ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: The weathering of landforms depends on various factors. Which area would most likely have the fastest rate of chemical weathering?
Answer: warm and moist regions
Hypothesis: a warm and moist environment can accelerate the rate of chemical weathering on rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: moisture is a kind of environmental factor sent2: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks sent3: warmth is a kind of environmental factor sent4: warmth and moisture can accelerate chemical reactions
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] moisture is a kind of environmental factor [AND] warmth is a kind of environmental factor [INFER] int1: warmth and moisture are kinds of environmental factors [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] warmth and moisture can accelerate chemical reactions [INFER] int2: a warm and moist environment can accelerate chemical reactions [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks [INFER] int3: a warm and moist environment can accelerate the rate of chemical weathering on rocks
Question: The students observed a large crack found in a boulder with a tree growing out of it. Which process were the students observing?
Answer: weathering
Hypothesis: a tree's root growing in a crack in a boulder is an example of weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: an example of weathering is a plant root growing into a crack in rock sent2: a tree is a kind of plant sent3: a boulder is a kind of large rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an example of weathering is a plant root growing into a crack in rock [AND] a tree is a kind of plant [AND] a boulder is a kind of large rock [INFER] int1: a tree's root growing in a crack in a boulder is an example of weathering
Question: The iron in iron-rich red soils may not be in a form that can be taken up by tree roots. As a result, leaves and needles may look yellow. Some trees release acids that convert iron in soil to a usable form. This change in soil chemistry is a type of which process?
Answer: weathering
Hypothesis: some trees producing acid is an example of chemical weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: acid produced by some trees can change the soil chemistry sent2: a change in soil chemistry is a kind of chemical weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] acid produced by some trees can change the soil chemistry [AND] a change in soil chemistry is a kind of chemical weathering [INFER] int1: some trees producing acid is an example of chemical weathering
Question: Before rock can become soil, it must undergo certain processes. One process in the formation of soil involves plants. How can plants chemically change rocks into soil?
Answer: They weather rocks with acid.
Hypothesis: plants can form soil by producing acid to weather rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: plants can produce acid sent2: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction sent3: soil is formed by rocks weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [AND] soil is formed by rocks weathering [INFER] int1: acid can form soil by weathering rocks [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] plants can produce acid [INFER] int2: plants can form soil by producing acid to weather rocks
Question: A scientist was examining a large boulder that was covered with lichens (a combination of fungi and algae). He chipped a piece of the rock and placed it under a microscope. He observed that the surface of the rock was breaking down underneath the lichen. Which was the scientist most likely observing?
Answer: the effects of chemical weathering
Hypothesis: lichens producing acid to break down rocks is an example of chemical weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction sent2: lichens can produce acid to break down rocks sent3: chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [AND] chemical weathering means chemical reaction causes the weathering of rocks [INFER] int1: acid weathering rocks is a kind of chemical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] lichens can produce acid to break down rocks [INFER] int2: lichens producing acid to break down rocks is an example of chemical weathering
Question: Which of these environmental changes goes on for months or years?
Answer: drought
Hypothesis: a drought is an environmental change that occurs over a period of months or years
Supporting facts: sent1: a drought is a kind of slow environmental change sent2: a drought occurs over a period of months / years
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a drought is a kind of slow environmental change [AND] a drought occurs over a period of months / years [INFER] int1: a drought is an environmental change that occurs over a period of months or years
Question: Where would animals and plants be most affected by a flood?
Answer: low areas
Hypothesis: a flood will affect low areas more than higher areas
Supporting facts: sent1: low means low in elevation / height / altitude sent2: as elevation of a place decreases , how much a flood will affect that place will increases sent3: area means a place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] low means low in elevation / height / altitude [AND] area means a place [INFER] int1: low areas means places with low elevation [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] as elevation of a place decreases , how much a flood will affect that place will increases [INFER] int2: a flood will affect low areas more than higher areas
Question: Which natural event can dry out plants and cause wildfires?
Answer: drought
Hypothesis: drought can cause plants to dry out and cause wildfires
Supporting facts: sent1: plants drying out means plants do not have enough water to survive sent2: drought may cause wildfires sent3: drought is when available water decreases in an environment sent4: plants require water to survive
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] drought is when available water decreases in an environment [AND] plants require water to survive [INFER] int1: drought will decrease the water plants need to survive [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] plants drying out means plants do not have enough water to survive [INFER] int2: drought can cause plants to dry out [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] drought may cause wildfires [INFER] int3: drought can cause plants to dry out and cause wildfires
Question: In 1933, a hurricane came ashore at Ocean City, Maryland. A hurricane negatively affects a coastline by
Answer: causing erosion
Hypothesis: a hurricane can cause erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: a hurricane has large amount of rain sent2: a hurricane has high wind speed sent3: rain causes erosion sent4: wind causes erosion
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a hurricane has large amount of rain [AND] a hurricane has high wind speed [INFER] int1: a hurricane has high wind speed and large amount of rain [BECAUSE] rain causes erosion [AND] wind causes erosion [INFER] int2: wind and rain / storms cause erosion [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: a hurricane can cause erosion
Question: Which of the following factors would most likely cause a hurricane to decrease in strength?
Answer: moving over a continent.
Hypothesis: when a hurricane moves over a continent, that hurricane will decrease in strength
Supporting facts: sent1: the temperautre on lands is usually colder and less humid in moisture sent2: moisture and warm temperature is the source of energy in hurricanes sent3: a continent is a kind of large land mass
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the temperautre on lands is usually colder and less humid in moisture [AND] moisture and warm temperature is the source of energy in hurricanes [INFER] int1: when a hurricane moves over land , that hurricane will decrease in strength [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a continent is a kind of large land mass [INFER] int2: when a hurricane moves over a continent, that hurricane will decrease in strength
Question: In the geologic past, abiotic factors such as volcanic eruptions have had an impact on the availability of resources. How can volcanic eruptions impact the availability of resources?
Answer: by disrupting the sunlight from reaching producers
Hypothesis: smoke from vocanic eruptions can decrease resources in an area by decreasing the availability of sunlight
Supporting facts: sent1: disrupting something from reaching something else decreases the availability of that something sent2: as the availability of sunlight decreases , the ability of producers to produce food decrease sent3: smoke from volcanic eruptions can disrupt sunlight from reaching earth 's surface sent4: food is a kind of resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] disrupting something from reaching something else decreases the availability of that something [AND] smoke from volcanic eruptions can disrupt sunlight from reaching earth 's surface [INFER] int1: smoke from volcanic eruptions can decrease the availability of sunlight [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] as the availability of sunlight decreases , the ability of producers to produce food decrease [INFER] int2: smoke from volcanic eruptions can decrease the food produced by the producers by decreasing the availability of sunlight [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] food is a kind of resource [INFER] int3: smoke from vocanic eruptions can decrease resources in an area by decreasing the availability of sunlight
Question: Which of these is the main contributor to the formation of hurricanes?
Answer: warm ocean air
Hypothesis: warm and moist air above the ocean can cause the formation of a hurricane
Supporting facts: sent1: heat and moisture above the ocean cause the formation of a hurricane sent2: air is above the ocean sent3: warm means medium heat energy / temperature
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] heat and moisture above the ocean cause the formation of a hurricane [AND] air is above the ocean [INFER] int1: heat and moisture in the air above the ocean can cause the formation of a hurricane [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] warm means medium heat energy / temperature [INFER] int2: warm and moist air above the ocean can cause the formation of a hurricane
Question: Which event becomes more likely during a drought in a prairie ecosystem?
Answer: fire
Hypothesis: drought may cause wildfires to a prairie
Supporting facts: sent1: drought is when available water decreases in an environment sent2: a prairie is a kind of ecosystem sent3: as the availability of water decreases, the environment will become more dry sent4: dry conditions can cause fire
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] drought is when available water decreases in an environment [AND] as the availability of water decreases, the environment will become more dry [INFER] int1: drought causes the environment to be dry [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] dry conditions can cause fire [INFER] int2: drought may cause wildfires [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a prairie is a kind of ecosystem [INFER] int3: drought may cause wildfires to a prairie
Question: The ocean water near the equator absorbs more heat throughout the year than ocean water near the North Pole. Which of the following best explains this difference?
Answer: The equator receives more direct sunlight.
Hypothesis: the ocean at the equator will abosrb more direct sunlight than the ocean at the poles
Supporting facts: sent1: the equator receives the most amount of direct sunlight throughout the year sent2: if something receives sunlight, it will absorb the sunlight sent3: there is ocean found at the equator and the poles area sent4: the poles receives the least amount of direct sunlight throughout the year
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the equator receives the most amount of direct sunlight throughout the year [AND] the poles receives the least amount of direct sunlight throughout the year [INFER] int1: the equator receives more direct sunlight than the poles on earth [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] there is ocean found at the equator and the poles area [INFER] int2: the ocean at the equator will receive more direct sunlight than the ocean at the poles [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something receives sunlight, it will absorb the sunlight [INFER] int3: the ocean at the equator will abosrb more direct sunlight than the ocean at the poles
Question: The average rainfall in Nevada is about 7 inches per year. The most likely reason for the low amount of rainfall is the
Answer: lack of moisture in the air.
Hypothesis: the low humidity in nevada causes the low amounts of rainfall
Supporting facts: sent1: the climate is low in humidity in nevada sent2: lack of moisture in the air causes low amounts of rainfall
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the climate is low in humidity in nevada [AND] lack of moisture in the air causes low amounts of rainfall [INFER] int1: the low humidity in nevada causes the low amounts of rainfall
Question: Windy, cloudy, rainy, and cold are words that help describe
Answer: weather
Hypothesis: windy, cloudy, rainy, and cold are all kinds of weather
Supporting facts: sent1: cloudy is a kind of weather sent2: rainy is a kind of weather sent3: cold is a kind of weather sent4: windy is a kind of weather
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cloudy is a kind of weather [AND] rainy is a kind of weather [AND] cold is a kind of weather [AND] windy is a kind of weather [INFER] int1: windy, cloudy, rainy, and cold are all kinds of weather
Question: Jenny's class made an instrument to measure air pressure. The instrument is a
Answer: barometer.
Hypothesis: a barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure
Supporting facts: sent1: a barometer is used to measure air pressure sent2: a barometer is a kind of instrument
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a barometer is used to measure air pressure [AND] a barometer is a kind of instrument [INFER] int1: a barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure
Question: Which weather instrument measures air pressure?
Answer: barometer
Hypothesis: a barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure
Supporting facts: sent1: a barometer is used to measure air pressure sent2: a barometer is a kind of instrument
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a barometer is used to measure air pressure [AND] a barometer is a kind of instrument [INFER] int1: a barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure
Question: Which property of air does a barometer measure?
Answer: pressure
Hypothesis: a barometer is used to meausre the air pressure property
Supporting facts: sent1: a barometer is used to measure air pressure sent2: air pressure is a property of air
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a barometer is used to measure air pressure [AND] air pressure is a property of air [INFER] int1: a barometer is used to meausre the air pressure property
Question: Which tool is best used to collect information about the weather?
Answer: thermometer
Hypothesis: a thermometer is used to measure the information about weather on temperature
Supporting facts: sent1: a property is a kind of information sent2: a thermometer is used to measure temperature sent3: temperature is a property of weather
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a property is a kind of information [AND] temperature is a property of weather [INFER] int1: temperature is a kindof information about weather [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a thermometer is used to measure temperature [INFER] int2: a thermometer is used to measure the information about weather on temperature
Question: A large cold front is moving past the school on a hot, humid summer day. Which best describes the type of weather as the cold front passes by?
Answer: A thunderstorm
Hypothesis: the weather will change from hot and humid to having thunderstorms at the school
Supporting facts: sent1: cold fronts cause thunderstorms as they pass by sent2: a large cold front is moving past the school sent3: the weather at school is hot and humid
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cold fronts cause thunderstorms as they pass by [AND] a large cold front is moving past the school [INFER] int1: the large cold front passing the school will cause thunderstorms [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the weather at school is hot and humid [INFER] int2: the weather will change from hot and humid to having thunderstorms at the school
Question: Directions Read the information about wind erosion then answer the question. Wind can cause erosion that changes the surface of the Earth. Wind erosion can have negative effects on the environment by removing soil and polluting the air during dust storms. Walter wanted to find out if faster wind speeds increased the amount of wind erosion. Which instrument should he use to measure wind speed?
Answer: anemometer
Hypothesis: an anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed
Supporting facts: sent1: an anemometer is a kind of instrument sent2: an anemometer is used to measure wind speed
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an anemometer is a kind of instrument [AND] an anemometer is used to measure wind speed [INFER] int1: an anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed
Question: On a cold, cloudy day, the local weather forecaster predicts that a high-pressure system will be moving into the area in the next 24 hours. Which weather conditions will this system most likely bring to the area?
Answer: sunny
Hypothesis: high pressure systems can cause sunny weather
Supporting facts: sent1: clear weather means sunny / not cloudy / not rainy weather sent2: high pressure systems cause clear weather
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] clear weather means sunny / not cloudy / not rainy weather [AND] high pressure systems cause clear weather [INFER] int1: high pressure systems can cause sunny weather
Question: Which type of activity would most likely be included on a weather map?
Answer: hurricane
Hypothesis: a hurricane will be shown on a weather map
Supporting facts: sent1: hurricane is a kind of severe weather sent2: a weather map is a map showing the weather for an area
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hurricane is a kind of severe weather [AND] a weather map is a map showing the weather for an area [INFER] int1: a hurricane will be shown on a weather map
Question: Which information is used in a station model?
Answer: wind direction in a particular point and time
Hypothesis: wind direction in a particular point and time is displayed in a station model
Supporting facts: sent1: a station model is used for displaying information about weather in a particular point and time sent2: wind direction is a property of weather sent3: a property is a kind of information
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] wind direction is a property of weather [AND] a property is a kind of information [INFER] int1: wind direction is a kind of information about weather [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a station model is used for displaying information about weather in a particular point and time [INFER] int2: wind direction in a particular point and time is displayed in a station model
Question: Why should plants be included in investigations about the water cycle?
Answer: Plants are part of the water cycle through the process of transpiration.
Hypothesis: transpiration of plants is a stage in the water cycle process by moving water vapor from plants to atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: transpiration is a stage in the water cycle process sent2: transpiration is when water vapor moves from plants into the atmosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] transpiration is a stage in the water cycle process [AND] transpiration is when water vapor moves from plants into the atmosphere [INFER] int1: transpiration of plants is a stage in the water cycle process by moving water vapor from plants to atmosphere
Question: Which effect do rapidly cooling temperatures have on the water cycle?
Answer: Water vapor condenses into droplets.
Hypothesis: water vapor cooling causes that water vapor to condense into liquid water
Supporting facts: sent1: water is in the liquid state, called liquid water sent2: water is a kind of substance sent3: cooling means temperature decreases sent4: water vapor is rapidly cooled sent5: water is in the gas state , called water vapor sent6: condensing means a substance changes from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy sent7: temperature is a measure of heat energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water is a kind of substance [AND] condensing means a substance changes from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy [INFER] int1: water condensing means water changes from a gas to a liquid by decreasing heat energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water is in the liquid state, called liquid water [AND] water is in the gas state , called water vapor [INFER] int2: water condensing means water changes from water vapor to liquid water by decreasing heat energy [BECAUSE] cooling means temperature decreases [AND] temperature is a measure of heat energy [INFER] int3: cooling means decreasing in heat energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [AND] water vapor is rapidly cooled [INFER] int4: water vapor cooling causes that water vapor to condense into liquid water
Question: Which of these could cause water vapor to condense into rain droplets?
Answer: air rising into colder regions of the atmosphere
Hypothesis: air rising into a colder region will cause the water vapor to condense into rain droplets
Supporting facts: sent1: condensing means a substance changes from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy sent2: water is a kind of substance sent3: water is in the gas state , called water vapor sent4: air is rising to a colder region sent5: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent6: colder means lower in temperature sent7: clouds are formed by water vapor rising into colder regions of the atmosphere and condensing into rain droplets sent8: water is in the liquid state, called liquid water sent9: water vapor is found in the atmosphere sent10: lower is similar to decreasing sent11: atmosphere means air
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] lower is similar to decreasing [AND] temperature is a measure of heat energy [AND] colder means lower in temperature [INFER] int1: colder means a decrease in heat energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] air is rising to a colder region [INFER] int2: the heat energy of the air will decrease when air is rising to a colder region [BECAUSE] atmosphere means air [AND] water vapor is found in the atmosphere [INFER] int3: air contains water vapor [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: the water vapor in air will decrease in heat energy when air is rising to a colder region [BECAUSE] condensing means a substance changes from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy [AND] water is a kind of substance [INFER] int5: water condensing is when water changing from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] water is in the gas state , called water vapor [AND] water is in the liquid state, called liquid water [INFER] int6: water condensing is when water changing from water vapor into liquid water by decreasing heat energy [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: air rising into a colder region will cause the water vapor in air to condense [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] clouds are formed by water vapor rising into colder regions of the atmosphere and condensing into rain droplets [INFER] int8: air rising into a colder region will cause the water vapor to condense into rain droplets
Question: Which process in the water cycle returns water from the surface of Earth to the atmosphere?
Answer: evaporation
Hypothesis: evaporation will transfer the water in bodies of water on the surface of earth back into the air
Supporting facts: sent1: evaporation is when water is drawn back up into the air in the water cycle sent2: in the water cycle , evaporation always follows collection in bodies of water sent3: bodies of water are located on the surface of the earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] evaporation is when water is drawn back up into the air in the water cycle [AND] in the water cycle , evaporation always follows collection in bodies of water [AND] bodies of water are located on the surface of the earth [INFER] int1: evaporation will transfer the water in bodies of water on the surface of earth back into the air