ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Dumping toxic chemicals into a pond would most likely result in
Answer: fish in the pond being harmed or dying off.
Hypothesis: the pond with toxic chemicals can cause fish in the pond to die
Supporting facts: sent1: toxic chemicals are dumped into a pond sent2: poisonous things can cause harm to organisms sent3: toxic chemicals are poisonous sent4: harming an organism can cause that organism to die sent5: a fish is a kind of organism sent6: a pond is a kind of body of water sent7: a fish lives in water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] toxic chemicals are dumped into a pond [AND] toxic chemicals are poisonous [INFER] int1: the pond is poisonous because of toxic chemicals [BECAUSE] poisonous things can cause harm to organisms [AND] harming an organism can cause that organism to die [INFER] int2: poisonous things can cause organisms to die [BECAUSE] a pond is a kind of body of water [AND] a fish lives in water [INFER] int3: fish live in ponds [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a fish is a kind of organism [INFER] int4: a fish is a kind of organism that lives in ponds [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: the pond with toxic chemicals can cause fish in the pond to die
Question: Many animals are still being hunted for their fur. Because of this, many of these animals are in danger of
Answer: extinction.
Hypothesis: if hunting decreases the animal population to zero, then the animal will be extinct
Supporting facts: sent1: hunting decreases animal populations sent2: if a population decreases to zero then that organism is extinct sent3: an animal is a kind of organism
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hunting decreases animal populations [AND] if a population decreases to zero then that organism is extinct [AND] an animal is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: if hunting decreases the animal population to zero, then the animal will be extinct
Question: What is the most likely reason the giant sloth became extinct in North America and Cuba?
Answer: humans as predators
Hypothesis: human hunting sloths can cause sloths to be extinct
Supporting facts: sent1: hunting decreases animal populations sent2: decreases in an animal population can cause that animal to be extinct sent3: a sloth is a kind of animal sent4: hunting is when a human kills an animal for food / recreation in the wild
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] hunting decreases animal populations [AND] decreases in an animal population can cause that animal to be extinct [INFER] int1: hunting an animal can cause that animal to be extinct [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a sloth is a kind of animal [INFER] int2: hunting sloths can cause sloths to be extinct [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a sloth is a kind of animal [AND] hunting is when a human kills an animal for food / recreation in the wild [INFER] int3: human hunting sloths can cause sloths to be extinct
Question: What layer of Earth is located just below the crust?
Answer: Mantle
Hypothesis: mantle is the layer located below the crust of the earth
Supporting facts: sent1: the mantle is a layer of the earth sent2: the mantle is located just below the crust of the earth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the mantle is a layer of the earth [AND] the mantle is located just below the crust of the earth [INFER] int1: mantle is the layer located below the crust of the earth
Question: What event is most likely responsible for a rapid change at the surface of Earth?
Answer: an earthquake
Hypothesis: an earthquake can change earth 's surface rapidly
Supporting facts: sent1: 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time sent2: in a short amount of time is similar to rapidly sent3: an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds sent4: shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface sent5: an earthquake causes the ground to shake
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time [AND] an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds [INFER] int1: an earthquake usually occurs in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface [AND] an earthquake causes the ground to shake [INFER] int2: an earthquake can change earth's surface by shaking the ground [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: an earthquake can change earth's surface in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] in a short amount of time is similar to rapidly [INFER] int4: an earthquake can change earth 's surface rapidly
Question: Which of these gases, on average, has the lowest volume in the atmosphere of Earth?
Answer: carbon dioxide
Hypothesis: carbon dioxide has the lowest volume in earth's atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 23133 percent oxygen by mass sent2: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 1288 percent argon by mass sent3: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume sent4: 0036 is the smallest percent among 1288, 4, 23133, 78 percent sent5: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 0 to 4 percent hydrogen / water vapor by volume sent6: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 23133 percent oxygen by mass [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 1288 percent argon by mass [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 0 to 4 percent hydrogen / water vapor by volume [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass [INFER] int1: earth's atmosphere is made of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 036 percent carbon dioxide by volume [AND] 0036 is the smallest percent among 1288, 4, 23133, 78 percent [INFER] int2: carbon dioxide has the lowest volume in earth's atmosphere
Question: Which of the following is the greatest source of wild fish for human populations?
Answer: oceans
Hypothesis: oceans are the best source of wild fish for human populations
Supporting facts: sent1: ocean is the largest body of water on earth sent2: body of water is a source of wild fish for human populations sent3: as the size of a body of water increases , the amount of wild fish will increase
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ocean is the largest body of water on earth [AND] as the size of a body of water increases , the amount of wild fish will increase [INFER] int1: ocean is the body of water on earth that contains the most amound of wild fish [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] body of water is a source of wild fish for human populations [INFER] int2: oceans are the best source of wild fish for human populations
Question: Submarines have explored many parts of the ocean. As submarines descend, scientists observe that there is an increase in the -
Answer: water pressure
Hypothesis: as a submarine descends into water, the water pressure on the submarine will increase
Supporting facts: sent1: a submarine can be used to explore the ocean by descending the water sent2: a submarine is a kind of object sent3: as an object descends into water , the pressure on that object will increase
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a submarine can be used to explore the ocean by descending the water [AND] a submarine is a kind of object [INFER] int1: a submarine is an object that will descend in water to explore the ocean [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] as an object descends into water , the pressure on that object will increase [INFER] int2: as a submarine descends into water, the water pressure on the submarine will increase
Question: An example of a calcium carbonate deposit in the lithosphere is
Answer: limestone.
Hypothesis: an example of a calcium carbonate deposit in the lithosphere is the limestone
Supporting facts: sent1: limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock sent2: limestone is made of calcium carbonate sent3: the lithosphere is made of rocks sent4: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] limestone is a kind of sedimentary rock [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int1: limestone is a kind of rock [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] the lithosphere is made of rocks [INFER] int2: limestone can be found in the lithosphere [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] limestone is made of calcium carbonate [INFER] int3: an example of a calcium carbonate deposit in the lithosphere is the limestone
Question: In what way can forest fires affect the lithosphere?
Answer: increasing soil erosion
Hypothesis: forest fires increase the soil erosion
Supporting facts: sent1: a decrease in plants roots will increase soil erosion sent2: forest fire will decrease the amount of plants in the forest sent3: plants roots prevent soil from erosion
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] forest fire will decrease the amount of plants in the forest [AND] plants roots prevent soil from erosion [INFER] int1: there will be less plants roots prevent soil from erosion after the forest fire [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a decrease in plants roots will increase soil erosion [INFER] int2: forest fires increase the soil erosion
Question: The top layers of soil are important because they -
Answer: give plants nutrients
Hypothesis: the top layer of soil provides the most nutrients for plants
Supporting facts: sent1: the top layer of soil contains the most nutrients sent2: soil provides nutrients for plants
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the top layer of soil contains the most nutrients [AND] soil provides nutrients for plants [INFER] int1: the top layer of soil provides the most nutrients for plants
Question: Forest fires occur in many areas due to drought conditions. If the drought conditions continue for a long period of time, which might cause the repopulation of trees to be threatened?
Answer: a decrease in the thickness of soil
Hypothesis: drought can cause harm to trees by decreasing the thickness of soil
Supporting facts: sent1: trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow sent2: a tree is a kind of plant sent3: a plant is a kind of organism sent4: the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on that organism 's survival sent5: drought decreases the thickness of soil
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a tree is a kind of plant [AND] a plant is a kind of organism [INFER] int1: a tree is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow [INFER] int2: trees are a kind of organism that require a certain thickness of soil to grow [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on that organism 's survival [INFER] int3: a decrease in soil thickness can cause harm to trees [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] drought decreases the thickness of soil [INFER] int4: drought can cause harm to trees by decreasing the thickness of soil
Question: Before large trees could grow on Earth, what had to happen first?
Answer: Rocks were eroded to form soil.
Hypothesis: rocks must be eroded to form soil before trees can grow
Supporting facts: sent1: trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow sent2: soil is formed by rocks eroding sent3: if an event is required for a process then that event must occur before that process can occur
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] trees require a certain thickness of soil to grow [AND] if an event is required for a process then that event must occur before that process can occur [INFER] int1: the formation of soil must occur before trees can grow [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] soil is formed by rocks eroding [INFER] int2: rocks must be eroded to form soil before trees can grow
Question: Above a continent, a warm air mass slowly passes over a cold air mass. As the warm air begins to cool, clouds form. What will most likely happen next?
Answer: Rain will fall.
Hypothesis: the warm front will cause cloudy and rainy weather
Supporting facts: sent1: a warm front is when warm air mass passes over a cold air mass sent2: a warm air mass slowly passes over a cold air mass above a continent sent3: a warm front causes cloudy and rainy weather
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a warm front is when warm air mass passes over a cold air mass [AND] a warm air mass slowly passes over a cold air mass above a continent [INFER] int1: a warm front is formed above the continent [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a warm front causes cloudy and rainy weather [INFER] int2: the warm front will cause cloudy and rainy weather
Question: Which type of air mass forms over the ocean near the equator?
Answer: moist and warm
Hypothesis: air masses formed over the ocean near the equator are moist / warm
Supporting facts: sent1: if something receives sunlight, then it will increase in temperature sent2: if something increases in temperature, then that something will be warm sent3: the air around the equator receives direct sunlight sent4: the air mass formed close to the ocean is humid in moisture
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something receives sunlight, then it will increase in temperature [AND] the air around the equator receives direct sunlight [INFER] int1: the air around the equator will increase in temperature [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something increases in temperature, then that something will be warm [INFER] int2: the air is warm around the equator [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] the air mass formed close to the ocean is humid in moisture [INFER] int3: air masses formed over the ocean near the equator are moist / warm
Question: A weather balloon is about 2 meters wide when it is near the ground. It grows to about 6 meters wide at higher altitudes. Which change most likely makes the balloon become wider at higher altitudes?
Answer: The air pressure surrounding the balloon decreases.
Hypothesis: the weather balloon expands because the air pressure decreases at higher altitude
Supporting facts: sent1: as air pressure surrounding a flexible container decreases , that flexible container will expand sent2: a weather balloon is a kind of balloon sent3: a balloon is a kind of container sent4: as altitude increases , air pressure will decrease sent5: a balloon is highly flexible
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a balloon is a kind of container [AND] a balloon is highly flexible [INFER] int1: a balloon is a kind of highly flexible container [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a weather balloon is a kind of balloon [INFER] int2: a weather balloon is a kind of flexible container [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as air pressure surrounding a flexible container decreases , that flexible container will expand [INFER] int3: if the air pressure surrounding a weather balloon decreases, the weather balloon will expand [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] as altitude increases , air pressure will decrease [INFER] int4: the weather balloon expands because the air pressure decreases at higher altitude
Question: Which instrument measures atmospheric pressure?
Answer: barometer
Hypothesis: a barameter is used to measure the air pressure of the atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: a barometer is used to measure air pressure sent2: air pressure is a property of  the atmosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a barometer is used to measure air pressure [AND] air pressure is a property of  the atmosphere [INFER] int1: a barameter is used to measure the air pressure of the atmosphere
Question: Clouds and fog are made up of
Answer: water.
Hypothesis: both fog and cloud are made of water vapor
Supporting facts: sent1: fog is a kind of stratus cloud on the ground sent2: clouds are made of water vapor
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fog is a kind of stratus cloud on the ground [AND] clouds are made of water vapor [INFER] int1: fog is made of water vapor [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] clouds are made of water vapor [INFER] int2: both fog and cloud are made of water vapor
Question: In a city near the ocean, fog often forms on summer mornings. Which of the following statements best explains how this fog forms?
Answer: Ocean water evaporates and then condenses in the air.
Hypothesis: fog can be formed by ocean water evaporating and then condensing in the air
Supporting facts: sent1: water vapor is formed by water evaporating sent2: fog is formed by water vapor condensing in the air sent3: oceans are the source of most of water vapor in the atmosphere
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fog is formed by water vapor condensing in the air [AND] oceans are the source of most of water vapor in the atmosphere [INFER] int1: fog can be formed by water vapor from the oceans condensing in the air [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water vapor is formed by water evaporating [INFER] int2: fog can be formed by ocean water evaporating and then condensing in the air
Question: Which of the following stream characteristics most directly affects stream depositions?
Answer: gradient
Hypothesis: the gradient of a stream will affect the stream deposition
Supporting facts: sent1: as the gradient of a stream increases , the ability of the stream to transport sediments will increase sent2: as the ability of a stream to transport sediments increases , the deposition of materials will decrease sent3: gradient is a property of a stream
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] as the gradient of a stream increases , the ability of the stream to transport sediments will increase [AND] as the ability of a stream to transport sediments increases , the deposition of materials will decrease [INFER] int1: as the gradient of a stream increases, the stream deposition of materials will decrease [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] gradient is a property of a stream [INFER] int2: the gradient of a stream will affect the stream deposition
Question: Which of the following is a slow process that changes Earth's surface?
Answer: wind erosion
Hypothesis: wind erosion is a slow process that can change the earth's surface
Supporting facts: sent1: erosion is a kind of slow process sent2: wind causes erosion sent3: erosion changes the earth 's surface
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] wind causes erosion [AND] erosion changes the earth 's surface [INFER] int1: wind erosion can change the earth's surface [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] erosion is a kind of slow process [INFER] int2: wind erosion is a slow process that can change the earth's surface
Question: While hiking last year, Mike saw a large boulder next to a mountain trail. The boulder had no cracks. While hiking on the trail this year, he saw two large cracks in the boulder. Which of the following most likely caused these cracks to form?
Answer: weathering due to freezing and thawing
Hypothesis: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering
Supporting facts: sent1: ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering sent2: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging sent3: ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] ice wedging is a kind of mechanical weathering [AND] ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings [INFER] int1: ice wedging causes mechanical weathering by cracking the rocks [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] cycles of freezing and thawing water cause ice wedging [INFER] int2: cycles of freezing and thawing water cause mechanical weathering
Question: High-pressure systems stop air from rising into the colder regions of the atmosphere where water can condense. What will most likely result if a high-pressure system remains in an area for a long period of time?
Answer: drought
Hypothesis: a high-pressure system can cause drought if it stays in an area for a long time
Supporting facts: sent1: a high-pressure system decreases the water in air to condense into clouds sent2: low precipitation lasting for a long time can cause drought sent3: clouds produce precipitation sent4: decreased precipitation is similar to low precipitation
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a high-pressure system decreases the water in air to condense into clouds [AND] clouds produce precipitation [INFER] int1: a high-pressure system can cause precipitation to decrease by decreasing the formation of clouds [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] low precipitation lasting for a long time can cause drought [AND] decreased precipitation is similar to low precipitation [INFER] int2: a high-pressure system can cause drought if it stays in an area for a long time
Question: Hurricane season for the Atlantic Ocean lasts from June to November. Which factor makes an Atlantic hurricane less likely to form during the month of March?
Answer: cool ocean waters
Hypothesis: hurricanes cannot form over cool ocean waters
Supporting facts: sent1: cool ocean waters are bodies of cool water sent2: cool water has low heat energy sent3: heat and moisture over ocean cause the formation of a hurricane sent4: forming a hurricane requires certain water temperature
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] heat and moisture over ocean cause the formation of a hurricane [AND] forming a hurricane requires certain water temperature [INFER] int1: forming a hurricane requires the water to have enough heat energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] cool water has low heat energy [INFER] int2: cool water cannot form a hurricane [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] cool ocean waters are bodies of cool water [INFER] int3: hurricanes cannot form over cool ocean waters
Question: An anemometer is a tool that measures
Answer: wind speed.
Hypothesis: an anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed
Supporting facts: sent1: an anemometer is a kind of instrument sent2: an anemometer is used to measure wind speed
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] an anemometer is a kind of instrument [AND] an anemometer is used to measure wind speed [INFER] int1: an anemometer is an instrument used to measure wind speed
Question: After a rainfall, which process in the water cycle draws the water back up into the air?
Answer: evaporation
Hypothesis: evaporation of water will follow the collection of rain
Supporting facts: sent1: in the water cycle , evaporation always follows collection in bodies of water sent2: rain is a kind of precipitation sent3: collection in water cycle is when precipitation is collected in bodies of water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rain is a kind of precipitation [AND] collection in water cycle is when precipitation is collected in bodies of water [INFER] int1: rain being collected in bodies of water is an example of collection in water cycle [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] in the water cycle , evaporation always follows collection in bodies of water [INFER] int2: evaporation of water will follow the collection of rain
Question: What happens when the Sun's energy warms ocean water?
Answer: The water evaporates.
Hypothesis: the water in the ocean will evaporate
Supporting facts: sent1: warming means heat is added sent2: the sun's energy is warming ocean water sent3: evaporation means a substance changes from a liquid into a gas by increasing heat energy sent4: water is a kind of substance
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] evaporation means a substance changes from a liquid into a gas by increasing heat energy [AND] water is a kind of substance [INFER] int1: water evaporating is when water changes from a liquid into a gas by increasing heat energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] warming means heat is added [AND] the sun's energy is warming ocean water [INFER] int2: the water in the ocean will evaporate