Question: In what year did the physicist who founded the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR with Valery Chalidze and Andrei Tverdokhlebov die?
Context: Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of human rights organizations, who accuse the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses, including arbitrary imprisonment and unfair trials.  International human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have drawn attention to the actions of the human rights movement and designated members of it as prisoners of conscience, such as Óscar Elías Biscet.  In addition, the International Committee for Democracy in Cuba led by former heads of state Václav Havel of the Czech Republic, José María Aznar of Spain and Patricio Aylwin of Chile was created to support the civic movement. The Committee on Human Rights in the USSR (Russian: Комите́т прав челове́ка в СССР ) was founded in 1970 by dissident Valery Chalidze together with Andrei Sakharov and Andrei Tverdokhlebov. The Clemens Nathan Research Centre (CNRC) is a human rights organisation that focuses on organising international conferences with speakers from multidisciplinary fields and on publishing edited books and conference proceedings.  It was founded in 2004 when Clemens N. Nathan (1933-2015, and the Centre's first chairman) was persuaded to start a research centre as an arm of the Consultative Council of Jewish Organisations.  Whilst Nathan's career was in textiles, he worked for numerous Jewish causes, as well as international Human Rights and interfaith relations.  Nathan was described by the Human Rights NGO Rene Cassin as "the human of human rights".  The CNRC's first director is Alan Stephens.  Leif Holmstrom, from the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund, described the CNRC as having succeeded "in launching and sustaining useful and constructive events and programmes which have had a beneficial and measurable impact on the improvement of Human Rights." .  The CNRC has "stimulated and facilitated discussion, research and study on a striking array of topics, including international organisations, Human Rights, interfaith relations and the Holocaust and German-Jewish history". Andrei Nikolayevich Tverdokhlebov (Russian: Андре́й Никола́евич Твердохле́бов , 30 September 1940, Moscow – 3 December 2011, Pennsylvania, United States) was a Soviet physicist, dissident and human rights activist.  In 1970, he founded - along with Valery Chalidze and Andrei Sakharov - the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR.  In 1973, Tverdokhlebov - along with Valentin Turchin - founded the first chapter of Amnesty International in the Soviet Union.  He also helped found Group 73, a human rights organization that helped political prisoners in the Soviet Union.  He was the author/editor of several samizdat publications while in the Soviet Union, which were compiled in the book, "In Defense of Human Rights", published by Khronika Press, New York, in 1975. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов ; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights. The Human Rights Consultative Committee is a civil rights organization in Malawi.  They are committed to the promotion and protection of human rights for the Malawi.  Their activities include advocacy, monitoring, information sharing, capacity building and resource mobilization for member institutions, government and key stakeholders.  The organization has been involved in human rights issues in Malawi since July 1995.  The committee consists of a network were Church Institutions, Human Rights NGOs and the Law Society of Malawi work together in areas of human rights, advocacy and information sharing.  HRCC is thus works as a network of local Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that have interest in protecting people’s rights, promoting the human rights agenda, and safeguarding governance and the rule of law. Ali Bin Said Bin Smaikh Break Al owair Al-Marri (Arabic: علي_بن_صميخ_المري‎ ‎ ; born 30 November 1972) is the chairman of the National Human Rights Committee of Qatar in the State of Qatar since 2009.  Holds a Doctorate degree in Philosophy and Political Science.  He plays a major role With respect to the protection and promotion of human rights both domestically and internationally; he considers promotion and protection of human rights is not just a moral value, but is also a political tool to combat violence which helped the State of Qatar to participate into a number of agreements, protocols and conventions on human rights throughout his career as the chairman of the national human rights committee of the State of Qatar.  Dr. Ali Al-Marri was elected as the president of the Arab Commission for human rights at the League of Arab states in 2012.  Also, he was elected as the chairperson of the Asia Pacific forum (APF) for the period 2013-2015. Yésica Sánchez Maya (born 13 November 1977 in Mexico City, Mexico) is a human rights attorney who works in Oaxaca, Mexico.  In 2003, she began serving as president of the Mexican League for the Defense of Human Rights (LIMEDDH) in Oaxaca.  In 2006, when a teacher's strike erupted in Oaxaca she was threatened for defending clients and an arrest warrant was issued when she spoke out about the violence and human rights abuses the state was engaging in.  In 2008, she left LIMEDDH and founded the Consortium for Parliamentary Dialogue and Equality, for which she serves as Deputy Director, and works on a wide variety of issues including economic and politic inequality, femicide, education, and other human rights issues.  She has testified at a hearing by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights about violence against women in the region, sexual minorities, and indigenous women, including the Mixe and has attended hearings and presented reports to both the United Nations and the Organization of American States regarding forced disappearances, torture, and violence against women.  In 2011, Sánchez Maya and other human rights activists were able to pressure Oaxacan legislators to pass Law for the Defense of Human Rights to limit state intimidation and protect citizen's rights.  In 2012, she sought the office of state Ombudsman for the Defence of Human Rights of the People of Oaxaca (DDHPO) and had the support of NGOs and citizens, but the appointment went to Arturo Peimbert.  Sánchez Maya has been vocal in criticism of the ombudsman for failure to implement the Victims Act and convene the Committee of Victims.  In 2015, Sánchez Maya was advocating for laws to protect journalists and human rights defenders from threats and violence.  She stated that this year, the number of incidents has risen markedly. The proposed Convention on the Rights of Older Persons is regarded as the next major United Nations human rights treaty.  The proposed treaty will seek to remedy the fragmented human rights structure for older persons, and will focus on reaffirming critical human rights which are of concern to the elderly.  The focus of the treaty will be persons over 60 years of age, which is a growing demographic worldwide due to increased population ageing.  The treaty follows from the success of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child which has seen near universal acceptance since 1989.  Where the UNCRC focuses on the rights of younger persons, the UNCROP will address those who form the older portion of society, who according to United Nations reports, are becoming increasingly vulnerable as a group without applicable normative standards of Human Rights Law.  Support for a Convention is becoming increasingly popular, as human rights groups including the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), HelpAge International, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the International Labour Organization, and many other NGOs and states have expressed support for a universal instrument.  The need for a treaty has arisen due to issues surrounding demographic changes from population ageing.  This has led to significant interest in how to best ensure the well being of older persons.  Among the rights issues faced by older persons are their rights against ageist discrimination, and the rights to participation.  The debate surrounding the convention focuses on the implementation and safeguarding of these rights, to set normative standards of human rights for older persons.  One substantive issue is the conception of elder abuse as between individuals.  Individual relationships generally fall outside of current human rights law, which seeks to present standards of relations between states and individuals.  Therefore, it has been suggested that the proposed human rights convention for older persons ought to be drafted as an anti-discrimination convention.  However, This would not be consistent with other multilateral human rights conventions such as the ICCPR and ICESCR which set normative standards. The Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law, South Africa, is an organisation dedicated to promoting human rights on the continent of Africa.  The Centre, founded in 1986, promotes human rights through educational outreach, including multinational conferences, seminars and publications such as "Human Rights Law in Africa", "The African Human Rights Law Journal", the "African Human Rights Law Reports" and "The Constitutional Law of South Africa".  The Centre, which was founded during Apartheid, assisted in adapting a Bill of Rights for South Africa and contributed to creating the South African Constitution.  In 2006, the Centre received the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education, particular recognising for the LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa and the African Human Rights Moot Court Competition.
Answer: 1989