Question: Between what two states does the valley the Ojibwe ceded their rights to by the Treaty of Old Crossing form the border?
Context: The proposed Convention on the Rights of Older Persons is regarded as the next major United Nations human rights treaty.  The proposed treaty will seek to remedy the fragmented human rights structure for older persons, and will focus on reaffirming critical human rights which are of concern to the elderly.  The focus of the treaty will be persons over 60 years of age, which is a growing demographic worldwide due to increased population ageing.  The treaty follows from the success of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child which has seen near universal acceptance since 1989.  Where the UNCRC focuses on the rights of younger persons, the UNCROP will address those who form the older portion of society, who according to United Nations reports, are becoming increasingly vulnerable as a group without applicable normative standards of Human Rights Law.  Support for a Convention is becoming increasingly popular, as human rights groups including the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), HelpAge International, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the International Labour Organization, and many other NGOs and states have expressed support for a universal instrument.  The need for a treaty has arisen due to issues surrounding demographic changes from population ageing.  This has led to significant interest in how to best ensure the well being of older persons.  Among the rights issues faced by older persons are their rights against ageist discrimination, and the rights to participation.  The debate surrounding the convention focuses on the implementation and safeguarding of these rights, to set normative standards of human rights for older persons.  One substantive issue is the conception of elder abuse as between individuals.  Individual relationships generally fall outside of current human rights law, which seeks to present standards of relations between states and individuals.  Therefore, it has been suggested that the proposed human rights convention for older persons ought to be drafted as an anti-discrimination convention.  However, This would not be consistent with other multilateral human rights conventions such as the ICCPR and ICESCR which set normative standards. The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.  It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy.  It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also during the Latin American Wars of Independence.  Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons.  Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams–Onís Treaty in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas.  The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean, in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing the US claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Aranjuez was signed on June 3, 1777, between France and Spain.  Based on the terms of the treaty, the two countries agreed to define the border of their respective colonies on the island of Santo Domingo in the Caribbean Sea which they shared ownership of.  Spain made substantial gains in the upper Artibonite Valley in middle section of the island.  The new border was to be marked by border stones.  It was signed at Aranjuez Palace near Madrid in Spain.  It was one of a number of diplomatic agreements signed at the palace in the eighteenth century and should not be confused with the 1779 Treaty of Aranjuez between the two states which led to Spain's entry into the American War of Independence. Quasi alliance is a relationship between two states that have not formed an alliance despite sharing a common ally.  These two states may remain unallied due to alliance hindrances such as historical animosity but still share a common, powerful ally capable of diminishing the two states' security fears due to a common threat.  Japan-Korea relations may be referred to as a quasi alliance as the two states remain unallied, but share a common threat, North Korea, and a common ally, the United States.  The two states remain unallied mainly due to historical animosity rooting from the period of Japanese colonialism. Treaty 3 was an agreement entered into on October 3, 1873, by the Ojibwe First Nations and Queen Victoria.  The treaty involved a vast tract of Ojibwe territory, including large parts of what is now northwestern Ontario and a small part of eastern Manitoba, to the Government of Canada.  Treaty 3 also provided for rights for the Waasaakode Anishinaabe ("light skinned Anishinaabe") and other Ojibwe, through a series of agreements signed over the next year. The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (Chinese: 中日和平條約 ), commonly known as the Treaty of Taipei (), was a peace treaty between Japan and the Republic of China (ROC) signed in Taipei, Taiwan on April 28, 1952, and took effect on August 5 the same year, marking the formal end of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45).  This treaty was necessary, because neither the Republic of China nor the People's Republic of China was invited to sign the Treaty of San Francisco due to disagreements by other countries as to which government was the legitimate government of China during and after the Chinese Civil War.  Under pressure from the United States, Japan signed a separate peace treaty with the Republic of China to bring the war between the two states to a formal end with a victory for the ROC.  Although the ROC itself was not a participant in the San Francisco Peace Conference due to the resumption of the Chinese Civil War after 1945, this treaty largely corresponds to that of San Francisco.  In particular, the ROC waived service compensation to Japan in this treaty with respect to Article 14(a).1 of the San Francisco Treaty. The Treaty of Fort Clark (also known as the Treaty with the Osage or the Osage Treaty) was signed at Fort Osage (then called Fort Clark) on November 10, 1808 (ratified on April 28, 1810) in which the Osage Nation ceded all the land east of the fort in Missouri and Arkansas north of the Arkansas River to the United States.  The Fort Clark treaty and the Treaty of St. Louis in which the Sac (tribe) and Fox (tribe) ceded northeastern Missouri along with northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin were the first two major treaties in the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase.  The affected tribes, upset with the terms, were to side with the British in the War of 1812.  Following the settlement of that war, John C. Sullivan for the United States was to survey the ceded land in 1816 (adjusting it 23 miles westward to the mouth of the Kansas River to create the Indian Boundary Line west of which and south of which virtually all tribes were to be removed in the Indian Removal Act in 1830. By the Treaty of Old Crossing (1863) and the Treaty of Old Crossing (1864), the Pembina and Red Lake bands of the Ojibwe, then known as Chippewa Indians, purportedly ceded to the United States all of their rights to the Red River Valley.  On the Minnesota side, the ceded territory included all lands lying west of a line running generally southwest from the Lake of the Woods to Thief Lake, about 30 mi west of Red Lake, and then angling southeast to the headwaters of the Wild Rice River near the low-lying divide separating the watershed of the Red River of the North from the watershed of the Mississippi River.  On the North Dakota side, the ceded territory included all of the Red River Valley north of the Sheyenne River.  The total land area, roughly 127 mi wide east to west and 188 mi long north to south, consisted of nearly 11000000 acre of rich prairie land and forests. The Red River Valley is a region in central North America that is drained by the Red River of the North; it is part of both Canada and the United States.  Forming the border between Minnesota and North Dakota when these territories were admitted as states in the United States, this fertile valley has been important to the economies of these states and to Manitoba, Canada. Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians, 526 U.S. 172 (1999), was a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the usufructuary rights of the Ojibwe (Chippewa) tribe to certain lands it had ceded to the federal government in 1837.  The Court ruled that the Ojibwe retained certain hunting, fishing, and gathering rights on the ceded land.
Answer: Minnesota and North Dakota