ariesutiono/entailment-bank-v3 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which of these structures form when materials are deposited, buried, and cemented?
Answer: sedimentary rocks
Hypothesis: sedimentary rocks are a kind of structure that is formed by materials being deposited then buried then cemented together
Supporting facts: sent1: rocks are a kind of structure sent2: in the formation of sedimentary rock , erosion is the first stage sent3: sediment is formed by rocks weathering sent4: sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment cementing together sent5: in the formation of sedimentary rock , burying the sediments follows depositing the sediments sent6: sedimentary rock is a kind of rock sent7: sediment is a kind of material sent8: erosion causes deposition sent9: weathering is a kind of erosion
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] rocks are a kind of structure [AND] sedimentary rock is a kind of rock [INFER] int1: sedimentary rocks are a kind of structure [BECAUSE] sediment is formed by rocks weathering [AND] weathering is a kind of erosion [INFER] int2: sediment is formed by erosion [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] in the formation of sedimentary rock , erosion is the first stage [INFER] int3: in the formation of sedimentary rock, erosion forms sediment [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] erosion causes deposition [INFER] int4: in the formation of sedimentary rock, sediment formed by erosion is deposited [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] in the formation of sedimentary rock , burying the sediments follows depositing the sediments [INFER] int5: in the formation of sedimentary rock, sediment is deposited then buried [BECAUSE] int5 [AND] sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment cementing together [INFER] int6: in the formation of sedimentary rock, sediment is deposited then buried then cemented together [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int6 [INFER] int7: sedimentary rocks are a kind of structure that is formed by sediments being deposited then buried then cemented together [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] sediment is a kind of material [INFER] int8: sedimentary rocks are a kind of structure that is formed by materials being deposited then buried then cemented together
Question: Which process directly adds carbon into the atmosphere?
Answer: burning fossil fuels
Hypothesis: burning fossil fuels adds carbon into the atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: burning fossil fuels increases the carbon in the atmosphere sent2: the atmosphere is a kind of location sent3: to increase something in a location means to add that something to that location
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the atmosphere is a kind of location [AND] to increase something in a location means to add that something to that location [INFER] int1: to increase something in the atmosphere means to add that something into the atmosphere [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] burning fossil fuels increases the carbon in the atmosphere [INFER] int2: burning fossil fuels adds carbon into the atmosphere
Question: Which type of energy is found in fossil fuels?
Answer: chemical
Hypothesis: chemical energy can be found in fossil fuels
Supporting facts: sent1: if something contains something else then that something else can be found in that something sent2: fossil fuel contains chemical energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something contains something else then that something else can be found in that something [AND] fossil fuel contains chemical energy [INFER] int1: chemical energy can be found in fossil fuels
Question: Which resource has the most potential for production of renewable electric energy?
Answer: geothermal
Hypothesis: geothermal energy has the potential to produce renewable electric energy
Supporting facts: sent1: producing renewable electric energy requires renewable resources sent2: if something may be able to do something else then that something has the potential to do that something else sent3: producing renewable electric energy is a kind of process sent4: geothermal energy is a renewable resource sent5: if a process requires something that that something may be able to perform that process
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] producing renewable electric energy is a kind of process [AND] if a process requires something that that something may be able to perform that process [INFER] int1: if producing renewable electric energy requires something then that something may be able to produce renewable electric energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] producing renewable electric energy requires renewable resources [INFER] int2: renewable resources may be able to produce renewable electric energy [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] if something may be able to do something else then that something has the potential to do that something else [INFER] int3: renewable resources have the potential to produce renewable electric energy [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] geothermal energy is a renewable resource [INFER] int4: geothermal energy has the potential to produce renewable electric energy
Question: A homeowner wants to use a renewable resource to heat the home. Which resource would be the best to use?
Answer: solar
Hypothesis: solar energy is a kind of renewable resource that is used for heating a home
Supporting facts: sent1: a home is a kind of building sent2: solar energy is a renewable / inexhaustible resource sent3: energy is used for heating a building by a heating system sent4: solar energy is a kind of energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a home is a kind of building [AND] energy is used for heating a building by a heating system [INFER] int1: energy is used for heating a home [BECAUSE] solar energy is a renewable / inexhaustible resource [AND] solar energy is a kind of energy [INFER] int2: solar energy is a kind of renewable resource and a kind of energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: solar energy is a kind of renewable resource that is used for heating a home
Question: A company plants trees on a bare hillside. Which of these is the BEST reason for planting the trees?
Answer: The trees prevent soil from washing away.
Hypothesis: planting trees prevents soil from washing away
Supporting facts: sent1: roots are a part of a plant / tree sent2: planting trees increases the amount of trees in an environment sent3: preventing something decreases the amount of that something sent4: to wash away is a kind of movement by moving water sent5: soil erosion is when wind / moving water / gravity moves soil from fields / environments sent6: tree roots decrease / reduce soil erosion sent7: roots anchor plants into the soil
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] roots are a part of a plant / tree [AND] roots anchor plants into the soil [INFER] int1: roots are a part of a tree that anchor it into soil [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] planting trees increases the amount of trees in an environment [INFER] int2: planting trees increases the amount of roots in the soil [BECAUSE] preventing something decreases the amount of that something [AND] tree roots decrease / reduce soil erosion [INFER] int3: tree roots prevent soil erosion [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] soil erosion is when wind / moving water / gravity moves soil from fields / environments [INFER] int4: tree roots prevent moving water from moving soil from environments [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] to wash away is a kind of movement by moving water [INFER] int5: tree roots prevent soil from washing away [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: planting trees prevents soil from washing away
Question: Which renewable resource is used with photovoltaic cells to produce electricity?
Answer: solar energy
Hypothesis: solar energy is a kind of renewable resource that is used by photovoltaic cells to produce electricity
Supporting facts: sent1: photovoltaic cells convert light energy into electricity / electrical energy sent2: light is a kind of light energy sent3: photovoltaic cells are a kind of object sent4: solar energy is a kind of light sent5: if an object converts something into something else then that object uses that something to produce that something else sent6: solar energy is a renewable / inexhaustible resource
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] light is a kind of light energy [AND] solar energy is a kind of light [INFER] int1: solar energy is a kind of light energy [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] photovoltaic cells convert light energy into electricity / electrical energy [INFER] int2: photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electricity [BECAUSE] photovoltaic cells are a kind of object [AND] if an object converts something into something else then that object uses that something to produce that something else [INFER] int3: if photovoltaic cells convert something into something else then those photovoltaic cells use that something to produce that something else [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] int3 [INFER] int4: photovoltaic cells use solar energy to produce electricity [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] solar energy is a renewable / inexhaustible resource [INFER] int5: solar energy is a kind of renewable resource that is used by photovoltaic cells to produce electricity
Question: Runoff from farms that use fertilizers is entering a small lake. This will most directly affect the lake by causing
Answer: algae to grow in the lake.
Hypothesis: runoff entering a lake affects that lake by causing algae to grow in it
Supporting facts: sent1: if something enters into something else, then the contents of that something will enter that something else sent2: the contents of something means the things that something contains sent3: causing is a kind of affecting sent4: fertilizers have a positive impact on algae growth sent5: runoff enters a lake sent6: if something has a positive impact on something else then that something causes that something else sent7: a lake is a kind of body of water sent8: algae is found in bodies of water sent9: runoff contains chemicals / fertilizer / pollutants / pesticides from cropland
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something enters into something else, then the contents of that something will enter that something else [AND] the contents of something means the things that something contains [INFER] int1: if something enters something else then the things that something contains will enter that something else [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] runoff enters a lake [INFER] int2: if runoff enters a lake then the things that runoff contains will enter that lake [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] runoff contains chemicals / fertilizer / pollutants / pesticides from cropland [INFER] int3: if runoff enters a lake then fertilizer will enter that lake [BECAUSE] a lake is a kind of body of water [AND] algae is found in bodies of water [INFER] int4: algae is found in a lake [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] fertilizers have a positive impact on algae growth [INFER] int5: fertilizers have a positve impact on algae growth in a lake [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: runoff entering a lake has a positive impact on algae growth in that lake [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] if something has a positive impact on something else then that something causes that something else [INFER] int7: runoff entering a lake causes algae to grow in that lake [BECAUSE] int7 [AND] causing is a kind of affecting [INFER] int8: runoff entering a lake affects that lake by causing algae to grow in it
Question: The Florida Bog Frog (Lithobates okaloosae) inhabits shallow stream overflows in three counties in Florida. With such a small geographic habitat, any change in the frog's environment could cause drastic changes in the population. Which would most likely affect the frog population if acid rain changed the pH of the water?
Answer: Tadpoles would be unable to survive.
Hypothesis: if acid rain changes the ph of water then tadpoles may by unable to survive
Supporting facts: sent1: the health of a body of water means the water quality of a body of water sent2: acid rain changes the ph of water sent3: the temperature / ph of a body of water has an impact on the health of a body of water sent4: changing the ph of water can cause animals live in the water not be able to survive sent5: if something has a negative impact on the survival of an organism then that organism may be unable to survive sent6: animal is a kind of organism sent7: a tadpole is a kind of animal sent8: acid rain has a negative impact on water quality sent9: a tadpole lives in water
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the health of a body of water means the water quality of a body of water [AND] the temperature / ph of a body of water has an impact on the health of a body of water [INFER] int1: ph of a body of water has an impact on the water quality of a body of water [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] acid rain changes the ph of water [INFER] int2: acid rain has an impact on the quality of a body of water by changing the ph of the water [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] acid rain has a negative impact on water quality [INFER] int3: acid rain has a negative impact on water quality by changing the ph of water [BECAUSE] a tadpole is a kind of animal [AND] a tadpole lives in water [INFER] int4: tadpoles are animals live in water [BECAUSE] int4 [AND] changing the ph of water can cause animals live in the water not be able to survive [INFER] int5: changing the ph of water can cause tadpoles not be able to survive [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] int5 [INFER] int6: acid rain has a negative impact on a tadpole's ability to survive by chaning the ph of water [BECAUSE] animal is a kind of organism [AND] a tadpole is a kind of animal [INFER] int7: a tadpole is a kind of organism [BECAUSE] int6 [AND] int7 [AND] if something has a negative impact on the survival of an organism then that organism may be unable to survive [INFER] int8: if acid rain changes the ph of water then tadpoles may by unable to survive
Question: Which environmental problem was directly caused by the invention of the automobile?
Answer: increase in air pollution
Hypothesis: many automobiles increase the pollution in the air
Supporting facts: sent1: if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else sent2: an automobile is a kind of vehicle sent3: many vehicles emit pollution into the air
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if something emits something else then that something increases the amount of that something else [AND] many vehicles emit pollution into the air [INFER] int1: many vehicles increase the amount of pollution in air [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] an automobile is a kind of vehicle [INFER] int2: many automobiles increase the pollution in the air
Question: Which material is most easily recycled at school?
Answer: notebook paper
Hypothesis: notebook paper can be recycled many times
Supporting facts: sent1: recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times sent2: paper is recyclable sent3: notebook paper is a kind of paper
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] paper is recyclable [AND] notebook paper is a kind of paper [INFER] int1: notebook paper is recyclable [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times [INFER] int2: notebook paper can be recycled many times
Question: In a recycling program, which materials can be reused many times?
Answer: glass bottles
Hypothesis: glass bottles can be reused many times
Supporting facts: sent1: glass is recyclable sent2: glass is a kind of material sent3: glass bottles are made of glass sent4: recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] glass is recyclable [AND] glass is a kind of material [AND] glass bottles are made of glass [INFER] int1: glass bottles are made of recyclable material [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] recyclable means a material can be recycled / reused many times [INFER] int2: glass bottles can be reused many times
Question: Natural processes cause rapid and slow changes to Earth's surface. Which event causes changes to Earth's surface most rapidly?
Answer: an earthquake shaking the ground
Hypothesis: an earthquake changes earth 's surface quickly
Supporting facts: sent1: shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface sent2: 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time sent3: an earthquake causes the ground to shake sent4: in a short amount of time is similar to quickly sent5: an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] 10 to 30 seconds is a short amount of time [AND] an earthquake usually occurs over a period of 10 to 30 seconds [INFER] int1: an earthquake usually occurs in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] shaking the ground of the earth can change earth's surface [AND] an earthquake causes the ground to shake [INFER] int2: an earthquake can change earth's surface by shaking the ground [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: an earthquake can change earth's surface in a short amount of time [BECAUSE] int3 [AND] in a short amount of time is similar to quickly [INFER] int4: an earthquake changes earth 's surface quickly
Question: Which element makes up most of the air we breathe.
Answer: nitrogen
Hypothesis: element nitrogen makes up most of the earth's atmosphere
Supporting facts: sent1: nitrogen is a kind of element sent2: most means over 50% of something sent3: the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] nitrogen is a kind of element [AND] most means over 50% of something [AND] the earth 's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass [INFER] int1: element nitrogen makes up most of the earth's atmosphere
Question: A glacier retreats leaving bare rocks. Lichens begin to live on the rocks. The lichens produce an acid that starts to break down the rocks. How will this process affect the environment?
Answer: It will begin the process of building soil.
Hypothesis: lichens breaking down rocks can form soil
Supporting facts: sent1: lichens can produce acid to break down rocks sent2: acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction sent3: chemical weathering means rocks weathering because of chemical reactions sent4: chemical weathering is a kind of weathering sent5: soil is formed by weathering
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] lichens can produce acid to break down rocks [AND] acid can cause rocks to weather by chemical reaction [AND] chemical weathering means rocks weathering because of chemical reactions [INFER] int1: lichens can cause rocks to break down by chemical weathering [BECAUSE] chemical weathering is a kind of weathering [AND] soil is formed by weathering [INFER] int2: soil can be formed by chemical weathering [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] int2 [INFER] int3: lichens breaking down rocks can form soil
Question: Which of these geographic features most directly influences the climate of Nevada by limiting the amount of water vapor that can reach the state and fall as rain?
Answer: Sierra Nevada Mountains
Hypothesis: sierra nevada mountains can limit the water vapor reaching nevada
Supporting facts: sent1: sierra nevada mountains are located in nevada sent2: the sierra nevada is a kind of mountain range sent3: a mountain range contains mountains sent4: mountains can limit the water vapor reaching a location
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] the sierra nevada is a kind of mountain range [AND] a mountain range contains mountains [INFER] int1: sierra nevada contains mountains [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] mountains can limit the water vapor reaching a location [INFER] int2: sierra nevada mountains can limit the water vapor reaching a location [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] sierra nevada mountains are located in nevada [INFER] int3: sierra nevada mountains can limit the water vapor reaching nevada
Question: What causes the soil in a flood plain to be generally rich in nutrients?
Answer: new soil deposited by the river
Hypothesis: the soil deposited by a river in flood plains are rich in nutrients
Supporting facts: sent1: when a river floods , that river deposits soil in flood plains sent2: soil and sediment deposited by a river are usually high / rich in nutrients
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] when a river floods , that river deposits soil in flood plains [AND] soil and sediment deposited by a river are usually high / rich in nutrients [INFER] int1: the soil deposited by a river in flood plains are rich in nutrients
Question: After a rainstorm, a big pile of rocks blocks part of a mountain road. Which event most likely caused the rocks to move onto the road?
Answer: a landslide
Hypothesis: a landslide after a rainstorm can move rocks downhill from the mountain
Supporting facts: sent1: a mountain is made of rocks / soil sent2: a landslide is when water rapidly moves rocks downhill especially after a rain storm sent3: landslides often occur on mountains
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] a mountain is made of rocks / soil [AND] a landslide is when water rapidly moves rocks downhill especially after a rain storm [AND] landslides often occur on mountains [INFER] int1: a landslide after a rainstorm can move rocks downhill from the mountain
Question: Roger poured water over a pile of sand. Some of the sand washed away. This process is similar to which of the following?
Answer: The erosion of the walls of a canyon
Hypothesis: pouring water onto soil is similar to the erosion on the canyon formation
Supporting facts: sent1: pouring water onto soil causes that soil to wash away sent2: most canyons are formed by flowing rivers through erosion over long periods of time sent3: soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] pouring water onto soil causes that soil to wash away [AND] soil erosion is when moving water moves soil from fields / environments [INFER] int1: pouring water onto soil causes soil erosion [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] most canyons are formed by flowing rivers through erosion over long periods of time [INFER] int2: pouring water onto soil is similar to the erosion on the canyon formation
Question: When cold weather freezes water in the cracks of rocks, which would most likely happen?
Answer: The rocks would break into smaller pieces.
Hypothesis: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes
Supporting facts: sent1: if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack sent2: when water freezes , that water expands sent3: if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] if there is a crack in a rock, then water can get into the crack [AND] when water freezes , that water expands [INFER] int1: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then water will expand in the crack [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] if water expands in a crack in a rock, then the rock will break apart [INFER] int2: if water freezes in the crack of the rock, then the rock will break apart by water expanding when it freezes
Question: Which of the following is most likely to make a rock crack and crumble?
Answer: water freezing in a crack in the rock
Hypothesis: the ice formed by water freezing causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings
Supporting facts: sent1: water is in the solid state , called ice sent2: ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings sent3: water is a kind of substance sent4: freezing means a substance changes from a liquid into a solid by decreasing heat energy
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] water is a kind of substance [AND] freezing means a substance changes from a liquid into a solid by decreasing heat energy [INFER] int1: water freezing means water changes from a liquid into a solid [BECAUSE] int1 [AND] water is in the solid state , called ice [INFER] int2: water freezing means water changes from a liquid to ice [BECAUSE] int2 [AND] ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings [INFER] int3: the ice formed by water freezing causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings
Question: When bedrock in Massachusetts is examined, it often appears scraped and polished. Which of the following most likely caused the bedrock to appear scraped and polished?
Answer: glacial movement
Hypothesis: glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished and leaves scratches in rocks
Supporting facts: sent1: glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished sent2: glaciers moving cause scratches in rocks
Reasoning: [BECAUSE] glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished [AND] glaciers moving cause scratches in rocks [INFER] int1: glacial movement often causes bedrock to appear polished and leaves scratches in rocks