Question: Halid Ziya Usakligil, the Turkish author, poet and playwright, whose works include the flagship 'Wealth of Knowledge' during the late Ottoman Empire was critical of which Sultan who was deposed during the Young Turk Revolution in 1908?
Context: Armenakis Yekarian (Armenian: Արմենակ Եկարյան ; 1870–1926) was an Armenian "fedayee".  Yekarian was born in Van, Ottoman Empire.  He joined the Armenian national liberation movement through the ranks of the Armenakans in 1888.  His early education was at Varagavank monastery.  In 1896, during the defense of Van, he obtaining weapons from Persia to organize self-defense in the city.  He was imprisoned with 40 of his comrades and then released at the end of the conflict.  Thereafter, he left the Ottoman Empire as required by the Sultan.  He took refuge in Urmia in Persia.  After the deposition of the Sultan by the Young Turk Revolution, he returned to Van in 1908.  He joined the Van resistance in 1915.  After the Armenian victory, they set up an Armenian provisional government, with Aram Manukian at its head.  Armenak Yekarian became the police chief.  Aram Manoukian, Armenak Yekarian and others tried to give a national-civil character to the exclusively militarized administration.  In 1922, he emigrated with his family to Cairo, Egypt, where he died in 1926.  His family moved to Soviet Armenia in 1947. The Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Turkish: ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى‎ ; Turkish: "İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri" ) of the Ottoman Empire established shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution which forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the constitutional monarchy by the revival of the Ottoman parliament, the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire and the restoration of the constitution of 1876.  The parliament and the constitution of the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878) had been suspended by Abdul Hamid in 1878 after only two years of functioning.  Whereas the First Constitutional Era had not allowed for political parties, the Young Turks amended the constitution to strengthen the popularly elected Chamber of Deputies at the expense of the unelected Senate and the Sultan's personal powers, and formed and joined many political parties and groups for the first time in the Empire's history. Mehmed Ferid Pasha (Turkish: "Avlonyalı Ferid Paşa" or "Avlonyalı Mehmed Ferid Paşa" 1851, Yanya (Ioannina) - 1914, Sanremo) was an Ottoman statesman of Albanian origin.  He was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 15 January 1903 until 22 July 1908, at the time when the sultan restored the 1876 Constitution following the Young Turk Revolution.  Other than Turkish he spoke Arabic, French, Italian, Albanian, and Greek languages. Young Turks (Turkish: "Jön Türkler" , from French: "Les Jeunes Turcs" ) was a Turkish nationalist party in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers.  They favoured the replacement of the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government.  Later, their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.  With this revolution, the Young Turks helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for the first time in the country's history. The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) of the Ottoman Empire was when the Young Turks movement restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and ushered in multi-party politics in a two stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament.  More than three decades earlier, in 1876, constitutional monarchy had been established under Sultan Abdul Hamid II during a period of time known as the First Constitutional Era, which only lasted for two years before Abdul Hamid suspended it and restored autocratic powers to himself.  On 24 July 1908, Abdul Hamid capitulated and announced the restoration of Constitution, which established the Second Constitutional Era.  After an attempted monarchist counterrevolution in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year, he was deposed and his brother Mehmed V ascended the throne. The Ottoman constitution of 1876 (Ottoman Turkish: قانون اساسى‎ ; Turkish: "" ; English: "basic law" ) was the first constitution of the Ottoman Empire.  Written by members of the Young Ottomans, particularly Midhat Pasha, during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909), the constitution was only in effect for two years, from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the First Constitutional Era.  Later it was put back into effect and amended to transfer more power from the sultan and the appointed Senate to the generally elected Chamber of Deputies after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, initiating a period known as the Second Constitutional Era. Mehmed Ziya Gökalp (23 March 1876 – 25 October 1924) was a Turkish sociologist, writer, poet, and political activist.  After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution that reinstated constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire, he adopted the pen name Gökalp ("sky hero"), which he retained for the rest of his life.  As a sociologist, Ziya Gökalp was influential in the negation of Islamism, pan-Islamism, and Ottomanism as ideological, cultural, and sociological identifiers.  In a 1936 publication, sociologist Niyazi Berkes described Gökalp as "the real founder of Turkish sociology, since he was not a mere translator or interpreter of foreign sociology." Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی‎ , "`Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî"; Turkish: "İkinci Abdülhamit" ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.  He oversaw a period of decline.  He ruled from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, on 27 April 1909.  In accordance with an agreement made with the republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the first Ottoman constitution of 1876 on 23 December 1876, which was a sign of progressive thinking that marked his early rule.  Later, however, he noticed Western influence on Ottoman affairs and citing disagreements with Parliament, suspended both the short-lived constitution and Parliament in 1878 and accomplished highly effective power and control. Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil (also spelled Halit and Uşakizâde) (] ; 1866 – 27 March 1945) was a Turkish author, poet, and playwright.  A part of the "Edebiyat-ı Cedide" ("New Literature") movement of the late Ottoman Empire, he was the founder of and contributor to many literary movements and institutions, including his flagship "Servet-i Fünun" ("The Wealth of Knowledge") journal.  He was a strong critic of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, which led to the censorship of much of his work by the Ottoman government.  His many novels, plays, short stories, and essays include his 1899 romance novel "Aşk-ı Memnu" ("Forbidden Love"), which has been adapted into an internationally successful television series of the same name. Georgios Kourtoglou (Greek: Γεώργιος Κούρτογλου ; Turkish: "Yorgaki Kurtoğlu Efendi" also known as "Yorgaki Efendi"; born 1856, Nigde), was a Greek political, legal and social activist, and governor in the late Ottoman Empire.  He was elected to be part of the new Ottoman parliament in 1908, after the Young Turk Revolution.  He was elected deputy of Niğde in the Konya Vilayet.
Answer: Abdul Hamid II