Patient case: 68-year-old male with colon cancer; genetic feature: MLH1 methylation suppression (microsatellite instability)

Clinical trial: Adjuvant Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) in Resected High Risk Colon Cancer Patients

Summary: In this study, patients will be offered two Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) treatments with oxaliplatin after primary resection and standard adjuvant chemotherapy (if indicated) for colon cancer. Furthermore, the study will explore, whether it is possible to find free intraperitoneal tumor cells (FITC) after resection and adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer.

Detailed description: In 2015, 3500 patients were diagnosed with colon cancer in Denmark (DCCG Årsrapport 2015, www.dccg.dk). Despite curative intended surgery and perioperative chemotherapy in colon cancers, relapse is often encountered, and across tumor stage recurrence is found in 18-26% of the resected patients. Eighty-six percent of the recurrences are diagnosed within three years after resection, and 36% of the recurrences are diagnosed within the first year regardless of tumor stage. The route of dissemination varies with different cancer types, but a common denominator is the risk of peritoneal metastases (PM). PM is the second most common site of recurrence in colon cancer patients, and accounts for 25-35% of all recurrences. Patients with PM - both in the synchronous and metachronous setting - will often have a very short life expectancy and traditionally, treatment have been nihilistic due to poor performance status and response rates, and most patients with recurrence to the peritoneum will only be treated with best supportive care. During the last two decades, more aggressive treatment strategies have been implemented, including extensive surgery (Cytoreductive surgery, CRS) followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). However, CRS and HIPEC are only used in selected patients with limited PM. High risk factors for relapse with PM have been identified, and patients with T4 colon cancers have a risk of relapse with metachronous PM between 12-50%, while patients with intraperitoneally perforated colorectal cancers relapse with PM in 14- 58% of the cases. The risk of metachronous PM in perforated or T4 colorectal cancers has been validated and this is widely recognized in the ongoing trials around Europe, where adjuvant HIPEC is being investigated in patients with high-risk colon tumors to prevent metachronous PM (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02231086, NCT02965248, NCT02614534, NCT02974556, NCT01226394).
  In addition to tumor stage, free intraperitoneal tumor cells (FITC) are perceived as a precursor of PM, and it is expected, that patients with perforated/T4 colon cancers will have FITC prior to visible recurrence with PM. However, despite the reported impact on the risk of recurrence and poor survival data, the presence of FITC is not routinely investigated, and this may be due to the lack of treatment options regarding the eradication of free tumor cells. In a systematic review of resected patients with stage I-IV colorectal cancer, 13.7% had FITC detected during perioperative peritoneal lavage. The rate of FITC increased with increasing T-stage and the patients with FITC had a significantly increased risk of both local and overall recurrence, plus a significantly increased mortality risk.
  Based on the above-mentioned rate of recurrences after resection of high-risk colon cancers and the limited treatment options, new treatment strategies are needed. A German research group has invented a new intraperitoneal chemotherapy delivery method, where the chemotherapy is nebulized within the pressurized abdominal cavity - Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC).
  PIPAC As blood supply to the peritoneal surface is scarce, systemic chemotherapy has limited access to the peritoneal cavity, especially when the primary tumor including its exfoliating surface has been resected. Even though intraperitoneal chemotherapy would seem like a tempting alternative, convincing results are still missing. Temperature and pressure are important factors during absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, and the use of a relative low intraperitoneal pressure (2-6 mmHg) seems to increase the inflow of intraperitoneal fluid into the abdominal wall. Studies have confirmed that higher tissue concentrations of chemotherapy may be obtained by increasing the intraperitoneal pressure. After years of extensive testing, and the development of a CE-certified nebulizer (CapnoPen, Capnomed, Villingendorf, Germany) for safe aerosol infusion, a German research group has designed a system that allows a laparoscopy controlled delivery of Pressurized IntraPeritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC). The aerosol technique ensures that the entire peritoneal surface is covered by chemotherapy, and this is relevant when trying to eradicate (all) free intraperitoneal tumor cells. With the nebulizer positioned through a standard trocar pointing away from the bowels, a commercially available injection pump (MEDRAD Salient Dual Contrast Injector, Bayer HealthCare, Leverkusen, Germany) provides the necessary pressure to induce an aerosol mist covering the peritoneal cavity. After five minutes, the chemotherapy has been delivered, and the injector is turned off. After an additional 25 minutes of simple diffusion, the aerosol is gone and the remaining intraabdominal CO2 is evacuated through a standard trocar.
  PIPAC is safe, both for patients and healthcare workers, and preliminary data suggest encouraging objective tumor response and survival data. Based on the results of the German research group, PIPAC has been implemented at Odense University Hospital in a feasibility and safety study (www.clinicaltrial.gov NCT02320448, The Regional Scientific Ethical Committees for Southern Denmark Project-ID: S-20140211). Accrual has stopped, as the planned 35 patients have been included. 130 PIPAC treatments have been performed so far, and three patients are still in treatment. Preliminary data suggest a good safety profile, both in terms of patient safety and occupational health safety, as demonstrated on The First Scandinavian PIPAC Symposium, April 20th 2017. In brief, environmental and biological analyses demonstrated no risk of chemotherapy exposure to the health care workers, the planned procedures could be completed in 100% of the patients and 90% were discharged within the first postoperative day (range 1-4). In 20% of the procedures using oxaliplatin, the patients had postoperative urinary retention relieved by a singleuse catheter and in less than 5% of the procedures, a serious adverse event (CTCAE grade 3) was encountered (1 small bowel perforation, 1 small bowel obstruction, 1 cholestasis, 1 diarrhea), and there was no mortality.
  Detection of FITC FITC is usually detected by analysing smears of sediment from the peritoneal lavage fluid collected during a staging laparoscopy or during the course of surgery. As FITC is routinely investigated in especially Asian gastric cancer patients, the current experience on the detection of FITC arises from studies in gastric cancer patients. A recent meta-analysis described the risk of peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer, based on analysis of peritoneal lavage fluid. In this study, peritoneal lavage cytology predicted peritoneal recurrence with a sensitivity of only 0.45, while the specificity was 0.92-0.98. By the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the peritoneal lavage fluid, the sensitivity was 0.77 and the specificity 0.89, whereas the analysis of CEA mRNA raised the sensitivity to 0.87, with a specificity of 0.80. In a systematic review, peritoneal lavage cytology predicted peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer patients with a sensitivity of 0.11-0.80 and a specificity of 0.86-1.00. By analysing the lavage fluid with immunoassays, immunohistochemistry or Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) mainly towards CEA, the sensitivity and specificity still varied significantly (sensitivity 0.23-1.00, specificity 0.81-0.98). Despite the variable results, the included studies of this systematic review confirmed a significantly reduced median overall survival in patients with FITC. However, there is no standard definition of the techniques or cut off points used to detect FITC - neither in gastric/GEJ cancer patients nor in colon cancer patients.
  Study rationale As PIPAC seems to have an effect on visible PM in colon cancer patients, the investigators hypothesize that PIPAC can minimize the risk of PM recurrence in resected high risk colon cancer patients.
  Furthermore, the investigators expect that PIPAC can eradicate FITC in these patients.
  Study population Danish patients with colon cancer are eligible candidates according to the inclusion criteria. The patients will be included after resection and, if indicated, adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. While expected accrual is based on the number of resected patients at Odense University Hospital, this study will include patients nationwide.
  In 2015, 284 patients were resected due to colon cancer at Odense University Hospital (OUH). Ninety-three percent of the resections were with curative intent (n=264), and eighteen percent had T4 tumors (DCCG Årsrapport 2015, www.dccg.dk). Based on these data and according to the inclusion criteria, 47 patients are eligible candidates per year, and the expected accrual of 60 patients (see below) is two years.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  -  Radically resected colon cancer patients with adeno- or signet ring cell carcinomas with high-risk tumors defined as: perforated / pT4NanyM0 (UICC 8th edition) / pTanyNanyM1 with radically resected PM including ovarian metastases
  -  Performance status 0-1
  -  Fertile women must use approved contraceptives (see below)
  -  Age > 18 years
  -  Written informed consent
  Exclusion Criteria:
  -  Radiologically or clinically proven relapse.
  -  Previous cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with HIPEC
  -  Other malignant diagnosis within the last 2 years
  -  Contraindications to laparoscopy (e.g. severe adhesions, peritonitis)
  -  A history of allergic reaction to oxaliplatin or other platinum containing compounds
  -  Renal impairment, defined as GFR < 50 ml/min, (Cockcroft-Gault Equation).
  -  Myocardial insufficiency, defined as NYHA class > 2.
  -  Impaired liver function defined as bilirubin ≥ 1.5 x UNL (upper normal limit).
  -  Inadequate haematological function defined as ANC ≤ 1.5 x 109/l and platelets ≤ 100 x 109/l.
  -  Any other condition or therapy, which in the investigator's opinion may pose a risk to the patient or interfere with the study objectives.

Relevance to patient case: not relevant