Question: Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered the element thallium independently from this English chemist who died in what year?
Context: Sir William Crookes {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was an English chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and worked on spectroscopy.  He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube which was made in 1875.  Crookes was the inventor of the Crookes radiometer, which today is made and sold as a novelty item.  Late in life, he became interested in spiritualism, and became the president of the Society for Psychical Research. Charles Hatchett FRS FRSE (2 January 1765 – 10 March 1847) was an English chemist who discovered the element niobium. Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.  It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion.  Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847.  The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Miller.  Pure, dry fructose is a very sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars. Victorium, originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium.  In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.  He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false.  The name monium means "alone", because its spectral lines stood alone at the end of the ultraviolet spectrum.  In 1899 Crookes renamed the purported element "victorium" in honor of Queen Victoria's recent diamond jubilee.  He assigned it the symbol Vc.  By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium. Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81.  This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature.  When isolated, thallium resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air.  Chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861, in residues of sulfuric acid production.  Both used the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy, in which thallium produces a notable green spectral line.  Thallium, from Greek "θαλλός" , "thallós" , meaning "a green shoot or twig," was named by Crookes.  It was isolated by both Lamy and Crookes in 1862; Lamy by electrolysis and Crookes by precipitation and melting of the resultant powder.  Crookes exhibited it as a powder precipitated by zinc at the International exhibition which opened on 1 May, that year. Sir Jocelyn Field Thorpe FRS (1 December 1872 – 10 June 1940) was an English chemist who discovered the Thorpe reaction and the Thorpe-Ingold effect. Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49.  It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth's crust.  Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin.  Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and it is largely intermediate between the two in terms of its properties.  Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods.  They named it for the indigo blue line in its spectrum.  Indium was isolated the next year. Gavin E. Crooks is an English chemist currently researching in America.  He is known for his work on non-equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.  He discovered the Crooks fluctuation theorem, a general statement about the free energy difference between the initial and final states of a non-equilibrium transformation. William Worrall Mayo ( ; May 31, 1819 – March 6, 1911) was a British-American medical doctor and chemist.  He is best known for establishing the private medical practice that later evolved into the Mayo Clinic.  He was a descendant of a famous English chemist, John Mayow.  His sons, William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo, established a joint medical practice in Rochester in the U.S. state of Minnesota in the 1880s. Claude Auguste Lamy (] }; 15 June 1820 – 20 March 1878) was a French chemist who discovered the element thallium independently from William Crookes in 1862.
Answer: 1919