Question: Allan David Bloom, was an American philosopher, classicist, and academician, he became famous for his criticism of contemporary American higher education, with his views being expressed in his bestselling book, The Closing of the American Mind, released in which year?
Context: The American Higher School of Tirana (), also incorrectly referred to as "American University of Tirana" (Albanian: "Universiteti Amerikan i Tiranës"), (UAT), is a defunct Higher education institution (HEI) in Tirana, Albania.  On 6 August 2014 its licence was permanently revoked by the Albanian Ministry of Education and Sports (MAS), through decision no. 539 of the Albanian Council of Ministers, for not fulfilling the minimum legal requirements of higher education.  The Albanian state authorities often compared the closed HEIs to Ponzi schemes, which have caused "extraordinary financial damage" to Albanian students and their parents. Anatoliy Volodymyrovych Peshko — is a prominent Ukrainian public person, politician, Candidate of Medicine, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Academician and Vice President of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine, Academician of the Higher Education Academy of Ukraine, Academician of the Social Management Academy of Ukraine,political expert of the Ukrainian Institute for Policy Analysis and Management, advisor to the former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Member of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine. Cassandra Bolyard Whyte is an American higher education administrator, teacher, and educational researcher.  She is recognized for publication and leadership in the areas of higher education management, improving academic performance of students, campus planning and safety, predicting educational trends in colleges and universities, and encouraging creativity in curriculum development.  She is also experienced in helping facilitate campus architectural planning to meet educational vision and programming as well as higher education human resources management and motivation. The Closing of the American Mind is a 1987 book by the philosopher Allan Bloom, in which the author argued that "higher education has failed democracy and impoverished the souls of today's students."  He focused especially upon the "openness" of relativism as leading paradoxically to the great "closing" referenced in the book's title.  In Bloom's view, "openness" and absolute understanding undermine critical thinking and eliminate the "point of view" that defines cultures.  Bloom's book became an unexpected best seller, eventually selling close to half a million copies in hardback, but drew divided reactions from reviewers. Kevin Carey (born October 6, 1970) is an American higher education writer and policy analyst.  He serves as Director of the Education Policy Program at New America, a non-profit, non-partisan research organization based in Washington, D.C. He writes regularly on education for The Upshot at the New York Times, and is guest editor of the annual "Washington Monthly" College Guide.  He has taught education policy at Johns Hopkins University, and was a monthly columnist for six years at "The Chronicle of Higher Education".  He has been described by "New York Times" Washington columnist David Leonhardt as “one of the sharpest higher education experts out there” and by "Washington Post" education reporter Jay Mathews as “the best higher education writer in the country.” David M. Bloom (born 1954) is an American guitarist, flautist, composer/arranger, educator, author, and director.  In 1975 Bloom founded the Bloom School of Jazz in Chicago where he continues to teach.  Notable musicians who have attended the Bloom School include Ryan Cohan, Steve Rodby, Jon Weber, Cliff Colnot, and Rob Mazurek, with workshops from John Scofield and Mike Stern.  Bloom authors jazz instruction books under his own Bloom School of Jazz Publishing which is distributed by Hal Leonard.  Along with composing, arranging, writing, and running The Bloom School of Jazz, Bloom directs documentary films about essential human values.  Bloom's father was the late educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom, who made major contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery-learning.  David Bloom's own applications of mastery-learning have made him one of the most sought after teachers in Jazz today. The Project on the Status and Education of Women (PSEW) was the first United States project focused on gender equity in education.  Formed in 1971 by the Association of American Colleges (AAC), known today as the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AACU), PSEW worked to improve access to and equity within higher education for women, addressing the needs of university students, faculty, staff, and administrators.  PSEW produced and distributed materials about the status of women in higher education, advised colleges and universities about policies related to affirmative action, women’s studies programs, and hiring women faculty, and worked with policymakers to introduce legislation to improve gender equity in American higher education.  PSEW’s periodical, "On Campus with Women" (OCWW), ran from 1971-2013 through the AACU, publishing articles and research related to women in higher education.  PSEW also played a significant role in the development and passage of Title IX, the portion of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex. Allan David Bloom (September 14, 1930 – October 7, 1992) was an American philosopher, classicist, and academician.  He studied under David Grene, Leo Strauss, Richard McKeon, and Alexandre Kojève.  He subsequently taught at Cornell University, the University of Toronto, Yale University, École Normale Supérieure of Paris, and the University of Chicago.  Bloom championed the idea of Great Books education and became famous for his criticism of contemporary American higher education, with his views being expressed in his bestselling 1987 book, "The Closing of the American Mind".  Characterized as a conservative in the popular media, Bloom denied that he was a conservative, and asserted that what he sought to defend was the 'theoretical life'.  Saul Bellow wrote "Ravelstein", a roman à clef based on Bloom, his friend and colleague at the University of Chicago. David L. Kirp , is James D. Marver professor at the Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley, member of the Barack Obama Presidential Transition Team and author.  His research has explored a wide range of social policy domains, including preschool, k-12 and higher education, race and gender equality, affordable housing, and the AIDS crisis.  His work has attracted scholarly, policy activist, and popular audiences.  He has written some sixteen books, as well as many articles that have appeared in leading policy-focused social science journals and law reviews.  He is a regular contributor to the New York Times and other national publications His research has been translated into numerous foreign languages, including Chinese (traditional and simplified), Japanese and Ukrainian.  Among his books are "Improbable Scholars: The Rebirth of a Great American School District and a Strategy for America's Schools" (winner of the AERA outstanding book award, 2014), "Kids First: Five Big Ideas for Transforming Children's Lives and America's Future", "Sandbox Investment: The Preschool Movement and Kids First Politics" and "Shakespeare, Einstein and the Bottom Line: The Marketing of American Higher Education". Norman Tenner Adler (June 7, 1941 - September 11, 2016) through his research, teaching, writing, and academic administration, made major contributions to the modern study of biological psychology and in American higher education, having helped develop the fields that are now labeled behavioral neurobiology and evolutionary psychology.  One of Adler's prominent experiment included an in depth analysis of mating performance of male rats and its relation to fertilization in the female, which led him to observe how behaviour could affect reproduction in species.  With his students and colleagues, he has worked at the interface between biology and behavior.  They have stressed the importance of combining the study of physiological mechanisms controlling behavior with the functional/adaptive significance of behavior in an evolutionary context.  He was influenced in this approach by his undergraduate teachers at Harvard, especially Paul Rozin, Jerry Hogan, and Gordon Bermant, and his student colleagues like Don Pfaff with whom he has maintained scientific relationships over the years.  His research was also impacted by Daniel Lehrman, and he worked closely with Lehrman's student, Barry Komisaruk, on hormones and neural functioning.  Adler is also a prominent figure in American higher education, especially the role of behavioral neuroscience in liberal arts education and religion in the college classroom.  He participated in Phillip Zimbardo's PBS TV series Discovering Psychology, one of the first distance-learning courses in psychology.
Answer: 1987