Question: When was the Peace of Kiel negotiated and signed by Edmund Bourke?
Context: The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies.  It established peace between France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, who in March had defined their common war aim in Chaumont.  The Treaty was also signed by Portugal and Sweden while Spain signed shortly after in July.  Peace talks had started on 9 May between Talleyrand, who negotiated with the allies of Chaumont on behalf of the exiled Bourbon king Louis XVIII of France.  The allies had agreed to reduce France to her 1792 borders and restore the independence of her neighbors after Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat.  However, the allied parties did not sign a common document, but instead concluded separate treaties with France allowing for specific amendments. Edmund Bourke (died 1738) was an Irish Dominican. The Treaty of Kiel (Norwegian: "Kieltraktaten") or Peace of Kiel (Norwegian: "Kielfreden" or "freden i Kiel") was concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Sweden on one side and the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway on the other side on 14 January 1814 in Kiel.  It ended the hostilities between the parties in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, where the United Kingdom and Sweden were part of the anti-French camp (the Sixth Coalition) while Denmark-Norway was allied to Napoleon Bonaparte. A crime against peace, in international law, is "planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of wars of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing".  This definition of crimes against peace was first incorporated into the Nuremberg Principles and later included in the United Nations Charter.  This definition would play a part in defining aggression as a crime against peace.  It can also refer to the core international crimes set out in Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression) which adopted crimes negotiated previously in the Draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind. Edmund Bourke, also "Edmond" or "Edmound Burke" (1761–1821) was a Danish diplomat who negotiated and signed the Treaty of Kiel. Batman's Treaty was an agreement between John Batman, an Australian grazier, businessman and explorer, and a group of Wurundjeri elders, for the purchase of land around Port Phillip, near the present site of Melbourne.  The document came to be known as Batman's Treaty and is also considered significant as it was the first and only documented time when Europeans negotiated their presence and occupation of Aboriginal lands directly with the traditional owners.  The so-called treaty was implicitly declared void on 26 August 1835 by the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke. Ičko's Peace (Serbian: Ичков мир/Ičkov mir ) is the name given to a peace treaty negotiated in between July and October 1806 by Petar Ičko, an Ottoman "dragoman" (diplomat) and representative of the Serbian rebels, during the First Serbian Uprising.  Ičko had been sent to Constantinople twice in the latter half of 1806 to negotiate peace.  The Ottomans seemed ready to grant Serbia autonomy following rebel victories in 1805 and 1806, also pressured by the Russians, who had taken Moldavia and Wallachia; they agreed to a sort of autonomy and clearer stipulation of taxes in January 1807, by which time the rebels had already taken Belgrade.  The rebels rejected the treaty and sought Russian aid to their independence, while the Ottomans had declared war on Russia in December 1806.  A Russian-Serbian alliance treaty was signed on 10 June 1807. Mi’kmaq and their ancestors have been in the Bay of Fundy area over 10,000 years, long before Egyptians built pyramids or European agriculture began.  They traded with Europeans for centuries, often providing them with the knowledge and resources needed to survive here.  Mi’kmaq spirituality and way of life have been based on respectful and sustainable use of natural resources.  They usually lived along rivers; summers along coast and winters inland to hunt.  Up to 90% of food came from river and sea area.  Mi’kmaq, respecting others’ ways of belief as well as their own, welcomed the French religion of Catholicism into their lives and befriended the French at Port Royal in 1605 where Chief Membertou became Catholic.  Peace and Friendship treaties negotiated with the British between 1725 and 1761 are still valid today.  The treaties recognized Mi’kmaq title and established rules for an ongoing relationship between nations; they did not surrender or cede lands.  The arrival of Planters created economic, environmental and cultural pressures on the Mi'kmaq.  A census of 1763 by Isaac Deschamps stated that the following Mi’kmaq men plus 19 unnamed women and 41 children hunted along the Kennetcook River: Joseph Nocoot— Captain, Charles Nocoot, Barth.  Nocoot, Reni Nocoot, Thomas Nocoot, Jacques Nocoot, Paul Segona, Lewis Nocoot, Paul Briskarone, Charles Segona, Francois Segona, Michel Thoma, Janvier Nocoot, Joseph Thoma, Francois Nocoot, Phillipe Nocoot, Claude Nocoot, Louis Michel.  In many instances, the original name was changed to one of French origin, probably arising from family alliance with Acadians.  Peace and Friendship treaties negotiated with the British between 1725 and 1761 are still valid today.  The treaties recognized Mi’kmaq title and established rules for an ongoing relationship between nations; they did not surrender or cede lands.  The arrival of Planters created economic, environmental and cultural pressures on the Mi'kmaq.  A 1763 census lists 51 Mi’kmaq; members of Nocoot (now Knockwood), Segona, Briskarone, Thoma, and Michel families along the Kennetcook River from Newport to Kennetcook.  A later census listed none, although Mi’kmaq had a summer encampment along Station Road around a hundred years ago, where they made and sold baskets.  Mi’kmaq were relocated to “reserves” from 1801 until the 1950s.  Much of the land originally allocated was taken from them over time.  In 1820 Sipekne'katik, then named Shubenacadie or Indian Brook was founded; Mi’kmaq descendants from this area could have been relocated there.  The 1876 “Indian Act” removed powers of self-determination and free movement.  Citizenship and voting rights were denied.  From 1930-1967, 10% of Mi'kmaq children were forced to attend the Shubenacadie Residential School.  Up to 90% of the population has been lost to introduced disease, loss of resources, etc.  Today about 3% of Nova Scotia’s population is Mi’kmaq.  Despite centuries of discrimination, many Mi’kmaq, including Isabelle Knockwood (author of Out of the Ashes), the late Noel Knockwood (spiritual leader and Legislature Sergeant-at-Arms), and Doug Knockwood (Order of Nova Scotia recipient), have greatly enriched the social and economic life here. The Treaty of Grouseland was an agreement negotiated by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory on behalf of the government of the United States of America with Native American leaders, including Little Turtle and Buckongahelas, for lands in Southern Indiana, northeast Indiana, and northwestern Ohio.  The treaty was negotiated and signed on Aug 21, 1805, at Harrison's home in Vincennes, Indiana, called Grouseland.  Negotiated a year after the second Treaty of Vincennes, it was the second major land purchase in Indiana since the close of the Northwest Indian War and the signing of the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. The Paris Peace Treaties (French: "Traité de Paris" ) was signed on 10 February 1947, as the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference, held from 29 July to 15 October 1946.  The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States, and France) negotiated the details of peace treaties with Italy, the minor Axis powers (Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria), and Finland, following the end of World War II in 1945.
Answer: 14 January 1814