TITLE: A randomized 

  ABSTRACT.ABSTRACT.BACKGROUND:
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a potential efficacious and safe treatment option for patients with respiratory, IgE‐mediated allergic diseases. A combined tolerability, dose‐finding study with a sublingual liquid birch pollen preparation (SB) was conducted.

ABSTRACT.ABSTRACT.METHODS:
Two hundred and sixty‐nine adults with birch‐pollen‐induced AR were randomized to placebo, SB: 3333, 10 000, 20 000 or 40 000 AUN/ml. Differences in symptom scores following a titrated nasal provocation test (TNPT) at baseline and after 5 months of treatment were determined. Safety, tolerability, birch‐pollen‐specific immunoglobulin levels and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) were also measured (all measures determined outside the birch pollen season).

ABSTRACT.ABSTRACT.RESULTS:
In all treatment groups, an improvement in symptom scores after treatment compared to baseline was observed, with an additional stepwise improvement in the active groups compared to placebo, which was significant in high‐dose groups (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively). For this primary endpoint, a significant linear dose–response curve was observed: the higher the dose, the better the improvement observed. Likewise, active treatment resulted in an increase in PNIF and serum IgG levels compared to placebo. The highest improvements were found in the 40 000 AUN/ml group. All active dosages resulted in more adverse reactions than placebo, which were mainly mild and well‐controlled.

ABSTRACT.ABSTRACT.CONCLUSIONS:
A multicentre trial evaluated the dose–response and tolerability of SB. All active treatment groups showed better responses than placebo for both primary and secondary parameters. The results indicate that, within the studied dose range, SB 40 000 AUN/ml is the most optimal effective and safe dose (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01639768).

BODY:
Allergic rhinitis (AR) may significantly impair social life, school performance, work productivity and sleep in both adult and paediatric populations 1. Moreover, if left untreated, AR is considered to be one of the major risk factors for the development of asthma 2, 3. Treatment of AR may involve allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy and allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Although generally effective and without clinically relevant side effects, pharmacotherapeutic drugs are intended for symptomatic treatment only. In contrast, AIT has the advantage of disease‐modifying properties 1, 4, 5.  The efficacy of SLIT in AR induced by various allergens has been confirmed in various studies, and a dose–effect relationship has been demonstrated 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Birch‐pollen‐induced allergic rhinitis is one of the most common inhalant allergies. It represents a considerable burden on public health and is associated with impaired quality of life and productivity, and comorbidities, including asthma 1, 12, 13. It affects between 10 and 20% of the northern and central European population 14. Well‐designed dose‐ranging studies investigating SLIT‐birch pollen products are lacking 15.  The product investigated here is a sublingual liquid birch pollen preparation (SB). In a previous clinical study, SB at a dose of 10 000 AUN/ml was shown to be noninferior to a similar SLIT product by means of reduction in allergy symptoms assessed by a TNPT and an increase in serum‐specific IgG4 levels to the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1 16.  On the basis of these results, the current study was performed. This safety/tolerability and dose range finding phase II study with four different concentrations of SB: 3333, 10 000, 20 000 and 40 000 AUN/ml, aimed to determine the optimal dose in SLIT treatment.

BODY.MATERIALS AND METHODS.SUBJECTS:
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, phase II study was conducted in 21 study centres in Poland, Czech Republic and Germany between July 2012 and April 2013 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01639768). The study population consisted of 269 adult patients (134 females; 135 males; aged 18–60) with birch‐pollen‐induced allergic rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis with or without concomitant mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. Sensitization was confirmed by skin prick test (wheal diameter ≥3 mm), serum‐specific IgE (>0.7 kU/l) and a positive TNPT with a birch pollen extract containing a concentration of 100, 1000 or 10 000 AU/ml.  Main exclusion criteria were AIT within the past 5 years, completed or ongoing anti‐IgE therapy, pregnancy, chronic or malignant diseases, drug or alcohol abuse and psychiatric disorders. In addition, patients were excluded if they were symptomatic upon house dust mite exposure, symptomatic upon animal exposure and regularly exposed to animals or symptomatic upon pollen exposure with an expected pollen season during the study (e.g. patients with grass pollen allergy were not included during the grass pollen season).  Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study protocol was approved by the relevant ethics committees and competent authorities and was conducted according to the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki.

BODY.MATERIALS AND METHODS.STUDY DESIGN:
The study was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre, 5‐arm study including a staggered start for the 2 highest dose concentrations. Patients were randomized (computer‐generated randomization list) to receive SB: 3333, 10 000, 20 000 and 40 000 AUN/ml or placebo. The group receiving 40 000 AUN/ml was randomized after an independent safety committee had decided on the safety of the 20 000 AUN/ml. The study consisted of a screening period, a treatment phase and an end of study visit (Fig. 1). Screening and baseline TNPT were performed between 02 July 2012 and 31 October 2012, and end of study TNPT was performed from 20 November 2012 until 28 March 2013. As a result, all outcome measures were determined outside the birch pollen season.  Figure 1Study design; SPT = skin prick test; TNPT = titrated nasal provocation test; PNIF = peak nasal inspiratory flow; ECG = electrocardiogram; Safety lab = haematology, clinical chemistry laboratory tests and urinalysis for safety assessment. Screening and randomization were performed during the first 4 months of the study, and patients started treatment directly after randomization.

BODY.MATERIALS AND METHODS.ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY (AIT):
SB is a liquid preparation for sublingual administration containing allergens extracted from birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen. Study medication consisted of four active dosages (3333, 10 000, 20 000 and 40 000 AUN/ml) of SB and a matching placebo. In vitro studies showed that the maintenance dose of 10 000 AUN/ml SB contains a high dose of the major allergen Bet v 1 (46.7 μg) (17 reviewed in 18).  Study medication had to be taken sublingually once daily, starting with one drop and adding one drop each consecutive day until the maintenance dose of 5 drops per day was reached. The treatment was continued with a daily dose of 5 drops for approximately 5 months. Patients recorded study medication use, adverse events and concomitant medication use in a daily diary during the entire trial period.

BODY.MATERIALS AND METHODS.EFFICACY, SAFETY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS:
The primary endpoint was defined as the absolute difference in mean symptom score following TNPT between baseline and 5 months of treatment. Patients received incremental dosages of birch pollen extract (100, 1000 and 10 000 AU/ml; HAL Allergy B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands) in the nose at baseline to determine the upper airways response and the threshold dose to birch pollen. The upper airways response to intranasal birch pollen extract was quantified using a modified composite symptom score according to Lebel 19 at baseline (prediluent), and 15 min after each administration. Symptoms were recorded using the following scoring system: sneezes ≤2 = 0 point, sneezes 3–4 = 1 point, sneezes ≥5 = 3 points; anterior rhinorrhoea = 1 point, posterior rhinorrhoea = 1 point; difficulty in nasal breathing = 1 point, unilateral blocked nose = 2 points, bilateral blocked nose = 3 points; nasal itching = 1 point, pruritus in palate or ear = 1 point, conjunctivitis = 1 point (total score range: 0–11 points). The prediluent total score was not allowed to be ≥3. The TNPT was considered positive once a total score ≥6 was reached. The mean total symptom score was calculated from the responses to the incremental allergen dosages in the TNPT, that is total score of applied allergen dosages divided by the number of allergen dosages. At the end of study visit, the TNPT was repeated with the same incremental allergen dosages as used at the baseline visit. During the TNPT, nasal flow was measured by assessing the PNIF by means of forcefully inhaling through the nose, 3 readings were obtained, and the highest value was recorded (In‐Check Nasal Portable Inspiratory Flow Meter, Clement Clarke Int.).  Furthermore, changes in birch‐pollen‐specific immunoglobulin E and G levels were determined. Blood samples for the determination of specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 were taken at baseline (before start of treatment) and at the end of the study. Birch‐pollen‐ and Bet v 1‐specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 antibodies were determined by ImmunoCAP® (Thermo Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden). Sera were analysed according to the specifications of the manufacturer at the Department of Experimental Immunology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Study medication intake and adverse events were recorded in a daily diary during the entire study period for the determination of compliance and safety. Classification of AEs was performed according to the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) grading system 20 and according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) dictionary 15.1, and moreover, local reactions were classified as follows: mild: easily tolerated, no medical intervention/therapy required; moderate: some discomfort, no or minimal medical intervention/therapy required; and severe: incapacitating, medical intervention/therapy required, hospitalization possible.

BODY.MATERIALS AND METHODS.SAMPLE SIZE AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
The statistical sample size estimation was based on the analysis of covariance (ancova) of the primary endpoint. A decrease in mean symptom score of 10% in the placebo group up to a 55% decrease in the 40 000 AUN/ml group after 5 months of treatment was expected, with a higher standard deviation of the symptom score (1.1) at the end of the study than at baseline (0.92). Assuming a power of 0.90, an alpha of 0.05 and two‐sided testing, 43 patients were needed in each of the five parallel groups (215 patients in total). With an expected dropout rate of 14% after randomization, we planned to randomize 50 patients to each of the four dose groups and the placebo group (250 patients in total). The dropout rate was lower than expected; therefore, the analysis was performed on 269 patients (Fig. 2).  Figure 2Patient disposition.  Statistical analysis was performed using version 9.1.3 of the SAS® statistical software package (SAS Inc, Cary, NC, USA). The primary efficacy analysis was performed on the full analysis set, that is all patients randomized, who received at least one dose of SB or placebo, for whom postbaseline data for at least one of the efficacy variables was available.  The primary endpoint was the absolute difference in mean symptom score in the TNPT between 5 months of treatment and baseline. We tested whether the differences in mean total symptom scores in the TNPT after treatment differed between SB dose groups and placebo (two‐sided testing) by means of ancova. The baseline total symptom score was used as a covariate. The presence of a linear dose–response relationship was also examined using the corresponding contrast. The optimal dose level was determined by step‐down pairwise comparisons between dose groups and placebo, starting with the highest dose group.  Analysis of all other parameters was performed in an explorative way using the appropriate parametric and nonparametric tests. Differences between the treatment groups as well as differences between pre‐ and post‐treatment values were analysed. A difference with a P‐level of < 0.05 two‐sided was regarded as significant.

BODY.RESULTS:
A total of 317 patients were screened, and 269 patients were randomized and allocated to one of the five treatment arms (Fig. 2). There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics, mean wheal diameter in the birch‐specific skin prick test (SPT), birch‐specific serum IgE levels and mean symptom score following TNPT and PNIF measurements at baseline (Table 1). The mean treatment duration was 20 weeks (± 4 weeks).   Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the full analysis set Placebo SB (AUN/ml) 3333 10 000 20 000 40 000 
 n 
 52 54 56 53 54 Age [years, mean (SD)] 36.4 (10.0) 36.5 (10.2) 34.9 (10.0) 35.8 (10.0) 36.2 (10.8) Range 20–58 19–59 18–58 19–58 19–57 Weight [kg, mean (SD)] 74.5 (14.3) 77.1 (16.3) 72.4 (14.5) 76.1 (17.7) 76.0 (16.9) Range 47–104 50–112 49–113 50–118 50–120 Height [cm, mean (SD)] 173.6 (10.6) 173.1 (10.2) 172.1 (9.8) 172.5 (8.3) 173.7 (9.5) Range 152–200 150–195 154–192 154–189 158–195 Gender M/F 28/24 27/27 27/29 25/28 28/26 SPT birch [mm, mean wheal size (SD)] 8.2 (2.9) 8.3 (2.8) 8.4 (3.3) 8.8 (4.0) 8.8 (3.1) Birch‐specific IgE [kU/l, mean (SD)] 30.9 ± 27.2 40.8 ± 40.5 32.5 ± 32.0 33.5 ± 34.5 34.6 ± 35.1 TNPT mean symptom score (SD) 6.08 (1.78) 5.75 (1.46) 6.01 (1.47) 5.79 (1.80) 6.22 (1.70) PNIF [l, mean (SD)] 83.7 (35.5) 85.8 (31.9) 93.7 (43.3) 91.3 (36.5) 98.3 (43.9) 
 n , number of patients in the full analysis set; SD, standard deviation; SPT, skin prick test; IgE, immunoglobulin E; TNPT, titrated nasal provocation test; PNIF, peak nasal inspiratory flow. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 

BODY.RESULTS.PRIMARY ENDPOINT:
Regarding the primary endpoint, in all treatment groups, a decrease in symptom scores after 5 months of treatment compared to the baseline measurement at screening was observed (32.6% in the placebo group up to 58.4% in the 40 000 AUN/ml group; Table 2).   Table 2 Symptom scores following TNPT after 5 months of treatment in the full analysis set Placebo SB (AUN/ml) 3333 10 000 20 000 40 000 Baseline symptom score (SD) 6.08 (1.78) 5.75 (1.46) 6.01 (1.47) 5.79 (1.80) 6.22 (1.70) EOS symptom score (SD) 4.10 (2.18) 3.63 (1.95) 3.56 (1.69) 3.03 (1.71) 2.59 (1.89) Mean change from baseline (SD) −1.98 (2.02) −2.12 (2.13) −2.44 (2.33) −2.76 (2.26) −3.63 (2.35) Adjusted least square mean −1.90 −2.29 −2.42 −2.90 −3.45 % decrease compared to baseline −32.6 −36.9 −40.8 −47.7 −58.4 
 P ‐value a 
 0.158 0.008 <0.001 EOS, end of study; SD, standard deviation. a 
 P ‐value was based on the analysis of covariance ( ancova ), using fixed‐sequence step‐down pairwise comparison to placebo. The efficacy of each dose was established by testing against placebo from the highest to the lowest dose (step‐down pairwise comparison). No further testing was conducted if a nonsignificant result was obtained in the sequence. A significant linear dose–response relationship was observed ( P  < 0.001). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd   The results showed that the dose–response was linear and statistically significant (P‐value <0.001). An additional dose‐depending stepwise improvement in the active treatment groups compared to placebo was observed (Fig. 3). The improvement compared to placebo was shown to be significant for the 20 000 AUN/ml (P = 0.008) and 40 000 AUN/ml (P < 0.001) groups, and no significance was demonstrated for the 10 000 AUN/ml group. Therefore, no further statistical testing was performed.  Figure 3Decrease in Lebel symptom score after 5 months of treatment compared to baseline in the full analysis set (least square mean change from baseline in Lebel symptom score ± standard error [SE]). *The change in symptom score compared to placebo was significant in both the 20 000 and 40 000 AUN/ml groups.

BODY.RESULTS.SECONDARY ENDPOINTS.PEAK NASAL INSPIRATORY FLOW (PNIF):
PNIF measurements, as a parameter of nasal patency, were performed following TNPT. Changes in PNIF between baseline and 5 months of treatment with different dosages of SB were compared to placebo. In all active treatment groups, an increase in PNIF compared to placebo was observed, in patients treated with SB 40 000 AUN/ml, the improvement was significant (Fig. 4).  Figure 4Increase in nasal flow (l/min) after 5 months of treatment compared to baseline in the full analysis set (least square mean change from baseline in PNIF ± SE). *The change in PNIF compared to placebo was significant in the 40 000 AUN/ml group.

BODY.RESULTS.SECONDARY ENDPOINTS.IMMUNOGENICITY:
Immunogenicity of different dosages of SB (compared to placebo) after 5 months of treatment was determined by birch‐pollen‐ and Bet v 1‐specific immunoglobulin levels (IgE, IgG, IgG4). A significant increase in birch‐pollen‐ and Bet v 1‐specific IgG after 5 months of treatment was observed for all treatment groups compared to placebo. However, for birch‐pollen‐ and Bet v 1‐specific IgG4, a significant increase compared to placebo was only observed in the 40 000 AUN/ml treatment group (Fig. 5). In all active treatment groups, an increase in birch‐pollen‐ and Bet v 1‐specific serum IgE levels was observed (data not shown).  Figure 5Increase in birch‐pollen‐ and Bet v 1‐specific IgG and IgG4 levels compared to placebo after 5 months of treatment in the full analysis set.

BODY.RESULTS.SECONDARY ENDPOINTS.ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT:
Treatment compliance was based on the number of days the treatment was taken (as recorded in the diary) combined with the total number of days on treatment. Compliance was 98.1% in the placebo group and ranged from 96.2 to 98.1% in the active treatment groups.

BODY.RESULTS.SECONDARY ENDPOINTS.SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY:
All 269 patients were included in the safety analysis. No clinically significant changes were observed in safety laboratory (haematology and blood chemistry) parameters, urinalysis, vital signs, physical examination and ECG. The frequency of drug‐related treatment‐emergent adverse events was higher in all active dose groups compared to placebo. The most common reported (occurring in >5% of patients) treatment‐emergent adverse events were oral and tongue pruritus, throat irritation, rhinitis, sneezing and ear pruritus. The majority of adverse reactions were of mild intensity and all patients fully recovered. During this study, 6 serious adverse events were reported by two patients (gastrointestinal symptoms (two events), weakness, loss of weight, myalgia, spontaneous ecchymoses) both in the placebo group. None of the events were assessed as related to the treatment. No grade III or IV systemic treatment‐emergent adverse events 20 or deaths occurred during the study.

BODY.DISCUSSION:
The current phase II study was conducted between July 2012 and April 2013. After initial screening of 317 patients, 269 adult subjects with birch‐pollen‐induced allergic rhinitis were randomized to placebo or to one of the four active treatments. As a titrated birch pollen nasal provocation test was used as primary outcome parameter in this dose‐range‐finding trial, all outcome measures were determined outside the birch pollen season to get accurate test results.  The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose–response of SB in a model of allergic rhinitis, using a surrogate clinical endpoint for dose‐range‐finding studies [TNPT 19, 21] which is in accordance with the current recommendations of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the 'Guideline on the Clinical Development of Products for Specific Immunotherapy for The Treatment of Allergic Diseases (CHMP/EWP/18504/2006)'
22 and with a recent position paper of the EAACI taskforce on 'dose–response relationship in allergen‐specific immunotherapy'
15.  According to the latter, adequately designed dose‐ranging studies for pure sublingual birch pollen extracts are lacking 15. To our knowledge, this is the first dose‐finding study, in line with the current recommendations and guidelines, with a sublingual birch pollen extract using a surrogate primary endpoint parameter 15, 22. The primary endpoint results show a clear and significant dose–response curve, that is a stepwise increase in efficacy in the active treatment groups compared to placebo. The increase in efficacy was 10% or even higher from the lowest to the highest active dose group. The most significant decrease in symptom scores was observed following treatment with 40 000 AUN/ml. The results of the secondary efficacy results support these observations. Active treatment resulted in a larger improvement in PNIF and serum IgG levels compared to placebo with the largest effects observed in the 40 000 AUN/ml treatment group. Selection of the 40 000 AUN/ml as the optimal dose is based on both clinical and immunological dose–response curves, and included analysis of symptom severity following allergen challenge as recommended by the EAACI taskforce 15.  Despite the short mean treatment period of 5 months before the 2nd TNPT, a decrease in symptom scores is observed in all active treatment groups. Calderon et al. have shown that prolongation of the preseasonal treatment period improves clinical efficacy 23. The effect observed in this study might therefore further improve after a longer treatment duration. Although no clear relationship exists between changes in immunoglobulin levels and clinical efficacy, the observed results on the IgG4 levels might suggest that the treatment duration in the present study was too short for the 10 000 and 20 000 AUN/ml treatment groups. In studies with a longer treatment period of AIT, larger improvements are observed 9, 24, 25. It is likely that the reduction in symptom score is clinically relevant and the treatment would result in a decrease in seasonal symptoms, at least for the 40 000 AUN/ml treatment group. Indirectly comparing data on perennial AR, the decrease in the Lebel symptom score observed in the current study appears to be in the same range as the decrease in symptom scores observed following treatment with nasal steroids and antihistamines, the mainstay pharmacotherapies for AR 1, 13, 26, 27, 28. However, this is only an indication as a comparison with mainstay pharmacotherapy would require a head‐to‐head comparison in a study whereby clinical efficacy and not surrogate outcome markers would be the primary outcome.  The unpredictability of pollen exposure during the season renders the performance of (dose ranging) AIT studies during the pollen season very difficult. The efficacy of pooled grass SLIT tablets was shown to be dependent on pollen exposure, and treatment effect could be influenced by the low pollen exposure 29. Therefore, another option would be to use an environmental challenge chamber; however, the availability of challenge chambers is limited and the TNPT is a viable alternative parameter 22, 30, 31.  In all active treatment groups, more local and systemic adverse reactions compared to placebo were observed. However, the adverse reactions were mainly mild and well‐controlled. The frequency and nature of the adverse reactions observed in this study are common for SLIT and are comparable to similar products 18, 32.  In a previous clinical trial, the 10 000 AUN/ml dose was shown to be noninferior to Staloral birch by means of reduction in allergy symptoms assessed by a TNPT and an increase in serum‐specific IgG4 levels to Bet v 1 16. Staloral birch is a registered product with demonstrated clinical efficacy during the birch pollen season 8. We had therefore expected to observe significant efficacy at the 10 000 AUN/ml dose level and higher with a plateau in the dose–response curve. This was not the case, and one of the limitations of the study is that no treatment with a dose higher than 40 000 AUN/ml was included. However, given the large decrease in symptom score compared to baseline and placebo, we think it is unlikely that a dose higher than 40 000 AUN/ml will result in a further reduction in the symptom score. On the other hand, a higher dose might result in a higher frequency and unacceptable intensity of adverse reactions.  In conclusion, the current study showed a distinctive dose–response relationship. Treatment with the 40 000 AUN/ml dose resulted in the largest decrease in symptom score. This result is supported by the secondary outcome measurements, and therefore, SB 40 000 AUN/ml is considered to be the most optimal effective and safe dose within the studied dose range, to be further investigated in a currently ongoing multicenter phase III trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02231307), which is designed according to the current EMA guideline and recently published EAACI recommendations on clinical outcomes in AIT trials 22, 31.

BODY.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
O. Pfaar was a coordinating investigator, involved in the design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data and has substantially contributed to the manuscript from the first draft stage. E. van Twuijver was involved in the design of the study and interpretation of data and contributed the first draft of the manuscript. J.D. Boot and D.J.E. Opstelten were involved in the design of the study, interpretation of data and revision of the manuscript. L. Klimek was involved in the interpretation of data and revision of the manuscript. Zuzana Diamant and Ronald van Ree were involved in the design of the study and revision of the manuscript. P. Kuna and P. Panzner were involved in the acquisition, interpretation of data and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

BODY.CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
O. Pfaar (OP) has received research grants for his institution from ALK Abelló (Germany/Denmark), Allergopharma (Germany), Stallergenes (Germany/France), HAL Allergy (Germany/the Netherlands), Artu Biologicals (the Netherlands), Allergy Therapeutics/Bencard (UK/Germany), Hartington (Spain), Lofarma (Italy), Novartis (Germany), LETI‐Pharma/Laboratorios LETI (Germany/Spain), GlaxoSmithKline (UK/Germany), Essex Pharma (Germany), Cytos (Switzerland), Curalogic (Denmark), Roxall (Germany), Biomay (Austria), Thermo Fisher (Germany), Circassia (UK), European Union (FP‐7 Health‐2013 Innovation 1), Biotech Tools s.a. (Belgium) and MEDA Pharma (Germany) and/or he has received personal fees as advisor and on speakers' bureaus for some of the aforementioned companies. OP has received travel grants from HAL Allergy (the Netherlands/Germany), Allergopharma (Germany), European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), German Respiratory Society (DGP). He received personal fees as a consultant for Allergy Therapeutics/Bencard (UK/Germany), HAL Allergy (Germany/the Netherlands), Novartis (Germany), LETI Pharma/Laboratorios LETI (Germany/Spain), MEDA Pharma (Germany), ALK Abelló (Germany/Denmark), Allergopharma (Germany), Biotech Tools s.a. (Belgium), GfK Bridgehead (UK), Navigant Consulting (USA), Sanofi (USA), Guidepoint Global Advisors (USA), GEKA mbH (Germany), Thermo Fisher (Germany), Pohl‐Boskamp (Germany), Stallergenes (Germany/France), Mobile Chamber Experts (MCX, a GA2LEN Partner). He received personal fees as coordinating investigator in clinical trials of some of the aforementioned companies. OP is the current chairman of the Immunotherapy Interest Group (IT IG) of EAACI and is the secretary of the ENT section of DGAKI. He has received grants for the 'Spezifische Immuntherapie' award 2014 and the 'Nachwuchsförderpreis' award 2010 of the DGAKI. He is a co‐editor and author of different chapters of the textbook 'Allergien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen' (publisher: Schattauer, Germany), author of one chapter in 'Allergologie' (publisher: Springer, Germany) and author of different chapters in 'Allergologie' (publisher: Schattauer, Germany). He has received payment for the development of educational presentations from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK, Germany), Bencard (Germany), ALK‐Abello (Germany/Denmark), Stallergenes (Germany/France) and Novartis (Germany). He is an editorial board member of 'Allergo Journal Int'. P. Panzner has during last 3 years received honoraria for participating in advisory board meetings or giving lectures for the following companies Novartis, Stallergenes, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, ALK, Meda, MSD, Baxter, Takeda. P. Kuna has during last 3 years received honoraria for participating in advisory board meetings or giving lectures for the following companies Adamed, Allergopharma, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celon Pharma, Chiesi, FAES, GSK, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Polpharma, Teva. E. van Twuijver, J.D. Boot and D.J.E. Opstelten are employees of HAL Allergy B.V. L. Klimek (LK) has received research grants for his institution from ALK‐Abelló (Germany/Denmark), Allergopharma (Germany), Stallergenes (Germany/France), HAL Allergy (Germany/the Netherlands), Artu Biologicals (the Netherlands), Allergy Therapeutics/Bencard (UK/Germany), Hartington (Spain), Lofarma (Italy), Novartis/Leti (Germany/Spain), GlaxoSmithKline (UK/Germany), Essex Pharma (Germany), Cytos (Switzerland), Curalogic (Denmark), Roxall (Germany), Biomay (Austria), Thermo Fisher (Germany), Circassia (UK), Biotech Tools s.a. (Belgium) and Meda Pharma GmbH (Germany); and/or he has served as an advisor and on speakers' bureaus for some of the aforementioned companies. LK has received travel grants from Meda Pharma GmbH (Germany), Allergy Therapeutics/Bencard (UK/Germany) and Allergopharma (Germany), and he is a consultant for Bencard (Germany), Novartis/Leti (Germany), Meda (Germany), ALK‐Abelló (Germany/Denmark) and Allergopharma (Germany). LK is the current Vice‐President of the German Union of Allergologists (AeDA) and the current Vice‐President of the German Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. He is a co‐editor and an author of the textbooks 'Allergien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen' (publisher: Schattauer‐Verlag, Germany) and 'Allergologie‐ Handbuch' (publisher: Schattauer‐Verlag, Germany) and has received payment for the development of educational presentations from GlaxoSmithKline (Germany), Bencard (Germany) and Novartis (Germany). Z. Diamant (ZD) and R. van Ree (RR) are consultants for HAL Allergy (the Netherlands).

Question: Compared to Placebo what was the result of Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) 40 000 AUN/ml on Improvement in peak nasal inspiratory flow?
Evidence: No clinically significant changes were observed in safety laboratory (haematology and blood chemistry) parameters, urinalysis, vital signs, physical examination and ECG.
Answer: significantly increased