Patient case: 73-year-old male with melanoma; genetic feature: tumor cells negative for PD-L1 expression

Clinical trial: Anti-gp100 Cells Plus ALVAC gp100 Vaccine to Treat Advanced Melanoma

Summary: Background:
  -  gp100 is a protein that is often found in melanoma tumors.
  -  An experimental procedure developed for treating patients with melanoma uses anti-gp100 cells designed to destroy their tumors. The anti-gp100 cells are created in the laboratory using the patient's own tumor cells or blood cells.
  -  The treatment procedure also uses a vaccine called plaque purified canarypox vector (ALVAC) gp100, made from a virus that ordinarily infects canaries and is modified to carry a copy of the gp100 gene. The virus cannot reproduce in mammals, so it cannot cause disease in humans. When the vaccine is injected into a patient, it stimulates cells in the immune system that may increase the efficiency of the anti gp 100 cells.
  Objectives:
  -To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of anti-gp100 cells and the ALVAC gp100 vaccine in treating patients with advanced melanoma.
  Eligibility:
  -Patients with metastatic melanoma for whom standard treatments have not been effective.
  Design:
  -  Patients undergo scans, x-rays and other tests and leukapheresis to obtain white cells for laboratory treatment.
  -  Patients have 7 days of chemotherapy to prepare the immune system for receiving the gp100 cells.
  -  Patients receive the ALVAC vaccine, anti-gp100 cells and interleukin-2 (IL-2) (an approved treatment for advanced melanoma). The anti gp100 cells are given as an infusion through a vein. The vaccine is given as injections just before the infusion of gp100 cells and again 2 weeks later. IL-2 is given as a 15-minute infusion every 8 hours for up to 5 days after the cell infusion for a maximum of 15 doses.
  -  After hospital discharge, patients return to the clinic for periodic follow-up with a physical examination, review of treatment side effects, laboratory tests and scans every 1 to 6 months.

Detailed description: Background:
  -  We have engineered human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to express a T-cell receptor that recognizes an human leukocyte antigens (HLAA) 0201 restricted epitope derived from the gp100 protein.
  -  We constructed a single retroviral vector that contains both alpha and infinity chains and can mediate genetic transfer of this T cell receptor (TCR) with high efficiency (greater than 30 percent) without the need to perform any selection.
  -  In co-cultures with HLA-A 0201 positive melanoma gp100:154-162 TCR transduced T cells secreted significant amount of interferon (IFN)-(but no significant secretion was observed in control co-cultures with cell lines.
  gp100:154-162 TCR transduced PBL could efficiently kill -HLA-A 0201 positive tumors. There was little or no recognition of normal fibroblasts cells.
  -  This TCR is over 10 times more reactive with melanoma cells than the melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells (MART)-1 TCR that mediated tumor regression in two patients with metastatic melanoma.
  -  In this trial we would like to test our hypothesis that the addition of an anti-tumor ALVAC vaccine will result in clinical tumor regression, and persistence of the transferred cells (as is the case in murine models).
  Objectives:
  Primary objectives:
  -Determine if the administration of anti-gp100:154-162 TCR-engineered peripheral blood lymphocytes, ALVAC anti-tumor immunization, and aldesleukin to patients following a nonmyeloablative but lymphoid depleting preparative regimen will result in clinical tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma.
  Secondary objectives:
  -  Determine the in vivo survival of TCR gene-engineered cells.
  -  Determine the toxicity profile of this treatment regimen.
  -  Determine whether treated patients develop anti-mouse TCR antibody.
  Eligibility:
  Patients who are HLA-A 0201 positive and 18 years of age or older must have:
  -  metastatic melanoma;
  -  previously received and have been a non-responder to or recurred after aldesleukin;
  -  normal values for basic laboratory values.
  Patients may not have:
  -  concurrent major medical illnesses;
  -  any form of primary or secondary immunodeficiency;
  -  severe hypersensitivity to any of the agents used in this study;
  -  contraindications for high dose aldesleukin administration.
  Design:
  -  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained by leukapheresis (approximately 5 times 10^9 cells) will be cultured in the presence of anti-CD3 (OKT3) and aldesleukin in order to stimulate T-cell growth.
  -  Transduction is initiated by exposure of approximately 10^8 to 5 times 10^8 cells to supernatant containing the anti-gp100:154-162 TCR retroviral vector. These transduced cells will be expanded and tested for their anti-tumor activity.
  -  Once engineered PBMC are demonstrated to be biologically active according to the strict criteria outlined in the Certificate of Analysis, patients will receive a nonmyeloablative but lymphocyte depleting preparative regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by intravenous infusion of ex vivo tumor reactive, TCR gene-transduced PBMC plus intravenous (IV) aldesleukin (720,000 IU/kg q8h for a maximum of 15 doses). Approximately 2 hours prior to cell infusion, patients will be immunized with ALVAC virus expressing the tumor antigen. ALVAC immunization will be repeated at 2 weeks.
  -  Patients will undergo complete evaluation of tumor with physical examination, computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis and clinical laboratory evaluation four to six weeks after treatment and then monthly for approximately 3 to 4 months or until off study criteria are met.
  -  The study will be conducted using a phase II optimal design where initially 21 evaluable patients will be enrolled. If 0 or 1 of the 21 patients experiences a clinical response, then no further patients will be enrolled but if 2 or more of the first 21 evaluable patients enrolled have a clinical response, then accrual will continue until a total of 41 evaluable patients have been enrolled.
  -  The objective will be to determine if the combination of high dose aldesleukin, lymphocyte depleting chemotherapy, ALVAC immunization and anti-gp100:154-162 TCR-gene engineered lymphocytes is able to be associated with a clinical response rate that can rule out 5 percent (p0=0.05) in favor of a modest 20 percent partial response (PR) plus complete response (CR) rate (p1=0.20).

Eligibility: -INCLUSION CRITERIA:
  1. Metastatic melanoma with measurable disease.
  2. Previously received high dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and have been either non-responders (progressive disease) or have recurred.
  3. Positive for gp100 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) which will be reviewed by the Laboratory of Pathology at National Cancer Institute (NCI).
  4. Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) cells not available for treatment on other Surgery Branch protocols.
  5. Greater than or equal to 18 years of age.
  6. Willing to sign a durable power of attorney.
  7. Able to understand and sign the Informed Consent Document.
  8. Clinical performance status of Eastern Oncology Oncology Group (ECOG) 0 or 1.
  9. Life expectancy of greater than three months.
  10. Patients of both genders must be willing to practice birth control for four months after receiving the preparative regimen.
  11. Must be human leukocyte antigens (HLA-A) 0201 positive.
  12. Serology:
  -  Seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody. (The experimental treatment being evaluated in this protocol-depends on an intact immune system. Patients who are HIV seropositive can have decreased immune -competence and thus be less responsive to the experimental treatment and more susceptible to its toxicities.)
  -  Seronegative for hepatitis B antigen and hepatitis C antibody unless antigen negative.
  13. Hematology:
  -  Absolute neutrophil count greater than 1000/mm^3.
  -  White blood cell (WBC) (greater than 3000/mm^3).
  -  Platelet count greater than 100,000/mm^3.
  -  Hemoglobin greater than 8.0 g/dl.
  14. Chemistry
  -  Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) less than or equal to 2.5 times the upper limit of normal.
  -  Serum creatinine less than or equal to 1.6 mg/dl.
  -  Total bilirubin less than or equal to 2.0 mg/dl, except in patients with Gilbert's Syndrome who must have a total bilirubin less than 3.0 mg/dl.
  15. Women of child-bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test because of the potentially dangerous effects of the preparative chemotherapy on the fetus.
  16. More than four weeks must have elapsed since any prior systemic therapy at the time the patient receives the preparative regimen, and patients' toxicities must have recovered to a grade 1 or less (except for toxicities such as alopecia or vitiligo).
  17. Six weeks must have elapsed since prior MDX-010 therapy to allow antibody levels to decline, and patients who have previously received MDX-010 or ticilimumab must have a normal colonoscopy with normal colonic biopsies.
  EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
  1. Women of child-bearing potential who are pregnant or breastfeeding because of the potentially dangerous effects of the preparative chemotherapy on the fetus or infant.
  2. Active systemic infections, coagulation disorders or other major medical illnesses of the cardiovascular, respiratory or immune system, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, obstructive or restrictive pulmonary disease.
  3. Any form of primary immunodeficiency (such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease).
  4. Ongoing opportunistic infections (The experimental treatment being evaluated in this protocol depends on an intact immune system. Patients who have decreased immune competence may be less responsive to the experimental treatment and more susceptible to its toxicities).
  5. Systemic steroid therapy.
  6. History of severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction to any of the agents used in this study.
  7. History of coronary revascularization.
  8. Documented left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 45 percent in patients with:
  -  Clinically significant atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias including but not limited to: atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, 2 degree or 3 degree heart block.
  -  Age greater than or equal to 60 years old.
  9. Documented forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than or equal to 60 percent predicted for patients with:
  -  A prolonged history of cigarette smoking (greater than 20 pack/year within the past 2 years).
  -  Symptoms of respiratory distress.

Relevance to patient case: not relevant