Question:  The UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre was previously an independent organization jointly managed by IUCN, UNEP and a non-governmental organization founded in what year?
Context: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) is the largest assembly of data on the world's terrestrial and marine protected areas, containing more than 161,000 protected areas as of October 2010, with records covering 236 countries and territories throughout the world.  The WDPA is a joint venture between the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA). This is a list of protected areas of Sierra Leone, including national parks, game reserves, conservation areas, wetlands, and those that are listed as proposed protected areas in the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP WCM) database. Sara Felicity Oldfield OBE has been Secretary General of Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) since May 2005.  Previously she worked as Global Programmes Director for Fauna & Flora International.  She has worked for a wide range of other conservation organisations, including UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and also as a freelance consultant for over ten years, working as a researcher and policy advisor for international biodiversity conservation. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of humanity's footprint on the environment.  It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.  The living planet report is published every two years by WWF since 1998, it is based on living planet index and ecological footprint calculation. The United Nations Environment Programme is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.  It was founded by Maurice Strong, its first director, as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference) in June 1972 and Environment has overall responsibility for environmental problems among United Nations agencies but international talks on specialized issues, such as addressing climate change or combating desertification, are overseen by other UN organizations, like the Bonn-based Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.  UN Environment activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy.  It has played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science and information and illustrating the way those can be implemented in conjunction with policy, working on the development and implementation of policy with national governments, regional institutions in conjunction with environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs).  UN Environment has also been active in funding and implementing environment related development projects. The UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is an executive agency of the United Nations Environment Programme, based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom.  UNEP-WCMC has been part of UNEP since 2000, and has responsibility for biodiversity assessment and support to policy development and implementation.  The World Conservation Monitoring Centre was previously an independent organization jointly managed by IUCN, UNEP and WWF established in 1988, and prior to that the Centre was a part of the IUCN Secretariat. The wildlife of Haiti is important to the country because of its biodiversity.  According to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Haiti is considered to be "one of the most biologically significant countries of the West Indies".  With an estimated 5,600 plant species on the island of Hispaniola, some of which only occur in Haiti, 36% are considered as endemic to the island.  A mountainous area country, it is situated in the western three-eighths of Hispaniola and shares a border with the Dominican Republic.  There are nine life zones, from low desert to high cloud forests, as well as four mountain ranges, and hundreds of rivers and streams and the coral reefs in the seas that surround the islands.  Issues of environmental damage, expanding population, deforestion and erosion are of concern; less than 2% of the original forest remains on account of deforestation.  This degradation is traced from the 17th century to 19th century starting with the French colonization of the Haiti and population explosion during the 20th century and for the purpose of forestry and sugar-related industries, degraded the forests.  and the environment. Quercus boyntonii is a rare North American species of oak in the beech family.  At present, it is found only in Alabama, although historical records say that it formerly grew in Texas as well.  It is commonly called the Boynton sand post oak or Boynton oak.World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Rhodeus suigensis is a temperate freshwater fish belonging to the Acheilognathinae subfamily of the Cyprinidae family.  It originated in inland rivers in Japan and the Korean peninsula.  It was originally described as "Pseudoperilampus suigensis" by T. Mori in 1935, and has also been referred to as "Rhodeus atremius suigensis" in scientific literature.  The species was listed as endangered in 1994 by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, but in 1996 was relisted as "data deficient".  When spawning, the females deposit their eggs inside bivalves, where they hatch and the young remain until they can swim. The National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC), (राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण कोष) previously known as King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation is a Nepalese non-governmental organization working in the field of nature conservation. It was established in 1982 as an autonomous non profit organization by legislative law of Nepal.  NTNC's mission is to conserve nature and natural resources in Nepal while meeting the needs of the people in sustainable way.  Geographically, the Trust activities have spread from the sub-tropical plains of Chitwan, Bardia and Kanchanpur in the lowlands to the Annapurna and Manaslu region of the high Himalayas, including the trans-Himalayan region of Upper Mustang and Manang.  Currently, the projects of Trust are divided into three geographical areas - the lowland, the mid-hills (Kathmandu Valley) and the high mountains.  The Trust’s activities in the lowlands are based in and around the Chitwan National Park, the Bardia National Park and the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve located in the central, western and far-western development regions of Nepal, through the Biodiversity Conservation Center (BCC) in Chitwan, the Bardia Conservation Program (BCP) in Bardia and the Suklaphanta Conservation Program (SCP) in Kanchanpur.  Similarly, the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP), the Manaslu Conservation Area Project (MCAP) and Gaurishankar Conservation Area Project (GCAP) are three protected areas managed by the Trust in the mountain region.  The Central Zoo is the only project of the Trust in Kathmandu Valley.  As a new initiative, the Trust has established an Energy and Climate Change Unit to address the emerging issues of climate change through mitigation and adaptation approach and renewable energy technologies.  The Trust has also started work on urban environment conservation with the Bagmati River Conservation Project.
Answer: 1961