Patient case: 73-year-old male with melanoma; genetic feature: tumor cells negative for PD-L1 expression

Clinical trial: T Cell Receptor Immunotherapy for Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Summary: Background:
  The NCI Surgery Branch has developed an experimental therapy that involves taking white blood cells from patients' tumors, growing them in the laboratory in large numbers, and then giving the cells back to the patient. These cells are called Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes, or TIL and we have given this type of treatment to over 100 patients. In this study, we are selecting a specific subset of white blood cells from the tumor that we think are the most effective in fighting tumors and will use only these cells in making the tumor fighting cells.
  Objective:
  The purpose of this study is to see if these specifically selected tumor fighting cells can cause non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors to shrink and to see if this treatment is safe.
  Eligibility:
  - Adults age 18-70 with NSCLC who have a tumor that can be safely removed.
  Design:
  -  Work up stage: Patients will be seen as an outpatient at the NIH clinical Center and undergo a history and physical examination, scans, x-rays, lab tests, and other tests as needed
  -  Surgery: If the patients meet all of the requirements for the study they will undergo surgery to remove a tumor that can be used to grow the TIL product.
  -  Leukapheresis: Patients may undergo leukapheresis to obtain additional white blood cells. {Leukapheresis is a common procedure, which removes only the white blood cells from the patient.}
  -  Treatment: Once their cells have grown, the patients will be admitted to the hospital for the conditioning chemotherapy, the TIL cells and aldesleukin. They will stay in the hospital for about 4 weeks for the treatment.
  Follow up: Patients will return to the clinic for a physical exam, review of side effects, lab tests, and scans about every 1-3 months for the first year, and then every 6 months to 1 year as long as their tumors are shrinking. Follow up visits take up to 2 days.

Detailed description: Background:
  -  Patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have few approved therapeutic options and those that exist are of transient benefit.
  -  Recent clinical experiences with experimental agents that release checkpoints on the host immune response (such as anti-PD-1 and anti-PDL1 antibody) have induced tumor regressions in patients with NSCLC.
  -  Data from sequencing the genomes of human cancers have shown that, like malignant melanoma, NSCLC has a very high rate of tumor-specific genomic mutation.
  -  In metastatic melanoma, a tumor infiltrating lymphocyte cell therapy product (TIL) can mediate the regression of bulky disease at any site when administered to an autologous patient with high dose aldesleukin following a non-myeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy preparative regimen.
  -  Recent studies on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from melanoma have demonstrated that they can frequently recognize tumor-specific mutated proteins as foreign antigens and that is one hypothesis as to why melanoma is such an immunogenic tumor.
  -  We propose to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of growing and administering an autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte product (TIL) to patients with metastatic NSCLC.
  Objectives:
  Primary objective:
  -To determine the rate of tumor regression in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who receive an autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte product (TIL) plus aldesleukin following a lymphodepleting preparative regimen.
  Eligibility:
  -  Patients who are 18 years of age or older must have:
  -  Advanced NSCLC refractory to standard therapy
  -  A site of tumor that can be excised with minimal morbidity and mortality or that requires excision for clinical indications
  -  At least one remaining site of measurable disease
  -  Normal basic laboratory values.
  -  Patients may not have:
  -  Concurrent major medical illnesses that preclude aldesleukin administration or immunosuppression;
  -  Severe hepatic function impairment due to liver metastatic burden;
  -  Any form of immunodeficiency;
  -  Severe hypersensitivity to any of the agents used in this study;
  -  Symptomatic brain metastases or more than 3 CNS metastases
  Design:
  -  Patients will undergo biopsy or resection to obtain tumor for generation of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte cultures and autologous cancer cell lines.
  -  The TIL product will be generated according to current TIL-lab standard operating procedures, using interleukin-2 and OKT3 antibody.
  -  All patients will receive a non-myeloablative lymphocyte depleting preparative regimen of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine
  -  Cohort 1 will receive TIL on day 0 and then begin high-dose aldesleukin (720,000 IU/kg IV); cohort 2 will receive TIL on day 0 and then begin low-dose aldesleukin (72,000 IU/kg IV). Assignment to this cohort will be made if there are concomitant medical conditions that would preclude the use of high-dose aldesleukin
  -  Clinical and immunologic response will be evaluated about 4-6 weeks after TIL infusion.
  -  For both cohorts 1 and 2, using a Phase II design, 21 patients will be initially enrolled in each group to assess toxicity and tumor responses. If two or more of the first 21 patients per group shows a clinical response (PR or CR), accrual will continue to 41 patients, targeting a 20% goal for objective response. In order to allow for a small number of non evaluable patients, a total of 85 patients may be enrolled over 5 years.

Eligibility: -  INCLUSION CRITERIA:
  1. Measurable metastatic (stage IV) or unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (including but not limited to squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or adenocarcinomas) with at least one lesion that is resectable for TIL generation. (Note: neuroendocrine tumors are not eligible.)
  2. Patients with 3 or fewer brain metastases that are less than 1 cm in diameter and asymptomatic are eligible. Lesions that have been treated with stereotactic radiosurgery must be clinically stable for 1 month after treatment for the patient to be eligible. Patients with surgically resected brain metastases are eligible.
  3. Received at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and at least one FDA approved targeted treatment (when appropriate) and progressed.
  4. Clinical performance status of ECOG 0 or 1.
  5. Greater than or equal to 18 years of age and less than or equal to 70 years of age.
  6. Patients of both genders must be willing to practice birth control from the time of enrollment on this study and for four months after treatment.
  7. Willing to sign a durable power of attorney
  8. Able to understand and sign the Informed Consent Document
  I. Hematology:
  -  Absolute neutrophil count greater than 1000/mm3 without support of filgrastim
  -  Normal WBC (> 3000/mm3).
  -  Hemoglobin greater than 8.0 g/dl. Subjects may be transfused to reach this cut-off.
  -  Platelet count greater than 100,000/mm3
  j. Serology:
  -  Seronegative for HIV antibody. (The experimental treatment being evaluated in this protocol depends on an intact immune system. Patients who are HIV seropositive can have decreased immune competence and thus may be less responsive to the experimental treatment and more susceptible to its toxicities.)
  -  Seronegative for active hepatitis B, and seronegative for hepatitis C antibody. If hepatitis C antibody test is positive, then patient must be tested for the presence of antigen by RTPCR and be HCV RNA negative.
  k. Chemistry:
  -  Serum ALT/AST less than 2.5 times the upper limit of normal.
  -  Serum creatinine less than or equal to 1.6 mg/dl.
  -  Total bilirubin less than or equal to 2 mg/dl, except in patients with Gilbert s Syndrome, who must have a total bilirubin less than or equal to 3 mg/dl.
  l.Women of child-bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test because of the
  potentially dangerous effects of the treatment on the fetus.
  m. More than four weeks must have elapsed since any prior systemic therapy at the time the patient receives the preparative regimen, and patients toxicities must have recovered to a grade 1 or less. Patients may have undergone minor surgical procedures or local radiotherapy within the past 4 weeks.
  n. More than two weeks must have elapsed since any prior palliation for major bronchial occlusion or bleeding at the time the patient receives the preparative regimen, and patient s toxicities must have recovered to a grade 1 or less.
  EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
  1. Women of child-bearing potential who are pregnant or breastfeeding because of the potentially dangerous effects of the treatment on the fetus or infant.
  2. Ongoing need for pharmacological immunosuppression, including steroids
  3. Active systemic infections, coagulation disorders or other active or uncompensated major medical illnesses of the cardiovascular, respiratory or immune system.
  4. Major bronchial occlusion or bleeding not amenable to palliation.
  5. Any form of primary immunodeficiency (such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
  Disease and AIDS).
  6. Concurrent opportunistic infections (The experimental treatment being evaluated in this protocol depends on an intact immune system. Patients who have decreased immune competence may be less responsive to the experimental treatment and more susceptible to its toxicities.)
  7. History of severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction to any of the agents used in this study.
  8. Any patient known to have an LVEF less than or equal to 45%.
  9. Documented LVEF of less than or equal to 45% tested in patients with:
  -Clinically significant atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias including but not limited to:
  atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, second or third degree heart block
  -Age (Bullet) 60 years old
  10. Documented FEV1 of less than or equal to 50% predicted in patients with clinical
  symptomatology.
  11. Any of the following will exclude patients from the high-dose aldesleukin arm, but may be eligible for the low-dose aldesleukin arm:
  -  Greater than 2 invasive thoracic procedures
  -  Poor exercise tolerance
  -  Greater than 66 years of age
  12. Clinically significant patient history which in the judgment of the Principal Investigator would compromise the patient s ability to tolerate high-dose.

Relevance to patient case: not relevant