ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which structure surrounds and protects an animal cell?
Answer: Cell membrane
Hypothesis: the cell membrane is the cell structure that provides protection for an animal cell
Supporting facts: sent1: a cell membrane is a kind of cell structure sent2: the cell membrane provides support / protection for a cell sent3: an animal cell is a kind of cell
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a cell membrane is a kind of cell structure [AND] the cell membrane provides support / protection for a cell [INFER] int1: the cell membrane is the cell structure that provides protection for a cell [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an animal cell is a kind of cell [INFER] int2: the cell membrane is the cell structure that provides protection for an animal cell
Question: Which cellular structure allows nutrients to pass into cells?
Answer: membrane
Hypothesis: the cell membrane allows nutrients to enter and leave the cell
Supporting facts: sent1: nutrients are a kind of material sent2: the cell membrane allows materials to enter and leave the cell
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nutrients are a kind of material [AND] the cell membrane allows materials to enter and leave the cell [INFER] int1: the cell membrane allows nutrients to enter and leave the cell
Question: Which of these is the main function of a cell wall?
Answer: To provide support
Hypothesis: the main function of a cell wall is to provide support for a plant cell
Supporting facts: sent1: providing support is a kind of function sent2: a cell wall provides support / protection / shape / structure for a plant cell
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] providing support is a kind of function [AND] a cell wall provides support / protection / shape / structure for a plant cell [INFER] int1: the main function of a cell wall is to provide support for a plant cell
Question: Which structure is found in producers in nearly all ecosystems?
Answer: chloroplasts
Hypothesis: chloroplasts are the structure that is in the cells of producers
Supporting facts: sent1: a chloroplast is a kind of plant cell structure sent2: a plant cell contains chloroplasts sent3: green plants are made of plant cells sent4: green plants are a kind of producer
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] green plants are made of plant cells [AND] green plants are a kind of producer [INFER] int1: green plants as producers are made of plant cells [BECAUSE] a chloroplast is a kind of plant cell structure [AND] a plant cell contains chloroplasts [INFER] int2: a plant cell contains a strucutre called chloroplast [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: chloroplasts are the structure that is in the cells of producers
Question: Which of these cell parts contain instructions for the passage of traits from one generation to the next?
Answer: chromosomes
Hypothesis: the chromosome is the part of the cell that contains instructions for the passage of traits from one generation to the next
Supporting facts: sent1: a chromosome is a part of a cell sent2: a chromosome contains genes sent3: genes contains genetic information sent4: genetic information contains instructions for the passage of traits from one generation to the next
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] genes contains genetic information [AND] genetic information contains instructions for the passage of traits from one generation to the next [INFER] int1: genes contains instructions for the passage of traits from one generation to the next [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a chromosome contains genes [INFER] int2: the chromosome contains instructions for the passage of traits from one generation to the next [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a chromosome is a part of a cell [INFER] int3: the chromosome is the part of the cell that contains instructions for the passage of traits from one generation to the next
Question: Which of the following best describes the number of chromosomes in a normal human liver cell?
Answer: 23 pairs of chromosomes
Hypothesis: a liver cell of a human contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
Supporting facts: sent1: a liver cell is a kind of somatic cell sent2: a somatic cell of a human contains 23 pairs of / 46 chromosomes
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a liver cell is a kind of somatic cell [AND] a somatic cell of a human contains 23 pairs of / 46 chromosomes [INFER] int1: a liver cell of a human contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
Question: Chromosomes contain the genetic information of an organism. Fruit flies reproduce by sexual reproduction. Most of the cells of a fruit fly have 8 chromosomes. Which statement best explains the source of the chromosomes in a normal fertilized fruit fly egg?
Answer: The sperm cell provides 4 chromosomes and the egg cell provides 4 chromosomes.
Hypothesis: the sperm and the egg cell each provides 4 chromosomes for the fertilized fruit fly egg
Supporting facts: sent1: a fertilized egg is formed by a sperm and an egg cell fusing together sent2: a somatic cell of a fruit fly usually has 8 chromosomes sent3: each sex cell provides half the number of chromosomes in a fertilized egg through sexual reproduction sent4: a sperm cell is a kind of sex cell sent5: 4 is half of 8 sent6: a fertilized egg cell is a kind of somatic cell sent7: an egg cell is a kind of sex cell
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a somatic cell of a fruit fly usually has 8 chromosomes [AND] a fertilized egg cell is a kind of somatic cell [INFER] int1: a fertilized egg cell of a fruit fly will have 8 chromosomes [BECAUSE] a fertilized egg is formed by a sperm and an egg cell fusing together [AND] a sperm cell is a kind of sex cell [AND] an egg cell is a kind of sex cell [INFER] int2: a fertilized egg is formed by the fusion of two kinds of sex cells, a sperm and an egg cell [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] each sex cell provides half the number of chromosomes in a fertilized egg through sexual reproduction [INFER] int3: the sperm and the egg cell will each provide half of the number of chromosomes in a fertilized egg [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [AND] 4 is half of 8 [INFER] int4: the sperm and the egg cell each provides 4 chromosomes for the fertilized fruit fly egg
Question: An athlete is running a race. The athlete's body needs energy. Which organelle(s) in the athlete's cells supply the energy for cellular functions?
Answer: mitochondrion
Hypothesis: mitochondrion is the cellular organelle that provides energy to cells using oxygen and glucose
Supporting facts: sent1: mitochondrion provides energy to cells using oxygen and glucose sent2: a mitochondrion is a kind of cellular organelle
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] mitochondrion provides energy to cells using oxygen and glucose [AND] a mitochondrion is a kind of cellular organelle [INFER] int1: mitochondrion is the cellular organelle that provides energy to cells using oxygen and glucose
Question: Which part of a plant cell is responsible for controlling the activities of the other parts of the cell?
Answer: Nucleus
Hypothesis: the cell nucleus is part of the cell that controls many of the functions of the cell
Supporting facts: sent1: the cell nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell sent2: a cell nucleus is a part of a cell
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the cell nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell [AND] a cell nucleus is a part of a cell [INFER] int1: the cell nucleus is part of the cell that controls many of the functions of the cell
Question: The structures found in a living cell can be compared to the parts of a factory that produces cars. Which part of the factory is most similar to the nucleus of a living cell?
Answer: the computer room that controls the assembly process
Hypothesis: a computer room in a factory has a similar function to the cell nucleus in controlling the functions
Supporting facts: sent1: a computer room is used to control the assembly process in a factory sent2: controlling is a kind of function sent3: the cell nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a computer room is used to control the assembly process in a factory [AND] controlling is a kind of function [AND] the cell nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell [INFER] int1: a computer room in a factory has a similar function to the cell nucleus in controlling the functions
Question: When the cells in an organism divide and reproduce, the organism can grow. Which cell organelle contains the genetic material for reproduction?
Answer: the nucleus
Hypothesis: the nucleus is the cell organelle that contains genetic material for reproduction
Supporting facts: sent1: the nucleus contains genetic material for reproduction sent2: the nucleus is a kind of cell organelle
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the nucleus contains genetic material for reproduction [AND] the nucleus is a kind of cell organelle [INFER] int1: the nucleus is the cell organelle that contains genetic material for reproduction
Question: When two nuclei are combined into one nucleus, there is a slight change in mass and the release of a large amount of energy. What is this process called?
Answer: fusion
Hypothesis: the process is nulcear fusion
Supporting facts: sent1: nuclear fusion increases the mass through fusing two nuclei together into one sent2: nulear fusion releases a large amount of energy sent3: nuclear fusion is a kind of process sent4: a process combines two nuclei into one and releases a large amount of energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nuclear fusion increases the mass through fusing two nuclei together into one [AND] nulear fusion releases a large amount of energy [AND] nuclear fusion is a kind of process [INFER] int1: nulcear fusion is a process that fuses two nuclei into one and releases large amount of energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a process combines two nuclei into one and releases a large amount of energy [INFER] int2: the process is nulcear fusion
Question: Which cell can survive without the help of other cells?
Answer: yeast cell
Hypothesis: a yeast cell can survive without the help of other cells
Supporting facts: sent1: a yeast cell is a kind of single cell organism sent2: a single-cell organism can survive without the help of other cells
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a yeast cell is a kind of single cell organism [AND] a single-cell organism can survive without the help of other cells [INFER] int1: a yeast cell can survive without the help of other cells
Question: Which characteristic do single-celled organisms and multicellular organisms have in common?
Answer: Both have a way to get rid of waste materials.
Hypothesis: both multicelluar organism and singe-cell organism can get rid of waste materials
Supporting facts: sent1: a single-celled organism is a kind of living thing sent2: all living things eliminate waste sent3: a multicellular organism is a kind of living thing sent4: eliminating waste means getting rid of waste materials
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a single-celled organism is a kind of living thing [AND] all living things eliminate waste [AND] a multicellular organism is a kind of living thing [INFER] int1: both multicelluar organism and singe-cell organism eliminate waste [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] eliminating waste means getting rid of waste materials [INFER] int2: both multicelluar organism and singe-cell organism can get rid of waste materials
Question: Which protist is a bi-flagellate autotroph?
Answer: volvox
Hypothesis: volvox is a protist that is a bi-flagellate autotroph
Supporting facts: sent1: volvox is a bi-flagellate autotroph sent2: volvox is a kind of protist
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] volvox is a bi-flagellate autotroph [AND] volvox is a kind of protist [INFER] int1: volvox is a protist that is a bi-flagellate autotroph
Question: Which characteristic can an amoeba change that a paramecium cannot change?
Answer: shape
Hypothesis: an amoeba can change its shape but a paramecium cannot change its shape
Supporting facts: sent1: an amoeba can change its shape sent2: a paramecium cannot change its shape
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an amoeba can change its shape [AND] a paramecium cannot change its shape [INFER] int1: an amoeba can change its shape but a paramecium cannot change its shape
Question: Which part of a pine tree makes food?
Answer: needle
Hypothesis: the needle of a pine tree makes food for pine trees by photosynthesis
Supporting facts: sent1: a pine tree is a kind of plant sent2: a needle is a part of a pine tree sent3: a needle is the leaf of a pine tree sent4: a leaf performs photosynthesis / gas exchange sent5: a leaf is a part of a plant sent6: photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a leaf performs photosynthesis / gas exchange [AND] a leaf is a part of a plant [AND] photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates [INFER] int1: the leaf part of a plant makes food by photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a pine tree is a kind of plant [INFER] int2: the leaf part of a pine tree makes food by photosynthesis [BECAUSE] a needle is a part of a pine tree [AND] a needle is the leaf of a pine tree [INFER] int3: a needle is the leaf part of a pine tree [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: the needle of a pine tree makes food for pine trees by photosynthesis
Question: The BEST way to tell the DIFFERENCE between an oak and a maple tree is to compare the
Answer: shape of the leaves.
Hypothesis: we can tell the difference of oak trees and maple trees by the shape of their leaves
Supporting facts: sent1: trees of different species have differently shaped leaves sent2: a maple tree is a kind of tree sent3: a leaf is a part of a tree sent4: classifying is similar to telling the difference sent5: an oak is a kind of tree sent6: shape of the parts of something is a property of that something sent7: classifying means grouping objects / materials by their properties
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a leaf is a part of a tree [AND] an oak is a kind of tree [AND] shape of the parts of something is a property of that something [INFER] int1: the shape of oak trees leaves is a property of oak trees [BECAUSE] a maple tree is a kind of tree [AND] a leaf is a part of a tree [AND] shape of the parts of something is a property of that something [INFER] int2: the shape of maple trees leaves is a property of maple trees [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] trees of different species have differently shaped leaves [INFER] int3: oak trees and maple trees have leaves of different shapes properties [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] classifying means grouping objects / materials by their properties [INFER] int4: oak trees and maple trees can be classified by the shape of their leaves [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] classifying is similar to telling the difference [INFER] int5: we can tell the difference of oak trees and maple trees by the shape of their leaves
Question: Jeremiah noticed a plant had many missing leaves and large holes in other leaves. Why do missing leaves hurt the plant?
Answer: The plant makes less food.
Hypothesis: making less food has a negative impact on the plant
Supporting facts: sent1: photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates sent2: a leaf is a part of a plant sent3: a plant / living thing requires food for survival sent4: the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on the survival of the organism sent5: a plant is missing leaves sent6: a leaf performs photosynthesis
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates [AND] a leaf is a part of a plant [AND] a leaf performs photosynthesis [INFER] int1: leaves of plant make food by performing photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a plant is missing leaves [INFER] int2: the plant will make less food [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a plant / living thing requires food for survival [INFER] int3: the food the plant requires to survive will be less [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on the survival of the organism [INFER] int4: making less food has a negative impact on the plant
Question: A solar cell turns sunlight into another form of energy. A solar cell is most like what natural structure?
Answer: a plant's leaves
Hypothesis: both a leaf and solar cell convert solar energy to another form of energy
Supporting facts: sent1: a leaf performs photosynthesis sent2: solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy sent3: photosynthesis means green plants convert from solar energy into carbohydrates and food and oxygen sent4: food contains chemical energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] photosynthesis means green plants convert from solar energy into carbohydrates and food and oxygen [AND] food contains chemical energy [INFER] int1: photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a leaf performs photosynthesis [INFER] int2: a leaf converts solar energy into chemical energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy [INFER] int3: both a leaf and solar cell convert solar energy to another form of energy
Question: Which of these is a function of a leaf?
Answer: Converting solar energy into sugar
Hypothesis: a leaf converts solar energy into sugar
Supporting facts: sent1: a leaf performs photosynthesis sent2: carbohydrates are made of sugars sent3: photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates sent4: sunlight is a kind of solar energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] carbohydrates are made of sugars [AND] photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates [INFER] int1: photosynthesis converts sunlight into sugar [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sunlight is a kind of solar energy [INFER] int2: photosynthesis converts solar energy into sugar [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a leaf performs photosynthesis [INFER] int3: a leaf converts solar energy into sugar
Question: Plants have cells, tissues, organs, and systems that allow them to function as complete organisms. Which parts of a plant function as an organ?
Answer: leaves
Hypothesis: a leaf in a plant is performing like an organ in organisms
Supporting facts: sent1: photosynthesis makes food for the plant sent2: organs perform specific life process in organisms sent3: providing food is a kind of specific life process sent4: a leaf performs photosynthesis / gas exchange
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] photosynthesis makes food for the plant [AND] a leaf performs photosynthesis / gas exchange [INFER] int1: a leaf makes food for the plant by performing photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] providing food is a kind of specific life process [INFER] int2: a leaf performs a specific life process of making food for the plants [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] organs perform specific life process in organisms [INFER] int3: a leaf in a plant is performing like an organ in organisms
Question: Which part of a plant is used to absorb sunlight during photosynthesis?
Answer: leaf
Hypothesis: a leaf is part of a plant that absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis
Supporting facts: sent1: a leaf is a part of a green plant sent2: a leaf absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a leaf is a part of a green plant [AND] a leaf absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis [INFER] int1: a leaf is part of a plant that absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis
Question: When sunlight shines on a plant, its leaves
Answer: make food.
Hypothesis: a leaf absorbs sunlight to make food
Supporting facts: sent1: a plant requires sunlight for photosynthesis sent2: absorbing something is a kind of method for obtaining something sent3: photosynthesis is a kind of process sent4: photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates sent5: a leaf performs photosynthesis sent6: if something is required to perform a process then that something must be obtained to perform that process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a plant requires sunlight for photosynthesis [AND] a leaf performs photosynthesis [INFER] int1: a leaf requires sunlight to perform photosynthesis [BECAUSE] absorbing something is a kind of method for obtaining something [AND] if something is required to perform a process then that something must be obtained to perform that process [INFER] int2: if something is required to perform a process then that something can be absorbed to perform that process [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] photosynthesis is a kind of process [INFER] int3: if something is required to perform photosynthesis then that something can be absorbed to perform photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: a leaf absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates [INFER] int5: a leaf absorbs sunlight to make food
Question: What is taken in by the leaves of a tree so it can make its own food?
Answer: sunlight
Hypothesis: a leaf absorbs sunlight to make food
Supporting facts: sent1: if something is required for a process then that something must be obtained for that process sent2: sunlight is a kind of solar energy sent3: absorbing something is a kind of method for obtaining something sent4: if a process converts something into something else, then that something is a raw material in that process sent5: photosynthesis is a kind of process sent6: if something has the role of raw material in a process then that something is required for that process sent7: photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates sent8: photosynthesis means green plants convert from carbon dioxide and water and solar energy into carbohydrates and food and oxygen for themselves sent9: a leaf performs photosynthesis
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sunlight is a kind of solar energy [AND] photosynthesis means green plants convert from carbon dioxide and water and solar energy into carbohydrates and food and oxygen for themselves [INFER] int1: photosynthesis means green plants convert from carbon dioxide and water and sunlight into carbohydrates and food and oxygen for themselves [BECAUSE] if a process converts something into something else, then that something is a raw material in that process [AND] photosynthesis is a kind of process [INFER] int2: if photosynthesis converts something into something else then that something is a raw material in photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: in the photosynthesis process sunlight has the role of raw material [BECAUSE] photosynthesis is a kind of process [AND] if something has the role of raw material in a process then that something is required for that process [INFER] int4: if something has the role of raw material in photosynthesis then that something is required for photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: a plant requires sunlight for photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] a leaf performs photosynthesis [INFER] int6: a leaf requires sunlight to perform photosynthesis [BECAUSE] if something is required for a process then that something must be obtained for that process [AND] absorbing something is a kind of method for obtaining something [INFER] int7: if something is required for a process then that something can be absorbed for that process [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: a leaf absorbs sunlight to perform photosynthesis [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] photosynthesis makes food for the plant by converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into carbohydrates [INFER] int9: a leaf absorbs sunlight to make food