ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of the following is an example of a physical change but not a chemical change?
Answer: A water pipe freezes and cracks on a cold night.
Hypothesis: the water pipe freezing and cracking is an example of physical change but not a chemical change
Supporting facts: sent1: an example of a physical change is breaking an object sent2: a water pipe is a kind of object sent3: a water pipe freezes and cracks on a cold night sent4: a phase change is a kind of physical change sent5: the water pipe freezes sent6: chemical change is the opposite of physical change sent7: cracking is a kind of breaking sent8: freezing is a kind of phase change
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the water pipe freezes [AND] freezing is a kind of phase change [INFER] int1: the water pipe undergoes a phase change [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a phase change is a kind of physical change [INFER] int2: the water pipe undergoes a physical change when it freezes [BECAUSE] an example of a physical change is breaking an object [AND] cracking is a kind of breaking [INFER] int3: an object cracking is a kind of physical change [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a water pipe is a kind of object [INFER] int4: the water pipe cracking is a kind of physical change [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [AND] a water pipe freezes and cracks on a cold night [INFER] int5: the water pipe freezing and cracking is an example of physical change [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] chemical change is the opposite of physical change [INFER] int6: the water pipe freezing and cracking is an example of physical change but not a chemical change
Question: Which of the following changes occurs as a solid is heated?
Answer: The average molecular speed in the solid increases.
Hypothesis: the molecules in the solid substance increases in speed
Supporting facts: sent1: a solid is a kind of substance sent2: faster means an increase / higher in speed sent3: as the temperature of a substance increases , the molecules in that substance will move faster sent4: heat means temperature increases sent5: a solid is heated
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] heat means temperature increases [AND] a solid is heated [INFER] int1: the temperature of the solid increases [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a solid is a kind of substance [INFER] int2: the temperature of the solid substance increases [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as the temperature of a substance increases , the molecules in that substance will move faster [INFER] int3: the molecules in the solid substance moves faster [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] faster means an increase / higher in speed [INFER] int4: the molecules in the solid substance increases in speed
Question: Mercury and gold are both metals. Unlike gold, mercury cannot be used to make jewelry because it is a liquid at room temperature. The difference in the state of matter is an example of which type of property?
Answer: physical
Hypothesis: gold and mercury are different in a physical property
Supporting facts: sent1: mercury is liquid at room temperature sent2: solid is a kind of state of matter sent3: state of matter is a kind of physical property sent4: liquid is a kind of state of matter sent5: gold is a kind of solid
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] solid is a kind of state of matter [AND] gold is a kind of solid [INFER] int1: gold is in solid state [BECAUSE] mercury is liquid at room temperature [AND] liquid is a kind of state of matter [INFER] int2: mercury is in liquid state [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: gold and mercury are in different states of matter [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] state of matter is a kind of physical property [INFER] int4: gold and mercury are different in a physical property
Question: As part of a study, a scientist observed a number of different molecular changes in matter. Which of the following observations provides evidence of a physical change?
Answer: a bottle that was broken into many small pieces
Hypothesis: the bottle undergoes a physical change
Supporting facts: sent1: if a thing's physical properties change then it has undergone a physical change sent2: shape is a kind of physical property sent3: breaking a bottle changes the shape of the bottle
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] shape is a kind of physical property [AND] breaking a bottle changes the shape of the bottle [INFER] int1: breaking a bottle changes the physical property of the bottle [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a thing's physical properties change then it has undergone a physical change [INFER] int2: the bottle undergoes a physical change
Question: A student crumples up a sheet of paper. Which property of the paper has changed?
Answer: shape
Hypothesis: crumpling changes the shape of a sheet of paper
Supporting facts: sent1: crumpling is a kind of change of shape action sent2: change of shape actions change the shape of an object sent3: a sheet of paper is a kind of object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] crumpling is a kind of change of shape action [AND] change of shape actions change the shape of an object [INFER] int1: crumpling changes the shape of an object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a sheet of paper is a kind of object [INFER] int2: crumpling changes the shape of a sheet of paper
Question: Which term is used to describe a physical property of a mineral?
Answer: solid
Hypothesis: being solid is a physical property of a mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: a mineral is a kind of solid material sent2: state of matter is a kind of physical property sent3: solid is a kind of state of matter
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] state of matter is a kind of physical property [AND] solid is a kind of state of matter [INFER] int1: solid is a kind of physical property [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mineral is a kind of solid material [INFER] int2: being solid is a physical property of a mineral
Question: What is the process called when an acid and a base combine to produce water and salt?
Answer: neutralization
Hypothesis: neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base and produces water and salt
Supporting facts: sent1: neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base sent2: neutralization produces water and salt
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base [AND] neutralization produces water and salt [INFER] int1: neutralization is when an acid reacts with a base and produces water and salt
Question: All matter is made up of particles called
Answer: atoms
Hypothesis: matter is made of particles called atoms
Supporting facts: sent1: an atom is a kind of particle sent2: matter is made of atoms
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an atom is a kind of particle [AND] matter is made of atoms [INFER] int1: matter is made of particles called atoms
Question: Which part of the atom has a negative charge?
Answer: electron
Hypothesis: electrons are part of an atom that has negative charge
Supporting facts: sent1: electrons are a part of an atom sent2: a electron has a negative -1 electric charge
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] electrons are a part of an atom [AND] a electron has a negative -1 electric charge [INFER] int1: electrons are part of an atom that has negative charge
Question: Where is most of the mass of the atom located?
Answer: in the nucleus
Hypothesis: most of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus
Supporting facts: sent1: the mass of the atom is determined by protons and neutrons sent2: the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the mass of the atom is determined by protons and neutrons [AND] the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons [INFER] int1: most of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus
Question: As a sample of mercury changes state from liquid to solid, the atoms of the sample
Answer: move closer together and have less kinetic energy.
Hypothesis: mercury atoms have less kinetic energy and move closer together
Supporting facts: sent1: mercury is made of mercury atoms sent2: particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid sent3: particles in a solid are closer together than particles in a liquid sent4: atom is a kind of particle sent5: mercury changes from liquid state to solid state
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mercury is made of mercury atoms [AND] atom is a kind of particle [INFER] int1: mercury is made of atom particles [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] particles in a solid are closer together than particles in a liquid [AND] mercury changes from liquid state to solid state [INFER] int2: mercury atoms move closer together [BECAUSE] mercury is made of mercury atoms [AND] atom is a kind of particle [INFER] int3: mercury is made of atom particles [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid [AND] mercury changes from liquid state to solid state [INFER] int4: mercury atoms have less kinetic energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: mercury atoms have less kinetic energy and move closer together
Question: A student needs to find the mass of an atom. The numbers of which atomic particles determines the mass of the atom?
Answer: both its protons and neutrons
Hypothesis: atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons particle numbers
Supporting facts: sent1: atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons numbers in an atom sent2: protons are a kind of subatomic particle sent3: neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons numbers in an atom [AND] protons are a kind of subatomic particle [AND] neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle [INFER] int1: atomic mass is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons particle numbers
Question: When an atom loses or gains an electron, it changes
Answer: charge.
Hypothesis: losing or gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an atom to be unbalanced
Supporting facts: sent1: an atom is a kind of object sent2: losing / gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an object to be unbalanced
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an atom is a kind of object [AND] losing / gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an object to be unbalanced [INFER] int1: losing or gaining electrons causes the electrical charge of an atom to be unbalanced
Question: Which best describes a proton?
Answer: positively charged and part of the nucleus
Hypothesis: protons are found in the nucleus of an atom and are positvely charged
Supporting facts: sent1: protons are found in the nucleus of an atom sent2: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] protons are found in the nucleus of an atom [AND] a proton has a positive 1 electric charge [INFER] int1: protons are found in the nucleus of an atom and are positvely charged
Question: Which statement best describes a neutron?
Answer: It adds mass to the nucleus.
Hypothesis: neutrons add mass to the nucleus
Supporting facts: sent1: one neutron has one atomic mass unit sent2: the nucleus of an atom is usually made of both protons and neutrons
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] one neutron has one atomic mass unit [AND] the nucleus of an atom is usually made of both protons and neutrons [INFER] int1: neutrons add mass to the nucleus
Question: An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by
Answer: electrons.
Hypothesis: an atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons
Supporting facts: sent1: nucleus is a part of an atom sent2: electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom sent3: if something is part of another thing, then another thing consist of that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nucleus is a part of an atom [AND] if something is part of another thing, then another thing consist of that something [INFER] int1: an atom consists of a nucleus [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] electrons surround / orbit the nucleus of an atom [INFER] int2: an atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons
Question: An atom will always have
Answer: equal numbers of protons and electrons.
Hypothesis: that atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
Supporting facts: sent1: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent2: a neutron has a neutral electric charge sent3: an normal atom has a neutral electric charge sent4: an electron has a negative -1 electric charge sent5: an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a proton has a positive 1 electric charge [AND] an electron has a negative -1 electric charge [INFER] int1: equal numbers of protons and electrons result in a neutral 0 electric charge [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a neutron has a neutral electric charge [INFER] int2: equal numbers of protons and electrons and any number of neutrons result in a neutral 0 electric charge [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons [INFER] int3: if an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, then the atom will have a neutral charge [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an normal atom has a neutral electric charge [INFER] int4: that atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
Question: What particle always has a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu) and no charge?
Answer: a neutron
Hypothesis: a neutron is a particle that is neutral in electric charge and has one atomic mass unit
Supporting facts: sent1: neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle sent2: a neutron has a neutral electric charge sent3: one neutron has one atomic mass unit
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a neutron has a neutral electric charge [AND] one neutron has one atomic mass unit [INFER] int1: a neutron is neutral in electric charge and has one atomic mass unit [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle [INFER] int2: a neutron is a particle that is neutral in electric charge and has one atomic mass unit
Question: An atom with a +1 charge has
Answer: lost an electron.
Hypothesis: the atom loses an electron
Supporting facts: sent1: an atom is positive 1 in electric charge sent2: if a neutral atom loses an electron then an atom with a positive charge will be formed
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an atom is positive 1 in electric charge [AND] if a neutral atom loses an electron then an atom with a positive charge will be formed [INFER] int1: the atom loses an electron
Question: In the atomic model that includes a nucleus, the positive charge is
Answer: concentrated in the center of the model.
Hypothesis: the positive charge is concentrated in the center of an atom
Supporting facts: sent1: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent2: a neutron has a neutral 0 electric charge sent3: the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons sent4: the nucleus is the center of an atom
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a proton has a positive 1 electric charge [AND] a neutron has a neutral 0 electric charge [INFER] int1: protons and neutrons together will be positive in electric charge [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons [INFER] int2: the nucleus of an atom is positve in electric charge [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the nucleus is the center of an atom [INFER] int3: the positive charge is concentrated in the center of an atom
Question: The difference between the atomic number of an element and the element's atomic mass is the number of
Answer: neutrons.
Hypothesis: the difference between atomic mass and atomic number is the number of the neutrons in an element
Supporting facts: sent1: atomic mass is determined by the number of protons and neutrons sent2: atomic number is only determined by the number of proton of an element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] atomic mass is determined by the number of protons and neutrons [AND] atomic number is only determined by the number of proton of an element [INFER] int1: the difference between atomic mass and atomic number is the number of the neutrons in an element
Question: Which part of an atom is involved in chemical reactions?
Answer: negatively-charged particles
Hypothesis: negatively charged particles are involved in chemical reactions
Supporting facts: sent1: a electron has a negative -1 electric charge sent2: an electron is a kind of charged particle sent3: electrons are a part of an atom sent4: electrons are involved in chemical reactions
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a electron has a negative -1 electric charge [AND] an electron is a kind of charged particle [INFER] int1: an electron is a kind of negatively charged particle [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] electrons are a part of an atom [INFER] int2: electrons are part of an atom that is negatively-charged [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] electrons are involved in chemical reactions [INFER] int3: negatively charged particles are involved in chemical reactions
Question: A scientist uses angstrom units to measure the distance between two points. The scientist is most likely measuring the distance between two
Answer: atoms.
Hypothesis: angstrom units can be used to measure the distance between atoms
Supporting facts: sent1: angstrom unit is used to measure the distance between two points sent2: a point is small in size sent3: an atom is exceptionally small in size
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a point is small in size [AND] an atom is exceptionally small in size [INFER] int1: atoms are similar in size with points [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] angstrom unit is used to measure the distance between two points [INFER] int2: angstrom units can be used to measure the distance between atoms
Question: Within a substance, atoms that collide frequently and move independently of one another are most likely in a
Answer: gas.
Hypothesis: the substance is likely a gas
Supporting facts: sent1: atoms in a gas move independently of one another sent2: atoms in a gas collide frequently sent3: the atoms in a substance move independently of ont another and collide frequently
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] atoms in a gas move independently of one another [AND] atoms in a gas collide frequently [AND] the atoms in a substance move independently of ont another and collide frequently [INFER] int1: the substance is likely a gas
Question: Which of the following represents a chemical reaction?
Answer: a cake baking in an oven.
Hypothesis: baking a cake can cause a chemical reaction to the cake
Supporting facts: sent1: adding heat to an object causes chemical reactions sent2: baking is when a human makes food by adding heat sent3: a cake is a kind of food
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] baking is when a human makes food by adding heat [AND] a cake is a kind of food [INFER] int1: baking cake is adding heat to the cake [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] adding heat to an object causes chemical reactions [INFER] int2: baking a cake can cause a chemical reaction to the cake
Question: Why can a small fire be put out by placing a heavy blanket over it?
Answer: This keeps oxygen from reaching the fire.
Hypothesis: placing a blanket on fire will stop the fire from burning
Supporting facts: sent1: placing a blanket on fire cuts off the oxygen sent2: a fire requires oxygen to burn sent3: if something is required for a process then keeping that something from reaching that process can stop that process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] placing a blanket on fire cuts off the oxygen [AND] a fire requires oxygen to burn [INFER] int1: placing a blanket on fire cuts off the oxygen required for fire to burn [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something is required for a process then keeping that something from reaching that process can stop that process [INFER] int2: placing a blanket on fire will stop the fire from burning
Question: A drain cleaner consists of sodium hydroxide and aluminum. When the drain cleaner is added to water, bubbles of hydrogen are produced, and the solution becomes very hot. Which of these best describes what happens to form the bubbles when the cleaner is added to water? F
Answer: chemical reaction
Hypothesis: a chemical reaction happened when sodium hydroxide, aluminum, and water are combined
Supporting facts: sent1: the drain cleaner is added into water sent2: hydrogen is produced sent3: the solution becomes really hot sent4: a drain cleaner consists of sodium hydroxide and aluminum
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the drain cleaner is added into water [AND] a drain cleaner consists of sodium hydroxide and aluminum [INFER] int1: sodium hydroxide, aluminum, and water are combined [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] hydrogen is produced [INFER] int2: hydrogen is produced when sodium, aluminum, and water are combined [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the solution becomes really hot [INFER] int3: heat energy is released when sodium hydroxide, aluminum, and water are combined [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: a chemical reaction happened when sodium hydroxide, aluminum, and water are combined
Question: Which is an example of a chemical reaction?
Answer: nails rusting
Hypothesis: nails rusting is a kind of chemical reaction
Supporting facts: sent1: metals in contact with water and oxygen will rust sent2: iron is a kind of metal sent3: nails are often made of iron sent4: rust forming is a kind of chemical change sent5: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron is a kind of metal [AND] nails are often made of iron [INFER] int1: nails are made of metal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] metals in contact with water and oxygen will rust [INFER] int2: nails in contact with water and oxygen will rust [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] rust forming is a kind of chemical change [INFER] int3: nails rusting is a kind of chemical change [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int4: nails rusting is a kind of chemical reaction
Question: Which is an example of a chemical reaction?
Answer: Vinegar added to baking soda forms a gas.
Hypothesis: vinegar being added into baking soda will cause chemical reactions
Supporting facts: sent1: carbon dioxide is a kind of gas sent2: vinegar is a kind of substance sent3: vinegar is added into baking soda sent4: baking soda is a kind of substance sent5: baking soda can react chemically with vinegar producing carbon dioxide
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] carbon dioxide is a kind of gas [AND] baking soda can react chemically with vinegar producing carbon dioxide [INFER] int1: baking soda can react chemically with vinegar producing a gas [BECAUSE] vinegar is a kind of substance [AND] baking soda is a kind of substance [INFER] int2: combining baking soda and vinegar is combining two substance together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: combining baking soda and vinegar can cause chemical reactions [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] vinegar is added into baking soda [INFER] int4: vinegar being added into baking soda will cause chemical reactions
Question: What is formed when a sodium atom and chlorine atom react chemically?
Answer: a compound
Hypothesis: sodium and chlorine reacting forms a compound
Supporting facts: sent1: chlorine is a kind of element sent2: sodium and chlorine reacting forms sodium chloride sent3: a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined sent4: sodium chloride is always made of chemically combined chlorine and sodium sent5: sodium is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chlorine is a kind of element [AND] sodium is a kind of element [INFER] int1: sodium and chlorine are two elements [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sodium chloride is always made of chemically combined chlorine and sodium [INFER] int2: sodium chloride is made of two elements chemically combined [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined [INFER] int3: sodium chloride is a compound [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] sodium and chlorine reacting forms sodium chloride [INFER] int4: sodium and chlorine reacting forms a compound
Question: If a chemical reaction such as photosynthesis begins with 6 atoms of carbon [C], how many atoms of carbon [C] should be in the products?
Answer: 6 atoms of carbon [C]
Hypothesis: the number of carbon atoms stays at 6 in photosynthesis
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reactions do not cause the total number of atoms to change sent2: 6 atoms of carbon involves in photosynthesis sent3: photosynthesis is a kind of chemical reaction sent4: carbon is a kind of atom
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chemical reactions do not cause the total number of atoms to change [AND] photosynthesis is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int1: the total number of atoms stay the same in chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] photosynthesis is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int2: the total number of atoms stay the same in photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] 6 atoms of carbon involves in photosynthesis [AND] carbon is a kind of atom [INFER] int3: the number of carbon atoms stays at 6 in photosynthesis