Question: The De Stijl art movement, associated with Truus Schröder-Schräder, grew from which Dutch city in the early 20th century?
Context: Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin.  This was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art.  He wanted 'to construct' art.  The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes.  Constructivism had a great effect on modern art movements of the 20th century, influencing major trends such as the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements.  Its influence was pervasive, with major effects upon architecture, graphic design, industrial design, theatre, film, dance, fashion and to some extent music. The grid format has been an important component of avant-garde visual art throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century.  Early appearances of the grid format include work by Piet Mondrian, Kazimir Malevich and other artists belonging to the De Stijl and Constructivist movements.  The grid format also features prominently in minimalist and conceptual art of the 60's and 70's.  The art theorist Rosalind Krauss writes, Dada ( ) or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.  Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works.  The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture.  Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with the radical left. Truus Schröder-Schräder (1889-1985) was a Dutch socialite and trained pharmacist who was closely involved with avant-garde artists and architects of the De Stijl movement.  Gerrit Rietveld and her built a house for her and her three children — the Rietveld Schröder House — which is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Bengal School of Art commonly referred as Bengal School, was an influential art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in Bengal, primarily Kolkata and Shantiniketan, and flourished throughout India during the British Raj in the early 20th century.  Also known as 'Indian style of painting' in its early days, it was associated with Indian nationalism (swadeshi) and led by Abanindranath Tagore (1871-1951), but was also promoted and supported by British arts administrators like E. B. Havell, the principal of the Government College of Art, Kolkata from 1896; eventually it led to the development of the modern Indian painting. Concrete art is an art movement with a strong emphasis on abstraction.  The artist Theo van Doesburg, closely associated with the De Stijl art movement, coined the term "concrete art" as he in 1930 founded the group Art Concret and articulated its features in a manifesto titled "The Basis of Concrete Art", signed by four other artists of the group, including Otto G. Carlsund, Jean Hélion and Leon Tutundjian.  The manifesto explained that the resultant art should be non-referential insofar as its components should "not" refer to, or allude to, the entities normally encountered in the natural, visible world.  This is a distinction from abstraction generally.  In a more general sense "abstract art" could and often does include the "abstraction of forms in nature".  But "concrete art" was intended to emanate "directly from the mind" and consequently to be more "cerebral" than abstract art generally.  Concrete art is often composed of basic visual features such as planes, colors, and forms.  "Sentiment" tends to be absent from concrete art.  The "hand" of the artist may be difficult to detect in finished works of concrete art; concrete art may appear, in some instances, to have been made by a machine.  Concrete art often has a core visual reference to geometry whereas more general abstract art may find its basis in the components of the natural world.  A formulation of a description of concrete art might include a considerable reliance on the formal qualities of an artwork.  Theo Van Doesburg's manifesto stated that art "should receive nothing from nature's formal properties or from sensuality or sentimentality.  We want to exclude lyricism, dramaticism, symbolism, etc…."  In concrete art a mathematical equation can serve as a starting point.  Concrete art can include painting and sculpture. Architype van der Leck is a geometric sans-serif typeface based upon the 1941 typeface designed by Bart van der Leck for the Dutch magazine "Flax," a journal of the De Stijl art movement. Joseph Csaky (also written Josef Csàky, Csáky József, József Csáky and Joseph Alexandre Czaky) (18 March 1888 – 1 May 1971) was a Hungarian avant-garde artist, sculptor, and graphic artist, best known for his early participation as a sculptor in the Cubist movement.  Joseph Csaky was one of the first sculptors in Paris to apply the principles of pictorial Cubism to his art.  A pioneer of modern sculpture, Csaky is among the most important sculptors of the early 20th century.  He was an active member of the Section d'Or group between 1911 and 1914, and closely associated with De Stijl and Purism throughout the 1920s. Bart van der Leck (26 November 1876, Utrecht – 13 November 1958, Blaricum) was a Dutch painter, designer, and ceramacist.  With Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian he founded the De Stijl art movement. De Stijl ( ; ] ), Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Leiden.  The De Stijl consisted of artists and architects.  In a narrower sense, the term "De Stijl" is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands.  Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors.
Answer: Leiden