Question: What was the name of the man who played a key role in the development of the reactor the powered the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole?
Context: Operation Sunshine was a scientific expedition conducted by the U.S. Navy in the summer of 1958.  A crew of just over 100 sailors piloted the USS Nautilus (SSN-571) under the North Pole.  The Nautilus was chosen for the mission because its nuclear reactor allowed it to remain submerged longer than a conventional submarine.  The mission was completed successfully on August 3, 1958 when the Nautilus and her crew crossed under the North Pole. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro (12 May 1920 – 16 July 2016) was an American chemist and inventor.  He received 15 patents, including a 2009 patent on a process to make commercial production of diamonds cheaper, and played a key role in the development of the reactor that powered the world's first nuclear powered submarine, the "Nautilus". Marek Kamiński (born 24 March 1964 in Gdańsk) – Polish Polar explorer, author, entrepreneur.  Kamiński holds the Guinness World Record for being the first person to walk to both the North Pole and the South Pole, solo and unsupported, even though it appears that Wojciech Moskal walked with him to the North Pole on 23 May 1995.  In the same year, on 27 December 1995, he reached the South Pole alone.  He is also famous for the 2004 Together to the Pole Expedition to both Poles in a single year with disabled teenager Jan Mela, with Wojciech Ostrowski and Wojciech Moskal (North Pole). USS "Nautilus" (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine.  The vessel was the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3rd August 1958. USS "Skate" (SSN-578), the third submarine of the United States Navy named for the skate, a type of ray, was the lead ship of the "Skate" class of nuclear submarines.  She was the third nuclear submarine commissioned, the first to make a completely submerged trans-Atlantic crossing, and the second submarine to reach the North Pole and the first to surface there. Moata was a 100 kW thermal Argonaut class reactor built at the Australian Atomic Energy Commission (later ANSTO) Research Establishment at Lucas Heights , Sydney.  Moata went critical at 5:50am on 10 April 1961 and ended operations on 31 May 1995.  The reactor was shut down as it was no longer possible, after 34 years, to economically justify its continued operations.  It was one of a group of reactors that were designed in the mid-1950s, in the United States by the Argonne National Laboratory.  The purpose of the reactor was for training scientists, however in the mid-1970s it was expanded to include activation analysis and neutron radiography.  Moata offered training in reactor control and neutron physics.  Experimental data on nuclear fuel and moderator systems was also accumulated during the operation of the reactor.  The reactor has since been permanently shutdown and with dismantling of the reactor complete the site has been completely restored.  It was the first reactor to be decommissioned in Australia.  In 1995 the used fuel from the reactor was unloaded and in 2006 it was shipped to the United States where it remains.  "Moata" was dismantled in 2009.  "Moata" is an Aboriginal name meaning "gentle-fire" or "fire-stick". The "Skate"-class submarines were the United States Navy's first production run of nuclear-powered submarines.  They were an evolution of the "Tang" class in everything except their propulsion plants, which were based on the operational prototype USS "Nautilus" .  The four "Skate" class boats re-introduced stern torpedo tubes.  Although among the smallest nuclear-powered attack submarines ever built, the "Skate" class served for many years, with the last being decommissioned in 1989.  USS "Skate" was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole, on 17 March 1959. Peral was the first electric battery-powered submarine, built by the Spanish engineer and sailor Isaac Peral for the Spanish Navy.  The first fully capable military submarine, she was launched 8 September 1888.  She had one torpedo tube (and two torpedoes) and an air regeneration system.  Her hull shape, propeller, and cruciform external controls anticipated later designs.  Her underwater speed was 3 kn .  With fully charged batteries, she was the fastest submarine yet built, with underwater performance levels (except for range) that matched those of First World War U-boats for a very short period, before her batteries began to drain.  For example, the SM U-9, a pre-war German U-boat built in 1908, had an underwater speed of 8.1kn, and an underwater range of 150 km at 5.8kn, before having to resurface to recharge her batteries.  In June 1890, Peral's submarine launched a torpedo while submerged.  It was also the first submarine to incorporate a fully reliable underwater navigation system.  However, conservatives in the Spanish naval hierarchy terminated the project despite two years of successful tests.  Her operational abilities have led some to call her the first U-boat. Ictíneo II was a pioneering submarine launched in 1864 by the Spanish engineer Narcís Monturiol and was the first air independent and combustion powered submarine and was the first submarine to overcome the basic problems of machine powered underwater navigation. James Francis Calvert (September 8, 1920 – June 3, 2009) served in the United States Navy, where he commanded USS "Skate" , the third nuclear submarine commissioned and the second submarine to reach the North Pole, which became the first to surface at the pole.  "Skate" surfaced at the North Pole on 17 March 1959 to commit the ashes of the famed explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins to the Arctic waste.  He later served as the 46th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy.
Answer: Zalman Mordecai Shapiro