Question: What was the ethnic group of these military pilots who fought in World War II of which Hiram Mann was a member?
Context: Chad achieved independence in 1960.  At the time, it had no armed forces under its own flag.  Since World War I, however, southern Chad, particularly the Sara ethnic group, had provided a large share of the Africans in the French army.  Chadian troops also had contributed significantly to the success of the Free French Forces in World War II.  In December 1940, two African battalions began the Free French military campaign against Italian forces in Libya from a base in Chad, and at the end of 1941 a force under Colonel Jacques Leclerc participated in a spectacular campaign that seized the entire Fezzan region of southern Libya.  Colonel Leclerc's 3,200-man force included 2,700 Africans, the great majority of them southerners from Chad.  These troops went on to contribute to the Allied victory in Tunisia.  Chadians, in general, were proud of their soldiers' role in the efforts to liberate France and in the international conflict. Hiram Mann (May 23, 1921 – May 17, 2014) was an American aviator, retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force, and member of the Tuskegee Airmen's 332nd Fighter Group, an elite squadron of African-American airmen during World War II.  Mann flew forty-eight missions over Europe as a member of the 332nd Fighter Group during the war.  Mann was a member of the "Red Tails," as the Tuskegee Airmen were called at the time, so-called because the tails of the P-51D Mustangs flown by the African-American pilots in combat missions were painted crimson red.  (The term "Tuskegee Airmen" did not come into use until the creation of a veteran's organization in 1972).  Mann nicknamed his own fighter plane "The Iron Lady" after his wife. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.  German day and night fighter pilots claimed roughly 70,000 aerial victories during World War II, 25,000 over British or American and 45,000 over Soviet flown aircraft.  103 German fighter pilots shot down more than 100 enemy aircraft for a total of roughly 15,400 aerial victories.  Roughly a further 360 pilots claimed between 40 and 100 aerial victories for round about 21,000 victories.  Another 500 fighter pilots claimed between 20 and 40 victories for a total of 15,000 victories.  According to Obermeier, it is relatively certain, that 2,500 German fighter pilots attained ace status, having achieved at least 5 aerial victories.  453 German day and "Zerstörer" (destroyer) pilots received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.  85 night fighter pilots, including 14 crew members, were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.  The list is sorted by the number of aerial victories claimed at night. This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Germany.  A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.  German day and night fighter pilots claimed roughly 70,000 aerial victories during World War II, 25,000 over British or American and 45,000 over Russian flown aircraft.  103 German fighter pilots shot down more than 100 enemy aircraft for a total of roughly 15,400 aerial victories.  Roughly a further 360 pilots claimed between 40 and 100 aerial victories for round about 21,000 victories.  Another 500 fighter pilots claimed between 20 and 40 victories for a total of 15,000 victories.  It is relatively certain that 2,500 German fighter pilots attained ace status, having achieved at least 5 aerial victories.  These achievements were honored with 453 German day and "Zerstörer" (destroyer) pilots having received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.  85 night fighter pilots, including 14 crew members, were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Major Henry Arthur Norman was among the first African American military pilots during World War II.  Although a member of the 598th Field Artillery Battalion (and not the famed 332nd Fighter Group or 477th Bombardment Group), he trained at Tuskegee and is generally counted among the Tuskegee Airmen.  A career military man, he served as part of the peacetime occupation forces in Germany, seeing armed combat again during the Korean War.  He eventually becoming a commissioned officer during an era in which that was rare for African-Americans, overseeing the 20th Army Air Corps.  After a rescue mission following the North Sea Flood of 1953 he was personally presented an award for meritorious conduct by the Queen of the Netherlands.  Following an honorable discharge from the Army, he earned a PhD in Education from the Ohio State University, and became the principal of the Lincoln School in Gallipolis.  He was a direct, male-line descendent of black Revolutionary War hero Bazabeel Norman. Nikolay Neprimerov (1 May 1921 – 11 January 2017) was a Doctor of Technical Sciences and professor of physics at the Kazan State University.  Neprimerov was Head of the Department of Radioelectronics of the Kazan University for 32 years and is author of more than 150 scientific papers and 9 monographs.  He also authored a book about the everyday life of military pilots during World War II.  He was awarded numerous honours and medals.  Neprimerov dedicated more than 40 years to and is internationally known for physical research in oil recovery. The civilian section of the airport was opened in the summer of 1939.  The military section followed already the following winter.  Since 1941 the Swiss Air Force use it most, because of good weather conditions, for basic flight training of military pilots.  At the end of World War II, Swiss authorities identified existing locations that were to be modernized as regional airports, a second tier of infrastructure to support the primary urban airports, with Locarno-Magadino being one of the five. Marion Raymond "Rodge" Rodgers USAF (b. 1923) was a member of the Tuskegee Airmen, a group of African-American military pilots who fought in World War II and were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces.  He reached the rank of lieutenant colonel and served the Air Force for 22 years, commanding the renowned 99th Flying Squadron of "Red Tails" after combat, then working in management for NORAD and NASA.  In his nineties, as one of the last surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen, Rodgers continued to receive media attention as he shared his experiences and was honored at several public events. is the popular name of a group of African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II.  Officially, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces.  The name also applies to the navigators, bombardiers, mechanics, instructors, crew chiefs, nurses, cooks and other support personnel for the pilots. Élisabeth Lion (1904 – 9 January 1998) was a French aviator who broke world altitude records and long-distance flying records.  She was one of the five women who were selected to train as French military pilots after World War II.
Answer: African-American