Question: Which Italian Catholic priest and Renaissance humanist  is best known for his textual analysis that proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery?
Context: The Donation of Constantine ( ) is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.  Composed probably in the 8th century, it was used, especially in the 13th century, in support of claims of political authority by the papacy.  Lorenzo Valla, an Italian Catholic priest and Renaissance humanist, is credited with first exposing the forgery with solid philological arguments in 1439–1440, although the document's authenticity had been repeatedly contested since 1001. Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance, emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, and science.  Renaissance art, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge.  Renaissance art, with Renaissance Humanist philosophy, spread throughout Europe, affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities.  Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern age. Marsilio Ficino (] ; Latin name: "Marsilius Ficinus"; 19 October 1433 – 1 October 1499) was an Italian scholar and Catholic priest who was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance.  He was an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin.  His Florentine Academy, an attempt to revive Plato's Academy, influenced the direction and tenor of the Italian Renaissance and the development of European philosophy. Michael Rua, S.D.B., (Italian: "Michele Rua" ) (9 June 1837 - 6 April 1910) was an Italian Catholic priest, a student of St. John Bosco and first collaborator in the founding of the Salesians of Don Bosco.  He was the first Rector Major of the Salesians, and has been beatified by the Catholic Church. Blessed James Alberione (Italian: "Giacomo" ) (4 April 1884 – 26 November 1971), was an Italian Catholic priest, and the founder of the Society of St. Paul, the Daughters of St. Paul, The Pious Disciples of the Divine Master, The Sister of Jesus the Good Shepherd, The Sisters of Mary Queen of the Apostles, and other religious institutes, which form the Pauline Family.  The first two groups are best known for promoting the Catholic faith through various forms of modern media. Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus ( ; 28 October 1466 – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. Alberico (Alberic) Crescitelli (1863–1900) was an Italian Catholic priest and missionary to China.  Born in Italy on 30 June 1863, Father Alberico Crescitelli entered the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions in 1880 and was ordained a priest on 4 June 1887.  The following year he went to China and began work in southern Shaanxi. Lorenzo (or Laurentius) Valla (] ; 14071 August 1457) was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, educator and Catholic priest.  He is best known for his textual analysis that proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. The Donation of Constantine or Donation of Rome is a painting by assistants of the Italian renaissance artist Raphael.  It was most likely painted by Gianfrancesco Penni or Giulio Romano, somewhere between 1520 and 1524.  After the master's death in 1520, they worked together with other members of Raphael's workshop to finish the commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms that are now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.  "The Donation of Constantine" is located in the "Sala di Costantino" ("Hall of Constantine").  It was inspired by the famous forged documents that supposedly granted the Popes sovereignty over Rome's territorial dominions. Daniel Duranti (1633 - 1712 or 1713) was an Italian Catholic priest, mostly known for serving as Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Skopje and Apostolic Vicar of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Izmir.
Answer: Lorenzo (or Laurentius) Valla