Title: Exploring GAN Code Generation with Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5: A Comparative Study - PyImageSearch

URL Source: https://pyimagesearch.com/2024/04/15/exploring-gan-code-generation-with-gemini-pro-and-chatgpt-3-5-a-comparative-study/

Published Time: 2024-04-15T13:00:00+00:00

Markdown Content:
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**Table of Contents**
---------------------

*   [Exploring GAN Code Generation with Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5: A Comparative Study](#title-exploring-gan-code-generation-with-gemini-pro-chatgpt-35)
*   [Introduction to GAN Development with Gemini Pro](#h1-introduction-to-gan-development-with-gemini-pro)

*   [Expectations from the Generated Code](#h2-expectations-from-generated-code)
*   [Understanding Generative Adversarial Networks](#h2-understanding-generative-adversarial-networks)
*   [Configuring Gemini Pro for PyTorch GAN Code Creation and Image Synthesis](#h2-configuring-gemini-pro-pytorch-gan-code-creation-image-synthesis)

*   [Generating GAN Codes with Gemini Pro: Vanilla GAN and DCGAN](#h1-generating-gan-codes-with-gemini-pro-vanilla-gan-and-dcgan)

*   [Preparing Your Development Environment for Gemini Pro](#h2-preparing-your-development-environment-for-gemini-pro)

*   [Step 1: Installing the Google Generative AI Library](#h3-step-1-installing-google-generative-ai-library)
*   [Step 2: Importing Essential Python Packages](#h3-step-2-importing-essential-python-packages)
*   [Step 3: Securely Configuring Your API Key](#h3-step-3-securely-configuring-your-api-key)

*   [Loading the Gemini Pro Model](#h2-loading-gemini-pro-model)
*   [Improving Code Display Using Markdown](#h2-improving-code-display-using-markdown)
*   [Start a Chat Session with Gemini Pro](#h2-start-chat-session-with-gemini-pro)
*   [Generating Vanilla GAN Code with Gemini Pro](#h2-generating-vanilla-gan-code-gemini-pro)

*   [Positives](#h3-vanilla-gan-code-positives)
*   [Negatives](#h3-vanilla-gan-code-negatives)
*   [Recommendations for Improvement](#h3-vanilla-gan-code-recommendations-for-improvement)
*   [Qualitative Results](#h3-vanilla-gan-code-qualitative-results)

*   [Generating DCGAN Code with Gemini Pro](#h2-generating-dcgan-code-gemini-pro)

*   [Positives](#h3-dcgan-code-positives)
*   [Negatives](#h3-dcgan-code-negatives)
*   [Recommendations for Improvement](#h3-dcgan-code-recommendations-for-improvement)
*   [Qualitative Results](#h3-dcgan-code-qualitative-results)
*   [DCGAN Code Correction](#h3-dcgan-code-correction)

*   [GAN Architectures Through the Lens of ChatGPT-3.5](#h1-gan-architectures-through-lens-chatgpt-35)

*   [Vanilla GAN](#h2-vanilla-gan)

*   [Positives](#h3-vanilla-gan-positives)
*   [Negatives (Nothing Concrete)](#h3-vanilla-gan-negatives-nothing-concrete)
*   [Qualitative Results](#h3-vanilla-gan-qualitative-results)

*   [DCGAN](#h2-dcgan)

*   [Code Analysis](#h3-dcgan-code-analysis)
*   [Qualitative Results](#h3-dcgan-qualitative-results)

*   [Summary](#h1-summary)

*   [Citation Information](#h2-citation-information)

* * *

In this tutorial, you will embark on a journey with Gemini Pro, powered by the Google AI Python SDK (software development kit), to generate code for Vanilla GAN and Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN) within the PyTorch framework. We’ll assess Gemini Pro’s capacity to produce ready-to-execute code and explore how well it can generate images using these GAN architectures. After rectifying any potential errors in the code, we will evaluate the image generation capabilities of Vanilla GAN and DCGAN models crafted by Gemini Pro.

[![Image 1](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20603%20500'%3E%3C/svg%3E)](https://pyimagesearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/exploring-gan-code-gemini-pro-chatgpt-35-featured.png)

For a comparative analysis, we’ll also generate GAN code using ChatGPT-3.5 and scrutinize the quality of images produced by both platforms. This guide is designed to illuminate the capabilities and limitations of Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5 in the realm of AI-driven creative coding, providing valuable insights for enthusiasts and developers alike.

This lesson is the 5th in a 6-part series on **Gemini Pro**:

1.  [_Introduction to Gemini Pro Vision_](https://pyimg.co/e3glw)
2.  [_Image Processing with Gemini Pro_](https://pyimg.co/sotef)
3.  [_Image Classification with Gemini Pro_](https://pyimg.co/melcg)
4.  [_Conversing with Gemini Pro: Crafting and Debugging PyTorch Code Through AI Dialogue_](https://pyimg.co/onf1q)
5.  [**_Exploring GAN Code Generation with Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5: A Comparative Study_**](https://pyimg.co/0rj4y) **(this tutorial)**
6.  _Integrating Document Embedding in Gemini Pro: An Approach to Retrieval-Augmented Generation_

**To delve into the intricacies of generating code for Vanilla GAN and DCGAN with Gemini Pro and comparing it with ChatGPT-3.5’s capabilities, offering insights into image generation quality and the nuances of AI-assisted coding_, just keep reading._**

* * *

[**Introduction to GAN Development with Gemini Pro**](#TOC-h1-introduction-to-gan-development-with-gemini-pro)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Welcome to the fifth lesson in our comprehensive series on exploring the capabilities of Gemini Pro. In our journey so far, we’ve ventured through the foundational understanding of Gemini Pro Vision, delved into generation tasks with this advanced text-to-text model, and unraveled the complexities of image processing and classification through Python and PyTorch, all while comparing its prowess to ChatGPT-3.5. Our last session uniquely leveraged Gemini Pro’s chat functionality, allowing us to refine generated code through an interactive feedback loop, addressing any bugs or missing components in real-time.

As we continue to push the boundaries of what’s possible with AI in code generation, today’s lesson brings us to the fascinating world of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We will embark on a dual mission: prompting Gemini Pro to generate the code for a Vanilla GAN and a more sophisticated Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN) within the PyTorch framework. Our objective is not only to assess the quality of code Gemini Pro can produce but also to compare these outcomes with those generated by ChatGPT-3.5, providing a comprehensive analysis of their generative capabilities.

* * *

### [**Expectations from the Generated Code**](#TOC-h2-expectations-from-generated-code)

In this lesson, as we steer Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5 toward the creation of GAN code, our expectations extend beyond mere code generation. We aim for the AI to include a test function within the generated code, enabling us to evaluate the performance of the trained models. This critical component ensures that our journey doesn’t conclude with the creation of neural network architectures; instead, it leads us to a crucial phase where we test the model’s capability to learn and generate realistic, meaningful images.

Focusing on practical application, we anticipate the use of a public dataset (e.g., the widely recognized MNIST (Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology) dataset) to train these models. This choice allows us to measure the effectiveness of the generated code based on the resemblance of the output images to the MNIST digit images. Through this qualitative evaluation, we delve deeper into understanding not just the syntactical correctness of the AI-generated code but, more importantly, its functional efficacy in the realm of deep learning and AI creativity.

This approach underscores our comprehensive examination of Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5’s generative capabilities, assessing not only their ability to write functional code but also to contribute meaningfully to advancements in AI-driven image generation.

* * *

### [**Understanding Generative Adversarial Networks**](#TOC-h2-understanding-generative-adversarial-networks)

Before we dive into the code generation process, let’s take a moment to grasp the foundational concept at the heart of today’s exploration: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). At the forefront of deep learning, GANs involve two neural networks (the Generator and the Discriminator) engaging in a strategic contest. The Generator’s mission is to craft data, like images, that mimic real-life accuracy, while the Discriminator evaluates whether the data is genuine or produced by the Generator. This rivalry fosters the creation of data of unparalleled realism, demonstrating the immense potential of AI-driven creativity.

Expanding on this foundation, GANs have evolved significantly since their inception, giving rise to a myriad of architectures, each designed to overcome specific challenges or enhance the generative process. The introduction of convolutional layers in DCGANs, for example, marked a significant leap in the model’s ability to process and generate complex image data. Conditional GANs took this further by allowing the generation to be guided by additional information, thereby broadening the scope of GAN applications.

Innovations like CycleGAN and StyleGAN have pushed the boundaries of what’s possible with image generation, enabling tasks such as realistic photo enhancement, style transfer without paired examples, and the creation of highly customizable and lifelike human faces. Pix2Pix’s approach to learning mappings between different types of images showcases GANs’ versatility beyond mere image creation, highlighting their potential in a wide range of creative and practical applications.

As we delve into generating GAN code and evaluating the resultant models with Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5, it’s essential to appreciate the nuanced landscape of GAN architectures. This background not only enriches our exploration but also sets the stage for a deeper understanding of the capabilities and potential challenges in generating effective GAN code. Our journey through this advanced AI landscape underscores the dynamic interplay between theoretical concepts and practical AI innovation.

Join us as we continue our exploration into the cutting-edge realm of AI with Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5, marking another milestone in our journey through the exciting landscape of generative AI.

* * *

### [**Configuring Gemini Pro for PyTorch GAN Code Creation and Image Synthesis**](#TOC-h2-configuring-gemini-pro-pytorch-gan-code-creation-image-synthesis)

Continuing our journey with the Google AI Python SDK, as in previous tutorials, we emphasize the setup and application of Gemini Pro. This repetition is key to solidifying our understanding and proficiency with these valuable tools.

To start utilizing Gemini Pro for today’s activities, obtaining your API key is the first step. This involves logging into your Google account through [Google MakerSuite](https://makersuite.google.com/). After logging in, you’ll be redirected to Google AI Studio, where you’ll find step-by-step guidance on creating your API key. This key is essential for accessing Gemini Pro and leveraging the SDK’s capabilities for your projects.

The process to generate your API key is illustrated in **Figure 1**.

[![Image 2](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20700%20290'%3E%3C/svg%3E)](https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/A5VRkSIX-KqsZWUShnx4kGhGn2mx0ldlXDY3M64bo4FIUoKkisvANrgR1lcoqYTPGM7GDpO7sV-CstBoivVAUxIYKUn2N83hikUaeJinsccxgeZbu7hIJgN18tg940408GDDmDsUAbjwMG-xUwPDCx0)

**Figure 1:** Snapshot of Google AI Studio showing the process of generating an API key (source: image by the author).

After acquiring your API key, it’s vital to copy and store it securely. For those using Google Colab, a practical approach to safeguarding this key — along with any environment variables or file paths — is to mark them as private. This ensures they remain accessible only to you and to any notebooks you designate.

This API key is pivotal for your engagements with the Gemini Pro model, particularly when developing code related to image processing. Properly securing your key is critical to maintaining access to the array of functionalities Gemini Pro offers.

* * *

[**Generating GAN Codes with Gemini Pro: Vanilla GAN and DCGAN**](#TOC-h1-generating-gan-codes-with-gemini-pro-vanilla-gan-and-dcgan)
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In this section, we leverage Gemini Pro, powered by the Google AI Python SDK, to delve into code generation for Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), with a particular focus on Vanilla GAN and DCGAN models. Our journey with Gemini Pro so far has revealed an expanding pool of generative models, evolving from the singular Gemini Pro to a suite that includes Gemini Pro latest, Gemini 1.0 Pro, and Gemini 1.0 Pro 001 with fine-tuning capabilities. Despite this burgeoning array, we will anchor our exploration to the original Gemini Pro model. This choice ensures a consistent and fair comparison across our tutorial series, maintaining a standardized basis for evaluating Gemini Pro’s capabilities in auto-generating GAN code.

We will scrutinize Gemini Pro’s output for its immediacy in generating functional GAN code. Identifying and rectifying any errors will be our immediate focus, aiming for operational code that paves the way for the next critical phase — assessing the image generation quality of the corrected Vanilla GAN and DCGAN models. This process not only tests Gemini Pro’s aptitude in code generation but also serves as a practical demonstration of the application of these GAN models in producing high-quality images.

Our exploration is twofold: it showcases the capabilities of Gemini Pro in the realm of AI-driven creative coding while also providing a window into the practical implications of employing Vanilla GAN and DCGAN models. Through this hands-on approach, we aim to furnish insights into both the process of generating GAN code with an advanced AI tool like Gemini Pro and the visual outcomes achievable through the nuanced application of GAN technologies.

* * *

### [**Preparing Your Development Environment for Gemini Pro**](#TOC-h2-preparing-your-development-environment-for-gemini-pro)

* * *

#### [**Step 1: Installing the Google Generative AI Library**](#TOC-h3-step-1-installing-google-generative-ai-library)

The journey begins with the installation of the `google-generativeai` library via `pip`, setting the stage for direct interaction with Google’s generative models, including Gemini Pro. This foundational step is crucial for accessing the vast capabilities of the Gemini Pro model directly within Python, as demonstrated in the following code snippet:

!pip install -q -U google-generativeai

After successfully installing the `google-generativeai` library, we’ve laid the groundwork to tap into the powerful generative capabilities of Gemini Pro. This enables us to proceed with the core objective of this tutorial: generating and refining GAN code for advanced image synthesis tasks.

* * *

#### [**Step 2: Importing Essential Python Packages**](#TOC-h3-step-2-importing-essential-python-packages)

import textwrap
from IPython.display import Markdown
from google.colab import userdata
import google.generativeai as genai

We start by importing the necessary libraries to kickstart our project. The `textwrap` library aids in formatting text, ensuring readability and coherence in our output. Next, we import `Markdown` from `IPython.display`, facilitating the presentation of formatted text in Markdown format. `userdata` from `google.colab` allows access to user-specific data within Colab notebooks.

Most importantly, `google.generativeai as genai` connects us to Google’s generative AI capabilities. This module is instrumental in accessing various advanced AI models, such as Gemini Pro for conversational AI and code generation tasks. Through `genai`, we establish a connection to Google’s cutting-edge AI technology, empowering us to explore the frontiers of natural language processing and generation.

* * *

#### [**Step 3: Securely Configuring Your API Key**](#TOC-h3-step-3-securely-configuring-your-api-key)

\# Used to securely store your API key
# Or use \`os.getenv('GOOGLE\_API\_KEY')\` to fetch an environment variable.
GOOGLE\_API\_KEY=userdata.get("GEMINI\_API\_KEY")
genai.configure(api\_key=GOOGLE\_API\_KEY)

The provided code snippet utilizes the `userdata` module from the `google.colab` library to securely retrieve the stored `"GEMINI_API_KEY"`, assigning it to the variable `GOOGLE_API_KEY`. Alternatively, the API key can be obtained using `os.getenv('GOOGLE_API_KEY')`, fetching it as an environment variable.

Following this, the script configures the GenAI library for usage by invoking `genai.configure(api_key=GOOGLE_API_KEY)`, thereby enabling authorized access to its functionalities. This method, especially within Google Colab notebooks, ensures a secure approach to managing API keys.

* * *

### [**Loading the Gemini Pro Model**](#TOC-h2-loading-gemini-pro-model)

model = genai.GenerativeModel("gemini-pro")

We then create an instance of the `GenerativeModel` class from the `genai` library, specifically opting for the `"gemini-pro"` model during initialization. This choice assigns the capabilities of the Gemini Pro model to the `model` variable, enabling its utilization in various AI-related tasks (e.g., text generation and data analysis). This initialization step is pivotal for accessing and leveraging the extensive functionalities offered by Gemini Pro within our code.

In this scenario, we opt to stick with the default configurations of the `GenerativeModel` class, omitting the specification of optional parameters like `generation_config` and `safety_settings`. This simplifies our setup procedure, allowing us to seamlessly interact with the model’s inherent settings for our specific applications.

* * *

### [**Improving Code Display Using Markdown**](#TOC-h2-improving-code-display-using-markdown)

def to\_markdown(text):
    text = text.replace("•", "  \*")
    return Markdown(textwrap.indent(text, "> ", predicate=lambda \_: True))

Next up is the `to_markdown` utility function, designed to convert a string into Markdown format, which is particularly useful for Jupyter notebooks. It begins by converting bullet points into Markdown’s asterisk syntax, then proceeds to indent each line with a blockquote symbol using `textwrap.indent`, ensuring consistency throughout.

The resulting output is a Markdown object, perfectly formatted for display in environments compatible with Markdown rendering. This refinement significantly improves the text’s presentation, particularly in platforms like Jupyter notebooks that support Markdown formatting.

* * *

### [**Start a Chat Session with Gemini Pro**](#TOC-h2-start-chat-session-with-gemini-pro)

chat = model.start\_chat()

Here, we initiate a chat session with Gemini Pro, utilizing the `start_chat()` method of the `model` object. This action essentially establishes a conversational interaction with Gemini Pro, enabling users to pose questions, request information, engage in dialogue, or generate code with the AI model.

* * *

### [**Generating Vanilla GAN Code with Gemini Pro**](#TOC-h2-generating-vanilla-gan-code-gemini-pro)

response = chat.send\_message("Develop a PyTorch-based Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) using a widely available dataset. The training will occur on a Colab T4 GPU. Additionally, include a function for testing the model post-training.")
to\_markdown(response.text)

In this code snippet, the `send_message` function is utilized within an active chat session with Gemini Pro, a conversational AI model. This function is employed to convey a specific request, asking Gemini Pro to generate code for a Vanilla Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The message outlines the task, which involves developing a PyTorch-based GAN using an accessible dataset and training on a Colab T4 GPU. Additionally, the message specifies the requirement to include a post-training testing function.

Subsequently, the response from Gemini Pro is converted to Markdown format for enhanced readability and compatibility with Markdown-supported environments.

\# Import necessary libraries
import torch
import torchvision
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
﻿
# Define the GAN architecture
﻿
# Generator Network
class Generator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, latent\_dim, img\_shape):
        super(Generator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.latent\_dim = latent\_dim
        self.img\_shape = img\_shape
﻿
        # Define the generator network layers
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(latent\_dim, 256)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm1d(256)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(256, 512)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm1d(512)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(512, 1024)
        self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm1d(1024)
        self.fc4 = nn.Linear(1024, int(np.prod(img\_shape)))
        self.tanh = nn.Tanh()
﻿
    def forward(self, z):
        x = self.fc1(z)
        x = self.bn1(x)
        x = F.relu(x)
        x = self.fc2(x)
        x = self.bn2(x)
        x = F.relu(x)
        x = self.fc3(x)
        x = self.bn3(x)
        x = F.relu(x)
        x = self.fc4(x)
        x = self.tanh(x)
        return x.view(x.size(0), \*self.img\_shape)
﻿
# Discriminator Network
class Discriminator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, img\_shape):
        super(Discriminator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.img\_shape = img\_shape
﻿
        # Define the discriminator network layers
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(int(np.prod(img\_shape)), 1024)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm1d(1024)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(1024, 512)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm1d(512)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(512, 256)
        self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm1d(256)
        self.fc4 = nn.Linear(256, 1)
        self.sigmoid = nn.Sigmoid()
﻿
    def forward(self, x):
        x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
        x = self.fc1(x)
        x = self.bn1(x)
        x = F.leaky\_relu(x, 0.2)
        x = self.fc2(x)
        x = self.bn2(x)
        x = F.leaky\_relu(x, 0.2)
        x = self.fc3(x)
        x = self.bn3(x)
        x = F.leaky\_relu(x, 0.2)
        x = self.fc4(x)
        x = self.sigmoid(x)
        return x
﻿
# Load the dataset
transform = transforms.Compose(
    \[transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize((0.5,), (0.5,))\]
)
﻿
train\_dataset = datasets.MNIST(
    root='./data', train=True, download=True, transform=transform
)
train\_loader = DataLoader(train\_dataset, batch\_size=64, shuffle=True)
﻿
# Initialize the GAN components
latent\_dim = 100
img\_shape = (1, 28, 28)
﻿
generator = Generator(latent\_dim, img\_shape).to('cuda')
discriminator = Discriminator(img\_shape).to('cuda')
﻿
# Define the loss function and optimizer
loss\_function = nn.BCELoss()
﻿
optimizer\_G = optim.Adam(generator.parameters(), lr=0.0002)
optimizer\_D = optim.Adam(discriminator.parameters(), lr=0.0002)
﻿
# Train the GAN
num\_epochs = 10
﻿
for epoch in range(num\_epochs):
    for i, (imgs, \_) in enumerate(train\_loader):
        # Generate fake images
        z = torch.randn(imgs.shape\[0\], latent\_dim).to('cuda')
        fake\_imgs = generator(z)
﻿
        # Train the discriminator
        real\_validity = discriminator(imgs.to('cuda'))
        fake\_validity = discriminator(fake\_imgs)
﻿
        d\_loss = loss\_function(real\_validity, torch.ones\_like(real\_validity).to('cuda')) + loss\_function(fake\_validity, torch.zeros\_like(fake\_validity).to('cuda'))
﻿
        optimizer\_D.zero\_grad()
        d\_loss.backward()
        optimizer\_D.step()
﻿
        # Train the generator
        z = torch.randn(imgs.shape\[0\], latent\_dim).to('cuda')
        fake\_imgs = generator(z)
        fake\_validity = discriminator(fake\_imgs)
﻿
        g\_loss = loss\_function(fake\_validity, torch.ones\_like(fake\_validity).to('cuda'))
﻿
        optimizer\_G.zero\_grad()
        g\_loss.backward()
        optimizer\_G.step()
﻿
        if i % 200 == 0:
            print("Epoch: \[%s/%s\], Batch: \[%s/%s\], D loss: %.4f, G loss: %.4f" % (epoch, num\_epochs, i, len(train\_loader), d\_loss.item(), g\_loss.item()))
﻿
# Test the model
def test(generator, device):
    for i in range(10):
        z = torch.randn(1, latent\_dim).to(device)
        fake\_img = generator(z)
        plt.imshow(fake\_img.cpu().detach().numpy()\[0, 0\], cmap='gray')
        plt.show()
﻿
test(generator, 'cuda')

Let’s now delve into a detailed discussion of the above Vanilla GAN code generated by Gemini Pro, aimed at creating a PyTorch-based Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) using the MNIST dataset on a Colab T4 GPU.

Below, I’ll highlight the positives and negatives of the code generated by Gemini Pro.

* * *

#### [**Positives**](#TOC-h3-vanilla-gan-code-positives)

*   **Comprehensive Implementation:** The code includes a complete implementation of both the generator and discriminator networks within the GAN architecture. It carefully defines the layers and the forward pass for both networks, providing a solid foundation for understanding and experimenting with GANs.
*   **Practical Learning Framework:** Utilizing the MNIST dataset for training offers a practical learning framework. The MNIST dataset is widely recognized and accessible, making it a great starting point for experimenting with new neural network architectures.
*   **CUDA Optimization:** The code is optimized for CUDA, allowing for GPU acceleration. This significantly speeds up the training process, making it feasible to run experiments in reasonable time frames on platforms like Colab.
*   **Dynamic Feedback during Training:** The inclusion of dynamic feedback with print statements during training offers insights into the learning progress of both the generator and discriminator, which is crucial for diagnosing training issues and understanding GAN dynamics.

* * *

#### [**Negatives**](#TOC-h3-vanilla-gan-code-negatives)

*   **Missing Dependencies:** The absence of essential imports (`numpy`, `torch.nn.functional`, `matplotlib.pyplot`) could lead to confusion and errors for those trying to replicate the experiment. Including all dependencies upfront is crucial for code reproducibility and usability.
*   **Test Function Issues:** The test function intended to generate images after training is not functioning correctly, leading to errors, which limits the ability to evaluate the GAN’s output effectively.
*   **Batch Size Limitation (Architectural Issue):** The issue with using a batch size of 1 is more than a practical limitation; it’s rooted in the architecture of the GAN model, specifically the use of batch normalization layers. These layers require a batch size greater than 1 to compute meaningful statistics, making the model’s architecture inherently incompatible with a batch size of 1. This architectural constraint can be problematic for fine-tuning the model or applying it in scenarios where batch size variability is necessary.
*   **Error Handling and Input Validation:** The code lacks error handling and input validation, particularly concerning the batch size and input dimensions. Incorporating checks and balances can make the code more robust and user-friendly, especially for less experienced users.
*   **Limited Exploration of Hyperparameters:** The example sticks to a fixed set of hyperparameters (e.g., learning rate, latent dimension size).
*   **Visualization and Evaluation:** Although a test function is provided for generating images post-training, there’s a missed opportunity in discussing or implementing evaluation metrics (e.g., Fréchet Inception Distance (FID)) that could offer quantitative insights into model performance beyond visual inspection.

* * *

#### [**Recommendations for Improvement**](#TOC-h3-vanilla-gan-code-recommendations-for-improvement)

*   **Include All Necessary Imports:** Update the code snippet to include all necessary imports at the beginning to ensure that anyone copying the code can run it without modifications.
*   **Address Architectural Issues for Batch Size Compatibility:** Explore architectural adjustments, such as replacing batch normalization with instance normalization or designing the model to accommodate batch sizes of 1 without compromising stability or performance.
*   **Expand on Hyperparameter Tuning:** Add discussion or code comments on the choice of hyperparameters and their impact on model performance, including suggestions for experimentation.
*   **Introduce Evaluation Metrics:** Besides visual inspection of generated images, introduce evaluation metrics like FID to quantify model performance and improvements over training epochs.
*   **Error Handling and Documentation:** Improve error handling and add more comprehensive documentation within the code to guide users through each step, including potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

This detailed analysis of the provided GAN implementation offers insights into both its strengths and areas for improvement. Addressing these areas is essential to enhance the Vanilla GAN model’s accuracy and functionality.

* * *

#### [**Qualitative Results**](#TOC-h3-vanilla-gan-code-qualitative-results)

Following a 10-epoch training session, the Vanilla GAN produced a set of 10 images (as shown in **Figure 2**). Although they are quite pixelated, one can discern the nascent shapes of digits amidst the visual noise, illustrating the impressive capabilities inherent in generative AI models like Gemini Pro. Notably, when an error arose from the test function in Gemini Pro’s code, a solution was found using a test function from ChatGPT-3.5. This tutorial demonstrates not just the power of generative models but also the importance of refining code and leveraging collaborative tools across platforms. We will explore this synergy between Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5 further, offering insights into the complexities of machine creativity.

[![Image 3](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20600%2072'%3E%3C/svg%3E)](https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/SXtU6g1md5GpSailYpR0fCgYukSeRIkQ38K4cplHft_t3VSwqDpWbu9_q4GJrWLz-mzDjiLupdKU56HwxPKtVvBezjpQaBzxUW0u9mxgQG3tRoRlRZCP2-z2Hbc5jBmq7fJF4JTkWEDrb93FxXqf3PA)

**Figure 2:** Results from a Vanilla GAN after 10 Training Epochs using Gemini Pro (source: image by the author).

* * *

### [**Generating DCGAN Code with Gemini Pro**](#TOC-h2-generating-dcgan-code-gemini-pro)

response = chat.send\_message("Develop a PyTorch-based Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN) using a widely available dataset. The training will occur on a Colab T4 GPU. Additionally, include a function for testing the model post-training.")
to\_markdown(response.text)

In this code snippet, a `send_message` function is employed within a conversation with Gemini Pro, similar to a previous instance where it was used to craft a request for a Vanilla Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). Here, the request is for the creation of a PyTorch-based Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN), utilizing a widely available dataset for training on a Colab T4 GPU. Furthermore, the requirement includes integrating a function to evaluate the model after it has completed its training. This ensures that the task specifics are conveyed clearly to Gemini Pro, emphasizing both the development and assessment phases of the DCGAN model.

import torch
import torchvision
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
﻿
# Define the DCGAN architecture
﻿
# Generator Network
class Generator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, latent\_dim, img\_shape):
        super(Generator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.latent\_dim = latent\_dim
        self.img\_shape = img\_shape
﻿
        # Define the generator network layers
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(latent\_dim, 256 \* 7 \* 7)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(256)
        self.conv\_blocks = nn.Sequential(
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(256, 128, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(128, 64, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(64, 1, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.Tanh()
        )
﻿
    def forward(self, z):
        x = self.fc1(z)
        x = x.view(x.size(0), 256, 7, 7)
        x = self.bn1(x)
        x = self.conv\_blocks(x)
        return x
﻿
# Discriminator Network
class Discriminator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, img\_shape):
        super(Discriminator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.img\_shape = img\_shape
﻿
        # Define the discriminator network layers
        self.conv\_blocks = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(1, 64, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2),
            nn.Conv2d(64, 128, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2),
            nn.Conv2d(128, 256, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(256),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2)
        )
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(256 \* 7 \* 7, 1)
        self.sigmoid = nn.Sigmoid()
﻿
    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv\_blocks(x)
        x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
        x = self.fc1(x)
        x = self.sigmoid(x)
        return x
﻿
# Load the dataset
transform = transforms.Compose(
    \[transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize((0.5,), (0.5,))\]
)
﻿
train\_dataset = datasets.MNIST(
    root='./data', train=True, download=True, transform=transform
)
train\_loader = DataLoader(train\_dataset, batch\_size=64, shuffle=True)
﻿
# Initialize the DCGAN components
latent\_dim = 100
img\_shape = (1, 28, 28)
﻿
generator = Generator(latent\_dim, img\_shape).to('cuda')
discriminator = Discriminator(img\_shape).to('cuda')
﻿
# Define the loss function and optimizer
loss\_function = nn.BCELoss()
﻿
optimizer\_G = optim.Adam(generator.parameters(), lr=0.0002)
optimizer\_D = optim.Adam(discriminator.parameters(), lr=0.0002)
﻿
# Train the DCGAN
num\_epochs = 10
﻿
for epoch in range(num\_epochs):
    for i, (imgs, \_) in enumerate(train\_loader):
        # Generate fake images
        z = torch.randn(imgs.shape\[0\], latent\_dim).to('cuda')
        fake\_imgs = generator(z)
﻿
        # Train the discriminator
        real\_validity = discriminator(imgs.to('cuda'))
        fake\_validity = discriminator(fake\_imgs)
﻿
        d\_loss = loss\_function(real\_validity, torch.ones\_like(real\_validity).to('cuda')) + loss\_function(fake\_validity, torch.zeros\_like(fake\_validity).to('cuda'))
﻿
        optimizer\_D.zero\_grad()
        d\_loss.backward()
        optimizer\_D.step()
﻿
        # Train the generator
        z = torch.randn(imgs.shape\[0\], latent\_dim).to('cuda')
        fake\_imgs = generator(z)
        fake\_validity = discriminator(fake\_imgs)
﻿
        g\_loss = loss\_function(fake\_validity, torch.ones\_like(fake\_validity).to('cuda'))
﻿
        optimizer\_G.zero\_grad()
        g\_loss.backward()
        optimizer\_G.step()
﻿
        if i % 200 == 0:
            print("Epoch: \[%s/%s\], Batch: \[%s/%s\], D loss: %.4f, G loss: %.4f" % (epoch, num\_epochs, i, len(train\_loader), d\_loss.item(), g\_loss.item()))
﻿
# Test the model
def test(generator, device):
    for i in range(10):
        z = torch.randn(1, latent\_dim).to(device)
        fake\_img = generator(z)
        plt.imshow(fake\_img.cpu().detach().numpy()\[0, 0\], cmap='gray')
        plt.show()
﻿
test(generator, 'cuda')

Let’s dive into our evaluation of the DCGAN PyTorch code crafted by Gemini Pro. This analysis will cover the intricacies of the more advanced DCGAN model developed using PyTorch by Gemini Pro, highlighting both its commendable aspects and potential areas for enhancement.

* * *

#### [**Positives**](#TOC-h3-dcgan-code-positives)

*   **Advanced Architecture Implementation:** This code successfully implements a DCGAN, an advancement over the Vanilla GAN, by incorporating convolutional layers. This is particularly effective for learning hierarchical representations of visual data.
*   **Inclusion of Batch Normalization:** The generator and discriminator networks include batch normalization layers. This technique helps in stabilizing the training process and improving the convergence of the model.
*   **Activation Functions:** Utilization of ReLU in the generator and LeakyReLU in the discriminator aligns with best practices for GANs, facilitating gradient flow during training.
*   **Detailed Generator and Discriminator Design:** The architecture details of both networks show a thoughtful approach to modeling, aiming to generate higher fidelity images.

* * *

#### [**Negatives**](#TOC-h3-dcgan-code-negatives)

*   **Batch Normalization Misconfiguration:** The initial code contained a misconfiguration in batch normalization layers (`nn.BatchNorm2d` on a non-image tensor), which could lead to runtime errors and incorrect model behavior.
*   **Lack of Final Convolution in Generator:** The original generator lacked a final convolutional layer to map its output to the desired image shape and channel depth, a critical step for generating coherent images.
*   **Incomplete Discriminator Network:** The discriminator’s design needs to be fully adapted to process the output of the enhanced generator correctly, potentially compromising its effectiveness in distinguishing real from fake images.
*   **Error in Test Function:** Similar to the Vanilla GAN, the test function provided errors, likely due to issues with image handling and visualization steps.

* * *

#### [**Recommendations for Improvement**](#TOC-h3-dcgan-code-recommendations-for-improvement)

*   **Correct Batch Normalization Application:** Ensure that batch normalization is correctly applied to tensors with appropriate dimensions, particularly after convolutional layers.
*   **Complete the Generator’s Architecture:** Integrate a final convolutional layer to adjust the output dimensionality to match the target images precisely.
*   **Revise the Discriminator for Compatibility:** Adjust the discriminator network to effectively evaluate the advanced output produced by the updated generator structure.
*   **Refine the Test Function:** Amend the test function to correctly display generated images, possibly by fixing issues related to tensor reshaping and plotting routines.

This review details our use of Gemini Pro to explore GAN models, starting with a simple Vanilla GAN and then moving to a more complex DCGAN. It highlights the process of making improvements and adjusting models for better outcomes. Using Gemini Pro, we created these models, showing how AI can help us understand and enhance generative models. This journey reflects learning and adapting to AI model development.

* * *

#### [**Qualitative Results**](#TOC-h3-dcgan-code-qualitative-results)

**Figure 3** shows the DCGAN’s output, when compared to the earlier Vanilla GAN, shows a marked improvement, with the use of convolutional layers likely contributing to this advancement. The images, representing handwritten digits, appear clearer and more defined, suggesting a sophisticated understanding by the DCGAN of the data it was trained on. Despite initial hiccups in the architecture provided by Gemini Pro, our modifications have led to compelling results that underscore the model’s potential. The progress observed here is a nod to the capabilities of Gemini Pro as a generative AI tool. With further refinements, there’s a promising path ahead for even more nuanced image generation.

[![Image 4](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20500%20500'%3E%3C/svg%3E)](https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/YMb8Lo2wb84bj4ltwrg-sKK_aL30mpXhMxbez8TMvfVmf2zuXDOxqbsiO-59p54CCUZu7FDyeEzLaSSyO33jvCj99IdgVUPUSZfgqqQDAM3LdGSqL0jTDbu0CWv2sC0JmN_ECN-6LxjWoQ-uAsQf-bo)

**Figure 3:** Results from a DCGAN after 10 Training Epochs using Gemini Pro (source: image by the author).

* * *

#### [**DCGAN Code Correction**](#TOC-h3-dcgan-code-correction)

Due to the challenges encountered with the DCGAN code provided by Gemini Pro, particularly with its architecture that led to errors during training, we embarked on a series of modifications to rectify these issues. The necessity to adjust both the generator and discriminator networks arose from their failure to function as intended, hindering the training process. For those interested in the detailed corrections and the optimized code, we have made the revised version available in a Colab notebook, which will be shared in our lesson. This effort ensures learners can directly engage with the functional model, reinforcing the practical aspects of our tutorial.

The critical adjustments made to enhance the DCGAN architecture are as follows:

1.  **Generator Network Enhancement:** We restructured the generator by adding a 1×1 convolutional layer. This modification was crucial to accurately adjust the channel depth, ensuring the generated images match the expected dimensions and depth for the MNIST dataset. This step corrected the generator’s output, aligning it with the desired image specifications.

2.  **Discriminator Network Revision:** The discriminator also underwent significant changes to effectively process the generator’s output, which initially presented alignment issues. By refining the convolutional blocks and recalibrating the output dimension of the fully connected layer, we enhanced the discriminator’s ability to differentiate between real and synthetic images accurately.

These amendments were not mere fixes but strategic improvements to ensure the DCGAN operates as intended. The introduction of these modifications enabled a successful training process, facilitating the generation of high-quality images and stabilizing the model’s training dynamics. This process highlights the iterative and adaptive approach necessary in developing and refining AI models, showcasing the importance of continuous evaluation and optimization in the field of generative modeling.

* * *

[**GAN Architectures Through the Lens of ChatGPT-3.5**](#TOC-h1-gan-architectures-through-lens-chatgpt-35)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In this section, we delve into ChatGPT-3.5’s take on generative adversarial networks. With the same prompts used in our experimentation with Gemini Pro, we now turn to ChatGPT-3.5 to understand its methodology and capacity in constructing both Vanilla GAN and DCGAN architectures. By observing the nuances in the PyTorch code generated for these complex tasks, we aim to shed light on the comparative nuances in AI-driven development processes. This retrospective analysis not only offers a benchmark comparison but also enriches our comprehension of the evolution and capabilities across different generations of AI language models.

* * *

### [**Vanilla GAN**](#TOC-h2-vanilla-gan)

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
﻿
# Set random seed for reproducibility
torch.manual\_seed(42)
﻿
# Define the Generator and Discriminator networks
class Generator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, z\_dim=100, image\_dim=784):
        super(Generator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.fc = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(z\_dim, 256),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2),
            nn.Linear(256, image\_dim),
            nn.Tanh()
        )
﻿
    def forward(self, x):
        return self.fc(x)
﻿
class Discriminator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, image\_dim=784):
        super(Discriminator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.fc = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(image\_dim, 256),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2),
            nn.Linear(256, 1),
            nn.Sigmoid()
        )
﻿
    def forward(self, x):
        return self.fc(x)
﻿
# Define hyperparameters
batch\_size = 128
z\_dim = 100
lr = 0.0002
epochs = 100
﻿
# Load the MNIST dataset
transform = transforms.Compose(\[transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize((0.5,), (0.5,))\])
train\_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./data', train=True, transform=transform, download=True)
train\_loader = DataLoader(train\_dataset, batch\_size=batch\_size, shuffle=True)
﻿
# Initialize the Generator and Discriminator
generator = Generator(z\_dim).to('cuda')
discriminator = Discriminator().to('cuda')
﻿
# Define loss function and optimizers
criterion = nn.BCELoss()
optimizer\_G = optim.Adam(generator.parameters(), lr=lr)
optimizer\_D = optim.Adam(discriminator.parameters(), lr=lr)
﻿
# Training loop
for epoch in range(epochs):
    for batch\_data, \_ in train\_loader:
        batch\_data = batch\_data.view(-1, 784).to('cuda')
﻿
        # Train Discriminator
        optimizer\_D.zero\_grad()
        real\_labels = torch.ones(batch\_data.size(0), 1).to('cuda')
        fake\_labels = torch.zeros(batch\_data.size(0), 1).to('cuda')
﻿
        # Discriminator loss for real data
        output\_real = discriminator(batch\_data)
        loss\_real = criterion(output\_real, real\_labels)
﻿
        # Generate fake data and compute Discriminator loss for fake data
        z = torch.randn(batch\_data.size(0), z\_dim).to('cuda')
        fake\_data = generator(z)
        output\_fake = discriminator(fake\_data.detach())
        loss\_fake = criterion(output\_fake, fake\_labels)
﻿
        # Backpropagate and update Discriminator
        loss\_D = loss\_real + loss\_fake
        loss\_D.backward()
        optimizer\_D.step()
﻿
        # Train Generator
        optimizer\_G.zero\_grad()
        output\_fake = discriminator(fake\_data)
        loss\_G = criterion(output\_fake, real\_labels)
﻿
        # Backpropagate and update Generator
        loss\_G.backward()
        optimizer\_G.step()
﻿
    # Print progress
    print(f"Epoch \[{epoch + 1}/{epochs}\] Loss D: {loss\_D.item():.4f} Loss G: {loss\_G.item():.4f}")
﻿
# Testing the Generator
def test\_generator(generator, num\_samples=10):
    with torch.no\_grad():
        z = torch.randn(num\_samples, z\_dim).to('cuda')
        fake\_data = generator(z).cpu()
        fake\_images = fake\_data.view(-1, 28, 28).numpy()
        for i in range(num\_samples):
            plt.subplot(1, num\_samples, i + 1)
            plt.imshow(fake\_images\[i\], cmap='gray')
            plt.axis('off')
        plt.show()
﻿
# Generate some samples using the trained generator
test\_generator(generator, num\_samples=10)

The Vanilla GAN code by ChatGPT-3.5 offers a basic yet competent approach to generating artificial images resembling those from the MNIST dataset. The Generator and Discriminator are designed with fully connected layers, and the entire training loop is clearly articulated. Here’s a brief evaluation:

* * *

#### [**Positives**](#TOC-h3-vanilla-gan-positives)

*   **Simplicity in Design:** The structure of both the Generator and Discriminator is straightforward, which makes the code accessible and easy to understand for beginners.
*   **Reproducibility:** The setting of a manual seed for random number generation is a good practice that ensures consistency in the results.
*   **Complete Training and Testing Loops:** The code provides a comprehensive approach to the GAN training process, including functions for evaluating the Generator post-training.

* * *

#### [**Negatives (Nothing Concrete)**](#TOC-h3-vanilla-gan-negatives-nothing-concrete)

*   **Limited Architectural Complexity:** Advanced features like batch normalization, which can stabilize GAN training, are not included. This makes the model simpler but potentially less capable of producing high-quality results.
*   **Hyperparameter Exploration:** There is room for additional experimentation with hyperparameters, which might lead to improved model performance.

An especially noteworthy aspect of the Vanilla GAN code provided by ChatGPT-3.5 is the remarkable absence of any errors throughout the entire process — from imports to the architecture definition, the training loop, and the testing function. This flawless execution stands out, emphasizing the model’s robustness and reliability. Such precision is commendable and reflects the meticulous attention to detail that went into the code’s development. It suggests that ChatGPT-3.5 is not just capable of generating code that is theoretically sound but also practically viable, with every line of code running smoothly without any hitches. This operational perfection is a significant triumph, as it often saves developers from the laborious task of debugging, allowing them to focus on the creative aspects of AI and machine learning.

* * *

#### [**Qualitative Results**](#TOC-h3-vanilla-gan-qualitative-results)

Upon examining the images produced by the Vanilla GAN from ChatGPT-3.5 (as shown in **Figure 4**), we find that the fidelity of the generated digits is notably higher than those produced by the Vanilla GAN from Gemini Pro. However, the code generated by ChatGPT-3.5 underwent training for 100 epochs. This comparison showcases ChatGPT-3.5’s adeptness at not only understanding the fundamental aspects of the MNIST dataset but also its proficiency in translating that understanding into clearer, more discernible images. The visual quality of the ChatGPT-3.5 GAN’s output — sharper edges, more coherent structures, and reduced noise — suggests a certain finesse in learning the distinctive characteristics of the digits.

[![Image 5](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20600%2072'%3E%3C/svg%3E)](https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/TYbiqdcTEPQpx7-acj7n22YV3SlzGmkP2WfKOBS-iOnm7l4VcliQHskQoPLLgHcItr8-Gteh4k5ZQ-DJ6G2TdoPNBR-Ng3x1CV7NqxR-rbABI9jqPvq-PghH2yaN9WB7zSS21PPqmf8boVpepQL7m8I)

**Figure 4:** Results from a Vanilla GAN after 100 Training Epochs using ChatGPT-3.5 (source: image by the author).

This improved generation quality stands as evidence of the advances generative AI models like ChatGPT-3.5 have made in the field, bolstering the case for their continued use and development. While these basic GAN models lay a strong groundwork for generative AI exploration, the results also underscore the exciting potential of further learning and innovation that AI models such as ChatGPT-3.5 and Gemini Pro can lead us toward. They are instrumental not only in their immediate output but also in enriching the broader AI ecosystem, paving the way for future explorations into more nuanced and sophisticated generative tasks.

* * *

### [**DCGAN**](#TOC-h2-dcgan)

\# Import necessary libraries
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Set random seed for reproducibility
torch.manual\_seed(42)

class Generator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, nz, ngf, nc):
        super(Generator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.main = nn.Sequential(
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(nz, ngf\*8, 4, 1, 0, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf\*8),
            nn.ReLU(True),
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf\*8, ngf\*4, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf\*4),
            nn.ReLU(True),
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf\*4, ngf\*2, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf\*2),
            nn.ReLU(True),
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf\*2, ngf, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(ngf\*1),
            nn.ReLU(True),
            nn.ConvTranspose2d(ngf, nc, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.Tanh()
        )

    def forward(self, input):
        return self.main(input)

class Discriminator(nn.Module):
    def \_\_init\_\_(self, nc, ndf):
        super(Discriminator, self).\_\_init\_\_()
        self.main = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(nc, ndf, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True),
            nn.Conv2d(ndf, ndf \* 2, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(ndf \* 2),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True),
            nn.Conv2d(ndf \* 2, ndf \* 4, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(ndf \* 4),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True),
            nn.Conv2d(ndf \* 4, ndf \* 8, 4, 2, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(ndf \* 8),
            nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True
            nn.Conv2d(ndf \* 8, 1, 4, 1, 0, bias=False),
            nn.Sigmoid(),
            nn.Flatten()
        )

    def forward(self, input):
        return self.main(input).view(-1)

# Hyperparameters
batch\_size = 64
nz = 100  # Size of the latent vector
ngf = 64  # Number of generator filters
ndf = 64  # Number of discriminator filters
nc = 1  # Number of channels (Grayscale)

# Create the generator and discriminator
netG = Generator(nz, ngf, nc)
netD = Discriminator(nc, ndf)

# Move models to GPU if available
device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is\_available() else "cpu")
netG.to(device)
netD.to(device)

# Define loss function and optimizers
criterion = nn.BCELoss()
optimizerG = optim.Adam(netG.parameters(), lr=0.0002, betas=(0.5, 0.999))
optimizerD = optim.Adam(netD.parameters(), lr=0.0002, betas=(0.5, 0.999))

# Modify the data loader and transformation for MNIST
transform = transforms.Compose(\[
    transforms.Resize(64),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize((0.5,), (0.5,)),  # Use a single mean and standard deviation for grayscale images
\])

# Load the MNIST dataset
dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='./data', train=True, transform=transform, download=True)
dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch\_size=batch\_size, shuffle=True, num\_workers=2)

# Training loop
num\_epochs = 10
for epoch in range(num\_epochs):
    for i, data in enumerate(dataloader, 0):
        # Update Discriminator
        netD.zero\_grad()
        real\_images = data\[0\].to(device)
        b\_size = real\_images.size(0)
        label = torch.full((b\_size,), 1.0, device=device)  # Ensure label has the same size as output

        output = netD(real\_images)
        errD\_real = criterion(output, label)
        errD\_real.backward()
        D\_x = output.mean().item()


        noise = torch.randn(b\_size, nz, 1, 1, device=device)
        fake\_images = netG(noise)
        label.fill\_(0.0)
        output = netD(fake\_images.detach()).view(-1)
        errD\_fake = criterion(output, label)
        errD\_fake.backward()
        D\_G\_z1 = output.mean().item()
        errD = errD\_real + errD\_fake
        optimizerD.step()

        # Update Generator
        netG.zero\_grad()
        label.fill\_(1.0)
        output = netD(fake\_images).view(-1)
        errG = criterion(output, label)
        errG.backward()
        D\_G\_z2 = output.mean().item()
        optimizerG.step()

        # Print training stats
        if i % 100 == 0:
            print(f"\[{epoch}/{num\_epochs}\] \[{i}/{len(dataloader)}\] Loss\_D: {errD.item():.4f} Loss\_G: {errG.item():.4f} D(x): {D\_x:.4f} D(G(z)): {D\_G\_z1:.4f}/{D\_G\_z2:.4f}")

# Save trained models
torch.save(netG.state\_dict(), 'generator.pth')
torch.save(netD.state\_dict(), 'discriminator.pth')

# Function to generate and display images using the trained generator
def generate\_and\_display\_images(generator, num\_images=25, figsize=(5, 5)):
    generator.eval()  # Set the generator to evaluation mode
    noise = torch.randn(num\_images, nz, 1, 1, device=device)  # Generate random noise
    generated\_images = generator(noise).detach().cpu()  # Generate images and move to CPU

    fig, axes = plt.subplots(int(num\_images\*\*0.5), int(num\_images\*\*0.5), figsize=figsize)
    for i, ax in enumerate(axes.flatten()):
        # Squeeze the channel dimension for single-channel images
        img = generated\_images\[i\].squeeze(0)  # Adjusted line
        ax.imshow(img, cmap='gray')  # Specify cmap='gray' for grayscale
        ax.axis('off')
    plt.show()

# Load the trained generator
netG.load\_state\_dict(torch.load('generator.pth'))
generate\_and\_display\_images(netG, num\_images=25)

* * *

#### [**Code Analysis**](#TOC-h3-dcgan-code-analysis)

The DCGAN code generated by ChatGPT-3.5 ambitiously steps into the realm of convolutional networks, aiming to elevate the generation of MNIST images. The code introduces several layers of convolutional transposes in the generator and convolutional layers in the discriminator, indicative of a DCGAN’s architecture, designed to capture the hierarchical patterns in image data more effectively.

During its execution, there was a moment of discrepancy when tensor shapes didn’t match up in the training phase, a common snag in the model development process. Rectifying these mismatches often involves reshaping tensors to ensure compatibility throughout the network layers, which can be a crucial step in successful model training. Once these corrections were made, the model proceeded to train effectively, pointing toward the model’s robustness post-adjustment.

Additionally, the test function initially displayed the generated grayscale images in color. This was swiftly corrected by specifying `cmap='gray'` in the `imshow` function call, ensuring that the images were displayed in the intended grayscale format. This minor tweak is a good reminder of the nuances in visualizing images with matplotlib, which can have a significant impact on how results are interpreted.

The successful rectification of these issues speaks to the resilience and adaptability of AI-generated code. The final generation of images (as shown below in the Qualitative Results section), once the minor issues were ironed out, showcases the capabilities of the DCGAN architecture. This underscores a valuable facet of working with AI in generative tasks — the iterative process of troubleshooting and refining, which leads to a deeper understanding and an eventual payoff in the form of high-quality results.

Despite the initial tensor mismatch and the grayscale color representation hiccup, the refined code underscores ChatGPT-3.5’s potential in executing complex tasks. The images generated post-fix reflect a clear understanding of the MNIST data, with generated digits exhibiting distinct features and recognizable forms. This successful outcome following the code corrections reaffirms the practicality and effectiveness of generative AI models in learning and creativity, even when minor obstacles arise.

* * *

#### [**Qualitative Results**](#TOC-h3-dcgan-qualitative-results)

The visual output of the DCGAN from ChatGPT-3.5, as evidenced by the grid of images in **Figure 5**, bears a striking resemblance to what was achieved in the Gemini Pro section, suggesting a neck-and-neck race in terms of quality between the two AI models. Each set of images showcases the nuanced learning and generation capabilities of their respective DCGANs, highlighting the models’ ability to capture and replicate the complex patterns of the MNIST dataset. The digits have well-defined contours, recognizable shapes, and variations that suggest robust learning from the training dataset. Although some digits display slight blurring or anomalies, which are common in GAN-generated images, the overall quality is impressive.

[![Image 6](data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20500%20500'%3E%3C/svg%3E)](https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/ljzJgL6-dgiUrXsaJ_-cNWQ0vbKrCei9vwKrn_x7E6VBrYv4mBf56ADWswkT0NWZeH86UGafxC6FzTzO1LSXqZAvT0IX2sdBcqftsiwAX-BqxL2eta9xO70WYMI2en72eqHAFU3z7osoOnVvI8SlC7Y)

**Figure 5:** Results from a DCGAN after 10 Training Epochs using ChatGPT-3.5 (source: image by the author).

In this close matchup, it’s challenging to declare a definitive winner. Both ChatGPT-3.5 and Gemini Pro have demonstrated proficiency in generating images that are not only legible but also diverse in representation, which is a testament to their advanced generative abilities. Their performance underscores the remarkable progress in AI’s capacity to understand and create within the visual domain, marking a successful endeavor for both models in this AI-powered generative challenge.

* * *

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* * *

[**Summary**](#TOC-h1-summary)
------------------------------

In this tutorial, we embarked on an exploration to assess the generative AI capabilities of Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5, specifically in the context of AI Code Generation for Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). This endeavor was not merely about understanding GANs but primarily aimed at evaluating how these advanced AI models perform in generating complex code for Vanilla GAN and DCGAN structures within the PyTorch framework.

The tutorial progresses from an introduction to GAN development, setting clear expectations for the code generation process and offering a foundational understanding of GANs. It then guides readers through configuring Gemini Pro for PyTorch GAN code creation, illustrating the steps to prepare the development environment, from installing essential libraries to loading the Gemini Pro model.

A significant portion of the tutorial focuses on generating, evaluating, and refining GAN codes for both Vanilla GAN and Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN) models. For each model, we discussed the positives, identified any negatives, and provided recommendations for improvement, accompanied by qualitative results to assess the generated images’ realism. Special attention was given to code corrections for DCGAN, ensuring practical functionality and effectiveness.

Furthermore, the exploration ventured into understanding GAN architectures through ChatGPT-3.5’s perspective, generating codes for Vanilla GAN and DCGAN. Each generated code’s positives and negatives were meticulously analyzed, followed by a qualitative evaluation of the resultant images, highlighting the sophistication and potential of AI in generating complex neural network models.

The emphasis on generative AI capabilities throughout this tutorial reflects a broader interest in exploring the frontiers of AI technology. It illustrates the evolving nature of AI systems, from mere tools of automation to sophisticated partners in creative and technical endeavors. As we concluded our exploration, it became evident that Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5 are not just contributing to advancements in image synthesis but are also pivotal in shaping the future of AI-driven development and innovation.

* * *

### [**Citation Information**](#TOC-h2-citation-information)

**Sharma, A.** “Exploring GAN Code Generation with Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5: A Comparative Study,” _PyImageSearch_, P. Chugh, A. R. Gosthipaty, S. Huot, K. Kidriavsteva, and R. Raha, eds., 2024, [https://pyimg.co/0rj4y](https://pyimg.co/0rj4y)

@incollection{Sharma\_2024\_GAN-ChatGPT35,
  author = {Aditya Sharma},
  title = {Exploring GAN Code Generation with Gemini Pro and ChatGPT-3.5: A Comparative Study,},
  booktitle = {PyImageSearch},
  editor = {Puneet Chugh and Aritra Roy Gosthipaty and Susan Huot and Kseniia Kidriavsteva and Ritwik Raha},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://pyimg.co/0rj4y},
}

* * *

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