Question: Toshi Ichiyanagi, who wrote Music for Electric Metronomes, was what nationality?
Context: Toshi Ichiyanagi (一柳 慧 , Ichiyanagi Toshi , born 4 February 1933) is a Japanese composer of avant-garde music.  He studied with Tomojiro Ikenouchi, Kishio Hirao, and John Cage. Étienne Moulinié (10 October 1599 – 1676) was a French Baroque composer.  He was born in Languedoc, and when he was a child he sang at the Narbonne Cathedral.  Through the influence of his brother Antoine (died 1655), Moulinié gained an appointment at court, as the director of music for Gaston d'Orléans, the younger brother of the king.  For this post he wrote sacred and secular music, for voice or voices and lute or continuo.  He also wrote music to accompany the "ballet" or other dances.  He taught Gaston's daughter, Mlle de Montpensier.  Moulinié worked for Gaston until the latter's death in 1660, at which point he was forced to find new employment.  For this he returned to his birthplace of Languedoc. Music for Electric Metronomes is an avant-garde aleatoric composition written in 1960 by Japanese composer Toshi Ichiyanagi for any number of performers between three and eight.  The piece involves the manipulation of electric metronomes, followed by various unspecified sounds and actions.  It is a very theatrical piece, and reflects Ichiyanagi's affiliation with Fluxus, an experimental art movement from the sixties.  The only true scored "instrument" is an electric metronome for each individual player, though the varying sounds and/or actions may involve many different instruments and objects at the discretion of the performer.  Because the graphic notation of score (which is a series of dashes, lines, and numbers in an erratic pattern of connected paths) leaves a lot of room for personal interpretation and expression, each performance is unique, and almost certainly cannot be reproduced.  There is no conductor for the performance.  It has been recorded on the album "Toshi Ichiyanagi: 1960's & 1990's".  In a review of a performance by the S.E.M. Ensemble in 1992 at the Paula Cooper Gallery, the music critic of "The New York Times", Alex Ross, described the piece as "merely a timid, spastic prelude to György Ligeti's monumental "Poème symphonique" for 100 metronomes". Robert Mellin (1902–1994) was an English songwriter and music publisher.  He wrote the music or lyrics for several hit songs in the 1950s and 1960s.  From the late 1950s onwards he ran his own music publishing company.  Mellin wrote the theme music for the TV series "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" and "Don Quijote".  He also wrote music for films in the 1960s. Toshi Aline Seeger (née Ohta; July 1, 1922 – July 9, 2013) was an American filmmaker, producer, and environmental activist.  A filmmaker who specialized in the subject of folk music, Toshi's credits include the 1966 film "Afro-American Work Songs in a Texas Prison" and the Emmy Award-winning documentary "", released through PBS in 2007.  In 1966, Seeger and her husband, folk-singer Pete Seeger, co-founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, which seeks to protect the Hudson River and surrounding wetlands.  Additionally, they co-founded the Clearwater Festival (officially known as The Great Hudson River Revival), a major music festival held annually at Croton Point Park in Westchester County, New York. Joseph Guilherme Raposo, (February 8, 1937 – February 5, 1989) was a Portuguese-American composer, songwriter, pianist, television writer and lyricist, best known for his work on the children's television series "Sesame Street", for which he wrote the theme song, as well as classic songs such as "Bein' Green" and "C is for Cookie".  He also wrote music for television shows such as "The Electric Company", "Shining Time Station" and the sitcoms "Three's Company" and "The Ropers", including their theme songs.  In addition to these works, Raposo also composed extensively for the DePatie-Freleng Enterprises such as "Halloween Is Grinch Night", "Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? " and "The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat". Takanori Arisawa (有澤 孝紀 , Arisawa Takanori , April 2, 1951 – November 26, 2005) was a Japanese composer and arranger best known for composing the "Sailor Moon" anime series and "Digimon" series (Seasons 1-4).  He wrote music for the series, including its video games.  Born in Tokyo, Arisawa began to learn piano at the age of 20.  After graduating from Senzoku Gakuen College, Arisawa started his career in 1980 by composing "Shinjuku Transfer".  He worked for the Tokyo Broadcasting System and wrote several TV dramas. From the 1990s until his death, Arisawa began composing for anime series exclusively.  His work on "Sailor Moon" was initially based on pop music, but gradually began to change to those found in classical music.  "Sailor Moon" was successful and Arisawa won several awards for his work.  After "Sailor Moon", Arisawa composed music for several shows, including the "Digimon" series, until his death from bladder cancer in 2005. Knut Markus Hansen Glomsaas (1863–1935) was a Norwegian military musician based in Trondheim.  Although he decided to go to America as a 17-year-old man, his father saw his talents and made him join the military as a cornetist in the artillery instead.  He studied in Berlin for two years.  He was known for his competence, and led and instructed multiple choirs.  He wrote music for ballet, marches and military music, dance music, and he wrote a polka for Trondheim's 900-years jubilee. Neil Chotem (9 September 1920, Saskatoon - 21 February 2008, Greenfield Park, Quebec) was a Canadian composer, arranger, conductor, pianist, and music educator.  His compositional style is eclectic but conservative, and often incorporates elements of jazz and popular music.  He composed a considerable body of works for television and radio and also wrote music for a number of leading Canadian performers like Maureen Forrester, Paul Piché, and Michel Rivard.  For the progressive rock band Harmonium he wrote much of the music for their critically acclaimed album "L'Heptade" (1976).  In 1968 he, Paul de Margerie, and Marcel Lévêque were awarded a Montreal Festival du disque prize for "3=12", an LP for which the three men all worked together as conductors and arrangers.  He received another prize from that same organization that same year for Renée Claude's recording of his arrangement of Jacques Brel's song "Ne me quitte pas".  In 1993 he received the Prix de la Guilde from the Guilde des musiciens du Québec. Al Lerner (1919 – January 19, 2014) was an American pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor from the big band era.  He was a member of the Harry James band for many years, playing piano.  He wrote music for several artists, including Allan Sherman and Liza Minnelli.  He also wrote the music for "So Until I See You", the closing theme for "The Tonight Show with Jack Paar" in the early 1960s, and was the pianist for "A Tribute to Eddie Duchin", which was a soundtrack for the 1956 biographical film pic "The Eddy Duchin Story".
Answer: Japanese