ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which environmental problem was directly caused by the invention of the automobile?
Answer: increase in air pollution
Hypothesis: many automobiles increase the pollution in the air
Supporting facts: sent1: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent2: many vehicles emit pollution into the air sent3: the emission of something is when something is added into the atmosphere sent4: if an object / a substance makes something then that object / that substance is a source of that thing sent5: atmosphere means air sent6: as the use of public transportation increases , the use of automobiles decreases sent7: if something has a negative impact on something else then increasing the amount of that something has a negative impact on that something else sent8: to drive means to cause sent9: electricity causes less pollution than gasoline sent10: chemicals can be pollutants sent11: a cause of something is a reason for that something sent12: if something is caused by something else , then that something can be explained by that something else sent13: polluting means something harmful / something poisonous is added in an environment causes harm in the environment sent14: polluting gasses are a kind of pollution sent15: burning fossil fuels is a source of air pollution sent16: air is a kind of gas sent17: human waste often causes harm to an environment sent18: causing is a kind of affecting sent19: air is a part of the environment sent20: harming an environment causes harm to the living things / to the organisms in that environment sent21: a pollutions standard is a kind of standard for reducing pollutants emitted by vehicles / by factories sent22: the atmosphere is a part of nature / the environment sent23: an automobile is a kind of vehicle sent24: increase means more sent25: a vehicle is used for travel
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else [AND] many vehicles emit pollution into the air [INFER] int1: many vehicles increase the amount of pollution in air [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an automobile is a kind of vehicle [INFER] int2: many automobiles increase the pollution in the air
Question: Which material is most easily recycled at school?
Answer: notebook paper
Hypothesis: notebook paper can be recycled many times
Supporting facts: sent1: thin means small in width sent2: a sheet of is similar to a piece of sent3: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent4: to be made of is similar to collection sent5: replacing is similar to recycling sent6: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent7: notebook paper is a kind of paper sent8: if something is made of something else then that something can be broken down into that something else sent9: less means a reduced amount sent10: a whole is formed by its parts sent11: recycling resources / nonrenewable resources has a positive impact on the environment / conservation of those resources sent12: recycling means reusing sent13: replace means change from one thing into another sent14: an object is made of its parts sent15: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent16: recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times sent17: recycling is similar to reusing sent18: helping means something can be done / completed more easily / better sent19: recycling reduces the resources needed to make something sent20: paper is recyclable sent21: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent22: most means over 50% of something sent23: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent24: material means substance sent25: recycling means using over again
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] paper is recyclable [AND] notebook paper is a kind of paper [INFER] int1: notebook paper is recyclable [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times [INFER] int2: notebook paper can be recycled many times
Question: In a recycling program, which materials can be reused many times?
Answer: glass bottles
Hypothesis: glass bottles can be reused many times
Supporting facts: sent1: what something is made of is a property of the organization or that something sent2: recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times sent3: if a human discards an object then that object will become waste sent4: decay has a negative impact on a thing sent5: once per means every sent6: replace means change from one thing into another sent7: glass bottles are made of glass sent8: once means one time sent9: recycling reduces the resources needed to make something sent10: recycling reduces / decreases the amount of waste sent to landfills sent11: glass is a kind of material sent12: to recycle means return sent13: reusing is similar to using many times sent14: recycling means using over again sent15: recycling is a kind of method of disposal sent16: metal is recyclable sent17: recycling means reusing sent18: glass is recyclable sent19: to convert means to change sent20: how many means what number sent21: replacing is similar to recycling sent22: can means having the ability to sent23: replacement means something that is replaced sent24: recycling is similar to reusing sent25: years are a kind of unit for measuring time
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] glass is a kind of material [AND] glass is recyclable [AND] glass bottles are made of glass [INFER] int1: glass bottles are made of recyclable material [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times [INFER] int2: glass bottles can be reused many times
Question: Natural processes cause rapid and slow changes to Earth's surface. Which event causes changes to Earth's surface most rapidly?
Answer: an earthquake shaking the ground
Hypothesis: an earthquake changes earth 's surface quickly
Supporting facts: sent1: gradual means slow / over time sent2: amount is a property of something and includes ordered values of none / least / little / some / half / much / many / most / all sent3: tremendous means intense sent4: fast means quickly sent5: tectonic plates being pushed together causes earthquakes sent6: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave sent7: to change means to cause a change sent8: motion / movement means moving / to move sent9: shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface sent10: earthquake is a source of seismic waves sent11: to cause means to result in sent12: quickly means in a short period of time sent13: a measure of time is a length of time sent14: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent15: the ground is part of the earth sent16: when an earthquake passes from the crust to the mantle , the wave of the earthquake changes speed sent17: to happen means to occur sent18: earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent19: a surface is a part of an object sent20: in a short amount of time is similar to quickly sent21: earthquakes cause rock layers to fold on top of each other sent22: an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds sent23: earthquake is a kind of vibration of the ground sent24: the ground means earth 's surface sent25: 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds [AND] 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time [INFER] int1: an earthquake usually occurs in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] an earthquake causes the ground to shake [AND] shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface [INFER] int2: an earthquake can change earth's surface by shaking the ground [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: an earthquake can change earth's surface in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] in a short amount of time is similar to quickly [INFER] int4: an earthquake changes earth 's surface quickly
Question: Which element makes up most of the air we breathe.
Answer: nitrogen
Hypothesis: element nitrogen makes up most of the earth's atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is a part of something else then that something else contains that something sent2: ammonia is made of nitrogen and hydrogen sent3: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent4: if a substance has volume , then the substance takes up space sent5: most means over 50% of something sent6: objects are made of materials / substances / matter sent7: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent8: the atmosphere is a kind of area sent9: including means containing sent10: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent11: composed of means made of sent12: quantity means amount sent13: breathing is a kind of process sent14: made up of means contains / made of sent15: accounting for means making up some amount sent16: air is a mixture sent17: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass sent18: temperature is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of cold / warm sent19: nitrogen is a kind of element sent20: a lot means large in amount / quantity sent21: size / amount of space means volume sent22: an object is made of its parts sent23: to be made of something means to be formed of that something sent24: largest amount means most sent25: the atmosphere is a part of nature / the environment
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass [AND] nitrogen is a kind of element [AND] most means over 50% of something [INFER] int1: element nitrogen makes up most of the earth's atmosphere
Question: A glacier retreats leaving bare rocks. Lichens begin to live on the rocks. The lichens produce an acid that starts to break down the rocks. How will this process affect the environment?
Answer: It will begin the process of building soil.
Hypothesis: lichens breaking down rocks can form soil
Supporting facts: sent1: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent2: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering sent3: break apart means break down sent4: soil is a part of the ground outside sent5: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent6: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction sent7: soil is found on the the surface of the earth sent8: to cause the formation of means to form sent9: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent10: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent11: dissolving is similar to breaking down sent12: crumble means break down sent13: chemical weathering means rocks weathering because of chemical reactions sent14: soil is formed by weathering sent15: lichens can produce acid to break down rocks sent16: cementation means the process of cementing sent17: decomposition is when a decomposer breaks down dead organisms sent18: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent19: to be formed by is similar to being produced by sent20: to be formed by is to be the result of sent21: breaking an object into pieces changes the shape of the object sent22: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent23: compaction means the process of compacting sent24: building up is similar to forming sent25: decomposition is when a decomposer recycles / returns nutrients / nitrogen from dead organisms to the soil by eating those dead organisms
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chemical weathering means rocks weathering because of chemical reactions [AND] lichens can produce acid to break down rocks [AND] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [INFER] int1: lichens can cause rocks to break down by chemical weathering [BECAUSE] soil is formed by weathering [AND] chemical weathering is a kind of weathering [INFER] int2: soil can be formed by chemical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: lichens breaking down rocks can form soil
Question: Which of these geographic features most directly influences the climate of Nevada by limiting the amount of water vapor that can reach the state and fall as rain?
Answer: Sierra Nevada Mountains
Hypothesis: sierra nevada mountains can limit the water vapor reaching nevada
Supporting facts: sent1: mountain area means mountain range sent2: rainfall means precipitation sent3: sierra nevada mountains are located in nevada sent4: extreme means very high in value sent5: rain causes erosion sent6: region is similar to range sent7: place means area sent8: distance is a property of space and includes ordered values of close / far sent9: elevation is a measure of the height above the sea level sent10: landform means surface feature / physical feature / land feature sent11: a mountain top is a part of a mountain sent12: moisture is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of dry / humid sent13: rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives sent14: mountains can cause the water in the air mass to condense sent15: water vapor is found in the atmosphere sent16: as the amount of a source of something decreases , the amount of that something will decrease sent17: rainfall means the amount of precipitation sent18: a mountain range contains mountains sent19: precipitation is when rain / snow / hail fall from clouds to the earth / ground sent20: disrupting something from reaching something else decreases the availability of that something sent21: limiting a source of something tht has a negative impact on something else has a positive impact on that something else sent22: vapor is synonymous with gas sent23: mountains can limit the water vapor reaching a location sent24: the sierra nevada is a kind of mountain range sent25: moist air mass contains a high amount of water vapor
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mountain range contains mountains [AND] the sierra nevada is a kind of mountain range [INFER] int1: sierra nevada contains mountains [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mountains can limit the water vapor reaching a location [INFER] int2: sierra nevada mountains can limit the water vapor reaching a location [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sierra nevada mountains are located in nevada [INFER] int3: sierra nevada mountains can limit the water vapor reaching nevada
Question: What causes the soil in a flood plain to be generally rich in nutrients?
Answer: new soil deposited by the river
Hypothesis: the soil deposited by a river in flood plains are rich in nutrients
Supporting facts: sent1: if soil erosion increases , then the body of water will have more sediments sent2: soil is found on the the surface of the earth sent3: sediment is a kind of small particle sent4: when a river floods , that river deposits soil in flood plains sent5: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent6: as elevation of a place decreases , how much a flood will affect that place will increases sent7: amount is similar to abundance sent8: soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals sent9: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent10: deposition changes the earth 's surface sent11: a river is a kind of channel for water sent12: as the ability of a stream to transport sediments decreases , the deposition of materials will increase sent13: heavy rains cause flooding sent14: floodplains are flat in shape sent15: water causes soil and rock erosion sent16: the ground is part of the earth sent17: sediment means deposited materials sent18: soil is made of very small rocks / minerals sent19: being derived from is similar to being formed sent20: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent21: soil and sediment deposited by a river are usually high / rich in nutrients sent22: soil is formed by weathering sent23: erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil sent24: flowing is a kind of motion sent25: a plain is made of a flat land surface
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] soil and sediment deposited by a river are usually high / rich in nutrients [AND] when a river floods , that river deposits soil in flood plains [INFER] int1: the soil deposited by a river in flood plains are rich in nutrients
Question: After a rainstorm, a big pile of rocks blocks part of a mountain road. Which event most likely caused the rocks to move onto the road?
Answer: a landslide
Hypothesis: a landslide after a rainstorm can move rocks downhill from the mountain
Supporting facts: sent1: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent2: water causes soil and rock erosion sent3: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent4: erosion is a kind of destructive force sent5: wind causes erosion sent6: a boulder is a kind of large rock sent7: a storm is a source of precipitation sent8: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent9: soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals sent10: a mountain is a kind of landform sent11: rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives sent12: a mountain is made of rocks / soil sent13: a boulder is a kind of rock sent14: storms / rain cause bodies of water to increase amount of water they contain sent15: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place sent16: mountain is a kind of geographic obstacles sent17: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent18: precipitation is when water falls from the sky sent19: producing is similar to causing sent20: a storm is usually a source of strong winds sent21: landslides often occur on mountains sent22: rainfall means precipitation sent23: a landslide is when water rapidly moves rocks downhill especially after a rain storm sent24: a large quantity of heavy rain in a short time increases erosion sent25: an area receiving rain means rain falling in that area
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mountain is made of rocks / soil [AND] landslides often occur on mountains [AND] a landslide is when water rapidly moves rocks downhill especially after a rain storm [INFER] int1: a landslide after a rainstorm can move rocks downhill from the mountain
Question: Roger poured water over a pile of sand. Some of the sand washed away. This process is similar to which of the following?
Answer: The erosion of the walls of a canyon
Hypothesis: pouring water onto soil is similar to the erosion on the canyon formation
Supporting facts: sent1: erosion is a kind of physical weathering sent2: a river is a kind of channel for water sent3: sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand sent4: erosion causes a river to become deeper and wider sent5: erosion is a kind of destructive force sent6: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent7: crumble means break down sent8: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent9: a canyon is a very big crack in the ground sent10: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent11: soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments sent12: a high amount of sand in soil causes soil to drain water quickly sent13: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent14: most canyons are formed by flowing rivers through erosion over long periods of time sent15: the rock cycle is a cyclical process, with stages of formation, weathering, erosion sent16: a canyon is a very deep valley sent17: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent18: a canyon forming occurs over a period of millions of years sent19: deposition is when moving water / wind moves / deposits an object / sediment from one location to a different location sent20: erosion causes deposition sent21: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent22: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent23: erosion / weathering changes the earth 's surface sent24: sand drains water quickly sent25: pouring water onto soil causes that soil to wash away
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments [AND] pouring water onto soil causes that soil to wash away [INFER] int1: pouring water onto soil causes soil erosion [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] most canyons are formed by flowing rivers through erosion over long periods of time [INFER] int2: pouring water onto soil is similar to the erosion on the canyon formation
Question: When cold weather freezes water in the cracks of rocks, which would most likely happen?
Answer: The rocks would break into smaller pieces.
Hypothesis: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes
Supporting facts: sent1: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent2: break apart means break down sent3: freezing point means temperature at which a liquid freezes / below which a liquid freezes sent4: ice is colder in temperature than water sent5: breaking an object into pieces changes the shape of the object sent6: crumble means break down sent7: high temperatures can cause an object to combust sent8: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent9: ice wedging is similar to ice fracturing sent10: size is a property of objects and includes ordered values of microscopic / tiny / small / medium / large sent11: sleet is a kind of precipitation sent12: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent13: if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack sent14: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent15: breaking apart rocks can cause debris sent16: cold temperatures usually have a negative impact on organisms sent17: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent18: heat energy can change the state of matter sent19: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent20: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent21: if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart sent22: cracking something usually has a negative impact on that something sent23: freezing means cold temperatures sent24: the freezing point of water / melting point of water is 32f / 0c / 273k sent25: when water freezes , that water expands
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack [AND] when water freezes , that water expands [INFER] int1: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then water will expand in the crack [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart [INFER] int2: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes