Question: Who was recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time and is also credited as one of the inventors of calculus?
Context: Sir Isaac Newton {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.  His book "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics.  Newton also made pathbreaking contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus. Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientists in human history.  His "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics by describing universal gravitation and the three laws of motion.  In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus. Natura non facit saltus (Latin for "nature does not make jumps") has been an important principle of natural philosophy.  It appears as an axiom in the works of Gottfried Leibniz ("New Essays", IV, 16: ""la nature ne fait jamais des sauts"", "nature does not make jumps"), one of the inventors of the infinitesimal calculus (see Law of Continuity).  It is also an essential element of Charles Darwin's treatment of natural selection in his "Origin of Species".  The Latin translation comes from Linnaeus' "Philosophia Botanica". Archimedes of Syracuse ( ; Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης ;  287 – c. 212BC ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.  Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.  Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola. Apple Dylan was the implementation of the Dylan programming language produced by Apple Computer.  Apple Dylan was originally developed as the toolbox and application language for the Apple Newton, but later released as a stand-alone development environment for the classic Mac OS, only to be abandoned shortly thereafter.  Apple Dylan was code-named Leibniz (a pun, of sorts, since Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton are credited as the inventors of calculus). Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz ( ; ] or ] ; French: "Godefroi Guillaume" ; 1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy, having developed differential and integral calculus independently of Isaac Newton.  Leibniz's notation has been widely used ever since it was published.  It was only in the 20th century that his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis).  He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators.  While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator.  He also refined the binary number system, which is the foundation of virtually all digital computers. Judea Pearl (born September 4, 1936) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and philosopher, best known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of Bayesian networks (see the article on belief propagation).  He is also credited for developing a theory of causal and counterfactual inference based on structural models (see article on causality).  He is the 2011 winner of the ACM Turing Award, the highest distinction in computer science, "for fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning". Seth Franklin Berkley, M.D. (born 1956 in New York City, New York) is a medical epidemiologist by training.  He is the CEO of the GAVI Alliance and a global advocate on the power of vaccines.  He is also the founder and former President and CEO of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI).  After graduation from McBurney School, New York, in 1974, he received a Bachelor of Science and medical degrees from Brown University, and trained in internal medicine at Harvard University.  Berkley has been featured on the cover of Newsweek and recognized by Wired Magazine as among "The Wired 25"—a salute to dreamers, inventors, mavericks and leaders—as well as by TIME magazine as one of the "100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2009.  In 2010, "Fortune" magazine named Berkley as one of its "Global Forum Visionaries."  Speaking at the TED 2010 conference, Dr. Berkley explains how innovative vaccine design and production technologies are bringing us closer to controlling global health threats like flu and HIV. Robert T. Mathews (November 21, 1851 – April 17, 1898) was an American right-handed professional baseball pitcher who played in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, the National League of Major League Baseball and the American Association for twenty years beginning in the late 1860s.  He is credited as being one of the inventors of the spitball pitch, which was rediscovered or reintroduced to the major leagues after he died.  He is also credited with the first legal pitch which broke away from the batter.  He is listed at 5 feet 5 inches tall and 140 pounds, which is small for a pro athlete even in his time, when the average height of an American male in the mid-19th century was 5 feet 7 & 1/4 inches tall. Transmutation of species and transformism are terms often used to describe 19th-century evolutionary ideas for the altering of one species into another that preceded Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.  The French "Transformisme" was a term used by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1809 for his theory, and other 19th century proponents of pre-Darwinian evolutionary ideas included Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Robert Grant, and Robert Chambers who anonymously published the book "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation".  Opposition in the scientific community to these early theories of evolution, led by influential scientists like the anatomists Georges Cuvier and Richard Owen and the geologist Charles Lyell, was intense.  The debate over them was an important stage in the history of evolutionary thought and would influence the subsequent reaction to Darwin's theory.
Answer: Isaac Newton