Question: Les deux journées, ou Le porteur d'eau ("The Two Days, or The Water Carrier") is an opera in three acts by Luigi Cherubini, with a libretto by Jean-Nicolas Bouilly, Bouilly claimed he took the story from a real life incident during the French Revolution but, for fear of censorship, he moved the action back to 1647 and the time of Cardinal Jules Raymond Mazarin, Duke of Rethel, Mayenne and Nevers, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the Chief Minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death, in what year?
Context: Cardinal Jules Raymond Mazarin, Duke of Rethel, Mayenne and Nevers (] ; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ] or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the Chief Minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death. Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (] ; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu (French: Cardinal de Richelieu ] ), was a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman.  He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616.  Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624.  He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered. Pierre Broussel (ca. 1575-1654) was a councillor in the Parlement of Paris under Louis XIII and Louis XIV, and later its president.  He was a popular politician, in part due to his opposition to tax plans proposed by Cardinal Mazarin and his support for other legal reforms.  Mazarin arrested him and a number of other members of the Paris Parlement for their politics on 26 August 1648.  In response, the people of Paris rebelled and Mazarin was forced to free Broussel two days later.  This insurrection touched off the first Fronde.  Broussel was appointed "Provost of the merchants of Paris" (effectively, the mayor) in July 1652, but he resigned in September in order to make it easier to end the civil war he had helped to start. Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (31 October 1629 – 14 August 1665) was the son of Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers (+ 1631) of Rethel, Nevers, Mantua and Montferrat, and Maria Gonzaga.  He followed his grandfather Charles I, Duke of Mantua in 1637 as ruler of these lands, the first 10 years under regency of his mother Duchess Maria.  On 22 March 1657 Charles II receives the appointment as Sosai Cesareo in Italy and Imperial Vicar.  Charles sold the Duchies of Nevers and Rethel in 1659 to Cardinal Jules Mazarin, the factual Regent of France, and they became part of France. The Overture in G major by Luigi Cherubini (1760-1842) is an orchestral work written for concert use in early 1815.  It is unusual among Cherubini's overtures in that his other, better known overtures (such as those to "Anacreon", "Médée", "Les deux journées" and "Ali Baba"), were intended to introduce stage works.  Although born in Italy Cherubini had been living in France since 1784, and had earned world fame through a series of operas composed for the Paris stage.  In the first decade of the nineteenth century the vogue for his dramatic works began to wane, and he turned increasingly to sacred music. Les deux journées, ou Le porteur d'eau ("The Two Days, or The Water Carrier") is an opera in three acts by Luigi Cherubini with a libretto by Jean-Nicolas Bouilly.  It takes the form of an opéra comique, meaning not that the subject matter is humorous, but that the piece is a mixture of spoken dialogue and musical numbers.  Bouilly claimed he took the story from a real life incident during the French Revolution but, for fear of censorship, he moved the action back to 1647 and the time of Cardinal Mazarin.  The opera was first performed on 16 January 1800 at the Théâtre Feydeau in Paris. Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg, was queen of France as the wife of Louis XIII and regent for their son, Louis XIV.  During her regency (1643–1651), Cardinal Mazarin served as France's chief minister.  Accounts of French court life of her era emphasize her difficult marital relations with her husband, her closeness to her son Louis XIV, and her disapproval of her son's marital infidelity to her niece Maria Theresa. Héléna is an opera in three acts by the French composer Étienne Méhul.  It premiered at the Opéra-Comique, Paris on 1 March 1803.  The libretto is by Jean-Nicolas Bouilly.  It enjoyed 36 performances in the space of 20 months before disappearing from the theatre's repertoire.  Bouilly was accused of basing the plot too closely on Cherubini's "Les deux journées".  According to the musicologist Elizabeth Bartlet, "several scholars have pointed out [that] Beethoven's trumpet call in "Fidelio" was inspired by Méhul's "Héléna"". The Mazarinettes were the seven nieces of Cardinal Jules Mazarin, the Chief Minister of France during the youth of King Louis XIV.  He brought them, together with three of his nephews, from Italy to France in the years 1647 and 1653.  Afterwards, he arranged advantageous marriages for them to powerful and influential French and Italian princes.  To overcome aristocratic resistance to the matches, the cardinal generously granted huge dowries to the fiancés. Philippe Jules Mancini (1641, Rome - 1707, Paris), Duke of Nevers, was the nephew of Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France immediately after the death of King Louis XIII.  He was the brother of the five famous Mancini sisters, who along with two of their female Martinozzi cousins, were known at the court of King Louis XIV of France as the Mazarinettes.
Answer: 1661