ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: A black brick exposed to sunlight becomes warm. How is energy from the Sun transferred to the brick?
Answer: radiation
Hypothesis: the sun transfers heat and light energy to the brick by radiation
Supporting facts: sent1: sunlight is a kind of light sent2: the sun is a source of radiation / heat called sunlight sent3: light is a kind of electromagnetic wave sent4: the brick absorbs heat energy from the sunglight sent5: radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sunlight is a kind of light [AND] light is a kind of electromagnetic wave [INFER] int1: sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic wave [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy [INFER] int2: sunlight transfers heat and light energy through radiation [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the brick absorbs heat energy from the sunglight [INFER] int3: sunlight transfers heat and light energy to the brick by radiation [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] the sun is a source of radiation / heat called sunlight [INFER] int4: the sun transfers heat and light energy to the brick by radiation
Question: Which form of solar radiation causes sunburn?
Answer: Ultraviolet
Hypothesis: the ultraviolet in solar radiation causes sunburn
Supporting facts: sent1: sunlight is a kind of solar radiation sent2: ultraviolet light causes sunburn sent3: sunlight contains ultraviolet light
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ultraviolet light causes sunburn [AND] sunlight contains ultraviolet light [INFER] int1: the ultraviolet in sunlight causes sunburn [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sunlight is a kind of solar radiation [INFER] int2: the ultraviolet in solar radiation causes sunburn
Question: A longitudinal wave, such as a sound wave, can travel through
Answer: gas, liquids, and solids.
Hypothesis: longitudinal waves can travel through gas, liquids, and solids
Supporting facts: sent1: gas is a kind of substance sent2: a liquid is a kind of substance sent3: a solid is a kind of substance sent4: waves can travel through matter sent5: substances are made of matter sent6: longitudinal wave is a kind of mechanical wave
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] gas is a kind of substance [AND] a liquid is a kind of substance [AND] a solid is a kind of substance [AND] substances are made of matter [INFER] int1: gas, liquids, and solids are made of matter [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] waves can travel through matter [INFER] int2: waves can travel through gas, liquids, and solids [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] longitudinal wave is a kind of mechanical wave [INFER] int3: longitudinal waves can travel through gas, liquids, and solids
Question: Which best demonstrates that waves transfer energy?
Answer: a bell ringing in a tower
Hypothesis: a bell ringing is an example of sound waves trasferring energy
Supporting facts: sent1: sound waves transfer energy sent2: a bell ringing is a source of sound
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sound waves transfer energy [AND] a bell ringing is a source of sound [INFER] int1: a bell ringing is an example of sound waves trasferring energy
Question: When a person speaks, the type of wave produced can be described as all these except
Answer: transverse.
Hypothesis: sound is not a transverse wave
Supporting facts: sent1: sound travels as longitudal waves sent2: transverse waves have objects moving in the opposite direction of longitudinal waves sent3: longitudinal waves cause object to move in the same direction of the wave
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] transverse waves have objects moving in the opposite direction of longitudinal waves [AND] longitudinal waves cause object to move in the same direction of the wave [INFER] int1: transverse and longitudinal waves are opposites [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sound travels as longitudal waves [INFER] int2: sound is not a transverse wave
Question: What is an example of a force producing heat?
Answer: two sticks getting warm when rubbed together
Hypothesis: frictional force between two sticks causes them to increase in temperature
Supporting facts: sent1: friction causes the temperature of an object to increase sent2: friction is a kind of force sent3: a stick is a kind of object sent4: friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other sent5: two sticks are rubbing against each other sent6: if two objects are rubbing each other, then they are moving against each other
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a stick is a kind of object [AND] two sticks are rubbing against each other [AND] if two objects are rubbing each other, then they are moving against each other [INFER] int1: two sticks are moving against each other [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a stick is a kind of object [AND] friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other [INFER] int2: friction will occur between two sticks [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] friction causes the temperature of an object to increase [AND] a stick is a kind of object [INFER] int3: friction between two sticks will cause two sticks to increase in temperature [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] friction is a kind of force [INFER] int4: frictional force between two sticks causes them to increase in temperature
Question: What force is needed to help stop a child from slipping on ice?
Answer: friction
Hypothesis: an increase in friction will decrease the chance of a child slipping
Supporting facts: sent1: a human is a kind of object sent2: the surface of ice exerts low friction on objects on it sent3: friction is a kind of force sent4: as friction increases, the chance of slipping will decrease sent5: a child is a kind of young human sent6: low friction can cause an object to slip
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a human is a kind of object [AND] a child is a kind of young human [INFER] int1: a child is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] friction is a kind of force [AND] low friction can cause an object to slip [INFER] int2: a low frictional force can cause a child to slip [BECAUSE] a human is a kind of object [AND] a child is a kind of young human [INFER] int3: a child is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [AND] the surface of ice exerts low friction on objects on it [INFER] int4: a child can slip more easily on the surface of ice [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] friction is a kind of force [AND] as friction increases, the chance of slipping will decrease [INFER] int5: an increase in friction will decrease the chance of a child slipping
Question: A rubber ball rolls across a level surface. The ball will eventually stop rolling due to
Answer: friction
Hypothesis: friction will cause the rubber ball to stop by decreasing the speed of the rubber ball to zero
Supporting facts: sent1: a rubber ball is a kind of object sent2: the object will stop when its speed is decreased to zero sent3: rolling on a surface is a kind of moving on a surface sent4: friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other sent5: friction causes the speed of an object to decrease sent6: the rubber ball is rolling across a surface
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rolling on a surface is a kind of moving on a surface [AND] the rubber ball is rolling across a surface [INFER] int1: the rubber ball is moving on a surface [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a rubber ball is a kind of object [AND] friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other [INFER] int2: friction will occur between the rubber ball and the surface [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a rubber ball is a kind of object [AND] friction causes the speed of an object to decrease [INFER] int3: friction will cause the speed of the rubber ball to decrease [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a rubber ball is a kind of object [AND] the object will stop when its speed is decreased to zero [INFER] int4: friction will cause the rubber ball to stop by decreasing the speed of the rubber ball to zero
Question: Christina kicks a ball. The ball moves faster when she kicks it on the concrete sidewalk than when she kicks it on the grass. Why does the ball travel slower on the grass than the sidewalk?
Answer: The grass has more friction.
Hypothesis: a ball moving on the grass surface will move slower than on the concrete surface
Supporting facts: sent1: a ball is a kind of object sent2: as the friction increases, the speed of objects will decrease more sent3: as roughness of a surface increases , friction will increase sent4: concrete is usually a smooth surface sent5: grass is a rough surface
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] as roughness of a surface increases , friction will increase [AND] concrete is usually a smooth surface [AND] grass is a rough surface [INFER] int1: grass surface will have more friction than a concrete surface [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a ball is a kind of object [AND] as the friction increases, the speed of objects will decrease more [INFER] int2: a ball moving on the grass surface will move slower than on the concrete surface
Question: Kelly slides a flat rock across the smooth ice of a frozen pond. The rock slows down after several seconds. What causes the rock to slow down?
Answer: The force of friction between the ice and the rock
Hypothesis: friction will cause the speed of the rock to decrease
Supporting facts: sent1: sliding is a kind of movement sent2: friction occurs when two objects move against each other sent3: a rock is a kind of object sent4: a frozen pond is a kind of object sent5: a rock is slided across the frozen pond sent6: friction causes the speed of an object to decrease
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] sliding is a kind of movement [AND] a rock is slided across the frozen pond [INFER] int1: a rock is moving on the frozen pond [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] friction occurs when two objects move against each other [AND] a rock is a kind of object [AND] a frozen pond is a kind of object [INFER] int2: friction will occur between the rock and the  frozen pond [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a rock is a kind of object [AND] friction causes the speed of an object to decrease [INFER] int3: friction will cause the speed of the rock to decrease
Question: Jeannie put her soccer ball on the ground on the side of a hill. What force acted on the soccer ball to make it roll down the hill?
Answer: gravity
Hypothesis: gravity is the force causes the soccer ball to be pulled down on a planet
Supporting facts: sent1: a ball is a kind of object sent2: gravity is a kind of force sent3: gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet sent4: a soccer ball is a kind of ball
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a ball is a kind of object [AND] a soccer ball is a kind of ball [INFER] int1: a soccer ball is a kind of object [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] gravity is a kind of force [AND] gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet [INFER] int2: gravity is the force causes the soccer ball to be pulled down on a planet
Question: Don throws a ball in the air. The ball comes back to the ground because
Answer: the mass of Earth creates a pull of gravity on the ball.
Hypothesis: gravity is the force that pulls the ball towards the planet
Supporting facts: sent1: a ball is a kind of object sent2: gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet sent3: gravity is a kind of force
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a ball is a kind of object [AND] gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet [AND] gravity is a kind of force [INFER] int1: gravity is the force that pulls the ball towards the planet
Question: If you bounce a rubber ball on the floor, it goes up and then comes down. What causes the ball to come down?
Answer: gravity
Hypothesis: gravity pulls the ball down on the planet
Supporting facts: sent1: a ball is a kind of object sent2: gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a ball is a kind of object [AND] gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet [INFER] int1: gravity pulls the ball down on the planet
Question: Which of these is an example of a non-contact force acting on an object?
Answer: a paper clip attracted to a magnet
Hypothesis: a magnet attracting a paper clip is an example of non-contact force affecting an object
Supporting facts: sent1: a magnet attracts magnetic metals / ferromagnetic metals through magnetism sent2: a paper clip is a kind of object sent3: a paper clip is often made of magnetic metals / ferromagnetic metals sent4: non-contact forces can affect objects that are not touching sent5: magnetism can affect objects that are not touching / without contact
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a paper clip is a kind of object [AND] a paper clip is often made of magnetic metals / ferromagnetic metals [INFER] int1: a paper clip is an object made of magnetic metals [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a magnet attracts magnetic metals / ferromagnetic metals through magnetism [INFER] int2: a magnet will attract a paper clip through magnetism [BECAUSE] non-contact forces can affect objects that are not touching [AND] magnetism can affect objects that are not touching / without contact [INFER] int3: magnetism is a kind of non-contact force [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: a magnet attracting a paper clip is an example of non-contact force affecting an object
Question: A bicycle is considered a complex machine because it is
Answer: made up of more than one simple machine.
Hypothesis: a bicycle is a kind of complex machine
Supporting facts: sent1: a wheel and axle is a kind of simple machine sent2: a bicycle is made of levers, wheels and axles, pulleys, and screws sent3: a screw is a kind of simple machine sent4: a pulley is a kind of simple machine sent5: a complex machine is made of more than one simple machine sent6: a lever is a kind of simple machine
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a wheel and axle is a kind of simple machine [AND] a bicycle is made of levers, wheels and axles, pulleys, and screws [AND] a screw is a kind of simple machine [AND] a pulley is a kind of simple machine [AND] a lever is a kind of simple machine [INFER] int1: a bicycle is made of more than one simple machines [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a complex machine is made of more than one simple machine [INFER] int2: a bicycle is a kind of complex machine
Question: A sailboat travels 35 km in 5 hr. Which of the following describes the motion of the sailboat?
Answer: Its average speed is 7 km/hr.
Hypothesis: the speed of the sailboat is 7 km/hr
Supporting facts: sent1: a sailboat travels 35 km in 5 hr sent2: dividing 35 by 5 equals to 7 sent3: kilometers km are a metric unit used for measuring length / distance generally used for values between 1 and 50000000 sent4: a sailboat is a kind of object sent5: km/hr is a kind of unit for representing speed sent6: speed is a measure of distance travelled by an object divided by time sent7: hours hr are a metric unit used for measuring time generally used for values between 025 and 72
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a sailboat travels 35 km in 5 hr [AND] a sailboat is a kind of object [INFER] int1: a sailbot is a kind of object that travels 35 km in 5 hr [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] kilometers km are a metric unit used for measuring length / distance generally used for values between 1 and 50000000 [AND] speed is a measure of distance travelled by an object divided by time [AND] hours hr are a metric unit used for measuring time generally used for values between 025 and 72 [INFER] int2: the speed of the sailboat can be calculated by dividing 35 by 5 [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] dividing 35 by 5 equals to 7 [AND] km/hr is a kind of unit for representing speed [INFER] int3: the speed of the sailboat is 7 km/hr
Question: An object is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. What will happen to the object if no outside force acts on the object?
Answer: The speed and direction of the object will not change.
Hypothesis: the object will move in the same direction and at the same speed if no additional forces are applied to it
Supporting facts: sent1: an object is moving in a straight line at a constant speed sent2: a moving object continues to move in the same direction at constant speed unless additional forces are applied
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an object is moving in a straight line at a constant speed [AND] a moving object continues to move in the same direction at constant speed unless additional forces are applied [INFER] int1: the object will move in the same direction and at the same speed if no additional forces are applied to it
Question: What causes a change in the speed of a moving object?
Answer: force
Hypothesis: force causes the speed of an object to change
Supporting facts: sent1: an increase is a kind of change sent2: force causes the speed of an object to increase / to decrease sent3: a decrease is a kind of change
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an increase is a kind of change [AND] force causes the speed of an object to increase / to decrease [AND] a decrease is a kind of change [INFER] int1: force causes the speed of an object to change
Question: In a car accident, a seat belt helps prevent injuries by applying a force
Answer: in the opposite direction of the passenger's motion
Hypothesis: seat belts are used for preventing injuries by applying opposite force to the passenger's motion
Supporting facts: sent1: a seat belt applies force in the opposite direction of the passenger 's motion sent2: seat belts are used for preventing injuries to passengers in cars
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a seat belt applies force in the opposite direction of the passenger 's motion [AND] seat belts are used for preventing injuries to passengers in cars [INFER] int1: seat belts are used for preventing injuries by applying opposite force to the passenger's motion
Question: An animal has six legs. What is it most likely to be?
Answer: a fly
Hypothesis: a fly has six legs
Supporting facts: sent1: a fly is a kind of insect sent2: an insect has six legs
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a fly is a kind of insect [AND] an insect has six legs [INFER] int1: a fly has six legs
Question: Which two traits would best distinguish a bird from other vertebrates?
Answer: feathers and wings
Hypothesis: feathers and wings together are distinguishing characteristics of birds
Supporting facts: sent1: mammals and reptiles and amphibians and birds are vertebrates sent2: if something is a characteristic of only one kind of thing then that something is a distinguishing characteristic sent3: all species of birds have wings sent4: wings are a part of a bird sent5: feathers are not a part of reptiles sent6: most species mammals do not have wings sent7: all species of birds have feathers sent8: feathers are a part of a bird sent9: feathers are not part of mammals sent10: feathers are not a part of amphibians sent11: some species mammals have wings sent12: a part of an animal is a characteristic of that animal
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] all species of birds have feathers [AND] feathers are a part of a bird [INFER] int1: feathers are a characteristic of all birds [BECAUSE] feathers are not a part of reptiles [AND] feathers are not part of mammals [INFER] int2: feathers are not part of mammals or reptiles [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] feathers are not a part of amphibians [INFER] int3: feathers are not part of mammals or reptiles or amphibians [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] mammals and reptiles and amphibians and birds are vertebrates [INFER] int4: feathers are not part of any vertebrate except birds [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: feathers are a characteristic all of birds and feathers are not a part of any other vertebrate [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] if something is a characteristic of only one kind of thing then that something is a distinguishing characteristic [INFER] int6: feathers are a distinguishing characteristic of birds [BECAUSE] all species of birds have wings [AND] wings are a part of a bird [INFER] int7: wings are a part of all birds [BECAUSE] some species mammals have wings [AND] most species mammals do not have wings [INFER] int8: wings are not a part of most mammals [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: wings are usually a part of birds [BECAUSE] int9 [AND] a part of an animal is a characteristic of that animal [INFER] int10: wings are usually a characteristic of birds [BECAUSE] int10 [AND] int6 [INFER] int11: feathers and wings together are distinguishing characteristics of birds
Question: Which of the following observations best supports the conclusion that two animal species evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history?
Answer: The species have similar bone structure.
Hypothesis: animals with similar bone structure probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history
Supporting facts: sent1: evolution causes significant trait changes in a species sent2: an inherited characteristic is a kind of characteristic sent3: inherited characteristics are passed down from ancestor to descendant sent4: recent geological history means a relatively short period of time sent5: two or more animals have similar characteristics sent6: some characteristics of animals are inherited sent7: bone structure is a kind of inherited characteristic of an animal sent8: evolution occurs over a long period of time
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] inherited characteristics are passed down from ancestor to descendant [AND] some characteristics of animals are inherited [INFER] int1: some characteristics are passed down from ancestor to descendant [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] two or more animals have similar characteristics [INFER] int2: animals with similar characteristics might share a common ancestor [BECAUSE] evolution causes significant trait changes in a species [AND] evolution occurs over a long period of time [INFER] int3: evolution causes  significant trait changes over a long period of time [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] recent geological history means a relatively short period of time [INFER] int4: if an animal evolved from another animal in recent geological history then the changes in traits will be less significant [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: animals with similar characteristics might have evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history [BECAUSE] an inherited characteristic is a kind of characteristic [AND] bone structure is a kind of inherited characteristic of an animal [INFER] int6: bone structure is a kind of characteristic of an animal [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: animals with similar bone structure probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history
Question: Which of the following happens only during the adult stage of the life cycle of a frog?
Answer: A frog lays eggs.
Hypothesis: frogs only lay eggs during the adult stage of the life cycle process
Supporting facts: sent1: a frog is a kind of amphibian sent2: adulthood is a stage in the life cycle process sent3: reproduction only occurs during adulthood sent4: an example of reproduction is laying eggs sent5: amphibians lay eggs
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a frog is a kind of amphibian [AND] amphibians lay eggs [INFER] int1: frogs lay eggs [BECAUSE] reproduction only occurs during adulthood [AND] an example of reproduction is laying eggs [INFER] int2: laying eggs only occurs during adulthood [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: frogs only lay eggs during adulthood [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] adulthood is a stage in the life cycle process [INFER] int4: frogs only lay eggs during the adult stage of the life cycle process
Question: Which is an example of metamorphosis?
Answer: A caterpillar changes into a butterfly.
Hypothesis: an example of metamorphosis is when a butterfly changes from a caterpilar to a butterfly
Supporting facts: sent1: the adult form of a caterpillar is called a butterfly sent2: the immature form of a butterfly is called a caterpillar sent3: a butterfly is a kind of insect sent4: metamorphosis is when an insect changes from an immature form to an adult form
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a butterfly is a kind of insect [AND] metamorphosis is when an insect changes from an immature form to an adult form [INFER] int1: an example of metamorphosis is when a butterfly changes from an immature form to an adult form [BECAUSE] the adult form of a caterpillar is called a butterfly [AND] the immature form of a butterfly is called a caterpillar [INFER] int2: the immature form of a butterfly is called a caterpillar and the adult form of a caterpillar is called a butterfly [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: an example of metamorphosis is when a butterfly changes from a caterpilar to a butterfly