Question: The Colossus of New York is a book, released in which year, about the history of New York City by Colson Whitehead, an American novelist?
Context: Kate Walbert (born August 13, 1961) is an American novelist and short story writer who lives in New York City.  Her novel "Our Kind" was a finalist for the National Book Award in fiction.  Her novel "A Short History of Women", a New York Times bestseller, was a finalist for the Los Angeles Book Award and named one of the ten best books of 2009 by the New York Times. The Colossus of New York is a 2003 book about the history of New York City by Colson Whitehead. Mike Wallace (born July 22, 1942) is an American historian.  He specializes in the history of New York City, and in the history and practice of "public history".  In 1998 he co-authored "Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898", which in 1999 won the Pulitzer Prize in History.  In 2017, he published a successor volume, "Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919".  Wallace is a Distinguished Professor of History at John Jay College of Criminal Justice (City University of New York), and at the Graduate Center, CUNY. Colson Whitehead (born November 6, 1969) is an American novelist.  He is the author of six novels, including his debut work, the 1999 novel "The Intuitionist", and "The Underground Railroad" (2016), for which he won the 2016 National Book Award for Fiction and the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.  He has also published two books of non-fiction.  In 2002, he received a MacArthur Fellowship ("Genius Grant"). Gerard Koeppel is an American author and historian, with a focus on New York infrastructure.  He has written three books—"Water for Gotham: A History" (Princeton University Press, 2000), "Bond of Union: Building the Erie Canal and the American Nation" (Da Capo Press, 2009); and "City on a Grid: How New York Became New York" (Da Capo Press, 2015)—and contributed to numerous other books, including The Encyclopedia of New York City, of which he was an associate editor of the second edition.  "City on a Grid" was a winner of a 2015 New York City Book Award and was named one of Planetizen's top 10 urban planning books of 2015.  Koeppel has written opinion pieces for the "New York Times ", the "New York Daily News", and other print and online publications.  He writes and speaks regularly about aspects of New York history.  He is a graduate of Wesleyan University, where he was deeply influenced by professors V.S. Naipaul and Phyllis Rose.  He has been a charter sailboat captain, a New York City cabdriver, and radio journalist, including a dozen years at CBS News. Zone One is a 2011 "The New York Times" best-selling novel by African American author Colson Whitehead.  "Zone One" is part genre fiction, part literary fiction—a zombie story in the hands of a Pulitzer-nominated novelist.  Whitehead has stated that the novel was partly an attempt to return to his adolescent fascination with horror writer Stephen King and science fiction icon Isaac Asimov. Firth Haring Fabend is an American novelist and historian.  She was born in Tappan, New York, on August 12, 1937, the daughter of James Firth Haring and Elizabeth Adler.  She graduated from Nyack High School in Nyack, New York, and is a 1959 graduate of Barnard College, where she majored in English literature.  She holds a PhD in American Studies from New York University.  She spent her Junior Year at Westfield College of London University.  While working in book publishing in New York City and attending graduate school, she published five novels between 1968 and 1985.  Three book-length works of history followed in 1991, 2000, 2012 and to date some thirty essays and chapters in books. David Goodwillie (born March 25, 1972) is an American novelist and memoirist.  He has written two acclaimed books: the novel "American Subversive" (Scribner, 2010) and the memoir "Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time" (Algonquin, 2006).  Hailed as "genuinely thrilling" by "The New Yorker", and "a triumphant work of fiction" by the Associated Press, "American Subversive" was a "New York Times" Notable Book of 2010, and a "Vanity Fair" and "Publishers Weekly" top ten spring debut.  Upon publication of his previous book, "Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time", he was named one of the Best New Writers of 2006 by members of the PEN American Center.  Goodwillie writes about books for "The Daily Beast", and his fiction and nonfiction have appeared in numerous magazines, newspapers, and websites, including "New York Magazine", "Men's Health", "Black Book", "The New York Times", "The New York Observer", "The New York Post", The Rumpus, and Deadspin.  He has also played professional baseball, worked as a private investigator, and been an expert at Sotheby’s auction house.  A graduate of Kenyon College, he lives in New York City. Tatjana Soli is an American novelist and short-story writer.  Her first novel, The Lotus Eaters (2010), won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, was a finalist for the Los Angeles Book Prize, was a New York Times Bestseller, and a New York Times 2010 Notable Book.  Her second novel, The Forgetting Tree (2012) was a New York Times Notable Book.  Soli's third novel, The Last Good Paradise, was among The Millions "Most Anticipated" Books of 2015.  Her fourth novel will be published by Sarah Crichton Books in Spring, 2018.  Her work has appeared in a variety of publications including The New York Times Book Review. Katherine Oliver is an American media and entertainment executive based in New York City.  Oliver is currently a Principal at Bloomberg Associates, a philanthropic consultancy firm founded by Michael Bloomberg to provide advice and long-term solutions to cities worldwide.  On August 1, 2002, she was appointed by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg as the Commissioner of The New York City Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre and Broadcasting, which facilitates all aspects of film, television and commercial production in New York City, coordinating on-location filming, liaising with the community and promoting the City as an entertainment capital.  Oliver was the main liaison between the Mayor's Office and Hollywood and aimed "to make filmmakers and production companies happy to return to New York."  In 2013, Oliver and Mayor Bloomberg were featured on the cover of Variety and were credited for their role in "revitalizing the city's entertainment sector."  An economic impact study released by the Boston Consulting Group in 2012 found that New York City's entertainment industry during Oliver's tenure as film commissioner had grown to account for a $7.1 billion annual direct spend in New York City, an increase of $2 billion since 2002, and that the local industry created 30,000 jobs in New York City since 2004, growing to employ 130,000 people.  AM New York noted that: "New York's film and TV industry is stronger than it has ever been, pumping $7.1 billion into the local economy in 2011 and bringing in some $60 billion over the last decade."  After Bloomberg announced that former president and co-founder of NYC Media Group Arick Wierson was returning to the private sector, Bloomberg named Oliver as the incoming president of NYC Media and general manager of NYCTV.  In July 2010, Oliver became the commissioner of the Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment, the city agency that includes the Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre and Broadcasting, NYC Media, and NYC Digital.
Answer: 2003