Patient case: 73-year-old male with melanoma; genetic feature: tumor cells negative for PD-L1 expression

Clinical trial: Dose-seeking and Efficacy Study of Pembrolizumab Plus Vemurafenib Advanced Melanoma

Summary: The study plans to treat patients with pembrolizumab and thus blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 axis would render tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor parenchyma more functional as a consequence of BRAF inhibition, such that T cell activation by BRAFi would not be dampened by the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. This combination would reverse dysfunction among T cells in the tumor parenchyma, maximizing T cell mediated immune anti-tumor efficacy. Progression free survival (PFS) with pembrolizumab in KEYNOTE-001 was 57% at 6 months, and 46.4% in the more recently reported phase III trial. PFS with vemurafenib treatment in BRIM-3 was ~50% at 6 months. Combined treatment with pembrolizumab and vemurafenib for BRAF mutant melanoma is hypothesized to be safe and to improve the PFS compared to these recent historical controls. Because this combination has not yet been tested, and because the primary objective is to assess safety, the investigators are staging accrual in the first phase of the trial. The study aims to accrue up to 50 patients to the mTPI design of this study with the expectation that there will be at least 30 patients treated at RP2D. In case there are less than 30 patients on the RP2D, additional patients will be accrued. Patients will continue to receive treatment with pembrolizumab and vemurafenib until disease progression or toxicity. Patients with treatment response and no dose limiting toxicity may receive treatment with pembrolizumab for up to 24 months.

Detailed description: Pembrolizumab will be given at a dose of 200 mg q3 weeks (this is the standard dosage, ), and vemurafenib will be given at 480 mg twice daily, 720 mg twice daily, or 960 mg twice daily. Treatment with pembrolizumab and vemurafenib will commence on the same day. One cycle of treatment will be defined as one dose of pembrolizumab and 3 weeks of vemurafenib.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  1. Provide written informed consent obtained prior to the initiation of study procedures.
  2. Male and female subjects who are at least 18 years of age.
  3. Histologically confirmed unresectable stage III or stage IV melanoma (AJCC 7th edition classification). Cutaneous melanoma and mucosal melanoma will be eligible.
  4. Only patients with BRAF V600E or V600K mutated tumors will be enrolled.
  5. Baseline skin exam is required for all patients. Note: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) lesions identified at baseline must be excised.
  6. Measurable disease as defined by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST v1.1). Baseline measurements must be obtained within 4 weeks prior to registration.
  7. Adequate hematologic, renal, and liver function as evidenced by the following (within 4 weeks prior to starting the study drugs):
  -  WBC ≥ 3,000/mm3
  -  ANC ≥ 1500
  -  Hemoglobin ≥ 9g/dL (women) or ≥ 11g/dL (men) Platelets ≥ 100,000/mm3 Serum Creatinine ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)
  -  Serum Bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN
  -  Serum AST and ALT ≤ 2.5 x ULN
  Note: (supportive transfusions will be allowed during screening and during treatment as deemed necessary by the treating physician)
  8. EKG documenting QTc interval < 480 msec and no clinically significant arrhythmia
  9. Fully recovered from any effects of major surgery, and be free of significant infection.
  10. ECOG performance status of 0 or 1.
  11. Patients must be free of active brain metastases by contrast-enhanced CT/MRI scans within 4 weeks prior to starting the study drugs. If known to have prior brain metastases, must not have evidence of active (enlarging and/or symptomatic lesions) brain disease on MRI evaluations within 4 weeks apart (one of which is at least 4 weeks from SRS or WBRT treatment.
  12. Female patients of child bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test within 7 days from the time of registration .
  13. Female subject of childbearing potential should have a negative urine or serum pregnancy within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required.
  14. Female subjects of childbearing potential should be willing to use 2 methods of birth control or be surgically sterile, or abstain from heterosexual activity for the course of the study through 26 weeks after the last dose of study medication (Reference Section 5.7.2). Subjects of childbearing potential are those who have not been surgically sterilized or have not been free from menses for greater than 1 year.
  15. Male subjects should agree to use an adequate method of contraception starting with the first dose of study therapy through 26 weeks after the last dose of study therapy.
  Exclusion Criteria:
  1. Serious clinically significant illnesses, such as: cardiovascular disease (uncontrolled congestive heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac ischemia, myocardial infarction, and severe cardiac arrhythmia), bleeding disorders, symptomatic autoimmune diseases (such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis, uncontrolled hypo or hyperthyroidism), severe obstructive or restrictive pulmonary diseases, retinopathy, active systemic infections, and inflammatory bowel disorders.
  2. Known HIV or AIDS-related illness, or active HBV and HCV.
  3. Has a known history of active TB (Bacillus Tuberculosis)
  4. History of grade 4 immune-related adverse events requiring treatment with prednisone, or grade 3 immune-related adverse events requiring prednisone >10 mg/kg for >12 weeks, if previously treated with ipilimumab.
  5. Patients with brain metastases will be excluded if metastases have been symptomatic or actively treated within 4 weeks prior to enrollment.
  6. Prior therapy with a BRAF and/or MEK and/or ERK inhibitors.
  7. Refractory nausea, vomiting, small bowel resection or any other gastrointestinal ailment that would preclude study drug absorption.
  8. Cardiac abnormalities
  -  Mean QTc interval ≥ 480 msec at screening.
  -  ACS/AMI -within 24 weeks prior to screening.
  -  PCI/PTCA -within 24 weeks prior to screening.
  -  Symptomatic heart failure - NYHA Class ≥ II symptoms.
  9. Active infection within one-week prior to study, including unexplained fever
  10. Systemic steroid or other immunosuppressive therapy within 4 weeks of starting the study.
  11. Lactating females and/or pregnant females.
  12. Any significant psychiatric disease, medical or other condition, which in the opinion of the principal investigator could prevent adequate informed consent or compromise participation in the clinical trial.

Relevance to patient case: definitely relevant