Patient case: 4-year-old female with leukemia; genetic feature: ABL1

Clinical trial: Dasatinib and Osimertinib (AZD9291) in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With EGFR Mutations

Summary: This is a study for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with changes to their cancer cells called EGFR mutations. Mutated EGFR is important in the growth of cancer cells. Medical studies have shown that patients with EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer gain more benefit from targeted therapy drugs such as EGFR inhibitors than with standard chemotherapy. However, a significant proportion of patients carrying these sensitizing mutations do not respond well to the first-generation EGFR-TKIs (erlotinib and gefitinib), indicating the existence of intrinsic resistance mechanisms. Moreover, despite initial response to EGFR-TKIs, acquired resistance is inevitable in all patients.
  The investigators have recently shown that Cripto-1 overexpression in EGFR mutant NSCLC contributes to the intrinsic resistance to EGFR-TKIs through activation of the SRC oncogene. They have also shown that a combination of an EGFR-TKI (both erlotinib and osimertinib) and a Src inhibitor are synergistic in Cripto-1 overexpressing tumors in the laboratory.
  This study will be testing a combination of two drugs, dasatinib and osimertinib, to overcome resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Osimertinib (AZD9291) is a third-generation EGFR-TKI, which selectively blocks the activity of EGFR mutants, but spares that of wild type. The advantage of using osimertinib is that it inhibits not only the sensitizing EGFR mutations, but also the T790M mutant, which is the most common mechanism of acquired resistance. Dasatinib is a potent, orally available ABL1/SRC TKI, approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in first-line and in patients with imatinib-resistant disease or intolerant, and is being actively studied in patients with advanced solid tumors.
  The first part of the study will involve finding the highest dose of dasatinib that can be given with osimertinib without causing severe side effects, finding out the side effects seen by giving dasatinib at different dose levels with osimertinib, and measuring the levels of dasatinib and osimertinib in blood at different dose levels. The second part will determine the effects of the combination of dasatinib and osimertinib and determine if the amount of Cripto-1 protein in your tumor or blood makes you more likely to have a good response to the combination of dasatinib and osimertinib.

Detailed description: The treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer is unsatisfactory. The median survival is approximately 12 months with standard chemotherapy. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are one of the most frequent genetic abnormalities observed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in adenocarcinoma subtype. The most predominant EGFR mutations are in-frame deletions in exon-19 and L858R missense mutation, and patients carrying these mutations are mostly sensitive to the EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, a significant proportion of patients carrying these sensitizing mutations do not respond well to the first generation EGFR-TKIs (erlotinib and gefitinib), indicating the existence of intrinsic resistance mechanisms. Moreover, despite initial response to EGFR-TKIs, acquired resistance is inevitable in all patients. Novel treatment strategies need to be developed to overcome resistance to EGFR-TKIs. The investigators have recently shown that Cripto-1 overexpression in EGFR mutant NSCLC contributes to the intrinsic resistance to EGFR-TKIs through SRC activation. They have also shown that a combination of an EGFR-TKI (both erlotinib and AZD9291) and a Src inhibitor are synergistic in vitro and in vivo in Cripto-1 overexpressing tumors. AZD9291 is a third-generation EGFR-TKI, which selectively blocks the activity of EGFR mutants but spares that of wild type. The advantage of using AZD9291 is that it inhibits not only the mutants of exon-19 deletion and L858R, but also the T790M mutant, which is the most common mechanism of acquired resistance. Dasatinib is a potent, orally available ABL1/SRC TKI, approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in first-line and in patients with imatinib-resistant disease or intolerant, and is being actively studied in patients with advanced solid tumors.
  This is an open-label, non-randomized, prospective phase I/II trial. The phase I portion will follow a standard 3+3 design for the phase I portion and one-sample group sequential multiple testing procedure for the phase II portion.

Eligibility: Inclusion Criteria:
  -  Patients must have cytologically or histologically confirmed advanced NSCLC. Patients with mixed histology containing a small cell lung cancer component are not eligible.
  -  Patients must have adequate archival material from a previous biopsy to determine EGFR mutation status and Cripto-1 expression, or undergo a biopsy of fresh tissue of the primary cancer or a metastatic site in order to make these determinations, if archival material is not available.
  -  Presence of sensitizing EGFR mutations (deletion in exon 19, L858R in exon 21, G719X, and L861Q). Patients with the T790M mutation will also be eligible.
  -  No prior treatment with an EGFR TKI for the advanced NSCLC.
  -  ECOG performance status of 0-2.
  -  Patients must have measurable disease by RECIST criteria, defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as >20 mm with conventional techniques or as >10 mm with spiral CT scan. See Section 7.1.2 for the evaluation of measurable disease.
  -  Prior systemic treatment is allowed, but toxicities of prior therapy must be resolved to grade 1 or less as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.03.
  -  Adequate organ and bone marrow function (hemoglobin > 9 g/dL; absolute neutrophil count > 1.5 x 109/L; platelet counts > 100 x 109/L; serum bilirubin < 2 x ULN; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) < 2.5 x ULN or < 5 x ULN if liver metastases; calculated creatinine clearance > 50 mL/min).
  -  No uncontrolled arrhythmia; no myocardial infarction in the last 6 months.
  -  Life expectancy of at least 12 weeks.
  -  Age > 18 years.
  -  Ability to understand and willingness to sign a written informed consent document.
  Exclusion Criteria:
  -  Patients who have had radiotherapy (except for palliative reasons), immunotherapy or chemotherapy during the previous 4 weeks (6 weeks for nitrosoureas or mitomycin) before treatment, or those who have ongoing toxic manifestations of previous treatments, with the exception of alopecia, of grade higher than 1.
  -  Major thoracic or abdominal surgery from which the patient has not sufficiently recovered yet.
  -  Untreated and uncontrolled second tumor in the past 2 years.
  -  Logistical or psychological hindrance to participation in clinical research.
  -  Patients with untreated symptomatic brain metastases may be eligible if symptoms do not require urgent surgery or radiation, and no steroids are necessary.
  -  Patients with evidence of interstitial lung disease (bilateral, diffuse, parenchymal lung disease).
  -  Pleural or pericardial effusions of any grade at study entry. Subjects previously diagnosed with pleural/pericardial effusion of any grade resolved at the time of study entry are allowed.
  -  Ability to become pregnant (or already pregnant or lactating). Women and men who want to participate have to agree to use two highly effective forms of contraceptive prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for 30 days following completion of therapy, to be eligible. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of HCG) within 24 hours prior to the start of study drug.
  -  At high medical risk because of non-malignant systemic disease including uncontrolled infection.
  -  Known to be serologically positive for hepatitis B, hepatitis C or HIV.
  -  Uncontrolled or significant cardiovascular disease, including any of the following:
  -  QTc interval > 480 msec (mean value and manually verified) at 3 or more time points within a 24 hour period if necessary.
  -  Diagnosed or expected congenital long QT syndrome.
  -  Concurrent congestive heart failure, prior history of class III/IV cardiac disease (New York Heart Association).
  -  Left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%
  -  Prior history of cardiac ischemia or cardiac arrhythmia within the last 6 months. Coronary angioplasty or stenting in the previous 12 months.
  -  Any history of second or third degree heart block (may be eligible if the subject currently has a pacemaker).
  -  Uncontrolled hypertension defined as inability to maintain blood pressure below the limit of 140/90 mmHg.
  -  Known pulmonary hypertension.
  -  History of significant bleeding disorder unrelated to CML, including:
  -  Diagnosed congenital bleeding disorders (e.g. von Willebrand's disease)
  -  Diagnosed acquired bleeding disorder within one year (e.g. acquired anti-factor VII antibodies)
  -  Any other medical condition that in the Investigator's opinion would not make the patient a good candidate for the study.

Relevance to patient case: not relevant