Question: African American Marines were killed in the Katsuyama killing incident in 1945 and fought in which other wars?
Context: The Battle of San Fernando took place on July 25, 1927 during the American occupation of Nicaragua of 1926–1933.  Shortly after the Battle of Ocotal, an expedition of seventy-eight American Marines and thirty-seven Nicaraguan Provisional Guardsmen led by Major Oliver Floyd were sent hunting for rebel leader Augusto César Sandino.  One of their destinations was the town of San Fernando, where Sandino had about forty men waiting for the Marines and their Nicaraguan allies.  He placed a sentry outside the village to alert his men of the Marines and Provisional Guard's arrival, but the watchman abandoned his post to be alone with an Indian girl in a nearby shack.  The Marines and Nicaraguan government troops marched into San Fernando at 3:00, finding it largely deserted.  While galloping across the town's "open, grassy plaza" in order to question an old man, Captain Victor F. Bleasdale and Marine Private Rafael Toro received fire from the waiting Sandinistas, with Toro being mortally wounded.  Eventually, the Sandinistas were driven back, leaving eleven of their dead behind.  Fighting was over by 3:45.  In addition to Marine and Sandinista losses, one woman was wounded in the legs by fire from an automatic weapon. The Battle of La Paz Centro took place on May 16, 1927 during the American occupation of Nicaragua of 1926–1933.  It took place after the end of Nicaraguan civil war of 1926–1927 and prior to the Sandino Rebellion of 1927–1933.  The incident began when American Marines heard gunshots coming from the town of La Paz Centro (located halfway between Managua and Chinandega) at nearly 1:00 in the morning and decided to investigate.  The Marine platoon that entered the town was led by Captain Richard B. Buchanan.  Three blocks into La Paz Centro, the Marines' left flank, led by Sergeant Glendell L. Fitzgerald came under fire from a crowd of about seventy-five armed Nicaraguans, forcing the former to take cover "under a protruding wooden sidewalk and behind a pile of railroad ties along the town’s main street."  They were soon joined by Captain Buchanan's main force. The Hankou Incident (Hankow Incident; Japanese: 漢口事件 (Hankō Jiken or Kankō Jiken ) ) was an incident that occurred on 3 April 1927 on the occasion of the capture of Hankou (Hankow) by the National Revolutionary Army in which rioters and a few military units invaded the Japanese concession in Hankou, engaged in vandalism and looting, and attacked Japanese residents and consular staff.  A number of servicemen of the Imperial Japanese Navy were injured, 150 homes were damaged and the total cost of the destruction was estimated at 920,000 yen.  Dozens of Chinese civilians were also killed when Japanese marines fired machine guns at protestors.  Some reports suggest that the incident occurred at the instigation of the Chinese Communist Party, however the riots were initially sparked by an altercation between Japanese marines and Chinese workers. The Haditha killings (also called the Haditha massacre or the Haditha incident) refers to the November 19, 2005, incident in which a group of United States Marines killed 24 unarmed Iraqi civilians.  The killings occurred in Haditha, a city in Iraq's western province of Al Anbar.  Among the dead were men, women, children and elderly people, who were shot multiple times at close range while unarmed.  It was alleged that the killings were a retribution for the attack on a convoy of Marines with an improvised explosive device that killed Lance Corporal Miguel Terrazas. The 1995 Okinawa rape incident took place on September 4, 1995, when three American U.S. servicemen – U.S. Navy Seaman Marcus Gill and U.S. Marines Rodrico Harp and Kendrick Ledet, who were all serving at Camp Hansen on Okinawa – rented a van and kidnapped a 12-year-old Japanese girl.  They beat her, duct-taped her eyes and mouth shut, and bound her hands.  Gill and Harp then raped her, while Ledet claimed he only pretended to do so out of fear of Gill.  The incident led to further debate over the continued presence of U.S. forces in Japan.  The offenders were tried and convicted in Japanese court by Japanese law, in accordance with the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement.  The families of the defendants initially claimed that Japanese officials had discriminated against the men because they were African American and coerced confessions from them, but later retracted the claims. The Action of 11 November 2008 was a naval engagement fought off Somalia between pirates and British forces.  Russia has stated that its forces fought off the pirates also, though Russia's involvement has been disputed by the Royal Navy.  The incident took place 60 nmi south of the Yemeni coast, in the Gulf of Aden, and the engagement is a part of Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa.  When the Royal Navy ship HMS "Cumberland" attempted to board a Somali pirate dhow with twelve pirates on board, the pirates initially resisted with assault rifle fire.  After a brief shoot-out with the Royal Marines, two pirates were killed and the dhow was captured by "Cumberland". " The Times" has described the incident as "the first time the Royal Navy had been engaged in a fatal shoot-out on the high seas in living memory." " The Independent" has also stated that the confrontation "is believed to be the first time recently that British [naval] service personnel have been involved in a confrontation that resulted in deaths", and "The Toronto Star" has stated that the engagement is "the first time since the 1982 Falklands War that the Royal Navy had killed anyone on the high seas." " Russia Today" has reported that the incident was "the first time Russian forces have moved against Somali pirates." The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a desegregated force, made up of troops of all races working and fighting alongside each other.  In 1776 and 1777, a dozen Black American Marines served in the American Revolutionary War, but from 1798 to 1942, the USMC followed a racially discriminatory policy of denying African Americans the opportunity to serve as Marines.  For more than 140 years, the Marines recruited primarily European Americans and white Hispanics, along with a few Asian Americans. At the conclusion of World War II the Allied nations began the process of disarmament of Axis controlled regions.  Japan occupied Korea at this time and had been in control since 1910.  In 1945, the decision was made to have American Marines forces oversee Japanese surrender and disarmament south of the 38th parallel and the Soviet Union would facilitate the change of power to the north.  At the time there was no political motivation and seemed to be a logical and convenient plan of action.  The original agreement and intent was to create a unified and independent Korea out of the post Japanese occupation era.  Instead each side of the 38th parallel established its own government under the influence of the occupational country; the United States in South Korea and the Soviet Union in North Korea.  Both new Korean governments discredited the other and claimed to be the only legitimate political system.  Tensions between the North and South escalated and each side began to petition foreign powers for resources and support.  South Korea wanted weapons and supplies from Truman and the United States government while North Korea sought help from Stalin and the Soviet Union.  The United States was still war weary from the disruptive World War II campaign and refused South Korea's request for weapons and troops.  North Korea convinced the Soviet Union to supply them with the weapons and support they requested.  This decision coincided with the United States withdrawing the last remaining combat troops from South Korea.  North Korea saw its opportunity and attacked South Korean forces at the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950 and thus initiating the Korean War. The Military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United States to the present day.  In every war fought by or within the United States, African Americans participated, including the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Civil War, the Spanish–American War, the World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as other minor conflicts. The Katsuyama killing incident in 1945 was a killing of three African American Marines by Okinawans from the Katsuyama village near Nago, Okinawa, after the Battle of Okinawa, shortly before the end of the war in the Pacific.  Many years later some of the villagers confessed that every weekend three black United States Marines had allegedly been visiting the village around that time and every time they violently took the village women into the hills with them and raped them.  When the Marines started to confidently carry out their weekly ritual unarmed, the villagers reportedly overwhelmed the men one time and killed all three.  Their bodies were hidden in the nearby cave out of fear for retaliation against the village, a village secret until 1997.  Since the killings, the cave has been known as 'Kuronbō Gama,' by locals which translates to the "Cave of The Dark Skinned Boys".
Answer: the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Civil War, the Spanish–American War, the World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq