Patient case: 64-year-old male with cholangiocarcinoma; genetic feature: BRAF (V600E)

Clinical trial: Vemurafenib Plus Cobimetinib in Metastatic Melanoma

Summary: This is a single arm explorative phase II clinical trial in 90 subjects with advanced stage melanoma harbouring a BRAFV600 mutation. PET imaging and molecular diagnostics are combined in order to monitor response to treatment with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib, examine development of resistance and correlate changes in metabolic/proliferative activity with extend of target inhibition.

Detailed description: Molecular targeted therapy with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is now currently used as first line treatment for patients with unresectable stage IIIc or metastatic melanoma harboring the BRAFV600 mutation, which is present in about 50% of melanoma patients. Despite the improvement in Progression Free Survival (PFS) en Overall Survival (OS) compared to dacabarzine, acquired resistance that develops in virtually all patients treated with vemurafenib is a great concern.
  Combining a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor that targets the MAPK pathway further downstream, however, may overcome acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition and recent studies in which both MEK inhibitors and BRAF inhibitors are combined as monotherapy seem promising.
  In a phase IB trial preliminary efficacy of vemurafenib with cobimetinib (GDC-0973), a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1 seems encouraging with an initial response rate of 85% and currently a phase III study of vemurafenib versus vemurafenib plus cobimetinib in BRAFV600 mutation positive patients with advanced stage melanoma is underway. It is expected that in the near future combined BRAF and MEK inhibition will be standard of care for patients with BRAFV600 mutated metastatic melanoma.
  Diagnostic CT cannot assess reduction in tumor size within days after the initiation of therapy and anatomic size does not provide information about the development of therapy response or resistance at a molecular level. It has been clearly demonstrated that alterations in metabolism occur earlier than anatomical size reduction after the initiation of therapy. Molecular imaging with PET visualizes metabolic activity in tumors and is a sensitive method to detect alterations in cell metabolism, even shortly after the start of therapy. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is used to visualize glucose metabolism, whereas 18F-Fluoro-3'-deoxy-3'L-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) is used to visualize proliferation. In preclinical mouse models 18F-FLT appears to predict response or resistance to therapy better than 18F-FDG. However, so far only 18F-FDG PET has been used to monitor response to vemurafenib in some BRAFV600 mutated metastatic melanoma patients, showing a rapid decline of 18F-FDG within 2 weeks following treatment. Preclinical studies and the observation that melanoma is a highly proliferative malignancy in most patients suggest that 18F-FLT might be the radiopharmaceutical of first choice in this setting.
  By detecting these metabolic alterations, responders might be distinguished from non-responders at an earlier phase compared with anatomical imaging with CT. This way, unnecessary expensive treatment of combined BRAF/MEK-inhibitor therapy and its side effects can be prevented in patients who will not benefit from this therapy. Furthermore, the level of decline in metabolic activity in the first two weeks after the initiation of therapy might predict progression free survival (PFS) as preliminary results in literature suggest.
  This is a single arm explorative phase II clinical trial in 90 subjects with advanced stage melanoma harbouring a BRAFV600 mutation. PET imaging and molecular diagnostics are combined in order to monitor response to treatment with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib, examine development of resistance and correlate changes in metabolic/proliferative activity with extend of target inhibition.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  -  Patients with histologically confirmed melanoma, either unresectable stage IIIc or stage IV metastatic melanoma, as defined by AJCC 7th edition.
  -  Patients must be naïve to treatment for locally advanced unresectable or metastatic disease. Prior immunotherapy (including ipilimumab) is allowed.
  -  Documentation of BRAFV600E or BRAFV600K mutation-positive status in melanoma tumor tissue (archival or newly obtained tumor samples).
  -  Measurable disease per RECIST v1.1, which are accessible to biopsies.
  -  Biopsy lesion is within scan reach of diagnostic CT and PET-CT (thorax- abdomen-pelvis)
  -  ECOG performance status of 0 or 1.
  -  Male or female patient aged ≥ 18 years.
  -  Life expectancy ≥ 12 weeks.
  -  Adequate hematologic and end organ function within 14 days prior to first dose of study drug treatment.
  Exclusion Criteria:
  -  History of prior RAF or MEK pathway inhibitor treatment.
  -  Palliative radiotherapy, major surgery or traumatic injury within 14 days prior to the first dose of study treatment.
  -  Active malignancy within the past 3 years other than melanoma that could potentially interfere with the interpretation of efficacy measures, except for patients with resected BCC or SCC of the skin, melanoma in-situ, carcinoma in-situ of the cervix, and carcinoma in-situ of the breast.
  -  History of or evidence of retinal pathology, clinically significant cardiac dysfunction, patients with active CNS lesions, renal or liver dysfunction as described in main protocol (REPOSIT NL48639.031.14).
  -  Pregnant, lactating, or breast-feeding.
  -  Unwillingness or inability to comply with study and follow-up procedures (i.e. severe anxiety disorder preventing PET/CT imaging.

Relevance to patient case: possibly relevant