ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Corals are animals that live in tropical oceans. Fossils of corals are found in Ohio. What does the presence of coral fossils suggest about how the environment of Ohio has changed over time?
Answer: Ohio was once covered by warm seas.
Hypothesis: ohio used to be covered in warm oceans in the past
Supporting facts: sent1: a tropical environment usually has warm temperatures sent2: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent3: if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent4: a body of water is a kind of environment sent5: coral lives in tropical oceans sent6: coral is a kind of aquatic animal sent7: fossils of corals are found in ohio
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an ocean is a kind of body of water [AND] a body of water is a kind of environment [INFER] int1: an ocean is a kind of environment [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a tropical environment usually has warm temperatures [INFER] int2: a tropical ocean usually has warm temperatures [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] coral lives in tropical oceans [INFER] int3: coral lives in warm oceans [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] coral is a kind of aquatic animal [INFER] int4: corals are aquatic animals that live in warm oceans [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [AND] if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int5: if fossils of corals are found in a place then that place used to be covered by warm oceans in the past [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] fossils of corals are found in ohio [INFER] int6: ohio used to be covered in warm oceans in the past
Question: Which would best aid a scientist in discovering how Earth may have changed over time?
Answer: discovering a fossil of a seashell in a wooded area
Hypothesis: the place has changed from being covered by water to a wooded area
Supporting facts: sent1: a wooded area is a kind of place sent2: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent3: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed sent4: fossils of seashells are found in a wooded area
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a wooded area is a kind of place [AND] if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [AND] fossils of seashells are found in a wooded area [INFER] int1: the wooded area used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something used to be in the past then that something has changed [INFER] int2: the place has changed from being covered by water to a wooded area
Question: Currently, Antarctica is the coldest and driest place on Earth. Paleontologists have found dinosaur fossils in rock layers below the ice. Based on this evidence, which is a reasonable conclusion about the climate of Antarctica in the past?
Answer: At some time in the past, Antarctica was much warmer and wetter.
Hypothesis: antarctica was not a cold environment when dinosaurs used to live in antarctica
Supporting facts: sent1: if fossils of an animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place sent2: fossils of dinosaurs are found in antarctica sent3: a dinosaur is a kind of reptile sent4: a reptile is a kind of animal sent5: cold-blooded animals cannot live in cold environments sent6: a reptile is cold-blooded
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a dinosaur is a kind of reptile [AND] a reptile is a kind of animal [INFER] int1: a dinosaur is a kind of animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if fossils of an animal or plant are found in a place then that animal or plant used to live in that place [AND] fossils of dinosaurs are found in antarctica [INFER] int2: dinosaurs used to live in antarctica [BECAUSE] a dinosaur is a kind of reptile [AND] a reptile is cold-blooded [INFER] int3: dinosaurs are cold-blooded [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: dinosaurs are cold-blooded animals [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] cold-blooded animals cannot live in cold environments [INFER] int5: dinosaurs cannot live in cold environments [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: antarctica was not a cold environment when dinosaurs used to live in antarctica
Question: A researcher found shark fossils on top of a mountain. This evidence suggests which of the following about this region?
Answer: It was once covered by an ocean.
Hypothesis: the mountain used to be covered by oceans in the past
Supporting facts: sent1: fossils of sharks are found on top of a mountain sent2: sharks live in oceans sent3: a shark is a kind of fish sent4: if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent5: the top of a mountain is a kind of place sent6: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent7: a fish is a kind of aquatic animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a shark is a kind of fish [AND] a fish is a kind of aquatic animal [INFER] int1: a shark is a kind of aquatic animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if fossils of an aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int2: if fossils of sharks are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sharks live in oceans [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [INFER] int3: if fossils of sharks are found in a place then that place used to be covered by oceans in the past [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] fossils of sharks are found on top of a mountain [AND] the top of a mountain is a kind of place [INFER] int4: the mountain used to be covered by oceans in the past
Question: The surface of Earth is constantly changing. Which of these findings provides the best evidence that the crustal surface of Earth has changed over time?
Answer: Marine fossils are found in mountain areas.
Hypothesis: the environments on the crustal surface of earth have changed from a body of water to mountains
Supporting facts: sent1: environments are found on the crustal surface of earth sent2: marine animals are water animals sent3: marine fossils means fossils of marine animals sent4: marine fossils are found in mountains sent5: if something used to be in the past then that something has changed sent6: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent7: a mountain is a kind of environment sent8: a body of water is a kind of environment
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] marine animals are water animals [AND] marine fossils means fossils of marine animals [INFER] int1: marine fossils are fossils of water animals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] marine fossils are found in mountains [INFER] int2: fossils of water animals are found in mountains [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int3: the mountains used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if something used to be in the past then that something has changed [AND] a mountain is a kind of environment [AND] a body of water is a kind of environment [INFER] int4: the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] environments are found on the crustal surface of earth [INFER] int5: the environments on the crustal surface of earth have changed from a body of water to mountains
Question: A road cut shows a layer of shale on top of a layer of limestone. This indicates
Answer: the environment changed between the times of deposition.
Hypothesis: environments changing causes the shale and limestone to be on top of each other
Supporting facts: sent1: environments changing can cause layers of rock that are on top of each other to be of different kind sent2: limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock sent3: shale is a kind of sedimentary rock sent4: a layer of shale is on top of a layer of limestone
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock [AND] shale is a kind of sedimentary rock [INFER] int1: shale and limestone are different kinds of sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] environments changing can cause layers of rock that are on top of each other to be of different kind [AND] a layer of shale is on top of a layer of limestone [INFER] int2: environments changing causes the shale and limestone to be on top of each other
Question: Paleontologists often find and study the remains of ancient plants and animals. When the remains of ancient plants and animals are covered by layers of sediment over time, the remains
Answer: become a fossil
Hypothesis: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of plants and animals over time
Supporting facts: sent1: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time sent2: a plant is a kind of organism sent3: an animal is a kind of organism
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of organisms over time [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [AND] an animal is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: fossils are formed when layers of sediment cover the remains of plants and animals over time
Question: Why are most fossils found in sedimentary rocks?
Answer: Organisms can be preserved in sedimentary rock.
Hypothesis: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is preserved in sedimentary rocks, then that something can be found in the sedimentary rock sent2: fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms sent3: organism remains can be preserved in sedimentary rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms [AND] organism remains can be preserved in sedimentary rock [INFER] int1: fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something is preserved in sedimentary rocks, then that something can be found in the sedimentary rock [INFER] int2: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock
Question: Rocks that contain fragments of bones, shells, and plant remains are most likely
Answer: sedimentary.
Hypothesis: if a rock contains bones remains, shells remians, or plants remains, then the rock is a sedimentary rock
Supporting facts: sent1: fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms sent2: bones are part of some animals sent3: plants are a kind of organism sent4: animals are a kind of organism sent5: a shell is a part of some animals sent6: containing fossils is a kind of characteristic of sedimentary rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] bones are part of some animals [AND] animals are a kind of organism [INFER] int1: bones are part of organisms [BECAUSE] animals are a kind of organism [AND] a shell is a part of some animals [INFER] int2: shells are part of some organisms [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms [AND] plants are a kind of organism [INFER] int3: bones remains, shells remians, and plants remains are fossils [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] containing fossils is a kind of characteristic of sedimentary rock [INFER] int4: if a rock contains bones remains, shells remians, or plants remains, then the rock is a sedimentary rock
Question: Which rock is most likely to contain fossil seashells?
Answer: limestone
Hypothesis: a fossil seashell can be found in a limestone
Supporting facts: sent1: a fossil seashell is a kind of fossil sent2: limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock sent3: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock [AND] nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock [INFER] int1: fossils can be found in limestones [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a fossil seashell is a kind of fossil [INFER] int2: a fossil seashell can be found in a limestone
Question: Which type of rock would most likely contain a fossil?
Answer: sedimentary rock
Hypothesis: sedimentary rocks contain nearly all fossils
Supporting facts: sent1: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock sent2: if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock [AND] if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks contain nearly all fossils
Question: In 1971, the bones of an extinct flying dinosaur were discovered. This kind of discovery helps everyone learn more about
Answer: history of animal species on Earth.
Hypothesis: fossils can be used to study the history of dinosaurs and environments on earth
Supporting facts: sent1: fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth sent2: an animal is a kind of organism sent3: a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth [AND] an animal is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: fossils can be used to study the history of animals and environments on earth [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a dinosaur is a kind of extinct animal [INFER] int2: fossils can be used to study the history of dinosaurs and environments on earth
Question: A geologist found fossils of horse bones in different rock layers of a canyon. The fossils in the lower levels show shorter bones than those in the upper-level fossils. Which conclusion is based on the geologist's observations?
Answer: Horse's became larger over time.
Hypothesis: horse species have changed from smaller to larger over time
Supporting facts: sent1: the fossils of horse has shorter bones in lower levels and the fossils of horse has longer bones in the upper level sent2: an animal is a kind of organism sent3: younger layer of rocks are on top of the older layer of rocks according to superposition sent4: a horse is a kind of animal sent5: if fossils of an organism change depending on the level in which they were found then that species of organism changed over time
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] a horse is a kind of animal [INFER] int1: a horse is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if fossils of an organism change depending on the level in which they were found then that species of organism changed over time [INFER] int2: if fossils of horses change depending on the level in which they were found, then the horses has changed over time [BECAUSE] the fossils of horse has shorter bones in lower levels and the fossils of horse has longer bones in the upper level [AND] younger layer of rocks are on top of the older layer of rocks according to superposition [INFER] int3: the younger fossils of horse has longer bones than the older fossils of horse [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: horse species have changed from smaller to larger over time
Question: A complete fossil has been found of a type of bird that cannot be identified. What can most likely be determined about the bird from the fossil?
Answer: The bird existed at one time but is now extinct.
Hypothesis: if a fossil of a bird cannot be identified then that kind of bird is probably extinct
Supporting facts: sent1: a bird is a kind of animal sent2: if a fossil is of an organism that cannot be identified then that organism is probably extinct sent3: an animal is a kind of organism
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a bird is a kind of animal [AND] an animal is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: a bird is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a fossil is of an organism that cannot be identified then that organism is probably extinct [INFER] int2: if a fossil of a bird cannot be identified then that kind of bird is probably extinct
Question: Which of the following best describes a mineral?
Answer: a solid natural material with a crystal structure
Hypothesis: a mineral is a solid natural material with a crystal structure
Supporting facts: sent1: a mineral is a kind of solid natural material sent2: a mineral usually has a crystal structure
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral is a kind of solid natural material [AND] a mineral usually has a crystal structure [INFER] int1: a mineral is a solid natural material with a crystal structure
Question: Which of the following is a mineral?
Answer: diamond
Hypothesis: diamond is a kind of mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: a diamond is made of face-centered cubic crystals sent2: a mineral usually has a crystal structure
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a diamond is made of face-centered cubic crystals [AND] a mineral usually has a crystal structure [INFER] int1: diamond is a kind of mineral
Question: Which of the following is one reason that quartz is classified as a mineral?
Answer: It has a specific crystal structure.
Hypothesis: quartz is a kind of mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: a mineral usually has a crystal structure sent2: a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral usually has a crystal structure [AND] a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals [INFER] int1: quartz is a kind of mineral
Question: Which of these describes a location where minerals are most likely to form?
Answer: cooled magma from a volcano
Hypothesis: minerals are formed by magma from a volcano cooling
Supporting facts: sent1: minerals are formed by magma cooling sent2: a volcano is a source of magma / lava
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] minerals are formed by magma cooling [AND] a volcano is a source of magma / lava [INFER] int1: minerals are formed by magma from a volcano cooling
Question: The formation of the mineral halite is most likely to occur by which process?
Answer: the evaporation of seawater
Hypothesis: the mineral halite is formed by a body of seawater evaporating
Supporting facts: sent1: halite is formed by a body of salt water evaporating sent2: seawater is a kind of salt water sent3: halite is a kind of mineral
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] halite is formed by a body of salt water evaporating [AND] seawater is a kind of salt water [AND] halite is a kind of mineral [INFER] int1: the mineral halite is formed by a body of seawater evaporating
Question: The formation of diamonds requires tremendous pressure that is generated
Answer: deep below the crust.
Hypothesis: the formation of diamonds occurs deep below the crust of the earth
Supporting facts: sent1: the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure sent2: the pressure is intense deep below earth 's crust
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure [AND] the pressure is intense deep below earth 's crust [INFER] int1: the formation of diamonds occurs deep below the crust of the earth
Question: Which of the following properties provides the BEST way to identify a mineral?
Answer: hardness
Hypothesis: hardness can be used to identify minerals
Supporting facts: sent1: hardness is a property of a material / an object and includes ordered values of malleable / rigid sent2: the properties of something can be used to identify that something sent3: a mineral is a kind of solid / natural material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hardness is a property of a material / an object and includes ordered values of malleable / rigid [AND] a mineral is a kind of solid / natural material [INFER] int1: hardness is a property of minerals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the properties of something can be used to identify that something [INFER] int2: hardness can be used to identify minerals
Question: Which of the following actions is most likely part of a test to find the hardness of a mineral sample?
Answer: scratching the sample with a nail
Hypothesis: measuring the hardness of minerals requires scratching those materials
Supporting facts: sent1: a mineral is a kind of material sent2: hardness is a measure of a mineral 's ability to resist scratching sent3: an example of breaking something down is scratching something sent4: a material that is soft can be broken down by a material that is hard
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an example of breaking something down is scratching something [AND] a material that is soft can be broken down by a material that is hard [INFER] int1: a material that is soft can be scratched by a material that is hard [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mineral is a kind of material [INFER] int2: if one mineral can scratch another mineral then that other mineral is softer than that one mineral [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] hardness is a measure of a mineral 's ability to resist scratching [INFER] int3: measuring the hardness of minerals requires scratching those materials
Question: Which mineral has six-sided transparent crystals that will scratch glass?
Answer: quartz
Hypothesis: quartz is the mineral that has six-sided transparent crystals and can scratch glass easily
Supporting facts: sent1: quartz scratches glass easily sent2: a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals sent3: quartz is a kind of mineral
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] quartz scratches glass easily [AND] a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals [AND] quartz is a kind of mineral [INFER] int1: quartz is the mineral that has six-sided transparent crystals and can scratch glass easily
Question: A student is trying to identify a mineral that has a nonmetallic luster and is black. It can also be scratched with a fingernail. According to the mineral reference sheet, the unidentified mineral is most likely
Answer: mica.
Hypothesis: that mineral is mica
Supporting facts: sent1: mica has a nonmetallic luster sent2: a mineral can be scratched by a fingernail sent3: mica is a kind of mineral sent4: if a mineral can be scratched by a fingernail then that mineral is soft sent5: mica is black in color sent6: a mineral has a nonmetallic luster sent7: if a mineral is black in color sent8: mica is soft
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral can be scratched by a fingernail [AND] if a mineral can be scratched by a fingernail then that mineral is soft [INFER] int1: a mineral is soft [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mineral has a nonmetallic luster [AND] if a mineral is black in color [INFER] int2: that mineral is black, has a nonmetallic luster, and is soft [BECAUSE] mica has a nonmetallic luster [AND] mica is a kind of mineral [AND] mica is black in color [AND] mica is soft [INFER] int3: mica is a mineral that is black, has a nonmetallic luster, and is soft [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: that mineral is mica
Question: Minerals can be identified using hardness, streak, and cleavage because
Answer: minerals have different recognizable properties.
Hypothesis: the properties of a mineral can be used to identify those minerals
Supporting facts: sent1: samples of a single type of mineral usually have the same properties sent2: different materials usually have different properties sent3: the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something sent4: a mineral is a kind of material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] different materials usually have different properties [AND] a mineral is a kind of material [INFER] int1: different minerals usually have different properties [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] samples of a single type of mineral usually have the same properties [INFER] int2: different minerals usually have different properties and samples of a single type of mineral usually have the same properties [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the properties of something can be used to identify / used to describe that something [INFER] int3: the properties of a mineral can be used to identify those minerals
Question: Large amounts of metals like iron and aluminum are found in
Answer: rocks
Hypothesis: rocks may contain large amounts of iron and aluminum
Supporting facts: sent1: rocks often contain large amounts of metal sent2: aluminum is a kind of metal sent3: iron is a kind of metal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] aluminum is a kind of metal [AND] iron is a kind of metal [INFER] int1: iron and aluminum are kinds of metal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rocks often contain large amounts of metal [INFER] int2: rocks may contain large amounts of iron and aluminum