Clinical trial NCT00402727 (phase 3, status: completed)
Conditions: abscess, wound infection, diabetic foot, ulcer
ICD codes: J36, K61.0, K61.1, K61.2, K61.31, K61.4, K61.5, O86.00, O86.01, O86.02, O86.09, O86.03, Z86.31, K63.3, N48.5, H16.003, H16.013, H16.023, H16.043, H16.053
Drugs: moxifloxacin (avelox, bay12-8039), piperacillin/tazobactam & amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
SMILES: [H][C@]12CN(C[C@@]1([H])NCCC2)C1=C(F)C=C2C(=O)C(=CN(C3CC3)C2=C1OC)C(O)=O, [H][C@]12SC(C)(C)[C@@H](N1C(=O)[C@H]2NC(=O)[C@H](NC(=O)N1CCN(CC)C(=O)C1=O)C1=CC=CC=C1)C(O)=O
Eligibility criteria:

        Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Written informed consent

          -  Men or women of 18 years and above with a diagnosis of bacterial skin and skin
             structure infection that requires

               -  Hospitalization and

               -  Initial parenteral therapy for at least 48 hours and

               -  Meets at least one of the following criteria:

                    -  Involvement of deep soft tissue (e.g. fascial, muscle layers)

                    -  Requirement for a significant surgical intervention including surgical
                       drainage, drainage procedure guided by imaging and/or debridement

                    -  Association with a significant underlying disease that may complicate
                       response to treatment. An underlying disease is considered significant if it
                       includes any of the following conditions that are present at the time of
                       presentation: cancer (except basal- or squamous-cell cancer of the skin),
                       cardiac (i.e., congestive heart disease), diabetes mellitus, hepatic (i.e.,
                       cirrhosis or another form of chronic liver disease), immunologic, renal
                       disease, respiratory, transplantation or vascular disease

          -  Duration of infection < 21 days

          -  Diagnosis of one of the following skin and skin structure infections that requires
             hospitalization and initial parenteral antibiotic therapy for at least 48 hours:

               -  Major abscess(es) associated with extensive cellulitis, which requires antibiotic
                  therapy in addition to surgical incision and drainage

               -  Diabetic foot infection of mild to severe intensity (perfusion, extent/size,
                  depth/tissue loss, infection and sensation (PEDIS) grade 2-4) in the presence or
                  absence of osteomyelitis. Subjects with osteomyelitis may only be enrolled if the
                  infected bone is completely removed by surgery and if residual infection
                  requiring antibiotics is still present following surgery

               -  Wound infection including: post surgical (surgical incision), post-traumatic,
                  human bite/clenched fist and animal bite wound and wound associated with
                  injection drug abuse:

                    -  Infections must have occurred within 30 days of a surgical procedure,
                       trauma, animal bite, or human bite, and involve the skin and skin structures
                       at the site of the incision, trauma, or bite

                    -  In addition, post-surgical/trauma wound infections must meet the following
                       criteria:

                         -  Involvement of deep soft tissues (e.g. fascial and muscle layers) of
                            the incision/trauma

                         -  At least one of the following criteria:

                              -  Purulent drainage from the deep incision/trauma

                              -  Identification of an infecting organism from an aseptically
                                 obtained culture of fluid or tissue from incision/trauma

                         -  At least one of the following signs and symptoms:

                              -  Localized pain or tenderness

                              -  Fever (see below) AND the incision (in case of post-surgical wound
                                 infections) is deliberately opened by a surgeon, unless the
                                 culture is negative

                              -  Abscess or other evidence of infection involving the deep
                                 incision/trauma, found on direct examination, during
                                 reoperation/operation (in case of trauma), or by histologic or
                                 radiologic examination

                         -  Diagnosis of a deep incisional/post-trauma Skin Structure Infections
                            (SSI) by a surgeon or attending physician

                         -  Bite wounds/clenched fist infections and wounds associated with
                            injection drug abuse must meet the criteria defining a Complicated Skin
                            and Skin Structure Infections (cSSSI)

               -  Infected ischemic ulcers with at least one of the following conditions:

                    -  Peripheral vascular disease

                    -  Conditions pre-disposing to pressure sores such as paraplegia, peripheral
                       neuropathy

                    -  Presence of at least 3 of the following signs or symptoms:

                         -  Purulent drainage or discharge

                         -  Erythema extending > 1 cm from the wound edge

                         -  Fluctuance

                         -  Pain or tenderness to palpation

                         -  Swelling or induration

                         -  Fever, defined as body temperature

                              -  > 37.5°C (axillary)

                              -  > 38°C (orally)

                              -  > 38.5°C (tympanically) or

                              -  > 39°C (rectally)

                                   -  OR

                              -  Elevated total peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count >
                                 12,000/mm3 or

                              -  >15 % immature neutrophils (bands) regardless of total peripheral
                                 WBC count

                         -  C reactive protein (CRP) >20 mg/L

          -  Specimen obtained for culture from infected area by needle aspiration of obviously
             purulent material or by tissue biopsy or by curettage of the surface of ulcer within
             48 hours prior to the initiation of study drug therapy

          -  Duration of treatment of the skin/skin structure infection is anticipated to be at
             least 7 days.

          -  Surgical drainage or debridement of infected wounds or abscesses, if necessary, have
             to have been completed <= 48 hours after the initiation of study drug therapy

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Women, who are pregnant or lactating, or in whom pregnancy can not be excluded (Note:
             a urine pregnancy test has to be performed for all women of childbearing potential
             before randomization to the study drug)

          -  The following skin and skin structure infections:

               -  Necrotizing fasciitis including Fourniers gangrene, ecthyma gangrenosum,
                  streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis and clostridial necrotizing fasciitis

               -  Burn wound infections

               -  Secondary infections of a chronic skin disease (e.g. atopic dermatitis)

               -  Infection of prosthetic materials (e.g. subcutaneous tissue infection related to
                  a central venous catheter or permanent cardiac pacemaker battery pack). Subjects
                  with removal of a prosthetic device involved in an infection should not be
                  included

               -  Infections where a surgical procedure alone is definitive therapy

               -  Subjects with uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections including
                  folliculitis and furunculosis, carbunculosis, simple abscesses and superficial
                  cellulitis

          -  Known hypersensitivity to quinolones and/or any type of beta-lactam antibiotic drugs
             or any of the excipients

          -  Previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction associated with
             amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

          -  Severe, life threatening disease with a life expectancy of less than 2 months

          -  Immunosuppression including:

               -  Known neutropenia (neutrophil count < 1000/µL)

               -  Known lymphopenia with absolute CD4+ T cell count < 200/mm3

               -  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining event and/or concomitant
                  therapy with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

               -  Chronic treatment (>/= 2 weeks) with known immunosuppressant therapy (including
                  treatment with > 15 mg/day of systemic prednisone or equivalent)

               -  Any other congenital or acquired immune defect or immunosuppression

          -  Known severe hepatic insufficiency (Child Pugh C) or transaminases increase > 5 fold
             upper limit of normal (ULN)

          -  Known renal impairment with a baseline measured or calculated serum creatinine
             clearance < 40 mL/min

          -  Known prolongation of the QT interval or concomitant use of drugs reported to increase
             the QT interval (e.g. Class IA or Class III antiarrhythmics [eg., quinidine,
             procainamide, amiodarone, sotalol], neuroleptics [e.g. haloperidol], tricyclic
             antidepressive agents, certain antimicrobials [e.g. pentamidine, halofantrine],
             certain antihistaminics [e.g. terfenadine], and other [cisapride, vincamine IV,
             depridil, diphemanil])

          -  Uncorrected hypokalemia

          -  Clinically relevant bradycardia

          -  Clinically relevant heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
             (i.e., below 40%)

          -  Previous history of symptomatic arrhythmias

          -  Previous history of tendon disease/disorder with quinolones

          -  Known or suspected concomitant bacterial infection requiring additional systemic
             antibacterial treatment, e.g. underlying septic arthritis

          -  Requiring therapy with probenecid

          -  Treatment with a systemic or topical antibacterial agent for > 24 hours in the
             previous 7 days preceding study entry unless the subject showed no response or had
             worsening of clinical signs and symptoms despite 3 or more days of prior therapy and a
             culture obtained at the time of subject enrollment showed persistence of a pathogen
             which is susceptible to the study drugs. The prior antimicrobial therapy must not have
             been a fluoroquinolone or a beta lactam/beta lactamase combination

          -  Infection known to be due to a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA),
             Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Epidermidis (MRSE) or Vancomycin Resistant
             Enterococcus (VRE) as the single isolated pathogen

          -  Previous enrolment in this study

          -  Participation in any clinical investigational drug study within 4 weeks of screening

          -  Previous history of seizure disorders