ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: What geographic obstacle causes water to condense in an air mass as the air mass moves?
Answer: mountains
Hypothesis: mountain is the geographic obstacle that can cause the water in the air mass to condense
Supporting facts: sent1: mountains can cause the water in the air mass to condense sent2: mountain is a kind of geographic obstacles
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mountains can cause the water in the air mass to condense [AND] mountain is a kind of geographic obstacles [INFER] int1: mountain is the geographic obstacle that can cause the water in the air mass to condense
Question: How do moose use a learned behavior to protect themselves?
Answer: They roll in a pool of muddy water to avoid fly bites.
Hypothesis: a moose rolling in mud to avoid fly bites is a kind of learned behavior
Supporting facts: sent1: rolling in mud is a learned behavior sent2: a fly is a kind of insect sent3: rolling in mud can be used to avoid insect bites by an animal sent4: a moose is a kind of animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a fly is a kind of insect [AND] rolling in mud can be used to avoid insect bites by an animal [AND] a moose is a kind of animal [INFER] int1: rolling in mud can be used to avoid fly bites by a moose [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rolling in mud is a learned behavior [INFER] int2: a moose rolling in mud to avoid fly bites is a kind of learned behavior
Question: The weather forecast says a heavy snowstorm is coming later today. Which weather observation is likely just before the snow?
Answer: thick grey clouds
Hypothesis: grey clouds can be a source of snow
Supporting facts: sent1: snow is a kind of precipitation sent2: grey clouds are a source of precipitation
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] snow is a kind of precipitation [AND] grey clouds are a source of precipitation [INFER] int1: grey clouds can be a source of snow
Question: Which process must occur for clouds to form?
Answer: condensation
Hypothesis: condensation is required for clouds to form
Supporting facts: sent1: condensation causes clouds to form sent2: if something causes a process then that something is required for that process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] condensation causes clouds to form [AND] if something causes a process then that something is required for that process [INFER] int1: condensation is required for clouds to form
Question: Which gas, when condensed into its liquid state in the atmosphere, forms clouds?
Answer: water vapor
Hypothesis: the condensation of water vapor causes cloud to form
Supporting facts: sent1: clouds are formed by water vapor rising into colder regions of the atmosphere and condensing sent2: water vapor is a kind of gas
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] clouds are formed by water vapor rising into colder regions of the atmosphere and condensing [AND] water vapor is a kind of gas [INFER] int1: the condensation of water vapor causes cloud to form
Question: When water evaporates from Earth's surface into the atmosphere, its molecules enter the gas state. What change in this gas causes molecules to condense into the small water droplets that form clouds?
Answer: The temperature is reduced.
Hypothesis: decreased temperature will cause water vapor to condense to water droplets
Supporting facts: sent1: water vapor is water in gas state sent2: temperature is a measure of heat energy sent3: water droplets are water in liquid state sent4: condensing means a substance changes from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] temperature is a measure of heat energy [AND] condensing means a substance changes from a gas into a liquid by decreasing heat energy [INFER] int1: decreased temperature will cause a substance to condense from a gas to a liquid [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water vapor is water in gas state [AND] water droplets are water in liquid state [INFER] int2: decreased temperature will cause water vapor to condense to water droplets
Question: Which two observations are both used to describe weather?
Answer: temperature and sky conditions
Hypothesis: sky and temperature are used to describe weather
Supporting facts: sent1: temperature is a property of weather sent2: the properties of something are used for describing that something sent3: sky conditions are a property of weather
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] temperature is a property of weather [AND] the properties of something are used for describing that something [AND] sky conditions are a property of weather [INFER] int1: sky and temperature are used to describe weather
Question: What is the main source of energy that drives all weather patterns?
Answer: the Sun
Hypothesis: the sun causes the weather patterns
Supporting facts: sent1: the sun is the source of solar energy called sunlight sent2: solar energy causes the weather patterns
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the sun is the source of solar energy called sunlight [AND] solar energy causes the weather patterns [INFER] int1: the sun causes the weather patterns
Question: Two processes are involved in the formation of a sand dune. Which two processes best describe how a sand dune forms?
Answer: wind erosion then deposition
Hypothesis: sand dunes are formed by wind erosion and deposition
Supporting facts: sent1: sand dunes are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand sent2: erosion is when wind transports sediments sent3: sand is a kind of sediment sent4: deposition is when wind deposits sediments
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion is when wind transports sediments [AND] sand is a kind of sediment [AND] deposition is when wind deposits sediments [INFER] int1: wind erosion and deposition can transport and deposit sand [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sand dunes are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand [INFER] int2: sand dunes are formed by wind erosion and deposition
Question: Which process occurs when rocks and soil slide down a mountain?
Answer: erosion
Hypothesis: erosion can cause the rocks and soil on a mountain to move downhill
Supporting facts: sent1: a landslide is when water / gravity rapidly moves rocks / soil downhill especially after a rain storm sent2: erosion / storms can cause a landslide sent3: a mountain is made of rocks / soil
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a landslide is when water / gravity rapidly moves rocks / soil downhill especially after a rain storm [AND] erosion / storms can cause a landslide [INFER] int1: erosion causes rocks and soil to move downhill [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mountain is made of rocks / soil [INFER] int2: erosion can cause the rocks and soil on a mountain to move downhill
Question: Which of the following can cause erosion?
Answer: flowing water
Hypothesis: flowing water can cause erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: erosion is when moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent2: flowing water is a kind of moving water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion is when moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance [AND] flowing water is a kind of moving water [INFER] int1: flowing water can cause erosion
Question: Which would cause the most soil to erode from a river bank in just a few days?
Answer: water from a flood flowing over the river bank
Hypothesis: a flood overflowing the riverbank will cause soil erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: flood is the water that overflows the river bank sent2: a riverbank is made of soil sent3: a flood is a kind of moving water sent4: soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] flood is the water that overflows the river bank [AND] a riverbank is made of soil [INFER] int1: when it floods, water will overflow the soil on the river bank [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a flood is a kind of moving water [AND] soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments [INFER] int2: a flood overflowing the riverbank will cause soil erosion
Question: Wind can cause erosion that changes the surface of the Earth. Wind erosion can have negative effects on the environment by removing soil and polluting the air during dust storms. Which of the following land forms are created by wind erosion?
Answer: sand dunes and arches
Hypothesis: wind erosion can form sand dunes and arches
Supporting facts: sent1: sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand sent2: erosion is when wind transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand [AND] erosion is when wind transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance [INFER] int1: wind erosion can form sand dunes and arches
Question: Why are some rocks smoother and rounder than others?
Answer: They were smoothed by the action of wind and water.
Hypothesis: weathering by wind and water sometimes smooths rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: weather is a source of wind and water for weathering sent2: sometimes weathering smooths / rounds rocks
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] weather is a source of wind and water for weathering [AND] sometimes weathering smooths / rounds rocks [INFER] int1: weathering by wind and water sometimes smooths rocks
Question: At some places in Florida, sand on the beaches is being reduced. New sand is brought from other areas and spread on the beaches. What process causes this reduction to the beach sand?
Answer: erosion
Hypothesis: new sand is brought to the beach by erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance sent2: sand is a kind of sediment sent3: new sand is brought from other places and spread on the beaches
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion is when wind / moving water transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance [AND] sand is a kind of sediment [INFER] int1: erosion can transport sand from one place to another place [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] new sand is brought from other places and spread on the beaches [INFER] int2: new sand is brought to the beach by erosion
Question: What happens when water flows over a rock for a long period of time?
Answer: erosion
Hypothesis: water will cause erosion to the rock over a long period of time
Supporting facts: sent1: erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time sent2: water causes soil and rock erosion
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion usually occurs over a period of many years which is considered a long time [AND] water causes soil and rock erosion [INFER] int1: water will cause erosion to the rock over a long period of time
Question: The prairie grass ecosystem once had a deep layer of topsoil which was protected by the grasses that covered it. Removal of these grasses for farmland is causing the soil to be eroded mainly by
Answer: wind and rain.
Hypothesis: removal of grasses from the land will cause wind and rain to erode the soil
Supporting facts: sent1: wind and rain cause erosion sent2: grass is a kind of plant sent3: soil erosion is when wind and moving water moves soil from fields / environments sent4: in the erosion process roots of plants are an inhibitor sent5: the grasses are removed from the land sent6: removing an inhibitor of a process causes that process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] grass is a kind of plant [AND] in the erosion process roots of plants are an inhibitor [AND] the grasses are removed from the land [INFER] int1: the inhibitor of the erosion process is removed [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the grasses are removed from the land [AND] removing an inhibitor of a process causes that process [INFER] int2: removal of grasses from the land will cause erosion [BECAUSE] wind and rain cause erosion [AND] soil erosion is when wind and moving water moves soil from fields / environments [INFER] int3: wind and rain can cause soil erosion [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: removal of grasses from the land will cause wind and rain to erode the soil
Question: Grooves running down the sides of a riverbank are most likely caused by
Answer: rainwater.
Hypothesis: rainwater can cause grooves in a riverbank
Supporting facts: sent1: soil loss causes grooves in soil sent2: rainwater is a kind of water sent3: a riverbank is made of soil sent4: soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] soil loss causes grooves in soil [AND] soil erosion means soil loss through wind / water / animals [INFER] int1: soil erosion caused by water will cause grooves in soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rainwater is a kind of water [INFER] int2: rainwater can cause grooves in soil [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a riverbank is made of soil [INFER] int3: rainwater can cause grooves in a riverbank
Question: A student finds a round, smooth pebble on a beach. Which action made the pebble smooth?
Answer: waves moving
Hypothesis: waves interacting with pebbles can smooth pebbles
Supporting facts: sent1: a pebble is a kind of small rock sent2: rocks interacting with moving water over long periods of time causes weathering sent3: waves are made of moving water sent4: sometimes weathering smooths rocks
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rocks interacting with moving water over long periods of time causes weathering [AND] sometimes weathering smooths rocks [INFER] int1: moving water interacting with rocks would smooth the rocks [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] waves are made of moving water [INFER] int2: waves interacting with rocks can smooth rocks [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a pebble is a kind of small rock [INFER] int3: waves interacting with pebbles can smooth pebbles
Question: A large quantity of heavy rain falling in a short time period will most likely
Answer: reduce the amount of nutrients in the soil.
Hypothesis: rain can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil
Supporting facts: sent1: erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil sent2: rain causes erosion
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil [AND] rain causes erosion [INFER] int1: rain can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil
Question: A group of students is taking a hike along a stream channel. One student picks up a rock from the stream and notices that the rock is very smooth and round. Which type of weathering most likely shaped the rock?
Answer: abrasion
Hypothesis: abrasion is the kind of weathering that would change the rocks from rough into smooth and rough
Supporting facts: sent1: abrasion changes rocks from rough into smooth and round sent2: abrasion is a kind of weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] abrasion changes rocks from rough into smooth and round [AND] abrasion is a kind of weathering [INFER] int1: abrasion is the kind of weathering that would change the rocks from rough into smooth and rough
Question: When trees are removed from an area in a tropical rainforest, the area experiences an increase in soil erosion. Which statement best explains why removing the trees can lead to soil erosion?
Answer: There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place.
Hypothesis: removing trees will increase soil erosion by decreasing the roots holding the soil in place
Supporting facts: sent1: roots hold soil in place sent2: removing trees will decrease the roots in the soil sent3: if soil is held in place, then soil erosion can be prevented
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] roots hold soil in place [AND] if soil is held in place, then soil erosion can be prevented [INFER] int1: roots help prevent soil erosion by holding soil in place [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] removing trees will decrease the roots in the soil [INFER] int2: removing trees will increase soil erosion by decreasing the roots holding the soil in place
Question: If water gets into the crack of a rock and then freezes, the rock will MOST likely
Answer: break apart
Hypothesis: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes
Supporting facts: sent1: when water freezes , that water expands sent2: if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack sent3: if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] when water freezes , that water expands [AND] if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack [INFER] int1: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then water will expand in the crack [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart [INFER] int2: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes
Question: Which event can cause a large rock to become soil over time?
Answer: weathering
Hypothesis: soil is formed by breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: soil is formed by weathering sent2: weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] soil is formed by weathering [AND] weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces [INFER] int1: soil is formed by breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Question: A glacier is a slow moving river of ice. How does a glacier help create soil?
Answer: It scrapes small particles off large rocks.
Hypothesis: the small particles of a rock scraped by the glacier can make up soil
Supporting facts: sent1: scraping an object may cause small particles to break off of that object sent2: very small rocks / minerals are kinds of of small particles sent3: glacier may scrape rocks when it moves sent4: a rock is a kind of object sent5: soil is made of very small rocks / minerals
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] scraping an object may cause small particles to break off of that object [AND] a rock is a kind of object [INFER] int1: scraping a rock may cause small particles to break off the whole rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] glacier may scrape rocks when it moves [INFER] int2: glacier can scrape a rock and cause small particles to break off the whole rock [BECAUSE] very small rocks / minerals are kinds of of small particles [AND] soil is made of very small rocks / minerals [INFER] int3: soil is made of small particles of rock / minerals [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: the small particles of a rock scraped by the glacier can make up soil
Question: Which action most likely causes large rocks to become smaller pieces of rock?
Answer: weathering by wind and water
Hypothesis: interacting with wind and moving water causes the rocks to be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: rocks interacting with wind and moving water over long periods of time causes weathering sent2: weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rocks interacting with wind and moving water over long periods of time causes weathering [AND] weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by weather / mechanical means [INFER] int1: interacting with wind and moving water causes the rocks to be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces
Question: A large rock breaks into small pieces within 10 years. Which process is most likely responsible for breaking the large rock into small pieces within 10 years?
Answer: water repeatedly freezing and thawing in a crack
Hypothesis: rocks will be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces by cycles of freezing and thawing water
Supporting facts: sent1: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging sent2: mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means sent3: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging [AND] ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering [INFER] int1: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int2: rocks will be broken down from a larger whole into smaller pieces by cycles of freezing and thawing water
Question: The freezing and thawing action of water affects a rock by
Answer: gradually breaking down the rock into smaller pieces.
Hypothesis: cycles of freezing and thawing water will break down rocks from larger whole into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means sent2: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging sent3: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging [AND] ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering [INFER] int1: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int2: cycles of freezing and thawing water will break down rocks from larger whole into smaller pieces
Question: A student climbs up a rocky mountain trail in Maine. She sees many small pieces of rock on the path. Which action most likely made the small pieces of rock?
Answer: ice breaking large rocks apart
Hypothesis: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause the rocks to break into smaller pieces
Supporting facts: sent1: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent2: mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means sent3: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering [AND] cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging [INFER] int1: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mechanical weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int2: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause the rocks to break into smaller pieces
Question: Many natural rock formations change color over time. In Utah, for example, iron oxidized and formed red, orange, and yellow rock. Which of the following is the cause of this change?
Answer: chemical weathering
Hypothesis: chemical weathering can cause iron in rock to oxidize and change the color of the rock to yellow, red, or orange
Supporting facts: sent1: oxidation of iron will change the iron to yellow, red, or orange color sent2: chemical weathering causes iron in rock to oxidize sent3: rocks sometimes contain iron
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] oxidation of iron will change the iron to yellow, red, or orange color [AND] chemical weathering causes iron in rock to oxidize [AND] rocks sometimes contain iron [INFER] int1: chemical weathering can cause iron in rock to oxidize and change the color of the rock to yellow, red, or orange
Question: Biotic forces can cause changes to the surface of Earth. Which is the best example of living organisms causing weathering?
Answer: Tree seedlings growing and forming cracks in rocks.
Hypothesis: a plant's roots causing weathering is an example of a living thing causing weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: a plant 's roots slowly break down rocks as the roots grow sent2: a plant is a kind of living thing sent3: weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a plant 's roots slowly break down rocks as the roots grow [AND] weathering means breaking down rocks from a larger whole into smaller pieces by mechanical means [INFER] int1: a plant's roots can cause weathering on rocks [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a plant is a kind of living thing [INFER] int2: a plant's roots causing weathering is an example of a living thing causing weathering
Question: Growth and activities of organisms can speed up the chemical weathering of rocks. Which organisms naturally cause most of the chemical weathering of rocks?
Answer: mosses
Hypothesis: mosses can cause chemical weathering by producing acid from their roots
Supporting facts: sent1: mosses produces acid from their roots sent2: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mosses produces acid from their roots [AND] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [INFER] int1: mosses can cause chemical weathering by producing acid from their roots