Question: Cliff Hague is Emeritus Professor of Planning and Spatial Development at a university established in what year?
Context: Generally, spatial development is linked to include all the techniques used by planners, geographers and other actors of decision making to facilitate integrated balanced development.  Spatial planning for development has no territorial barrier, ranging across continents, regions, nations and local communities.  Various forms of spatial development qualities have been attributed mainly by the Developed World, while the Developing World and Cameroon in particular, are still trying to integrate the formula into their system.  As such, to understand better spatial development in Cameroon, a brief notion of the African context is necessary. Norman Cliff received his Ph.D. from Princeton in psychometrics in 1957.  After research positions in the US Public Health Service and at Educational Testing Service he joined the University of Southern California in 1962.  He has had a number of research interests, including quantification of cognitive processes, scaling and measurement theory, computer-interactive psychological measurement, multivariate statistics, and ordinal methods.  One of his major contributions to psychometrics was the method for rotation of canonical components.  Asserting that much of psychological data have only ordinal justification, Cliff also published various papers and a book on ordinal methods for research.  On the one hand this included extensions to the established ordinal methods for correlating data (i.e. Kendall's tau, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient).  However, on the other hand, Cliff also suggested that there are viable and robust ordinal alternatives to mean comparisons.  He introduced a measure of proportional difference (or "dominance") between two sets of data often referred to as Cliff's delta.  He has been president of the Psychometric Society and of the Society for Multivariate Experimental Psychology.  Now an Emeritus Professor, he lives in New Mexico. Peter Droege is an international expert on advanced urban design, planning and renewable infrastructure development.  Professor Droege invented and developed the Chair for Sustainable Spatial Development at the University of Liechtenstein, and holds a Conjoint Professorship at the University of Newcastle's School of Architecture and Built Environment.  He is the director of the Liechtenstein Institute for Strategic Development, Vaduz and Berlin - http://www.eurisd.org.  The author of the leading reference "The Renewable City: A Comprehensive Guide to an Urban Revolution" (Wiley) has produced the seminal scholarly volumes "Intelligent Environments - Spatial Aspects of the Information Revolution" and "Urban Energy Transition - From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power" (both Elsevier), and edited "100 Percent Renewable - Energy Autonomy in Action" (Routledge), "Climate Design" (ORO) and "Regenerative Region" (oekom).  Droege initiated and chairs the regular 'Liechtenstein Congress on Sustainable Development and Responsible Investing' (my.uni.li/li-congress).  He is chair of the organising committee of the scientifically managed, call-for-papers based International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (http://www.energystorageconference.org) and frequently organises thematic conferences on sustainable design and planning (http://www.wcrcity.org). The European Spatial Development Planning or ESDP-Network seeks to promote education, research and professional training in spatial planning across European countries, in collaboration with many partners in other regions of the world.  To this purpose it considers planning as a process and a change agenda. Cliff Hague (born 1944) is a British town planning practitioner and Emeritus Professor of Planning and Spatial Development at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. The Journal of Contemporary Asia (JCA) is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of Asian studies.  It was established in 1970 and is published quarterly by Routledge.  It is currently edited by Kevin Hewison (Emeritus Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill).  One of its founders, Peter Limqueco is editor emeritus.  The co-editors are Geoffrey Gunn (Emeritus Professor, Nagasaki University), Richard Westra (Nagoya University) and Toby Carroll (City University of Hong Kong). Heriot-Watt University is a public university based in Edinburgh, Scotland.  It was established in 1821 as the world's first mechanics' institute (Royal Charter granted in 1966).  It has campuses in the Scottish Borders, Orkney, Dubai, and Putrajaya in Malaysia. Peter Green, FRS (born 28 April 1950) is a British Bayesian statistician.  He is Emeritus Professor and Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Bristol, and a Professor at the University of Technology, Sydney.  He is distinguished for his contributions to computational statistics, in particular his contributions to spatial statistics and semi-parametric regression models and also his development of reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) is a document approved by the Informal Council of Ministers of Spatial Planning of European Commission in Potsdam in 1999.  It is a legally non-binding document forming a policy framework with 60 policy options for all tiers of administration with a planning responsibility.  The strategic aim is to achieve a balanced and sustainable spatial development strategy. Institute for Spatial Policies (Slovene: Inštitut za politike prostora, IPoP) is an independent research and consultancy as well as non-governmental and non-profit organization active in the field of spatial and urban development.  It was established in Ljubljana in 2006 with the aim to integrate knowledge and experience of different sciences and practices dealing with space and place.  The institute cooperates with a variety of experts, civil society groups and formal institutions, in order to develop a network of complementary organizations related to the field of spatial and urban development.  In this way the institute tries to create conditions for a common understanding of challenges, goals and solutions, leading to effective spatial and urban planning.  Their work is focused on the processes of producing space and place from a bottom up perspective and emphasizes the importance of long-term thinking, participative decision-making processes and sustainable spatial and urban planning.
Answer: 1821