Question: What is the code name for the German offensive that started this Second World War engagement on the Eastern Front (a few hundred kilometers from Moscow) between Soviet and German forces, which included 102nd Infantry Division?
Context: The 52nd Infantry Division ("52.Infanterie-Division") was a division of the Imperial German Army during World War I.  The division was formed on March 6, 1915, from units taken from other divisions or newly raised.  The division was initially mixed, with two infantry regiments from the Grand Duchy of Baden, one infantry regiment from Prussian Saxony, and Prussian and Baden support units (cavalry, artillery, engineers, and service and support units).  While the infantry regiments and the divisional cavalry squadron were regular army units, the rest of the division was made up of reserve units and units formed during the war.  The 66th Magdeburg Infantry Regiment was taken from the 7th Infantry Division, and the 169th and 170th Infantry Regiments were taken from Baden's 29th Infantry Division.  The 52nd Infantry Division became more Baden as the war progressed, as the 66th Magdeburg Infantry Regiment, the regiment from Prussian Saxony, was replaced on April 6, 1917, by Baden's 111th Infantry Regiment "Margrave Ludwig Wilhelm". On October 8, 1918, in the Argonne Forest ( ).  Cornay was the scene of particularly heavy fighting on October 8, 1918.  The 82nd US Infantry Division launched a series of attacks in the area, with 1st Battalion, 328 Infantry regiment (82nd Division) attacking to liberate Cornay and 2nd Battalion, 328th Infantry Regiment attacking into the Argonne Forest through Chatel Chehery (south of Cornay).  Around 10:30 am, the German 125th Landwehr Wuerttemberg Regiment and 212th Prussian Reserve Regiment launched a determined counterattack against the American forces, which inflicted heavy casualties on the Americans, with more than 100 being captured.  The 82nd Division was forced to retreat from Cornay.  The town was retaken by the Americans the next day.  Three kilometers to the south, Cpl Alvin C. York from Company G, 328th Infantry Regiment, 82nd Infantry Division, with the aid of 7 other soldiers, captured 132 German soldiers.  For his actions York was awarded the US Medal of Honor. The 102nd Infantry Division was a German military infantry division during World War II.  It served on the Eastern Front, fighting in the Rzhev salient and the Battle of Kursk.  It was destroyed during the latter stages of the Soviet Red Army's East Prussian Offensive in 1945. Major General Walter E. Lauer (20 June 1893 – 13 October 1966) was a senior United States Army officer who fought in both World War I and World War II.  During World War II he commanded the 99th Infantry Division in the Battle of the Bulge.  The green troops of the 99th, along with the battle-tested 2nd Infantry Division, held a key sector controlling access to Spa and Leige and large repositories of ammunition, fuel, and supplies.  Despite being outnumbered by German forces at least five to one, during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge they did not yield.  It was the only sector of the American front lines during the German offensive where the Germans failed to advance.  Lauer was a veteran of both World War I and II. Operation Roland was a local German offensive inside the Soviet Union during the Second World War on the Eastern Front, and was conducted as a local operation within the overarching German summer offensive, Operation Citadel, on the southern side of the Kursk salient.  The German forces of the III Panzer Corps and the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Division Das Reich of the II SS Panzer Corps attempted to envelop and destroy Soviet forces of the Voronezh Front.  This operation was necessitated by the failure of the German II SS Panzer Corps to break through Soviet forces during the Battle of Prokhorovka on 12 July.  Therefore, German commanders decided to first link up the III Panzer Corps, which had been lagging behind due to heavy Soviet resistance, with the II SS Panzer Corps, in order to consolidate the German positions into a continuous frontline without inward bulges and enable the two panzer corps to overrun Soviet forces defending Prokhoravka together.  The linking up of the two German pincers was planned to effectuate the envelopment of the Soviet 69th Army and other supporting units. The 37th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army, and parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System.  The regiment was first constituted 5 July 1918 in the National Army.  The regiment served with the 10th Division during World War I, and the 2nd Infantry Division during World War II.  Elements of the regiment have served with the 2nd Infantry Division, 6th Infantry Division, 79th Infantry Division, and 172nd Infantry Brigade, among other units.  Two battalions of the regiment are currently active, the 1st Battalion, 37th Field Artillery is the direct support cannon battalion, in support of the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division and the 6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery is a Multiple Launch Rocket System battalion in the 210th Field Artillery Brigade. Operation Citadel (German: "Unternehmen Zitadelle" ) was a German offensive operation against Soviet forces in the Kursk salient during the Second World War on the Eastern Front that initiated the Battle of Kursk.  The deliberate defensive operation that the Soviets implemented to repel the German offensive is referred to as the Kursk Strategic Defensive Operation.  The German offensive was countered by two Soviet counter-offensives, Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev (Russian: Полководец Румянцев ) and Operation Kutuzov (Russian: Кутузов ).  For the Germans, the battle was the final strategic offensive that they were able to launch on the Eastern Front.  As the Allied invasion of Sicily began Adolf Hitler was forced to divert troops training in France to meet the Allied threats in the Mediterranean, rather than use them as a strategic reserve for the Eastern Front.  Germany's extensive loss of men and tanks ensured that the victorious Soviet Red Army enjoyed the strategic initiative for the remainder of the war. The 16th Panzer Division (German: "16.  Panzer-Division" ) was a formation of the German Army in World War II.  It was formed in November 1940 from the 16th Infantry Division.  It took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, operating in the southern sector of the Eastern Front.  After the Soviet offensive in November 1942 the division was trapped in Stalingrad, where it surrendered in February 1943.  A new 16th Panzer Division was formed in 1943 and sent to Italy where it was part of the unsuccessful German defense against the Allied invasion of Italy.  Sent back to the Eastern Front in November 1943 the division once more saw action in the southern sector, taking part in the relief operation of the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket and being part of the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket.  It eventually surrendered to Soviet and US American forces in Czechoslovakia in May 1945. The 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was originally formed as the Lowland Division, in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force.  It later became the 52nd (Lowland) Division in 1915.  The 52nd (Lowland) Division fought in the First World War before being disbanded, with the rest of the Territorial Force, in 1920.  The Territorial Force was later reformed as the Territorial Army and the division was again raised, during the inter-war years, as the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division - a 1st Line Territorial Army Infantry Division - and went on to serve during the Second World War.  After the war, the division was merged with the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division in 1948.  The history of the division was carried on by the 52nd Lowland Brigade, and later the 52nd Lowland Regiment. The Battle of Kursk was a Second World War engagement between German and Soviet forces on the Eastern Front near Kursk (450 km south-west of Moscow) in the Soviet Union during July and August 1943.  The battle began with the launch of the German offensive, Operation Citadel (German: "Unternehmen Zitadelle" ), on 5 July, which had the objective of pinching off the Kursk salient with attacks on the base of the salient from north and south simultaneously.  After the German offensive stalled on the northern side of the salient, on 12 July the Soviets commenced their Kursk Strategic Offensive Operation with the launch of Operation Kutuzov (Russian: Кутузов ) against the rear of the German forces in the northern side.  On the southern side, the Soviets also launched powerful counterattacks the same day, one of which led to a large armoured clash, the Battle of Prokhorovka.  On 3 August, the Soviets began the second phase of the Kursk Strategic Offensive Operation with the launch of Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev (Russian: Полководец Румянцев ) against the German forces in the southern side of the Kursk salient.
Answer: Operation Citadel