Patient case: 70-year-old male with prostate cancer; genetic feature: PTEN

Clinical trial: Trial of Lapatinib and Weekly Paclitaxel for Advanced Urothelial Cancer

Summary: This study will involve subjects who have advanced urothelial cancer who are platinum refractory (platinum based chemotherapies that are not effective in treating the cancer), and who are over-expressing EGFR and/or HER2, or do not over-express EGFR and HER2. Genetic expression is a process that takes inherited information in genes (like DNA sequence), and from that information makes a specific functional product (sometimes called a gene product) such as RNA (ribonucleic acid) or protein. Normal tissue cells have a particular genetic expression, which changes when they turn into cancer. EGFR and HER2 are involved in the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
  The main purpose of the study is to look at the proportion of subjects, who over-express EGFR and/or HER2, who do not progress (cancer gets worse) after 16 weeks of study treatment with daily lapatinib and weekly paclitaxel. The study will also look at the safety and effectiveness of this therapy in all subjects.
  Another part of this study will look at blood and tissue samples. Blood samples will be collected to see how many cells express EGFR and HER2 before study treatment and at the time the cancer gets worse. Tumor tissue will be analyzed to look at the expression of certain genes in advanced urothelial cancer. Some gene expression tests can reveal how cancer cells are different from normal cells and the results might lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Detailed description: Bladder cancer caused 14,680 deaths in 2010 in the US. In advanced bladder cancer, MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin) and GC (gemcitabine, cisplatin) combination chemotherapy demonstrate comparable efficacy with response rates of 45%- 50%. Despite the reasonable initial response to platinum based chemotherapy, median time to progression on first line therapy is only 7 months and median survival approximately 15 months. There is no standard second line therapy after platinum based chemotherapy in the US and no survival benefit has been noted with any agent. Median progression free survival (PFS) is around 2 months in platinum refractory urothelial cancer (PRUC) and overall survival (OS) is 6 - 8 months with single agent second line therapy. Combination chemotherapy does not prolong overall survival. Given the dire prognosis in PRUC and the lack of efficacy of conventional chemotherapy, preclinical investigations and clinical research have focused on identification of novel molecular targets.
  Lapatnib is approved by the FDA for the treatment of breast cancer. Paclitaxel is approved by the FDA for the treatment of sarcoma, breast and lung cancers. Lapatinib and paclitaxel are not approved for advanced urothelial cancer; however, the FDA allows the use of these drugs in this study for research purposes.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  -  Male and female patients must be at least 18 years of age.
  -  Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma that is locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic is required.
  -  Patients must have progressed on prior regimens (1-2 allowed) of systemic chemotherapy for any stage of urothelial carcinoma (including peri-operative chemotherapy alone in which case they must have progressed within 12 months of peri-operative chemotherapy), with one of the regimens including a platinum agent.
  -  Patients must have adequate tumor tissue (primary or metastatic tumor; fresh or archived) available for EGFR and HER2 expression analysis at baseline as determined by the study pathologist.
  -  EGFR and HER2 status by Immunohistochemistry of a potential patient's urothelial tumor must be determined at baseline before registration or therapy. A potential patient's eligibility will depend on his/her tumor's EGFR and HER2 category AND the available open slots in that category at that time.
  -  Patients must be able to care for themselves and must be up and about more than 50% of waking hours.
  -  Patients must have measurable disease.
  -  Prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy must have been completed prior to registration (at least 4 weeks prior for chemotherapy and at least 2 weeks prior for radiation). Patients must have recovered from any reversible side effects and must not have had more than 25% of the bone marrow irradiated.
  -  Ability of the heart to pump blood must be adequate for this study. This will be determined by a screening test.
  -  Patients must have adequate organ and marrow function as determined by screening tests.
  -  All patients must be informed of the investigational nature of this study and must sign an informed consent document.
  -  Both men and women and members of all races and ethnic groups are eligible for this trial.
  Exclusion Criteria:
  -  No prior use of anti-HER2 (including trastuzumab) or anti-EGFR (including erlotinib, gefitinib, cetuximab) therapy, paclitaxel, nanoparticle bound paclitaxel or docetaxel for any reason.
  -  Must not have history of or known spinal cord compression, or carcinomatous meningitis, or evidence of symptomatic brain or leptomeningeal disease. Patients with known brain metastases would be excluded from this clinical trial.
  -  Known HIV positive patients may not participate.
  -  No malignancy for which systemic therapy, surgery or radiation is ongoing or anticipated within the next 3 months as assessed by the investigator.
  -  In situ carcinoma of any site including CIS of the urothelial tract [or] adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer is allowed.
  -  Patients with history of non-metastatic prostate cancer who have a PSA <2 ng/mL with or without androgen deprivation therapy are eligible.
  -  Patients with serious cardiac illness or medical conditions are excluded.
  -  Patients must not receive treatment on another therapeutic clinical trial. Supportive care trials and non-interventional trials, e.g. quality of life (QOL) trials are allowed..
  -  Herbal medications or supplements are not allowed.
  -  Female patients must be surgically sterile or be postmenopausal as per the investigator's discretion, or must agree to use effective contraception during the period of therapy. All female patients with reproductive potential must have a negative pregnancy test (serum or urine) prior to registration. Male patients must be surgically sterile or must agree to use effective contraception during the period of therapy.
  -  Must not have malabsorption syndrome, any disease significantly affecting gastrointestinal function, or resection of the stomach or small bowel, or unable to swallow oral medication.
  -  No history of allergic reactions to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to lapatinib.
  -  Use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers is prohibited on study.

Relevance to patient case: not relevant