Question: Expedition 12, in 2005, was the 12th expedition to the International Space Station (ISS), a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit, its first component launched into orbit, in what year?
Context: Soyuz TMA-04M was a spaceflight to Low Earth orbit that transported three members of the Expedition 31 crew to the International Space Station (ISS), which was launched on 15 May 2012 and landed on 17 September 2012.  TMA-04M was the Soyuz spacecraft's 113th flight since its initial launch in 1967, and the fourth launch of the improved Soyuz TMA-M series (first launched 7 October 2010).  As per the mission plan, the spacecraft remained docked to the space station to serve as an emergency escape vehicle during Expedition 31. Mir (Russian: Мир , ] ; lit.  "peace" or "world") was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia.  "Mir" was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996.  It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft.  At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit, succeeded by the International Space Station after Mir's orbit decayed.  The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space. Expedition 12 (2005) was the 12th expedition to the International Space Station, launched from Kazakhstan using the Russian Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft.  The crew landed back in Kazakhstan on 8 April 2006 with the addition of the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes. The Chinese large modular space station, is a planned space station to be placed in Low Earth orbit.  The planned Chinese Space Station will be roughly one-sixth the mass of the International Space Station and half the size of the decommissioned Russian Mir Space Station.  The Chinese station is expected to have a mass between 60 and 70 metric tons.  Operations will be controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center in China.  The planned launch date of the core module, the "Tianhe-1" (“Harmony of the Heavens”), is around 2019.  In 2017, the Chinese launched the Tianzhou-1 ("Heavenly Vessel") cargo spaceship, which is based on the "Tiangong" 1 & 2 space laboratories. The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit.  Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human-made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth.  The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components.  ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles. Soyuz TMA-19 was a manned spaceflight to the International Space Station and is part of the Soyuz programme.  It was launched June 15, 2010 carrying three members of the Expedition 24 crew to the International Space Station, who remained aboard the station for around six months.  TMA-19 was the 106th manned flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, since the first mission which was launched in 1967.  The spacecraft remained docked to the space station for the remainder of Expedition 24, and for Expedition 25, to serve as an emergency escape vehicle.  It undocked from ISS and landed in Kazakhstan on the November 26, 2010.  It was the 100th mission to be conducted as part of the International Space Station programme since assembly began in 1998. A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock.  A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for human spaceflight by lack of major propulsion or landing systems.  Instead, other vehicles transport people and cargo to and from the station.  s of 2016 three space stations are in orbit: the International Space Station, which is permanently manned, China's Tiangong-1 (defunct) and Tiangong-2 (launched 15 September 2016, not permanently manned).  Previous stations include the Almaz and Salyut series, Skylab, and most recently "Mir". Mir (Russian: Мир , ] ; lit.  "Peace" or "World") was a Soviet and later Russian space station, operational in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001.  With a mass greater than that of any previous space station, "Mir" was the first of the non-monolithic, third generation of space stations, constructed from 1986 to 1996 with a modular design.  The station was the largest artificial satellite orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001, a record now surpassed by the International Space Station (ISS).  "Mir" served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the permanent occupation of space. A space station is a manned satellite designed to remain in low Earth orbit for a long period of time.  In general, space stations have the ability for other spacecraft to dock to them.  s of 2017 , the International Space Station is the only operational space station currently in orbit.  Previous stations include the Salyut and Almaz series, "Skylab", and, most recently, "Mir" and "Tiangong 1" . Soyuz TMA-7 (Russian: Союз ТМА-7 ) was a transport mission for portions of the International Space Station (ISS) "Expedition 12" crew launched October 1, 2005.  The flight delivered ISS Commander William McArthur and ISS Flight Engineer Valery Tokarev to the station to replace "Expedition 11" crew members.  Spaceflight Participant Gregory Olsen joined the TMA-7 crew for the ascent and docking with the ISS, spent approximately eight days aboard conducting experiments, then returned to Earth with the outgoing members of "Expedition 11" aboard Soyuz TMA-6.  McArthur and Tokarev were joined on their return trip to Earth by Flight Engineer Marcos Pontes who launched aboard Soyuz TMA-8 and spent approximately seven days aboard the ISS conducting experiments for the Brazilian Space Agency.
Answer: 1998