TITLE: Efficacy and Safety of 5-Fluorouracil 0.5%/Salicylic Acid 10% in the Field-Directed Treatment of Actinic Keratosis: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Trial

  ABSTRACT.INTRODUCTION:
Due to the high prevalence of actinic keratosis (AK) and potential for lesions to become cancerous, clinical guidelines recommend that all are treated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% as field-directed treatment of AK lesions.

ABSTRACT.METHODS:
This multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study (NCT02289768) randomized adults, with a 25 cm2 area of skin on their face, bald scalp, or forehead covering 4–10 clinically confirmed AK lesions (grade I/II), 2:1 to treatment or vehicle applied topically once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with complete clinical clearance (CCC) of lesions in the treatment field 8 weeks after the end of treatment. Secondary endpoints included partial clearance (PC; ≥75% reduction) of lesions. Safety outcomes were assessed.

ABSTRACT.RESULTS:
Of 166 patients randomized, 111 received 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% and 55 received vehicle. At 8 weeks after the end of treatment, CCC was significantly higher with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% than with vehicle [49.5% vs. 18.2%, respectively; odds ratio (OR) 3.9 (95% CI) 1.7, 8.7; P = 0.0006]. Significantly more patients achieved PC of lesions with treatment than with vehicle [69.5% vs. 34.6%, respectively; OR 4.9 (95% CI 2.3, 10.5); P < 0.0001]. Treatment-emergent adverse events, predominantly related to application- and administration-site reactions, were more common with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% than with vehicle (99.1% vs. 83.6%).

ABSTRACT.CONCLUSIONS:
Compared with vehicle, field-directed treatment of AK lesions with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% was effective in terms of CCC. Safety outcomes were consistent with the known and predictable safety profile.

ABSTRACT.TRIAL REGISTRATION:
 NCT02289768.

ABSTRACT.FUNDING:
 Almirall S.A.

ABSTRACT.ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL:
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-016-0161-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BODY.INTRODUCTION:
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common skin condition characterized by dysplastic lesions of keratinocytes that have the potential to become malignant [1, 2]. Infiltrative transformation of AK grade III lesions to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was believed to occur via a classical pathway involving sequential progression from grade I through to grade III AK. However, recent findings indicate that invasive SCC can expand directly from a grade I AK lesion [3]. Owing to the high prevalence of AK, the risk of lesions becoming cancerous, and the inability to predict which lesions will progress to SCC, this justifies the treatment of all AK lesions regardless of grade [4, 5].  Current options for the topical treatment of AK lesions include diclofenac, hyaluronic acid, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), imiquimod, and ingenol mebutate [6–8]. Lesion- or field-directed therapy is indicated subject to the specific characteristics of the lesions to be treated (e.g., their number, localization, extent, and clinical course) and patient features (e.g., age, comorbidities, and other risk factors) [9, 10]. Historically, lesion-directed treatments have been the most common approach for treating a single lesion, whereas field-directed therapies, which aim to treat areas with multiple AK lesions of varying degrees of severity, including sub-clinical (non-visible) lesions [9], are now preferred if lesion and patient characteristics permit [11].  5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% (Actikerall®, Almirall S.A.) is indicated for the topical treatment of slightly palpable and/or moderately thick hyperkeratotic AK lesions (grade I/II according to Olsen et al. 1991 [12]) in immunocompetent adults, with an option to simultaneously treat multiple AK lesions, up to a maximum of 10 lesions in a total skin area of 25 cm2 [13]. However, only a maximum rim of 0.5 cm of healthy skin surrounding the lesions can come into contact with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%.  Here we report new efficacy and safety data from the first randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy and safety of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% when applied as field-directed treatment to a contiguous area of 25 cm2 in a field cancerization area on the face, bald scalp, or forehead of patients with 4–10 clinically confirmed AK lesions (grade I and II).

BODY.METHODS.STUDY DESIGN AND ETHICAL CONDUCT:
This phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02289768) was conducted at 14 sites in Germany and the UK. There were five treatment visits and a follow-up visit 8 weeks after the final treatment application, regardless of whether a patient had completed 12 weeks of treatment or prematurely discontinued from treatment (Fig. 1). Findings from a sub-study that examined the effect of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% on sub-clinical AK lesions using reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in a group of 30 patients will be published separately.Fig. 1Study design. *Once-daily topical administration. 5-FU 5-fluorouracil, V visit
  The study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2008, complied with International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines and local regulations and was approved by an independent ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from all patients in writing prior to inclusion in the study.

BODY.METHODS.PATIENTS:
Male and female (non-pregnant, non-lactating in the last 3 months) patients were enrolled in the study if they were aged 18–85 years and had 4–10 clinically confirmed AK lesions (grade I/II [12]) within a field cancerization area of 25 cm2 located on the face, bald scalp, or forehead. Patients had Fitzpatrick skin type I–IV, were in good health and were free of physical and mental conditions that could interfere with the examination or evaluation of the potential treatment area. During the study, patients had to refrain from sunbathing and avoid intense ultraviolet-light exposure/solarium. They also had to avoid the use of moisturizers and topical treatments with anti-aging products, ointments containing vitamins A, C, and/or E, and gels and green-tea preparations in the treatment area. Patients also had to be physically able (or have a supportive person) to apply the study preparations correctly and to follow the study procedure and restrictions.  Key exclusion criteria included patients who ≤3 months before screening had received treatment for AK within the treatment area or if they had dermatological diseases in the treatment area or surrounding area that could be exacerbated by study treatment or could interfere with the study assessments (e.g., psoriasis, eczema). Additionally, patients were excluded if they had received topical treatment with certain pharmacological and non-pharmacological products (e.g., retinoids, steroids, diclofenac or 5-FU preparations, curettage, photodynamic therapy, and chemical peel) in the treatment area 4–8 weeks (depending on the product) prior to randomization. Patients were also excluded if they had received systemic medication (varying between 4 and 12 weeks, depending on the medication), including: interferons; immunomodulators or immunosuppressive drugs; diclofenac or 5-FU preparations; and cytotoxic drugs. The use of phenytoin, methotrexate, or sulfonylurea was also not allowed.

BODY.METHODS.TREATMENT:
At visit 2, patients were randomized 2:1 in ascendant chronological order to receive topical 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% or colour/consistency/appearance-matched vehicle, which was self-administered once daily for 12 weeks using a brush enclosed in the cap of the medication container. This was a double-blind study so neither the patient nor the research personnel knew the treatment assigned to each patient.  Study medication was applied at the same time each day according to the instructions in the product patient leaflet, except that the area of application was a contiguous 25 cm2. The dose regimen could be decreased by the physician to three doses per week in the case of severe local skin reactions. Treated areas were left uncovered, and study medication was allowed to dry to enable a film to form over the area. Prior to daily re-application of the medication, the film coating was peeled off and the skin washed with water and a damp cloth. Patients were instructed to not apply medication to bleeding lesions.  The location of the treated area was chosen according to the ability of the patient to conveniently apply study medication on a daily basis. A plastic template was used to mark and later identify the same 25 cm2 treated area. The first and final treatment applications were performed at the study center by study staff.

BODY.METHODS.STUDY ASSESSMENTS AND ENDPOINTS:
The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with complete clinical clearance (CCC) of AK lesions in the treatment field at 8 weeks after the end of treatment. CCC of AK lesions at each treatment visit (i.e., after 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks of treatment) was measured as a secondary endpoint. Additional secondary endpoints reporting the effect of treatment on lesions included: partial clearance (PC; defined as ≥75% reduction in clinically visible AK lesions) at each treatment visit and 8 weeks after the end of treatment; proportional change from baseline in the total number of AK lesions at each treatment visit and 8 weeks after the end of treatment; the number of lesions by AK grade severity at baseline and 8 weeks after the end of treatment; and proportional change from baseline in the total number of lesions at each treatment visit and 8 weeks after the end of treatment.  A physician-reported outcome was global assessment of efficacy [Physician Global Assessment (PGA)] at each treatment visit and 8 weeks after the end of treatment. Patient-reported outcomes included patient satisfaction with treatment by recording individual domain scores (i.e., effectiveness, side effects, convenience, and overall satisfaction) of the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM, version 1.4) at 8 weeks after the end of treatment and quality-of-life assessment by recording the change from baseline in total and individual domain scores (i.e., daily activities, leisure, personal relationships, symptoms and feelings, treatment, work, and school) of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) after 12 weeks of treatment and at 8 weeks after the end of treatment. DLQI was calculated by summing the score of each question resulting in a maximum of 30 and a minimum of 0, and the higher the score, the more quality of life is impaired.  Adverse events (AEs) were collected from the time of informed consent to the follow-up visit; this was always performed 8 weeks post last treatment, regardless of whether the patient had completed the 12-week treatment period or had prematurely discontinued from the study. The reporting of AEs was elicited by asking patients non-leading questions and by collecting information regarding the AEs spontaneously reported by the patients to study staff.

BODY.METHODS.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
It was determined that a total of 146 patients (97 receiving active treatment, 49 receiving vehicle) was required to complete the study to provide 80% power to detect as "significant" a difference of 25% between 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% and vehicle in the proportion of patients with CCC, assuming a clearance rate in the active group of 50% and a clearance rate in the vehicle group of 25%. To allow for an estimated 10% dropout rate, approximately 162 patients (108 receiving treatment, 54 receiving vehicle) were to be randomized.  The primary endpoint (CCC) comparison of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% versus vehicle was analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test statistic adjusting for anatomical site (face/scalp) and baseline (number of AK lesions). The number and proportion of responders for each treatment group, odds ratio (OR), corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), and the two-sided P value associated with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test were calculated. The 95% CI for the proportion of patients with CCC was calculated using the exact binomial test.  The secondary endpoint of the proportion of patients with CCC of AK lesions in the treatment field at each treatment visit was analyzed in the same way as the primary efficacy variable. Other secondary endpoints and safety data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Missing efficacy data were handled using the last observation carried forward (LOCF). An analysis of covariance model with treatment arm and anatomical site as factors and baseline as covariate was used for the analysis of total and individual domain scores of the TSQI and DLQI. All secondary endpoints were analyzed using the intent-to-treat (ITT) population only.

BODY.RESULTS.PATIENTS:
This study was conducted between 17 October 2014 and 10 August 2015. Of the 175 patients screened, 166 were randomized. Of these, 111 patients received 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% (108 patients in the safety and ITT populations) and 55 patients received 
vehicle (Fig. 2).Fig. 2Patient disposition. a Includes 3 patients who were counted only as randomized; b overall, 12 patients prematurely discontinued treatment but completed follow-up: 5-FU/SA, n = 9; vehicle, n = 3. c All patients who discontinued follow-up also discontinued treatment: 5-FU/SA, n = 6; vehicle, n = 2. 5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%
  Baseline demographics were similar between the groups, with slightly more female patients in the active treatment arm (14.8%) versus vehicle (7.3%; Table 1). At baseline, 56.6% of lesions were classified as grade I and 43.4% were classified as grade II; similar ratios of grade I and grade II AK lesions were present in each treatment arm.Table 1Patient baseline demographics and clinical characteristics (safety population)5-FU/SA (N = 108)Vehicle (N = 55)Total (N = 163)Age, years (mean, SD)71.8 (7.3)72.8 (6.9)72.2 (7.1)Gender, male (%)85.292.787.7Race, Caucasian (%)100100100BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD)27.5 (3.8)27.2 (3.9)27.4 (3.8)Proportion of AK lesions by grade (Olsen et al. [12]) (%) Grade I56.157.656.6 Grade II43.942.443.4Skin type (Fitzpatrick) (%) Type I8.39.18.6 Type II78.783.680.4 Type III12.07.310.4 Type IV0.90.00.6Number of AK lesions (mean, SD)5.6 (1.4)5.6 (1.5)5.6 (1.4)Location of AK lesions (%) Bald scalp44.746.345.2 Face/forehead55.353.754.8
AK actinic keratosis, BMI body mass index, 5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, SD standard deviation


BODY.RESULTS.EFFICACY:
The percentage of patients with CCC 8 weeks after the end of treatment (primary endpoint) was significantly higher in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% arm compared with vehicle in both the ITT and per protocol (PP) populations [ITT LOCF: 49.5% vs. 18.2%; OR 3.9 (95% CI 1.7, 8.7) P = 0.0006 (Fig. 3a); PP LOCF: 55.1% vs. 19.6%; OR 5.1 (95% CI 2.1, 12.2) P = 0.0002]. During treatment, there were no significant differences between 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% and 
vehicle (Fig. 3b); however, it should be noted that it can be difficult to assess lesion counts during treatment because of irritation at the site of administration.Fig. 3Proportion of patients with complete clinical clearancea of AK lesions in the treatment field a at 8 weeks after the end of treatment (intent-to-treat population) and b during treatment (after 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks) and 8 weeks after the end of treatment (intent-to-treat population). *P = 0.0006. Analysis was performed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test, adjusting for anatomical site and baseline. The last observation carried forward was used for missing data; however, for 5-FU/SA, three patients had only baseline data available so it was not possible to replace the missing data. a Complete clinical clearance defined as all lesions cleared and lesion count of zero at each visit. 5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, AK actinic keratosis
  Eight weeks after the end of treatment, the proportion of patients who achieved PC of AK lesions was significantly greater in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% arm than in the vehicle arm [69.5% vs. 34.6%; OR 4.9 (95% CI 2.3, 10.5) P < 0.0001 (Fig. 4)]. The proportional reduction from baseline in the total number of AK lesions per patient was significantly greater with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% than with vehicle: 78.0% versus 46.9%, respectively; P < 0.0001 (Fig. 5). For both PC 
and reduction in lesion count, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups at each visit of the 12-week treatment period. At 8 weeks after the end of treatment, a higher proportion of AK lesions in the active treatment arm had transitioned from grade I/II to grade 0 compared with the 
vehicle arm (Fig. 6).Fig. 4Proportion of patients with partial clearancea of AK lesions in the treatment field during treatment (after 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks) and 8 weeks after the end of treatment (intent-to-treat population). *P < 0.0001. a Partial clearance defined as ≤75% reduction in the number of clinically visible AK lesions. 5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, AK actinic keratosis
Fig. 5Proportional change from baseline in the total number of AK lesions recorded during treatment (after 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks) and at 8 weeks after the end of treatment (intent-to-treat population). *P < 0.0001. 5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, AK actinic keratosis
Fig. 6Proportion of AK lesions by severity a(according to Olsen et al. [12]) at a baseline and b 8 weeks after the end of treatment (intent-to-treat population). a 5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, AK actinic keratosis
  Assessment of treatment efficacy according to PGA found that for 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, those with a PGA score of "good" or "very good" increased from 45.2% at week 2 to 90.2% at follow-up (Fig. 7). In contrast, this increased from 61.1% at week 2 to no more than 75.5% at follow-up for vehicle (P < 0.0001).Fig. 7Global assessment of efficacy by physician at each treatment visit (after 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks) and 8 weeks after the end of treatment (intent-to-treat population). *P < 0.0001 (5-FU/SA vs. vehicle). 5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%
  At 8 weeks after the end of treatment, 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% was associated with significant improvements in overall treatment satisfaction and effectiveness domain mean scores in the TSQM compared with vehicle [69.2 vs. 56.1 (P = 0.0019); 70.8 vs. 59.2 (P = 0.0064), respectively]. No statistically significant differences were observed between the study arms for the TSQM convenience (70.7 and 71.2, respectively) and side effect (92.4 and 96.4, respectively) domain scores.  The clinical impact of AK lesions on the DLQI individual domains at baseline was low, with symptoms and feelings being the most affected. As shown in Table 2, improvement in DLQI total score was statistically greater for vehicle versus 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% during the treatment phase; this was attributed to local skin reactions associated with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%. However, the improvement in DLQI total score switched in favor of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% 8 weeks after the end of treatment, although this was not statistically significant (P = 0.0725; Table 2; Supplementary Fig. S1).Table 2LS mean change from baseline in DLQI questionnaire scores at week 12 and 8 weeks after end of treatment5-FU/SA (N = 108)Vehicle (N = 55)
P valueDLQI total score Week 120.53−0.3270.0052 8 Weeks post-treatment−0.667−0.1330.0725Daily activities Week 120.117−0.0410.0564 8 Weeks post-treatment−0.0490.1670.0294Leisure Week 120.105−0.0610.109 8 Weeks post-treatment−0.036−0.0050.6595Personal relationships Week 120.008−0.0830.1108 8 Weeks post-treatment−0.0760.0050.0934Symptoms and feelings Week 120.194−0.2480.0084 8 Weeks post-treatment−0.488−0.3390.3209Treatment Week 120.0890.1660.2729 8 Weeks post-treatment0.001−0.0070.8854Work and school Week 120.001−0.020.4985 8 Weeks post-treatment−0.0320.070.0371Analysis was based on an ANCOVA model in the change from baseline in total score and individual domains of the DLQI questionnaire adjusted by the correspondent baseline as covariate and treatment group and anatomical site as factors. The DLQI is calculated by summing the score of each question, resulting in a maximum of 30 and a minimum of 0. The higher the score, the more quality of life is impaired. In the 5-FU/SA group, for all scores n = 91–92 at week 12 and n = 100–101 at 8 weeks post treatment; in the vehicle group n = 50–51 at week 12 and n = 53–54 at 8 weeks post-treatment
5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, ANCOVA analysis of covariance, DLQI Dermatology Life Quality Index, LS least squares


BODY.RESULTS.SAFETY:
The incidence of treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) was slightly higher in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% study arm compared with vehicle (99.1% vs. 83.6%, respectively) (Table 3). This was predominantly a consequence of application- and administration-site reactions, occurring in 99.1% and 76.4% of respective patients in the active treatment and vehicle arms; the majority of these were of mild or moderate intensity. Nine (5.4%) patients had 11 treatment-emergent serious AEs (TESAEs): in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% arm, 6 (5.6%) patients had a total of 8 TESAEs, and, in the vehicle arm, 3 (5.5%) patients had a total of 3 TESAEs.Table 3Incidence of TEAEs according to preferred term (safety population)TEAE, n (%)a
5-FU/SA (N = 108)Vehicle (N = 55)Total (N = 163)Application site Erythema96 (88.9)29 (52.7)125 (76.7) Pain75 (69.4)23 (41.8)98 (60.1) Irritation64 (59.3)15 (27.3)79 (48.5) Inflammation60 (55.6)15 (27.3)75 (46.0) Scab63 (58.3)12 (21.8)75 (46.0) Erosion46 (42.6)6 (10.9)52 (31.9) Pruritus36 (33.3)16 (29.1)52 (31.9) Dermatitis34 (31.5)3 (5.5)37 (22.7) Bleeding26 (24.1)3 (5.5)29 (17.8) Edema17 (15.7)0 (0.0)17 (10.4) Ulcer3 (2.8)0 (0.0)3 (1.8)Application-site exfoliationb
6 (5.6)3 (5.5)9 (5.5)Nasopharyngitisc,d
12 (11.1)2 (3.6)14 (8.6)Nasopharyngitisc,e
4 (3.7)1 (1.8)5 (3.1)Headache4 (3.7)2 (3.6)6 (3.7)Includes predefined local skin reactions (application-site TEAEs) that were anticipated from the known safety profile of 5-FU/SA
5-FU/SA 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%, TEAE treatment-emergent adverse event
aAll events occurred ≤30 days after the final treatment application
bLocal skin reaction
cNasopharyngitis identified from different system organ class high-level term
dUpper respiratory tract infection
eUpper respiratory tract infection, not elsewhere classified
  Treatment was discontinued as a result of a TEAE in two (1.9%) patients in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% study arm; no patients in the vehicle arm discontinued treatment because of TEAEs. One discontinuation was because of application-site bleeding, which was deemed to be related to treatment, and one discontinuation was because of bladder neoplasm, which was not deemed to be treatment related. There were no deaths during the study.

BODY.DISCUSSION:
Field-directed treatment of AK may offer the most effective means of eliminating both clinical and subclinical lesions, thereby preventing progression to invasive SCC [14]. Our study, the first randomized controlled trial of field-directed therapy with 5-FU/SA, showed that field-directed treatment of AK lesions with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% applied once daily via topical administration for 12 weeks was associated with significantly higher rates of CCC at 8 weeks after the end of treatment compared with vehicle. PC of AK lesions and the proportional reduction from baseline in total number of AK lesions followed similar trends. In addition, at 8 weeks after the end of treatment, the severity of AK lesions was reduced to a greater extent with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% than with vehicle.  The efficacy of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% applied as lesion-directed therapy for a maximum of 12 weeks with 8-week follow-up was explored previously in a phase III study in which it was used for the treatment of patients with AK lesions of similar grade and location to those in the present study [15]. In the previous study, histological clearance at 8 weeks, the primary study objective, was achieved in 72.0% of patients, a significantly higher rate than that achieved following treatment with diclofenac 3% in hyaluronic acid (59.1%; P < 0.01) and vehicle (44.8%; P < 0.0001). Low-dose 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% was also superior to diclofenac 3% in hyaluronic acid and vehicle in terms of CCC (55.4% vs. 32.0% and 15.1% for diclofenac 3% in hyaluronic acid and vehicle, respectively; P < 0.001 for both comparisons). In a 12-month follow-up study [16], the percentage of sustained clearance of AK lesions was higher for 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% (85.8%) versus diclofenac 3% in hyaluronic acid (81.0%; P = 0.02) and vehicle (79.8%; P = 0.04).  A recent review of topical treatments for AK lesions suggested that 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% was associated with a higher incidence of CCC than imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% and ingenol mebutate [17]. It should be noted that the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% treatment group also included patients with hyperkeratotic lesions, which are more severe and have a potentially higher rate of malignant transformation [18, 19]; these were not included in the imiquimod and ingenol mebutate studies [17]. Longer-term clinical trials need to be carried out to validate these findings.  At the end of the active treatment period, lesion counts were similar between 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% and vehicle arms, a finding that may be attributable to ongoing difficulties in lesion assessment caused by irritation at the site of administration of both 5-FU/SA and vehicle. However, it is also possible that vehicle itself may have had a mild therapeutic effect mediated via an unknown mechanism; DMSO has a known irritant effect [13] and may thus activate the skin's defense mechanisms [15]. Eight weeks following the end of treatment, 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% was associated with a significant 78% decrease in the number of AK lesions. This is comparable to the corresponding decrease in lesion count of approximately 70% observed in a non-interventional study of 1051 patients [20]. It should be borne in mind that 48.6% (498/1025) of patients in the study by Szeimies and colleagues received 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% treatment for less than 6 weeks, which may account for the slight difference in lesion count reduction.  Given that treatment with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% was associated with a greater number of lesions transitioning from grade I/II to grade 0 than with vehicle, this suggests that active treatment affects the histopathology of the AK lesions. Two small (case series) studies using RCM recently determined that field-directed 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% for up to 6 weeks of treatment was effective not only for investigating the transitioning of clinically visible lesions from a higher to lower grade, but also for clearing sub-clinical lesions after field-directed treatment [21, 22]. The results from the RCM sub-study in a group of 30 patients from the current study will be published separately.  At 8 weeks after the end of treatment, PGA of treatment efficacy was rated as "very good" or "good" in 90.2% of patients receiving 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%. This was similar to the 89% reported in the non-interventional study by Szeimies and colleagues [20]. Overall treatment satisfaction, as measured using the TSQM questionnaire, was greater among patients in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% arm than in the vehicle arm (P = 0.0019), as was satisfaction in relation to treatment effectiveness (P = 0.0064). In the 12-month follow-up study by Stockfleth et al., it was reported that 93.2% of patients receiving 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% assessed treatment efficacy as "very good" or "good" compared with 81.6% in the diclofenac 3% in hyaluronic acid group and 66.7% in the vehicle group [16]. Although improvement in DLQI total score was statistically higher for vehicle versus 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% during the treatment phase, this switched in favor of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% 8 weeks after the end of treatment and was attributed to local skin reactions associated with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%.  Safety data in our study were consistent with the known and predictable tolerability profile of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% [15, 16]. As with other topical treatments for AK [23, 24], 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% caused administration-site reactions, such as erythema, inflammation, and scabbing, prior to demonstrating clear evidence of efficacy. Based on our clinical experience and with the vast majority of topical treatments for AK, local adverse effects are expected and proportionally correlate with treatment duration and efficacy. For some patients who withdrew from treatment, administration-site local skins reactions were mentioned but not cited as the main reason for drug withdrawal; six patients (5.6%) in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% group and two patients (3.6%) in the vehicle group. The number of patients for whom the investigator considered that administration-site local skin reactions justified treatment discontinuation was low (5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% arm: n = 1; vehicle arm: n = 0). Conservatively taking these numbers into account, treatment discontinuation rates due to safety/tolerability issues were low in this study.  One potential limitation of our study was the higher incidence of local skin reactions in the 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% arm, which may have compromised the blinding of the study. However, the incidence of local skin reactions in the vehicle group, which are similar to those reported previously in a pivotal clinical trial using a lesion-directed approach [15] and may have been linked to the irritant effects of dimethyl sulfoxide that are part of the known safety profile of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% [13], minimized the unblinding risk. Also, during the 8-week period after the end of treatment, patients were expected not to use further treatments for AK lesions, which may have proven difficult for some patients. However, the specification that patients had grade I/II lesions, rather than more severe AK, may have helped avoid the situation where additional treatment was required. While it is clearly important to evaluate clinical endpoints, selecting endpoints that only included clinical evaluation of lesions could be regarded as a potential limitation of the study. Good correlation between routine histology and the results of RCM, a novel non-invasive imaging technique that allows the in vivo evaluation of skin at near-histological resolution, has been reported previously [25]. Results from the RCM sub-study in a group of 30 patients from the current study will be published separately.  A strength of the present study was the inclusion of patients with hyperkeratotic lesions, which enables demonstration of the efficacy of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% against these more clinically severe lesions. In addition, the findings from this first randomized study with field-directed therapy with 5-FU/SA are robust, with consistency across all reported variables, both objectively measured and patient-reported.

BODY.CONCLUSION:
In this randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, once-daily topical treatment with field-directed 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% applied over a 12-week period was an effective treatment for grade I and II AK lesions. Furthermore, treatment was well accepted by both physicians and patients in terms of overall treatment satisfaction and clinical outcomes. In addition, safety outcomes were consistent with the known and predictable safety profile of 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10%.

BODY.ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL:
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Question: Compared to vehicle what was the result of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% on Treatment-emergent adverse events?
Evidence: The proportional reduction from baseline in the total number of AK lesions per patient was significantly greater with 5-FU 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% than with vehicle: 78.0% versus 46.9%, respectively; P < 0.0001 (Fig. 5).
Answer: significantly increased