Question: Which project of the Future and Emerging technologies projects aims to create a digital reconstruction of the brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry?
Context: The Blue Brain, a Swiss national brain initiative, aims to create a digital reconstruction of the brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry.  The mission of the project, founded in May 2005 by the Brain and Mind Institute of the "École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne" (EPFL) in Switzerland, is to use biologically-detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain (brain simulation) to identify the fundamental principles of brain structure and function in health and disease. The Human Brain Project (HBP) is a large ten-year scientific research project that aims to build a collaborative ICT-based scientific research infrastructure to allow researchers across Europe to advance knowledge in the fields of neuroscience, computing, and brain-related medicine.  The Project, which started on 1 October 2013, is a European Commission Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship.  The HBP is coordinated by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and is largely funded by the European Union.  The project is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Neuronatin (Nnat) is a protein coding gene involved in mammalian brain development.  It is located on Chromosome 20 in humans and is only expressed from the paternal allele in normal adults.  It encodes the protein neuronatin, a proteolipid, that functions in the control of ion channels during brain development.  Neuronatin begins the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into cells with a neural fate by increasing their calcium levels.  Neuronatin expression in neural tissues throughout the brain contributes to development of the nervous system.  It is also expressed in several tissues outside of the brain.  For example, expression in skin cells controls the differentiation of keratinocytes.  Neuronatin expression functions not only in development, but other processes throughout the body.  It also plays a direct and indirect role in diabetes.  Increased expression in pancreatic islet beta cells causes the beta form of the protein to build an aggregate structure.  This causes the cells to undergo apoptosis, thus leading to diabetes mellitus.  Its effects on glycogen metabolism through the dephosphorylation and activation of the enzyme glycogen synthase may also play an indirect role in contributing to the disease.  A different type of malformation in the gene also has the potential to cause a variety of cancers.  Contained within the promoter region of the gene are three CpG islands.  These imprint regions function in the regulation of gene expression through the process of cytosine methylation.  The loss of methylation within these areas triggers an irregular cell growth, resulting in embryonic neoplasms. Sean Lewis Hill is an American-Swiss neuroscientist and Scientific Director of the Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics in Toronto, Canada.  He was formerly co-Director of the Blue Brain Project at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne located on the Campus Biotech in Geneva, Switzerland.  He is known for the development of large-scale computational models of brain circuitry and neuroinformatics. Sharp waves and ripples (SWRs) are oscillatory patterns in the mammalian brain hippocampus seen on an EEG during immobility and sleep.  There are three major network oscillation patterns in the hippocampus: theta waves, SWRs and gamma waves. Gamma oscillations are found in all major brain structures, whereas theta and sharp waves are specific to the hippocampus and its neighbouring areas.  SWRs are composed of large amplitude sharp waves in local field potential and associated fast field oscillations known as ripples.  SWRs are shown to be involved in memory consolidation and the replay of wakefulness-acquired memory.  These network oscillations are the most synchronous patterns in the brain, making them susceptible to pathological patterns such as epilepsy. The neuronal recycling hypothesis was proposed by Stanislas Dehaene in the field of cognitive neuroscience in an attempt to explain the underlying neural processes which allow humans to acquire recently invented cognitive capacities.  This hypothesis was formulated in response to the 'reading paradox', which states that these cognitive processes are cultural inventions too modern to be the products of evolution.  The paradox lies within the fact that cross-cultural evidence suggests specific brain areas are associated with these functions.  The concept of neuronal recycling resolves this paradox by suggesting that novel functions actually utilize and 'recycle' existing brain circuitry.  Once these cognitive functions find a cortical area devoted to a similar purpose, they can invade the existing circuit.  Through plasticity (an ongoing characteristic of the brain's cortical structure to change and reorganize through learning), the cortex can adapt in order to accommodate for these novel functions. The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals.  These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex, and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala.  The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala.  The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence. The White House BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies), is a collaborative, public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2, 2013, with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative technologies that can create a dynamic understanding of brain function.  This activity is a Grand Challenge focused on revolutionizing our understanding of the human brain, and was developed by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) as part of a broader White House Neuroscience Initiative.  Inspired by the Human Genome Project, BRAIN aims to help researchers uncover the mysteries of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, depression, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). RVD-Hpα is an endogenous neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, which was originally proposed to act as a selective agonist for the CB cannabinoid receptor.  It is a 12-amino acid polypeptide having the amino acid sequence Arg-Val-Asp-Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Leu-Leu-Ser-His and is an N-terminal extended form of hemopressin, a 9-AA polypeptide derived from the α subunit of hemoglobin which has previously been shown to act as a CB inverse agonist.  All three polypeptides have been isolated from various mammalian species, with RVD-Hpα being one of the more abundant neuropeptides expressed in mouse brain, and these neuropeptides represent a new avenue for cannabinoid research distinct from the previously known endogenous lipid-derived cannabinoid agonists such as anandamide.  Recently it was shown that RVD-Hpα (also called Pepcan-12) is a potent negative allosteric modulator at CB receptors, together with other newly described N-terminally extended peptides (pepcans). European Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship projects include the Graphene Flagship, Human Brain Project, the Blue Brain Project, and the Quantum technology Flagship.
Answer: Blue Brain Project