Patient case: 4-year-old female with leukemia; genetic feature: ABL1

Clinical trial: Blinatumomab and Combination Chemotherapy or Dasatinib, Prednisone, and Blinatumomab in Treating Older Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Summary: This phase II trial studies the side effects and how well blinatumomab and combination chemotherapy or dasatinib, prednisone, and blinatumomab work in treating older patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Monoclonal antibodies, such as blinatumomab, find cancer cells and help kill them. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as prednisone, vincristine sulfate, methotrexate, and mercaptopurine, work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. Dasatinib may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. Giving blinatumomab with combination chemotherapy or dasatinib and prednisone may kill more cancer cells.

Detailed description: PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
  I. To evaluate the 3-year survival rate in elderly patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia (Ph)-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with blinatumomab followed by POMP (prednisone, vincristine sulfate, methotrexate, and mercaptopurine) maintenance.
  II. To evaluate in a preliminary manner (feasibility study) the safety of dasatinib-steroid based induction followed by blinatumomab treatment in combination with dasatinib followed by dasatinib-based maintenance in patients with newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL, relapsed/refractory Ph-positive ALL, and Ph-like dasatinib-sensitive mutations or kinase fusions (DSMKF) ALL (newly-diagnosed relapsed or refractory).
  SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
  I. To evaluate toxicities in these patient populations treated with these regimens.
  II. To estimate the rates of complete response (CR), complete remission with incomplete count recovery (CRi) and disease-free survival in Ph-negative patients.
  III. To estimate disease-free and overall survival in Ph-positive ALL and Ph-like DSMKF ALL.
  IV. To estimate in each cohort the rate of minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity, and the time to achieve MRD negativity (exploratory analysis).
  V. To determine whether anti-idiotype antibodies directed against blinatumomab develop with blinatumomab treatment in this study.
  OUTLINE: Patients are assigned to 1 of 2 treatment cohorts according to Philadelphia chromosome status.
  COHORT I (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME NEGATIVE PATIENTS):
  INDUCTION: Patients receive blinatumomab intravenously (IV) continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 2 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  RE-INDUCTION: Patients not achieving CR or CRi after Induction, receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28 in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  POST-REMISSION: Patients receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 3 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  MAINTENANCE: Patients receive prednisone orally (PO) on days 1-5, vincristine sulfate IV on day 1, mercaptopurine PO on days 1-28, and methotrexate PO on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 18 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  COHORT II (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME POSITIVE PATIENTS):
  INDUCTION: Patients receive dasatinib PO twice daily (BID) on days 1-84 and prednisone PO on days 1-24 with tapering on days 25-32 in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  RE-INDUCTION: Patients receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 2 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  POST-REMISSION: Patients receive blinatumomab IV continuously over 24 hours on days 1-28 and dasatinib PO once daily (QD) on days 1-42. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 3 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  MAINTENANCE: Patients receive dasatinib PO BID on days 1-28 and prednisone PO on days 1-5. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 2 years, every 6 months for 2 years, and then annually until 10 years from initial registration.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  -  Registration Step 1 - Induction/Re-Induction:
  -  Patients must have a new morphologic diagnosis of precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (non T cell) based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria; patients with Burkitt's (L3) are excluded; patients with Ph-positive or Ph-like ALL with dasatinib-sensitive mutations or kinase fusions may have relapsed or refractory diagnoses
  -  NOTE: Relapsed/refractory Ph-positive patients or Ph-like patients with dasatinib-sensitive mutations or kinase fusions who have previous exposure to either dasatinib or another 2nd or 3rd generation TKI will begin protocol therapy with Cohort 2: re-induction cycle 1
  -  Patients must have a diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome negative ALL or Ph chromosome positive ALL by cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR); patients will be registered to receive treatment in either Cohort 1 (ph-) or Cohort 2 (Ph+ or Ph-like DSMKF) based on these results; diagnostic specimens must be submitted to the site's local Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-approved cytogenetics laboratory and results of tests (cytogenetics, FISH or PCR) must confirm Ph status prior to registration; if not already known, breakpoint cluster region- abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (BCR-ABL) status (p190 or p210) must be evaluated in Ph-positive patients by PCR
  -  For Cohort 2, Ph-like testing is not required specifically for this study; however, to be registered to Cohort 2 under the Ph-like DSMKF criterion, the patient must have a known or presumed activating Ph-like signature and dasatinib-sensitive mutation or kinase fusion, such as: ABL1, ABL2, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), or fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)s that was otherwise identified as part of normal standard of care; prior to registering any patients with a known or presumed activating Ph-like signature and dasatinib-sensitive mutations or kinase fusions (DSMKF) treating physicians must confirm eligibility with the study chairs via email; the study chairs must respond via email with confirmation of patient eligibility prior to patient registration
  -  All newly diagnosed patients must have evidence of ALL in their marrow or peripheral blood with at least 20% lymphoblasts present in blood or bone marrow collected within 14 days prior to registration; all relapsed/refractory patients (Cohort 2) must have at least 5% lymphoblasts present in blood or bone marrow collected within 14 days prior to registration; for relapsed/refractory patients, pathology and cytogenetics reports (both from time of original diagnosis) must be submitted at time of registration; for ALL in marrow or peripheral blood, immunophenotyping of the blood or marrow lymphoblasts must be performed to determine lineage (B cell, T cell or mixed B/T cell); appropriate marker studies including cluster of differentiation (CD)19 (B cell), must be performed; co-expression of myeloid antigens (CD13 and CD33) will not exclude patients; if possible, the lineage specific markers (myeloid cells) should be determined; the blood/bone marrow sample for these assays must be obtained within 14 days prior to registration; patients with only extramedullary disease in the absence of bone marrow or blood involvement are not eligible
  -  Patients must not have received any prior chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other therapy for the treatment of ALL (other than those noted below) and must not be receiving any immunosuppressive therapy; patients may not have received any prior investigational therapy within 28 days prior to registration; patients must not have received any monoclonal antibody therapy within 42 days of registration; patients may have received the following within any time prior to registration: low dose chemotherapy-including: cyclophosphamide 1 g/m^2, oral 6-mercaptopurine, or oral methotrexate (other low dose chemotherapy may be allowable, however any other options not listed here should be confirmed with the study chairs), tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, steroids, hydroxyurea, leukapheresis, intrathecal chemotherapy or vincristine
  -  Patient must not have a history or presence of clinically relevant central nervous system (CNS) pathology such as epilepsy, seizure, paresis, aphasia, stroke, severe brain injuries, dementia, Parkinson's disease, cerebellar disease, organic brain syndrome, psychosis, active ALL in the CNS confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, or other significant CNS abnormalities
  -  Patients must have a lumbar puncture to determine CNS involvement of ALL within 14 days prior to registration; patients with CNS3 are excluded from the trial; patients with CNS1 or CNS2 will be eligible, but will be monitored for CNS involvement; note that intrathecal methotrexate administered during the pre-study lumbar puncture may count as the first dose of intrathecal therapy required as part of the study
  -  Cohort I, Ph-negative Patients Only
  -  Patients must not have received any prior chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other therapy for the treatment of ALL (other than those noted below) and must not be receiving any immunosuppressive therapy; patients may not have received any prior investigational therapy within 28 days prior to registration; patients must not have received any monoclonal antibody therapy within 42 days of registration; patients may have received the following within any time prior to registration: low dose chemotherapy-including: cyclophosphamide 1 g/m^2, oral 6-mercaptopurine, or oral methotrexate (other low dose chemotherapy may be allowable, however any other options not listed here should be confirmed with the study chairs), TKI therapy, steroids, hydroxyurea, leukapheresis, intrathecal chemotherapy or vincristine (vincristine sulfate)
  -  In the event that the patient's bone marrow blast count is >= 50% blasts, patients may be registered but should receive steroids for 3-5 days in order to reduce tumor burden prior to blinatumomab administration, as follows
  -  Prephase treatment with dexamethasone (10-20 mg/m^2) for 3-5 days is required for patients with bone marrow blasts >= 50%, peripheral blood blasts 15,000/uL or higher, or elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) suggesting rapidly progressive disease per investigator opinion
  -  Pre-treatment should conclude at least 24 hours prior to the first dose of blinatumomab (although additional dexamethasone is automatically given as a pre-med prior to the first dose); at the time of first infusion of blinatumomab, the absolute peripheral blast count should be < 25,000/uL
  -  Note: For the purposes of the study, day 1 of the cycle will be the first day of blinatumomab administration
  -  It is preferred, but not required, that corticosteroids and hydroxyurea should start only after all diagnostic samples have been obtained; however, if the patient was previously on corticosteroids and/or hydroxyurea, this is allowable provided that the patient still has measurable disease at time of the bone marrow aspirate
  -  Corticosteroids and/or hydroxyurea, as well as any of the other therapies mentioned (with the exception of IV cyclophosphamide), may continue to be administered, at physician discretion, until 1 day prior to blinatumomab administration
  -  IV cyclophosphamide must be discontinued at least 7 days prior to blinatumomab administration
  -  Patients must not be candidates for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant; Note: subjects up to age 70 years who are considered fit for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, should be considered for enrollment on E1910, in order to avoid competing with that study; if a patient is considered unfit for intensive chemotherapy at the time of initial diagnosis, but subsequently achieves a CR, then it will be left to the treating physician's discretion to consider hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
  -  Patients must have complete history and physical examination within 28 days prior to registration
  -  Patients must have a Zubrod performance status of 0-2
  -  Patients must have serum creatinine =< 1.5 mg/dl within 14 days prior to registration
  -  Patients must have aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =< 3.0 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) within 14 days prior to registration
  -  Patients must have total bilirubin =< 2.0 x IULN within 14 days prior to registration
  -  Patients must have alkaline phosphatase =< 2.5 x IULN within 14 days prior to registration
  -  Patients must not have systemic fungal, bacterial, viral or other infection that is not controlled (defined as exhibiting ongoing signs/symptoms related to the infection and without improvement, despite appropriate antibiotics or other treatment)
  -  Patients must not have Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) >= grade 2 neuropathy (cranial, motor or sensory) within 14 days prior to registration
  -  Patients known to be positive for HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus) may be eligible, providing they meet the following additional criteria within 28 days prior to registration:
  -  No history of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions
  -  CD4 cells > 350 cells/mm^3
  -  If on antiretroviral agents, must not include zidovudine or stavudine
  -  Viral load =< 50 copies HIV messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)/mm^3 if on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) or =< 25,000 copies HIV mRNA/mm^3 if not on cART
  -  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens are acceptable providing they have only weak P450A4 interactions
  -  Patients must not have any known autoimmune disease
  -  Patients must not have testicular involvement; if clinical or ultrasound findings are equivocal, biopsy must be performed; all tests for establishing testicular involvement must be completed within 14 days prior to registration
  -  Patients with evidence of extramedullary disease at diagnosis will have computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis to obtain baseline values within 28 days prior to registration
  -  No other prior malignancy is allowed except for the following: adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, adequately treated stage I or II cancer from which the patient is currently in complete remission, or any other cancer from which the patient has been disease free for five years
  -  Patients must have the following tests within 28 days prior to registration to obtain baseline measurements:
  -  Prothrombin time (PT)/partial thromboplastin time (PTT)/international normalized ratio (INR)/fibrinogen (all patients)
  -  Neurologic assessment
  -  Patients must have specimens submitted for blinatumomab immunogenicity assessment; collection of pretreatment specimens must be completed within 28 days prior to registration to S1318; specimens must be submitted to LabConnect
  -  Cohort 2, Ph-positive and Ph-like DSMKF Patients Only
  -  Patients must NOT have received a prior autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant at any time. Patients must NOT have received any chemotherapy, investigational agents, or undergone major surgery within 14 days prior to registration, with the following exceptions:
  -  Monoclonal antibodies must not have been received for 1 week prior to registration
  -  Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells must not have been received for 28 days prior to registration
  -  Steroids, hydroxyurea, vincristine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, thioguanine and intrathecal chemotherapy are permitted within any timeframe prior to registration; Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved TKIs may also be administered until 1 day prior to start of study therapy (C1, D1); IV cyclophosphamide may be administered at doses of 1 g/m^2 or less until up to 7 days prior to registration
  -  For patients 65-69 years of age, patient must be deemed not suitable for standard intensive induction chemotherapy at the discretion of the local investigator, or must have refused standard intensive chemotherapy
  -  Patients must not have active pericardial effusion, ascites or pleural effusion of any grade based on chest x-ray and echocardiogram within 28 days prior to registration; exception: if the effusion is suspected to be related to the leukemia, the patient may have pericardial effusion =< grade 2 or pleural effusion =< grade 1
  -  Patients must have ejection fraction >= 45% based on echocardiogram performed within 28 days prior to registration
  -  Patients must have QTcF (by Fridericia calculation) < 480/msec based on electrocardiogram (EKG) performed within 28 days prior to registration
  -  Patients must not be receiving any proton pump inhibitors at the time of registration
  -  Patients must agree to have specimens submitted for blinatumomab immunogenicity testing if subsequently moved to a blinatumomab containing treatment regimen on protocol
  -  Pretreatment cytogenetics must be performed on all patients; collection of pretreatment specimens must be completed within 28 days prior to registration to S1318; specimens must be submitted to the site's preferred CLIA-approved cytogenetics laboratory; BCR-ABL status must be verified in Ph-positive patients by FISH, cytogenetics, and/or PCR prior to enrollment; if a patient is Ph-positive, PCR for both p190 and p210 must be sent
  -  Patients must be offered participation in specimen submission for future research; with patient's consent, specimens must be submitted as outlined
  -  ALL PATIENTS: Patients or their legally authorized representative must be informed of the investigational nature of this study and must sign and give written informed consent in accordance with institutional and federal guidelines
  -  ALL PATIENTS: As a part of the Oncology Patient Enrollment Network (OPEN) registration process the treating institution's identity is provided in order to ensure that the current (within 365 days) date of institutional review board approval for this study has been entered in the system
  -  Registration Step 2 - Post-Remission Therapy:
  -  COHORT 1 PH-NEGATIVE PATIENTS ONLY: Patients must have achieved CR or CRi within 2 cycles of induction/re-induction with blinatumomab
  -  COHORT 2 PH-POSITIVE AND PH-LIKE DSMKF PATIENTS ONLY: Newly diagnosed Ph+, newly-diagnosed Ph-like DSMKF, and relapsed/refractory Ph+ patients without prior dasatinib or other 2nd or 3rd generation TKI therapy, must have achieved CR or CRi within 1 cycle of Induction with dasatinib/prednisone, or within 2 cycles of re-induction with blinatumomab; relapsed/refractory Ph+ or Ph-like DSMKF patients with prior dasatinib or other 2nd or 3rd generation TKI therapy must have achieved

Relevance to patient case: not relevant