of these would be best for a scientist to study when investigating these environmental changes?
Answer: fossil records
Hypothesis: the scientist can use fossils as information on ancient environment
Supporting facts: sent1: an environment is a kind of place sent2: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent3: objects in an environment are a part of that environment sent4: fossils can be used as evidence for the existence of a kind of organism sent5: environments changing can cause layers of rock that are near each other or on top of each other to have different amounts of fossils / different kinds of rock sent6: if fossils are destroyed in rock transition , then there will be gaps in the fossil record sent7: age means the amount of time passed since something is formed sent8: studying is similar to observing sent9: investigating a stage of something means investigating that something sent10: learning about something sometimes requires observing that something sent11: data means information sent12: a scientist wants to investigate the environmental changes from ancient time to now sent13: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent14: investigating requires gathering information sent15: an ecosystem is a kind of habitat sent16: an environment means an area sent17: evidence is a kind of information sent18: preserved means from the past / from long ago sent19: conclusions can be drawn about changes in organisms over time by determining the age of fossils of those organisms sent20: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent21: studying is similar to investigating sent22: an environment is similar to an ecosystem sent23: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent24: recording data is similar to showing data sent25: to study means to examine
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a scientist wants to investigate the environmental changes from ancient time to now [AND] investigating requires gathering information [INFER] int1: the scientist has to gather information of ancient environment [BECAUSE] evidence is a kind of information [AND] fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment [INFER] int2: fossils is a kind of information on ancient environment [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: the scientist can use fossils as information on ancient environment
Question: Diamonds are formed when carbon is placed under extreme heat and pressure. This process occurs
Answer: beneath the surface of Earth.
Hypothesis: the formation of diamonds occurs beneath the the surface of the earth
Supporting facts: sent1: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent2: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent3: to be formed by is to be the result of sent4: if something is places over a heat source then that something is exposed to that heat source sent5: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent6: underground means under ground sent7: the formation of diamonds requires extreme heat sent8: material means substance sent9: carbon is a kind of element sent10: the heat and pressure is extreme deep below earth's crust sent11: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent12: form means kind sent13: the ground is part of the earth sent14: intense means extreme sent15: intense heat has a negative impact on an organism sent16: beneath means below sent17: to happen means to occur sent18: heat is a kind of energy sent19: products are formed / are produced / are created sent20: forming something is a kind of change sent21: a surface is a part of an object sent22: the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure sent23: if something exists on a surface then that surface contains that something sent24: heating means adding heat sent25: heat means heat energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure [AND] the formation of diamonds requires extreme heat [INFER] int1: the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure and extreme heat [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the heat and pressure is extreme deep below earth's crust [INFER] int2: the formation of diamonds occurs beneath the the surface of the earth
Question: Which is a mineral that forms through evaporative processes?
Answer: halite
Hypothesis: halite is formed by the process of evaporation of salt water
Supporting facts: sent1: magma is extremely high in temperature sent2: halite is formed by a body of salt water evaporating sent3: a mineral usually has a crystal structure sent4: minerals have different recognizable properties sent5: to change into means to form sent6: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent7: evaporation is allowing a liquid to evaporate to separate any solid that was mixed with it sent8: being derived from is similar to being formed sent9: forming is a kind of action sent10: evaporation is a kind of process sent11: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent12: gas is a kind of state of matter sent13: to make means to form sent14: to be formed by is to be the result of sent15: heat means heat energy sent16: water is a kind of substance sent17: heat energy can change the state of matter sent18: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent19: adding heat means increasing temperature sent20: to cause the formation of means to form sent21: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent22: heat means temperature increases sent23: forming something is a kind of change sent24: heat is a kind of energy sent25: if an object is made of a material then that object has the properties of that material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] evaporation is a kind of process [AND] halite is formed by a body of salt water evaporating [INFER] int1: halite is formed by the process of evaporation of salt water
Question: A streak plate can be used to determine the
Answer: hardness of a mineral.
Hypothesis: a streak plate can be used to determine the hardness of a mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind sent2: minerals have different recognizable properties sent3: luster is a property of an object / a material and includes ordered values of dull / shiny sent4: measuring sometimes requires recording / learning an amount sent5: material means substance sent6: property is similar to measurement sent7: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent8: characteristic means property sent9: a streak plate can be used for scratching a mineral sent10: measuring requires reading a measurement sent11: a tool is a kind of object sent12: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent13: knowing the properties of something means knowing information about that something sent14: can means having the ability to sent15: determining is similar to learning sent16: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent17: measuring is used for describing an object sent18: testing often requires measuring sent19: thickness is a property of an object and includes ordered values of thin / thick sent20: an object has properties sent21: classifying requires comparing sent22: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent23: classifying is when one sorts something by kind / type sent24: similar means in common sent25: hardness is a measure of a mineral 's ability to resist scratching
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hardness is a measure of a mineral 's ability to resist scratching [AND] a streak plate can be used for scratching a mineral [INFER] int1: a streak plate can be used to determine the hardness of a mineral
Question: After fossils are formed, which process is most likely to destroy them?
Answer: the rock cycle
Hypothesis: fossils are likely to be destroyed in the rock cycle
Supporting facts: sent1: destruction means loss sent2: the formation of metamorphic rock is a sequential process, with stages of rock being compacted, heated, recrystallized sent3: decay has a negative impact on a thing sent4: if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something sent5: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent6: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock sent7: metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils sent8: fossil means preserved remains of ancient organisms sent9: bones can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent10: sedimentary rock can be changed into metamorphic rock sent11: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent12: a process is made of a series of actions sent13: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent14: metamorphic is a class of rock sent15: plants can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent16: creating is similar to causing sent17: something being destroyed means that something no longer exists sent18: a measure of time is a length of time sent19: destruction means to destroy sent20: to be destroyed means to cease to exist sent21: shells can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent22: formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks sent23: rock means stone sent24: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent25: sedimentary is a class of rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something [AND] nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks can contain fossils [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils [INFER] int2: sedimentary rocks can contain fossils and metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sedimentary rock can be changed into metamorphic rock [INFER] int3: if a sedimentary rock with fossils is changed into metamorphic rock , then the fossils will likely be destroyed [BECAUSE] metamorphic is a class of rock [AND] sedimentary is a class of rock [INFER] int4: sedimentary and metamorphic are different classes of rock [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks [INFER] int5: the rock cycle can change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: fossils are likely to be destroyed in the rock cycle
Question: A scientist designs a mathematical model of the rock cycle. The model predicts how changes in Earth processes will affect the amounts of different types of rock on Earth. Which quantity should stay the same as Earth processes change?
Answer: the total amount of material on Earth
Hypothesis: as the earth processes change , the total amount of material on earth will stay the same
Supporting facts: sent1: matter is a kind of material sent2: phase changes do not change mass sent3: to change means to have an effect sent4: unchanged means not changed sent5: to change means to cause a change sent6: measuring sometimes requires recording / learning an amount sent7: as amount / size of something increases , the intensive properties of that something will not change sent8: constant means not changing sent9: to maintain means to not change sent10: if something is physically changed then the mass of that something will stay the same sent11: to remain means to not change sent12: to remain means to stay the same sent13: earth 's surface is made of rock sent14: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent15: when one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy , the total amount of energy is constant sent16: the class of a rock changing is a kind of earth process sent17: stay the same means not changing sent18: if an object is made of a material then that object has the properties of that material sent19: mass means the amount of matter that makes up an object sent20: earth is made of rock sent21: staying means not changing sent22: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent23: in the rock cycle, new rocks are formed from broken down rock sent24: in the rock cycle, old rocks are physically changed to form new rocks sent25: matter / energy is always conserved in any physical or chemical process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] in the rock cycle, new rocks are formed from broken down rock [AND] in the rock cycle, old rocks are physically changed to form new rocks [INFER] int1: in the rock cycle, new rocks are made from old rocks physically changing [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something is physically changed then the mass of that something will stay the same [INFER] int2: as the class of a rock changes , the mass of the rock will stay the same [BECAUSE] matter is a kind of material [AND] mass means the amount of matter that makes up an object [INFER] int3: mass means the amount of material that makes up an object [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: as the class of a rock changes, the amount of material that makes up that rock will stay the same [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] the class of a rock changing is a kind of earth process [INFER] int5: as earth processes change, the amount of material that makes up rocks will stay the same [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] earth is made of rock [INFER] int6: as the earth processes change , the total amount of material on earth will stay the same
Question: Beryl finds a rock and wants to know what kind it is. Which piece of information about the rock will best help her to identify it?
Answer: The minerals the rock contains
Hypothesis: a rock can be identified by the minerals it contains
Supporting facts: sent1: the composition of something can be used to identify that something sent2: a mineral is a kind of solid / natural material sent3: to discover means to find sent4: a description sometimes provides information sent5: the structure of an atom can be used for identifying the element sent6: to detect means to find sent7: the location of an object can be used to describe that object sent8: sand is made of very small rocks / minerals sent9: to identify means to discover sent10: identifying is similar to determining sent11: a mineral usually has a crystal structure sent12: curiosity means the need to know new information sent13: if something exists on a surface then that surface contains that something sent14: discovering something usually requires seeing that something sent15: seeking something means trying to find / searching for something sent16: finding something means locating that something sent17: rock is made of minerals sent18: rock means stone sent19: composition is a kind of information sent20: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent21: something is composed of its components sent22: getting information sometimes requires observing / observation sent23: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent24: if something is a source of something else then that something is associated with that something else sent25: finding something requires sensing that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral is a kind of solid / natural material [AND] if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material [INFER] int1: if something is made of minerals then that something contains minerals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rock is made of minerals [INFER] int2: a rock contains minerals [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something [INFER] int3: the minerals a rock contains are components of that rock [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] something is composed of its components [INFER] int4: a rock is composed of the minerals it contains [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] the composition of something can be used to identify that something [INFER] int5: a rock can be identified by the minerals it contains
Question: Granite is a hard material and forms from cooling magma. Granite is a type of
Answer: igneous rock
Hypothesis: granite is a kind of igneous rock
Supporting facts: sent1: warm up means increase temperature sent2: heating means adding heat sent3: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent4: rock is hard sent5: rock is a kind of material sent6: the continental crust is made of rock sent7: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent8: form means kind sent9: different classes of rocks are formed by different methods sent10: dried lava is a kind of volcanic rock sent11: granite is a kind of nonmetal sent12: a type of something is a kind of property of that something sent13: igneous intrusion is a kind of geologic process sent14: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent15: granite is a hard material sent16: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent17: colder / cooler means lower in temperature sent18: granite forms from cooling magma sent19: ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings sent20: to be formed by is to be the result of sent21: igneous rocks are formed by magma cooling sent22: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent23: phase means state sent24: if something is made of something else then the formation of that something requires that something else sent25: magma is found below the ground
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rock is hard [AND] rock is a kind of material [INFER] int1: rock is a hard material [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] granite is a hard material [INFER] int2: granite is a kind of rock [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] granite forms from cooling magma [INFER] int3: granite is a kind of rock that forms from cooling magma [BECAUSE] igneous rocks are formed by magma cooling [AND] igneous rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int4: igneous rock is a kind of rock that is formed from magma cooling [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: granite is a kind of igneous rock
Question: Over time, coal began to form from
Answer: many dead plants.
Hypothesis: coal is formed from dead plants
Supporting facts: sent1: if something changes into something else then that something else is formed from that something sent2: dead organisms are the source of nutrients for decomposers sent3: remains mean parts of a dead organism sent4: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent5: to be formed by is to be the result of sent6: a decomposer is usually a bacterium / fungus sent7: being buried under soil and mud changes peat into coal through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time sent8: to generate means to form sent9: how many means what number sent10: to cause the formation of means to form sent11: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form sent12: if something is made of something else then the formation of that something requires that something else sent13: peat is made of decaying vegetation compacted by soil in a swamp over a long period of time sent14: plants are a kind of vegetation sent15: to make means to form sent16: where something comes from is a source of that something sent17: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent18: being buried under soil and mud changes dead vegetation / dead plant matter into peat through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time sent19: a worm is a kind of decomposer sent20: dead plants means dead plant material sent21: growth means size / number / value / strength increases sent22: high temperatures during fossil-fuel formation causes a higher percentage of natural gas to form sent23: decomposition is when a decomposer recycles / returns nutrients / nitrogen from dead organisms to the soil by eating those dead organisms sent24: decomposition increases the amount of nutrients / nitrogen in the soil sent25: to decompose means to decay
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] being buried under soil and mud changes dead vegetation / dead plant matter into peat through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time [AND] being buried under soil and mud changes peat into coal through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time [INFER] int1: being buried under soil and mud changes dead vegetation into coal through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something changes into something else then that something else is formed from that something [INFER] int2: coal is formed from dead vegetation [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] plants are a kind of vegetation [INFER] int3: coal is formed from dead plants
Question: The most significant human-induced impact on Earth's atmosphere comes from the use of which energy resource?
Answer: fossil fuels
Hypothesis: gases that significantly impact the earth's atmosphere come from the use of fossil fuels
Supporting facts: sent1: where something comes from is a source of that something sent2: a source of something releases that something sent3: humans cause pollution sent4: pollution has a negative impact on the environment / air quality / water quality / society sent5: burning fossil fuels converts potential energy into thermal energy sent6: burning coal is a source of air pollution sent7: greenhouse gases are a part of the atmosphere sent8: if something impacts the entire earth then that something has a significant impact on the earth sent9: the emission of something is when something is added into the atmosphere sent10: water vapor is the largest amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere sent11: carbon dioxide is a kind of gas sent12: worldwide means across the entire earth sent13: fossil fuels burning causes pollution sent14: oil is a kind of pollutant sent15: burning natural gas is a source of air pollution sent16: atmosphere means air sent17: using gasoline is a source of carbon dioxide sent18: earth's atmosphere is a part of the earth sent19: gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming sent20: natural gas is a kind of fossil fuel sent21: a source of something increases the amount of that something sent22: something comes from a source of that something sent23: temperature increase is a kind of impact sent24: earth has air sent25: global warming is when worldwide temperature increases
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming [AND] a source of something releases that something [INFER] int1: the use of fossil fuels is a source of gases that cause global warming [BECAUSE] worldwide means across the entire earth [AND] global warming is when worldwide temperature increases [INFER] int2: global warming is when temperatures across the entire earth increase [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] temperature increase is a kind of impact [INFER] int3: global warming impacts the entire earth [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if something impacts the entire earth then that something has a significant impact on the earth [INFER] int4: global warming has a significant impact on the earth [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] earth's atmosphere is a part of the earth [INFER] int5: global warming has a significant impact on eath's atmosphere [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: the use of fossil fuels is a source of gases that significantly impact the earth's atmosphere [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] something comes from a source of that something [INFER] int7: gases that significantly impact the earth's atmosphere come from the use of fossil fuels