ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of these behaviors did a bear most likely learn from living in its environment?
Answer: opening garbage can lids
Hypothesis: bears will learn to open the garbage can to look for food
Supporting facts: sent1: an animal will look for food in places that usually / sometimes contain food sent2: looking in a container sometimes requires opening that container sent3: animals require food to survive sent4: a bear is a kind of animal sent5: a garbage can sometimes contains food
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] animals require food to survive [AND] a bear is a kind of animal [INFER] int1: bears are a kind of animal that require food to survive [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an animal will look for food in places that usually / sometimes contain food [AND] a garbage can sometimes contains food [INFER] int2: bears will learn to look in a garbage can for food to survive [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] looking in a container sometimes requires opening that container [INFER] int3: bears will learn to open the garbage can to look for food
Question: In the winter, the fur of the arctic fox is white. In summer, the fur darkens to a reddish brown. What most likely causes the fur of the fox to change color?
Answer: the fox's genes
Hypothesis: the fox's genes determine the color of its fur
Supporting facts: sent1: a fox is a kind of animal sent2: an animal is a kind of living thing sent3: the color of fur is an inherited characteristic sent4: genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of a living thing
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a fox is a kind of animal [AND] an animal is a kind of living thing [INFER] int1: a fox is a kind of living thing [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the color of fur is an inherited characteristic [INFER] int2: the fur color of a fox is an inherited characteristic for fox [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of a living thing [INFER] int3: the fox's genes determine the color of its fur
Question: Every copy of a particular protein manufactured by a cell shows the same incorrect amino acid at the same point in its structure. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, in which structure does this error originate?
Answer: DNA
Hypothesis: the genetic information in the dna is incorrect
Supporting facts: sent1: proteins are made of a chain of 20 amino acids sent2: a protein made by the dna has an incorrect amino acid sent3: genetic information can be used for making proteins sent4: dna contains the genetic information
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] proteins are made of a chain of 20 amino acids [AND] genetic information can be used for making proteins [INFER] int1: genetic information are used to make proteins with amino acids [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] dna contains the genetic information [INFER] int2: genetic information in dna are used to make proteins with amino acids [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a protein made by the dna has an incorrect amino acid [INFER] int3: the genetic information in the dna is incorrect
Question: If Jessica has light eyes (bb) and both of her parents have dark eyes (Bb), which statement is true?
Answer: Jessica inherited one recessive form of the gene from each parents from each parent.
Hypothesis: jessica received the recessive gene from each of her parent
Supporting facts: sent1: receiving the recessive gene for a trait from each parent causes the offspring to express that recessive trait sent2: light eyes are a recessive trait for human sent3: jessica is a human with light eyes
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] light eyes are a recessive trait for human [AND] jessica is a human with light eyes [INFER] int1: jessica has a recessive trait of light eyes [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] receiving the recessive gene for a trait from each parent causes the offspring to express that recessive trait [INFER] int2: jessica received the recessive gene from each of her parent
Question: Scott was looking at the results of a cross between red and white flowers. Which is the most likely result of a cross that demonstrates incomplete dominance?
Answer: 100% pink flowers
Hypothesis: the offspring will exhibit pink flowers by incomplete dominance
Supporting facts: sent1: one parent has a trait of red flower sent2: one parent has a trait of white flower sent3: incomplete dominance is when offspring exhibit a combination of a property caused by the genes of its parents sent4: pink is a combination of red and white sent5: color is a kind of property
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] one parent has a trait of red flower [AND] one parent has a trait of white flower [AND] incomplete dominance is when offspring exhibit a combination of a property caused by the genes of its parents [AND] color is a kind of property [INFER] int1: the offspring will exhibit a combination of red and white color on its flower by incomplete dominance [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] pink is a combination of red and white [INFER] int2: the offspring will exhibit pink flowers by incomplete dominance
Question: In mice, a certain species displays incomplete dominance in coat coloring. The offspring of a black (BB) mouse and a white (bb) mouse are gray (Bb) mice. A cross between two gray mice will most likely produce offspring with which percent of coat colors?
Answer: 25% white, 25% black, 50% gray
Hypothesis: the offspring will have 25% probability to have white fur, 25% to have black fur, and 50% to have gray fur
Supporting facts: sent1: if a heterozygous dominant organism is crossed / bred with a heterozygous dominant organism , then the offspring will have a 25% probability of being homozygous dominant sent2: if a heterozygous dominant organism is crossed / bred with a heterozygous dominant organism , then the offspring will have a 50% probability of being heterozygous dominant sent3: white fur is homozygous recessive for mice sent4: gray fur is heterozygous dominant for mice sent5: two gray mice are crossed to produce offspring sent6: if a heterozygous dominant organism is crossed / bred with a heterozygous dominant organism , then the offspring will have a 25% probability of being homozygous recessive sent7: black fur is homozygous dominant for mice
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] gray fur is heterozygous dominant for mice [AND] two gray mice are crossed to produce offspring [INFER] int1: two heterozygous dominant mice are crossed to produce offspring [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a heterozygous dominant organism is crossed / bred with a heterozygous dominant organism , then the offspring will have a 25% probability of being homozygous recessive [INFER] int2: the offspring will have 25% probability to be homozygous recessive [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] white fur is homozygous recessive for mice [INFER] int3: the offspring will have 25% probability to have white fur [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a heterozygous dominant organism is crossed / bred with a heterozygous dominant organism , then the offspring will have a 25% probability of being homozygous dominant [INFER] int4: the offspring will have 25% probability to be homozygous dominant [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] black fur is homozygous dominant for mice [INFER] int5: the offspring will have 25% probability to have black fur [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if a heterozygous dominant organism is crossed / bred with a heterozygous dominant organism , then the offspring will have a 50% probability of being heterozygous dominant [INFER] int6: the offspring will have 50% probability of being heterozygous dominant [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] gray fur is heterozygous dominant for mice [INFER] int7: the offspring will have 50% probability to have gray fur [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int5 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: the offspring will have 25% probability to have white fur, 25% to have black fur, and 50% to have gray fur
Question: Which of the following traits of a dog is inherited from its parents?
Answer: the color of its fur
Hypothesis: dogs will inherit the color of fur from their parents
Supporting facts: sent1: a dog is a kind of animal sent2: inheriting is when an inherited characteristic is copied / is passed from parent to offspring by genetics / dna sent3: fur is often part of an animal sent4: the color of / coloration of fur is an inherited characteristic
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] inheriting is when an inherited characteristic is copied / is passed from parent to offspring by genetics / dna [AND] the color of / coloration of fur is an inherited characteristic [INFER] int1: offspring will inherit the color of fur from their parents [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a dog is a kind of animal [AND] fur is often part of an animal [INFER] int2: dogs will inherit the color of fur from their parents
Question: A young boy and his brothers have green eyes. This trait is best described as
Answer: inherited.
Hypothesis: green eye is an inherited characteristic
Supporting facts: sent1: eye color is an inherited characteristic sent2: green is a kind of color
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] eye color is an inherited characteristic [AND] green is a kind of color [INFER] int1: green eye is an inherited characteristic
Question: Why would male insects be treated to prevent sperm production?
Answer: To reduce the total population of insects
Hypothesis: the population of the insects will decrease
Supporting facts: sent1: preventing reproduction decreases the rate of reproduction sent2: if something required for a process is not produced then that process is prevented from occurring sent3: sexual reproduction is a kind of reproduction sent4: the sperm production is prevented in male insects sent5: as the rate of reproduction decreases , the population will decrease sent6: sexual reproduction requires both sperm and egg
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something required for a process is not produced then that process is prevented from occurring [AND] the sperm production is prevented in male insects [AND] sexual reproduction requires both sperm and egg [INFER] int1: the sexual reproduction process is prevented in the insects [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] preventing reproduction decreases the rate of reproduction [AND] sexual reproduction is a kind of reproduction [INFER] int2: the reproduction rate in the insects will decrease [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as the rate of reproduction decreases , the population will decrease [INFER] int3: the population of the insects will decrease
Question: Fruit flies reproduce by sexual reproduction. What percent of genes does a fertilized egg of a fruit fly receive from one parent?
Answer: 50%
Hypothesis: each fruit fly parent is the source of 50% of genes in a fertilized egg
Supporting facts: sent1: an insect is a kind of animal sent2: a fruit fly is a kind of fly sent3: animals reproduce sexually sent4: a fly is a kind of insect sent5: one parent is the source of 50% of the genes in a fertilized egg through sexual reproduction
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an insect is a kind of animal [AND] a fruit fly is a kind of fly [AND] a fly is a kind of insect [INFER] int1: a fruit fly is a kind of animal [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] animals reproduce sexually [INFER] int2: fruit flies reproduce sexually [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] one parent is the source of 50% of the genes in a fertilized egg through sexual reproduction [INFER] int3: each fruit fly parent is the source of 50% of genes in a fertilized egg
Question: Which action demonstrates a chemical change?
Answer: An iron nail becomes orange and flaky on the surface.
Hypothesis: a chemical reaction has happened on the iron nail
Supporting facts: sent1: rusting changes the surface of the iron to be orange and flaky sent2: the surface of the iron nail becomes orange and flaky sent3: rusting is when iron chemically reacts with water and oxygen
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rusting changes the surface of the iron to be orange and flaky [AND] the surface of the iron nail becomes orange and flaky [INFER] int1: the iron nail has rusted [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rusting is when iron chemically reacts with water and oxygen [INFER] int2: a chemical reaction has happened on the iron nail
Question: Fanning can make a wood fire burn hotter because the fanning
Answer: adds more oxygen needed for burning
Hypothesis: fanning can cause the fire to burn hotter
Supporting facts: sent1: fanning increases the oxygen near the fire sent2: as the amount of oxygen exposed to a fire increases, the fire will burn more
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fanning increases the oxygen near the fire [AND] as the amount of oxygen exposed to a fire increases, the fire will burn more [INFER] int1: fanning can cause the fire to burn hotter
Question: Which of the following defines a compound?
Answer: atoms of different elements combined together
Hypothesis: a compound is made of atoms of different elements combined together
Supporting facts: sent1: a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined sent2: an element is made of one kind of atoms
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined [AND] an element is made of one kind of atoms [INFER] int1: a compound is made of atoms of different elements combined together
Question: When a scientist performs an experiment, there are many changes that can occur. Which observation should she list as a chemical change?
Answer: The substance changed into a new substance.
Hypothesis: a chemical change can cause new substances to form
Supporting facts: sent1: chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction sent2: chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chemical change is a kind of chemical reaction [AND] chemical reactions cause new substances / different substances to form [INFER] int1: a chemical change can cause new substances to form
Question: Calcium carbonate (CaCO_{3}) is considered a compound because it is made up of two or more
Answer: elements.
Hypothesis: calcium carbonate is a kind of compound
Supporting facts: sent1: carbon is a kind of element sent2: a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined sent3: calcium carbonate is made of calcium, carbon, and oxygen sent4: calcium is a kind of element sent5: oxygen is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] carbon is a kind of element [AND] calcium is a kind of element [AND] oxygen is a kind of element [INFER] int1: calcium, carbon, and oxygen are three elements [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] calcium carbonate is made of calcium, carbon, and oxygen [INFER] int2: calcium carbonate is made of three elements [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined [INFER] int3: calcium carbonate is a kind of compound
Question: When table salt (NaCl) is produced, which of the following best describes the actions of the sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms?
Answer: Sodium and chlorine atoms bond chemically.
Hypothesis: chemical bonds are formed among sodium atom and chlorine atoms
Supporting facts: sent1: sodium chloride is made of chlorine and sodium chemically combined sent2: chemical bonds are formed by chemically combining elements sent3: an element is made of one kind of atoms sent4: chlorine is a kind of element sent5: sodium is a kind of element
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] chlorine is a kind of element [AND] sodium is a kind of element [INFER] int1: sodium and chlorine are two elements [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] sodium chloride is made of chlorine and sodium chemically combined [INFER] int2: sodium chloride is made of two elements chlorine and sodium chemically combined [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] chemical bonds are formed by chemically combining elements [INFER] int3: chemical bonds are formed in sodium and chlorine elements [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an element is made of one kind of atoms [INFER] int4: chemical bonds are formed among sodium atom and chlorine atoms
Question: A student placed a small chip of limestone into a hydrochloric acid solution, and carbon dioxide gas was released. The carbon dioxide provided evidence that
Answer: a chemical change occurred.
Hypothesis: a chemical reaction has taken place between limetone and hydrochloric
Supporting facts: sent1: hydrochloric is a kind of acid sent2: a limestone is put into a hydrochloric acid solution sent3: limestone is made of calcium carbonate sent4: chemical reactions cause new substances to form sent5: calcium carbonate reacting with acid produces carbon dioxide
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hydrochloric is a kind of acid [AND] a limestone is put into a hydrochloric acid solution [AND] limestone is made of calcium carbonate [INFER] int1: putting a limestone in hydrochloric is similar to putting calcium carbonate into acid [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] calcium carbonate reacting with acid produces carbon dioxide [INFER] int2: limestone reacting with hydrochloric acid will produce carbon dioxide [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] chemical reactions cause new substances to form [INFER] int3: a chemical reaction has taken place between limetone and hydrochloric
Question: When notebook paper is folded to make an airplane, what physical property of the paper changes?
Answer: Shape
Hypothesis: folding a sheet of paper changes the physical property of the paper
Supporting facts: sent1: shape is a kind of physical property sent2: folding an object changes the shape of the object sent3: a sheet of paper is a kind of object
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] folding an object changes the shape of the object [AND] a sheet of paper is a kind of object [INFER] int1: folding a sheet of paper changes the shape of the paper [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] shape is a kind of physical property [INFER] int2: folding a sheet of paper changes the physical property of the paper
Question: Neutrons are particles of an atom that
Answer: are part of the nucleus.
Hypothesis: neutrons are part of the nucleus in an atom
Supporting facts: sent1: the nucleus is made of neutrons and protons sent2: the nucleus is the core / center of an atom sent3: an atom is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons sent4: neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an atom is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons [AND] neutrons are a kind of subatomic particle [INFER] int1: neutrons are particles of an atom [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the nucleus is made of neutrons and protons [INFER] int2: neutrons are a part of the nucleus [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the nucleus is the core / center of an atom [INFER] int3: neutrons are part of the nucleus in an atom
Question: After rubbing a rubber brush on wool, Gilbert is able to use the brush to pick up small strips of paper. What causes the paper to be attracted to the brush?
Answer: static electricity
Hypothesis: rubbing rubber on wool can cause rubber to attract small strips of paper
Supporting facts: sent1: rubber is a kind of material sent2: rubbing different materials can cause electrical charge of the materials to be unbalanced sent3: unbalanced electrical charge of material causes static electricity sent4: small strips of paper are small and light-weighted sent5: static electricity can attract small, light-weighted object sent6: wool is a kind of material sent7: strips of paper are a kind of object sent8: a rubber brush is rubbed on wool
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rubber is a kind of material [AND] wool is a kind of material [AND] a rubber brush is rubbed on wool [INFER] int1: a rubber rubbing on wool is an example of rubbing different materials together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] rubbing different materials can cause electrical charge of the materials to be unbalanced [INFER] int2: rubbing rubber on wool causes electrical charge of rubber and wool to be unbalanced [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] unbalanced electrical charge of material causes static electricity [INFER] int3: rubbing rubber on wool causes static electricity on rubber and wool [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] static electricity can attract small, light-weighted object [INFER] int4: rubbing rubber on wool can cause rubber to attract small, light-weighted object [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] small strips of paper are small and light-weighted [AND] strips of paper are a kind of object [INFER] int5: rubbing rubber on wool can cause rubber to attract small strips of paper
Question: Neutral atoms have an equal number of
Answer: protons and electrons.
Hypothesis: that atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
Supporting facts: sent1: an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons sent2: an electron has a negative -1 electric charge sent3: a proton has a positive 1 electric charge sent4: a neutron has a neutral electric charge sent5: an normal atom has a neutral electric charge
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an electron has a negative -1 electric charge [AND] a proton has a positive 1 electric charge [INFER] int1: equal numbers of protons and electrons result in a neutral 0 electric charge [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a neutron has a neutral electric charge [INFER] int2: equal numbers of protons and electrons and any number of neutrons result in a neutral 0 electric charge [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons [INFER] int3: if an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, then the atom will have a neutral charge [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] an normal atom has a neutral electric charge [INFER] int4: that atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
Question: Which statement best describes an atom with an atomic number of 20?
Answer: The atom has 20 protons.
Hypothesis: the atom has 20 protons
Supporting facts: sent1: an atom has an atomic number of 20 sent2: atomic number is used to describe the proton number of an atom
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an atom has an atomic number of 20 [AND] atomic number is used to describe the proton number of an atom [INFER] int1: the atom has 20 protons
Question: In order to form water, two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom must be
Answer: bonded.
Hypothesis: a water molecure is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom bonded together
Supporting facts: sent1: a water molecure is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom sent2: a molecule is made of atoms bonded
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a water molecure is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom [AND] a molecule is made of atoms bonded [INFER] int1: a water molecure is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom bonded together
Question: Most of the mass of the atom consists of
Answer: protons and neutrons.
Hypothesis: the mass of electron, proton, and neutron is determined by the mass of proton and neutron
Supporting facts: sent1: one proton has one atomic mass unit sent2: one electron has 0 atomic mass unit sent3: one neutron has one atomic mass unit sent4: an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] one proton has one atomic mass unit [AND] one electron has 0 atomic mass unit [AND] one neutron has one atomic mass unit [AND] an atom is made of protons / neutrons / electrons [INFER] int1: the mass of electron, proton, and neutron is determined by the mass of proton and neutron
Question: If an atom has five protons and four electrons, the atom is
Answer: positively charged.
Hypothesis: the atom will be positively charged
Supporting facts: sent1: an atom has 5 protons sent2: a proton has a positive (+1) electrical charge sent3: that atom has 4 electrons sent4: a electron has a negative (-1) electric charge
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a proton has a positive (+1) electrical charge [AND] a electron has a negative (-1) electric charge [INFER] int1: if the number of proton is greater than the number of electrons, then the electric charge will be positive [BECAUSE] an atom has 5 protons [AND] that atom has 4 electrons [INFER] int2: the number of protons is greater than the number of electrons [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: the atom will be positively charged
Question: Charged particles formed during a chemical reaction are called
Answer: ions.
Hypothesis: ions are the charged particles formed during a chemical reaction
Supporting facts: sent1: ions are formed by atoms losing or gaining electrons sent2: an ion is a kind of charged particle sent3: a chemical reaction can cause atoms to lose or gain electrons
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ions are formed by atoms losing or gaining electrons [AND] a chemical reaction can cause atoms to lose or gain electrons [INFER] int1: a chemical reaction can cause ions to form [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an ion is a kind of charged particle [INFER] int2: ions are the charged particles formed during a chemical reaction