ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: What allows two students standing ten feet apart to hear each other talk?
Answer: air vibrations
Hypothesis: human talking to each other can sense the sound made by the other human through air vibrations
Supporting facts: sent1: tapping two objects together causes the particles in those objects to vibrate sent2: sound waves transfer energy sent3: sound wave is a kind of wave sent4: sound requires matter to travel sent5: hearing is used for sensing sound by animals sent6: sound can travel through air by vibrating air sent7: echo is when sound reflects off of a surface sent8: human voice is a kind of sound sent9: a classroom is a kind of area sent10: a human is a kind of animal sent11: to enable means to allow sent12: louder means higher / greater in volume sent13: if something has the ability to do something else , then that something can do that something else sent14: sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves sent15: height is a kind of position sent16: hearing is a kind of sense sent17: sound means sound energy sent18: a vibration is similar to a wave sent19: intense sound energy can move objects sent20: noise means sound sent21: wave motion is transferred from the source to matter to produce sound sent22: talking is when a human produces sound to communicate sent23: when mechanical energy is transferred to the air , then the air will start to vibrate sent24: if two objects move apart from each other then those two objects separate from each other sent25: sound waves means sound energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] talking is when a human produces sound to communicate [AND] sound can travel through air by vibrating air [INFER] int1: the sound from talking can travel through air by air vibrations [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a human is a kind of animal [AND] hearing is used for sensing sound by animals [INFER] int2: human talking to each other can sense the sound made by the other human through air vibrations
Question: Which of the following best explains the cause of windows rattling during a thunderstorm?
Answer: sound energy
Hypothesis: a thunder can make a window rattle through intense sound energy
Supporting facts: sent1: air is a vehicle for sound sent2: a thunder has intense sound energy sent3: shaking is a kind of motion sent4: sound waves means sound energy sent5: a rattle is a kind of vibration sent6: sound is produced when mechanical energy is transformed into sound energy sent7: sound wave is a kind of wave sent8: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent9: noise means sound sent10: sound means sound energy sent11: sound wave is similar to sound sent12: sound can travel through air by vibrating air sent13: sound waves transfer energy sent14: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent15: sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves sent16: to cause means to result in sent17: vibrating matter can produce sound sent18: matter / molecules vibrating can cause sound sent19: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent20: a window is a kind of object sent21: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent22: intense sound energy can move objects sent23: the kinetic energy of an object can change kinetic energy to sound energy by hitting another object sent24: wave motion is transferred from the source to matter to produce sound sent25: disrupting is similar to having a negative impact
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves [AND] intense sound energy can move objects [INFER] int1: insense sound energy can move objects by making them vibrate [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a thunder has intense sound energy [INFER] int2: a thunder can move objects by making them vibrate through intense sound energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a window is a kind of object [INFER] int3: a thunder can move a window by making them vibrate through intense sound energy [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a rattle is a kind of vibration [INFER] int4: a thunder can make a window rattle through intense sound energy
Question: Through which material would sound travel the fastest?
Answer: steel
Hypothesis: sound travels fastest in steel
Supporting facts: sent1: magnetism is a kind of energy sent2: steel is a kind of solid metal sent3: increase means more sent4: sound waves means sound energy sent5: speed is a measure of how fast the wave passes the medium sent6: sound waves transfer energy sent7: sound means sound energy sent8: iron is a kind of solid sent9: strong means high in strength sent10: sound travels fastest through solid sent11: sound wave is a kind of mechanical wave sent12: media / medium means the material something travel through sent13: sound is a kind of air vibration sent14: sound can travel through air by vibrating air sent15: speed is a property of an object and includes values of slow / fast sent16: vibration is a kind of motion sent17: when sound reaches the ear , that sound can be heard sent18: faster means increased rate sent19: travel means to move sent20: fast means quickly sent21: metal is usually flexible sent22: speed up means increase sent23: louder means higher / greater in volume sent24: sound wave is a kind of wave sent25: noise means sound
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound travels fastest through solid [AND] steel is a kind of solid metal [INFER] int1: sound travels fastest in steel
Question: Emily made a cup of tea and stirred it with a spoon. The spoon became warm. How was the heat from the tea transferred to the spoon?
Answer: conduction
Hypothesis: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Supporting facts: sent1: an insulator is the opposite of a conductor sent2: a hot substance is a source of heat sent3: friction causes the temperature of an object to increase sent4: metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor sent5: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent6: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool sent7: conductivity is a kind of physical property sent8: absorbing energy causes objects / materials / substances to heat sent9: sending electricity through a conductor causes electricity / electric current to flow through that conductor sent10: if something hot is exposed to the air , then the heat will transfer to the air sent11: if a hot object / substance is exposed to / touches a cold object / substance then that object / that substance will likely cool sent12: conductivity is a measure of how easily electricity travels through a material sent13: heat means heat energy sent14: a spoon sometimes is made of metal sent15: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent16: a material 's response to heating and cooling can be used to study that material 's thermal properties sent17: if one object absorbs more energy than another object , then the object will be warmer sent18: when metal conducts heat , that metal expands sent19: friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other sent20: thermal energy is a kind of energy sent21: if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot sent22: rubbing against something is a kind of contact sent23: tea is a kind of substance sent24: a metal spoon is placed in a cup of hot tea sent25: transferring is moving from one place to another place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a spoon sometimes is made of metal [AND] metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor [INFER] int1: a metal spoon is a thermal conductor [BECAUSE] a hot substance is a source of heat [AND] tea is a kind of substance [INFER] int2: hot tea is a source of heat [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a metal spoon is placed in a cup of hot tea [INFER] int3: the hot tea is a source of heat for the metal spoon [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [AND] if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot [INFER] int4: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Question: A student stands outside on a cold winter day. His hands become cold and he rubs them together to make them warmer. Which statement explains why rubbing his hands together makes them warmer?
Answer: This action produces thermal energy through friction.
Hypothesis: friction causes the temperature of student's hands to increase
Supporting facts: sent1: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent2: a hand is a kind of object sent3: friction causes an object to lose energy sent4: the heat energy in the cooler object increases in thermal conduction sent5: thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles sent6: friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other sent7: increasing heat causes thermal expansion sent8: a thermal energy conductor transfers heat from warmer objects / hotter objects to cooler objects sent9: become warm means get warm sent10: if an object is placed in a substance / in a location that is colder then that object will cool to the same temperature of that substance / of that location sent11: rubbing is similar to scratching sent12: heat means heat energy sent13: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent14: friction converts mechanical energy into heat energy sent15: friction exerts force on moving objects sent16: friction causes the temperature of an object to increase sent17: an object moving from a cool place to a warm place causes the object 's temperature to increase sent18: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool sent19: if an object is touching a warmer object , then the cooler object will increase in temperature until two objects reach the same temperature sent20: a student is rubbing his hands together sent21: moving an object from a cool place to a warm place causes the object 's temperature to increase sent22: as the specific heat of a material decreases , the temperature of the material will increase more given the same amount of energy sent23: if heat is transferred to an object , then the object will get hot sent24: if one object absorbs more energy than another object , then the object will be warmer sent25: energy transformation means one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a hand is a kind of object [AND] a student is rubbing his hands together [AND] friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other [INFER] int1: friction occurs when the student is rubbing his hands together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] friction causes the temperature of an object to increase [INFER] int2: friction causes the temperature of student's hands to increase
Question: Which process transfers heat when particles collide in a solid?
Answer: conduction
Hypothesis: the process transferring heat through collision of particles in a solid is thermal conduction
Supporting facts: sent1: heat means heat energy sent2: liquid / solid means nongaseous sent3: state of matter at room temperature is a kind of physical property sent4: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent5: a process transfers heat through particles colliding in a solid sent6: heat means temperature increases sent7: metals usually have higher / greater conductivity than nonmetals sent8: heat energy can change the state of matter sent9: if something transfers something else then that something is a source of something else sent10: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent11: thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles sent12: transfer is a kind of change sent13: transferring is moving from one place to another place sent14: temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of molecules sent15: as the amount of heat energy of a substance / of an object increases , the amount of kinetic energy will increase sent16: colliding means coming into a collision sent17: conductivity is a kind of physical property sent18: particles in a solid are closer together than particles in a liquid sent19: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent20: state of matter means physical state sent21: transferring is similar to adding sent22: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent23: motion is a source of kinetic energy in an object sent24: physical state means state of matter sent25: conductivity is a measure of how easily electricity travels through a material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles [AND] a process transfers heat through particles colliding in a solid [INFER] int1: the process transferring heat through collision of particles in a solid is thermal conduction
Question: A black brick exposed to sunlight becomes warm. How is energy from the Sun transferred to the brick?
Answer: radiation
Hypothesis: the sun transfers heat and light energy to the brick by radiation
Supporting facts: sent1: black objects absorb the most amount of sunlight sent2: solar radiation means solar energy sent3: light is a kind of electromagnetic wave sent4: all waves transfer / transmit energy from one place to another sent5: warm means medium heat energy / temperature sent6: intensity of sunlight is similar to amount of sunlight sent7: absorbing energy causes objects / materials / substances to heat sent8: the sun is a source of radiation / heat called sunlight sent9: sunlight means solar energy sent10: if something hot is exposed to the air , then the heat will transfer to the air sent11: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent12: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent13: radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy sent14: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent15: an object moving from a cool place to a warm place causes the object 's temperature to increase sent16: rays of the sun means sunlight sent17: thermal energy is a kind of energy sent18: as the sunlight absorbed by the object increases , the temperature of the object will increase more sent19: sunlight is a kind of light sent20: radiation means radiant energy sent21: if heat is added to a substance then that substance absorbs that heat sent22: solar energy is a kind of energy sent23: if one object absorbs more energy than another object , then the object will be warmer sent24: the brick absorbs heat energy from the sunglight sent25: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sunlight is a kind of light [AND] light is a kind of electromagnetic wave [INFER] int1: sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic wave [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy [INFER] int2: sunlight transfers heat and light energy through radiation [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the brick absorbs heat energy from the sunglight [INFER] int3: sunlight transfers heat and light energy to the brick by radiation [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] the sun is a source of radiation / heat called sunlight [INFER] int4: the sun transfers heat and light energy to the brick by radiation
Question: Which form of solar radiation causes sunburn?
Answer: Ultraviolet
Hypothesis: the ultraviolet in solar radiation causes sunburn
Supporting facts: sent1: ultraviolet rays means ultraviolet light sent2: if something is outside during the day then that something will receive sunlight sent3: decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing sent4: if an object / a substance / a location absorbs solar energy then that object / that substance will increase in temperature sent5: electromagnetic radiation means electromagnetic energy sent6: rays of the sun means sunlight sent7: when sunlight strikes something , that something receives sunlight sent8: if an object / something is in the sunlight then that object / that something will absorb solar energy sent9: the sun transfers solar energy / light energy / heat energy from itself to the planets / earth through sunlight sent10: sunlight is intense in space sent11: using solar energy decreases pollution sent12: sunshine means sunlight sent13: radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy sent14: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent15: sunlight is a kind of solar radiation sent16: absorbing sunlight causes objects to heat sent17: radiation means radiant energy sent18: ultraviolet light causes sunburn sent19: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent20: sunlight contains ultraviolet light sent21: intense heat has a negative impact on an organism sent22: intensity of sunlight is similar to amount of sunlight sent23: to receive sunlight means to absorb sunlight sent24: uv mean ultraviolet sent25: being in the sun is synonymous with being in the sunlight
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ultraviolet light causes sunburn [AND] sunlight contains ultraviolet light [INFER] int1: the ultraviolet in sunlight causes sunburn [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sunlight is a kind of solar radiation [INFER] int2: the ultraviolet in solar radiation causes sunburn
Question: A longitudinal wave, such as a sound wave, can travel through
Answer: gas, liquids, and solids.
Hypothesis: longitudinal waves can travel through gas, liquids, and solids
Supporting facts: sent1: travel means to move sent2: air is a vehicle for sound sent3: transverse waves cause object to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave sent4: gas is a kind of material sent5: media / medium means the material something travel through sent6: objects are made of materials / substances / matter sent7: gaseous means of gas sent8: longitudinal wave is a kind of mechanical wave sent9: motion / movement means moving / to move sent10: moving is similar to travelling sent11: substances are made of matter sent12: sound travels fastest through solid sent13: materials are made of matter sent14: all waves transfer / transmit energy from one place to another sent15: sound waves means sound energy sent16: sound is a kind of air vibration sent17: motion is when moves an object / something to a direction sent18: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent19: waves can travel through matter sent20: a liquid is a kind of substance sent21: a solid is a kind of substance sent22: gas is a kind of substance sent23: to pass through means to move through sent24: vibration is a kind of motion sent25: can means having the ability to
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] substances are made of matter [AND] a liquid is a kind of substance [AND] a solid is a kind of substance [AND] gas is a kind of substance [INFER] int1: gas, liquids, and solids are made of matter [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] waves can travel through matter [INFER] int2: waves can travel through gas, liquids, and solids [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] longitudinal wave is a kind of mechanical wave [INFER] int3: longitudinal waves can travel through gas, liquids, and solids
Question: Which best demonstrates that waves transfer energy?
Answer: a bell ringing in a tower
Hypothesis: a bell ringing is an example of sound waves trasferring energy
Supporting facts: sent1: electrical signals are made of electrical energy sent2: transmitance is when a wave goes through / transmits through a surface and travels in the same direction relative to the angle of incidence sent3: electromagnetic energy is a kind of energy sent4: electromagnetic radiation means electromagnetic energy sent5: electrical current means electrical energy sent6: electrical devices convert from electrical energy / electricity into other forms of energy sent7: transfer is a kind of process sent8: sound requires matter to travel sent9: electromagnetic wave is a kind of wave sent10: a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source sent11: electromagnetic energy travels as electromagnetic waves sent12: transferring is similar to adding sent13: sound is produced when mechanical energy is transformed into sound energy sent14: as the frequency of a wave increases , the energy of the wave will increase sent15: sound means sound energy sent16: sound can travel through air by vibrating air sent17: sound waves transfer energy sent18: intense sound energy can move objects sent19: current means electric current sent20: electrical energy is a kind of energy sent21: sound waves means sound energy sent22: a demonstration is similar to an example sent23: to demonstrate means to exhibit sent24: transfer is a kind of change sent25: a bell ringing is a source of sound
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound waves transfer energy [AND] a bell ringing is a source of sound [INFER] int1: a bell ringing is an example of sound waves trasferring energy
Question: When a person speaks, the type of wave produced can be described as all these except
Answer: transverse.
Hypothesis: sound is not a transverse wave
Supporting facts: sent1: both means two sent2: affected means changed sent3: category means kind sent4: all the other means the rest of sent5: characteristic means property sent6: not is similar to the opposite of sent7: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent8: ability is a property of things and includes ordered values of able / unable / can / cannot sent9: generally means usually sent10: same means identical / equal in value / amount / number / quantity sent11: longitudinal waves cause object to move in the same direction of the wave sent12: indefinite means variable sent13: a characteristic is a part of the whole sent14: including means containing sent15: can be means able to be sent16: can means having the ability to sent17: sound travels as longitudal waves sent18: a type is synonymous with a kind sent19: similar means in common sent20: transverse waves have objects moving in the opposite direction of longitudinal waves sent21: person is synonymous with human sent22: except means not sent23: form means kind sent24: upward is the opposite of downward sent25: the property of something is the same for the things of same kind
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] longitudinal waves cause object to move in the same direction of the wave [AND] transverse waves have objects moving in the opposite direction of longitudinal waves [INFER] int1: transverse and longitudinal waves are opposites [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sound travels as longitudal waves [INFER] int2: sound is not a transverse wave