ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: In gym class a student kicks a soccer ball high into the air. As the ball goes upward, which type of energy is increasing?
Answer: potential energy
Hypothesis: the potential energy of the soccer ball will increase
Supporting facts: sent1: a soccer ball is going upward after being kicked sent2: as the altitude of an object increases , the potential energy of the object will increase sent3: going upwards means increasing the altitude sent4: a ball is a kind of object sent5: a soccer ball is a kind of ball
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a soccer ball is going upward after being kicked [AND] going upwards means increasing the altitude [INFER] int1: the altitude of the soccer ball is increasing [BECAUSE] a ball is a kind of object [AND] a soccer ball is a kind of ball [INFER] int2: a soccer ball is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] as the altitude of an object increases , the potential energy of the object will increase [INFER] int3: the potential energy of the soccer ball will increase
Question: Which of the water samples described below has the greatest average kinetic energy per molecule?
Answer: 1 liter of water at a temperature of 75C
Hypothesis: the temperature of the water is a measure of the kinetic energy of molecules
Supporting facts: sent1: substances are made of molecules sent2: temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of molecules sent3: water is a kind of substance
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] substances are made of molecules [AND] water is a kind of substance [INFER] int1: water is made of molecules [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of molecules [INFER] int2: the temperature of the water is a measure of the kinetic energy of molecules
Question: A sound is heard when you pluck a string on a guitar. What will happen to the sound if the same string is plucked harder?
Answer: The pitch will stay the same, and the volume will be higher.
Hypothesis: as the string of a guitar is plucked harder, the pitch will stay the same and the volume of the sound will increase
Supporting facts: sent1: a guitar is a kind of musical instrument sent2: as matter vibrates harder / faster , the volume of the sound produced will increase sent3: a string is a kind of object made from matter sent4: as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder , the pitch produced will not change sent5: as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder , the string will vibrate harder / faster
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] as matter vibrates harder / faster , the volume of the sound produced will increase [AND] a string is a kind of object made from matter [INFER] int1: as a string vibrates harder / faster , the volume of the sound produced will increase [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder , the string will vibrate harder / faster [INFER] int2: as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder, the volume of the sound will increase [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder , the pitch produced will not change [INFER] int3: as the string of a musical instrument is plucked harder, the pitch will stay the same and the volume of the sound will increase [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a guitar is a kind of musical instrument [INFER] int4: as the string of a guitar is plucked harder, the pitch will stay the same and the volume of the sound will increase
Question: When sound waves with large amplitude are compared to sound waves with small amplitude, which of the following is true?
Answer: Sound waves with large amplitudes have more energy and sound louder.
Hypothesis: the sound wave with large amplite would be louder and have more energy than the sound wave with small amplitude
Supporting facts: sent1: there is a sound wave with large amplitude sent2: as the amplitude of a sound wave increases , the amount of energy in that sound wave will increase sent3: there is a sound wave with small amplitude sent4: volume is a property of sound and includes ordered values of quiet / normal / loud sent5: as the amplitude of a sound wave increases , the volume of that sound wave will increase
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] there is a sound wave with large amplitude [AND] there is a sound wave with small amplitude [AND] as the amplitude of a sound wave increases , the volume of that sound wave will increase [INFER] int1: the sound wave with large amplitude would have a bigger volume than the sound wave with small amplitude [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] volume is a property of sound and includes ordered values of quiet / normal / loud [INFER] int2: the sound wave with large amplitude would be louder than the sound wave with small amplitude [BECAUSE] there is a sound wave with large amplitude [AND] as the amplitude of a sound wave increases , the amount of energy in that sound wave will increase [AND] there is a sound wave with small amplitude [INFER] int3: the sound wave with large amplitude would have more energy than the sound wave with small amplitude [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: the sound wave with large amplite would be louder and have more energy than the sound wave with small amplitude
Question: Campers shouted toward a canyon wall. What characteristic of sound best explains why the campers heard an echo?
Answer: Sound waves reflected off the canyon wall.
Hypothesis: sound can reflect off the canyon wall and produce an echo
Supporting facts: sent1: a canyon wall is a kind of surface sent2: echo is when sound reflects off of a surface
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a canyon wall is a kind of surface [AND] echo is when sound reflects off of a surface [INFER] int1: sound can reflect off the canyon wall and produce an echo
Question: Some students were on a tour exploring the inside of a cave. While the students were in the cave, they realized they heard an echo every time that they spoke. Which most likely caused the echo to occur?
Answer: the reflection of the sound waves
Hypothesis: if a person makes sound in the cave, then the sound will reflect off from the cave wall and produce echo
Supporting facts: sent1: a person speaking is a source of sound sent2: echo is when sound reflects off of a surface sent3: cave walls are a kind of surface
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a person speaking is a source of sound [AND] echo is when sound reflects off of a surface [INFER] int1: the sound of a person speaking can reflect off of a surface and produce echo [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] cave walls are a kind of surface [INFER] int2: if a person makes sound in the cave, then the sound will reflect off from the cave wall and produce echo
Question: Snapping a rubber band most likely produces which type of energy?
Answer: sound
Hypothesis: snapping a rubber band will produce sound
Supporting facts: sent1: vibrating matter can produce sound sent2: objects are made of matter sent3: a rubber band is a kind of object sent4: snapping a rubber band can cause the matter in the rubber band to vibrate
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] objects are made of matter [AND] a rubber band is a kind of object [INFER] int1: a rubber band is made of matter [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] vibrating matter can produce sound [INFER] int2: vibrating the matter in the rubber band can produce sound [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] snapping a rubber band can cause the matter in the rubber band to vibrate [INFER] int3: snapping a rubber band will produce sound
Question: When a guitar string is plucked, sound is produced by
Answer: the vibrations of the string.
Hypothesis: plucking a string can produce sound through vibrations
Supporting facts: sent1: a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something sent2: vibrations are a source of sound sent3: plucking a string can cause that string to vibrate
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] vibrations are a source of sound [AND] plucking a string can cause that string to vibrate [INFER] int1: plucking a string can be a source of sound through vibrations [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something [INFER] int2: plucking a string can produce sound through vibrations
Question: A rubber band will make a sound when it is
Answer: vibrated.
Hypothesis: vibrating the matter in the rubber band can produce sound
Supporting facts: sent1: a rubber band is a kind of object sent2: objects are made of matter sent3: vibrating matter can produce sound
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a rubber band is a kind of object [AND] objects are made of matter [INFER] int1: a rubber band is made of matter [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] vibrating matter can produce sound [INFER] int2: vibrating the matter in the rubber band can produce sound
Question: Why does tapping a fork against a water glass produce a sound?
Answer: The particles in the objects vibrate.
Hypothesis: the vibration of the particles caused by tapping the fork on a glass produces sound
Supporting facts: sent1: tapping two objects together causes the particles in those objects to vibrate sent2: a source of something produces that something sent3: vibrations are a source of sound sent4: glass is a kind of object sent5: a fork is a kind of object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] tapping two objects together causes the particles in those objects to vibrate [AND] glass is a kind of object [AND] a fork is a kind of object [INFER] int1: tapping a fork against a glass causes the particles in the objects to vibrate [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] vibrations are a source of sound [INFER] int2: the vibration of the particles caused by tapping the fork on a glass is a source of sound [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a source of something produces that something [INFER] int3: the vibration of the particles caused by tapping the fork on a glass produces sound
Question: When a book is dropped onto a wooden desk, the molecules in the wood begin to vibrate from the force of the book. Which of these is produced by the vibrations?
Answer: sound waves
Hypothesis: the vibration of molecules can cause sound wave
Supporting facts: sent1: the molecules in the wood begin to vibrate from the force of the book sent2: molecules vibrating can cause sound sent3: sound is made of sound waves
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the molecules in the wood begin to vibrate from the force of the book [AND] molecules vibrating can cause sound [INFER] int1: the vibration of molecules can cause sound [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sound is made of sound waves [INFER] int2: the vibration of molecules can cause sound wave
Question: There is a thunderstorm close to your house. The windows rattle at the same time that you hear the thunder. What causes the windows to rattle?
Answer: Sound waves from the thunder
Hypothesis: a thunder can make a window rattle through intense sound energy
Supporting facts: sent1: sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves sent2: a rattle is a kind of vibration sent3: a thunder has intense sound energy sent4: a window is a kind of object sent5: intense sound energy can move objects
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves [AND] intense sound energy can move objects [INFER] int1: insense sound energy can move objects by making them vibrate [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a thunder has intense sound energy [INFER] int2: a thunder can move objects by making them vibrate through intense sound energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a window is a kind of object [INFER] int3: a thunder can move a window by making them vibrate through intense sound energy [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a rattle is a kind of vibration [INFER] int4: a thunder can make a window rattle through intense sound energy
Question: Which of the following forms of energy can travel by vibrating particles of air?
Answer: sound
Hypothesis: sound can travel through air by vibrating air
Supporting facts: sent1: matter is made of particles sent2: air is a kind of matter sent3: vibration is a kind of motion sent4: sound requires matter to travel sent5: something requires motion to travel
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] matter is made of particles [AND] air is a kind of matter [INFER] int1: air is a matter made of air particles [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sound requires matter to travel [INFER] int2: sound can travel through air [BECAUSE] vibration is a kind of motion [AND] something requires motion to travel [INFER] int3: something can travel by vibrations [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: sound can travel through air by vibrating air
Question: When someone plays the flute, sound is produced because the air in the flute is
Answer: vibrating.
Hypothesis: the vibrations of air in the flute are a source of sound when the flute is played
Supporting facts: sent1: someone plays the flute sent2: vibrations are a source of sound sent3: if a flute is played, then the air in the flute will vibrate
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] someone plays the flute [AND] if a flute is played, then the air in the flute will vibrate [INFER] int1: the air in the flute will vibrate when the flute is played [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] vibrations are a source of sound [INFER] int2: the vibrations of air in the flute are a source of sound when the flute is played
Question: An earthquake in the Earth's crust under the ocean releases sound waves. Which statement accurately describes how the sound waves spread?
Answer: They spread in all directions away from their source.
Hypothesis: sound waves spread in all directions away from their source
Supporting facts: sent1: spreading around is similar to spreading in all directions sent2: sound wave is a kind of wave sent3: a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound wave is a kind of wave [AND] a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source [INFER] int1: sound wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] spreading around is similar to spreading in all directions [INFER] int2: sound waves spread in all directions away from their source
Question: Sound waves can pass through all of these except
Answer: a vacuum.
Hypothesis: sound cannot travel through a vacuum
Supporting facts: sent1: sound requires matter to travel sent2: a vacuum has no matter in it
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound requires matter to travel [AND] a vacuum has no matter in it [INFER] int1: sound cannot travel through a vacuum
Question: Sound waves travel fastest in
Answer: iron.
Hypothesis: sound will travel fastest in iron
Supporting facts: sent1: iron is a kind of solid sent2: sound travels fastest through solid
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] iron is a kind of solid [AND] sound travels fastest through solid [INFER] int1: sound will travel fastest in iron
Question: Sound waves travel the fastest through
Answer: rock.
Hypothesis: sound travels fastest in a rock
Supporting facts: sent1: a rock is usually a solid sent2: sound travels fastest through solid
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a rock is usually a solid [AND] sound travels fastest through solid [INFER] int1: sound travels fastest in a rock
Question: A chef uses a metal spoon to stir noodles cooking in a pan. After five minutes, she notices that the thermal energy from the pan has made the spoon
Answer: hot.
Hypothesis: the metal spoon will become home
Supporting facts: sent1: the pan is a source of heat sent2: a spoon sometimes is made of metal sent3: metal is a thermal conductor sent4: if one object touches something then one is exposed to that something sent5: a metal spoon is touching the pan sent6: if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat then that conductor may become hot / warm
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if one object touches something then one is exposed to that something [AND] a metal spoon is touching the pan [INFER] int1: the metal spoon is exposed to the pan [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the pan is a source of heat [INFER] int2: the metal spoon is exposed to a source of heat [BECAUSE] a spoon sometimes is made of metal [AND] metal is a thermal conductor [INFER] int3: a spoon is a kind of thermal conductor [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat then that conductor may become hot / warm [INFER] int4: if a spoon is exposed to a source of heat, then the conductor may become hot [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: the metal spoon will become home
Question: When two objects are touching, heat is transferred from the warmer object to the cooler one by
Answer: conduction.
Hypothesis: heat flows from warmer object to cooler object through thermal conduction when two objects are touching
Supporting facts: sent1: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent2: when a cooler object touches a warmer object , thermal conduction occurs
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object [AND] when a cooler object touches a warmer object , thermal conduction occurs [INFER] int1: heat flows from warmer object to cooler object through thermal conduction when two objects are touching
Question: Which is an example of conduction?
Answer: a metal spoon warming in a pot of hot soup
Hypothesis: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Supporting facts: sent1: a spoon sometimes is made of metal sent2: a hot substance is a source of heat sent3: if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot sent4: metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor sent5: soup is a kind of substance sent6: a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a spoon sometimes is made of metal [AND] metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor [INFER] int1: a metal spoon is a thermal conductor [BECAUSE] a hot substance is a source of heat [AND] soup is a kind of substance [INFER] int2: hot soup is a source of heat [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup [INFER] int3: the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [AND] if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot [INFER] int4: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Question: Which of the following is an example of heat transfer by conduction?
Answer: a whole metal spoon getting hot when one end is in hot soup
Hypothesis: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Supporting facts: sent1: a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup sent2: if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot sent3: soup is a kind of substance sent4: a spoon sometimes is made of metal sent5: metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor sent6: a hot substance is a source of heat
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a spoon sometimes is made of metal [AND] metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor [INFER] int1: a metal spoon is a thermal conductor [BECAUSE] soup is a kind of substance [AND] a hot substance is a source of heat [INFER] int2: hot soup is a source of heat [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup [INFER] int3: the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [AND] if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot [INFER] int4: the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction
Question: Which of the following heat exchange processes involves the collision of particles?
Answer: conduction
Hypothesis: thermal conduction is a heat exchange process involving the collision of particles
Supporting facts: sent1: thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles sent2: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles [AND] thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object [INFER] int1: thermal conduction is a heat exchange process involving the collision of particles
Question: A student standing near a campfire feels warmer as the fire grows. Which process most likely transfers heat from the campfire to the student?
Answer: radiation
Hypothesis: the campfire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation
Supporting facts: sent1: radiation is a kind of process sent2: fire transfers heat through radiation sent3: a campfire is a kind of fire sent4: radiation is when heat is transferred through waves / particles
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] radiation is a kind of process [AND] fire transfers heat through radiation [AND] radiation is when heat is transferred through waves / particles [INFER] int1: fire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a campfire is a kind of fire [INFER] int2: the campfire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation
Question: Sunlight passes through the windows of a car and causes the car seats to get hot. Which type of energy flow is involved in heating the seats?
Answer: radiation
Hypothesis: the car seat is heated by the sunlight by radiation
Supporting facts: sent1: sunlight is a kind of light sent2: electromagnetic radiation transfers heat and light energy by radiation sent3: sunlight passes the windows of a car and heat up the car seat sent4: sunlight can shine through a window sent5: light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sunlight is a kind of light [AND] light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation [INFER] int1: sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic radiation [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sunlight can shine through a window [INFER] int2: sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic radiation that can shine through a window [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] electromagnetic radiation transfers heat and light energy by radiation [INFER] int3: sunlight can transfer heat and light energy through a window by radiation [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] sunlight passes the windows of a car and heat up the car seat [INFER] int4: the car seat is heated by the sunlight by radiation
Question: Energy from the Sun reaches Earth by
Answer: radiation.
Hypothesis: the sun transfers heat and light energy to earth through space by radiation
Supporting facts: sent1: sunlight is a kind of light sent2: the sun transmits light to earth through space sent3: light is a kind of electromagnetic wave sent4: radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sunlight is a kind of light [AND] light is a kind of electromagnetic wave [INFER] int1: sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic wave [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy [INFER] int2: sunlight transfers heat and light energy through radiation [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the sun transmits light to earth through space [INFER] int3: the sun transfers heat and light energy to earth through space by radiation
Question: A radio station broadcasting across a large area is experiencing thunderstorms. How will the radio waves from the station be affected?
Answer: frequency will be distorted
Hypothesis: the lightning in the thunderstorm will distort the frequency of the radio waves
Supporting facts: sent1: electromagnetic radiation distorts the frequency of the radio waves sent2: lightning produces electromagnetic radiation of a wide range sent3: lightning occurs during lightning storms / thunderstorms
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] lightning produces electromagnetic radiation of a wide range [AND] lightning occurs during lightning storms / thunderstorms [INFER] int1: the lightning in the thunderstorms produces eletromagnetic radiation of a wide range [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] electromagnetic radiation distorts the frequency of the radio waves [INFER] int2: the lightning in the thunderstorm will distort the frequency of the radio waves