ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: What layer of Earth is located just below the crust?
Answer: Mantle
Hypothesis: mantle is the layer located below the crust of the earth
Supporting facts: sent1: beneath means below sent2: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent3: convection in the mantle transfers heat from deep in the interior of earth to the crust sent4: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent5: contains means located in sent6: earth 's surface is made of rock sent7: magma is extremely high in temperature sent8: to be found in means to be contained in sent9: the mantle is a layer of the earth sent10: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent11: the crust is divided into tectonic plates sent12: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent13: a layer of something is similar to the area of something sent14: below means lower down sent15: magma is a kind of hot rock sent16: earth 's mantle has properties of both liquids and solids sent17: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent18: made up of means contains / made of sent19: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent20: the mantle is located just below the crust of the earth sent21: the outer core is located beneath the mantle sent22: the crust of the earth is similar to the surface of the earth sent23: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent24: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent25: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the mantle is located just below the crust of the earth [AND] the mantle is a layer of the earth [INFER] int1: mantle is the layer located below the crust of the earth
Question: What event is most likely responsible for a rapid change at the surface of Earth?
Answer: an earthquake
Hypothesis: an earthquake can change earth 's surface rapidly
Supporting facts: sent1: colliding means coming into a collision sent2: in a short amount of time is similar to rapidly sent3: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent4: 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time sent5: to happen means to occur sent6: earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent7: when an earthquake passes from the crust to the mantle , the wave of the earthquake changes speed sent8: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent9: earthquake is a kind of vibration of the ground sent10: an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds sent11: a measure of time is a length of time sent12: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent13: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent14: to change means to cause a change sent15: motion / movement means moving / to move sent16: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent17: to cause means to be responsible for sent18: to cause an event is similar to being involved in that event sent19: a surface is a part of an object sent20: shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface sent21: to cause means to result in sent22: a tectonic plate moves along a fault line sent23: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent24: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave sent25: the collision of tectonic plates changes the order of the rock layers by compressing rock layers into faults and folds
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds [AND] 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time [INFER] int1: an earthquake usually occurs in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] an earthquake causes the ground to shake [AND] shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface [INFER] int2: an earthquake can change earth's surface by shaking the ground [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: an earthquake can change earth's surface in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] in a short amount of time is similar to rapidly [INFER] int4: an earthquake can change earth 's surface rapidly
Question: Which of these gases, on average, has the lowest volume in the atmosphere of Earth?
Answer: carbon dioxide
Hypothesis: carbon dioxide has the lowest volume in earth's atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: the atmosphere contains gases / liquids / solids sent2: the emission of something is when something is added into the atmosphere sent3: gaseous means of gas sent4: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 1288 percent argon by mass sent5: gases are usually low in density sent6: greenhouse gases are a part of the atmosphere sent7: temperature is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of cold / warm sent8: measuring sometimes requires recording / learning an amount sent9: co2 means carbon dioxide sent10: to be filled with means to contain sent11: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 0 to 4 percent hydrogen / water vapor by volume sent12: most means over 50% of something sent13: atmospheric means of the atmosphere sent14: the volume of an object can be used to describe the size of that object sent15: oxygen can be found in air sent16: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume sent17: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass sent18: air temperature is a kind of temperature sent19: 0036 is the smallest percent among 1288, 4, 23133, 78 percent sent20: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 23133 percent oxygen by mass sent21: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent22: methane is a kind of compound sent23: worldwide temperature means atmospheric temperature sent24: as the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases , the temperature of the planet / the atmosphere will increase sent25: atmosphere means air
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 0 to 4 percent hydrogen / water vapor by volume [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 23133 percent oxygen by mass [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 1288 percent argon by mass [INFER] int1: earth's atmosphere is made of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume [AND] 0036 is the smallest percent among 1288, 4, 23133, 78 percent [INFER] int2: carbon dioxide has the lowest volume in earth's atmosphere
Question: Which of the following is the greatest source of wild fish for human populations?
Answer: oceans
Hypothesis: oceans are the best source of wild fish for human populations
Supporting facts: sent1: as available resources increases , the population of an organism using those resources will increase sent2: something that contains water is similar to a body of water sent3: a body of water contains water sent4: the ocean system is a kind of system sent5: an animal is a member of an animal species sent6: the amount of something is similar to the availability of something sent7: body of water is a source of wild fish for human populations sent8: as water increases in an environment , the population of aquatic animals will increase sent9: as the size of a body of water increases , the amount of wild fish will increase sent10: a predator is a kind of animal sent11: ocean is the largest body of water on earth sent12: sea means ocean sent13: aquatic animals / plants live in bodies of water sent14: an animal is a kind of consumer sent15: if an organism eats something then that something is a source of frood to that organism sent16: a predator usually kills its prey to eat it sent17: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent18: aquatic animal means water animal sent19: amount is similar to abundance sent20: the ocean contains large amounts of salt water sent21: predators eat prey sent22: as the available water in an environment increases , the populations of organisms in that environment will increase sent23: a lot means large in amount / quantity sent24: fish have been on earth for 419000000 years sent25: humans require fresh water to survive
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ocean is the largest body of water on earth [AND] as the size of a body of water increases , the amount of wild fish will increase [INFER] int1: ocean is the body of water on earth that contains the most amound of wild fish [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] body of water is a source of wild fish for human populations [INFER] int2: oceans are the best source of wild fish for human populations
Question: Submarines have explored many parts of the ocean. As submarines descend, scientists observe that there is an increase in the -
Answer: water pressure
Hypothesis: as a submarine descends into water, the water pressure on the submarine will increase
Supporting facts: sent1: a submarine is a kind of object sent2: measuring sometimes requires recording / learning an amount sent3: to ascend means to rise sent4: observe means see sent5: rising is a kind of motion sent6: if something causes an increase in something else then that something produces that something else sent7: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent8: determining often requires measuring / observing sent9: a submarine can be used to explore the ocean by descending the water sent10: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent11: increase means more sent12: rising means height / altitude increases sent13: rising means moving upward sent14: as an object descends into water , the pressure on that object will increase sent15: lowering is a kind of motion sent16: underwater means below water sent17: pressure is a kind of condition sent18: something that contains water is similar to a body of water sent19: sea means ocean sent20: under water means covered by water / in water sent21: empty into a body of water means enters a body of water sent22: measuring is a kind of observing sent23: depth is a kind of distance vertically sent24: underwater means covered by water sent25: to travel up means to rise
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a submarine is a kind of object [AND] a submarine can be used to explore the ocean by descending the water [INFER] int1: a submarine is an object that will descend in water to explore the ocean [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] as an object descends into water , the pressure on that object will increase [INFER] int2: as a submarine descends into water, the water pressure on the submarine will increase
Question: An example of a calcium carbonate deposit in the lithosphere is
Answer: limestone.
Hypothesis: an example of a calcium carbonate deposit in the lithosphere is the limestone
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is located in somewhere , then something can be found in somewhere sent2: if something is located in some place , then the presence of that something can be found in that location sent3: a structure of something is synonymous with a part of that something sent4: similar means in common sent5: to be found in means to be contained in sent6: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent7: a cavern is formed by carbonic acid in groundwater seeping through rock and dissolving limestone sent8: the lithosphere is made of rocks sent9: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent10: where something comes from is a source of that something sent11: a type of something is a kind of property of that something sent12: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock sent13: a kind of something is an example of that something sent14: a type is synonymous with a kind sent15: limestone is made of calcium carbonate sent16: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something sent17: plants can be fossilized into sedimentary rocks sent18: being derived from is similar to being formed sent19: to contain something means to have that something sent20: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent21: including means containing sent22: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent23: limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock sent24: contains means located in sent25: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [AND] limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock [INFER] int1: limestone is a kind of rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the lithosphere is made of rocks [INFER] int2: limestone can be found in the lithosphere [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] limestone is made of calcium carbonate [INFER] int3: an example of a calcium carbonate deposit in the lithosphere is the limestone
Question: In what way can forest fires affect the lithosphere?
Answer: increasing soil erosion
Hypothesis: forest fires increase the soil erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: the lithosphere is a kind of subsystem of earth sent2: the ground is part of the earth sent3: erosion usually causes harm to the environment sent4: a wildfire changes an ecosystem drastically sent5: smoke from volcanic eruptions can disrupt sunlight from reaching earth 's surface sent6: the lithosphere is located on the the surface of the earth sent7: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent8: if something has a negative impact on something else then increasing the amount of that something has a negative impact on that something else sent9: if something causes an increase in something else then that something produces that something else sent10: forest fire will decrease the amount of plants in the forest sent11: plants roots prevent soil from erosion sent12: wildfire means forest fire sent13: overgrazing increases soil erosion sent14: a decrease in plants roots will increase soil erosion sent15: soil loss causes an area decrease in size sent16: rain causes erosion sent17: fire destroys plants in an environment sent18: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent19: decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing sent20: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent21: producing is similar to causing sent22: the lithosphere is a layer of the earth sent23: putting out a fire stops the burning of that fire sent24: as the amount of rainfall increases , the rate of chemical weathering will increase sent25: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] forest fire will decrease the amount of plants in the forest [AND] plants roots prevent soil from erosion [INFER] int1: there will be less plants roots prevent soil from erosion after the forest fire [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a decrease in plants roots will increase soil erosion [INFER] int2: forest fires increase the soil erosion
Question: The top layers of soil are important because they -
Answer: give plants nutrients
Hypothesis: the top layer of soil provides the most nutrients for plants
Supporting facts: sent1: to produce means to provide sent2: green plants provide food for themselves / animals / consumers by performing photosynthesis sent3: photosynthesis is a source of / makes food / energy for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates sent4: crops grow in soil sent5: to be used for something means to be required by that something sent6: soil provides nutrients for plants sent7: where something comes from is a source of that something sent8: renewing soil increases the nutrients in soil sent9: if something is required for a process then that something positively impacts that process sent10: if something is required then that something must be provided sent11: trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow sent12: if something performs a task then that task is that something 's function sent13: a plant requires sunlight to grow sent14: to give off means to be the source of sent15: the function of something is what that something is used to do sent16: if something gains something from something else then that something else is a source of that something sent17: a layer of something is similar to a part of something sent18: roots anchor plants into the soil sent19: the top layer of soil contains the most nutrients sent20: to provide something means to be the source of that something sent21: if something is a raw material in a process then that something is required for that process sent22: if an organism can do something , then that organism is able to do that something sent23: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent24: the bottom is the lowest part of something sent25: role is similar to importance
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the top layer of soil contains the most nutrients [AND] soil provides nutrients for plants [INFER] int1: the top layer of soil provides the most nutrients for plants
Question: Forest fires occur in many areas due to drought conditions. If the drought conditions continue for a long period of time, which might cause the repopulation of trees to be threatened?
Answer: a decrease in the thickness of soil
Hypothesis: drought can cause harm to trees by decreasing the thickness of soil
Supporting facts: sent1: the type of soil has the greatest impact on plant growth sent2: wildfire is when a forest catches fire sent3: a drought is a kind of slow environmental change sent4: to prevent means to make it not happen sent5: humans changing ecosystems / environments usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent6: as the deforestation increases , the soil erosion will increase sent7: as the level of water rises , the amount of available land will decrease sent8: as the thickness of something / of an object increases , the resistance of that object / of that something to damage will increase sent9: trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow sent10: to prevent the occurence of an event means to decrease the occurence of the event sent11: continuation of a species means survival of that species sent12: burning a living thing usually causes harm to that living thing sent13: drought decreases the thickness of soil sent14: wildfire means forest fire sent15: as the amount of available water decreases , tree-growth rings will become narrower sent16: a tree is a kind of plant sent17: a plant is a kind of organism sent18: preventing something decreases the amount of that something sent19: to keep something from happening means to prevent that something sent20: to keep something occurring means to cause that something to occur sent21: as available water decreases , the population of plants will decrease sent22: the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on that organism 's survival sent23: a wildfire changes an ecosystem drastically sent24: fire destroys plants in an environment sent25: to keep a process or event happening is similar to causing that process or event to happen
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a tree is a kind of plant [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: a tree is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow [INFER] int2: trees are a kind of organism that require a certain thickness of soil to grow [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on that organism 's survival [INFER] int3: a decrease in soil thickness can cause harm to trees [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] drought decreases the thickness of soil [INFER] int4: drought can cause harm to trees by decreasing the thickness of soil
Question: Before large trees could grow on Earth, what had to happen first?
Answer: Rocks were eroded to form soil.
Hypothesis: rocks must be eroded to form soil before trees can grow
Supporting facts: sent1: cementation means the process of cementing sent2: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent3: if something is made of something else then the formation of that something requires that something else sent4: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent5: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent6: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent7: a plant requires photosynthesis to grow / survive sent8: soil is formed by rocks eroding sent9: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent10: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent11: soil is found on the the surface of the earth sent12: in the rock cycle , erosion follows weathering sent13: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent14: large ecosystems require soil to develop sent15: soil contains water / humus / weathered rocks / organic matter / sand / clay sent16: the ground is part of the earth sent17: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent18: if an event is required for a process then that event must occur before that process can occur sent19: earth 's surface is made of rock sent20: trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow sent21: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent22: erosion causes deposition sent23: crumble means break down sent24: break apart means break down sent25: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if an event is required for a process then that event must occur before that process can occur [AND] trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow [INFER] int1: the formation of soil must occur before trees can grow [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] soil is formed by rocks eroding [INFER] int2: rocks must be eroded to form soil before trees can grow
Question: Above a continent, a warm air mass slowly passes over a cold air mass. As the warm air begins to cool, clouds form. What will most likely happen next?
Answer: Rain will fall.
Hypothesis: the warm front will cause cloudy and rainy weather
Supporting facts: sent1: rain causes erosion sent2: as the amount of water in air condensing into clouds decreases , the amount of precipitation will decrease sent3: rainfall means the amount of precipitation sent4: as air pressure decreases , the chance of rain will increase sent5: in the water cycle , precipitation can follow condensation sent6: producing is similar to causing sent7: an area receiving rain means rain falling in that area sent8: rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives sent9: may happen means having a chance of happening sent10: a warm front is when warm air mass passes over a cold air mass sent11: a warm front causes cloudy and rainy weather sent12: water vapor is found in the atmosphere sent13: cold fronts cause thunderstorms as they pass by sent14: when clouds become cold , those clouds will condense sent15: condensation causes clouds to form sent16: rainfall means precipitation sent17: condensing is when gasses are cooled below their boiling point sent18: heat and moisture over ocean cause the formation of a hurricane sent19: condensing means liquid water coming together in the air sent20: fall means autumn sent21: a warm air mass slowly passes over a cold air mass above a continent sent22: condensing means matter / a substance changes from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy sent23: a hurricane has large amounts of rain sent24: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent25: snowing is when snow fall from clouds to the earth / ground
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a warm front is when warm air mass passes over a cold air mass [AND] a warm air mass slowly passes over a cold air mass above a continent [INFER] int1: a warm front is formed above the continent [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a warm front causes cloudy and rainy weather [INFER] int2: the warm front will cause cloudy and rainy weather