ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Two flowers are both roses. One rose is larger and has more fragrance than the other rose. What advantage will one of the roses most likely gain because of this difference?
Answer: The larger rose will more easily attract bees than the smaller rose.
Hypothesis: increasing the size and amount of fragrance of a flower has a positive impact on that flower by increasing the number of bees it will attract
Supporting facts: sent1: pollination requires pollinators sent2: fragrance means smell sent3: flowers often have a sweet smell to attract pollinators sent4: increasing the amount of something used by an organism to perform a process increases that organism's ability to perform that process sent5: a bee is a pollinating animal sent6: as the size of a flower increases , the number of pollinators it will attract increases sent7: increasing an organism's ability to reproduce has a positive impact on that organism sent8: a plant is a kind of organism sent9: plant reproduction requires pollination
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fragrance means smell [AND] flowers often have a sweet smell to attract pollinators [INFER] int1: flowers use fragrance to attract pollinators [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] increasing the amount of something used by an organism to perform a process increases that organism's ability to perform that process [INFER] int2: as the amount of fragrance of a flower increases , the number of pollinators it will attract increases [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as the size of a flower increases , the number of pollinators it will attract increases [INFER] int3: as the size and amount of fragrance of a flower increases, the number of pollinators it will attract increases [BECAUSE] pollination requires pollinators [AND] plant reproduction requires pollination [INFER] int4: plant reproduction requires pollinators [BECAUSE] increasing the amount of something used by an organism to perform a process increases that organism's ability to perform that process [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [INFER] int5: increasing the amount of something used by a plant to perform a process increases that plant's ability to perform that process [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: as the number of pollinators attracted to  a plant increases , the ability of that plant to reproduce will increase [BECAUSE] increasing an organism's ability to reproduce has a positive impact on that organism [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [INFER] int7: increasing a plant's ability to reproduce has a positive impact on that plant [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: increasing the number of pollinators attracted to a plant has a positive impact on that plant [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: increasing the size and amount of fragrance of a flower has a positive impact on that flower by increasing the number of pollinators it will attract [BECAUSE] int9 [AND] a bee is a pollinating animal [INFER] int10: increasing the size and amount of fragrance of a flower has a positive impact on that flower by increasing the number of bees it will attract
Question: European starlings are birds that take over the nests of other birds. When they move into an area, starlings reproduce quickly. Taking over the nests of other birds most likely increases the number of starlings by helping them to do what?
Answer: compete for resources
Hypothesis: as starlings sucessfully compete for resources, the population of starlings increases
Supporting facts: sent1: a starling is a kind of animal sent2: as available resources increases , the population of an organism using those resources will increase sent3: if an organism can compete for resources then more resources will become available to that organism sent4: starlings take nests from other birds sent5: if a starling takes a resource from another animal then that starling competes for resources sucessfully sent6: a nest is a kind of resource for a bird
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] starlings take nests from other birds [AND] a nest is a kind of resource for a bird [INFER] int1: starlings take resources from other birds by taking nests from other birds [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a starling takes a resource from another animal then that starling competes for resources sucessfully [INFER] int2: starlings successfully compete for resources by taking over the nests of other birds [BECAUSE] a starling is a kind of animal [INFER] int3: a starling is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if an organism can compete for resources then more resources will become available to that organism [INFER] int4: if a starling can compete for resources then more resources will become available to that starling [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: more resources become available to starlings as they sucessfully compete for resources [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] as available resources increases , the population of an organism using those resources will increase [INFER] int6: as available resources increase, the population of starlings using those resources will increase [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: as starlings sucessfully compete for resources, the population of starlings increases
Question: Which factor will prompt an animal's fight-or-flight response?
Answer: competition for food
Hypothesis: competition for food may cause a fight-or-flight response in animals
Supporting facts: sent1: competition may cause animals to fight / to make threatening sounds / to act aggressively towards members of their own species sent2: threatening behavior causes a fight-or-flight response in animals sent3: if two animals have the same food source then those two animals compete for food
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] competition may cause animals to fight / to make threatening sounds / to act aggressively towards members of their own species [AND] if two animals have the same food source then those two animals compete for food [INFER] int1: competition for food may cause animals to display threatening behavior towards each other [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] threatening behavior causes a fight-or-flight response in animals [INFER] int2: competition for food may cause a fight-or-flight response in animals
Question: Sheep Challenge Evolution A species of sheep lives on the Scottish island of Hirta. Hirta has plenty of grass for the sheep to eat, and no natural predators of the sheep live on the island. Some sheep have dark wool, and some have light wool. The sheep with dark wool tend to be much larger and stronger than the sheep with light wool. However, researchers have found that in the last 20 years, the sheep with light wool have increased in number. Usually, strength and size help animals survive and breed. On Hirta, sheep with light wool outnumber sheep with dark wool because sheep with light wool
Answer: have a better chance of surviving and reproducing
Hypothesis: sheep with light wool have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than sheep with black wool on hirta
Supporting facts: sent1: as the ability of a living thing to survive / to reproduce increases , the likelihood of passing on its traits to its decendents will increase sent2: sheep with light wool outnumber sheep with dark wool in the sheep population on hirta sent3: reproduction increases the number of a living thing sent4: a sheep is a kind of living thing
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] as the ability of a living thing to survive / to reproduce increases , the likelihood of passing on its traits to its decendents will increase [AND] reproduction increases the number of a living thing [INFER] int1: if living things with one trait outnumber those living things with a different trait in a population then the living things with that one trait probably have a better chance of surviving and reproducing [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a sheep is a kind of living thing [INFER] int2: if sheep with one trait outnumber those sheep with a different trait in a population then the sheep with that one trait probably have a better chance at surviving and reproducing [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sheep with light wool outnumber sheep with dark wool in the sheep population on hirta [INFER] int3: sheep with light wool have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than sheep with black wool on hirta
Question: During the fall reproductive season, the belly of a male brook trout becomes bright orange. The orange belly provides some camouflage and helps attract females. This trait evolved in brook trout because, compared to males with pale bellies, males with bright orange bellies are more likely to
Answer: fertilize eggs to produce offspring.
Hypothesis: brook trout developed bright orange bellies over time to help them reproduce
Supporting facts: sent1: an adaptation has a positive impact on an animal 's ability to reproduce sent2: if something can be used for a process then that something can have a positive impact on that process sent3: brook trout have bright orange bellies sent4: animals require fertilization to reproduce sent5: an animal requires a mate to fertilize an egg sent6: adaptation is when an organism develops a trait over time for survival sent7: having an orange belly is a kind of coloration sent8: coloration is used to find a mate by some animals
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an animal requires a mate to fertilize an egg [AND] coloration is used to find a mate by some animals [INFER] int1: coloration can can be used by an animal find a mate to fertilize an egg [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something can be used for a process then that something can have a positive impact on that process [INFER] int2: coloration can have a positive impact on an animal's ability to fertilize an egg [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] animals require fertilization to reproduce [INFER] int3: coloration can have a positive impact on an animal's ability to reproduce [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an adaptation has a positive impact on an animal 's ability to reproduce [INFER] int4: coloration is an adaptation for reproduction for animals [BECAUSE] brook trout have bright orange bellies [AND] having an orange belly is a kind of coloration [INFER] int5: brook trout have a bright orange coloration on their bellies [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: bright orange bellies are an adaptation for reproduction for brook trout [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] adaptation is when an organism develops a trait over time for survival [INFER] int7: brook trout developed bright orange bellies over time to help them reproduce
Question: Which event would most likely cause a rapid extinction of organisms?
Answer: a large asteroid impact
Hypothesis: an asteroid impact would cause a rapid extinction of organisms
Supporting facts: sent1: to do something forcibly can mean to do something rapidly sent2: an ecosystem is a kind of object sent3: an ecosystem contains large numbers of living organisms sent4: an asteroid impact is a kind of event sent5: objects colliding can cause changes to those objects sent6: an asteroid is a kind of object sent7: a disruption of an ecosystem can cause an extinction sent8: a disruption is a kind of change sent9: an impact can mean the result of two objects forcibly colliding
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] to do something forcibly can mean to do something rapidly [AND] a disruption of an ecosystem can cause an extinction [INFER] int1: a forcible disruption of an ecosystem can cause a rapid extinction [BECAUSE] an asteroid is a kind of object [AND] an impact can mean the result of two objects forcibly colliding [INFER] int2: an impact can mean the result of an asteroid and another object forcibly colliding [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an asteroid impact is a kind of event [INFER] int3: an asteroid impact is a kind of event where an asteriod forcibly collides with another object [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an ecosystem is a kind of object [INFER] int4: an asteriod impact can be a kind of event where an asteroid forcibly collides with an ecosystem [BECAUSE] objects colliding can cause changes to those objects [AND] a disruption is a kind of change [INFER] int5: objects colliding can disrupt those objects [BECAUSE] an ecosystem is a kind of object [AND] an asteroid is a kind of object [INFER] int6: an asteriod and an ecosystem are kinds of objects [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: an asteroid and an ecosystem colliding can disrupt that asteroid and ecosystem [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: an asteriod impact can be a kind of event where an asteroid forcibly disrupts an ecosystem [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] an ecosystem contains large numbers of living organisms [INFER] int9: an asteroid impact can be a kind of event where an asteroid forcibly disrupts an ecosystem and the organisms in it [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: an asteroid impact would cause a rapid extinction of organisms
Question: Deer live in forest for shelter. If the forest was cut down, which situation would most likely happen?
Answer: The deer would move to another forest area.
Hypothesis: cutting down a forest causes deer to move to find shelter in another habitat
Supporting facts: sent1: if a habitat can no longer support animals then those animals will move to another area sent2: cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest sent3: if something is destroyed then that something no longer exists sent4: a deer lives in a forest sent5: cutting down a forest means cutting down trees in a forest sent6: if a habitat is removed then that habitat is destroyed sent7: if an animal 's habitat no longer exists then that animal will die sent8: a deer is a kind of animal sent9: animals live in their habitat sent10: if the state of a habitat causes animals in that habitat to die then that habitat can not support animals sent11: a shelter is used for living in by animals sent12: decreasing the number of trees in a forest is a kind of method for removing a forest
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if the state of a habitat causes animals in that habitat to die then that habitat can not support animals [AND] if an animal 's habitat no longer exists then that animal will die [INFER] int1: if an animal's habitat no longer exists then that habitat can not support that animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something is destroyed then that something no longer exists [INFER] int2: if a habitat is destroyed then that habitat can not support animals [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if a habitat can no longer support animals then those animals will move to another area [INFER] int3: habitat destruction causes animals to move to another habitat [BECAUSE] a shelter is used for living in by animals [AND] animals live in their habitat [INFER] int4: animals' shelters are in their habitats [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: habitat destruction causes animals to move to find shelter in another habitat [BECAUSE] cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest [AND] cutting down a forest means cutting down trees in a forest [INFER] int6: cutting down a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] decreasing the number of trees in a forest is a kind of method for removing a forest [INFER] int7: cutting down a forest is a kind of method for removing a forest [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] if a habitat is removed then that habitat is destroyed [INFER] int8: cutting down a forest will destroy a forest [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: cutting down a forest causes animals that live in that forest to move to find shelter in another habitat [BECAUSE] a deer lives in a forest [AND] a deer is a kind of animal [INFER] int10: deer are a kind of animal that live in a forest [BECAUSE] int10 [AND] int9 [INFER] int11: cutting down a forest causes deer to move to find shelter in another habitat
Question: Which change would most likely cause deer to die or leave a woodland?
Answer: a forest fire
Hypothesis: a forest fire can cause an animal to die or leave their environment
Supporting facts: sent1: wildfire is when a forest catches fire sent2: harming an organism can cause that organism to die sent3: a wildfire is a kind of natural disaster sent4: a wildfire can mean a forest fire sent5: an animal is a kind of organism sent6: fire causes harm to organisms sent7: natural disasters can cause animals to leave an environment
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] harming an organism can cause that organism to die [AND] fire causes harm to organisms [INFER] int1: fire can cause organisms to die [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] wildfire is when a forest catches fire [INFER] int2: a wildfire can cause organisms to die [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an animal is a kind of organism [INFER] int3: a wildfire can cause an animal to die [BECAUSE] a wildfire is a kind of natural disaster [AND] natural disasters can cause animals to leave an environment [INFER] int4: a wildfire can cause an animal to leave their environment [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: a wildfire can cause an animal to die or leave their environment [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] a wildfire can mean a forest fire [INFER] int6: a forest fire can cause an animal to die or leave their environment
Question: If an environment becomes warmer and drier, the change that would most likely help a species adapt would be an increase in its
Answer: ability to store water.
Hypothesis: ability to store water is a kind of adaptation to a dry environment
Supporting facts: sent1: an adaptation has a positive impact on a living thing 's survival sent2: drier means lower in amount of water sent3: living things require water for survival sent4: if something increases something else then that something has a positive impact on that something else sent5: storing water increases the water available to organisms in a dry environment sent6: a dry environment is low in availability of water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] drier means lower in amount of water [AND] a dry environment is low in availability of water [INFER] int1: as dryness increases in an environment , the available water in that environment will decrease [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] living things require water for survival [INFER] int2: as dryness in an environment increases, the ability of living things to survive in that environment decreases due to a lack of available water [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] storing water increases the water available to organisms in a dry environment [INFER] int3: as a living thing's ability to store water increases, that living thing's ability to survive in a dry environment increases [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if something increases something else then that something has a positive impact on that something else [INFER] int4: ability to store water has a positive impact on an living thing's survival in a dry environment [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] an adaptation has a positive impact on a living thing 's survival [INFER] int5: ability to store water is a kind of adaptation to a dry environment
Question: All the ponds in an area dried up during a drought. The population of which of the following animals that live in the area is most affected by the drought?
Answer: frog
Hypothesis: droughts have a negative effect on frogs
Supporting facts: sent1: an aquatic animal is a kind of animal sent2: drought is when available water decreases in an environment sent3: aquatic animals live in bodies of water sent4: causing an animal to die has a negative effect on that animal sent5: if a body of water loses all water then that body of water does not exist any more sent6: a pond is a kind of body of water sent7: if an animal 's habitat no longer exists then that animal will die sent8: a frog is a kind of animal sent9: a frog is a kind of aquatic animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if a body of water loses all water then that body of water does not exist any more [AND] a pond is a kind of body of water [INFER] int1: if a pond loses all water then that pond does not exist any more [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] drought is when available water decreases in an environment [INFER] int2: a drought can cause a pond to no longer exist [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if an animal 's habitat no longer exists then that animal will die [INFER] int3: a drought can cause animals that live in ponds to die [BECAUSE] aquatic animals live in bodies of water [AND] a pond is a kind of body of water [INFER] int4: aquatic animals live in ponds [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] a frog is a kind of aquatic animal [INFER] int5: a frog is a kind of aquatic animal that lives in ponds [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] an aquatic animal is a kind of animal [INFER] int6: a frog is a kind of animal that lives in ponds [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: a drought can cause frogs to die [BECAUSE] causing an animal to die has a negative effect on that animal [AND] a frog is a kind of animal [INFER] int8: causing a frog to die has a negative effect on that frog [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: droughts have a negative effect on frogs
Question: Changes to abiotic factors in an environment can impact biotic factors. Which statement is the BEST example of this situation?
Answer: Drought conditions increase competition among consumers.
Hypothesis: a drought causes competition among consumers to increase
Supporting facts: sent1: changes to abiotic factors in an environment affect biotic factors in that environment sent2: a decrease is a kind of change sent3: living things require water for survival sent4: organisms compete for resources in an environment sent5: a consumer is a kind of living thing sent6: organisms are biotic factors of an environment sent7: natural resources can be abiotic factors of an environment sent8: a living thing is an organism sent9: drought is when available water decreases in an environment sent10: water is a kind of natural resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] organisms are biotic factors of an environment [AND] natural resources can be abiotic factors of an environment [INFER] int1: resources are generally abiotic factors of an environment and organisms are biotic features of an environment [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] changes to abiotic factors in an environment affect biotic factors in that environment [INFER] int2: changes to resources in an environment affect organsims in that environment [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a decrease is a kind of change [INFER] int3: a decrease in resources in an environment affects organisms in that environment [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] organisms compete for resources in an environment [INFER] int4: as a resource required by an organism decreases , the competition among organisms that require that resource will increase [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] a living thing is an organism [INFER] int5: as a resource required by a living thing decreases, the competition among living things that require that resource will increase [BECAUSE] water is a kind of natural resource [AND] living things require water for survival [INFER] int6: water is a kind of resource that is required by living things [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: as water in an evironment decreases, the competition among living things increases [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] a consumer is a kind of living thing [INFER] int8: as water in an evironment decreases, the competition among consumers increases [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] drought is when available water decreases in an environment [INFER] int9: a drought causes competition among consumers to increase
Question: Which of these will most likely increase a plant population in a habitat?
Answer: more days of rain showers
Hypothesis: as the amount of rainfall in an environment increases, the populations of plants in that environment will increase
Supporting facts: sent1: a plant is a kind of organism sent2: rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives sent3: as the available water in an environment increases , the populations of organisms in that environment will increase sent4: rain is a source of water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives [AND] rain is a source of water [INFER] int1: as the amount of rainfall increases in an area , the amount of available water in that area will increase [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] as the available water in an environment increases , the populations of organisms in that environment will increase [INFER] int2: as the amount of rainfall in an environment increases, the populations of organisms in that environment will increase [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [INFER] int3: as the amount of rainfall in an environment increases, the populations of plants in that environment will increase