ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: The fossils of extinct sea animals called trilobites are found in Ohio. This means Ohio was once covered by
Answer: water.
Hypothesis: ohio used to be covered by water in the past
Supporting facts: sent1: if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent2: fossils of trilobites are found in ohio sent3: a trilobite is a kind of water animal sent4: ohio is a kind of place
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [AND] a trilobite is a kind of water animal [INFER] int1: if fossils of trilobites are found in a place, then that place used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] fossils of trilobites are found in ohio [AND] ohio is a kind of place [INFER] int2: ohio used to be covered by water in the past
Question: Students on a field trip discovered fossilized shark teeth on the side of a cliff. Which conclusion can best be made about the history of the area?
Answer: It was once a shallow sea.
Hypothesis: the side of the cliff used to be a shallow sea
Supporting facts: sent1: a fish is a kind of aquatic animal sent2: a shark is a kind of fish sent3: sharks live in shallow seas sent4: if fossils of a aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past sent5: teeth are part of a shark sent6: fossils of shark teeth are discovered on the side of a cliff
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] teeth are part of a shark [AND] fossils of shark teeth are discovered on the side of a cliff [INFER] int1: fossils of sharks are discovered on the side of a cliff [BECAUSE] a fish is a kind of aquatic animal [AND] a shark is a kind of fish [INFER] int2: sharks are a kind of aquatic animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] if fossils of a aquatic animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past [INFER] int3: if fossils of sharks are found on the side of a cliff, then the side of the cliff used to be covered by water in the past [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] sharks live in shallow seas [INFER] int4: the side of the cliff used to be a shallow sea
Question: Environments have changed over millions of years. Which of these would be best for a scientist to study when investigating these environmental changes?
Answer: fossil records
Hypothesis: the scientist can use fossils as information on ancient environment
Supporting facts: sent1: a scientist wants to investigate the environmental changes from ancient time to now sent2: fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment sent3: evidence is a kind of information sent4: investigating requires gathering information
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a scientist wants to investigate the environmental changes from ancient time to now [AND] investigating requires gathering information [INFER] int1: the scientist has to gather information of ancient environment [BECAUSE] fossils can be used as evidence for the ancient environment [AND] evidence is a kind of information [INFER] int2: fossils is a kind of information on ancient environment [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: the scientist can use fossils as information on ancient environment
Question: Diamonds are formed when carbon is placed under extreme heat and pressure. This process occurs
Answer: beneath the surface of Earth.
Hypothesis: the formation of diamonds occurs beneath the the surface of the earth
Supporting facts: sent1: the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure sent2: the heat and pressure is extreme deep below earth's crust sent3: the formation of diamonds requires extreme heat
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure [AND] the formation of diamonds requires extreme heat [INFER] int1: the formation of diamonds requires intense pressure and extreme heat [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the heat and pressure is extreme deep below earth's crust [INFER] int2: the formation of diamonds occurs beneath the the surface of the earth
Question: Which is a mineral that forms through evaporative processes?
Answer: halite
Hypothesis: halite is formed by the process of evaporation of salt water
Supporting facts: sent1: evaporation is a kind of process sent2: halite is formed by a body of salt water evaporating
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] evaporation is a kind of process [AND] halite is formed by a body of salt water evaporating [INFER] int1: halite is formed by the process of evaporation of salt water
Question: A streak plate can be used to determine the
Answer: hardness of a mineral.
Hypothesis: a streak plate can be used to determine the hardness of a mineral
Supporting facts: sent1: hardness is a measure of a mineral 's ability to resist scratching sent2: a streak plate can be used for scratching a mineral
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hardness is a measure of a mineral 's ability to resist scratching [AND] a streak plate can be used for scratching a mineral [INFER] int1: a streak plate can be used to determine the hardness of a mineral
Question: After fossils are formed, which process is most likely to destroy them?
Answer: the rock cycle
Hypothesis: fossils are likely to be destroyed in the rock cycle
Supporting facts: sent1: metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils sent2: formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks sent3: metamorphic is a class of rock sent4: sedimentary rock can be changed into metamorphic rock sent5: nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock sent6: sedimentary is a class of rock sent7: if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock [AND] if something is found in something else, then that something else contains that something [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks can contain fossils [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils [INFER] int2: sedimentary rocks can contain fossils and metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sedimentary rock can be changed into metamorphic rock [INFER] int3: if a sedimentary rock with fossils is changed into metamorphic rock , then the fossils will likely be destroyed [BECAUSE] metamorphic is a class of rock [AND] sedimentary is a class of rock [INFER] int4: sedimentary and metamorphic are different classes of rock [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] formation in the rock cycle means an old class of rocks changes into a new class of rocks [INFER] int5: the rock cycle can change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: fossils are likely to be destroyed in the rock cycle
Question: A scientist designs a mathematical model of the rock cycle. The model predicts how changes in Earth processes will affect the amounts of different types of rock on Earth. Which quantity should stay the same as Earth processes change?
Answer: the total amount of material on Earth
Hypothesis: as the earth processes change , the total amount of material on earth will stay the same
Supporting facts: sent1: mass means the amount of matter that makes up an object sent2: matter is a kind of material sent3: the class of a rock changing is a kind of earth process sent4: in the rock cycle, old rocks are physically changed to form new rocks sent5: if something is physically changed then the mass of that something will stay the same sent6: earth is made of rock sent7: in the rock cycle, new rocks are formed from broken down rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] in the rock cycle, old rocks are physically changed to form new rocks [AND] in the rock cycle, new rocks are formed from broken down rock [INFER] int1: in the rock cycle, new rocks are made from old rocks physically changing [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something is physically changed then the mass of that something will stay the same [INFER] int2: as the class of a rock changes , the mass of the rock will stay the same [BECAUSE] mass means the amount of matter that makes up an object [AND] matter is a kind of material [INFER] int3: mass means the amount of material that makes up an object [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: as the class of a rock changes, the amount of material that makes up that rock will stay the same [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] the class of a rock changing is a kind of earth process [INFER] int5: as earth processes change, the amount of material that makes up rocks will stay the same [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] earth is made of rock [INFER] int6: as the earth processes change , the total amount of material on earth will stay the same
Question: Beryl finds a rock and wants to know what kind it is. Which piece of information about the rock will best help her to identify it?
Answer: The minerals the rock contains
Hypothesis: a rock can be identified by the minerals it contains
Supporting facts: sent1: rock is made of minerals sent2: the composition of something can be used to identify that something sent3: something is composed of its components sent4: a mineral is a kind of solid / natural material sent5: if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something sent6: if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mineral is a kind of solid / natural material [AND] if something is made of something / a material then that something contains that something / that material [INFER] int1: if something is made of minerals then that something contains minerals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rock is made of minerals [INFER] int2: a rock contains minerals [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something contains something else , then that something else will be the component of that something [INFER] int3: the minerals a rock contains are components of that rock [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] something is composed of its components [INFER] int4: a rock is composed of the minerals it contains [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] the composition of something can be used to identify that something [INFER] int5: a rock can be identified by the minerals it contains
Question: Granite is a hard material and forms from cooling magma. Granite is a type of
Answer: igneous rock
Hypothesis: granite is a kind of igneous rock
Supporting facts: sent1: granite is a hard material sent2: granite forms from cooling magma sent3: igneous rock is a kind of rock sent4: rock is a kind of material sent5: rock is hard sent6: igneous rocks are formed by magma cooling
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rock is a kind of material [AND] rock is hard [INFER] int1: rock is a hard material [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] granite is a hard material [INFER] int2: granite is a kind of rock [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] granite forms from cooling magma [INFER] int3: granite is a kind of rock that forms from cooling magma [BECAUSE] igneous rock is a kind of rock [AND] igneous rocks are formed by magma cooling [INFER] int4: igneous rock is a kind of rock that is formed from magma cooling [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: granite is a kind of igneous rock
Question: A student observed a rock made up of many small particles of sand arranged in light-colored layers and dark-colored layers. Which of the following statements describes how this type of rock most likely formed?
Answer: River sediments were slowly compacted and cemented together.
Hypothesis: if a rock is made of small particles of sand with ligh-colored layers and dark-colored layers then that rock was likely formed by sediments compacting and cementing together
Supporting facts: sent1: dark is a kind of color sent2: sand is a kind of sediment sent3: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting / cementing together sent4: if two things are opposites then those two things are different sent5: a rock is made up of small particles of sand sent6: sedimentary rocks often have different colored layers sent7: light is a kind of color sent8: a rock has light-colored layers and dark-colored layers sent9: sediment is a kind of small particle sent10: light is the opposite of dark sent11: sedimentary rocks are made of small particles
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sand is a kind of sediment [AND] a rock is made up of small particles of sand [INFER] int1: if a rock is made up of small particles of sand then that rock is made up of sediments [BECAUSE] sedimentary rocks are made of small particles [AND] sediment is a kind of small particle [INFER] int2: sedimentary rocks are made of sediment [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: if a rock is made up of small particles of sand then that rock is a sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] light is the opposite of dark [AND] if two things are opposites then those two things are different [INFER] int4: light and dark are different [BECAUSE] dark is a kind of color [AND] light is a kind of color [INFER] int5: light and dark are kinds of color [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: light and dark are different kinds of colors [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] a rock has light-colored layers and dark-colored layers [INFER] int7: if a rock has light-colored layers and dark-colored layers then that rock has different colored layers [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] sedimentary rocks often have different colored layers [INFER] int8: if a rock has light-colored layers and dark-colored layers then that rock is likely a sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: if a rock is made up of small particles of sand with light-colored layers and dark-colored layers then that rock is likely a sedimentary rock [BECAUSE] int9 [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment compacting / cementing together [INFER] int10: if a rock is made of small particles of sand with ligh-colored layers and dark-colored layers then that rock was likely formed by sediments compacting and cementing together
Question: Over time, coal began to form from
Answer: many dead plants.
Hypothesis: coal is formed from dead plants
Supporting facts: sent1: if something changes into something else then that something else is formed from that something sent2: being buried under soil and mud changes dead vegetation / dead plant matter into peat through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time sent3: plants are a kind of vegetation sent4: being buried under soil and mud changes peat into coal through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] being buried under soil and mud changes dead vegetation / dead plant matter into peat through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time [AND] being buried under soil and mud changes peat into coal through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time [INFER] int1: being buried under soil and mud changes dead vegetation into coal through extreme heat and pressure in a swamp over a long period of time [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something changes into something else then that something else is formed from that something [INFER] int2: coal is formed from dead vegetation [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] plants are a kind of vegetation [INFER] int3: coal is formed from dead plants
Question: Decayed prehistoric plants have helped in the formation of
Answer: coal, oil, and gas.
Hypothesis: prehistoric decaying plants help in the formation of coal and oil and gas
Supporting facts: sent1: prehistoric means something that existed a very long time ago sent2: oil is a kind of fossil fuel sent3: the formation of fossil fuels is a kind of process sent4: if something is formed from something else over a very long period of time, then that something else existed a very long time ago sent5: if something is required for a process then that something helps in that process sent6: natural gas is a kind of fossil fuel sent7: fossil fuels / fossils forming occurs over a period of 300000000 years which is considered a very long time to a human sent8: coal is a kind of fossil fuel sent9: plants are a kind of vegetation sent10: forming fossil fuels requires deposition and burial of decaying vegetation sent11: a plant is a kind of organism sent12: natural gas is a kind of gas
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] forming fossil fuels requires deposition and burial of decaying vegetation [AND] plants are a kind of vegetation [INFER] int1: forming fossil fuels requires deposition and burial of decaying plants [BECAUSE] the formation of fossil fuels is a kind of process [AND] if something is required for a process then that something helps in that process [INFER] int2: if something is required for the formation of fossil fuels then that something helps in the formation of fossil fuels [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: decaying plants help in the formation of fossil fuels [BECAUSE] if something is formed from something else over a very long period of time, then that something else existed a very long time ago [AND] fossil fuels / fossils forming occurs over a period of 300000000 years which is considered a very long time to a human [INFER] int4: the organisms that formed fossil fuels existed a very long time ago [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] prehistoric means something that existed a very long time ago [INFER] int5: the organisms that formed fossil fuels are prehistoric [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [INFER] int6: the plants that formed fossil fuels are prehistoric [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: prehistoric decaying plants help in the formation of fossil fuels [BECAUSE] oil is a kind of fossil fuel [AND] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int8: coal and oil are kinds of fossil fuels [BECAUSE] natural gas is a kind of gas [AND] natural gas is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int9: gas is a kind of fossil fuel [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: coal and oil and gas are kinds of fossil fuels [BECAUSE] int10 [AND] int7 [INFER] int11: prehistoric decaying plants help in the formation of coal and oil and gas
Question: The burning of fossil fuels affects the atmosphere by
Answer: adding more heat and carbon dioxide.
Hypothesis: burning fossil fuels add carbon dioxide and heat to the atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: coal is used for generating heat by burning sent2: warming means an increase in temperature sent3: the atmosphere is a kind of location sent4: the atmosphere is a part of the planet sent5: if something releases something else into a location then that something adds that something else to that location sent6: if something increases temperature then that something adds heat sent7: gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming sent8: coal is a kind of fossil fuel sent9: burning is a kind of action sent10: burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere sent11: if something occurs by performing an action then performing that action is required for that something to occur sent12: global temperature means the temperature of the planet
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the atmosphere is a kind of location [AND] if something releases something else into a location then that something adds that something else to that location [INFER] int1: if something releases something else into the atmosphere then that something adds that something else to the atmosphere [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere [INFER] int2: burning fossil fuels adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere [BECAUSE] warming means an increase in temperature [AND] gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming [INFER] int3: gases released during the use of fossil fuels cause an increase in global temperature [BECAUSE] global temperature means the temperature of the planet [AND] the atmosphere is a part of the planet [INFER] int4: the temperature of the atmosphere is a part of the global temperature [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: gases released during the use of fossil fuels increases the temperature of the atmosphere [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] if something increases temperature then that something adds heat [INFER] int6: gases released during the use of fossil fuels add heat to the atmosphere [BECAUSE] if something occurs by performing an action then performing that action is required for that something to occur [AND] burning is a kind of action [INFER] int7: if something occurs by burning something else then burning that something else is required for that something to occur [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] coal is used for generating heat by burning [INFER] int8: using coal for generating heat requires burning coal [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int9: using fossil fuels requires burning fossil fuels [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: gases released when burning fossil fuels add heat to the atmosphere [BECAUSE] int10 [AND] int2 [INFER] int11: burning fossil fuels add carbon dioxide and heat to the atmosphere
Question: The most significant human-induced impact on Earth's atmosphere comes from the use of which energy resource?
Answer: fossil fuels
Hypothesis: gases that significantly impact the earth's atmosphere come from the use of fossil fuels
Supporting facts: sent1: if something impacts the entire earth then that something has a significant impact on the earth sent2: a source of something releases that something sent3: worldwide means across the entire earth sent4: temperature increase is a kind of impact sent5: global warming is when worldwide temperature increases sent6: something comes from a source of that something sent7: earth's atmosphere is a part of the earth sent8: gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a source of something releases that something [AND] gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming [INFER] int1: the use of fossil fuels is a source of gases that cause global warming [BECAUSE] worldwide means across the entire earth [AND] global warming is when worldwide temperature increases [INFER] int2: global warming is when temperatures across the entire earth increase [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] temperature increase is a kind of impact [INFER] int3: global warming impacts the entire earth [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] if something impacts the entire earth then that something has a significant impact on the earth [INFER] int4: global warming has a significant impact on the earth [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] earth's atmosphere is a part of the earth [INFER] int5: global warming has a significant impact on eath's atmosphere [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: the use of fossil fuels is a source of gases that significantly impact the earth's atmosphere [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] something comes from a source of that something [INFER] int7: gases that significantly impact the earth's atmosphere come from the use of fossil fuels
Question: Scientists have observed an increase in global temperatures over the past 100 years. Which phenomena do scientists believe contributes to the increase in temperatures?
Answer: an increase in certain gases released during the use of fossil fuels
Hypothesis: gases released during the use of fossil fuels contributes to an increase in global temeperatures
Supporting facts: sent1: global warming is when worldwide temperature increases sent2: if something causes something else then that something contributes to that something else sent3: gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming sent4: worldwide means global
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] global warming is when worldwide temperature increases [AND] gases released during the use of fossil fuels causes global warming [INFER] int1: gases released during the use of fossil fuels cause an increase in worldwide temperature [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] worldwide means global [INFER] int2: gases released during the use of fossil fuels cause an increase in global temperature [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something causes something else then that something contributes to that something else [INFER] int3: gases released during the use of fossil fuels contributes to an increase in global temeperatures