Question: Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator ruled in the last dynasty of which ancient country?
Context: Arsinoë IV (Greek: "Ἀρσινόη" , between 68 and 59 BC – 41 BC) was the fourth of six children and the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, and queen and co-ruler of Egypt with Ptolemy XIII from 48 BC – 47 BC, making her one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of ancient Egypt.  Arsinoë IV was the half-sister of Cleopatra VII and also a sibling of Ptolemy XIII. The Gabiniani (in English Gabinians) were 2,000 Roman legionaries and 500 Roman auxiliary cavalry left in Egypt by the general Aulus Gabinius after his military restoration of Ptolemy XII on the Egyptian throne in 55 BC.  The soldiers were left to protect the king, but they soon adopted the manners of their new country and became completely alienated from the Roman Republic.  After the death of Ptolemy XII in 51 BC they helped his son Ptolemy XIII in the power struggle against his sister Cleopatra VII and even involved Julius Caesar, the powerful supporter of Cleopatra, in the Alexandrinian war (48-47 BC) in violent battles. "Svegliatevi nel core" is an aria taken from Act I, Scene IV of the Italian language opera seria, "Giulio Cesare", by George Frideric Handel.  The aria is written for the role of “Sesto”, a soprano in trouser role, including during the premiere, who sings it to assure his mother that he will avenge the death of his father, Pompey, who was assassinated by the Egyptians, instructed by Tolomeo (Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator) to demonstrate the Egyptians' loyalty to Julius Caesar.  The words were written by Nicola Francesco Haym. Aëtus son of Aëtus (in Greek Ἀετὸς τοῦ Ἀετοῦ, in ancient Egyptian (transliterated from demotic) "Ꜣyꜣtws (sꜣ) Ꜣyꜣtws") was a priest in the Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great under the reign of Ptolemy V.  According to the inscription on the Rosetta Stone Aëtus in 196 BC held the annual priesthood "of Alexander and the Saviour Gods and the Sibling Gods and the Beneficent Gods and the Sibling-loving Gods and the Father-loving God", that is, of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy I Soter and his wife Berenice I Soter, Ptolemy II and his wife and sister Arsinoe II, Ptolemy III Euergetes and his wife Berenice II Euergetis, Ptolemy IV Philadelphus and his wife and sister Arsinoe III Philadelpha, and finally of the young king Ptolemy V Philopator who was still on the throne.  All these were worshipped as gods in Ptolemaic Egypt.  Aëtus is thought to have been the grandson of Aëtus son of Apollonius, a native of Aspendus in Pamphylia, who became "strategos" or military governor of Cilicia under the reign of Ptolemy II. Achillas (Greek: Ἀχιλλᾶς ) was one of the guardians of the Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, and commander of the king's troops, when Pompey fled to Egypt in 48 BC.  He was called by Julius Caesar a man of extraordinary daring, and it was he and Lucius Septimius who killed Pompey at the suggestion of the eunuch Pothinus and Theodotus of Chios. Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Theos Philadelphos (117–51 BC; Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Θεός Φιλάδελφος , spoken "Ptolemaios Néos Diónysos Theós Philopátōr Theós Philádelphos" ≈ Ptolemy New Dionysus, God Beloved of his Father, God Beloved of his Brother), more commonly known as "Auletes" (Αὐλητής , "Aulētḗs" = the Flutist) or "Nothos" (Νόθος , "Nóthos" = the Bastard), was an Egyptian king of Macedonian descent.  Auletes means "pipes-player", referring to the king's love of playing the pipes. Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ , "Ptolemaĩos Theós Philopátōr" ≈ Ptolemy, God Beloved of his Father; 62 BC/61 BC–January 13, 47 BC? , reigned from 51 BC) was one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty (305–30 BC) of Egypt. The Ptolemaic dynasty (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖοι , "Ptolemaioi"), sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagidae (Ancient Greek: Λαγίδαι , "Lagidai", after Lagus, Ptolemy I's father), was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.  Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 to 30 BC.  They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt. Pothinus or Potheinos (early 1st century BC to 48 or 47 BC), a eunuch, was regent for Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt.  He is most remembered for turning Ptolemy against his sister and co-ruler Cleopatra VII, thus starting a civil war, and for having Pompey decapitated and presenting the severed head to Julius Caesar. Ptolemy XIV (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος , "Ptolemaĩos", who lived 60 BC/59 BC–44 BC and reigned 47 BC–44 BC), was a son of Ptolemy XII of Egypt and one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.  Following the death of his older brother Ptolemy XIII of Egypt on January 13, 47 BC, he was proclaimed Pharaoh and co-ruler by their older sister and remaining Pharaoh, Cleopatra VII of Egypt.  He and Cleopatra were married, but Cleopatra continued to act as lover of Roman dictator Julius Caesar.  Ptolemy is considered to have reigned in name only, with Cleopatra keeping actual authority to herself.  On March 15, 44 BC Caesar was murdered in Rome by a group of conspirators whose most notable members were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus.  Ptolemy soon followed him in death.  An inscription mentioning him as alive was dated at July 26, 44 BC.  It has been assumed but remains uncertain that Cleopatra poisoned her co-ruler, with aconite, to replace him with his nephew Ptolemy XV Caesarion, her son by Caesar who was proclaimed co-ruler on September 2, 44 BC and whom his mother intended to support as successor of his father.
Answer: Egypt