Patient case: 19-year-old female with long QT syndrome; genetic feature: KCNH2

Clinical trial: A Clinical Trial of Pimozide in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Summary: This study will look at whether Pimozide may help to slow the progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
  100 people from several Canadian centres with ALS who have provided their consent will be randomly assigned into one of 2 groups. The first group will receive a dose of up to 2mg of Pimozide per day and the second group will receive placebo (lactose tablets). Subjects will be assigned randomly (like by a flip of a coin) to receive either Pimozide 2 mg per day or placebo tablets. There will be a fifty-fifty chance of receiving Pimozide or placebo.
  Participants will be on study medication up to 22 weeks, and on study up to 26 weeks. There are 8 clinic visits and 1 phone visit over the course of the Treatment Phase of the study. The second phase which is Observational, is optional with follow-up for up to 5 years from the end of the Treatment Phase.

Detailed description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease is a neuromuscular disease that results in rapid decline in normal muscle function and tone leading to difficulties with mobility, eating, drinking, breathing, sleeping, and communicating. The disease is progressive and no cure currently exists. Most people diagnosed with ALS succumb within 3 to 5 years. Rilutek® (riluzole) has been approved as a treatment to slow progression of ALS, but is minimally effective with mean increase in survival of only a few months. Radicava® or Radicut® (edaravone) has recently been approved in Canada, USA, Japan and South Korea.
  Muscular dysfunction present in people with ALS is caused by nerve breakdown and a dysfunction in the communication between the muscles and the nerves. The area where these communications occur is called the neuromuscular junction. Some recent studies have focused on using different medications to enhance communication at the neuromuscular junction with the goal of improving muscle function as a result. This approach is unproven but may help to slow the progression of the disease.
  Pimozide is a medication that has been demonstrated to enhance communication at the neuromuscular junction in fish and mice. This study will look at whether Pimozide may help to slow the progression of ALS.
  There are two parts to this study.
  Treatment Phase: In the first part of this study, 100 people from several Canadian centres with ALS who have provided their consent will be randomly assigned into one of 2 groups. The first group will receive a dose of up to 2mg of Pimozide per day and the second group will receive placebo (lactose tablets). Subjects will be assigned randomly (like by a flip of a coin) to receive either Pimozide 2 mg per day or placebo tablets. There will be a fifty-fifty chance of receiving Pimozide or placebo.
  Each Pimozide tablet contains 2 mg of Pimozide. The matching placebo tablets for this study will look exactly like the Pimozide tablets. Placebos are used in clinical trials to find out if the results observed in the study are due the drug being tested, or for other reasons.
  Neither the subject nor their doctor will know which group a patient belongs to. However, if an emergency should arise, information about a treatment group will be shared with their doctor to ensure appropriate medical care. Participants will take their treatment once a day, every day for about 22 weeks. The total time in the study from the screen visit up until the last phone call communication is about 26 weeks.
  Observational Phase: The second part of this study is optional. It is each subject's decision whether to participate only in the first part of this study, or in both parts of the study, or not at all. In the second part of this study, the Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry (CNDR) will collect data on overall ALS progression using the Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and breathing using Vital Capacity data collected during breathing tests. This information will be collected from a subject medical record following each routine clinical appointment. Data will be collected at each routine clinic visit for up to 5 years from the end of the first part of the study. There will be no extra visits for this part of the study beyond routine ALS clinic visits.
  The information collected during this part of the study will be used to compare the progression of ALS, after the clinical trial is completed, among the two treatment types (Placebo or 2 mg per day). By analyzing this information, the researchers conducting this study hope to determine if Pimozide may help to slow the progression of ALS. To participate in this part of the study consent must be provided to join the CNDR. A subject who hasn't already provided their CNDR consent, and wishes to participate in this part of the study will be given a CNDR consent form to review and sign in addition to this consent form. A subject already participating in the CNDR will just need to sign the main study consent form.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  1. Patients classified as having clinically definite, clinically probable, clinically probable (laboratory-supported) or clinically possible ALS according to the El-Escorial diagnostic criteria for ALS (see Appendix 2).
  2. Able to comprehend and willing to sign Informed Consent Form (ICF).
  3. Age 18 years of age or greater.
  4. ALS Symptom onset of muscle weakness or speech impairment no more than 48 months prior to screen visit. Fasiculations should not be considered.
  5. Slow Vital Capacity (SVC) greater than or equal to 50% predicted for sex, age and height at screen.
  6. Has the ability to swallow tablets/capsules whole at study entry.
  7. Subject with clinical laboratory findings within the normal range or, if outside the normal range, determined by the Investigator at the Screening visit to be not clinically significant.
  8. If the subject is taking Riluzole the dose must be stable for 30 days prior to the randomization visit. Riluzole cannot be initiated during the study.
  9. If the subject is receiving Edaravone therapy, the dose must be stable for at least 1 cycle of infusion treatments before the randomization visit.
  Exclusion Criteria:
  1. History of laryngeal spasm, dystonia, or akathisia.
  2. Diagnosis of ongoing symptomatic Restless Leg Syndrome or undergoing current treatment for Restless Leg Syndrome. If subject has symptoms that resemble or have the potential to be Restless Leg Syndrome, then further investigation should be undertaken to confirm or rule out diagnosis of Restless Leg Syndrome.
  3. Any history of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury as defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale Score of less than 13/15 at any time point following a head injury without sedation or other reason for a decreased level of consciousness.
  4. History of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
  5. History of hypersensitivity or serious adverse reaction(s) to a neuroleptic medication.
  6. History of hyponatremia < 130 mmol/L
  7. Subject with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) value >3.0 times the upper limit of normal at the Screening visit.
  8. Current heparin or warfarin use.
  9. History of hepatic and/or renal impairment that may affect pimozide metabolism
  10. History of current pregnancy, or breastfeeding women, or women planning to become pregnant. Female subjects of childbearing potential (sexually mature female who has not undergone a hysterectomy or who has not been post-menopausal for 12 consecutive months), must practise effective contraception during the study and be willing and able to continue contraception until the Follow-up phone visit after discontinuing study medication. Abstinence can be considered an acceptable method of contraception at the discretion of the investigator.
  11. Current antipsychotic use
  12. Presence of central nervous system depression, comatose states, liver disorders, renal insufficiency, and blood dyscrasias
  13. Presence of Parkinson's syndrome
  14. Presence of major depressive disorders as determined by site Investigator.
  15. History of clinically significant ECG abnormalities at screen visit, including QTc>500ms.
  16. History of congenital long QT syndrome or with a family history of this syndrome and in patients with a history of cardiac arrhythmias or Torsade de Pointes.
  17. Presence of acquired long QT interval, and/or concomitant use of drugs known to prolong the QT interval (TCAs, opioids such as methodone, quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin), antimalarials (quinine), Detrol, azole antifungals, Class 1A, III and 1C antiarrhythmics, and macrolide antibiotics.
  18. Presence of clinically significant bradycardia (heart rate < 50 beats per minute)
  19. Presence of hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia.
  20. The concomitant use of CYP 3A4-inhibiting drugs such as azole antimycotics, antiviral protease inhibitors, macrolide antibiotics and nefazodone.
  21. The concomitant use of CYP 2D6-inhibiting drugs such as quinidine is also contraindicated.
  22. Concomitant use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram and escitalopram.*
  23. Has taken any compound under current or known future study as a potential therapy (including Withania) for ALS less than 30 days prior to dosing OR history of exposure to stem cell therapy for treatment of ALS at any time.
  24. Current Neurological impairment due to a condition other than ALS:
  1. Subject in whom causes of neuromuscular weakness other than ALS have not been excluded.
  2. Subject with a diagnosis of other neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, etc.)
  25. Use of non-invasive ventilation (BiPAP or CPAP) prior to Baseline visit at any time.
  26. Cognitive impairment as determined by the Site Investigator, subject must not have an impaired ability to provide informed consent and must be able to understand study processes and comply with study procedures.
  27. Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) Parkinsonism score of 2 on 2 items or a score > 3 on 1 item; OR Dystonia score of >3 on at least 1 item or a score of 2 on 2 items; OR Tardive Dyskinesia score of >3 on at least 1 item or a score of 2 on 2 items. Do not consider scores greater than 3 for Tremor in any region if due to Benign Essential, Exaggerated, or Physiological Tremor.
  28. The concomitant use of SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline, amoxaprine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, protripyline, trimipramine) - and Tolterodine (Detrol) CYP2D6 inhibitor.
  -  Prohibited medications such as tricyclic antidepressants, antimalarials, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors,(ie sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, fluoxetine, vilazodone and escitalopram) may be weaned to full discontinuation at the screening visit after consent has been signed (no study procedures including adjustments to medication may occur until informed consent has been provided).

Relevance to patient case: not relevant