ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Automobile engines built today are designed to be gas efficient. Gas-efficient engines most likely affect a city by reducing
Answer: air pollution.
Hypothesis: using a gas-efficient engine in automobiles will cause less air pollution
Supporting facts: sent1: burning gasoline is a source of air pollution sent2: gas-efficient engines uses less gasoline sent3: using gasoline requires burning gasoline sent4: an engine is a part of an automobile
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] gas-efficient engines uses less gasoline [AND] using gasoline requires burning gasoline [INFER] int1: gas-efficient engines will burn less gasoline [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] burning gasoline is a source of air pollution [INFER] int2: gas-efficient engines will cause less air pollution [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an engine is a part of an automobile [INFER] int3: using a gas-efficient engine in automobiles will cause less air pollution
Question: Sulfur scrubbers are devices installed in coal-fired power plants. Sulfur scrubbers reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide. What environmental problem are sulfur scrubbers most likely trying to address?
Answer: acid rain
Hypothesis: sulfur scrubbers can reduce the cause of acid rain
Supporting facts: sent1: emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain sent2: sulfur scrubbers can reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain [AND] sulfur scrubbers can reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide [INFER] int1: sulfur scrubbers can reduce the cause of acid rain
Question: The mountain chorus frog is an endangered species in Maryland. In addition to the loss of habitat, what most likely caused this frog population to decline?
Answer: poisons dissolved in the water
Hypothesis: poisonous things added in water can cause the population of mountain chorus frogs to decrease
Supporting facts: sent1: a mountain chorus frog is a kind of animal sent2: polluting means something poisonous is added to an environment sent3: pollutions in animals habitat can cause the population of animals to decrease sent4: bodies of water are the habitats for aquatic animals sent5: a body of water is a kind of environment sent6: a frog is a kind of aquatic animal sent7: a mountain chorus frog is a kind of frog
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a frog is a kind of aquatic animal [AND] a mountain chorus frog is a kind of frog [INFER] int1: a mountain chorus frog is a kind of aquatic animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] bodies of water are the habitats for aquatic animals [INFER] int2: bodies of water are the habitats for mountain chorus frogs [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a mountain chorus frog is a kind of animal [AND] pollutions in animals habitat can cause the population of animals to decrease [INFER] int3: water pollution in bodies of water can cause the population of mountain chorus frogs to decrease [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] polluting means something poisonous is added to an environment [AND] a body of water is a kind of environment [INFER] int4: poisonous things added in water can cause the population of mountain chorus frogs to decrease
Question: Offshore oil platforms affect ocean habitats. An ocean environment is most likely damaged by an offshore oil platform because
Answer: leaking oil from the oil platform might pollute the water
Hypothesis: offshore oil platforms might cause water pollution by leaking oil into the water
Supporting facts: sent1: offshore oil platforms might cause oil to leak into the water sent2: oil is a kind of pollutant sent3: water is a part of an environment sent4: water pollution is when humans pollute the environment with pollutants
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] oil is a kind of pollutant [AND] water pollution is when humans pollute the environment with pollutants [INFER] int1: an example of water pollution is when humans pollute the environment with oil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] offshore oil platforms might cause oil to leak into the water [AND] water is a part of an environment [INFER] int2: offshore oil platforms might cause water pollution by leaking oil into the water
Question: Lori owns a house next to the lake. She uses lots of fertilizer to keep her lawn green. Which impact could fertilizing her lawn have on the lake?
Answer: an increase in the algae population
Hypothesis: the population of algae in the lake will increase because of the fertilizer in the runoff
Supporting facts: sent1: a lake is a kind of body of water sent2: a lawn is a piece of land covered with grass sent3: fertilizers have a positive impact on algae growth sent4: algae is found in bodies of water sent5: lori uses fertilizer on her lawn sent6: runoff flows across land and ends in bodies of water sent7: if fertilizer is used on a land, then the runoff from that land will contain fertilizer
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a lawn is a piece of land covered with grass [AND] lori uses fertilizer on her lawn [AND] if fertilizer is used on a land, then the runoff from that land will contain fertilizer [INFER] int1: the runoff from the lawn will contain fertilizer [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a lake is a kind of body of water [AND] runoff flows across land and ends in bodies of water [INFER] int2: the runoff from the lawn containing fertilizer can flow and end in the lake [BECAUSE] a lake is a kind of body of water [AND] algae is found in bodies of water [INFER] int3: algae can be found in lake [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [AND] fertilizers have a positive impact on algae growth [INFER] int4: the population of algae in the lake will increase because of the fertilizer in the runoff
Question: One effect of ocean pollution is that it can reduce populations of phytoplankton and algae. The reduction of these populations might have which impact on an ecosystem?
Answer: decreasing the amount of oxygen being produced
Hypothesis: ocean pollution can cause the amount of oxygen to decrease in the ocean
Supporting facts: sent1: ocean pollution can decrease the number of phytoplanktons and algae sent2: phytoplankton is a kind of plant sent3: plants are a source of oxygen through photosynthesis sent4: algae is found in bodies of water sent5: phytoplanktons are found in bodies of water sent6: algae is a kind of plant sent7: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent8: as the amount of a source of something decreases , the amount of that something will decrease
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] phytoplankton is a kind of plant [AND] phytoplanktons are found in bodies of water [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [INFER] int1: phytoplanktons are plants that can be found in the ocean [BECAUSE] algae is found in bodies of water [AND] algae is a kind of plant [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [INFER] int2: algae is a plant that can be found in the ocean [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: phytoplanktons and algae are plants that can be found in the ocean [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] plants are a source of oxygen through photosynthesis [INFER] int4: phytoplanktons and algae are source of oxygen in the ocean [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] ocean pollution can decrease the number of phytoplanktons and algae [INFER] int5: ocean pollution can decrease the source of oxygen in the ocean [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] as the amount of a source of something decreases , the amount of that something will decrease [INFER] int6: ocean pollution can cause the amount of oxygen to decrease in the ocean
Question: A recent study concluded that about 90% of all large predatory fish such as tuna have disappeared from the world's oceans in the past 50 years. Which of these is most likely the direct cause of this loss?
Answer: Commercial harvesting from the ocean
Hypothesis: commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused the populations of tuna to decrease
Supporting facts: sent1: commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused populations of large predatory fish to decrease sent2: tuna is a kind of fish sent3: tuna eat fish sent4: if an animal eats other animals for food , then the animal is the predator
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] tuna eat fish [AND] if an animal eats other animals for food , then the animal is the predator [INFER] int1: tuna is a kind of predator [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] tuna is a kind of fish [INFER] int2: tuna is a kind of predatory fish [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused populations of large predatory fish to decrease [INFER] int3: commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused the populations of tuna to decrease
Question: The populations of black rhinoceroses have been impacted by human interactions to the point of being endangered. Which interaction best explains why the black rhino is now endangered?
Answer: over hunting
Hypothesis: overhunting can cause the rhinoceros to be endangered
Supporting facts: sent1: a rhinoceros is a kind of animal sent2: decreasing in population will cause the population to be low sent3: endangered means low in population sent4: overhunting decreases animal populations
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a rhinoceros is a kind of animal [AND] overhunting decreases animal populations [INFER] int1: overhunting can decrease rhinoceros populations [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] decreasing in population will cause the population to be low [AND] endangered means low in population [INFER] int2: overhunting can cause the rhinoceros to be endangered
Question: Thousands of years ago, several species of large mammals existed in North America. These species became extinct not long after the first human settlement of North America. Which human activity most likely contributed to the extinction of these mammals?
Answer: hunting
Hypothesis: if hunting decreases the animal population to zero, then that animal is extinct
Supporting facts: sent1: killing a living thing decreases the population of that living thing sent2: hunting is when a human kills an animal for food / recreation in the wild sent3: an animal is a kind of living thing sent4: an animal is a kind of organism sent5: if a population decreases to zero then that organism is extinct
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] killing a living thing decreases the population of that living thing [AND] hunting is when a human kills an animal for food / recreation in the wild [AND] an animal is a kind of living thing [INFER] int1: hunting / overhunting decreases animal populations [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] if a population decreases to zero then that organism is extinct [INFER] int2: if hunting decreases the animal population to zero, then that animal is extinct
Question: When hunting by humans causes a species to become extinct, this may produce damaging effects throughout the ecosystem of the extinct species. What is the cause of this damage?
Answer: alteration of a food web
Hypothesis: extinctions of organisms can cause damage to an ecosystem by changing the food web
Supporting facts: sent1: an organism becoming extinct causes a change in the organism 's food web sent2: a change in a food web can cause damage to an ecosystem
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an organism becoming extinct causes a change in the organism 's food web [AND] a change in a food web can cause damage to an ecosystem [INFER] int1: extinctions of organisms can cause damage to an ecosystem by changing the food web
Question: Aluminum containers can be melted and made into new products. How will recycling aluminum most likely benefit communities?
Answer: People will add less to landfills.
Hypothesis: recycling aluminum can decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills
Supporting facts: sent1: recycling decreases the amount of waste sent to landfills sent2: aluminum is recyclable sent3: recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] aluminum is recyclable [AND] recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times [INFER] int1: aluminum can be recycled [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] recycling decreases the amount of waste sent to landfills [INFER] int2: recycling aluminum can decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills
Question: Which is the best example of recycling?
Answer: using aluminum cans to make new products
Hypothesis: using aluminum cans to make a new object is an example of recycling
Supporting facts: sent1: an aluminum can is a kind of object sent2: recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times sent3: aluminum cans are made of aluminum sent4: aluminum is recyclable sent5: an example of recycling is using an object to make a new object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] aluminum cans are made of aluminum [AND] aluminum is recyclable [INFER] int1: aluminum cans are recyclable [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times [INFER] int2: aluminum cans can be recyled many times [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an aluminum can is a kind of object [AND] an example of recycling is using an object to make a new object [INFER] int3: using aluminum cans to make a new object is an example of recycling
Question: Which object used in an experiment can safely be recycled?
Answer: an aluminum can
Hypothesis: an aluminum can is recyclable
Supporting facts: sent1: aluminum is recyclable sent2: an aluminum can is made of aluminum
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] aluminum is recyclable [AND] an aluminum can is made of aluminum [INFER] int1: an aluminum can is recyclable
Question: One way that students can help conserve natural resources at school is by
Answer: recycling aluminum cans.
Hypothesis: recycling aluminum cans has a positive impact on the conservation of those resources
Supporting facts: sent1: recycling resources has a positive impact on the conservation of those resources sent2: metal is a kind of natural resource sent3: aluminum cans are made of aluminum sent4: aluminum is a kind of metal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] metal is a kind of natural resource [AND] aluminum is a kind of metal [INFER] int1: aluminum is a kind of natural resource [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] aluminum cans are made of aluminum [INFER] int2: aluminum cans are made of a natural resource [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] recycling resources has a positive impact on the conservation of those resources [INFER] int3: recycling aluminum cans has a positive impact on the conservation of those resources
Question: In 2004, Maryland recycled more than 35% of all of the waste the state produced. Which of these benefits does recycling provide to Maryland?
Answer: less trash sent to landfills
Hypothesis: recycling decreases the amount of trash sent to landfills
Supporting facts: sent1: trash is similar to waste sent2: recycling decreases the amount of waste sent to landfills
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] trash is similar to waste [AND] recycling decreases the amount of waste sent to landfills [INFER] int1: recycling decreases the amount of trash sent to landfills
Question: Students are learning about the natural resources in Maryland. One group of students researches information about renewable natural resources in the state. The other group researches information about nonrenewable natural resources in the state. The resources the students investigate include plants, animals, soil, minerals, water, coal, and oil. Aluminum is a nonrenewable natural resource. Which of these methods of aluminum disposal is best for the environment?
Answer: recycling it
Hypothesis: recycling aluminum is the best way to dispose aluminum
Supporting facts: sent1: recycling nonrenewable resources has a positive impact on the environment sent2: recycling is a kind of method of disposal sent3: aluminum is a kind of material sent4: recyclable means a material can be recycled many times sent5: aluminum is a nonrenewable resource sent6: aluminum is recyclable
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] aluminum is a kind of material [AND] aluminum is recyclable [INFER] int1: aluminum is a kind of material that is recyclable [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] recyclable means a material can be recycled many times [INFER] int2: aluminum can be recycled many times [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] aluminum is a nonrenewable resource [INFER] int3: aluminum is a nonrenewable resource that can be recycled many times [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] recycling nonrenewable resources has a positive impact on the environment [INFER] int4: recycling aluminum has a positive impact on the environment [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] recycling is a kind of method of disposal [INFER] int5: recycling aluminum is the best way to dispose aluminum
Question: A scientist working on a new package design wants to use a material that is highly recyclable, biodegradable, and inexpensive. The best material for the package design is
Answer: cardboard.
Hypothesis: cardboard is a material that is recyclable, biodegradable, and inexpensive in cost
Supporting facts: sent1: cardboard is inexpensive in cost sent2: cardboard is recyclable sent3: cardboard is a kind of material sent4: cardboard is biodegradable
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cardboard is inexpensive in cost [AND] cardboard is recyclable [AND] cardboard is a kind of material [AND] cardboard is biodegradable [INFER] int1: cardboard is a material that is recyclable, biodegradable, and inexpensive in cost
Question: Which property of Earth's interior keeps the innermost part in a solid state?
Answer: extremely high pressure
Hypothesis: the inner core of earth is solid
Supporting facts: sent1: the inner core is located in the center of the earth sent2: the pressure at the center of the earth is extremely high sent3: extreme high pressure causes the inner core of earth to be in solid state
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the inner core is located in the center of the earth [AND] the pressure at the center of the earth is extremely high [INFER] int1: the inner core of the earth is under extremely high pressure [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] extreme high pressure causes the inner core of earth to be in solid state [INFER] int2: the inner core of earth is solid
Question: A difference between the oceanic crust and the continental crust is that the oceanic crust is
Answer: more dense than the continental crust.
Hypothesis: the oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust
Supporting facts: sent1: the oceanic crust mainly is made of basalt sent2: the continental crust mainly is made of granite sent3: basalt is more dense than granite
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the oceanic crust mainly is made of basalt [AND] the continental crust mainly is made of granite [AND] basalt is more dense than granite [INFER] int1: the oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust
Question: What best describes the mantle of Earth?
Answer: the largest layer between the crust and outer core
Hypothesis: the mantle is the largest layer of the earth located between the crust and the outer core
Supporting facts: sent1: the mantle is the largest layer of the earth sent2: the mantle is located between the crust and the outer core
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the mantle is the largest layer of the earth [AND] the mantle is located between the crust and the outer core [INFER] int1: the mantle is the largest layer of the earth located between the crust and the outer core
Question: In studying layers of rock sediment, a geologist found an area where older rock was layered on top of younger rock. Which best explains how this occurred?
Answer: Earthquake activity folded the rock layers.
Hypothesis: earthquakes causes older rock layers to be on top of younger rock layers by folding the rock layers
Supporting facts: sent1: earthquakes causes older rock to be on top of younger rock sent2: earthquakes cause rock layers to fold on top of each other
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] earthquakes causes older rock to be on top of younger rock [AND] earthquakes cause rock layers to fold on top of each other [INFER] int1: earthquakes causes older rock layers to be on top of younger rock layers by folding the rock layers
Question: When an earthquake wave passes from the crust to the mantle, the wave
Answer: changes speed.
Hypothesis: earthquake waves will travel at different speed in the mantle and the crust
Supporting facts: sent1: basalt is a kind of material sent2: granite is a kind of material sent3: the mantle of the earth is mainly made of silicate sent4: silicate is a kind of material sent5: waves travel at different speed in different medium sent6: different media are made of different materials sent7: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave sent8: the crust of the earth is made of basalt or granite
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the mantle of the earth is mainly made of silicate [AND] the crust of the earth is made of basalt or granite [INFER] int1: the mantle of the earth is mainly made of silicate and the crust of the earth is made of basalt or ganite [BECAUSE] basalt is a kind of material [AND] granite is a kind of material [AND] silicate is a kind of material [INFER] int2: silicate, basalt, and granite are kinds of materials [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] different media are made of different materials [INFER] int3: the mantle and the crust are different media [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] waves travel at different speed in different medium [INFER] int4: waves will travel at different speed in the mantle and the crust [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] an earthquake wave is a kind of wave [INFER] int5: earthquake waves will travel at different speed in the mantle and the crust
Question: Many processes on Earth occur at or near tectonic plate boundaries. Which geological events are most common along tectonic plate boundaries?
Answer: earthquakes and volcanoes
Hypothesis: active volcanoes and earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries
Supporting facts: sent1: active volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent2: earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] active volcanoes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries [AND] earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries [INFER] int1: active volcanoes and earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries
Question: Which of the following statements best explains why earthquakes occur more frequently in California than in Massachusetts?
Answer: California is located on the boundary of two crustal plates, but Massachusetts is not.
Hypothesis: earthquakes are more likely to occur in california than in massachusetts
Supporting facts: sent1: california is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates sent2: earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries sent3: massachusetts is not located on the boundary of two tectonic plates
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] california is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates [AND] earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries [AND] massachusetts is not located on the boundary of two tectonic plates [INFER] int1: earthquakes are more likely to occur in california than in massachusetts
Question: Earthquake waves are recorded by seismograph machines. What does an earthquake wave transmit?
Answer: energy
Hypothesis: earthquake waves transmit energy from one place to another
Supporting facts: sent1: all waves transmit energy from one place to another sent2: an earthquake wave is a kind of wave
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] all waves transmit energy from one place to another [AND] an earthquake wave is a kind of wave [INFER] int1: earthquake waves transmit energy from one place to another
Question: Which is a process that most likely formed the Appalachian Mountains found in the eastern part of North America?
Answer: plate tectonics
Hypothesis: the appalachian mountains are formed by plate tectonics
Supporting facts: sent1: mountains are formed by plate tectonics sent2: the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mountains are formed by plate tectonics [AND] the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain [INFER] int1: the appalachian mountains are formed by plate tectonics