ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: When buried sediments are subjected to pressure, the mineral grains are squeezed together. What is the result of this action?
Answer: new rock is formed
Hypothesis: the formation of a new rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together
Supporting facts: sent1: if something causes something else then that something else is a result of that something sent2: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent3: extreme heat and pressure compact sediments into sedimentary rocks sent4: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together sent5: formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks sent6: to compact means to squeeze together
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] extreme heat and pressure compact sediments into sedimentary rocks [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together [INFER] int1: pressure compacting sediments causes sedimentary rock to form [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] to compact means to squeeze together [INFER] int2: pressure squeezing sediments together causes sedimentary rock to form [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something causes something else then that something else is a result of that something [INFER] int3: the formation of sedimentary rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int4: the formation of a kind of rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks [INFER] int5: the formation of a new rock is a result of pressure squeezing sediments together
Question: Most sedimentary rock is made from sediments of other rock. Which of these processes would the sediments most likely go through to form sedimentary rock?
Answer: compaction and cementation
Hypothesis: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment going through the processes of compaction and cementation
Supporting facts: sent1: compaction is a kind of process sent2: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting / cementing together sent3: cementation is a kind of process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] compaction is a kind of process [AND] cementation is a kind of process [INFER] int1: compaction and cememtation are kinds of processes [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting / cementing together [INFER] int2: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment going through the processes of compaction and cementation
Question: Which of these must occur for sediments to form new rock?
Answer: recrystallization
Hypothesis: recrystallization must occur for sediments to form a new rock
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is a stage in a process then that something is required for that process sent2: sedimentary rock is made of sediment sent3: if something changes to something else then that something else is formed from that something sent4: exposure to extreme heat and pressure changes / metamorphoses sedimentary / igneous rock into metamorphic rock sent5: the formation of metamorphic rock is a sequential process, with stages of rock being compacted, heated, recrystallized sent6: recrystallization is a kind of event sent7: if an event is required for a process then that event must occur before that process can occur sent8: formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is a stage in a process then that something is required for that process [AND] the formation of metamorphic rock is a sequential process, with stages of rock being compacted, heated, recrystallized [INFER] int1: recrystallization is required for the process of the formation of metamorphic rock [BECAUSE] recrystallization is a kind of event [AND] if an event is required for a process then that event must occur before that process can occur [INFER] int2: if recrystallization is required for a process then recrystalization must occur before that process can occur [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: recrystallization must occur for the formation of metamorphic rock to occur [BECAUSE] if something changes to something else then that something else is formed from that something [AND] exposure to extreme heat and pressure changes / metamorphoses sedimentary / igneous rock into metamorphic rock [INFER] int4: metamorphic rock is formed from sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] sedimentary rock is made of sediment [INFER] int5: metamorphic rock is formed from sediment [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: recrystallization must occur for sediments to form metamorphic rock [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks [INFER] int7: recrystallization must occur for sediments to form a new rock
Question: In order for sediments to become rock, the sediments are generally
Answer: compacted.
Hypothesis: sediment becomes a kind of rock by sediments compacting together
Supporting facts: sent1: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent2: if something is formed from something else then that something else becomes that something sent3: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is formed from something else then that something else becomes that something [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together [INFER] int1: sediment becomes sedimentary rock by sediments compacting together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int2: sediment becomes a kind of rock by sediments compacting together
Question: There are several different types of rock. Each type of rock is formed under different conditions. How are sedimentary rocks, such as shale and sandstone, formed?
Answer: Particles are compressed into layers.
Hypothesis: sedimentary rocks are formed by small particles being compressed together in layers
Supporting facts: sent1: sedimentary rocks are formed in layers sent2: sediment is a kind of small particle sent3: to compact something means to compress something sent4: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] to compact something means to compress something [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting together [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments being compressed together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sediment is a kind of small particle [INFER] int2: sedimentary rocks are formed by small particles being compressed together [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed in layers [INFER] int3: sedimentary rocks are formed by small particles being compressed together in layers
Question: A fold observed in layers of sedimentary rock most likely resulted from the
Answer: converging of crustal plates.
Hypothesis: the fold observed in layers of sedimentary rock resulted from the covergence of crustal plates
Supporting facts: sent1: a fold is observed in layers of sedimentary rock sent2: if something is caused by something else then that something resulted from that something else sent3: if an event changes something then that event causes that change sent4: the convergence of tectonic plates is a kind of event sent5: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent6: a collision is a kind of convergence sent7: sedimentary rocks are formed in layers sent8: a crustal plate means a tectonic plate sent9: the collision of tectonic plates changes the order of the rock layers by compressing rock layers into faults and folds
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a collision is a kind of convergence [AND] the collision of tectonic plates changes the order of the rock layers by compressing rock layers into faults and folds [INFER] int1: the convergence of tectonic plates changes the order of rock layers by compressing rock layers into faults and folds [BECAUSE] if an event changes something then that event causes that change [AND] the convergence of tectonic plates is a kind of event [INFER] int2: if the convergence of tectonic plants changes something then it causes that change [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: the convergence of tectonic plates causes the order of rock layers to change by compressing rock layers into faults and folds [BECAUSE] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed in layers [INFER] int4: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock with layers [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: the convergence of tectonic plates causes the order of layers in sedimentary rock to change by compressing the layers into faults and folds [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] a fold is observed in layers of sedimentary rock [INFER] int6: the fold observed in layers of sedimentary rock is caused by the covergence of tectonic plates [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] a crustal plate means a tectonic plate [INFER] int7: the fold observed in layers of sedimentary rock is caused by the covergence of crustal plates [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] if something is caused by something else then that something resulted from that something else [INFER] int8: the fold observed in layers of sedimentary rock resulted from the covergence of crustal plates
Question: In the rock cycle, weathering and erosion begin the process of the formation of
Answer: sediments.
Hypothesis: weathering and erosion begin the formation of sediments
Supporting facts: sent1: in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion sent2: the formation of something is a kind of process sent3: if a process follows another process, then the other process begins that process sent4: weathering is a kind of geologic process sent5: erosion is a kind of process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the formation of something is a kind of process [AND] if a process follows another process, then the other process begins that process [INFER] int1: if the formation of something follows another process, then the other process begins the formation of that something [BECAUSE] weathering is a kind of geologic process [AND] erosion is a kind of process [INFER] int2: weathering and erosion are kinds of processes [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: if the formation of something follows weathering and erosion, then weathering and erosion begin the formation of that something [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] in the rock cycle , formation of sediments follows weathering and erosion [INFER] int4: weathering and erosion begin the formation of sediments
Question: Which of these is directly formed as a result of weathering and erosion?
Answer: sediments
Hypothesis: sediment is formed as a result of weathering / erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: weathering is a kind of erosion sent2: if something is formed by a process then that something is formed as a result of that process sent3: sediment is formed by rocks weathering sent4: weathering is a kind of geologic process sent5: erosion is a kind of process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] weathering is a kind of erosion [AND] sediment is formed by rocks weathering [INFER] int1: sediment is formed by weathering / erosion [BECAUSE] weathering is a kind of geologic process [AND] erosion is a kind of process [INFER] int2: weathering and erosion are kinds of processes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something is formed by a process then that something is formed as a result of that process [INFER] int3: if something is formed by weathering and erosion then that something is formed as a result of weathering and erosion [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: sediment is formed as a result of weathering / erosion
Question: A hillside along a highway has exposed layers of undisturbed sedimentary rock. Which method would be best for scientists to use to determine the relative age of these sedimentary rock layers?
Answer: apply the law of superposition
Hypothesis: the law of superposition can be used to determine the age of sedimentary rock layers
Supporting facts: sent1: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent2: layers are a part of sedimentary rock sent3: if something can be used to determine a property of something else then that something can likely be used to determine that property of a part of that something else sent4: the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of the rock sent5: age is a property of rocks
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something can be used to determine a property of something else then that something can likely be used to determine that property of a part of that something else [AND] age is a property of rocks [INFER] int1: if something can be used to determine the age of a rock then that something can likely be used to determine the age of a part of a rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of the rock [INFER] int2: the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of part of a rock [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int3: the law of superposition can be used to determine the relative age of a part of sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] layers are a part of sedimentary rock [INFER] int4: the law of superposition can be used to determine the age of sedimentary rock layers
Question: Which of these can be mined from Earth and used as an energy source?
Answer: Coal
Hypothesis: coal can be mined from the earth and used as an energy source
Supporting facts: sent1: fossil fuel is a kind of fuel sent2: a mine produces minerals sent3: mining is when humans take rocks and minerals from the ground sent4: a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something sent5: the ground is part of the earth sent6: coal is a kind of fossil fuel sent7: fuel is a kind of energy source sent8: a coal mine is a source of coal under the ground sent9: a coal mine is a kind of mine
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mine produces minerals [AND] a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something [INFER] int1: a mine is a source of minerals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mining is when humans take rocks and minerals from the ground [INFER] int2: if a mine is a source of something then that something can be mined [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a coal mine is a kind of mine [INFER] int3: if a coal mine is a source of something then that something can be mined [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a coal mine is a source of coal under the ground [INFER] int4: coal can be mined from under the ground [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] the ground is part of the earth [INFER] int5: coal can be mined from the earth [BECAUSE] fossil fuel is a kind of fuel [AND] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int6: coal is a kind of fuel [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] fuel is a kind of energy source [INFER] int7: coal is a kind of energy source [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: coal can be mined from the earth and used as an energy source
Question: What do the energy resources uranium and coal have in common?
Answer: They both are acquired by mining the lithosphere.
Hypothesis: uranium and coal are both acquired by mining the lithosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: coal is a kind of fossil fuel sent2: uranium is acquired by mining the lithosphere sent3: fossil fuels are acquired by mining the lithosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [AND] fossil fuels are acquired by mining the lithosphere [INFER] int1: coal is acquired by mining the lithosphere [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] uranium is acquired by mining the lithosphere [INFER] int2: uranium and coal are both acquired by mining the lithosphere
Question: Which is a nonrenewable natural resource that is used to make electrical energy?
Answer: coal
Hypothesis: coal is a kind of nonrenewable natural resource that is used to make electrical energy
Supporting facts: sent1: coal is a nonrenewable resource sent2: to produce something means to make something sent3: a fossil fuel is a kind of natural resource sent4: coal is a kind of fossil fuel sent5: coal is used to produce electricity by burning in coal-fire power stations sent6: electricity is a kind of electrical energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a fossil fuel is a kind of natural resource [AND] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int1: coal is a kind of natural resource [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] coal is a nonrenewable resource [INFER] int2: coal is a kind of nonrenewable natural resource [BECAUSE] coal is used to produce electricity by burning in coal-fire power stations [AND] electricity is a kind of electrical energy [INFER] int3: coal is used to produce electrical energy by burning in coal-fire power stations [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] to produce something means to make something [INFER] int4: coal is used to make electrical energy by burning in coal-fire power stations [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: coal is a kind of nonrenewable natural resource that is used to make electrical energy
Question: How do coal and the sun compare as sources of energy?
Answer: Coal is nonrenewable, and the sun is renewable.
Hypothesis: coal is nonrenewable and the sun is renewable
Supporting facts: sent1: the sun is the source of solar energy called sunlight sent2: coal is a nonrenewable resource sent3: solar energy is a renewable / inexhaustible resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the sun is the source of solar energy called sunlight [AND] solar energy is a renewable / inexhaustible resource [INFER] int1: the sun is a renewable resource [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] coal is a nonrenewable resource [INFER] int2: coal is nonrenewable and the sun is renewable
Question: Which resource when used causes the most pollution?
Answer: coal
Hypothesis: using coal causes air polluiton
Supporting facts: sent1: coal is used for generating heat by burning sent2: burning fossil fuels is a source of air pollution sent3: coal is used to produce electricity by burning in coal-fire power stations sent4: coal is a kind of fossil fuel
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] burning fossil fuels is a source of air pollution [AND] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int1: burning coal is a source of air pollution [BECAUSE] coal is used for generating heat by burning [AND] coal is used to produce electricity by burning in coal-fire power stations [INFER] int2: using coal usually requires burning coal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: using coal causes air polluiton
Question: Which energy conversion process occurs whenever coal is burned?
Answer: chemical to thermal
Hypothesis: burning coal converts chemical energy to thermal energy
Supporting facts: sent1: burning converts chemical energy into thermal energy sent2: coal is used for generating heat by burning
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] burning converts chemical energy into thermal energy [AND] coal is used for generating heat by burning [INFER] int1: burning coal converts chemical energy to thermal energy
Question: Which is NOT a fossil fuel?
Answer: Wood
Hypothesis: wood is not a fossil fuel
Supporting facts: sent1: wood is a renewable resource sent2: fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource sent3: renewable is the opposite of nonrenewable sent4: something cannot have two opposite properties sent5: renewable is a property of resources sent6: if something cannot have a certain property then something else with that property is not that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] renewable is the opposite of nonrenewable [AND] something cannot have two opposite properties [INFER] int1: something cannot be renewable and nonrenewable [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource [INFER] int2: fossil fuels cannot be renewable [BECAUSE] renewable is a property of resources [AND] if something cannot have a certain property then something else with that property is not that something [INFER] int3: if one resource cannot be renewable then another resource that is renweable is not that one resource [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: if something is renewable then that something is not a fossil fuel [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] wood is a renewable resource [INFER] int5: wood is not a fossil fuel
Question: Which of these resources will most likely be depleted first?
Answer: Fossil fuels
Hypothesis: fossil fuels will eventually be depleted
Supporting facts: sent1: fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource sent2: nonrenewable resources will eventually be depleted
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource [AND] nonrenewable resources will eventually be depleted [INFER] int1: fossil fuels will eventually be depleted
Question: Fossil fuels were formed from
Answer: the remains of living things
Hypothesis: fossil fuels are formed from the remains of living things
Supporting facts: sent1: remains are parts of a dead organism sent2: an organism is a living thing sent3: fossil fuels / fossils are formed from dead organisms over time
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] remains are parts of a dead organism [AND] fossil fuels / fossils are formed from dead organisms over time [INFER] int1: fossil fuels are formed from the remains of organisms [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an organism is a living thing [INFER] int2: fossil fuels are formed from the remains of living things
Question: Which is the best plan to make the fossil fuel supply last longer?
Answer: reduce electricity use
Hypothesis: reducing the use of electricity causes the fossil fuel supply to last longer
Supporting facts: sent1: oil is used for producing electricity sent2: to last longer means the length of time that something lasts increases sent3: as the use of something decreases , the use of the source of that something will decrease sent4: how long something lasts is a measure of how long that something is available sent5: fossil fuels are a kind of energy resource sent6: oil is a kind of fossil fuel sent7: to decrease something means to reduce something sent8: as the use of a resource decreases , the length of time that resource being available will increases sent9: as the use of something decreases, the use of things used to produce that something decreases sent10: fuel supply is a kind of resource sent11: a supply of something is a source of that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] how long something lasts is a measure of how long that something is available [AND] as the use of a resource decreases , the length of time that resource being available will increases [INFER] int1: as the use of a resource decreases, the length of time that that resource will last increases [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] to last longer means the length of time that something lasts increases [INFER] int2: decreasing the use of a resource causes that resource to last longer [BECAUSE] fuel supply is a kind of resource [AND] fossil fuels are a kind of energy resource [INFER] int3: a fossil fuel supply is a kind of resource [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: decreasing the use of a fossil fuel supply causes that fossil fuel supply to last longer [BECAUSE] oil is used for producing electricity [AND] oil is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int5: fossil fuel is used for producing electricity [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] as the use of something decreases, the use of things used to produce that something decreases [INFER] int6: as the use of electricity decreases, the use of fossil fuels decreases [BECAUSE] a supply of something is a source of that something [AND] as the use of something decreases , the use of the source of that something will decrease [INFER] int7: as the use of something decreases, the use of the supply of that something decreases [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: as the use of electricity decreases, the use of a fossil fuel supply decreases [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: decreasing the use of electricity causes a fossil fuel supply to last longer [BECAUSE] int9 [AND] to decrease something means to reduce something [INFER] int10: reducing the use of electricity causes the fossil fuel supply to last longer