Patient case: 73-year-old male with melanoma; genetic feature: tumor cells negative for PD-L1 expression

Clinical trial: Entinostat, Nivolumab, and Ipilimumab in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors That Are Metastatic or Cannot Be Removed by Surgery or Locally Advanced or Metastatic HER2-Negative Breast Cancer

Summary: This phase I trial studies the side effects and best dose of entinostat and nivolumab when given together with ipilimumab in treating patients with solid tumors that have spread to other places in the body and usually cannot be cured or controlled with treatment (metastatic) or that cannot be removed by surgery (unresectable) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer that has spread from where it started to nearby tissue or lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Entinostat may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth (locally advanced/metastatic). Monoclonal antibodies, such as nivolumab and ipilimumab, may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Giving entinostat and nivolumab together with ipilimumab may be a better treatment in patients with solid tumors.

Detailed description: PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
  I. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of the combination of entinostat and nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in subjects with advanced solid tumors.
  II. To determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of the combination of entinostat and nivolumab with ipilimumab in subjects with advanced solid tumors and to further confirm the safety of the combination therapy in subjects with advanced HER2-negative breast cancer.
  SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
  I. To evaluate whether treatment with entinostat alone or in combination with nivolumab and ipilimumab results in an increase in the ratio of tumor antigen-specific effector T cells (Teff) to regulatory T cell (Treg) in tumor biopsies compared to baseline.
  II. To describe preliminary anti-tumor activity of entinostat and nivolumab in combination with or without ipilimumab in patients with advanced solid tumors.
  III. To assess preliminary anti-tumor activity in an expansion cohort of patients with advanced breast cancer treated at the RP2D.
  TERTIARY OBJECTIVES:
  I. To explore changes in immune-related biomarkers (e.g., expression of checkpoint receptors (programmed cell death 1 [PD-1]/programmed cell death ligand-1 [PD-L1]), the number of myeloid derived suppressor cells [MDSCs], inflammatory T cell signature, T cell receptor [TCR] repertoire) in tumor biopsies or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) pre- and post-therapy.
  II. To correlate changes in immune-related biomarkers pre- and post-combination therapy with response.
  III. To measure tumor-specific mutations and mutant neo-antigens recognized by patient T cells in tumor biopsies and to describe association with response.
  IV. To evaluate changes in frequency of T cells recognizing tumor-specific mutant neo-antigens in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) pre- and post-therapy.
  V. To evaluate changes in candidate gene expression, including the azacitidine (AZA) immune genes (AIM genes) in malignant tissue, gene methylation silencing in circulating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and malignant tissue pre- and post-therapy.
  VI. To correlate the pharmacodynamic outcomes (e.g., safety, efficacy, and changes in gene methylation status) with the exposure of entinostat (i.e., pharmacokinetics) when co-administered with nivolumab with or without ipilimumab.
  VII. To conduct pharmacogenomic association analyses to assess the potential clinical utility of cluster of differentiation (CD)86 gene polymorphisms as genetic determinants of immune mediated adverse events.
  OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study.
  Patients receive entinostat orally (PO) on days -14 and -7 and then weekly, nivolumab intravenously (IV) over 60 minutes on day 1 and then every 2 weeks, and ipilimumab IV over 90 minutes on day 1 and then every 6 weeks for 4 doses. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months until disease progression and then every 6 months for up to 5 years.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  -  Dose escalation: patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed solid tumor malignancy that is metastatic or unresectable and for whom either standard curative or palliative measures do not exist or are no longer effective, or for whom anti-PD-L1/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 is appropriate
  -  Dose expansion: patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-negative) that is locally advanced/metastatic and has progressed despite standard therapy; at least 1 prior chemotherapy regimen in the metastatic setting, and two lines of hormonal therapy (administered in the adjuvant or metastatic setting) for patients with hormone receptor-positive disease; NOTE: HER2-negativity will be defined per American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines; patients whose tumors have HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) 3+, in situ hybridization (ISH) >= 2.0, or average HER2 copy number >= 6.0 signals per cell are not eligible
  -  Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1 (Karnofsky >= 70%)
  -  Life expectancy of greater than 12 weeks
  -  Hemoglobin (HgB) >= 9.0 g/dL
  -  Leukocytes >= 3,000/mcL
  -  Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL
  -  Platelets >= 100,000/mcL
  -  Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN); an exception to this may be allowed for participants with Gilbert's syndrome with documented approval by the protocol chair
  -  Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 2.5 × institutional ULN
  -  Creatinine within normal institutional limits OR creatinine clearance >= 60 mL/min using the modified Cockcroft-Gault formula
  -  Negative (serum or urine) pregnancy test, for women of childbearing potential only
  -  Patients must have measurable or evaluable/non-measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1; patients with bone only disease are not eligible due to difficulties in obtaining serial bone biopsies for correlative analyses; NOTE: for patients with metastatic disease in the liver, tumor burden should not be deemed significant (e.g., to no more than 30% of total liver volume as assessed by local review/investigator)
  -  Adequate pulmonary function as assessed by oxygen saturation >= 90% when ambulating and not requiring supplemental oxygen
  -  Patient must have an accessible non-bone tumor lesion from which serial core biopsy specimen can be obtained; NOTE: if baseline biopsy is attempted and is unsuccessful (e.g., patient intolerance, inadequate tissue), the patient will still be considered eligible for the study; if core biopsy is not possible, other methods may be approved in advance by the protocol chair/designee
  -  Women of child-bearing potential (WOCPB) and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation; WOCBP must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG]) at baseline; women must not be breastfeeding; women who are not of childbearing potential (i.e., who are postmenopausal or surgically sterile as well as azoospermic men) do not require contraception; NOTE: a WOCBP is defined as any female who has experienced menarche and who has not undergone surgical sterilization (hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy) or who is not postmenopausal; menopause is defined clinically as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman over 45 in the absence of other biological or physiological causes
  -  Willingness to provide tissue and blood samples for mandatory translational research
  -  Willingness to return to the enrolling institution for follow-up
  -  Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document
  Exclusion Criteria:
  -  Patients who have had chemotherapy or other systemic therapy or radiotherapy, or those who have not recovered from adverse events due to prior administered agents as follows:
  -  Chemotherapy < 3 weeks prior to registration
  -  Hormone therapy < 2 weeks prior to registration
  -  Targeted therapy (other than below) < 2 weeks prior to registration (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors)
  -  Trastuzumab < 6 weeks prior to registration
  -  Bevacizumab < 6 weeks prior to registration
  -  Nitrosoureas/mitomycin C < 6 weeks prior to registration
  -  Radiotherapy < 3 weeks prior to registration (NOTE: a previously irradiated lesion may not be used as a target lesion unless there is evidence of post-radiation progression)
  -  Surgery < 3 weeks prior to registration
  -  Other approved or investigational agents < 3 weeks prior to registration unless otherwise noted by the protocol chair
  -  Patients who have received prior epigenetic (e.g., histone deacetylase [HDAC] inhibitors such as entinostat, panobinostat, vorinostat, romidepsin or demethylating agents such as 5-azacitidine or decitabine) immunomodulatory or other checkpoint inhibitors should only be considered after discussion with the protocol chair
  -  Those who have not recovered from acute adverse events to grade < 2 or baseline due to agents administered, with exception of alopecia, unless approved by the protocol chair
  -  Known sensitivity to or history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition entinostat, nivolumab, or ipilimumab; history of severe hypersensitivity reaction to any monoclonal antibody
  -  Patients with active autoimmune disease or history of autoimmune disease that might recur, which may affect vital organ function or require immune suppressive treatment including systemic corticosteroids, should be excluded; these include but are not limited to patients with a history of immune related neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune (demyelinating) neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, systemic autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), connective tissue diseases, scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and patients with a history of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or phospholipid syndrome should be excluded; patients with vitiligo, endocrine deficiencies including thyroiditis managed with replacement hormones including physiologic corticosteroids are eligible; patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthropathies, Sjögren's syndrome and psoriasis controlled with topical medication and patients with positive serology, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-thyroid antibodies should be evaluated for the presence of target organ involvement and potential need for systemic treatment but should otherwise be eligible
  -  NOTE: patients are permitted to enroll if they have vitiligo, type I diabetes mellitus, residual hypothyroidism due to autoimmune condition only requiring hormone replacement, psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger (precipitating event)
  -  Subjects with interstitial lung disease that is symptomatic or may interfere with the detection or management of suspected drug-related pulmonary toxicity; NOTE: subjects must have baseline oxygen/saturation level requirements as above
  -  Patients with active or untreated brain metastases or leptomeningeal metastases are excluded from this clinical trial; NOTE: patients with previously treated brain metastases must have stable neurologic status and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging following local therapy (surgery or radiation) for at least 4 weeks, with no requirement for immunosuppressive doses of systemic corticosteroids (> 10 mg/day prednisone equivalents) for at least 2 weeks prior to study drug administration (stable low dose dexamethasone allowed at discretion of protocol chair)
  -  Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that in the judgment of the investigator would limit compliance with study requirements
  -  Pregnant women are excluded from this study; breastfeeding should be discontinued
  -  Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients on combination antiretroviral therapy are ineligible; patients who have a positive test for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBV sAg) or hepatitis C antibody (hepatitis C virus [HCV] Ab)/ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA) indicating acute or chronic infection are also ineligible (baseline testing required)
  -  Patients should be excluded if they have a condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days of study drug administration; inhaled or topical steroids and adrenal replacement doses =< 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease; patients are permitted to use topical, ocular, intra-articular, intranasal, and inhalational corticosteroids (with minimal systemic absorption); physiologic replacement doses of systemic corticosteroids are permitted, even if =< 10 mg/day prednisone equivalents; a brief course of corticosteroids for prophylaxis (e.g., contrast dye allergy) or for treatment of non-autoimmune conditions (e.g., delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction caused by contact allergen) is permitted
  -  Patients requiring concurrent administration of valproic acid are also excluded
  -  Patients who have had evidence of active or acute diverticulitis, intra-abdominal abscess, gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction and abdominal carcinomatosis which are known risk factors for bowel perforation should be evaluated for the potential need for additional treatment before coming on study
  -  Another active malignancy =< 3 years prior to registration with the exception of non-melanotic skin cancer or carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix; NOTE: if there is a history of prior malignancy, they must not be receiving other specific treatment for their cancer; any malignancy considered to be indolent and that has never required therapy may allowed at the discretion of the protocol chair

Relevance to patient case: not relevant