Question: Which opera was written earlier, Punch and Judy or Einstein on the Beach?
Context: The two-gospel hypothesis is that the Gospel of Matthew was written before the Gospel of Luke, and that both were written earlier than the Gospel of Mark.  It is a proposed solution to the Synoptic Problem, which concerns the pattern of similarities and differences between the three Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke.  The hypothesis, following an original proposal by Augustine and expanded by Johann Jakob Griesbach (it was once called the Griesbach hypothesis), was introduced in its current form by William Farmer in 1964.  This hypothesis is the most serious alternative to the two-source hypothesis.  Its main advantages over the two-source hypothesis include the fact that it relies not just on internal evidence, that it does not require lost sources like the Q document, and that it is supported by the view of the early Church.  Unlike the two-source hypothesis, the two-gospel hypothesis concludes that the traditional accounts of the gospels (order and date of publication, as well as authorship) are accurate.  A further development of the Augustinian and Griesbach hypotheses is found in the hypothesis of Eta Linnemann, followed by F. David Farnell, that the "two Gospels" were required by the "two witnesses" rule of Deuteronomy. Punch and Judy is an opera with music by Harrison Birtwistle and a libretto by Stephen Pruslin, based on the puppet figures of the same names.  Birtwistle wrote the score from 1966 to 1967.  The opera was first performed at the Aldeburgh Festival, which had commissioned the work, on 8 June 1968, with David Atherton conducting the English Opera Group.  The premiere cast included John Cameron as Mr Punch. Galactic Patrol is a science fiction novel by American author E. E. Smith.  The novel was originally serialized in the magazine "Astounding" in 1937.  The stories in this volume were the first parts written of the original "Lensman" saga.  It was laters published in book form in 1950 by Fantasy Press.  Although portions of "Triplanetary" were written earlier, they were not originally part of the "Lensman" story and were only later revised to connect them to the rest of the series. " First Lensman" was written later to bridge the events in "Triplanetary" to those in "Galactic Patrol". Einstein on the Beach is an opera in four acts (framed and connected by five "knee plays" or intermezzos), composed by Philip Glass and directed by theatrical producer Robert Wilson.  The opera eschews traditional narrative in favor of a formalist approach based on structured spaces laid out by Wilson in a series of storyboards.  The music was written "in the spring, summer and fall of 1975."  Glass recounts the collaborative process: "I put [Wilson’s notebook of sketches] on the piano and composed each section like a portrait of the drawing before me.  The score was begun in the spring of 1975 and completed by the following November, and those drawings were before me all the time."  The premiere took place on July 25, 1976, at the Avignon Festival in France.  The opera contains writings by Christopher Knowles, Samuel M. Johnson and Lucinda Childs.  It is Glass's first and longest opera score, taking approximately five hours in full performance without intermission; given the length, the audience is permitted to enter and leave as desired. The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill, which according to Karl Hess has become "something of a classic."  It was preceded by the self-published "Liberty via the Market" in 1969.  Mary Ruwart credits the Tannehill's book with winning her over to anarcho-capitalism.  Doug Casey was also converted to anarcho-capitalism after reading the book at the behest of Jarret Wollstein.  According to the Ludwig von Mises Institute, it was written just following a period of intense study of the writings of both Ayn Rand and Murray Rothbard.  It was the first significant anarcho-capitalist work to hit the libertarian movement, coming into print a year before Rothbard's "Power and Market" although Rothbard's book had been written earlier. "Ramrod" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen for his fifth album, "The River", released in 1980.  It was recorded at The Power Station in New York in June or July 1979.  The song was written earlier and initially recorded for Springsteen's "Darkness on the Edge of Town" album, but that recording was not used for its release on "The River". The Piya (; "Increased [Er]ya") was a Chinese dictionary compiled by Song Dynasty scholar Lu Dian (, 1042-1102).  He wrote this "Erya" supplement along with his "Erya Xinyi" (爾雅新義 "New Exegesis of the "Erya"") commentary.  Although the "Piya" preface written by his son Lu Zai (陸宰/陆宰) is dated 1125, the dictionary was written earlier; Liu (1963:87) estimates around the Yuanfeng era (元豐, 1078–1085), and Joseph Needham (1986: 192) says around 1096. Under False Flag (original title "Unter falscher Flagge") is a German cloak-and-dagger film directed by Johannes Meyer set in World War I, that was produced in Berlin from the end of November 1931 to the beginning of 1932.  The producers were the German UFA (Universum Film AG) and the so-called "Tonbild-Syndikat AG" or "Tobis".  The script to the film was written by Johannes Brandt, Josef Than and Max W. Kimmich after a film novel the latter had written earlier. Punch and Judy is a traditional, popular, and usually violent puppet show featuring Pulcinella (Mr. Punch) and his wife Judy.  The performance consists of a sequence of short scenes, each depicting an interaction between two characters, most typically Mr. Punch and one other character who usually falls victim to Judy's club.  It is often associated with traditional British seaside culture.  The various episodes of Punch and Judy are performed in the spirit of outrageous comedy—often provoking shocked laughter—and are dominated by the clowning of Mr. Punch. Daedalus in Crete ("Δαίδαλος στην Κρήτη") is a play by the Greek lyric poet and playwright Angelos Sikelianos entirely written and published at the journal Nea Estia (written in 1942 and published in 1943, which makes it the second tragedy of Sikelianos given to the public, as its publication precedes “Sibylla” which may have been written earlier but was published at the end of the Occupation), during the Axis occupation of Greece.  This event may be linked to the planned and announced project - not completed - on behalf of Sikelianos, to write the tragedies "Daedalus in Sicily" and "Ariadne".
Answer: Punch and Judy