Question: Who was the first Earl of Salisbury and Chief Minister to King James I?
Context: Alwyn MacArchill was a mid-12th century man who appears in numerous charters of the Kings of Scots.  He, and his son, held the office of "rannair"—a distributor of the food and provisions—to the King of Scots.  Over the years, some historians have suggested that he was an ancestor of the Earls of Lennox; some made him the first earl, others made him a male-line ancestor of the first earl, another suggestion is that he is an ancestor of the first earl in the female-line. In the Republic of India, a Chief Minister is the elected head of government of each of twenty-nine states and two union territories (Delhi and Pondicherry).  According to the Constitution of India, the Governor is a state's "de jure" head, but "de facto" executive authority rests with the Chief Minister.  Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the Governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government.  The Governor appoints and swears in the Chief Minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly.  Based on the Westminster system, given that he retains the confidence of the assembly, the Chief Minister's term can last for the length of the assembly's life—a maximum of five years.  There are no limits to the number of terms that the Chief Minister can serve. Hatfield House is a country house set in a large park, the Great Park, on the eastern side of the town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England.  The present Jacobean house, a leading example of the prodigy house, was built in 1611 by Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury and Chief Minister to King James I and has been the home of the Cecil family ever since.  It is a prime example of Jacobean architecture.  The estate includes extensive grounds and surviving parts of an earlier palace.  The house, currently the home of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury, is open to the public. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (popularly known as NTR) was a civil services officer-turned-Telugu film actor-turned-politician who served as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for three terms.  He was the first non-Congress Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, representing the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) founded by him in 1982.  His first term lasted 1 years from January 1983 to August 1984.  He was ousted in a coup in August 1984, but returned to power a month later, which marked the beginning of his second term.  He remained Chief Minister for the next five years, completing his full 5-year term as Chief Minister.  In 1989, his party lost in the assembly elections, and it was not until 1994 that he would become Chief Minister again.  His third and last term as Chief Minister only lasted nine months, from December 1994 to September 1995, following which he was ousted in a coup led by his son-in-law Nara Chandrababu Naidu. The twelfth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on May 10, 2001.  All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK)-led front won the elections and its leader, J. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as Chief Minister, even though she could not legally run as MLA in this election.  She was unanimously nominated as Chief Minister by her party and was ready to serve her second term.  But due to criminal and corruption charges from her first term, on September 21, 2001, a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled in a unanimous verdict that "a person who is convicted for a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not less than two years cannot be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 (1) read with (4) and cannot continue to function as such".  Thereby, the bench decided that "in the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue".  In effect her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid with retrospective effect.  Therefore, technically, she was not the Chief Minister in the period between May 14, 2001 and September 21, 2001.  After her resignation on September 21, 2001, she put in O. Panneerselvam, as the official 13th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, until she could clear up the charges from her first term, so she can take up the mantle of Chief Minister officially, on March 2, 2002. Earl of Roscommon was a title in the Peerage of Ireland.  It was created on 5 August 1622 for James Dillon, 1st Baron Dillon.  He had already been created Baron Dillon on 24 January 1619, also in the Peerage of Ireland.  The fourth Earl was a courtier, poet and critic.  The fifth Earl was a professional soldier, politician and courtier: he was friendly with Samuel Pepys, who refers to him several times as "Colonel Dillon" in his famous Diary.  After the death of the tenth Earl, there were two prolonged investigations by the Irish House of Lords during the 1790s to ascertain the legitimacy of his son Patrick, against the rival claim by Robert Dillon, a descendant of the seventh son of the first Earl and the next male heir in line.  These eventually found in Patrick's favour.  The titles became dormant on the death of the eleventh Earl in 1816.  However, in 1828 the United Kingdom House of Lords decided that the rightful heir to the peerages was Michael Dillon, a descendant of the seventh son of the first Earl, who became the twelfth Earl.  The House of Lords Lords decided against Francis Stephen Dillon (d 1840), an inmate of a debtors' prison who dubiously claimed descent from the third son of the first Earl.  The titles became extinct on the death of the twelfth Earl on 15 May 1850. Occhaathevar Panneerselvam (born 14 January 1951) popularly known as O.P.S. is an Indian politician who is the 2nd and current Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and Coordinator of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.  He served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 2001-02, 2014–15, and from December 6, 2016 to February 16, 2017. He is a Senior Leader of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and was a staunch loyalist of its leader J. Jayalalithaa.  His first two terms as chief minister came when he replaced J. Jayalalithaa in the role, after she was forced to resign by the courts.  His third term began following Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa's death and ended two months later, when V. K. Sasikala loyalist Edappadi K. Palanisamy was appointed as the Chief Minister by Tamil Nadu Governor C. Vidyasagar Rao.  He was sworn in as the deputy chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on august 21, 2017. John Tradescant the Elder ( ; c. 1570s – 15–16 April 1638), father of John Tradescant the younger, was an English naturalist, gardener, collector and traveller, probably born in Suffolk, England.  He began his career as head gardener to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury at Hatfield House, who initiated Tradescant in travelling by sending him to the Low Countries for fruit trees in 1610/11.  He was kept on by Robert's son William, to produce gardens at the family's London house, Salisbury House.  He then designed gardens on the site of St Augustine's Abbey for Edward Lord Wotton in 1615-23. Starting April 2015, Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh underwent a political crisis.  The Indian National Congress Chief Minister Nabam Tuki replaced Jarbom Gamlin as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 1 November 2011 and continued till January 2016.  After a political crisis in 2016, the President's rule was imposed ending his tenure as the chief minister.  In February 2016, Kalikho Pul became the Chief Minister when 14 disqualified MLAs were reinstated by the Supreme Court.  On 13 July 2016, the Supreme Court quashed the Arunachal Pradesh Governor J.P. Rajkhowa’s order to advance the Assembly session from 14 January 2016 to 16 December 2015, which resulted in President's rule in Arunachal Pradesh.  As a result, Tuki restored as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 13 July 2016.  But hours before proving majority, he resigned as the Chief Minister on 16 July 2016.  He was succeeded by Pema Khandu as the INC Chief Minister but later joined PPA in September 2016 along with majority MLAs.  He further joined BJP in December 2016 along with majority MLAs. Earl of Essex is a title in the Peerage of England which was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England.  The title has been recreated eight times from its original inception, beginning with a new first Earl upon each new creation.  Possibly the most well-known Earls of Essex were Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485 – 1540) (sixth creation), chief minister to King Henry VIII, and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565–1601) (eighth creation), a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I who led the Earl of Essex Rebellion in 1601.
Answer: Robert Cecil