Question: A Myocardial infarction is also known as what?
Context: Cardioprotection encompasses several regimens that have shown to preserve function and viability of cardiac muscle cell tissue subjected to ischemic insult or reoxygenation.  Cardioprotection includes strategies that are implemented before an ischemic event (preconditioning, PC), during an ischemic event (perconditioning, PerC) and after the event and during reperfusion (postconditioning, PostC).  These strategies can be further stratified by performing the intervention locally or remotely, creating classes of conditioning known as remote ischemic PC (RIPC), remote ischemic PostC and remost ischemic PerC.  Classical (local) preconditioning has an early phase with an immediate onset lasting 2–3 hours that protects against myocardial infarction.  The early phase involves post-translational modification of preexisting proteins, brought about by the activation of G protein-coupled receptors as well as downstream MAPK’s and PI3/Akt.  These signaling events act on the ROS-generating mitochondria, activate PKCε and the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway, preventing mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MTP) opening.  The late phase with an onset of 12–24 hours that lasts 3–4 days and protects against both infarction and reversible postischemic contractile dysfunction, termed myocardial stunning.  This phase involves the synthesis of new cardioprotective proteins stimulated by nitric oxide (NO), ROS and adenosine acting on kinases such as PKCε and Src, which in turn activate gene transcription and upregulation of late PC molecular players (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, iNOS). MIAT (myocardial infarction associated transcript), also known as RNCR2 (retinal non-coding RNA 2) or Gomafu, is a long non-coding RNA.  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MIAT are associated with a risk of myocardial infarction.  It is expressed in neurons, and located in the nucleus.  It plays a role in the regulation of retinal cell fate specification.  Crea and collaborators have shown that MIAT is highly up-regulated in aggressive prostate cancer samples, raising the possibility that this gene plays a role in cancer progression. Sgarbossa's criteria are a set of electrocardiographic findings generally used to identify myocardial infarction (also called "acute myocardial infarction") in the presence of a left bundle branch block (LBBB) or a ventricular paced rhythm. Strain rate Imaging is a method in Echocardiography (Medical ultrasound) for measuring regional or global deformation of the myocardium (heart muscle).  The term "deformation" refers to the myocardium changing shape and dimensions during the cardiac muscle.  If there is myocardial Ischemia, or there has been an Myocardial infarction, in part of the heart muscle, this part is weakened and shows reduced and altered Systolic function.  Also in regional asynchrony, as in Bundle branch block, there is regional heterogeneity of systolic function.  By strain rate imaging, the simultaneous function of different regions can be displayed and measured.  The method was first based on colour Tissue Doppler.  by using the longitudinal myocardial Velocity gradient, already in use transmurally.  Later, the regional deformation has also been available by Speckle tracking echocardiography, both methods having some, but different methodological weaknesses.  Both methods, however, will acquire the same data (measurements may differ somewhat, however, being method dependent), and also can be displayed by the same type of display. Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.  The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.  Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes.  The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn.  Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired.  About 30% of people have atypical symptoms.  Women more often have atypical symptoms than men.  Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms.  An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest. Electrocardiography in suspected myocardial infarction has the main purpose of detecting ischemia or acute coronary injury in emergency department populations coming for symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI).  Also, it can distinguish clinically different types of myocardial infarction. In cardiology, ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodeling) refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart.  This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling).  The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction (usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased pressure or volume, causing pressure overload or volume overload (forms of strain) on the heart.  Chronic hypertension, congenital heart disease with intracardiac shunting, and valvular heart disease may also lead to remodeling.  After the insult occurs, a series of histopathological and structural changes occur in the left ventricular myocardium that lead to progressive decline in left ventricular performance.  Ultimately, ventricular remodeling may result in diminished contractile (systolic) function and reduced stroke volume. The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) (previously known as the "Myocardial Infarction National Audit Database") began in late 1998 when a broadly based steering group developed a dataset for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).  This allowed clinicians to examine the management of myocardial infarction within their hospitals against targets specified by the National Service Framework (NSF) for coronary heart disease.  The audit project produces annual reports on "How the NHS manages heart attacks" to show the performance of hospitals, ambulance services and cardiac networks in England and Wales against national standards and targets for the care of heart attack patients. A death by natural causes, as recorded by coroners and on death certificates and associated documents, is one that is primarily attributed to an illness or an internal malfunction of the body not directly influenced by external forces.  Contrary to the statement before, everything is natural at some point.  For example, a person dying from complications from influenza (an infection) or a heart attack (an internal body malfunction) or sudden heart failure would be listed as having died from natural causes.  Health departments discourage listing old age as the cause of death because doing so does not benefit public health or medical research.  Old age is not a scientifically recognized cause of death; there is always a more direct cause, although it may be unknown in certain cases and could be one of a number of aging-associated diseases. Management of acute coronary syndrome is targeted against the effects of reduced blood flow to the afflicted area of the heart muscle, usually because of a blood clot in one of the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.  This is achieved with urgent hospitalization and medical therapy, including drugs that relieve chest pain and reduce the size of the infarct, and drugs that inhibit clot formation; for a subset of patients invasive measures are also employed (coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention).  Basic principles of management are the same for all types of acute coronary syndrome.  However, some important aspects of treatment depend on the presence or absence of elevation of the ST segment on the electrocardiogram, which classifies cases upon presentation to either ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NST-ACS); the latter includes unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).  Treatment is generally more aggressive for STEMI patients, and reperfusion therapy is more often reserved for them.  Long term therapy is necessary for prevention of recurrent events and complications.
Answer: heart attack