Question: In what year was the company that Hieronymous Cruse was a soldier and explorer for chartered?
Context: Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49.  It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth's crust.  Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin.  Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and it is largely intermediate between the two in terms of its properties.  Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods.  They named it for the indigo blue line in its spectrum.  Indium was isolated the next year. The Ford Explorer is a full-size sport utility vehicle produced by the American manufacturer Ford Motor Company since 1990, based since 2010 on a crossover platform.  The Ford Explorer became one of the most popular sport utility vehicles on the road.  The model years 1991 through 2010 were traditional body-on-frame, mid-size SUVs. For the 2011 model year, Ford moved the Explorer to a more modern unibody, full-size crossover SUV platform, the same Volvo-derived platform the Ford Flex and Ford Taurus use although with significantly greater ground clearance.  It is slotted between the traditional body-on-frame, full-size Ford Expedition and the mid-size CUV (Crossover Utility Vehicle) Ford Edge.  Although outwardly similar, the fifth generation Explorer, Ford Edge and Ford Escape do not share platforms.  The fifth generation Explorer does, however, share platforms with the Ford Flex and Lincoln MKT. SCB BD (officially M/S Standard Chartered Bank Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd.) is a banking and financial services company headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh and a wholly owned subsidiary of Standard Chartered.  Standard Chartered has been operating in Bangladesh for over a hundred years.  After the partition of the subcontinent in 1947, Bangladesh became East Pakistan, thereafter Standard Chartered Bank started its business in 1948, in the port city of Chittagong.  Standard Chartered Bank is doing well in Bangladesh.  Debit card fee is at least 690 BDT (inclusive of 15% VAT) per year.  Account maintenance fee for savings account is 690 BDT (inclusive of 15% VAT) which is taken as 345 BDT (inclusive of 15% VAT) each six months (usually on January 1 and June 30). Lars-Eric Lindblad (January 23, 1927 – July 8, 1994) was a Swedish-American entrepreneur and explorer, who pioneered tourism to many remote and exotic parts of the world.  He led the first tourist expedition to Antarctica in 1966 in a chartered Argentine navy ship, and for many years operated his own vessel, the MS "Lindblad Explorer", in the region.  Observers point to the "Lindblad Explorer’s" 1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica as the frontrunner to today’s sea-based tourism there. Standard Chartered Korea (officially Standard Chartered Bank Korea Limited, formerly SC First Bank, Hangul: SC제일은행) is a banking and financial services company headquartered in Seoul, South Korea and a wholly owned subsidiary of Standard Chartered.  It was created by the acquisition of the former Korea First Bank by Standard Chartered in 2005. New Voyages to North America is a book written by Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron de Lahontan which chronicles the nine years Lahontan spent exploring New France as a soldier in the French Army.  The book, composed of two volumes, was published in 1703, originally in French as Nouveaux Voyages de Mr. le Baron de Lahontan dans l’Amérique Septentrionale.  An English edition was produced the same year.  The book is considered to be the best 17th century work on New France for its detailed descriptions of the environment as well as North American native society.  Lahontan’s work includes descriptions of the two winters he spent hunting with a group of the Algonquin people.  Lahontan expresses his opinions of New France and the natives as well as European society through his dialogue between himself and a fictional native, Adario, based on the Huron chief Kondiaronk.  Though fictional, this dialogue gives insight into his opinions of the native New France and Europe.  Both volumes provide valuable knowledge and information on the lands of New France from the perspective of a soldier in the French army as well as an explorer who explored the landscape, native peoples and developing economic, social, and political ties between the native peoples and French explorers.  The importance of the book is expressed by Gordon Sayre: “Lahontan takes a secular perspective throughout his writing which differentiates his works from those of the Jesuits that published during the same time he did”.  This book is an exploration narrative that tells an explorer's stories but also serves as a historical source for examining the American Indians in the New France region and the connections between the explorers and native peoples. Hieronymous Cruse (Jeronimus Croase) was a soldier and explorer for the Dutch East India Company in South Africa. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ghana is a professional accountancy organisation.  It is the sole such organisation in Ghana with the right to award the Chartered Accountant designation, and with the right to regulate the accountancy profession in Ghana.  The Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana) was established by an Act of Parliament, Act 170, in 1963.  Members of the organisation are the only persons recognized under the Companies Code (Act 179) 1963, to pursue audits of company accounts in Ghana.  It is governed by a council of eleven members who are chartered accountants.  The council, headed by a president, holds office for a period of two years. Charles Taylor (1840 – August 3, 1899) was an American cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient.  He was cited for "gallantry in action" in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory in 1882, for which he received the Medal of Honor.  Three other men, First Lieutenant Frank West, Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and Second Lieutenant George H. Morgan were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action. The United East India Company or the United East Indian Company, also known as the United East Indies Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie ; or Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie in modern spelling; VOC), referred to by the British as the Dutch East India Company, or sometimes known as the Dutch East Indies Company, was originally established as a chartered company in 1602, when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade.  A pioneering early model of the multinational corporation in its modern sense, the company is also often considered to be the world's first true transnational corporation.  In the early 1600s, the VOC became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public.  In other words, the VOC was the world's first formally listed public company, because it was the first corporation to be ever actually listed on an official (formal) stock exchange.  As the first historical model of the quasi-fictional concept of the megacorporation, the VOC possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.
Answer: 1602