Question: What is the nationality of the author on which the film The Circle is based?
Context: Tonya Pinkins (born May 30, 1962) is an American television, film and theater actress and author known for her portrayal of Livia Frye on the soap opera "All My Children" and for her roles on Broadway.  She has been nominated for three Tony Awards, and has won the Obie, 2 Lortel Awards, the Drama Desk, Outer Critics Circle, AUDLECO, Garland, L.A. Drama Critics Circle Award, Clarence Derwent and NAACP Theater Awards.  She has been nominated for the Olivier, Helen Hayes, Noel, Joseph Jefferson, NAACP Image, Soap Opera Digest and Ovation awards.  She won the Tony for "Jelly's Last Jam". The Circle is a 2013 dystopian novel written by American author Dave Eggers. Michael McGruther began his filmmaking career with the original screenplay "Tigerland", directed by Joel Schumacher and co-written by Ross Klavan.  The critically acclaimed screenplay was nominated by IFP/West for Best First Screenplay and by the Political Film Society for the PFS Award in 2001.  It is widely known as Colin Farrell's breakthrough film, garnering Farrell the Boston Society of Film Critics Best Actor Award and the London Critics Circle Film Award for British Newcomer of the year.  Invigorated by the filmmaking process while on the set of "Tigerland", McGruther established BuffaloNickel Films.  He then teamed up with Jersey Films and Universal Studios on two features: his original science fiction adventure titled "Lightspeed" (with Superman Returns director Bryan Singer attached to direct), and a coming-of-age drama titled "Sentenced to Nature", based on a New York Times article by author Charles Siebert.  BuffaloNickel Films has since acquired the rights to several novels and short stories to produce.  In 2001, "Extra Life", a drama about coming-of-age in the digital world; in 2004, Arthur C. Clarke's prophetic novel "Prelude to Space"; and in 2005, "Blood Son", based on the 1951 short story by legendary science fiction and horror writer Richard Matheson. " Blood Son" marks McGruther's directorial debut, for which he won the Best Director Award at the 3rd.  Annual Trenton Film Festival.  He is currently in pre-production on the movie "Ghost Town".  McGruther has also appeared in front of the camera, seen in several commercials and movies in the early 90’s including "Clockers" and "In & Out", and he has a cameo appearance in "Tigerland". The Crimson Circle is a 1936 British crime film directed by Reginald Denham and starring Hugh Wakefield, Alfred Drayton, and Niall MacGinnis.  It is based on the 1922 novel "The Crimson Circle" by Edgar Wallace.  It was made by the independent producer Richard Wainwright at Shepperton and Welwyn Studios. The Marriage Circle is a 1924 silent film produced by Ernst Lubitsch and Warner Brothers with direction by Lubitsch and distribution by the Warners.  Based on the play "Only a Dream" by Lothar Schmidt, the screenplay was written by Paul Bern.  The "circle" of the title refers to the ring of infidelities (suspected and otherwise) central to the plot. The Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award is an Irish poetry award for a collection of poems by an author who has not previously been published in collected form.  It is confined to poets born on the island of Ireland, or of Irish nationality, or a long-term resident of Ireland.  It is based on an open competition whose closing date is in July each year.  The award was founded by the Patrick Kavanagh Society in 1971 to commemorate the poet. The Circle (original title: "Cirkeln") is a Swedish fantasy film produced and scored by Benny Andersson and directed and co-written by Levan Akin, based on the best-selling novel "The Circle" by Sara Bergmark Elfgren and Mats Strandberg.  It is the first in an intended trilogy of films based on "Engelsfors".  A film adaptation was to be produced by Filmlance in 2013, with Levan Akin set to direct and Bergmark Elfgren as script writer.  The production was put on hold due to disagreements between the authors and Filmlance.  Akin left the project as well.  Benny Andersson's son Ludvig brought the novel to his attention and he bought the rights to produce the film, more faithfully than Filmlance intended.  Open castings for young girls who could play the leads were held all over Sweden. The Ninth Circle (Croatian: "Deveti krug" / "Девети круг") is a 1960 Yugoslavian film directed by France Štiglic.  The story revolves around the Croatian Ustasha concentration camp named The Ninth Circle, based on the infamous Jasenovac concentration camp.  It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.  It was also entered into the 1960 Cannes Film Festival. The Circle is a 2017 American techno-thriller film directed by James Ponsoldt and written by Ponsoldt and Dave Eggers, based on Eggers' 2013 novel of the same name.  The film stars Emma Watson and Tom Hanks, with John Boyega, Karen Gillan, Ellar Coltrane, Patton Oswalt, Glenne Headly and Bill Paxton.  It is the final performance of Paxton's career, and was released just after his death in February 2017.  It is also Headly's penultimate performance before her death in June 2017. Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (Italian: "Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma" ), titled Pasolini's 120 Days of Sodom on English-language prints and commonly referred to as simply Salò (] ), is a 1975 Italian-French horror art film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini.  It is based on the book "The 120 Days of Sodom" by the Marquis de Sade.  The film focuses on four wealthy, corrupt Italian libertines, during the time of the fascist Republic of Salò (1943–1945).  The libertines kidnap eighteen teenagers and subject them to four months of extreme violence, sadism, and sexual and mental torture.  The film explores the themes of political corruption, abuse of power, sadism, perversion, sexuality and fascism.  The story is in four segments, inspired by Dante's "Divine Comedy": the Anteinferno, the Circle of Manias, the Circle of Shit and the Circle of Blood.  The film also contains frequent references to and several discussions of Friedrich Nietzsche's 1887 book "On the Genealogy of Morality", Ezra Pound's poem "The Cantos", and Marcel Proust's novel sequence "In Search of Lost Time".
Answer: American