Question: Which Supreme Court case dealt with same-sex couples, United States v. Windsor or Medellín v. Texas?
Context: Prior to the landmark ruling "United States v. Windsor", the constitutionality of banning same-sex marriage was upheld by the Eighth Circuit in "Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning".  After the "Windsor" ruling, many same-sex marriage bans were struck down by lower courts.  The Tenth, Fourth, Seventh, and Ninth circuits all ruled that same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional.  The cases that made it to these circuit courts originated in district courts which for the most part also struck down same-sex marriage bans.  When a circuit court struck down a state's same-sex marriage ban, it did not directly strike down same-sex marriage bans in other states within the circuit.  However, it paved the way for same-sex marriage bans to be struck down in the entire circuit due to the precedent it set for district courts within the circuit to follow.  In some states, same-sex marriage was already legal before a federal circuit court ruled on the matter.  The Sixth Circuit ruled that same-sex marriage bans were not unconstitutional and reversed the district court rulings that struck down same-sex marriage bans.  Since this was the only circuit court to rule this way post-"Windsor", this created a circuit split which ultimately led to the Supreme Court of the United States deciding to resolve the issue once and for all.  They ruled that same-sex marriage bans violate the constitution in the landmark ruling "Obergefell v. Hodges" which was the consolidated case that covered each state in the Sixth Circuit.  Some circuit courts have not ruled on the constitutionality of same-sex marriage bans at all.  Many circuit courts had pending same-sex marriage cases, but decided to hold off on litigation until the Supreme Court ruled on the matter. Prior to several rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States, adoption laws varied widely by state.  Some states granted full adoption rights to same-sex couples, while others banned it entirely or only allowed the partner in a same-sex relationship to adopt the biological child of the other partner.  On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court struck down all bans on same-sex marriage in the United States.  On March 31, 2016, a Federal District Court struck down Mississippi's ban on same-sex couples from adoption.  On June 26, 2017, the Supreme Court reversed an Arkansas Supreme Court ruling and ordered all states to treat same-sex couples equally to opposite-sex couples in the issuance of birth certificates.  These court rulings have made adoption by same-sex couples legal in all 50 states. Same-sex marriage is legal in the U.S. state of California, and first became so on June 16, 2008, when the state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples as the result of the Supreme Court of California ruling in "In re Marriage Cases", which found that barring same-sex couples from marriage violated the state's constitution.  The issuance of those licenses was halted during the period of November 5, 2008 through June 27, 2013 (though existing same-sex marriages continued to be valid) due to the passage of Proposition 8—a state constitutional amendment barring same-sex marriages.  The granting of same-sex marriages recommenced following the United States Supreme Court decision in "Hollingsworth v. Perry", which restored the effect of a federal district court ruling that overturned Proposition 8 as unconstitutional. V.L. v. E.L., 577 U.S. ___ (2016) , is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the adoption rights of same-sex couples.  In 2007, a Georgia Superior Court granted adoption rights to V.L., the partner of E.L., the woman who gave birth to their three children.  However, after moving back to Alabama, the couple split up.  E.L. tried to block V.L. from seeing the children, but V.L. filed a lawsuit seeking visitation and other parental rights.  On September 18, 2015, the Supreme Court of Alabama ruled that the state did not have to recognize the adoption judgment, saying that the Georgia court misapplied its own state law.  The court voided the recognition of the adoption judgment in Alabama.  V.L. petitioned the United States Supreme Court to stay the ruling during her appeal and allow her to see her children.  On December 14, 2015, the Supreme Court stayed the ruling pending their action on a petition for a writ of certiorari filed by V.L. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court by per curiam summary disposition. United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. ___ (2013) (Docket No.  12-307 ), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of "marriage" and "spouse" to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.  In the majority opinion, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: "The federal statute is invalid, for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State, by its marriage laws, sought to protect in personhood and dignity." Medellín v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491 (2008) , is a United States Supreme Court decision that held that even if an international treaty may constitute an international commitment, it is not binding domestic law unless Congress has enacted statutes implementing it or unless the treaty itself is "self-executing."  Also, the Court held that decisions of the International Court of Justice are not binding domestic law and that, without authority from the United States Congress or the Constitution, the President of the United States lacks the power to enforce international treaties or decisions of the International Court of Justice. Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Virginia since October 6, 2014, following a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States to refuse to hear an appeal of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals in the case "Bostic v. Schaefer".  Marriages of same-sex couples subsequently began at 1:00 PM on October 6 after the Circuit Court issued its mandate, and since then Virginia has performed legal marriages of same-sex couples and recognized out-of-state marriages of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Utah since December 20, 2013, when the state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples as the result of Judge Robert J. Shelby of the U.S. District Court for Utah ruling in the case of "Kitchen v. Herbert", which found that barring same-sex couples from marriage violated the U.S. Constitution.  The issuance of those licenses was halted during the period of January 6, 2014 until October 6, 2014, following the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage.  On that day, following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to hear an appeal in a case that found Utah's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the state to recognize same-sex marriage. Garden State Equality v. Dow (82 A. 3d 336 - NJ: Superior Court, Law Div.  2013) is a New Jersey Superior Court case that held on September 27, 2013, that the New Jersey's marriage laws violated the rights of same-sex couples to equal protection of the law under the New Jersey State Constitution.  The trial court and a State Appellate Court refused the State's request for a stay of the trial court's decision, and the New Jersey Supreme Court refused to do so on a 7-0 vote.  The ruling took effect on October 21, 2013; and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie dropped the State's plans to appeal that same day, ending the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples in New Jersey. Miller v. Davis is a federal lawsuit in the United States regarding the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples.  After the U.S. Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage nationwide on June 26, 2015, the county clerk of Rowan County, Kentucky, Kim Davis, refused to issue marriage licenses to any couple to avoid issuing them to same-sex couples, citing her religious beliefs.  She also refused to allow her deputies to issue the licenses, as they would still bear her title and name.  On August 12, 2015, U.S. District Judge David L. Bunning ordered Davis to issue marriage licenses to all couples.  He stayed his ruling until August 31, at her request, while she sought a stay pending appeal.  A federal appeals court denied the stay, followed by the Supreme Court who also refused to stay the ruling.  On September 3, Judge Bunning ordered Davis jailed for contempt of court until she complies with the order.  Davis was released on September 8, following her deputy clerks issuing marriage licenses to the plaintiffs during her jailing.  On September 14, Davis returned to work where she is not standing in the way of her clerks issuing licenses, though she questions their validity.  The case was dismissed as moot on April 19, 2016.
Answer: United States v. Windsor