Question: The L5 Society founded by the fans of the Space Colonization and Industrialization work of a physicist born in which year ?
Context: The National Space Institute was a space advocacy group, the first of its kind, established by Dr. Wernher von Braun to help maintain the public's support for the United States space program.  It has since merged, in 1987, with the L5 Society founded by fans of the Space Colonization and Industrialization work of Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill, to become the present-day National Space Society. Gerard Kitchen O'Neill (February 6, 1927 – April 27, 1992) was an American physicist and space activist.  As a faculty member of Princeton University, he invented a device called the particle storage ring for high-energy physics experiments.  Later, he invented a magnetic launcher called the mass driver.  In the 1970s, he developed a plan to build human settlements in outer space, including a space habitat design known as the O'Neill cylinder.  He founded the Space Studies Institute, an organization devoted to funding research into space manufacturing and colonization. Carolyn P. Meinel (CPM) (born 1946) was notable in the hacking scene during the 1990s.  In 1983 Carolyn received an M.S. in industrial engineering from the University of Arizona.  Her father is Aden Meinel and mother is Marjorie Meinel.  Meinel married her first husband, Howard Keith Henson, in 1967 and divorced in 1981.  Meinel has four daughters, one of whom is Valerie Aurora.  In August 1975, Meinel co-founded (with her then-husband, Keith Henson) the L5 Society, since merged into the National Space Society, and was its president for several years. Space and survival refers to the idea that the long-term survival of the human species and civilization requires proper use of the resources of outer space and the need for space colonization and space science.  The concept posits that inaction could lead to human extinction.  A related observation is that limited time and resources may be available for the colonization of space.  Various scenarios for human survival have been discussed in science and popular culture, particularly humanity's prospects after catastrophic events in the solar system and factors that could help or hinder survival. Ad Astra is the quarterly magazine of the National Space Society (NSS).  The name literally means ""To the Stars"".  The magazine came into being following the merger of the L5 Society and the National Space Institute which became the NSS in 1987.  The magazine was established in 1989.  It is based in Washington DC. Space advocacy is supporting or advocating for space exploration, space colonization and private spaceflight.  There are many different individuals and organizations dedicated to space advocacy.  They are usually active in educating the public on space related subjects, lobbying governments for increased funding in space-related activities or supporting private space activities.  They also recruit members, fund projects, and provide information for their membership and interested visitors.  They are sub-divided into three categories depending on their primary work: practice, advocacy, and theory. NewSpace—formerly alt.space; also new space, entrepreneurial space, astropreneurship, and commercial space—are umbrella terms for a movement and philosophy encompassing a highly visible, globally emerging, private spaceflight industry.  Specifically, the terms are used to refer to a global sector of relatively new, distinctly commercially minded, aerospace companies and ventures working to independently (of governments and their prime or major contractors, i.e., Old Space) develop faster, better, and cheaper access to space, space and spaceflight technologies, and overall space missions—again, all largely driven by commercial, as distinct from political or other, motivations (although many view the commercial aspects of NewSpace as simply the best means to broader, more socioeconomically-oriented, NewSpace ends; notably, the settlement of Mars and space colonization).  These terms also naturally extend to the worldwide community of designers, refiners, promoters, and advocates of building-block concepts, architectures, systems, technologies, missions, programs, protocols, and policies that enable and support NewSpace activities across all relevant dimensions. Embryo space colonization is a theoretical interstellar space colonization concept that involves sending a robotic mission to a habitable terrestrial planet, dwarf planet, minor planet or natural satellite transporting frozen early-stage human embryos or the technological or biological means to create human embryos.  The proposal circumvents the most severe technological problems of other mainstream interstellar colonization concepts.  In contrast to the sleeper ship proposal, it does not require the more technically challenging 'freezing' of fully developed humans (see "cryonics)". Bodies in the inner Solar System have been considered for terraforming and space colonization.  The main candidates for colonization in the inner Solar System are Mars and Venus.  Other possible candidates for colonization include the Moon and even Mercury. The L5 Society was founded in 1975 by Carolyn Meinel and Keith Henson to promote the space colony ideas of Gerard K. O'Neill.
Answer: 1927