ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Some schools have programs to recycle paper products such as student papers, newspapers, and cardboard boxes. Which of these statements describes a positive effect of recycling paper products?
Answer: Fewer trees need to be cut.
Hypothesis: a positive effect of recycling paper is that it causes fewer trees to be cut
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is required to create something else then that something is needed to make that something else sent2: fewer means a decreased amount sent3: creating paper requires cutting down trees sent4: recycling reduces the resources needed to make something sent5: cutting down trees has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent6: decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing sent7: trees are a kind of resource sent8: fewer means a reduced amount sent9: an impact is a kind of effect
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is required to create something else then that something is needed to make that something else [AND] creating paper requires cutting down trees [INFER] int1: cut trees are needed to make paper [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] trees are a kind of resource [INFER] int2: cut trees are a kind of resource that are needed to make paper [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] recycling reduces the resources needed to make something [INFER] int3: recycling paper reduces the amount of trees that need to be cut [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] fewer means a reduced amount [INFER] int4: recycling paper causes fewer trees to be cut [BECAUSE] cutting down trees has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem [AND] decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing [INFER] int5: decreasing the amount of trees cut has a postive impact on an ecosystem [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] fewer means a decreased amount [INFER] int6: cutting fewer trees has a positive impact on the environment [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: recycling paper has a positive impact on an ecosystem by causing fewer trees to be cut [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] an impact is a kind of effect [INFER] int8: a positive effect of recycling paper is that it causes fewer trees to be cut
Question: As a result of rain forest deforestation, some organisms lose their habitats. Which is also an effect of rain forest deforestation?
Answer: a decrease in the fertility of the topsoil
Hypothesis: as the deforestation increases, the topsoil fertility will decrease
Supporting facts: sent1: as the deforestation increases , the soil fertility will decrease sent2: topsoil is a kind of soil
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] as the deforestation increases , the soil fertility will decrease [AND] topsoil is a kind of soil [INFER] int1: as the deforestation increases, the topsoil fertility will decrease
Question: Clearing forests of trees and vegetation for human development can have major impacts on the ecosystem. Which would most likely occur after a forested area is cleared?
Answer: an increase in soil erosion
Hypothesis: clearing a forest causes increased soil erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: clearing forests means cutting down a large amount of trees in a forest sent2: as the deforestation increases , the soil erosion will increase sent3: deforestation is when the number of trees / organisms in a forest decreases sent4: cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] clearing forests means cutting down a large amount of trees in a forest [AND] cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest [INFER] int1: clearing a forest causes the number of trees to greatly decrease in that forest [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] deforestation is when the number of trees / organisms in a forest decreases [INFER] int2: clearing a forest causes deforestation to increase [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as the deforestation increases , the soil erosion will increase [INFER] int3: clearing a forest causes increased soil erosion
Question: Which resource is most likely found in large amounts in forest ecosystems?
Answer: wood
Hypothesis: wood is a kind of resource that can be found in large amounts in a forest
Supporting facts: sent1: a tree contains wood sent2: a lot means large in amount / quantity sent3: a forest contains lots of plants / trees sent4: wood is a kind of resource sent5: if something contains something else then that something else is a part of that something sent6: if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a lot means large in amount / quantity [AND] a forest contains lots of plants / trees [INFER] int1: a forest contains a large amount of trees [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a tree contains wood [INFER] int2: a forest contains a large amount of wood [BECAUSE] if something contains something else then that something else is a part of that something [AND] if something is a part of something then that something can be found in that something [INFER] int3: if something contains something else then that something else can be found in that something [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: large amounts of wood can be found in a forest [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] wood is a kind of resource [INFER] int5: wood is a kind of resource that can be found in large amounts in a forest
Question: Humans depend on which natural resource from the environment?
Answer: water
Hypothesis: water is a kind of natural resource from the environment that humans depend on
Supporting facts: sent1: water is a kind of natural resource sent2: water is a part of an environment sent3: animals / living things require water for survival sent4: a human is a kind of animal sent5: if a living thing requires something for survival then that living thing depends on that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water is a kind of natural resource [AND] water is a part of an environment [INFER] int1: water is a kind of natural resource from an environment [BECAUSE] animals / living things require water for survival [AND] if a living thing requires something for survival then that living thing depends on that something [INFER] int2: animals / living things depend on water [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a human is a kind of animal [INFER] int3: humans depend on water [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: water is a kind of natural resource from the environment that humans depend on
Question: Some of Earth's water is stored underground in porous rock formations known as aquifers. Which of these could use up groundwater in aquifers?
Answer: excessive pumping from wells
Hypothesis: excessive pumping from wells may cause the water in that aquifer to become used up
Supporting facts: sent1: pumping is a kind of method for transporting water sent2: a well is a vehicle for removing water from an aquifer sent3: if too much water is removed from a location then the water may become used up sent4: excessive means too much in quantity
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] pumping is a kind of method for transporting water [AND] a well is a vehicle for removing water from an aquifer [INFER] int1: pumping from wells is a kind of method for removing water from aquifers [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if too much water is removed from a location then the water may become used up [INFER] int2: if too much water is pumped from a well then the water in that aquifer may become used up [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] excessive means too much in quantity [INFER] int3: excessive pumping from wells may cause the water in that aquifer to become used up
Question: A lake has been used for more than a century to irrigate crops. How has this practice most likely affected this resource?
Answer: It decreased the volume of the lake.
Hypothesis: irrigation can cause the volume of a lake to decrease
Supporting facts: sent1: a body of water contains water sent2: the volume of a substance describes the amount of that substance sent3: water is a kind of matter sent4: irrigation causes water levels to decrease sent5: as the amount of water in a body of water decreases , the water levels will decrease sent6: volume is a property of matter sent7: matter is a kind of substance sent8: a lake is a kind of body of water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] irrigation causes water levels to decrease [AND] as the amount of water in a body of water decreases , the water levels will decrease [INFER] int1: irrigation causes the amount of water in a body of water to decrease [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a lake is a kind of body of water [INFER] int2: irrigation can cause the amount of water in a lake to decrease [BECAUSE] the volume of a substance describes the amount of that substance [AND] matter is a kind of substance [INFER] int3: the volume of matter describes the amount of that matter [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] volume is a property of matter [INFER] int4: volume is a property of matter that describes the amount of that matter [BECAUSE] a body of water contains water [AND] a lake is a kind of body of water [INFER] int5: a lake contains water [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] water is a kind of matter [INFER] int6: water in a lake is a kind of matter [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: the volume of a lake describes the amount of water in that lake [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: irrigation can cause the volume of a lake to decrease
Question: Increased populations can lead to the depletion of locally available resources. Compared to other communities, which of these locally available resources is most likely to be depleted in desert communities?
Answer: water
Hypothesis: increased populations are likely to cause water to be depleted in a desert environment
Supporting facts: sent1: living thing is a kind of organism sent2: living things require water for survival sent3: water is a kind of natural resource sent4: a desert environment is low in availability of water / availability of food sent5: as a population of organisms increases , the resources used by those organisms will decrease sent6: if the amount of something decreases then that something might be depleted sent7: if a resource is low in availability then it is more likely to be depleted
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] living thing is a kind of organism [AND] as a population of organisms increases , the resources used by those organisms will decrease [INFER] int1: as a population of living things increases, the resources used by those living things will decrease [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] living things require water for survival [AND] water is a kind of natural resource [INFER] int2: as a population of living things increases, the water used by those living things will decrease [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if the amount of something decreases then that something might be depleted [INFER] int3: as a population of a living thing increases the water used by those living things might be depleted [BECAUSE] a desert environment is low in availability of water / availability of food [AND] if a resource is low in availability then it is more likely to be depleted [INFER] int4: water is more likely to be depleted in a desert environment [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: increased populations are likely to cause water to be depleted in a desert environment
Question: Which action is an example of good water management?
Answer: turning off the faucet when brushing teeth
Hypothesis: an example of managing the use of water is turning off the faucet when brushing teeth
Supporting facts: sent1: an example of using less water is turning off the faucet when brushing teeth sent2: an example of managing the use of something is using less of that something sent3: resources must be managed sent4: water is a kind of natural resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an example of managing the use of something is using less of that something [AND] resources must be managed [INFER] int1: an example of managing the use of a resource is useing less of that resource [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water is a kind of natural resource [INFER] int2: an example of managing the use of water is using less water [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an example of using less water is turning off the faucet when brushing teeth [INFER] int3: an example of managing the use of water is turning off the faucet when brushing teeth
Question: In some dry areas, large amounts of water have been pumped from underground sources where water has been naturally stored for thousands of years. If the water is not replaced, what type of land feature is most likely to result?
Answer: desert
Hypothesis: if water from underground is not replaced in an environment then that environment will become a desert
Supporting facts: sent1: groundwater is a kind of water sent2: ground water is a kind of water sent3: if a resource is not replaced then the resource has low availability sent4: groundwater is a nonrenewable resource sent5: a desert environment is low in availability of water / availability of food sent6: groundwater is located under ground / underground
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if a resource is not replaced then the resource has low availability [AND] groundwater is a nonrenewable resource [INFER] int1: if groundwater if not replaced then groundwater will have low availability [BECAUSE] ground water is a kind of water [AND] a desert environment is low in availability of water / availability of food [INFER] int2: a desert environment is low in availability of groundwater [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: if groundwater is not replaced in an environment then that environment will become a desert [BECAUSE] groundwater is a kind of water [AND] groundwater is located under ground / underground [INFER] int4: groundwater is a kind of water that is located underground [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: if water from underground is not replaced in an environment then that environment will become a desert
Question: Which of these is a freshwater reservoir?
Answer: Antarctic polar ice
Hypothesis: antarctic polar ice is a kind of freshwater reservoir
Supporting facts: sent1: glaciers are a kind of major reservoir sent2: glaciers are a source of freshwater sent3: antarctic polar ice contains glaciers sent4: a water reservoir stores water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] glaciers are a kind of major reservoir [AND] a water reservoir stores water [INFER] int1: glaciers are a kind of water reservoir [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] glaciers are a source of freshwater [INFER] int2: glaciers are a kind of freshwater reservoir [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] antarctic polar ice contains glaciers [INFER] int3: antarctic polar ice is a kind of freshwater reservoir
Question: Which human activity is most harmful to the natural environment?
Answer: cutting down a rain forest
Hypothesis: humans cutting down a rainforest causes harm to much of the environment
Supporting facts: sent1: rainforests contain many species sent2: a decrease of something is a kind of change sent3: organisms are a part of an environment sent4: harming an environment causes harm to the living things / to the organisms in that environment sent5: a rainforest is a kind of forest sent6: cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest sent7: to cut down a rainforest means to cut down trees in a rainforest sent8: humans changing an environment sometimes causes that environment to be destroyed sent9: species means a group of a certain kind of organism sent10: a forest is a kind of environment sent11: destroying something causes harm to that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a rainforest is a kind of forest [AND] cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest [INFER] int1: cutting down trees in a rainforest causes the number of trees to decrease in that rainforest [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a decrease of something is a kind of change [INFER] int2: cutting down trees in a  rainforest changes that rainforest [BECAUSE] a forest is a kind of environment [AND] a rainforest is a kind of forest [INFER] int3: a rain forest is a kind of environment [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [AND] humans changing an environment sometimes causes that environment to be destroyed [INFER] int4: humans cutting down trees in a rainforest can cause that rainforest to be destroyed [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] destroying something causes harm to that something [INFER] int5: humans cutting down trees in a rainforest causes harm to that rainforest [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] harming an environment causes harm to the living things / to the organisms in that environment [INFER] int6: humans cutting down trees in a rainforest causes harm to the organisms in that rainforest [BECAUSE] rainforests contain many species [AND] species means a group of a certain kind of organism [INFER] int7: rainforests contain many kinds of organisms [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: humans cutting down trees in a rainforest causes harm to many kinds of organisms [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] organisms are a part of an environment [INFER] int9: humans cutting down trees in a rainforest causes harm to much of the environment [BECAUSE] int9 [AND] to cut down a rainforest means to cut down trees in a rainforest [INFER] int10: humans cutting down a rainforest causes harm to much of the environment
Question: In 1872, the United States created a national park called Yellowstone. The park includes more than two million acres in the three states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Which statement best explains why national parks have a positive effect on ecosystems?
Answer: National parks limit mining, logging, and hunting.
Hypothesis: national parks have a positive impact on the ecosystem by limiting mining and logging and hunting
Supporting facts: sent1: cutting down trees has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent2: an animal is a kind of organism sent3: organisms are a part of an environment sent4: surface mining has a negative impact on the lithosphere / the biosphere / the ecosystem sent5: national parks limit mining / logging / hunting sent6: killing means harming something causing death sent7: logging is when humans cut down trees / forests for wood sent8: harming an animal species has a negative impact on the population size of that species sent9: ecosystem can mean environment sent10: hunting is when a human kills an animal for food / recreation in the wild sent11: limiting a source of something tht has a negative impact on something else has a positive impact on that something else
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] cutting down trees has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem [AND] logging is when humans cut down trees / forests for wood [INFER] int1: logging has a negative impact on the ecosystem [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] surface mining has a negative impact on the lithosphere / the biosphere / the ecosystem [INFER] int2: surface mining and logging have negative impacts on the ecosystem [BECAUSE] killing means harming something causing death [AND] harming an animal species has a negative impact on the population size of that species [INFER] int3: killing an animal has a negative impact on that animal's population [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] hunting is when a human kills an animal for food / recreation in the wild [INFER] int4: hunting has a negative impact on animal populations [BECAUSE] an animal is a kind of organism [AND] organisms are a part of an environment [INFER] int5: animals are a part of the environment [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] ecosystem can mean environment [INFER] int6: animals are a part of the ecosystem [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: hunting has a negative impact on the ecosystem [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: surface mining and logging and hunting have negative impacts on the ecosystem [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] limiting a source of something tht has a negative impact on something else has a positive impact on that something else [INFER] int9: limiting mining and logging and hunting has a positive impact on the ecosystem [BECAUSE] int9 [AND] national parks limit mining / logging / hunting [INFER] int10: national parks have a positive impact on the ecosystem by limiting mining and logging and hunting
Question: Chemical pesticides are sometimes sprayed on crops to kill insects that eat the crops. People have different viewpoints about the use of pesticides on crops. What might be a concern about using pesticides on the crops?
Answer: Will the food harm humans?
Hypothesis: eating crops that contain pesticides can have a negative impact on the health of a human
Supporting facts: sent1: eating food that contains pesticides can have a negative impact on the health of an animal sent2: a crop is a kind of food sent3: a human is a kind of animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] eating food that contains pesticides can have a negative impact on the health of an animal [AND] a crop is a kind of food [INFER] int1: eating crops that contain pesticides can have a negative impact on the health of an animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a human is a kind of animal [INFER] int2: eating crops that contain pesticides can have a negative impact on the health of a human
Question: A crop of corn plants is genetically modified so that the plants produce a natural pesticide. People are concerned that these corn plants might transfer modified genetic material to other plants. Which of the following is the best way to further modify the plants to prevent them from transferring their genetic materials to other plants?
Answer: changing the plants so they do not make pollen
Hypothesis: if pollen is not produced then genetically modified corn plants will be prevented from producing offspring with their genetic material
Supporting facts: sent1: if something required for a process is not produced then that process is prevented from occurring / cannot occur sent2: reproduction of the plants often requires pollen sent3: sexual reproduction produces offspring with genetic material from both parents sent4: corn is a kind of plant sent5: a crop of corn plants is genetically modified to produce a natural pesticide sent6: corn plants reproduce through sexual reproduction
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sexual reproduction produces offspring with genetic material from both parents [AND] a crop of corn plants is genetically modified to produce a natural pesticide [AND] corn plants reproduce through sexual reproduction [INFER] int1: sexual reproduction between genetically modified corn plants produces offspring with genetic material that produces a natural pesticide [BECAUSE] if something required for a process is not produced then that process is prevented from occurring / cannot occur [AND] reproduction of the plants often requires pollen [INFER] int2: if pollen is not produced then plant reproduction is prevented from occuring [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] corn is a kind of plant [INFER] int3: if the corn does not produce pollen, then the corn reproduction is prevented from occuring [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: if pollen is not produced then genetically modified corn plants will be prevented from producing offspring with their genetic material