ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: A soccer player kicks a soccer ball across a field. Which factor has the most effect on the distance the soccer ball travels?
Answer: the force of the kick
Hypothesis: the force of the kick can affect the distance travelled by the soccer ball
Supporting facts: sent1: a soccer ball is a kind of ball sent2: as force exerted on an object increases , distance travelled will increase sent3: a soccer player kicks a soccer ball sent4: a ball is a kind of object sent5: if an object is kicked then force is exerted on that object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a soccer ball is a kind of ball [AND] a ball is a kind of object [INFER] int1: a soccer ball is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a soccer player kicks a soccer ball [AND] if an object is kicked then force is exerted on that object [INFER] int2: a force is exerted on the soccer ball through the kick [BECAUSE] a soccer ball is a kind of ball [AND] a ball is a kind of object [INFER] int3: a soccer ball is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [AND] as force exerted on an object increases , distance travelled will increase [INFER] int4: the force of the kick can affect the distance travelled by the soccer ball
Question: A student wants to look under a heavy rock. Which simple machine would be BEST to use to lift the rock?
Answer: Lever
Hypothesis: a lever can be used for lifting a heavy rock
Supporting facts: sent1: a rock is a kind of object sent2: a lever is used for lifting / moving heavy objects
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a rock is a kind of object [AND] a lever is used for lifting / moving heavy objects [INFER] int1: a lever can be used for lifting a heavy rock
Question: Which part of a bicycle BEST moves in a circle?
Answer: Foot pedal
Hypothesis: the pedals are the part of a bicycle that moves in circular motion
Supporting facts: sent1: pedalling a bicycle requires moving the pedals in a circular motion sent2: pedals are part of a bicycle for pedalling
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] pedalling a bicycle requires moving the pedals in a circular motion [AND] pedals are part of a bicycle for pedalling [INFER] int1: the pedals are the part of a bicycle that moves in circular motion
Question: Which simple machine increases the distance over which a load travels and reduces the needed force?
Answer: inclined plane
Hypothesis: an inclined plane increases the distance the object travels and decrease the force needed to move the object
Supporting facts: sent1: an inclined plane increases the distance over which an object travels sent2: an inclined plane decreases the force required to move an object to a different altitude
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an inclined plane increases the distance over which an object travels [AND] an inclined plane decreases the force required to move an object to a different altitude [INFER] int1: an inclined plane increases the distance the object travels and decrease the force needed to move the object
Question: If a book sitting on a flat table starts to move horizontally, it is most likely moving because
Answer: an unbalanced force is being applied.
Hypothesis: an unbalanced force is applied on the book
Supporting facts: sent1: unbalanced force causes objects to move sent2: a book is a kind of object sent3: a book on the table starts to move horizontally
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] unbalanced force causes objects to move [AND] a book is a kind of object [AND] a book on the table starts to move horizontally [INFER] int1: an unbalanced force is applied on the book
Question: Which of the following represents the velocity of a moving object?
Answer: 40 m/s north
Hypothesis: 40 m/s north describes the velocity of an object
Supporting facts: sent1: 40 m/s describes the speed of an object sent2: north / northward is a kind of direction sent3: velocity is a measure of a speed in a direction
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] 40 m/s describes the speed of an object [AND] north / northward is a kind of direction [AND] velocity is a measure of a speed in a direction [INFER] int1: 40 m/s north describes the velocity of an object
Question: Which species have been on the Earth for the shortest amount of time?
Answer: Humans
Hypothesis: humans have been on earth for the shortest amount of time among insects, reptiles, and fish
Supporting facts: sent1: humans have been on earth for 300000 years sent2: insects have been on earth for 400000000 years sent3: fish have been on earth for 419000000 years sent4: reptiles have been on earth for 370000000 years
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] humans have been on earth for 300000 years [AND] insects have been on earth for 400000000 years [AND] fish have been on earth for 419000000 years [AND] reptiles have been on earth for 370000000 years [INFER] int1: humans have been on earth for the shortest amount of time among insects, reptiles, and fish
Question: Which of these groups animals are ALL mammals?
Answer: mouse, monkey, bat
Hypothesis: mouse, monkey, and bat are all mammals
Supporting facts: sent1: mammals give birth to live young sent2: mice give birth to live young sent3: monkeys give birth to live young sent4: bats give birth to live young
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mammals give birth to live young [AND] monkeys give birth to live young [INFER] int1: a monkey is a kind of mammal [BECAUSE] mammals give birth to live young [AND] bats give birth to live young [INFER] int2: a bat is a kind of mammal [BECAUSE] mammals give birth to live young [AND] mice give birth to live young [INFER] int3: a mouse is a kind of mammal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: mouse, monkey, and bat are all mammals
Question: Scientists group animals based on physical features. Trout are classified as fish because of what physical feature?
Answer: Fish have gills.
Hypothesis: gills are a part of a fish
Supporting facts: sent1: trout is a kind of fish sent2: gills are a part of trout
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] trout is a kind of fish [AND] gills are a part of trout [INFER] int1: gills are a part of a fish
Question: Scientists have categorized trees based on whether they keep or lose their leaves each year. Another logical way to categorize trees is based on the
Answer: type of fruit that is produced.
Hypothesis: the type of fruit a tree produces can be used to catergorize trees
Supporting facts: sent1: the kind of fruit produced by trees is a chracteristic of trees sent2: a characteristic of something that is different for different kinds of that something is a distinct characteristic of that something sent3: the rate at which a tree loses its leaves is used to catergorize trees sent4: different kinds of trees keep or lose their leaves at different rates sent5: the rate at which trees keep or lose their leaves is a characteristic of trees sent6: different kinds of trees produce different types of fruit
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] different kinds of trees keep or lose their leaves at different rates [AND] the rate at which trees keep or lose their leaves is a characteristic of trees [INFER] int1: the rate at which trees keep or lose their leaves is a characteristic of trees that is different for different kinds of trees [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a characteristic of something that is different for different kinds of that something is a distinct characteristic of that something [INFER] int2: that rate at which a kind of tree keeps or loses its leaves is a distinct characteristic of that kind of tree [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the rate at which a tree loses its leaves is used to catergorize trees [INFER] int3: distinct characteristics of trees are used to catergorize trees [BECAUSE] the kind of fruit produced by trees is a chracteristic of trees [AND] different kinds of trees produce different types of fruit [INFER] int4: the kind of fruit produced by trees is a characteristic of trees that is different for different kinds of trees [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] a characteristic of something that is different for different kinds of that something is a distinct characteristic of that something [INFER] int5: the type of fruit a kind of tree produces is a distinct characteristic of that kind of tree [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: the type of fruit a tree produces can be used to catergorize trees
Question: What kingdom contains organisms that are multicellular, have no chlorophyll, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue?
Answer: Fungi
Hypothesis: the biological kingdom fungi contains organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue
Supporting facts: sent1: fungi have no chlorophyll sent2: a fungus is a kind of organism sent3: fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue sent4: fungi are part of the biological kingdom fungi sent5: fungi can be multicellular
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fungi have no chlorophyll [AND] fungi can be multicellular [INFER] int1: fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue [INFER] int2: fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular and fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a fungus is a kind of organism [INFER] int3: fungi are organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] fungi are part of the biological kingdom fungi [INFER] int4: the biological kingdom fungi contains organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue
Question: Cats are most closely related to which of the following animals?
Answer: whales
Hypothesis: a cat is more closely related to a whale than to animals of a different class
Supporting facts: sent1: an animal is a kind of living thing sent2: living things in the same class are more closely related than living things in different classes sent3: a whale is a kind of mammal sent4: mammal is a kind of class of animal sent5: a cat is a kind of mammal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a whale is a kind of mammal [AND] a cat is a kind of mammal [INFER] int1: a cat and a whale are both mammals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mammal is a kind of class of animal [INFER] int2: a cat and a whale are part of the same class of animals [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of living thing [AND] living things in the same class are more closely related than living things in different classes [INFER] int3: animals in the same class are more closely related than animals in different classes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: a cat is more closely related to a whale than to animals of a different class
Question: What do all mammals have in common that distinguishes them from birds?
Answer: fur
Hypothesis: fur can be used to distinguish mammals from birds
Supporting facts: sent1: an animal is a kind of living thing sent2: a bird is a kind of animal sent3: if two things have the same features then those two things are alike sent4: if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something sent5: a bird is a kind of object sent6: the parts of an object are features of that object sent7: feathers are a part of a bird sent8: a mammal is a kind of object sent9: fur is usually part of a mammal sent10: a mammal is a kind of animal sent11: the opposite of same / alike is different
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the opposite of same / alike is different [AND] if two things have the same features then those two things are alike [INFER] int1: if two things have different features then those two things are different [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something [INFER] int2: things are distinguishable by their features [BECAUSE] a mammal is a kind of animal [AND] a bird is a kind of animal [INFER] int3: a bird and a mammal are both kinds of animals [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an animal is a kind of living thing [INFER] int4: a bird and a mammal are both kinds of things [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: mammals and birds are distinguishable by their features [BECAUSE] a bird is a kind of object [AND] a mammal is a kind of object [INFER] int6: a mammal is a kind of object and a bird is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] the parts of an object are features of that object [INFER] int7: the parts of a mammal / bird are features of the mammal / bird [BECAUSE] feathers are a part of a bird [AND] fur is usually part of a mammal [INFER] int8: fur is a part of mammals and feathers are a part of birds [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: fur is a feature of mammals and feathers are a feature of birds [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: fur can be used to distinguish mammals from birds
Question: Which of the following distinguishes the organisms in the kingdom Fungi from other eukaryotic organisms?
Answer: Fungi obtain nutrients by absorption.
Hypothesis: organisms from the biological kingdom fungi are distinguishable from other eukaryotes because they obtain nutrients through absorption
Supporting facts: sent1: plants are a kind of eukaryote sent2: plants obtain nutrients through the method of photosynthesis sent3: animals are a kind of eukaryote sent4: animals obtain nutrients through the method of consumption sent5: if two things are both something else, then they are different kinds of that something else sent6: a fungus is a kind of eukaryote sent7: eukaryotes are a kind of thing sent8: if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something sent9: a fungus is a kind of organism sent10: fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue sent11: fungi are part of the biological kingdom fungi
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue [AND] a fungus is a kind of eukaryote [INFER] int1: fungi are eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by absorption [BECAUSE] plants are a kind of eukaryote [AND] animals are a kind of eukaryote [INFER] int2: plants and animals are both eukaryotes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if two things are both something else, then they are different kinds of that something else [INFER] int3: plants and animals are different kinds of eukaryotes [BECAUSE] plants obtain nutrients through the method of photosynthesis [AND] animals obtain nutrients through the method of consumption [INFER] int4: plants and animals use different methods to obtain nutrients [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: different kinds of eukaryotes use different methods for obtaining nutrients [BECAUSE] eukaryotes are a kind of thing [AND] if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something [INFER] int6: if eukaryotes can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: different kinds of eukaryotes are distinguishable by how they obtain nutrients [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: fungi are distinguishable from other eukaryotes because they obtain nutrients by absorption [BECAUSE] fungi are part of the biological kingdom fungi [AND] a fungus is a kind of organism [INFER] int9: fungi are kinds of organisms that are part of the biological kingdom fungi [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: organisms from the biological kingdom fungi are distinguishable from other eukaryotes because they obtain nutrients through absorption
Question: The classification of some organisms has changed. Which new process is used to reclassify organisms?
Answer: Structures are now examined at the molecular level.
Hypothesis: molecules are used for classifying organisms
Supporting facts: sent1: genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of a living thing sent2: the structure of an organism 's anatomy is used to classify the organism into the appropriate taxonomic rank sent3: an organism is a living thing sent4: inherited characteristics can deterimne the structure of an organism's anatomy sent5: genes are made of dna sent6: dna is a kind of molecule
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the structure of an organism 's anatomy is used to classify the organism into the appropriate taxonomic rank [AND] inherited characteristics can deterimne the structure of an organism's anatomy [INFER] int1: inherited characteristics can be used to classify an organism into the apropriate taxonomic rank [BECAUSE] genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of a living thing [AND] an organism is a living thing [INFER] int2: genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of an organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: genes can be used for classifying organisms [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] genes are made of dna [INFER] int4: dna can be used for classifying organisms [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] dna is a kind of molecule [INFER] int5: molecules are used for classifying organisms
Question: Which conclusion can be made about earthworms because they do not have an internal skeleton?
Answer: They are invertebrates.
Hypothesis: an earthworm is a kind of invertebrate organism
Supporting facts: sent1: an earthworm does not have an internal skeleton sent2: an invertebrate organism does not have an internal skeleton
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an earthworm does not have an internal skeleton [AND] an invertebrate organism does not have an internal skeleton [INFER] int1: an earthworm is a kind of invertebrate organism
Question: Which characteristic is found ONLY in mammals?
Answer: glands that make milk
Hypothesis: glands that make milk are parts of only a mammal
Supporting facts: sent1: glands that make milk are only used for making milk sent2: milk is generally only used for nursing offspring sent3: non-mammals do not nurse their offspring sent4: a mammal usually nurses its offspring
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] non-mammals do not nurse their offspring [AND] a mammal usually nurses its offspring [INFER] int1: only mammals nurse their offspring [BECAUSE] glands that make milk are only used for making milk [AND] milk is generally only used for nursing offspring [INFER] int2: glands that make milk are only useful for nursing offspring [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: glands that make milk are parts of only a mammal
Question: All organisms classified in kingdom Animalia must also be classified as which of the following?
Answer: Eukaryota
Hypothesis: the organisms in the kingdom animalia belong to the domain eukaryota
Supporting facts: sent1: an animal is a kind of eukaryote sent2: an animal is a kind of organism sent3: eukaryotes are a part of the biological domain eukaryota sent4: animals are a part of the biological kingdom animalia
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] animals are a part of the biological kingdom animalia [INFER] int1: animals are kinds of organisms that are part of the biological kingdom animalia [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an animal is a kind of eukaryote [INFER] int2: the organisms in the kingdom animalia are eukaryotes [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] eukaryotes are a part of the biological domain eukaryota [INFER] int3: the organisms in the kingdom animalia belong to the domain eukaryota
Question: Rhinoceroses and horses are related. They have very similar digestive systems and an odd number of toes on their feet. Horses have one toe, and rhinoceroses have three. These facts best support which claim?
Answer: Horses and rhinoceroses share a common ancestor.
Hypothesis: rhinoceroses and horses might share a common ancestor
Supporting facts: sent1: if two species of animal have a similar bone structure then those two species probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history sent2: a rhinoceros is a kind of animal sent3: number of toes is a property of bone structure sent4: a horse is a kind of animal sent5: an odd number of toes is a property of rhinoceroses sent6: an odd number of toes is a property of horses sent7: rhinoceroses and horses have similar digestive systems sent8: rhinoceroses are a kind of organism sent9: horses are a kind of organism sent10: type of digestive system is a kind of characteristic sent11: if two or more organisms have similar characteristics then those organisms might share a common ancestor
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an odd number of toes is a property of rhinoceroses [AND] an odd number of toes is a property of horses [INFER] int1: horses and rhinoceroses both have an odd number of toes [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] number of toes is a property of bone structure [INFER] int2: rhinoceroses and horses have a similar bone structure [BECAUSE] a rhinoceros is a kind of animal [AND] a horse is a kind of animal [INFER] int3: a rhinoceros and a horse are kinds of animals [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of animals that have similar bone structures [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] if two species of animal have a similar bone structure then those two species probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history [INFER] int5: the bone structure of rhinoceroses and horses indicate that they might have evolved from a common ancestor [BECAUSE] type of digestive system is a kind of characteristic [AND] rhinoceroses and horses have similar digestive systems [INFER] int6: rhinoceroses and horses have  similar characteristics [BECAUSE] rhinoceroses are a kind of organism [AND] horses are a kind of organism [INFER] int7: rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of organisms [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of organisms that have similar characteristics [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] if two or more organisms have similar characteristics then those organisms might share a common ancestor [INFER] int9: the characteristics of rhinoceroses and horses indicate that they might share a common ancestor [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: rhinoceroses and horses might share a common ancestor
Question: Frog eggs hatch into tadpoles, and then tadpoles gradually develop into frogs. This process is known as
Answer: metamorphosis.
Hypothesis: an example of metamorphosis is when a tadpole changes from a tadpole into a frog
Supporting facts: sent1: metamorphosis is when an amphibian changes from an immature form to an adult form sent2: a frog is a kind of amphibian sent3: the immature form of a frog is called a tadpole sent4: the adult form of a tadpole is called a frog sent5: a tadpole is a kind of young / baby frog
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a frog is a kind of amphibian [AND] a tadpole is a kind of young / baby frog [INFER] int1: a tadpole is a kind of young amphibian [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] metamorphosis is when an amphibian changes from an immature form to an adult form [INFER] int2: an example of metamorphosis is when a tadpole changes from a an immature form to and adult form [BECAUSE] the immature form of a frog is called a tadpole [AND] the adult form of a tadpole is called a frog [INFER] int3: the imature form of a frog is called a tadpole and the adult form of a tadpole is called a frog [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: an example of metamorphosis is when a tadpole changes from a tadpole into a frog
Question: Which of the following animals goes through metamorphosis?
Answer: frog
Hypothesis: frogs undergo metamorphosis
Supporting facts: sent1: young amphibians undergo metamorphosis sent2: a frog is a kind of amphibian
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] young amphibians undergo metamorphosis [AND] a frog is a kind of amphibian [INFER] int1: frogs undergo metamorphosis
Question: Most birds sit on their eggs until they hatch. Which of these is the most important reason why birds sit on their eggs?
Answer: to keep the eggs warm
Hypothesis: a bird sits on an egg to provide it with warmth for survival
Supporting facts: sent1: a nest contains eggs sent2: birds sit in nests sent3: sitting on something provides warmth to that something sent4: an egg may contain a young animal sent5: an animal requires warmth for survival
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a nest contains eggs [AND] birds sit in nests [INFER] int1: birds sit on eggs [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sitting on something provides warmth to that something [INFER] int2: a bird sitting on an egg provides warmth to that egg [BECAUSE] an egg may contain a young animal [AND] an animal requires warmth for survival [INFER] int3: an egg requires warmth to survive [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: a bird sits on an egg to provide it with warmth for survival