Question: What year was the author of Experiments in Ethics born?
Context: Daniel I. Wikler (born 1946) is an American public health educator, philosopher, and medical ethicist.  He is currently Mary B. Saltonstall Professor of Population Ethics and Professor of Ethics and Population Health in the Department of Global Health and Population of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston.  He is Director and a core faculty member in the Harvard Program in Ethics and Health (PEH), which organizes a two-day medical ethics conference each Spring.  His current research interests are ethical issues in population and international health, including the allocation of health resources, health research involving human subjects, organ transplant ethics, and ethical dilemmas arising in public health practice, and he teaches several courses each year.  He is a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution. Emilie M. Townes (born August 1, 1955) is an African American Christian social ethicist and theologian, currently Dean and E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Professor of Womanist Ethics and Society at the Vanderbilt University Divinity School.  She was the first Black woman to be elected president of the American Academy of Religion in 2008.  In 2009, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.  She was president of the Society for the Study of Black Religion from 2013-2016.  She is the author of the groundbreaking book Womanist Ethics and the Cultural Production of Evil (Palgrave Macmillan Press, 2006).  Other books include Breaking the Fine Rain of Death: African American Health Care and A Womanist Ethic of Care (Continuum, 1998), In a Blaze of Glory: Womanist Spirituality as Social Witness (Abingdon Press, 1995) and Womanist Justice, Womanist Hope (Scholars Press, 1993).  She co-edited Womanist Theological Ethics: A Reader (Westminster John Knox Press, 2011) with Katie Geneva Cannon and Angela D. Simms.  In addition, Religion, Health, and Healing in African American Life (Praeger, 2008) was co-edited by Townes with Stephanie Y. Mitchem. Jeffrey Paul Bishop (born 1967) is a philosopher, bioethicist, author and the "Tenet Endowed Chair of Health Care Ethics" at Saint Louis University.  The director of the Albert Gnaegi Center for Health Care Ethics, he is most widely recognized and cited for work in medical ethics as relating to death and dying in addition to contributions in the field of medical humanities.  Bishop is a physician, holds a Doctorate of Philosophy from the University of Dallas and serves on the editorial boards of both the "Journal of Medicine and Philosophy" and the "Journal of Christian Bioethics" for Oxford University Press. Kwame Akroma-Ampim Kusi Anthony Appiah ( ; born May 8, 1954) is a Tatjana Višak (born 12 December 1974), often credited as Tatjana Visak, is a German philosopher specialising in ethics and political philosophy who is currently based in the Department of Philosophy and Business Ethics at University of Mannheim.  She is the author of "Killing Happy Animals" (2013, Palgrave Macmillan) and the editor, with the political theorist Robert Garner, of "The Ethics of Killing Animals" (2016, Oxford University Press), an edited collection.  She is known for arguing that utilitarians should not accept that nonhuman animals can be replaced by other, equally happy, beings, meaning that utilitarians can oppose the routine killing of animals in agriculture. Richard Huxtable (born 1974) is the Deputy Director and Professor in Medical Ethics and Law at the Centre for Ethics in Medicine, at the University of Bristol.  He is known principally for his work on legal and ethical issues in end-of-life decision-making and euthanasia, surgery and paediatrics and is the author of a number of books on these themes; "Law, Ethics and Compromise at the Limits of Life: To Treat or Not to Treat?"  (2012), "Euthanasia, Ethics and the Law: From Conflict to Compromise" (2007) and (with Dickenson & Parker) "The Cambridge Medical Ethics Workbook" (CUP, 2nd edn, 2010).  He has also produced numerous chapters, and articles for both academic journals and mainstream newspapers. Lawrence C. Becker (born 1939) is an American philosopher working mainly in the areas of ethics and social, political, and legal philosophy.  He is the author of books and journal articles on justice, Stoicism and Modern Stoicism, reciprocity, property rights, and metaethics.  He was an associate editor of the journal "Ethics" from 1985–2000, and the editor, with the librarian Charlotte B. Becker, of two editions of the "Encyclopedia of Ethics". Anna L. Peterson (born 1963) is an American scholar of religious studies who is currently a professor in the Department of Religion at the University of Florida, where she has worked since 1993.  Her research variously concerns religion in Latin America and ethics—including religious ethics, Christian ethics, environmental ethics, animal ethics and social ethics.  She is the author of five monographs: "Martyrdom and the Politics of Religion" (State University of New York Press, 1997); "Being Human" (University of California Press, 2001); "Seeds of the Kingdom" (Oxford University Press, 2001); "Everyday Ethics and Social Change" (Columbia University Press, 2009); and "Being Animal" (Columbia University Press, 2013). Experiments in Ethics is a 2008 book by the Princeton philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah.  The book is based on a series of lectures delivered by Appiah in 2005 at Bryn Mawr College. John Hadley (born 27 September 1966) is an Australian philosopher whose research concerns moral and political philosophy, including animal ethics, environmental ethics and metaethics.  He is currently a senior lecturer in philosophy in the School of Humanities and Communication Arts at Western Sydney University.  He has previously taught at Charles Sturt University and the University of Sydney, where he studied as an undergraduate and doctoral candidate.  In addition to a variety of articles in peer-reviewed journals and edited collections, he is the author of the 2015 monograph "Animal Property Rights" (Lexington Books) and the co-editor, with Elisa Aaltola, of the 2015 collection "Animal Ethics and Philosophy" (Rowman & Littlefield International).
Answer: 1954