Patient case: 36-year-old female with Brugada syndrome; genetic feature: SCN5A

Clinical trial: Randomized Trial Comparing Diltiazem and Metoprolol For Atrial Fibrillation Rate Control

Summary: Atrial Fibrillation and atrial flutter (AF/FL) is the usually irregular beating of the heart and is a rapidly growing cause of hospitalization. Between 1993 to 2007 AF/FL hospitalizations have increased 203% compared to a 71% increase for all hospitalizations. Changing procedure management such as ablation, transesophageal have had a minimal impact on the trends and there is a need to evaluate Emergency Department (ED) management options of AF/FL that may decrease hospitalizations.
  The most commonly used medications to control heart rate are metoprolol (MET), a beta blocker, or diltiazem (DT), a calcium channel blocker. Beta blockers are medications that cause the heart to beat more slowly and with less force. DT also helps blood vessels open up to improve blood flow. Both DT and MET are used alone or together with other medicines to treat severe chest pain (angina), high blood pressure (hypertension) or rapid heartbeat. Both are equally acceptable according to recent guidelines for AF/FL. There are limited studies comparing MET to DT for rate control for AF/FL.
  The initial goal for AF/FL management in the Emergency Department is usually rate control.
  The most commonly used rate control medications are metoprolol (MET), a beta blocker, or diltiazem (DT) a calcium blocker. Three major guidelines, including the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) indicate beta blockers and DT are equally acceptable medications for rate control in AF (3,4,5) assuming no contraindications.
  There are limited studies comparing beta blockers (BB) to DT for rate control for AF:
  1. Demircan, et. al., compared bolus intravenous BB and DT in 40 patients over a 20 minute period. No follow-up information after 20 minutes was reported. No attempt was made to look at intermediate or long term results. No patients converted to normal sinus rhythm over this short treatment period and there was slightly more rate decrease at 20 minutes, with DT versus BB (6).
  2. Time from medication administration to heart rate and rhythm control. Additionally, currently guidelines consider BB or DT medications to slow AF/FL; however, there are some suggestions that BB may not only slow heart rate in AF/FL (as does DT) but also increase all AF/FL conversion from AF/FL to normal sinus rhythm(2), and aid in maintaining normal sinus rhythm (NSR) after cardioversion (10). With recent onset AF/FL occurring within 48 hours prior to the arrival to the ED, approximately 50% of AF/FL patients convert to normal rhythm spontaneously within 24 hours after arrival to the ED (6), making evaluation of current limited studies difficult. Thus, the investigators wish to examine the effect of initial medication strategy on time to NSR in a larger sample than has been previously performed.
  3. A randomized study of 48 patients in China reported significantly slower heart rate up to 20 minutes with DT 10mg IV versus metoprolol 5mg IV but not after 30 minutes (7).
  4. A retrospective study of post-operative coronary bypass patients showed the intravenous administration of the BB, esmolol, to be more effective than DT for rate control and conversion of AF/FL (8).
  5. Hassan et al reported no difference in conversion to regular rhythm with esmolol verses DT in a small, under powered, randomized study of fifty ED patients (9). Conversion to sinus rhythm occurred in 10 patients (42%) in the DT group compared with 10 patients (39%) in the esmolol group (P = 1.0). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate between the two medications at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after initiation of esmolol or DT infusion.
  Examples of such well quoted strategy trials are the COURAGE trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine and the PROMISE Trial, a worldwide multi-centered study that is nearing completion goal of 10,000 patients of which, Charleston Area Medical Center (CAMC) has enrolled approximately 100 patients. In this trial, patients being evaluated for chest pain will be randomized to two treatment strategies and subsequent outcomes will be recorded.
  Strategy trials do not attempt to manage treatment after an initial management strategy has been determined by randomization, but, whether the initial treatment affects long-term outcomes.
  This will be a prospective, randomized study comparing the outcomes of a strategy using either MET or DT in patients with AF presenting to the Charleston Area Medical Center (CAMC) ED. After presentation and receiving consent, the patient will be randomized to receive either MET or DT.

Detailed description: If either an initial DT or MET strategy are shown to be more effective in obtaining rate and rhythm control, decreasing length of stay in the ED, and decreasing admissions and readmissions, there is a potential for: 1.) Major health cost savings; 2.) Improved bed utilization for our hospital, which is frequently at capacity and unable to accept transfers from outlying hospitals; and, 3.) Education of ED and non-ED health care providers of optimal AF/FL medication options.
  Sample
  Preliminary information obtained from CAMC's Data Warehouse from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2012 revealed 370 patients were seen in the Emergency Department (ED) at either CAMC Memorial or General Hospitals with a diagnosis of AF/FL, without any other acute co-morbidity. The investigators will identify which Hospital the patient was enrolled.
  The investigators will enroll a total of 150 patients based on the following:
  Prior data indicate that the conversion to a normal sinus rhythm by 8 hours is approximately 20%. If the investigators wish to detect a 25% change between medications then the investigators would need to include a total of 150 patients (75 in each cohort) to reject the null hypothesis that the conversion rates are equal between the 2 medications with probability (power) 0.8 and Type I error < 0.05. The investigators will use a continuity-corrected chi-squared statistic or Fisher's exact test to test our hypothesis. Power analysis performed using GPower Version 3.
  Procedures
  Potential study patients will be identified by an ED nurse or a member of the study team using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. ED nurses will be informed of the study by charge nurses who have been educated about the protocol by the research team. The purpose, content and logistics of the study will also be described to ED physicians participating in the study. Research assistants, when available, will be notified by cell phone or pager to see patient in the ED within 20 minutes. The attending physician or resident will be informed of the potential study patient. The attending physician or resident will give the research associate/member of the study team permission to discuss the study with the patient. If the patient is interested in participating in the study, the research associate/member of the study team will discuss the details of the study and review the consent form. It is likely the onset of treatment with DT or MET will be delayed 30 to 40 minutes due to the consenting process and study enrollment. The attending physician must agree to this delay.
  At this point the attending physician will discuss the study with the patient and answer questions. The physicians or resident initially talking with the patients about being in the trial will have Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) training. General education to the ED staff will be made concerning aims and objectives of the strategy study. If the patient is still interested and willing to participate, the informed consent and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy statement will be signed.
  Following consent, patients will be randomized to either IV diltiazem (DT) or IV metoprolol (MET). Sealed envelopes containing the randomized treatment protocol will be maintained on the ED premises to be pulled consecutively after a patient has been consented to be in the study. Inside the envelope, the specific treatment plan will be revealed. Treatment with either DT or MET will be initiated using standard CAMC protocol. Deviations from the randomly assigned medication regimen would be at the attending physician's discretion pending vital signs response. If the study drug is stopped or changed to a different type of medication, the patient's participation will continue and medications will be documented with the analysis of results being the intent to treat.
  The same physicians rotate at both General and Memorial Hospitals. The investigators will start at the Memorial Hospital, but after experience with enrollment the investigators may enroll patients from both Hospitals.
  Data Analysis
  Basic descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations for continuous variables and proportions and frequencies for categorical variables will be used to describe the patient sample and disease characteristics.
  To determine if a medication regimen (MET vs DT) is noted by descriptive analysis to be associated with primary aim 1 for treating AF/FL in the ED or during hospitalization (Primary Aim-1), the investigators will describe the proportion of patients with rhythm control (defined as normal sinus rhythm) by time of ED discharge using Chi-square analysis with continuity correction. Using the same statistical tests, the investigators will describe the proportion of patients with normal sinus rhythm at time of hospital discharge, in patients admitted to CAMC. Possible confounders, including patient characteristics, co-morbid conditions, ED events, or deviation from medicine regimen on achieving NSR will be examined by comparing patients with the confounder to those without the confounder of interest using Chi-square with continuity correction analyses if data is categorical, t-test or Mann-Whitney U analysis if data is continuous. In addition, the investigators will examine the effect of medication regimen on rate control (defined as heart rate < 100 bpm) (Primary Aim-2) at 2, 4, 6, 8 hours in the identical manner as described for rhythm control including the examination of confounding variables.
  The proportion of patients receiving CAMC hospital admission versus discharged to home from the ED will be described between the two medication regimens using Chi-square analysis with continuity correction to determine if one regimen resulted in a greater percentage of home discharges directly from the ED (Secondary Aim-1). The effect of possible confounders including patient characteristics, ED events, achieving rate and/or rhythm control in the ED or deviation from medication regimen will be examined by describing patients with the confounder to those without the confounder of interest on the need for hospital admission using Chi-square with continuity correction analyses if data is categorical, t-test or Mann-Whitney U analysis, if data is continuous. Those confounders that are shown to associate with ED discharge to home will be included in a multivariate analysis (binomial logistic regression) to examine if medication regimen associates with ED discharge to home in the presence of confounders.
  To determine if a medication regimen (MET vs DT) associated with decreased financial costs (Secondary Aim-2), ED costs will be examined between the 2 medication regimens in all patients using t-tests, or Mann-Whitney U analysis. In addition, the total cost of hospitalization (ED + hospital costs) of patients admitted to the CAMC hospital from the ED will be examined between the medication regimens. Cost will also be examined in relationship to length of stay by examining cost /length of stay between the two treatment groups using the same statistical tests.
  The need for readmission and atrial fibrillation reoccurrence as reported by the phone questionnaire (Secondary Aim-3) will be compared between the two medication regimens using Chi-square with continuity correction analyses. The investigators will also determine which rate control medication at time of phone interview associates with freedom from atrial fibrillation reoccurrence using chi-square analysis. Lastly, the time between discharge and phone survey study completion (maximum: 6 months) will be determined and the investigators will examine the effect of this lag time (4- 6 months) on the percentage of patients requiring readmission and/or having a reoccurrence of atrial fibrillation via chi square analysis.
  For all applicable analyses described above, Fisher's exact tests will be substituted for Chi square analysis when appropriate. For all comparisons, a p level of < 0.05 will be used to determine statistical significance. The statistical package Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) (Version 9.3) will be used to analyze data.
  Confidentiality
  Minimal patient identification information will be collected. The patient account number and telephone number must be collected. Subjects will also be assigned a study number for data analysis; account numbers will not be included in the data analysis. Personal health information will be available only to the study investigators. All collected data will be stored in a locked filing cabinet in the Emergency Department until it can be delivered to CAMC Outcomes Research. Electronic data will be stored on a password protected computer. At the conclusion of the study, all data collection sheets will be shredded and electronic data destroyed.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  -  Patients presenting to Charleston Area Medical Center (CAMC) General or Memorial Hospital ED with a primary diagnosis of AF/FL
  -  Patients with a mean ventricular rate of 100 beats per minute or more within one hour of presentation
  Exclusion Criteria:
  -  Under age 18 years
  -  A diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) made by the admitting ED physician (ST elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina) (beta blockers are a Class I medications for ACS)
  -  Known history of heart failure with an ejection fraction <50%
  -  Known ejection fraction <45%, regardless of a history of heart failure. Heart failure and a history of heart failure with an ejection fraction of 40-50% may occur with a normal ejection fraction now referred to as Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) or "diastolic dysfunction". A low ejection fraction is not always associated with heart failure. Our technology of measuring ejection fraction is by no means perfect. It is acceptable to use MET in larger than usual starting doses of MET for rate control or patients with "diastolic dysfunction", but not systolic dysfunction. Thus, a patient who has an ejection fraction of 42% may possibly have an ejection fraction of 37%, possible lower. Thus the investigators want to avoid the possibility of a patient with a history of heart failure does not receive MET unless the investigators feel systolic heart failure is not present.
  -  Systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg or between 90-99 AND patient is experiencing symptoms of dizziness
  -  Known allergy or adverse reactions to diltiazem or metoprolol. This is very rare.
  Exclusions from ECG readings:
  -  Current Atrioventricular (AV) block (2nd or 3rd degree)
  -  Pre-excitation syndromes - Wolfe Parkinson White (WPW) (Accelerated AV conduction- a rare condition where MET and DT are not advised)
  -  Pulse rate less 100/minute on ED admission (already at rate control)
  -  Cardiogenic shock or heart failure requiring inotropic agents or intubation
  -  Respiratory failure requiring intubation
  -  Pregnancy or lactation (neither pregnancy or lactation are listed as definitely safe for either medication)
  -  Asthma, defined as (asthma is a relative contraindication for MET:
  -  current use of inhaler
  -  use of steroids for dyspnea
  -  history of being treated for asthma
  -  Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent
  -  Physician decision
  -  If either medication is a relative contraindication, the patient cannot be randomized.

Relevance to patient case: not relevant