Question: The idea proposed by an American Mathematician and philosopher included knowledge of what kind of properties?
Context: Inference is a process of deriving logical conclusion from the basis of empirical evidence and prior knowledge rather than on the basis of direct observation.  Soil Inference System (SINFERS) is the term proposed by McBratney et al. (2002) as a knowledge base to infer soil properties and populate the digital soil databases.  SINFERS takes measurements with a given level of certainty and infers data that is not known with minimal uncertainties by means of logically linked predictive functions.  These predictive functions, in a non-spatial context are referred to as pedotransfer functions.  The basic assumption underlying SINFERS is that if one knows or is able to predict the basic fundamental properties of a soil, one should be able to infer all other physical and chemical properties using PTFs.  Pedotransfer functions relate basic soil properties to other more difficult or expensive to measure soil properties by means of regression and various data mining tools. Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher.  He was a professor of mathematics at MIT.  A famous child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher in stochastic and mathematical noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems. The Wiener filter as originally proposed by Norbert Wiener is a signal processing filter which uses knowledge of the statistical properties of both the signal and the noise to reconstruct an optimal estimate of the signal from a noisy one-dimensional time-ordered data stream.  The generalized Wiener filter generalizes the same idea beyond the domain of one-dimensional time-ordered signal processing, with two-dimensional image processing being the most common application. The Walking City was an idea proposed by British architect Ron Herron in 1964.  In an article in avant-garde architecture journal Archigram, Ron Herron proposed building massive mobile robotic structures, with their own intelligence, that could freely roam the world, moving to wherever their resources or manufacturing abilities were needed.  Various walking cities could interconnect with each other to form larger 'walking metropolises' when needed, and then disperse when their concentrated power was no longer necessary.  Individual buildings or structures could also be mobile, moving wherever their owner wanted or needs dictated. Callicles ( ; Greek: Καλλικλῆς ; c. 484 – late 5th century BCE) was an ancient Athenian political philosopher best remembered for his role in Plato’s dialogue "Gorgias", where he "presents himself as a no-holds-barred, bare-knuckled, clear-headed advocate of "Realpolitik".  While he provides a counter-argument to Plato’s philosophical ideas, there is belief that he may be no more than a character created by Plato for the dialogue.  Another idea proposed is that Callicles is a fragment of what Plato may be, had he not Socrates to guide him.  He is the antithesis to Socrates. The Nucifer Experiment is a proposed test of equipment and methodologies for using neutrino detection (or, more specifically, antineutrino detection) for the monitoring of nuclear reactor activity and the assessment of the isotopic composition of reactor fuels for non-proliferation treaty compliance monitoring.  Based upon an idea proposed by L.A. Mikaélyan in 1977, the Nucifer Experiment was proposed to the IAEA in October 2008. A store-within-a-store, also referred to as shop-in-shop, is an agreement in which a retailer rents a part of the retail space to be used by a different company to run another, independent store.  This concept was originally an idea proposed by the great philosopher and multi millionaire entrepreneur "Joseph Westbrook" of East Sussex, England. God-Building, an idea proposed by some prominent early Marxists of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, proved very controversial.  Inspired by Ludwig Feuerbach's "religion of humanity", it had some precedent in the French Revolution with the "cult of reason".  The idea proposed that in place of the abolition of religion, there should be a meta-religious context in which religions were viewed primarily in terms of the psychological and social effect of ritual, myth, and symbolism, and which attempted to harness this force for pro-communist aims, both by creating new ritual and symbolism, and by re-interpreting existing ritual and symbolism in a socialist context.  In contrast to the atheism of Lenin, the God-Builders took an official position of agnosticism. The Big Society was a political ideology developed in the early 21st century.  The idea proposed "integrating the free market with a theory of social solidarity based on hierarchy and voluntarism".  Conceptually it "draws on a mix of conservative communitarianism and libertarian paternalism".  Its roots "can be traced back to the 1990s, and to early attempts to develop a non-Thatcherite, or post-Thatcherite, brand of UK conservatism" such as David Willetts' Civic Conservatism and the revival of Red Toryism.  Some commentators have seen the Big Society as invoking Edmund Burke's idea of civil society, putting it into the sphere of one-nation conservatism. Ontogenetic depth is an idea proposed in February 2003 by Paul Nelson, an American philosopher of science, young Earth creationist and intelligent design advocate; he is employed by the Discovery Institute.
Answer: statistical