Question: Mutual aid is an intrinsic part of small, communal societies and contrasts with what body of thought?
Context: Orin Clarkson Baker (1864, Ohio - 1957, Miami, Florida) was General Secretary of the Travelers Aid Society of New York (TAS-NY) from 1911-1917.  The TAS-NY was formed by Grace Hoadley Dodge in 1907 to protect native-born and immigrant women from the moral dangers, especially "white slavery", that were thought to be rampant at urban train stations and piers.  Upon Dodge's death in 1914, Orin Baker became the face of the Travelers Aid movement in New York and the United States.  He criss-crossed the country to promote travelers' aid as a legitimate subfield of the emerging social work profession.  While in California, he helped establish the Travelers Aid Society of California for the purpose of providing travelers' aid to the female visitors of the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition.  Under his leadership, local Travelers Aid Societies and similar organizations were federated to form the National Travelers Aid Society in 1917.  That same year he published the first travelers' aid textbook, "Travelers Aid Society in America".  Baker abruptly resigned from both the Travelers Aid Society of New York and the National Travelers Aid Association in 1919 when he thought Board members were attempting to undermine his authority within the movement. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin.  The essays, initially published in the English periodical "The Nineteenth Century" between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present.  It is an argument against the competition-centred theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest.  "Mutual Aid" is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists.  Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation. The Channel Industries Mutual Aid (CIMA) is an American Houston-area non-profit mutual aid network.  It is a cooperative among over one hundred emergency response agencies in Harris, Chambers, and Brazoria counties and industrial fire departments from petrochemical refineries along the Houston Ship Channel.  CIMA coordinates the distribution of vital resources in short timeframes during man-made or natural disasters, providing rapid and unified fire-fighting, hazardous material, rescue, and safety assistance. In emergency services, mutual aid is an agreement among emergency responders to lend assistance across jurisdictional boundaries.  This may occur due to an emergency response that exceeds local resources, such as a disaster or a multiple-alarm fire.  Mutual aid may be "ad hoc", requested only when such an emergency occurs.  It may also be a formal standing agreement for cooperative emergency management on a continuing basis, such as ensuring that resources are dispatched from the nearest fire station, regardless of which side of the jurisdictional boundary the incident is on.  Agreements that send closest resources are regularly referred to as "automatic aid agreements". A benefit society, fraternal benefit society or fraternal benefit order is a society, an organization or a voluntary association formed to provide mutual aid, benefit, for instance insurance for relief from sundry difficulties.  Such organizations may be formally organized with charters and established customs, or may arise "ad hoc" to meet unique needs of a particular time and place.  Many major financial institutions existing today, particularly some insurance companies, mutual savings banks, and credit unions, trace their origins back to benefit societies, as can many modern fraternal organizations and fraternal orders which are now viewed as being primarily social; the modern legal system essentially requires all such organizations of appreciable size to incorporate as one of these forms or another to continue to exist on an ongoing basis. The Mutual Aid Union Building is a historic commercial building at 2nd and Poplar Streets in Rogers, Arkansas.  Designed by local architects William E. Matthews and A. O. Clarke and built in 1914, it is one of the region's finest Classical Revival buildings.  It is a two story stone and brick building, with a prominent two-story portico supported by four large Roman columns.  The Mutual Aid Union, founded in 1907, was a mutual insurance company which sold policies organized into "circles" of 1,000, with dues-paying members making contributions based on their age. The Order of Free Gardeners is a fraternal society that was founded in Scotland in the middle of the 17th century and later spread to England and Ireland.  Like numerous other friendly societies of the time, its principal aim was the sharing of secret knowledge linked to the profession and mutual aid.  In the 19th century, its activities of mutual insurance became predominant.  By the end of the 20th century, it had become almost entirely extinct. Mutual aid is arguably as ancient as human culture; an intrinsic part of the small, communal societies universal to humanity's ancient past.  From the dawn of humanity, until far beyond the invention of agriculture, humans were foragers, exchanging labor and resources for the benefit of groups and individuals alike. Esoteric cosmology is cosmology that is an intrinsic part of an esoteric or occult system of thought.  Esoteric cosmology maps out the universe with planes of existence and consciousness according to a specific worldview usually from a doctrine. The Order of the Sons of Hermann, also known as Hermann Sons and by its German name as Der Orden der Hermann's Soehne or Hermannssöhne, is a mutual aid society for German immigrants that was formed in New York City on July 20, 1840.  The order provides low-cost insurance and mutual aid and has historically promoted the preservation of German language and traditions.
Answer: social Darwinism