Question: Which court case upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917, Lawrence v. Texas or Selective Draft Law Cases?
Context: Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in four conflicts: the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean and Vietnam Wars).  The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act.  It was the country's first peacetime draft.  From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means.  The draft was ended when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military force.  However, the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed. Conscientious objection in the United States is based on the Military Selective Service Act, which delegates its implementation to the Selective Service System.  Conscientious objection is also recognized by the Department of Defense. The No Conscription League in the United States was founded by anarchist Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman in 1917 in response to the draft in World War I.  The draft was enforced by the Selective Service Act of 1917, which granted the federal government the right to raise a national army.  The league viewed the draft as a destroyer of the freedom to ethical and political choice granted by the constitution of the United States.  The members of the league strongly opposed government enforced conscription; they saw it as a violation of the liberty of American people.  This oppression was justified by Woodrow Wilson's Espionage Act of 1917, which prohibited any action that would interfere with the US military or government affairs.  Many were prosecuted under this act, including those in the No Conscription League.  Those charged were fined a maximum of 10,000 dollars and were sentenced to up to 20 years of imprisonment. The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act (Pub.L.  65–12 , 40 Stat.  76 , enacted  18, 1917 ) authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people.  It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917.  The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain (later Brigadier General) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany.  The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November, 1918.  The Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the "Selective Draft Law Cases" in 1918, a decision based partially on Vattel's "The Law of Nations" of 1758. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, also known as the Burke-Wadsworth Act, Pub.L.  76–783 , 54 Stat.  885 , enacted  16, 1940 , was the first peacetime conscription in United States history.  This Selective Service Act required that men who had reached their 21st birthday but had not yet reached their 36th birthday register with local draft boards.  Later, when the U.S. entered World War II, all men from their 18th birthday until the day before their 45th birthday were made subject to military service, and all men from their 18th birthday until the day before their 65th birthday were required to register. The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription.  Virtually all male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays and must notify Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards, like a change of address.  A 2010 GAO report estimated the registration rate at 92% with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file.  However, the only audit of the addresses of registrants on file with the Selective Service System, in 1982, found that 20–40% of the addresses on file with the Selective Service System for registrants in the age groups that would be drafted first were already outdated, and up to 75% for those registrants in their last year of potential eligibility to be drafted would be invalid. Arver v. United States, 245 U.S. 366 (1918) , also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases, was a United States Supreme Court decision which upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917, and more generally, upheld conscription in the United States.  The Supreme Court upheld that conscription did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition of involuntary servitude, or the First Amendment's protection of freedom of conscience. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court.  The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6-3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.  The Court, with a five-justice majority, overturned its previous ruling on the same issue in the 1986 case "Bowers v. Hardwick", where it upheld a challenged Georgia statute and did not find a constitutional protection of sexual privacy. The Selective Service Act of 1948, also known as the Elston Act, was a major revision of the Articles of War of the United States enacted June 24, 1948 that established the current implementation of the Selective Service System. The Hershey Directive was a memorandum sent in October, 1967, from Lewis Blaine Hershey, Director of the U.S. Selective Service System, to local draft boards recommending that local boards reclassify registrants who had "abandoned or mutilated" their draft cards as 1-A-delinquent, the highest classification.  Two days later, he sent a letter to the boards expanding on the memorandum, suggesting that they reclassify Selective Service registrants as delinquent if they were in violation of any of the Selective Service Act or Regulations.  The New York Times published the text of both documents on 9-November-1967.
Answer: Selective Draft Law Cases