Question: Teutonic knights committed crusades under what religion?
Context: The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were religious wars undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and Western Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and to a lesser extent also against Orthodox Christian Slavs (East Slavs).  The crusades took place mostly in the 12th and 13th centuries and resulted in the subjugation and forced baptism of indigenous peoples. The Battle of Krücken was a medieval battle fought in 1249 during the Prussian Crusades between the Teutonic Knights and Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes.  In terms of knights killed, it was the fourth largest defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century. The (First) Peace of Thorn was a peace treaty formally ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War between allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other.  It was signed on 1 February 1411 in Thorn (Toruń), one of the southernmost cities of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.  In historiography, the treaty is often portrayed as a diplomatic failure of Poland–Lithuania as they failed to capitalize on the decisive defeat of the Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in June 1410.  The Knights returned Dobrzyń Land which they captured from Poland during the war and made only temporary territorial concessions in Samogitia, which returned to Lithuania only for the lifetimes of Polish King Władysław Jagiełło and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas.  The Peace of Thorn was not stable.  It took two other brief wars, the Hunger War in 1414 and Gollub War in 1422, to sign the Treaty of Melno that solved the territorial disputes.  However, large war reparations were a significant financial burden on the Knights, causing internal unrest and economic decline.  The Teutonic Knights never recovered their former might. The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War or Great War occurred between 1409 and 1411, pitting the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights.  Inspired by the local Samogitian uprising, the war began by Teutonic invasion of Poland in August 1409.  As neither side was ready for a full-scale war, Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia brokered a nine-month truce.  After the truce expired in June 1410, the military-religious monks were decisively defeated in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), one of the largest battles in medieval Europe.  Most of the Teutonic leadership was killed or taken prisoner.  While defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege on their capital in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered only minimal territorial losses in the Peace of Thorn (1411).  Territorial disputes lasted until the Peace of Melno of 1422.  However, the Knights never recovered their former power and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and economic decline in their lands.  The war shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant power in the region. Glappo (or Glappe) (baptized as "Charles" or "Carolus") was the leader of Warmians, one of the Prussian clans, during the Great Prussian Uprising (1260–1274) against the Teutonic Knights.  In 1249 Pope Urban IV had installed the papal legate Jacob Pantaleon to aid the Teutonic Order and after the battle at the Durbe, the pope called for a crusade against the Prussians and sent knights who were on their way against the Tatars back to the crusades against the Prussians.  During those crusades and as a result the unbaptized parts of the Prussians began uprisings and Glappo and his men successfully captured Braunsberg.  When Glappo ambushed and killed forty people who left the castle to gather firewood and fodder, the Bishop of Warmia decided against trying to defend the town and abandoned it.  In 1266 large reinforcements for the Teutonic Knights, led by Otto III and John I, co-rulers of Brandenburg, arrived to Prussia.  They built a castle on the border of Warmian and Natangian lands between Balga and Königsberg and named it Brandenburg (now Ushakovo).  When a native woman informed Glappo that most of the soldiers were away on a raid and the place is practically unguarded, Warmians attacked and captured the outer walls and the towers.  When Teutonic soldiers returned, they did not try to recapture the castle.  The very next year Duke Otto was back to rebuild the castle.  Glappo was killed trying to recapture Brandenburg.  In 1273, at the very end of the uprising, Warmians besieged Brandenburg, but did not put sufficient guards on the road from Königsberg.  This allowed the Knights to attack the Prussians from the rear.  Warmians suffered a crushing defeat and Glappo was captured.  He was latter hanged on a hill outside Königsberg that is sometimes referred to as "Glappo's hill" ("Glappenberg").  He was the last important Prussian leader, and after his death only Pogesanians were left fighting. Samogitian uprisings refer to two uprisings by the Samogitians against the Teutonic Knights in 1401–1404 and 1409.  Samogitia was granted to the Teutonic Knights by Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania, several times in order to enlist Knights' support for his other military affairs.  The local population resisted Teutonic rule and asked Vytautas to protect them.  The first uprising was unsuccessful and Vytautas had to reconfirm his previous promises to transfer Samogitia in the Peace of Raciąż.  The second uprising provoked the Knights to declare war on Poland.  Hostilities escalated and resulted in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), one of the biggest battles of medieval Europe.  The Knights were soundly defeated by the joint Polish–Lithuanian forces, but Vytautas and Jogaila, King of Poland, were unable to capitalize on their victory.  Conflicts regarding Samogitia, both diplomatic and military, dragged until the Treaty of Melno (1422). Bernard Szumborski (German: "" ) was a Moravian knight and a mercenary.  Szumborski was hired by the Teutonic Knights during the Battle of Chojnice (part of Thirteen Years' War), and was sent with 15,000 men to relieve the besieged city of Chojnice.  King Casimir IV of Poland sent cavalry attacks to the rear of the Teutonic lines and Szumborski was captured.  However, Teutonic knights rallied up and caused panic.  Szumborski managed to escape and organized the pursuit of the fleeing Polish army.  On October 24, 1457, together with 2000 mercenaries, Szumborski captured Chełmno (Kulm), and killed its mayor, Michal Segemund, claiming that he was a traitor.  His forces captured other towns of Pomerelia and Chełmno Land, and on March 21, 1458, Szumborski with his army approached Toruń (Thorn), burning its suburbs, but failing to capture the heavily fortified city.  On September 19, 1460, Szumborski captured the town of Golub-Dobrzyń, but Polish garrison of its castle, commanded by Andrzej Puszkarz, managed to hold it.  In August 1466, Szymborski, as envoy of the Teutonic Knights, was sent to Bydgoszcz, to negotiate with King Casimir IV and his envoys, Jan Długosz and Jan Sapienski.  The negotiations ended on October 19, 1466, when the Second Peace of Thorn was signed.  Szymborski, regarded as a very cruel man, died on January 7, 1470.  As Jan Długosz recorded, he was poisoned by a female resident of Chełmno. The Treaty of Königsberg was signed in Königsberg (Królewiec) on 30 January 1384, during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) between Vytautas the Great and representatives of the Teutonic Knights.  Vytautas waged a civil against his cousin Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and future King of Poland, and allied himself with the Teutonic Knights.  In order to secure Teutonic support in the civil war, Vytautas signed the treaty and granted Samogitia up to the Nevėžis River and Kaunas to the Knights.  In 1382 Jogaila promised the Knights Samogitia only up to the Dubysa River, but never ratified the Treaty of Dubysa.  Samogitia was important for the Knights as this territory physically separated them from uniting with the Livonian order in the north.  Vytautas also promised to become Order's vassal.  In February several Samogitian regions acknowledged their support to Vytautas and the Knights. Drang nach Osten (] , "yearning for the East", "thrust toward the East", "push eastward", "drive toward the East" or "desire to push East") was a term coined in the 19th century to designate German expansion into Slavic lands.  The term became a motto of the German nationalist movement in the late nineteenth century.  In some historical discourses, "Drang nach Osten" combines historical German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, medieval (12th-13th centuries) military expeditions like the ones of the Teutonic Knights (see Northern Crusades), and Germanisation policies and warfare of Modern Age German states like the Nazi Lebensraum concept.  In Poland, the term "Drang nach Osten" was used in discourse when describing Germanisation of Poland while on the German side the slogan was part of a wider nationalist discourse approving the medieval settlement in the east and the idea of the "superiority of German culture".  The slogan Drang nach Westen ("thrust toward the West") derived from "Drang nach Osten" was used to depict an alleged Polish drive westward.  It was one of the core elements of German nationalism and part of Nazi ideology; as Adolf Hitler said on 7 February 1945: "It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of our race must expand.  It is the direction which Nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples." The Battle of Grunwald, First Battle of Tannenberg or Battle of Žalgiris, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.  The alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German–Prussian Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen.  Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership were killed or taken prisoner.  Although defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege of their fortress in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411) (Toruń), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Peace of Melno in 1422.  The knights, however, would never recover their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands under their control.  The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant political and military force in the region.
Answer: Catholic