ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which human activity contributes to the formation of acid rain?
Answer: burning fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline
Hypothesis: burning fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline is a kind of human activity that contributes to the formation of acid rain
Supporting facts: sent1: burning fossil fuel is a kind of human activity sent2: if something causes something else then that something contributes to the formation of that something else sent3: coal is a kind of fossil fuel sent4: burning coal emits sulfur dioxide sent5: burning oil emits sulfur dioxide sent6: oil is a source of gasoline sent7: sulfur dioxide is a kind of gas sent8: gasoline is a kind of fossil fuel sent9: emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] coal is a kind of fossil fuel [AND] gasoline is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int1: coal and gasoline are kinds of fossil fuels [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] burning fossil fuel is a kind of human activity [INFER] int2: burning fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline is a kind of human activity [BECAUSE] burning coal emits sulfur dioxide [AND] burning oil emits sulfur dioxide [INFER] int3: burning coal and oil emit sulfur dioxide [BECAUSE] sulfur dioxide is a kind of gas [AND] emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain [INFER] int4: sulfur dioxide is a kind of gas that causes acid rain when emitted [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: gasses from burning coal and oil cause acid rain [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] oil is a source of gasoline [INFER] int6: gases from burning coal and gasoline cause acid rain [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] if something causes something else then that something contributes to the formation of that something else [INFER] int7: gasses from burning coal and gasoline contribute to the formation of acid rain [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: burning fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline is a kind of human activity that contributes to the formation of acid rain
Question: Which of these processes involves the transfer of a large amount of thermal energy?
Answer: subduction
Hypothesis: subduction may involve a transfer of a large amount of thermal energy
Supporting facts: sent1: heat is a kind of thermal energy sent2: subduction process involves a large amount of thermal energy sent3: to move something can mean to transfer something sent4: tectonic plates are made of particles sent5: flowing is a kind of movement for energy sent6: subduction is when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate sent7: the subduction of tectonic plates is found at the convergent boundaries / the converging boundaries sent8: tectonic plates collide at convergent boundaries sent9: thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles sent10: thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object sent11: heat is a kind of energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] to move something can mean to transfer something [AND] flowing is a kind of movement for energy [INFER] int1: flowing can be a kind of transfer of energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] heat is a kind of energy [INFER] int2: flowing can be a kind of transfer of heat [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object [INFER] int3: thermal conduction is when heat is transferred from a wamer object to a cooler object [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] heat is a kind of thermal energy [INFER] int4: thermal conduction is when thermal energy is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object [BECAUSE] tectonic plates are made of particles [AND] thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles [INFER] int5: thermal conduction will occur when tectonic plates conduct heat through collision [BECAUSE] the subduction of tectonic plates is found at the convergent boundaries / the converging boundaries [AND] tectonic plates collide at convergent boundaries [INFER] int6: subduction of tectonic plates is found where tectonic plates collide [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] subduction is when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate [INFER] int7: subduction is when one tectonic plate collides with another tectonic plate [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: subduction may cause thermal conduction [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int8 [INFER] int9: subduction may cause a transfer of thermal energy [BECAUSE] int9 [AND] subduction process involves a large amount of thermal energy [INFER] int10: subduction may involve a transfer of a large amount of thermal energy
Question: Surface mining for coal involves removing all the vegetation and rock above the coal being mined. Which two of Earth's subsystems are most immediately affected by surface mining?
Answer: lithosphere and biosphere
Hypothesis: surface mining affects the lithosphere and biosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: to impact something means to affect something sent2: surface mining removes rocks above the coal sent3: underground means beneath the surface of the earth sent4: if something affects a part of something else then that something affects that something else sent5: the lithosphere is made of rocks sent6: if something is beneath something else, then that something else is above that something sent7: change is a kind of impact sent8: vegetation is a part of the biosphere sent9: the lithosphere is located on the the surface of the earth sent10: surface mining removes the vegetation above the coal sent11: removing something is a kind of change sent12: coal deposites are found underground
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the lithosphere is made of rocks [AND] the lithosphere is located on the the surface of the earth [INFER] int1: the lithosphere is made of rocks on the surface of earth [BECAUSE] coal deposites are found underground [AND] underground means beneath the surface of the earth [INFER] int2: coal deposites are found beneath the surface of the earth [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [AND] if something is beneath something else, then that something else is above that something [INFER] int3: the lithosphere is made of rocks above coal deposites [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] surface mining removes rocks above the coal [INFER] int4: surface mining removes part of the lithosphere [BECAUSE] surface mining removes the vegetation above the coal [AND] vegetation is a part of the biosphere [INFER] int5: surface mining removes a part of the biosphere [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: surface mining removes parts from the lithosphere and biosphere [BECAUSE] removing something is a kind of change [AND] change is a kind of impact [INFER] int7: removing something is a kind of impact [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] to impact something means to affect something [INFER] int8: removing something is a kind of effect [BECAUSE] int8 [AND] if something affects a part of something else then that something affects that something else [INFER] int9: removing a part of something affects that something [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int9 [INFER] int10: surface mining affects the lithosphere and biosphere
Question: Which resource is nonrenewable?
Answer: petroleum
Hypothesis: petroleum is a kind of nonrenewable resource
Supporting facts: sent1: fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource sent2: petroleum is a kind of fossil fuel
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource [AND] petroleum is a kind of fossil fuel [INFER] int1: petroleum is a kind of nonrenewable resource
Question: Wave energy from the ocean can be harnessed to power generators to make electricity. Energy from ocean tides can also be used to make electricity. How would you categorize these two sources of energy?
Answer: Both are renewable.
Hypothesis: wave energy and energy from ocean tides are both renewable resources
Supporting facts: sent1: tidal energy is a renewable resource sent2: wave energy is a renewable resource sent3: tidal energy means energy from ocean tides
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] tidal energy is a renewable resource [AND] tidal energy means energy from ocean tides [INFER] int1: energy from ocean tides is a renewable resource [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] wave energy is a renewable resource [INFER] int2: wave energy and energy from ocean tides are both renewable resources
Question: The building of houses in Maryland uses many different materials. Which building material is made of a renewable natural resource?
Answer: wood boards
Hypothesis: wood boards are a kind of building material that is made of a renewable natural resource
Supporting facts: sent1: building materials are used to build buildings sent2: wood boards can be used to build houses sent3: a house is a kind of building sent4: wood is a renewable resource sent5: wood boards are made of wood sent6: a renewable resource is a kind of natural resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] building materials are used to build buildings [AND] a house is a kind of building [INFER] int1: building materials can be used to build houses [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] wood boards can be used to build houses [INFER] int2: wood boards are a kind of building material [BECAUSE] wood is a renewable resource [AND] a renewable resource is a kind of natural resource [INFER] int3: wood is a kind of renewable natural resource [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] wood boards are made of wood [INFER] int4: wood boards are made of a renewable natural resource [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: wood boards are a kind of building material that is made of a renewable natural resource
Question: In what way can soil nutrients in agricultural ground be depleted?
Answer: increased irrigating
Hypothesis: increasing irrigation can deplete the nutrients in soil in agricultural grounds
Supporting facts: sent1: decreaseing something can cause that something to be depleted sent2: if something decreases something else, then increases that something will decrease that something else sent3: erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil sent4: irrigation is a kind of process sent5: agricultural ground contains soil sent6: if a process requires something then increasing that process increases the amount of that something sent7: irrigation requires water use sent8: irrigation is performed on agricultural ground sent9: water can cause erosion
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil [AND] water can cause erosion [INFER] int1: water can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if something decreases something else, then increases that something will decrease that something else [INFER] int2: increasing water in soil can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] decreaseing something can cause that something to be depleted [INFER] int3: increasing water in soil can deplete the nutrients in soil [BECAUSE] irrigation is a kind of process [AND] if a process requires something then increasing that process increases the amount of that something [INFER] int4: if irrgation requires something then increasing irrigation increases the amount of that something [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] irrigation requires water use [INFER] int5: increasing irrigation increases the amount of water being used [BECAUSE] agricultural ground contains soil [AND] irrigation is performed on agricultural ground [INFER] int6: irrigation is performed on soil in agricultural grounds [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: increasing irrigation increases the amount of water being used on soil in agricultural grounds [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int7 [INFER] int8: increasing irrigation can deplete the nutrients in soil in agricultural grounds
Question: Many natural resources are found in Maryland and the surrounding area. Some of these natural resources are renewable and some are nonrenewable. People use both kinds of resources in daily activities. Using natural resources often produces waste products. Recycling centers are where people take materials that may be reused to make new products. How does recycling paper positively affect the environment?
Answer: reduces trees that are cut
Hypothesis: recycling has a positive impact on the environment by reducing trees that are cut
Supporting facts: sent1: decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing sent2: if something is required to create something else then that something is needed to make that something else sent3: recycling reduces the resources needed to make something sent4: creating paper requires cutting down trees sent5: cutting down trees has a negative impact on an environment sent6: trees are a kind of resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is required to create something else then that something is needed to make that something else [AND] creating paper requires cutting down trees [INFER] int1: cut trees are needed to make paper [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] trees are a kind of resource [INFER] int2: cut trees are a kind of resource that is needed to make paper [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] recycling reduces the resources needed to make something [INFER] int3: recycling reduces the trees that need to be cut to make paper [BECAUSE] decreasing something negative has a positive impact on a thing [AND] cutting down trees has a negative impact on an environment [INFER] int4: decreasing the amount of trees that are cut down has a positive impact on the environment [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: recycling has a positive impact on the environment by reducing trees that are cut
Question: When forest trees are cleared from the land, and trees are not replanted, which of the following will most likely occur?
Answer: soil erosion
Hypothesis: clearing trees from a forest causes soil erosion to increase in that forest
Supporting facts: sent1: decreasing something decreases the parts of that something sent2: tree roots reduce soil erosion sent3: decreasing something that reduces something else causes that something else to increase sent4: cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest sent5: a forest is a kind of land sent6: clearing trees from a land means cutting down trees in that land sent7: roots are a part of a plant / tree
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] tree roots reduce soil erosion [AND] roots are a part of a plant / tree [INFER] int1: tree roots are a part of a tree that reduce soil erosion [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] decreasing something that reduces something else causes that something else to increase [INFER] int2: decreasing tree roots causes soil erosion to increase [BECAUSE] a forest is a kind of land [AND] clearing trees from a land means cutting down trees in that land [INFER] int3: clearing trees from a forest means cutting down trees in that forest [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest [INFER] int4: clearing trees from a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest [BECAUSE] decreasing something decreases the parts of that something [AND] roots are a part of a plant / tree [INFER] int5: decreasing trees decreases tree roots [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: clearing trees from a forest causes the number of tree roots to decrease [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: clearing trees from a forest causes soil erosion to increase in that forest
Question: Many different plant and animal species live in the Amazon rainforest. Which is the most likely result of large areas of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest?
Answer: a decrease in oxygen production
Hypothesis: deforestation causes the production of oxygen to decrease
Supporting facts: sent1: a tree is a kind of plant sent2: deforestation means the removal of trees in a forest sent3: as the amount of a source of something decreases , the amount of that something will decrease sent4: a source of something produces that something sent5: if something is removed then the amount of that something decreases sent6: plants are a source of oxygen through photosynthesis
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a tree is a kind of plant [AND] plants are a source of oxygen through photosynthesis [INFER] int1: trees are a source of oxygen through photosynthesis [BECAUSE] as the amount of a source of something decreases , the amount of that something will decrease [AND] a source of something produces that something [INFER] int2: as the amount of a source of something decreases, the production of that something will decrease [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: as the amount of trees decreases the production of oxygen decreases [BECAUSE] deforestation means the removal of trees in a forest [AND] if something is removed then the amount of that something decreases [INFER] int4: deforestation causes the amount of trees in a forest to decrease [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int4 [INFER] int5: deforestation causes the production of oxygen to decrease
Question: Water that has its salt removed before it can be used as drinking water is most likely to have come from
Answer: a sea
Hypothesis: water that has salt removed may have come from a sea
Supporting facts: sent1: salt water contains salt sent2: if something is removed from something else then that something else contained that something sent3: a sea is a source of seawater sent4: seawater is a kind of salt water sent5: salt water is a kind of water sent6: water has salt removed sent7: if something comes from something else then that something else is a source of that something
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something is removed from something else then that something else contained that something [AND] water has salt removed [INFER] int1: water that has salt removed contained salt [BECAUSE] salt water contains salt [AND] salt water is a kind of water [INFER] int2: salt water is a kind of water that contains salt [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: water that has salt removed was salt water [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] seawater is a kind of salt water [INFER] int4: water that has salt removed may have been seawater [BECAUSE] a sea is a source of seawater [AND] if something comes from something else then that something else is a source of that something [INFER] int5: seawater comes from a sea [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: water that has salt removed may have come from a sea
Question: A student is hiking through a forest taking pictures for science class. Which picture would most likely be used as an example of human impact on Earth?
Answer: A trail built by cutting down trees
Hypothesis: humans building trails by cutting down trees has a negative impact on that forest on earth
Supporting facts: sent1: a decrease is a kind of change sent2: humans build roads sent3: a forest is a kind of ecosystem sent4: a trail is a kind of road sent5: humans changing ecosystems / environments usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem sent6: the earth contains many ecosystems sent7: building usually requires cutting down trees sent8: cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a decrease is a kind of change [AND] cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest [INFER] int1: cutting down trees in a forest causes that forest to change [BECAUSE] humans build roads [AND] building usually requires cutting down trees [INFER] int2: humans building roads usually requires cutting down trees [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: humans building roads by cutting down trees in a forest causes that forest to change [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] a trail is a kind of road [INFER] int4: humans building trails by cutting down trees in a forest causes that forest to change [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] humans changing ecosystems / environments usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem [INFER] int5: humans building trails by cutting down trees in a forest usually has a negative impact on that forest [BECAUSE] a forest is a kind of ecosystem [AND] the earth contains many ecosystems [INFER] int6: the earth contains forests [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: humans building trails by cutting down trees has a negative impact on that forest on earth
Question: Female seals usually return to the same beaches year after year to give birth. If they are repeatedly disturbed by humans at those beaches, how will the seals most likely respond?
Answer: They will give birth at different beaches.
Hypothesis: if seals are disturbed by humans at the beaches they give birth at then those seals will give birth at different beaches
Supporting facts: sent1: a beach is a kind of location sent2: if humans disturb animals in a location then those animals will move to a different location sent3: a seal is a kind of animal sent4: seals every year return to the same beaches to give birth
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a beach is a kind of location [AND] if humans disturb animals in a location then those animals will move to a different location [INFER] int1: if humans disturb animals at a beach then those animals will move to a different beach [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] a seal is a kind of animal [INFER] int2: if humans disturb seals at a beach then those seals will go to a different beach [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] seals every year return to the same beaches to give birth [INFER] int3: if seals are disturbed by humans at the beaches they give birth at then those seals will give birth at different beaches
Question: What is the best way to conserve natural resources in the home?
Answer: Shorten the time spent taking a shower.
Hypothesis: shortening the time spent taking a shower conserves water
Supporting facts: sent1: to shorten something can mean to decrease something sent2: as time spent taking a shower decreases , water used will decrease sent3: conserving a resource requires using less of a resource sent4: to use less of something means to decrease the use of something sent5: water is a kind of natural resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] conserving a resource requires using less of a resource [AND] water is a kind of natural resource [INFER] int1: conserving water requires using less water [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] to use less of something means to decrease the use of something [INFER] int2: conserving water requires decreasing the use of water [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] as time spent taking a shower decreases , water used will decrease [INFER] int3: decreasing the time spent taking a shower conserves water [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] to shorten something can mean to decrease something [INFER] int4: shortening the time spent taking a shower conserves water
Question: Scientists have monitored the amount of acid rainfall in Frederick County, Maryland, since 1982. Humans in Frederick County are affected by acid rain because acid rain alters
Answer: the quality of water
Hypothesis: acid rain alters the water quality to a lower level
Supporting facts: sent1: acid rain causes water pollution sent2: water pollution lowers the water quality sent3: lowering means altering to a lower level
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] acid rain causes water pollution [AND] water pollution lowers the water quality [INFER] int1: acid rain lowers the water quality [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] lowering means altering to a lower level [INFER] int2: acid rain alters the water quality to a lower level
Question: In a lake near a farm the growth of algae suddenly increased. This increase was most likely due to which of the following?
Answer: fertilizer runoff from the farm
Hypothesis: fertilizers in the runoff from the farm can increase the population of algae
Supporting facts: sent1: algae is a kind of organism sent2: if something has a positive impact on an organism 's growth then that something increases the population of that organism sent3: fertilizers have a positive impact on algae growth sent4: a cropland is a kind of farm sent5: runoff contains fertilizers from cropland
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] fertilizers have a positive impact on algae growth [AND] runoff contains fertilizers from cropland [INFER] int1: fertilizers in the runoff from cropland have a positive impact on algae growth [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] algae is a kind of organism [AND] if something has a positive impact on an organism 's growth then that something increases the population of that organism [INFER] int2: fertilizers in the runoff from the cropland can increase the population of algae [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] a cropland is a kind of farm [INFER] int3: fertilizers in the runoff from the farm can increase the population of algae