ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which best explains how the Appalachian Mountains formed?
Answer: tectonic plates collided
Hypothesis: the appalanchian mountains are formed at the convergent boundaries by the collision of the tectonice plates
Supporting facts: sent1: the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain sent2: a mountain range is formed by rocks folding upon one another sent3: the collision of tectonic plates are found at the convergent boundaries sent4: the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the collision of tectonic plates are found at the convergent boundaries [AND] the collision of the boundaries causes rocks to fold [INFER] int1: the collision of the tectonic plates causes rocks to fold at the convergent boundaries [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a mountain range is formed by rocks folding upon one another [INFER] int2: mountains will form at the convergent boundaries by the collision of the tectonic plates [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the appalachian mountains are a kind of mountain [INFER] int3: the appalanchian mountains are formed at the convergent boundaries by the collision of the tectonice plates
Question: The principle of uniformitarianism states that most of the landscape of Earth was formed slowly and over a long period of time. Which occurrence of Earth is least supported by this principle?
Answer: volcanic eruption
Hypothesis: volcano eruption can quickly form a new land when lava cools down
Supporting facts: sent1: a volcanic eruption is a kind of quick process sent2: new land can be formed by volcanoes erupting by lava cooling
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a volcanic eruption is a kind of quick process [AND] new land can be formed by volcanoes erupting by lava cooling [INFER] int1: volcano eruption can quickly form a new land when lava cools down
Question: In 1783, Europe was unusually cold and foggy. The rain was acidic. Which event most likely caused the unusual climate in Europe that year?
Answer: A major volcanic eruption released ash and sulfur gas into the atmosphere.
Hypothesis: a volcanic eruption may have happened to cause the cold weather and acid rain in europe
Supporting facts: sent1: volcanic ash in the atmosphere decreases the temperature by blocking the sun sent2: europe was unusally cold and had acid rain in 1783 sent3: emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain sent4: an erupting volcano releases sulfur gas and ash into the atmosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] volcanic ash in the atmosphere decreases the temperature by blocking the sun [AND] emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain [AND] an erupting volcano releases sulfur gas and ash into the atmosphere [INFER] int1: a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] europe was unusally cold and had acid rain in 1783 [INFER] int2: a volcanic eruption may have happened to cause the cold weather and acid rain in europe
Question: Which is true of the seasonal weather patterns of places that are at the same latitude?
Answer: They have the same intensity of sunlight.
Hypothesis: locations with same latitude has the same seasonal weather pattern of sunlight intensity
Supporting facts: sent1: the amount of sunlight usually is the same at the locations with same latitude sent2: the intensity of sunlight is a kind of seasonal weather pattern
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the amount of sunlight usually is the same at the locations with same latitude [AND] the intensity of sunlight is a kind of seasonal weather pattern [INFER] int1: locations with same latitude has the same seasonal weather pattern of sunlight intensity
Question: Air is made up of many gases. Which gas is found in the greatest amount?
Answer: Nitrogen
Hypothesis: nitrogen gas makes up most of the earth's atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: nitrogen is a kind of gas sent2: most means over 50% of something sent3: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nitrogen is a kind of gas [AND] most means over 50% of something [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass [INFER] int1: nitrogen gas makes up most of the earth's atmosphere
Question: What two gases make up most of the Earth's atmosphere?
Answer: Oxygen and nitrogen
Hypothesis: nitrogen and oxygen make up most of the earth's atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 21 percent oxygen by volume sent2: most means over 50% of something sent3: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by volume
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 21 percent oxygen by volume [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by volume [INFER] int1: nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the earth's atmosphere by volume [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] most means over 50% of something [INFER] int2: nitrogen and oxygen make up most of the earth's atmosphere
Question: In addition to oxygen, which gases make up the largest percentage of Earth's atmosphere?
Answer: carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen
Hypothesis: earth's atmosphere is made of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide
Supporting facts: sent1: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by volume sent2: the earth's atmosphere is made of 04% to 1% of water vapor by volume sent3: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 21 percent oxygen by volume sent4: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by volume [AND] the earth's atmosphere is made of 04% to 1% of water vapor by volume [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 21 percent oxygen by volume [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume [INFER] int1: earth's atmosphere is made of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide
Question: How is the stratosphere different from the troposphere?
Answer: The temperature of the stratosphere warms at higher altitude.
Hypothesis: as the altitude increases, the change of air temperature are opposite in stratosphere and troposphere
Supporting facts: sent1: as altitude increases , the temperature of the air will decrease in the troposphere sent2: an increase is the opposite of a decrease sent3: as the altitude increases , the temperature of the air will increase in the stratosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] as altitude increases , the temperature of the air will decrease in the troposphere [AND] an increase is the opposite of a decrease [AND] as the altitude increases , the temperature of the air will increase in the stratosphere [INFER] int1: as the altitude increases, the change of air temperature are opposite in stratosphere and troposphere
Question: Which gas accounts for the largest percentage of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
Answer: water vapor
Hypothesis: water vapor is the largest amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: carbon dioxide is a kind of greenhouse gas sent2: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 04 to 1 percent water vapor by volume sent3: 04 is bigger than 0036 sent4: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume sent5: water vapor is a kind of greenhouse gas
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 04 to 1 percent water vapor by volume [AND] water vapor is a kind of greenhouse gas [INFER] int1: water vapor is a greenhouse gas accounting for 04 to 1 percent of the earth's atmosphere [BECAUSE] carbon dioxide is a kind of greenhouse gas [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume [INFER] int2: carbon dioxide is a greehouse gas accounting for 0036 percent of the earth's atmosphere [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] 04 is bigger than 0036 [INFER] int3: water vapor is the largest amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere
Question: Which gas makes up the greatest percentage of Earth's atmosphere?
Answer: nitrogen
Hypothesis: the earth's atmosphere is mostly made of nitrogen
Supporting facts: sent1: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass sent2: most means over 50% of something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass [AND] most means over 50% of something [INFER] int1: the earth's atmosphere is mostly made of nitrogen
Question: Which atmospheric phenomena are created by the interaction of charged particles with Earth's magnetosphere?
Answer: auroras
Hypothesis: an aurora is an atmospheric phenomena that is created by charged particles interacting with magnetosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: aurora is a kind of atmospheric phenomena sent2: an aurora is created by charged particles interact with magnetosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] aurora is a kind of atmospheric phenomena [AND] an aurora is created by charged particles interact with magnetosphere [INFER] int1: an aurora is an atmospheric phenomena that is created by charged particles interacting with magnetosphere
Question: Which of the following best describes a change in Earth's atmosphere made by early photosynthetic life?
Answer: increased level of oxygen
Hypothesis: early photosynthetic life increased the oxygen level in earth 's atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: photosynthesis is a source of oxygen sent2: early photosynthetic life is a kind of photosynthetic life sent3: earth had no / little oxygen a very long time ago sent4: the photosynthetic life performs photosynthesis sent5: early photosynthetic life existed a long time ago sent6: a source of something increases the amount of that something sent7: oxygen level describes an amount of oxygen
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] photosynthesis is a source of oxygen [AND] a source of something increases the amount of that something [INFER] int1: photosynthesis increases the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the photosynthetic life performs photosynthesis [INFER] int2: photosynthetic life increases the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere [BECAUSE] early photosynthetic life is a kind of photosynthetic life [AND] early photosynthetic life existed a long time ago [INFER] int3: early photosynthetic life is a kind of photosynthetic life that existed a long time ago [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: early photosynthetic life increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere a long time ago [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] earth had no / little oxygen a very long time ago [AND] oxygen level describes an amount of oxygen [INFER] int5: early photosynthetic life increased the oxygen level in earth 's atmosphere
Question: Most of Earth's surface is covered by
Answer: water
Hypothesis: water covers most of earth's surface
Supporting facts: sent1: an ocean is a kind of body of water sent2: oceans cover 70% of the surface of the earth sent3: most means over 50% of something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] oceans cover 70% of the surface of the earth [AND] most means over 50% of something [INFER] int1: oceans cover most of earth's surface [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an ocean is a kind of body of water [INFER] int2: water covers most of earth's surface
Question: The water cycle describes the movement of the water of Earth. About 96% of the water of Earth is the salt water found in the oceans while the remaining 4% is fresh water. Where would the majority of the freshwater on Earth be found?
Answer: ice caps and glaciers
Hypothesis: the majority of freshwater is found in ice caps and glaciers on earth
Supporting facts: sent1: majority means over 50% of something sent2: earth contains glaciers / ice caps sent3: ice caps and glaciers contain 69% of the freshwater on earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] majority means over 50% of something [AND] earth contains glaciers / ice caps [AND] ice caps and glaciers contain 69% of the freshwater on earth [INFER] int1: the majority of freshwater is found in ice caps and glaciers on earth
Question: Which type of water reservoir contains the largest volume of fresh water?
Answer: ice sheets
Hypothesis: ice sheets are a major reservoir that contains most of the freshwater on earth
Supporting facts: sent1: most means over 50% of something sent2: ice sheet is a kind of glacier sent3: glaciers are a kind of major reservoir sent4: ice caps and glaciers contain 69% of freshwater on earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] most means over 50% of something [AND] ice caps and glaciers contain 69% of freshwater on earth [INFER] int1: ice caps and glaciers contain most of the freshwater on earth [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] glaciers are a kind of major reservoir [INFER] int2: glaciers are a major reservoir that contains most of the freshwater on earth [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] ice sheet is a kind of glacier [INFER] int3: ice sheets are a major reservoir that contains most of the freshwater on earth
Question: The drag of wind results in which feature of ocean surface currents?
Answer: deflection of water toward the direction of airflow
Hypothesis: the drag of wind causes the water to deflect toward the direction of the wind
Supporting facts: sent1: deflection is when an object changes its moving direction sent2: the drag of wind causes the surface of the water to change its direction toward the direction of the wind
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] deflection is when an object changes its moving direction [AND] the drag of wind causes the surface of the water to change its direction toward the direction of the wind [INFER] int1: the drag of wind causes the water to deflect toward the direction of the wind
Question: What is the most common element found in the compounds that make up ocean water?
Answer: oxygen
Hypothesis: oxygen is the most common element found in the compounds that make up ocean water
Supporting facts: sent1: oxygen is more common than hydrogen on earth sent2: oceans contain most of earth 's water sent3: water is made of hydrogen and oxygen
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] oceans contain most of earth 's water [AND] water is made of hydrogen and oxygen [INFER] int1: ocean water is made of hydrogen and oxygen [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] oxygen is more common than hydrogen on earth [INFER] int2: oxygen is the most common element found in the compounds that make up ocean water
Question: Carbon cycles through several Earth subsystems. Which sequence most directly leads to the cycling of carbon that can result in the formation of petroleum?
Answer: biosphere to lithosphere
Hypothesis: the formation of petroleum cycles from biosphere to lithospehre
Supporting facts: sent1: vegetation is a part of the biosphere sent2: petroleum is a kind of fossil fuel sent3: forming fossil fuels requires deposition and burial of decaying vegetation sent4: fossil fuel is a part of the lithosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] petroleum is a kind of fossil fuel [AND] forming fossil fuels requires deposition and burial of decaying vegetation [INFER] int1: forming the fossil fuel petroleum requires deposition and burial of decaying vegetation [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] vegetation is a part of the biosphere [AND] fossil fuel is a part of the lithosphere [INFER] int2: the formation of petroleum cycles from biosphere to lithospehre
Question: If soil is permeable
Answer: water easily flows through it.
Hypothesis: water will flow through soil easily
Supporting facts: sent1: soil is permeable sent2: if something is permeable , then the water will flow through something easily
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] soil is permeable [AND] if something is permeable , then the water will flow through something easily [INFER] int1: water will flow through soil easily
Question: Michelle is interested in improving the quality of the soil in her yard. She wants more water and air to penetrate the soil. What should she add to the soil to help her achieve this goal?
Answer: earthworms
Hypothesis: earthworms can help increase the amount of water and oxygen in the soil
Supporting facts: sent1: the looseness of soil increases the ability of water to enter the soil sent2: earthworms create tunnels in soil sent3: tunnels in soil loosen that soil sent4: the looseness of soil increases the amount of oxygen in that soil
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] earthworms create tunnels in soil [AND] tunnels in soil loosen that soil [INFER] int1: earthworms can loosen the soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the looseness of soil increases the ability of water to enter the soil [AND] the looseness of soil increases the amount of oxygen in that soil [INFER] int2: earthworms can help increase the amount of water and oxygen in the soil
Question: Which property best indicates that soil contains nutrients?
Answer: color
Hypothesis: brown color can be used to indicate the soil is high in nutrients
Supporting facts: sent1: high humus content causes the soil to be brown sent2: humus is a source of nutrients in soil sent3: color of the soil can be used to indicate the soil component
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] high humus content causes the soil to be brown [AND] humus is a source of nutrients in soil [INFER] int1: soil with high nutrients content will be brown [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] color of the soil can be used to indicate the soil component [INFER] int2: brown color can be used to indicate the soil is high in nutrients
Question: Earthworms move randomly throughout topsoil. How do earthworms most likely affect the topsoil?
Answer: by adding nutrients to the topsoil
Hypothesis: earthworms can increase the amount of nutrients in the topsoil
Supporting facts: sent1: an earthworm is a kind of decomposer sent2: decomposition is when a decomposer recycles nutrients from dead organisms to the soil by eating those dead organisms sent3: decomposition increases the amount of nutrients / nitrogen in the soil sent4: topsoil is a kind of soil
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] decomposition is when a decomposer recycles nutrients from dead organisms to the soil by eating those dead organisms [AND] decomposition increases the amount of nutrients / nitrogen in the soil [INFER] int1: decomposers can increase the amount of nutrients in the soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an earthworm is a kind of decomposer [AND] topsoil is a kind of soil [INFER] int2: earthworms can increase the amount of nutrients in the topsoil
Question: In May 2007, wildfires burned more than 350 square miles of habitat in Florida and Georgia. Intense fires like this one can temporarily remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in area soil. What most likely happens in the burned areas until organic decay replenishes the lost nutrients?
Answer: The carrying capacity of the soil for plant growth is reduced.
Hypothesis: wildfire can cause the carrying capacity of soil for plant to be reduced
Supporting facts: sent1: potassium is a kind of nutrient for plant growth sent2: wildfire removes the nutrients in soil sometimes sent3: nitrogen is a kind of nutrient for plant growth sent4: if the nutrients in soil is removed , then the carrying capacity of soil for plant will be reduced sent5: phosphorus is a kind of nutrient for plant growth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] potassium is a kind of nutrient for plant growth [AND] wildfire removes the nutrients in soil sometimes [AND] nitrogen is a kind of nutrient for plant growth [AND] phosphorus is a kind of nutrient for plant growth [INFER] int1: wildfire can remove the soil nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium from soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if the nutrients in soil is removed , then the carrying capacity of soil for plant will be reduced [INFER] int2: wildfire can cause the carrying capacity of soil for plant to be reduced
Question: What is the source of the organic matter needed for most fertile soils?
Answer: decaying plants
Hypothesis: decaying plant can make the soil fertile
Supporting facts: sent1: decaying plant is a kind of organic matter sent2: organic matter is a source of nutrients in soil sent3: fertile soil has a high number of nutrients
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] decaying plant is a kind of organic matter [AND] organic matter is a source of nutrients in soil [INFER] int1: decaying plant is a source of nutrients in soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fertile soil has a high number of nutrients [INFER] int2: decaying plant can make the soil fertile
Question: Cumulonimbus clouds often form along cold fronts. Which type of weather is most likely to occur along a cold front?
Answer: rain with possible severe thunderstorms
Hypothesis: cold fronts can cause thudnerstorms of rain as they pass by
Supporting facts: sent1: a thunderstorm is a kind of storm sent2: rain is a kind of precipitation sent3: a storm is a source of precipitation sent4: cold fronts cause thunderstorms as they pass by
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rain is a kind of precipitation [AND] a storm is a source of precipitation [INFER] int1: a storm is a source of rain [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a thunderstorm is a kind of storm [INFER] int2: a thunderstorm is a source of rain [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] cold fronts cause thunderstorms as they pass by [INFER] int3: cold fronts can cause thudnerstorms of rain as they pass by
Question: Which is the best explanation for how air masses move across the United States?
Answer: The prevailing westerlies move air masses from west to east across the United States but may be deflected by the jet stream.
Hypothesis: the prevailing westerlies move air masses from west to east accross the united states but may be deflected by the jet streams
Supporting facts: sent1: wind can make air masses to move in the same direction sent2: jet streams may deflect the air masses moved by the prevailing westerlies sent3: prevailing westerlies are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude sent4: united states are located in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] prevailing westerlies are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude [AND] united states are located in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude [INFER] int1: prevailing westerlies are prevailing winds that move from west to east across the united states [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] wind can make air masses to move in the same direction [INFER] int2: the prevailing westerlies move air masses from west to east across the united states [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] jet streams may deflect the air masses moved by the prevailing westerlies [INFER] int3: the prevailing westerlies move air masses from west to east accross the united states but may be deflected by the jet streams
Question: What most likely happens when a cold air mass comes into contact with a warm, moist air mass?
Answer: Rain or snow begins to fall.
Hypothesis: cold fronts will cause rain / snow as they pass by
Supporting facts: sent1: a storm is a source of precipitation sent2: a thunderstorm is a kind of storm sent3: snow is a kind of precipitation sent4: rain is a kind of precipitation sent5: cold fronts cause thunderstorms as they pass by
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a storm is a source of precipitation [AND] snow is a kind of precipitation [AND] rain is a kind of precipitation [INFER] int1: a storm is a source of rain / snow [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a thunderstorm is a kind of storm [INFER] int2: a thunderstorm is a source of rain / snow [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] cold fronts cause thunderstorms as they pass by [INFER] int3: cold fronts will cause rain / snow as they pass by
Question: What would a warm air mass over the ocean most likely cause?
Answer: rainfall
Hypothesis: the warm and humid air mass over the ocean can cause rainfall
Supporting facts: sent1: unstable air mass can cause a thunderstorm sent2: the air mass over the ocean is warm sent3: the air mass formed close to the ocean is humid in moisture sent4: warm and humid air masses are usually unstable sent5: thunderstorms are a source of rainfall
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the air mass over the ocean is warm [AND] the air mass formed close to the ocean is humid in moisture [INFER] int1: the air mass over the ocean is warm and humid [BECAUSE] unstable air mass can cause a thunderstorm [AND] warm and humid air masses are usually unstable [INFER] int2: warm and humid air masses can cause thunderstorms [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: the warm and humid air mass over the ocean can cause thunderstorms [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] thunderstorms are a source of rainfall [INFER] int4: the warm and humid air mass over the ocean can cause rainfall