ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of these involves the formation of a new chemical substance?
Answer: rusting of an iron chain
Hypothesis: iron in contact with water and oxygen will form new substance
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reactions cause new substances to form sent2: iron in contact with water and oxygen will rust sent3: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction sent4: rust forming is a kind of chemical change
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron in contact with water and oxygen will rust [AND] rust forming is a kind of chemical change [INFER] int1: iron in contact with water and oxygen is a chemical change [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction [INFER] int2: iron in contact with water and oxygen is a chemical reaction [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] chemical reactions cause new substances to form [INFER] int3: iron in contact with water and oxygen will form new substance
Question: Hydrochloric acid is added to a beaker containing a piece of zinc. As a result, zinc chloride is formed and hydrogen gas is released. This is an example of
Answer: a chemical reaction
Hypothesis: hydrochloric acid combining with zinc is an example of chemical reaction
Supporting facts: sent1: zinc chloride and hydrogen gas are new substances sent2: chemical reactions cause new substances to form sent3: hydrochloric acid combing with zinc forms zinc chloride sent4: hydrochloric acid combing with zinc forms hydrogen gas
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] zinc chloride and hydrogen gas are new substances [AND] hydrochloric acid combing with zinc forms zinc chloride [AND] hydrochloric acid combing with zinc forms hydrogen gas [INFER] int1: hydrochloric acid combing with zinc forms new substances [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] chemical reactions cause new substances to form [INFER] int2: hydrochloric acid combining with zinc is an example of chemical reaction
Question: Which is an example of substances reacting chemically?
Answer: iron and oxygen forming rust
Hypothesis: iron in contact with water and oxygen is an example of chemical reactions
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reactions cause chemical change sent2: iron in contact with water and oxygen will rust sent3: rust forming is a kind of chemical change
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron in contact with water and oxygen will rust [AND] rust forming is a kind of chemical change [INFER] int1: iron in contact with water and oxygen causes a chemical change [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] chemical reactions cause chemical change [INFER] int2: iron in contact with water and oxygen is an example of chemical reactions
Question: If 100 grams of vinegar and 5 grams of baking soda are poured in a container, a small amount of gas will be produced. What will the final mass of the products be if the gas is trapped in the container?
Answer: 105 grams
Hypothesis: the product of the chemical reaction will be 105 grams
Supporting facts: sent1: 100 grams vinegar and 5 grams baking soda are combined in a container sent2: the mass of the reactants of a chemical reaction equals to the products of the chemical reaction sent3: gas is produced in the chemical reaction between baking soda and vinegar sent4: gas is trapped in the container sent5: 100 grams plus 5 grams equals to 105 grams sent6: baking soda is 5 grams sent7: if gases are released by a chemical reaction then the total mass of the product will be less than the total mass of the reactants sent8: baking soda can react chemically with vinegar sent9: vinegar is 100 grams
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] 100 grams vinegar and 5 grams baking soda are combined in a container [AND] baking soda can react chemically with vinegar [INFER] int1: a chemical reaction happens between baking soda and vinegar [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the mass of the reactants of a chemical reaction equals to the products of the chemical reaction [INFER] int2: the mass of baking soda and vinegar is equal to the product of the chemical reaction [BECAUSE] gas is produced in the chemical reaction between baking soda and vinegar [AND] gas is trapped in the container [AND] if gases are released by a chemical reaction then the total mass of the product will be less than the total mass of the reactants [INFER] int3: the mass of the final product of the baking soda and vinegar will not be less than the mass of the reactants [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: the mass of the final product of the baking soda and vinegar will be the same as that of baking soda and vinegar [BECAUSE] 100 grams plus 5 grams equals to 105 grams [AND] baking soda is 5 grams [AND] vinegar is 100 grams [INFER] int5: the mass of vinegar and baking soda is 105 grams [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: the product of the chemical reaction will be 105 grams
Question: Which nongaseous compound can be made from two elements that are gases at room temperature?
Answer: water
Hypothesis: water is the nongaseous compound that can be made by two gases
Supporting facts: sent1: water is made of hydrogen and oxygen sent2: water is a kind of liquid at room temperature sent3: hydrogen is a kind of gas at room temperature sent4: liquid state is a kind of nongaseous state sent5: water is a kind of compound sent6: oxygen is a kind of gas at room temperature
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water is a kind of liquid at room temperature [AND] water is a kind of compound [INFER] int1: water is a liquid compound at room temperature [BECAUSE] water is made of hydrogen and oxygen [AND] hydrogen is a kind of gas at room temperature [AND] oxygen is a kind of gas at room temperature [INFER] int2: water can be made by two gases hydrogen and oxygen [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: water is the liquid compound that can be made by two gases hydrogen and oxygen [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] liquid state is a kind of nongaseous state [INFER] int4: water is the nongaseous compound that can be made by two gases
Question: Which of the following is an example of a container that is filled with a pure substance rather than with a mixture?
Answer: a balloon filled with helium
Hypothesis: a balloon filled with helium is an example of a container filled with a pure substance
Supporting facts: sent1: a balloon is a kind of container sent2: helium is a kind of element sent3: elements are pure substances sent4: a balloon filled with helium
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a balloon is a kind of container [AND] a balloon filled with helium [INFER] int1: a balloon filled with helium is an example of a container filled with helium [BECAUSE] helium is a kind of element [AND] elements are pure substances [INFER] int2: helium is a pure substance [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: a balloon filled with helium is an example of a container filled with a pure substance
Question: Rust is a compound with the formula Fe_{2}O_{3}. Which elements combine to form rust?
Answer: iron and oxygen
Hypothesis: rust is made of iron and oxygen elements
Supporting facts: sent1: iron is a kind of element sent2: rust is made of iron and oxygen sent3: oxygen is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron is a kind of element [AND] rust is made of iron and oxygen [AND] oxygen is a kind of element [INFER] int1: rust is made of iron and oxygen elements
Question: Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) combine to form sodium chloride (NaCl), which is commonly known as
Answer: table salt.
Hypothesis: table salt is the product of sodium and chloride chemically combined
Supporting facts: sent1: table salt is sodum chloride sent2: sodium chloride is always made of chemically combined chlorine and sodium
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] table salt is sodum chloride [AND] sodium chloride is always made of chemically combined chlorine and sodium [INFER] int1: table salt is the product of sodium and chloride chemically combined
Question: The chemical formula for water is H_{2}O. What does the formula show about each element in the compound?
Answer: the number of atoms of each element
Hypothesis: a molecule of water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
Supporting facts: sent1: water is made of hydrogen and oxygen sent2: the chemical formula of water is h2o sent3: the number in chemical formula shows the number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the chemical formula of water is h2o [AND] the number in chemical formula shows the number of atoms of each element in a molecule [INFER] int1: the number in chemical formula of water shows the number of atoms of each element in a water molecule [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water is made of hydrogen and oxygen [INFER] int2: the number in chemical formula of water shows the number of hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the chemical formula of water is h2o [INFER] int3: a molecule of water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
Question: Oxygen reacts with iron to produce rust and with hydrogen to produce water. Which statement describes both reactions?
Answer: New molecules are formed but the same elements exist.
Hypothesis: the elements of two reactions stay the same
Supporting facts: sent1: the elements in the chemical reaction stays the same after the reaction sent2: oxygen reacts with hydrogen to produce water sent3: oxygen reacts with iron to produce rust
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the elements in the chemical reaction stays the same after the reaction [AND] oxygen reacts with iron to produce rust [INFER] int1: iron and oxygen elements stay the same after the reaction [BECAUSE] the elements in the chemical reaction stays the same after the reaction [AND] oxygen reacts with hydrogen to produce water [INFER] int2: oxygen and hyrdrogen elements stay the same after the reaction [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: the elements of two reactions stay the same
Question: Sugar is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugar is an example of which of the following?
Answer: a compound
Hypothesis: sugar is a kind of compound
Supporting facts: sent1: sugar is made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen chemically combined sent2: carbon is a kind of element sent3: a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined sent4: hydrogen is a kind of element sent5: oxygen is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sugar is made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen chemically combined [AND] carbon is a kind of element [AND] hydrogen is a kind of element [AND] oxygen is a kind of element [INFER] int1: sugar is made of three different elements chemically combined [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined [INFER] int2: sugar is a kind of compound
Question: Which of these elements is likely to be found in an organic compound?
Answer: hydrogen
Hypothesis: hydrogen can be found in organic compounds
Supporting facts: sent1: organic compounds mainly are made of carbon / hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen sent2: hydrogen is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] organic compounds mainly are made of carbon / hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen [AND] hydrogen is a kind of element [INFER] int1: hydrogen can be found in organic compounds
Question: Which of these is an example of an endothermic process?
Answer: first-aid instant cold pack
Hypothesis: first-aid instant cold pack is a kind of endothermic reaction
Supporting facts: sent1: first-aid instant cold pack is a kind of cold pack sent2: cold pack reaction is a kind of endothermic reaction
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] first-aid instant cold pack is a kind of cold pack [AND] cold pack reaction is a kind of endothermic reaction [INFER] int1: first-aid instant cold pack is a kind of endothermic reaction
Question: The periodic table of the elements is systematically organized according to the
Answer: structure of the atoms of the elements.
Hypothesis: structure of atoms of different elements can be used to organize atoms of different elements
Supporting facts: sent1: an atom is a kind of object sent2: atoms of different elements have different structures sent3: organizing is sorting things in order by their properties sent4: structure is a property of an object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an atom is a kind of object [AND] structure is a property of an object [INFER] int1: structure of an atom is a property of the atom [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] organizing is sorting things in order by their properties [INFER] int2: structure of atoms can be used to organize atoms in order [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] atoms of different elements have different structures [INFER] int3: structure of atoms of different elements can be used to organize atoms of different elements
Question: The Periodic Table of the Elements is arranged so that elements with similar characteristics are in the same column. Which element is a highly reactive metal?
Answer: magnesium (Mg)
Hypothesis: magnesium is highly chemically reactive
Supporting facts: sent1: elements from the same group in the periodic table are chemically reactive in a similar way sent2: alkaline earth metals are highly chemically reactive sent3: magnesium belongs to alkaline earth metal family , group 2 on the periodic table
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] elements from the same group in the periodic table are chemically reactive in a similar way [AND] alkaline earth metals are highly chemically reactive [INFER] int1: elements that belong to alkaline earth metals are highly chemically reactive [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] magnesium belongs to alkaline earth metal family , group 2 on the periodic table [INFER] int2: magnesium is highly chemically reactive
Question: Use The Periodic Table of the Elements and the information below to answer the question. Magnesium metal (Mg) is grayish-white in color and reacts actively with water. Fluorine (F2) is a greenish-yellow gas at room temperature and is a member of the halogen family. These two elements react to produce magnesium fluoride (MgF2), a chemical commonly used in making windows and lenses. How do the elements magnesium (Mg) and fluorine (F2) produce the compound magnesium fluoride (MgF2)?
Answer: by chemically combining
Hypothesis: a chemical reaction is caused by magnesium and fluorine combined chemically
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical reactions cause new substances to form sent2: combining two substances chemically causes chemical reactions sent3: magnesium is a kind of alkaline earth metal sent4: fluorine is a kind of gas sent5: magnesium and fluorine react chemically producing magnesium fluoride
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] magnesium is a kind of alkaline earth metal [AND] fluorine is a kind of gas [AND] magnesium and fluorine react chemically producing magnesium fluoride [INFER] int1: magnesium fluoride is a new substance produced by magnesium and fluorine reacting chemically [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] chemical reactions cause new substances to form [INFER] int2: a chemical reaction happened between magnesium and fluorine [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] combining two substances chemically causes chemical reactions [INFER] int3: a chemical reaction is caused by magnesium and fluorine combined chemically
Question: Because sulfur cannot be decomposed by simple chemical methods into two or more different substances, it is classified as
Answer: an element.
Hypothesis: sulfur is a kind of element
Supporting facts: sent1: an element cannot be decomposed into two or more different substances by simple chemical methods sent2: sulfur cannot be decomposed into different substances by simple chemical methods
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an element cannot be decomposed into two or more different substances by simple chemical methods [AND] sulfur cannot be decomposed into different substances by simple chemical methods [INFER] int1: sulfur is a kind of element
Question: Iron oxides, such as rust, form when iron metal reacts with oxygen in the air. What are the chemical symbols for the two elements found in iron oxide?
Answer: Fe and O
Hypothesis: the chemical symbols for the elements found in iron oxide is fe and o
Supporting facts: sent1: iron oxide / rust / fe2o3 is made of iron and oxygen sent2: the chemical symbol for oxygen is o sent3: the chemical symbol for iron is fe
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron oxide / rust / fe2o3 is made of iron and oxygen [AND] the chemical symbol for oxygen is o [AND] the chemical symbol for iron is fe [INFER] int1: the chemical symbols for the elements found in iron oxide is fe and o
Question: What is the smallest particle of the element gold (Au) that can still be classified as gold?
Answer: atom
Hypothesis: gold atom is the smallest particle that can be classified as gold
Supporting facts: sent1: the atom is the smallest particle that has the properties of an element sent2: gold is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the atom is the smallest particle that has the properties of an element [AND] gold is a kind of element [INFER] int1: gold atom is the smallest particle that can be classified as gold
Question: What chemical symbol represents the element iron?
Answer: Fe
Hypothesis: fe is the chemical symbol for iron element
Supporting facts: sent1: iron is a kind of element sent2: the chemical symbol for iron is fe
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron is a kind of element [AND] the chemical symbol for iron is fe [INFER] int1: fe is the chemical symbol for iron element
Question: Atoms of which of these elements are part of many organic molecules?
Answer: oxygen
Hypothesis: oxygen is a part of organic molecules
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent2: a component of something means a part of something sent3: organic compounds mainly are made of carbon / hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is made of something else , then that something else will be the component of that something [AND] organic compounds mainly are made of carbon / hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen [INFER] int1: oxygen is a component of organic compounds [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a component of something means a part of something [INFER] int2: oxygen is a part of organic molecules
Question: Which of these is an element?
Answer: O_{2}
Hypothesis: o2 is an element
Supporting facts: sent1: oxygen gas is made of only oxygen element sent2: if a substance is made of one element , then the substance is called an element sent3: o2 is a chemical formula for oxygen gas
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] oxygen gas is made of only oxygen element [AND] if a substance is made of one element , then the substance is called an element [INFER] int1: oxygen gas is an element [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] o2 is a chemical formula for oxygen gas [INFER] int2: o2 is an element
Question: Hydrogen is located on the left side of the periodic table in the same column as the alkali metals, but it has characteristics of a nonmetal. Which of the following is a physical property of hydrogen?
Answer: Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.
Hypothesis: being a gas is a physical property of hydrogen
Supporting facts: sent1: state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas sent2: hydrogen is a kind of gas at room temperature sent3: state of matter is a kind of physical property
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] state of matter is a property of matter and includes ordered values of solid / liquid / gas [AND] hydrogen is a kind of gas at room temperature [INFER] int1: the state of matter of hydrogen is gas [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] state of matter is a kind of physical property [INFER] int2: being a gas is a physical property of hydrogen
Question: Which scientific model could be used to predict the properties of an element?
Answer: Periodic Table
Hypothesis: a periodic table is the scientific model that can be used to predict the properties of an element
Supporting facts: sent1: the periodic table of elements can be used for predicting the properties of an element sent2: a periodic table is a kind of scientific model
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the periodic table of elements can be used for predicting the properties of an element [AND] a periodic table is a kind of scientific model [INFER] int1: a periodic table is the scientific model that can be used to predict the properties of an element
Question: Gold atoms can be identified based on the number of which subatomic particles?
Answer: protons
Hypothesis: gold element can be identified by its proton number
Supporting facts: sent1: an element is identified by its number of protons sent2: gold is a kind of element sent3: proton is a kind of subatomic particle
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an element is identified by its number of protons [AND] proton is a kind of subatomic particle [INFER] int1: an element is identified by the proton number [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] gold is a kind of element [INFER] int2: gold element can be identified by its proton number
Question: In which pair of elements are both metalloids?
Answer: Sb and Te
Hypothesis: sb and te are both metalloids
Supporting facts: sent1: the chemical symbol for tellurium is te sent2: antimony is a kind of metalloid sent3: the chemical symbol for antimony is sb sent4: tellurium is a kind of metalloid
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the chemical symbol for tellurium is te [AND] tellurium is a kind of metalloid [INFER] int1: te is a kind of metalloid [BECAUSE] antimony is a kind of metalloid [AND] the chemical symbol for antimony is sb [INFER] int2: sb is a kind of metalloid [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: sb and te are both metalloids
Question: Which of these is one similarity of the elements in the first group of the periodic table?
Answer: The elements in the group react with oxygen in similar ways.
Hypothesis: elements from the first group will react with oxygen in a similar way
Supporting facts: sent1: elements from the same group in the periodic table are chemically reactive in a similar way sent2: elements are all from the first group of the periodic table sent3: oxygen is a kind of element sent4: if the elements have similar chemical reactivity , then the elements will react with other elements in a similar way
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] elements from the same group in the periodic table are chemically reactive in a similar way [AND] elements are all from the first group of the periodic table [INFER] int1: elements from the first group are chemically reactive in a similar way [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if the elements have similar chemical reactivity , then the elements will react with other elements in a similar way [INFER] int2: elements from the first group will react with other elements in a similar way [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] oxygen is a kind of element [INFER] int3: elements from the first group will react with oxygen in a similar way
Question: Strontium, barium, and radium are grouped together on the Periodic Table of the Elements because they all have
Answer: similar electron configurations.
Hypothesis: strontium, barium, and radium are grouped together on the periodic table
Supporting facts: sent1: if the elements have similar electron configurations , then the elements will be grouped into same family / group on the periodic table of elements sent2: strontium, barium, and radium have similar electrom configurations
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if the elements have similar electron configurations , then the elements will be grouped into same family / group on the periodic table of elements [AND] strontium, barium, and radium have similar electrom configurations [INFER] int1: strontium, barium, and radium are grouped together on the periodic table
Question: Elements in the same column of the Periodic Table of the Elements all
Answer: have similar physical characteristics.
Hypothesis: elements in the same group in the periodic table will have similar physical properties
Supporting facts: sent1: elements in the same group on the periodic table of elements have similar properties sent2: a physical property is a kind of property
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] elements in the same group on the periodic table of elements have similar properties [AND] a physical property is a kind of property [INFER] int1: elements in the same group in the periodic table will have similar physical properties