Question: When nationalism developed as a concept what was it the aim to end?
Context: Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj.  Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in "India", or more broadly the Indian subcontinent, even if it was not articulated in modern terms.  Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism, inclusive of "all" its people, despite their diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds.  It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism. Manchurian nationalism refers to the nationalism of Manchus.  Manchurian nationalism developed after the collapse of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty of China.  Japan established the state of Manchukuo, a Japanese client state which gave a final opportunity to regain the lost status of the Manchurian upper class.  Described as "weak" and "passive" Manchurian nationalism never developed in strength as compared with other nationalisms in East Asia and tapered off after 1945. The Indian independence movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule (1757–1857) and the British Indian Empire (1857–1947) in the Indian subcontinent.  The movement spanned a total of 90 years (1857–2017). Greek Cypriot nationalism is an ethnic nationalism emphasising Greekness (a Greek identity, also called "Hellenism") of the Cypriot nation.  Having abandoned the idea of "enosis" (unification of Cyprus with Greece), Greek Cypriot nationalists now have the aim of a Greek Cypriot-controlled state with close relations to Greece, the "motherland".  Variants of the nationalism have been espoused by the centre-right Democratic Party (DIKO), the right-wing New Horizons, Socialists (EDEK), the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus, and elements of the moderate right Democratic Rally (DISY). Austrian nationalism is the nationalism that asserts Austrians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Austrians.  Austrian nationalism originally developed as a cultural nationalism that emphasized a Catholic religious identity.  This in turn led to its opposition to unification with Protestant-majority Germany, something that was perceived as a potential threat to the Catholic core of Austrian national identity. Nationalism is a range of political, social, and economic systems characterized by promoting the interests of a particular nation, particularly with the aim of gaining and maintaining self-governance, or full sovereignty, over the group's homeland.  The political ideology therefore holds that a nation should govern itself, free from unwanted outside interference, and is linked to the concept of self-determination.  Nationalism is further oriented towards developing and maintaining a national identity based on shared characteristics such as culture, language, race, religion, political goals or a belief in a common ancestry.  Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve the nation's culture.  It often also involves a sense of pride in the nation's achievements, and is closely linked to the concept of patriotism.  In some cases, nationalism referred to the belief that a nation should be able to control the government and all means of production. The Bengali freedom struggle refers to various movements and wars over the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries aimed at liberating the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal from colonial rule and later from ruling establishments located outside historic Bengali territory.  During the 20th Century, Bengali nationalism developed and emerged as a popular political ideology glorifying the Bengali people as a distinctive cultural and linguistic nation. Soviet socialist patriotism refers to the socialist patriotism involving cultural attachment of the Soviet people to the Soviet Union as their homeland.  It has been referred to as "Soviet nationalism".  However, the concept of "Soviet nationalism" is claimed to be a misnomer and inaccurate because Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks were officially opposed to nationalism as being reactionary, a bourgeois creation, and contrary to the interests of proletarian class struggle and communist revolution.  Under the outlook of international communism that was especially strong at the time, Lenin separated patriotism into what he defined as proletarian, socialist patriotism from bourgeois nationalism.  Lenin promoted the right of all nations to self-determination and the right to unity of all workers within nations, but he also condemned chauvinism and claimed there were both justified and unjustified feelings of national pride.  Lenin explicitly denounced conventional Russian nationalism as "Great Russian Chauvinism", and his government sought to accommodate the country's multiple ethnic groups by creating republics and sub-republic units to provide non-Russian ethnic groups with autonomy and protection from Russian domination.  Lenin also sought to balance the ethnic representation of leadership of the country by promoting non-Russian officials in the Communist Party to counter the large presence of Russians in the Party.  However, even at this early period the Soviet government appealed at times to Russian nationalism when it needed support - especially on the Soviet borderlands in the Soviet Union's early years. Armenian nationalism in the modern period has its roots in the romantic nationalism of Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823) and generally defined as the creation of a free, independent and united Armenia formulated as the Armenian Cause (Armenian: Հայ Դատ , [hɑj dɑt] or "Hye Dat").  Armenian national awakening developed in the 1880s in the context of the general rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire.  The Russian Armenia followed with significant causes.  The Armenian Apostolic Church has been a great defender of Armenian nationalism, with leaders like Khrimian Hayrik who devoted his life to the peasantry.  The establishment of modern Armenia (1991) and Armenian social fabric becoming more complex gradually decrease the political influence of Hay Dat and shifted towards a modern Armenian nationalism modeled as a liberal nationalism.  On the other hand, the Armenian diaspora have "diaspora nationalism," which maintain that the threat of assimilation rather than economic advantage. Hungarian nationalism developed in the early nineteenth century along the classic lines of scholarly interest leading to political nationalism and mass participation.
Answer: East India Company rule