Question:  Opie Ortiz is an American artist best known for his art featured on the album covers of a ska punk band formed in what year?
Context: The Planet Smashers are a Canadian ska punk band from Montreal.  Since their formation in 1994, they have been a staple of the Montreal music scene.  During the third wave of ska, they performed nationally and later internationally, with tours in the United States, Europe, and Japan.  Founding member Matt Collyer helped establish Stomp Records in 1994, which featured many ska and ska punk bands, including Montreal's The Kingpins, The Flatliners, The Know How, and Bedouin Soundclash.  Their music has been used in the Japanese flash series "Catman", Canadian show Radio Free Roscoe, and MTV's "Undergrads" (shown on Teletoon in Canada).  Lyrics by The Planet Smashers often deal with topics such as love, partying and good times, and sometimes use tongue-in-cheek innuendo. Sublime was an American ska punk band from Long Beach, California, formed in 1988.  The band's line-up, unchanged until their breakup, consisted of Bradley Nowell (vocals and guitar), Eric Wilson (bass), and Bud Gaugh (drums).  Lou Dog, Nowell's dalmatian, was the mascot of the band.  Nowell died of a heroin overdose in 1996, resulting in Sublime's breakup.  In 1997, posthumous songs such as "What I Got", "Santeria", "Wrong Way", "Doin' Time", and "April 29, 1992 (Miami)" were released to U.S. radio. Tuesday was a pop punk band formed by three ex-members of Chicago ska punk band Slapstick after the latter's breakup in 1996.  The band's initial line-up consisted of Dan Andriano (bass/vocals), Matt Stamps (guitar), and Rob Kellenberger (drums/vocals).  They released a demo on 1133 in 1996, before releasing an EP, titled "Early Summer", on Asian Man Records in 1997.  Later in the year, they acquired a second guitarist, Tyler Wiseman, and released their first and only album, "Freewheelin".  Following a tour of U.S. in support of the album, the band broke up.  Shortly thereafter, Andriano joined Alkaline Trio. Opie Ortiz is an American artist specializing in tattoos, pop art and murals. Ortiz is best known for his art featured on Sublime album covers.  Murals painted by Ortiz can be found in and around Long Beach.  Opie operated American Beauty Tattoo for approximately 7 years before moving on to open World Famous Tattoo.  He now works at Ink Assassins, located in Long Beach, Ca.  Ortiz was also responsible for the "Sublime" tattoo across Bradley Nowell's upper back, which appeared on the cover of the multi-platinum self-titled album "Sublime", along with the flower art covering the front of the CD.  He also created the burning sun on the cover of "40 Oz.  to Freedom", the cover artwork for "Second-Hand Smoke", 1997's "Doin' Time" EP, as well as the "Everything Under the Sun" box set.  He has also been a member of the bands Long Beach Dub Allstars and Dubcat. The Suicide Machines are an American punk rock band formed in March 1991 in Detroit, Michigan and disbanded in May 2006.  Since 2009, the band has occasionally played reunion shows.  During the course of their career the band released six full-length albums on the labels Hollywood Records and Side One Dummy Records.  Though they experienced several lineup changes over the years, founding members Jason Navarro and Dan Lukacinsky remained regular fixtures.  The band's musical style initially blended elements of punk rock, ska, and hardcore into a genre popularly known as ska punk or "ska-core," which characterized their first two albums.  During the middle of their career they shifted gears, moving away from this sound and producing two albums with a heavy pop rock influence.  Their final two albums moved back towards their mid-1990s style, bringing back heavy ska punk and hardcore elements. Rancid is an American punk rock band formed in Berkeley, California in 1991.  Founded by 1980s punk veterans Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman, who previously played in the highly influential ska punk band Operation Ivy, Rancid is often credited (along with Green Day and The Offspring) for reviving mainstream interest in punk rock in the United States and bringing punk rock into the mainstream during the mid-1990s.  Over their 26 -year career, Rancid remained signed to an independent record label and retained much of its original fan-base, most of which was connected to its underground roots. Streetlight Manifesto is an American ska punk band from New Brunswick, New Jersey formed in 2002.  They released their first album, "Everything Goes Numb", which was distributed by Victory Records, on August 26, 2003.  The band headlined and sold out their first concert at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey on December 9, 2003.  Several of Streetlight Manifesto's members were well known in the New Jersey third wave ska community for their roles in past ska punk bands from that area, primarily Kalnoky's Catch 22 and fellow New Jersey band One Cool Guy. Energy is the only studio album by the Berkeley, California-based ska punk band Operation Ivy.  It was originally released on vinyl and cassette in May 1989 through Lookout Records with the catalog number LK 010.  Although the album itself has never been released on CD, all of the tracks were featured on the career-spanning compilation "Operation Ivy" issued by Lookout in 1991.  Despite achieving no mainstream success, "Energy" is considered one of the most important albums of ska punk and is frequently cited as an influence by many later bands of the genre. Subb was a Canadian ska punk band formed in November 1992 in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec.  Since their beginning in the early 90's, the band released four full-length albums, one EP and one split CD on the labels Stomp Records and Underworld Records.  Though they experienced several lineup changes over the years, founding members Mart Charron and Stef Gauthier remained in the group.  The band's musical style initially blended elements of punk rock, ska, and hardcore into a genre popularly known as ska punk or "ska-core," which characterized their first two albums.  In 2002 they shifted gears, moving away from this sound and producing an album with a heavy pop punk influence.  After a brief hiatus in 2003, the band moved back towards their ska, punk and hardcore elements. The Chinkees were an American ska punk band fronted by Mike Park (formerly of Skankin' Pickle).  The group debuted with 1998's "The Chinkees Are Coming!" , and followed with 1999's "Peace Through Music" and 2002's "Searching for a Brighter Future" before a greatest hits album was released in 2003.  According to the liner notes for the band's debut album "The Chinkees Are Coming!" , the music was recorded by members of the band Tuesday with vocals provided by Mike Park.  Subsequent albums were recorded all or in part by members Park, Miya Osaki, Greg Alesandro, Jason Thinh, and Steve Choi, as well as "guest" musicians, including Slapstick and Tuesday drummer Rob Kellenberger and Link 80's Steve Borth, often with members trading and playing different instruments than listed.  All of the members were involved with the ska/punk scene.  Jason Thinh was from the band Short Round, Miya was a member of the Santa Cruz punk trio The Muggs, Greg Alesandro a member of San Jose band Statue Man, and Steve Choi later becoming a keyboardist and guitarist for Rx Bandits in 1999.
Answer: 1988