Question: Letters to a Young Mathematician is considered an update to an essay written in what year?
Context: The Transcendence of the Ego (French: "La Transcendance de l'ego: Esquisse d'une description phénomenologique" ) is a philosophical and psychological essay written by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1934 and published in 1936.  The essay demonstrates Sartre’s transition from traditional phenomenological thinking and most notably his break from Edmund Husserl’s school of thought (phenomenology), and into his own.  This transition is more apparent after Sartre’s military service from 1939 where we observe a rather more sympathetic view of being in the world, a topic that is dealt with in much greater detail in his 1943 work "Being and Nothingness".  This essay begins Sartre's study and hybridisation of phenomenology and ontology. Bartaman Bharat (translated to English as Modern India or Present Day India ) is a Bengali language essay written by Indian Hindu monk Swami Vivekananda.  The essay was first published in the March 1899 issue of "Udbodhan", the only Bengali language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission.  The essay was published as a book in 1905 and later it was compiled into the fourth volume of "The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda". "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (1919) is an essay written by poet and literary critic T. S. Eliot.  The essay was first published in "The Egoist" (1919) and later in Eliot's first book of criticism, "The Sacred Wood" (1920).  The essay is also available in Eliot's "Selected Prose" and "Selected Essays"." A Mathematician's Apology is a 1940 essay by British mathematician G. H. Hardy.  It concerns the aesthetics of mathematics with some personal content, and gives the layman an insight into the mind of a working mathematician. When Fiction Lives in Fiction is the title of a significant narrative essay written in 1939 by the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges.  Weighing in at something less than three pages in length, Borges explores in his inimitable way the teleological nature of metadocuments in fiction such as, for example, False documents. Amongst the works examined in this essay are William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, with its play-within-a-play, Gustav Meyrink's novel "The Golem" with its motifs of dreams within dreams within dreams, and the nub of the essay itself, a short review of the then recently published "At Swim-Two-Birds" by Irish writer Flann O'Brien with its circular daisy chain of characters writing novels about each other. Letters to a Young Mathematician (ISBN  ) is a 2006 book by Ian Stewart, and is part of Basic Books' Art of Mentoring series.  Stewart mentions in the preface that he considers this book an update to G.H. Hardy's "A Mathematician's Apology". Hamlet and His Problems is an essay written by T.S. Eliot in 1919 that offers a critical reading of "Hamlet".  The essay first appeared in Eliot's "The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism" in 1920.  It was later reprinted by Faber & Faber in 1932 in "Selected Essays, 1917-1932".  Eliot's critique gained attention partly due to his claim that "Hamlet" is "most certainly an artistic failure".  Eliot also popularised the concept of the objective correlative—a mechanism used to evoke emotion in an audience—in the essay.  The essay is also an example of Eliot's use of what became known as new criticism. "The Traffic in Women" is an essay written by anarchist writer Emma Goldman in 1910.  It has been published in various ways, including within Emma Goldman’s "Anarchism and Other Essays" (1911), published by Mother Earth, and as the named, leading essay of a collection of Emma Goldman essays: "The Traffic in Women, and Other Essays on Feminism" (1970, Times Change Press, 1971 paperback). " Mother Earth" was a monthly anarchist magazine founded by Goldman, Max Baginski, and others in 1906.  The essay is one of more than 20 articles that Goldman wrote during 1906 to 1940. The Power of the Powerless (Czech: "Moc bezmocných" ) is an expansive political essay written in October 1978 by the Czech dramatist, political dissident and later politician, Václav Havel.  The essay dissects the nature of the communist regime of the time, life within such a regime and how by their very nature such regimes can create dissidents of ordinary citizens.  The essay goes on to discuss ideas and possible actions by loose communities of individuals linked by a common cause, such as Charter 77.  Officially suppressed, the essay was circulated in samizdat form and translated into multiple languages.  It became a manifesto for dissent in Czechoslovakia, Poland and other communist regimes. "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" is an essay written by Peter Singer in 1971 and published in "Philosophy and Public Affairs" in 1972.  It argues that affluent persons are morally obligated to donate far more resources to humanitarian causes than is considered normal in Western cultures.  The essay was inspired by the starvation of Bangladesh Liberation War refugees, and uses their situation as an example, although Singer's argument is general in scope and not limited to the example of Bangladesh.  The essay is anthologized widely as an example of Western ethical thinking.
Answer: 1940