ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of the following is most likely to make a rock crack and crumble?
Answer: water freezing in a crack in the rock
Hypothesis: the ice formed by water freezing causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings
Supporting facts: sent1: ice wedging is similar to ice fracturing sent2: water is a kind of substance sent3: water is in the solid state , called ice sent4: freezing means a substance changes from a liquid into a solid by decreasing heat energy sent5: to break down means to break into smaller pieces sent6: mechanical weathering is a kind of weathering sent7: breaking down an object changes that object 's shape / that object 's mass sent8: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering sent9: break apart means break down sent10: heat means heat energy sent11: break down means change from a whole into pieces sent12: heat energy can change the state of matter sent13: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent14: to cause an event means to make that event more likely sent15: being exposed to wind / water / animals / heat can cause erosion of soil / of rocks sent16: ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings sent17: crumble means break down sent18: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent19: being pushed together is similar to colliding sent20: freezing means cold temperatures sent21: weathering occurs at the the surface of the earth sent22: cooling / colder means removing / reducing / decreasing heat / temperature sent23: cementing is similar to hardening sent24: adding heat means increasing temperature sent25: high temperatures can cause an object to combust
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water is a kind of substance [AND] freezing means a substance changes from a liquid into a solid by decreasing heat energy [INFER] int1: water freezing means water changes from a liquid into a solid [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water is in the solid state , called ice [INFER] int2: water freezing means water changes from a liquid to ice [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings [INFER] int3: the ice formed by water freezing causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings
Question: When bedrock in Massachusetts is examined, it often appears scraped and polished. Which of the following most likely caused the bedrock to appear scraped and polished?
Answer: glacial movement
Hypothesis: glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished and leaves scratches in rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: if an object is made of something then the parts of that object are made of that something sent2: texture is a property of surfaces / materials / objects and includes ordered values of smooth / rough sent3: surface type is a kind of characteristic sent4: how something appears is how that something looks sent5: appearance is a property of objects / materials sent6: if an object is made of a material then that object has the properties of that material sent7: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent8: characteristic means property sent9: thickness is a property of an object and includes ordered values of thin / thick sent10: glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished sent11: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material sent12: hardness is a property of a material / an object and includes ordered values of malleable / rigid sent13: inspect / observe means examine sent14: glaciers moving cause scratches in rocks sent15: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent16: shape is a property of the appearance of an object sent17: smooth is a kind of texture sent18: if something is visible , then that something can be observed sent19: what an object is made of is a kind of characteristic sent20: a glacier is made of ice sent21: a rock is usually a solid sent22: determining often requires measuring / observing sent23: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent24: weathering / erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent25: determine is similar to cause
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished [AND] glaciers moving cause scratches in rocks [INFER] int1: glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished and leaves scratches in rocks
Question: Which tool would a student use to measure wind speed?
Answer: anemometer
Hypothesis: an anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed
Supporting facts: sent1: an example of collecting data is measuring sent2: an anemometer is a kind of instrument sent3: a measure of time is a length of time sent4: testing often requires measuring sent5: to measure means to calculate sent6: studying something usually requires seeing that something sent7: an instrument is a piece of equipment sent8: motion is when moves an object / something to a direction sent9: wind chill is the temperature felt on body due to wind speed sent10: motion / movement means moving / to move sent11: air pressure affects wind speed sent12: a speedometer is used for giving a driver feedback on the speed of their vehicle sent13: wind means moving air sent14: meters / centimeters / kilometers are used to describe distance / describe length sent15: how long something takes is a kind of measurement of time sent16: wind is a kind of airflow sent17: something is used for that something 's purpose sent18: calculating speed requires knowing distance travelled sent19: recording an observation sometimes requires measuring sent20: an anemometer is used to measure wind speed sent21: temperature is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of cold / warm sent22: wind carries / transports sand / dirt from one place to another place sent23: m/s means meters per second sent24: speed is a measure of how fast the wave passes the medium sent25: instrument means device
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an anemometer is a kind of instrument [AND] an anemometer is used to measure wind speed [INFER] int1: an anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed
Question: What type of precipitation occurs when raindrops freeze as they fall?
Answer: sleet
Hypothesis: sleet is the precipitation when raindrops freeze as they fall
Supporting facts: sent1: a phase change is when matter / a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter sent2: temperature drop means cooling sent3: temperature drop means temperature decrease sent4: cooling means temperature decreases sent5: freezing point means temperature at which a liquid freezes / below which a liquid freezes sent6: freezing means cold temperatures sent7: rainfall means precipitation sent8: freezing point is a property of a substance / material sent9: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent10: freezing is a kind of phase change sent11: sleet is when raindrops freeze as they fall sent12: temperature is a property of air mass and includes ordered values of cold / warm sent13: drop means decrease sent14: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent15: temperature / heat energy is a property of objects / weather and includes ordered values of cold / cool / warm / hot sent16: water is in the liquid state , called liquid water , for temperatures between 273 / 32 / 0 and 373 / 212 / 100 k / f / c sent17: sleet is a kind of precipitation sent18: ice is colder in temperature than water sent19: temperature drop means become colder sent20: to drop means to fall sent21: frozen means solid sent22: a droplet is a kind of little drop sent23: colder / cooler means lower in temperature sent24: cooling / colder means removing / reducing / decreasing heat / temperature sent25: rainfall means the amount of precipitation
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sleet is when raindrops freeze as they fall [AND] sleet is a kind of precipitation [INFER] int1: sleet is the precipitation when raindrops freeze as they fall
Question: What is the MAJOR role of the Sun in the water cycle?
Answer: It causes evaporation.
Hypothesis: in the water cycle the sun has the role of causing evaporation
Supporting facts: sent1: sunlight means solar energy sent2: water is a kind of substance sent3: to be a source of something means to cause that something sent4: as the amount of solar energy decreases on earth , the temperature on earth will decrease sent5: the surface of the sun is extremely hot in temperature with values as high as 20 000 000  c sent6: the sun is a source of solar energy called sunlight sent7: sunlight is a kind of solar energy sent8: if a substance absorbs solar energy then that substance will increase in temperature sent9: the sun is the source of energy for life on earth sent10: absorbing sunlight causes objects to heat sent11: sunlight produces heat sent12: the sun is the source of energy for physical cycles on earth sent13: the temperature / ph of a body of water has an impact on the health of a body of water sent14: temperature changing can cause phase changes sent15: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent16: if something is a source of something else then that something usually contains that something else sent17: evaporation means a substance changes from a liquid into a gas by increasing heat energy sent18: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent19: to receive sunlight means to absorb sunlight sent20: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process sent21: if something causes an increase in something else then that something produces that something else sent22: to be in the sun means to be in the sunlight sent23: if something releases something else then that something is the source of that something else sent24: water absorbs solar energy in the water cycle sent25: being in the sun is synonymous with being in the sunlight
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water is a kind of substance [AND] water absorbs solar energy in the water cycle [AND] if a substance absorbs solar energy then that substance will increase in temperature [INFER] int1: water absorbing solar energy will increase in temperature [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] temperature is a measure of heat energy [INFER] int2: water absorbing solar energy will increase in heat energy [BECAUSE] evaporation means a substance changes from a liquid into a gas by increasing heat energy [AND] water is a kind of substance [INFER] int3: evaporation of water is when water changes from a liquid into a gas by increasing heat energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: water absorbing solar energy will cause the evaporation of water [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] the sun is a source of solar energy called sunlight [INFER] int5: in the water cycle the sun has the role of causing evaporation
Question: Which item is designed to change electrical energy into heat energy?
Answer: Hand dryer
Hypothesis: a hand dryer converts electrical energy into heat energy
Supporting facts: sent1: a hand dryer is a kind of electrical device for drying hair sent2: electrical devices convert from electrical energy into other forms of energy sent3: if something generates energy for something else then that something powers that something else sent4: electrical current means electrical energy sent5: electrical current running through a wire causes that wire to heat up / to become warm sent6: to transform means to convert sent7: a source of heat can be used to heat something sent8: heat energy is synonymous with thermal energy sent9: a hand dryer produces heat sent10: converting is similar to generating sent11: an electrical charge can attract objects to other objects sent12: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent13: heat energy can be used to heat up an object sent14: heat means temperature increases sent15: improving the design of something helps that something to do its function sent16: heat is a kind of energy sent17: applying heat means adding heat energy sent18: an electrical device requires electricity to turn on sent19: heat energy can change the state of matter sent20: heat means heat energy sent21: light is a kind of energy sent22: energy conversion is similar to energy transformation sent23: operating electrical appliances requires electricity sent24: adding heat means increasing temperature sent25: electromagnetic energy is a kind of energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a hand dryer is a kind of electrical device for drying hair [AND] electrical devices convert from electrical energy into other forms of energy [INFER] int1: a hand dryer converts electrical energy into other forms of energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] heat is a kind of energy [AND] a hand dryer produces heat [INFER] int2: a hand dryer converts electrical energy into heat energy
Question: What energy transformation occurs when an electric lamp is turned on?
Answer: electrical energy to light and heat energy
Hypothesis: a lamp converts electrical energy to light and heat energy
Supporting facts: sent1: phase means state sent2: sunlight is a kind of light sent3: current means electric current sent4: a flashlight requires a source of electricity to produce light sent5: light means light energy sent6: a light bulb converts electrical energy / electricity into light energy / light energy and heat energy sent7: energy conversion is similar to energy transformation sent8: if something generates energy for something else then that something powers that something else sent9: heat means the transfer of thermal energy sent10: electrical current means electrical energy sent11: a laser is a kind of device for producing light sent12: a battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy for powering electrical devices sent13: light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation sent14: a flashlight converts electrical energy / electricity into light energy sent15: heat means heat energy sent16: electrical current running through a wire causes that wire to heat up / to become warm sent17: warm / becoming warm means heat is added sent18: heat means temperature increases sent19: a light bulb is a kind of tool for seeing in the dark sent20: to shine means to emit light sent21: to convert means to change sent22: a light bulb is a part of a lamp sent23: heat energy can change the state of matter sent24: visible light is a kind of light sent25: an electric circuit is a vehicle for moving electrical energy from the source to the electrical device
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a light bulb is a part of a lamp [AND] a light bulb converts electrical energy / electricity into light energy / light energy and heat energy [INFER] int1: a lamp converts electrical energy to light and heat energy
Question: Which change will occur in the wire of an electrical circuit that is working properly?
Answer: The wire will become warmer.
Hypothesis: electrical current running through a wire causes that wire to become warm
Supporting facts: sent1: warm / becoming warm means heat is added sent2: temperature is a measure of heat sent3: phase means state sent4: if something moves through something else then that something will collide with that something else sent5: stay the same means not changing sent6: physical state means state of matter sent7: become warm means get warm sent8: warm up means increase temperature sent9: faster means an increase / higher in speed sent10: temperature rise means become warmer sent11: electrical current means electrical energy sent12: atoms colliding increases the kinetic energy sent13: electricity means electrical energy sent14: electrical current is made of electrons flowing in one direction sent15: if heat is absorbed from a source then that heat source will cool sent16: when an electrical circuit is working properly , electrical current runs through the wires sent17: to add something means to increase something sent18: a wire is made of atoms sent19: becoming is similar to changing sent20: electricity is made of moving charges / moving charged particles sent21: a wire is a kind of path for electricity sent22: flowing is a kind of movement sent23: temperature is a measure of the total kinetic energy of an object sent24: warm means warm temperature sent25: current means electric current
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] electrical current is made of electrons flowing in one direction [AND] when an electrical circuit is working properly , electrical current runs through the wires [INFER] int1: electrons flow in one direction in the wires when an electrical circuit is working properly [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a wire is made of atoms [INFER] int2: electrons flow in one direction through the atoms in wires when an electrical circuit is working properly [BECAUSE] flowing is a kind of movement [AND] if something moves through something else then that something will collide with that something else [INFER] int3: if something flows through something else then that something will collide with that something else [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: electrons will collide with the atoms in wires when flowing in one direction [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] atoms colliding increases the kinetic energy [INFER] int5: electrons flowing in wires increases the kinetic energy of the wires [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] temperature is a measure of the total kinetic energy of an object [INFER] int6: electrical current running through a wire causes the temperature of the wire to increase [BECAUSE] warm / becoming warm means heat is added [AND] to add something means to increase something [INFER] int7: warm / becoming warm means heat increases [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] temperature is a measure of heat [INFER] int8: warm / becoming warm means temperature increases [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: electrical current running through a wire causes that wire to become warm
Question: In a gasoline-powered car, chemical energy from gasoline is transformed to make the car move. The motion of the car is what form of energy?
Answer: mechanical energy
Hypothesis: the mechanical energy converted by the car engine causes the car to move
Supporting facts: sent1: moving changes potential energy / stored energy into kinetic energy and heat energy sent2: converting is similar to producing sent3: the car engine in cars converts chemical energy from gasoline into mechanical energy sent4: mechanical energy exerted by an object can be used to push or pull another object sent5: converting is similar to turning into sent6: a heat engine converts heat energy into mechanical energy sent7: moving is similar to travelling sent8: motion is when moves an object / something to a direction sent9: a car is a kind of object sent10: a motion is a kind of event / action sent11: a rotation is a kind of movement sent12: rotating is similar to moving sent13: convert is similar to transfer sent14: speed up means increase sent15: mechanical energy can cause objects to move sent16: an example of an object with kinetic energy is an object in motion sent17: an internal combustion engine is used to move the automobile sent18: using a gasoline engine requires burning gasoline sent19: mechanical energy of a system includes the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy in the system sent20: producing thrust causes something / an animal / an object to move sent21: converting is similar to generating sent22: rotation is a kind of motion sent23: motion / movement means moving / to move sent24: an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy sent25: energy conversion is similar to energy transformation
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mechanical energy can cause objects to move [AND] the car engine in cars converts chemical energy from gasoline into mechanical energy [AND] a car is a kind of object [INFER] int1: the mechanical energy converted by the car engine causes the car to move
Question: What causes a blue block to appear blue in the sunlight?
Answer: Only blue light is reflected by the block.
Hypothesis: the blue block reflects blue light
Supporting facts: sent1: sunlight means solar energy sent2: a blue block is a kind of object sent3: appear is similar to apparent sent4: when light hits a reflective object , that light bounces off that object sent5: absorbance is when a wave absorbs at / stops at a surface sent6: solar radiation means solar energy sent7: brightness is a property of a light source and includes values of bright / dim sent8: as lightness in color of an object increases , the ability of that object to reflect light will increase sent9: light is a kind of nonliving thing sent10: colorless means no color sent11: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent12: human eyes can only see light in the range of visible light sent13: to reflect light means to scatter light sent14: if the energy is reflected before being absorbed , then the energy will be lost sent15: intensity of sunlight is similar to amount of sunlight sent16: light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation sent17: reflecting light / sound is the opposite of absorbing light / sound sent18: a surface is a part of an object sent19: if an object reflects a light of a certain color then the object appears to be that color sent20: light means light energy sent21: how something appears is how that something looks sent22: the color of an object can be discovered by looking at that object sent23: reflection is when particles bounce off a surface sent24: blue is a kind of color sent25: if an object is transparent , then light will shine through that object without scattering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a blue block is a kind of object [AND] blue is a kind of color [INFER] int1: a blue block is an object with blue color [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if an object reflects a light of a certain color then the object appears to be that color [INFER] int2: the blue block reflects blue light
Question: Why does the leaf of a plant look green?
Answer: Because it reflects green light
Hypothesis: leaves reflect green color
Supporting facts: sent1: looking at bright objects has a negative impact on the eyes sent2: if an object is white then that object reflects all visible light sent3: leaves are sometimes brown in color sent4: coloration means a thing 's color sent5: if an object reflects more light then that object is more easily seen sent6: eyes can sense / detect light energy for seeing sent7: shiny things / objects reflect light sent8: as lightness in color of an object increases , the ability of that object to reflect light will increase sent9: the color of an object can be discovered by looking at that object sent10: visible light is a kind of light sent11: reflection is when a wave bounces off a surface and travels in the opposite direction relative to the angle of incidence sent12: if an object is transparent , then light will shine through that object without scattering sent13: looking is similar to observing sent14: a leaf is often green in color sent15: to reflect light means to scatter light sent16: if an object reflects a light of a certain color then the object appears to be that color sent17: as the state of matter changes , the color of the object will stay the same sent18: to look like means to have the visual properties of sent19: light means light energy sent20: if an object reflects light toward the eye then that object can be seen sent21: appearance is a kind of physical property sent22: light is a kind of wave sent23: a leaf is a kind of object sent24: if something is visible , then that something can be observed sent25: reflection is when particles bounce off a surface
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a leaf is often green in color [AND] a leaf is a kind of object [INFER] int1: a leaf is a green object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if an object reflects a light of a certain color then the object appears to be that color [INFER] int2: leaves reflect green color