Question: Joseph Wambaugh and Ernest J. Gaines, have which shared nationality?
Context: In May 1948, the President of the Naval War College Admiral Raymond Spruance recommended a plan to establish a civilian professorship of maritime history at the Naval War College.  Approved by Secretary of the Navy John L. Sullivan (Navy) on 29 December 1948, the post was not filled “for lack of funds” until 1951, when Thomas C. Mendenhall of Yale University was appointed to the position.  In 1953, Secretary of the Navy Robert Bernard Anderson named the chair in honor of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, recognizing King’s great personal interest in maritime history.  The Ernest J. King chair was named and first filled during the tenure of Professor Clarence H. Haring.  At that point, there was only one other named academic chair in the United States for the field of maritime history, that held by the Gardiner Professor of Oceanic History and Affairs established at Harvard University in 1948. Stephanie Powell Watts is an American author.  She won a Whiting Award in 2013 and an Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence in 2012 for her book "We are Taking Only what We Need" a collection of 11 stories which chronicles the lives of African-Americans in North Carolina.  Her short fiction has been included in two volumes of the Best New Stories from the South anthology and honored with a Pushcart Prize. The Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence is a national literary award designed to recognize rising African-American fiction writers.  It is underwritten by donors of the Baton Rouge Area Foundation in honor of the literary heritage provided by author Ernest J. Gaines. Joseph Aloysius Wambaugh, Jr. (born January 22, 1937) is a bestselling American writer known for his fictional and non-fictional accounts of police work in the United States.  Several of his first novels were set in Los Angeles, California, and its surroundings, and featured Los Angeles police officers as protagonists. The Secrets of Harry Bright is the seventh novel written by former Los Angeles Police Department detective Joseph Wambaugh.  Published in 1985, the book continues a pattern of Wambaugh crime fiction beginning with "The Choirboys" that uses black humor to explore the psychological effects of prolonged stress on veteran police officers.  As with all his novels, "The Secrets of Harry Bright", set in November 1984, is contemporaneous with the time frame in which it was written and includes numerous allusions and references to events and personalities of the time. Ernest James Gaines (born January 15, 1933) is an African-American author whose works have been taught in college classrooms and translated into many languages, including French, Spanish, German, Russian and Chinese.  Four of his works have been made into television movies. A Lesson Before Dying Is Ernest J. Gaines' eighth novel, published in 1993.  While it is a fictional work, it is loosely based on the true story of Willie Francis, a young Black man sentenced to death by the electric chair twice in Louisiana, in 1945 and 1947. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman is a 1974 made for television movie based on the novel of the same name by Ernest J. Gaines. A Lesson Before Dying is a television film released in 1999 adapted from the Ernest J. Gaines novel of the same name.  It won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie. The Choirboys is a 1977 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Aldrich, written by Christopher Knopf and Joseph Wambaugh based on Wambaugh's novel of the same title.  It features an ensemble cast including Charles Durning, Louis Gossett, Jr., Randy Quaid, and James Woods.  The film was released to theaters by Universal Pictures on December 23, 1977.
Answer: American