Patient case: 32-year-old male with melanoma; genetic feature: NRAS (Q61H)

Clinical trial: Cetuximab/FOLFIRI With or Without Oxaliplatin and FOLFOXIRI With or Without Bevacizumab in Neoadjuvant Treatment of Non-resectable Colorectal Liver Metastases

Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the following schedules for efficacy with regard to response rate in neoadjuvant treatment of patients with non-resectable liver metastases:
  -  Cetuximab/FOLFOXIRI and cetuximab/FOLFIRI in patients with ras wild type tumours and
  -  Bevacizumab/FOLFOXIRI and FOLFOXIRI in patients with ras mutant tumours.

Detailed description: Patients with liver metastases from colorectal and without known extrahepatic metastases will be screened for this study including ras status (b-raf status according to local standard).
  Patients receive chemotherapy according to the allocation and are re-evaluated for resectability every 8 weeks for a maximum of 6 months. Resectable patients will be resected and receive an adjuvant treatment to complete 12 cycles.
  In certain circumstances, a second resection is allowed within the study.
  Patients will be randomized using a web-based computer system that allows randomization if the key basic characteristics are entered.
  Patients with ras wild-type tumours will be randomized to receive:
  -  Cetuximab/FOLFIRI or
  -  Cetuximab/FOLFOXIRI
  Patients with ras mutations will be randomized to receive:
  -  FOLFOXIRI or
  -  FOLFOXIRI/bevacizumab
  Chemotherapy doses are adjusted to the risk of toxicity in all treatment arms.
  Stratification will be performed according to:
  -  Number of metastases (< 5 vs. ≥ 5 metastases)
  -  Primary tumour in situ
  -  Centre
  Treatment regimens For dose reductions and conditions to continue please refer to the full protocol.
  All drugs are used within the label and approved doses.
  B-raf mutations are determined according to local standard. If a b-raf mutation is known before randomization, the investigator can consider the patient as ras wildtype OR as ras mutant patient.
  Cetuximab/FOLFIRI :
  Cetuximab 400 mg/m² (first dose, 2 h), then 250 mg/m² (1 h) weekly Irinotecan 180 mg/m², d-l Folinic acid 400 mg/m² (2 h), 5-FU 400 mg/m² (Bolus), 5-FU 2400 mg/m² (46 h) every 2 weeks
  Cetuximab/FOLFOXIRI:
  Cetuximab 400 mg/m² (first dose, 2 h), then 250 mg/m² (1 h) weekly Irinotecan 125 mg/m² , Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² (2 h), d-l Folinic acid 400 mg/m² (2 h), 5-FU 3200 mg/m² (46 h) every 2 weeks
  FOLFOXIRI:
  Irinotecan 165 mg/m², Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² (2 h), d-l Folinic acid 400 mg/m² (2 h), 5-FU 3200 mg/m² (46 h) every 2 weeks
  Bevacizumab/FOLFOXIRI:
  Bevacizumab 5 mg/kg (90 - 30 min i.v.), Irinotecan 165 mg/m², Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² (2 h), d-l Folinic acid 400 mg/m² (2 h), 5-FU 3200 mg/m² (46 h) every 2 weeks
  Evaluation for response and resections Patients are evaluated for response by the same imaging technique as at baseline every 8 weeks. The findings will be discussed for resectability within two weeks after tumour assessment in a local multidisciplinary team.
  Technically resectable patients should be offered liver resection. The treatment will continue until liver resection or for a maximum of six months (12 cycles).
  Adjuvant treatment After liver resection, an adjuvant treatment is recommended with the same schedule as preoperatively, for a maximum combined pre- and postoperative treatment of 12 cycles. If less than three postoperative cycles remain, no postoperative treatment will be started (see chapter 9.10).
  Follow up After resection, patients will be followed up for 5 years after randomization. This includes
  -  imaging and clinical investigation every three months for the first 2 years, then every six months (patients without tumour progression / recurrence)
  -  survival status and surgical/medical treatment every three months for the first 2 years and then every six months (all patients)

Eligibility: Patients can be enrolled, if all of these conditions apply:
  1. Non-resectable, histologically confirmed, synchronous or metachronous colorectal liver metastases.
  2. Non-resectability will be documented by a local multidisciplinary tumour board with participation of a surgeon experienced in liver surgery. Patients can be enrolled if they
  a) are technically non-resectable (locally determined by a multi-disciplinary team discussion based on remaining functional liver tissue after resection, i.e. i) involvement of both portal veins, all hepatic veins, portal vein of the liver lobe and hepatic veins draining the segments of the other liver lobe, or ii) other reasons for less than 30% remaining functional liver tissue after resection) and / or b) have ≥ 5 liver metastases and / or c) are regarded as non-resectable for other reasons (description necessary)
  3. Patients with simultaneous liver metastases are eligible,
  1. if the primary tumour was resected at least 1 month prior to chemotherapy or
  2. all of the following conditions apply:
  i) the primary tumour is clearly resectable, ii) no radiation therapy is planned, iii) liver resection is planned before resection of the primary or at the same operation as the resection of the primary, iv) no two-stage liver resection is planned, and v) all efforts were made to exclude additional distant metastases.
  4. WHO PS ≤ 1
  5. Written informed consent
  6. Adequate bone marrow function, liver function (neutrophils > 1.5 x 109/l; platelets > 100 x 109/l; haemoglobin > 5.0 mmol/l (8.0 g/dl); bilirubin ≤ ULN or ≤ 1.5 x ULN and not increasing more than 25 % within the last 4 weeks; SGOT and SGPT < 5 x UNL)
  7. Age ≥ 18 years
  Exclusion Criteria:
  1. Any evidence of extrahepatic metastases, distant lymph node metastases and primary tumour recurrence
  2. (deleted)
  3. Prior systemic anti-tumour therapy with anti- EGFR-, anti-angiogenetic drugs or with chemotherapy (except adjuvant chemotherapy with an interval of ≥ 6 months or in combination with radiation as radio sensitizer)
  4. Radiotherapy or major abdominal or thoracic surgery (excluding diagnostic interventions or venous port implantation) ≤ 4 weeks before study entry
  5. Renal insufficiency with serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 x UNL. If serum creatinine is between 1.0 and 1.5 x UNL, the creatinine clearance according to the Cockroft-Gault formula should be ≥ 60 ml/min
  6. Hypertension with an arterial blood pressure > 150/90 mmHg
  7. Severe or uncontrolled cardiovascular disease (congestive heart failure NYHA III or IV, unstable angina pectoris, history of myocardial infarction within the last 12 months, significant arrhythmias)
  8. Known proteinuria > 1 g/day (to be tested if proteinuria more than 1+ in the urinary dipstick analysis)
  9. Peripheral neuropathy > CTC grade I
  10. Concurrent systemic immune therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or patients receiving immune suppressive treatment (i.e. for transplantation, severe rheumatologic disease)
  11. Participation in clinical trials with investigational agents within 30 days before start of the treatment in study
  12. Active treatment of
  1. peptic ulcers or bleeding erosive esophagitis / gastritis within 3 months before study
  2. pulmonary embolism, severe or unstable angina pectoris or myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack within 12 months before study
  3. deep vein thrombosis within 4 weeks before study
  13. Inflammatory bowel disease
  14. History of other malignancies, from which the patient is not 5 years disease free, with the exception of colorectal cancer, or adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of skin or in-situ cervical cancer within 5 years before study
  15. History of brain metastases
  16. History of severe psychiatric illness
  17. Active drug- or alcohol abuse
  18. Known hepatitis B or C or HIV infection
  19. Breast- feeding or pregnant women
  20. Lack of effective contraception (for male and female patients)
  21. Known intolerance to one of the following drugs: cetuximab, bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-FU, folinic acid

Relevance to patient case: not relevant