Question: In what year did James Holloway co-conspire to assassinate King Charles II of England and James, Duke of York?
Context: The Rye House Plot of 1683 was a plan to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother (and heir to the throne) James, Duke of York.  Historians vary in their assessment of the degree to which details of the conspiracy were finalised.  Whatever the state of the assassination plot, plans to mount a rebellion against the Stuart monarchy were being entertained by some opposition leaders in England, and the government cracked down hard on those in a series of state trials, accompanied with repressive measures and widespread searches for arms.  The Plot presaged, and may have hastened, the rebellions of 1685, the Monmouth Rebellion and Argyll's Rising. Baptised on 17 May 1762 in the church of All Saints in Chichester, he was the eldest surviving son of the Reverend William Webber (1724–1790), a canon of Chichester Cathedral.  The Canon's father, Robert Webber, was said to be an illegitimate son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, himself an illegitimate son of King Charles II, while the Canon's mother was Mary Maybank, reputedly a descendant of Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, a mistress of King Charles II.  William's mother had less elevated but wholly legitimate origins, being Anne Smith (1731–1806), daughter of John Smith, a surgeon in Chichester, and his wife Sarah Buckenham.  Among his uncles were Rear-Admiral Charles Webber (1722–1783), nominal father of Lieutenant-General James Webber Smith, as well as the rector of West Stoke outside Chichester, the Reverend Charles Smith (1729–1803).  His younger brother, the Reverend James Webber (1772–1847), became Dean of Ripon. James Holloway (died 1684) was an English merchant from Bristol and a conspirator of the Rye House Plot. A proprietary colony was a type of British colony mostly in North America and the Caribbean in the 17th century.  In the British Empire, all land belonged to the ruler, and it was his prerogative to divide.  Therefore, all colonial properties were partitioned by royal charter into one of four types: proprietary, royal, joint stock, or covenant.  King Charles II used the proprietary solution to reward allies and focus his own attention on Britain itself.  He offered his friends colonial charters which facilitated private investment and colonial self-government.  The charters made the proprietor the effective ruler, albeit one ultimately responsible to English law and the king.  Charles II gave New Netherland to his younger brother The Duke of York, who named it New York.  He gave an area to William Penn who named it Pennsylvania. Richard Rumbold (1622–1685) was a Cromwellian soldier who took part in the failed 1683 Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother James.  When the plot was discovered, Rumbold fled the country.  In 1685, after Charles II had died and James had become king, Rumbold participated in a plan to drive James from the throne.  The plan failed and Rumbold was executed. The Dutch Gift of 1660 was a collection of 28 mostly Italian Renaissance paintings and 12 classical sculptures, along with a yacht, the "Mary", and furniture, which was presented to King Charles II of England by the States-General of the Netherlands in 1660.  In July 1660 Louis of Nassau arrived in London; his countrymen Simon van Hoorn, curator of the Athenaeum Illustre, Michiel van Gogh from Vlissingen and the (catholic) Joachim Ripperda arrived in November to negotiate the Act of Navigation and to present Charles II the Gift.  The collection was given to Charles II to mark his return to power in the English Restoration, before which Charles had spent many years in exile in Paris, Cologne, and the Spanish Netherlands, during the rule of the English Commonwealth.  It was intended to strengthen diplomatic relations between England and the Republic, but only a few years after the gift the two nations would be at war again in the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–67. William Russell, Lord Russell (29 September 1639 – 21 July 1683), was an English politician.  He was a leading member of the Country Party, forerunners of the Whigs, who laid the groundwork opposition in the House of Commons of England to the concept of a reign of an openly Catholic King (James II) during the reign of King Charles II but ultimately resulted in his execution for treason, almost two years before King Charles died and James acceded to the throne. The Dorset Garden Theatre in London, built in 1671, was in its early years also known as the Duke of York's Theatre, or the Duke's Theatre.  In 1685, King Charles II died and his brother, the Duke of York, was crowned as James II.  When the Duke became King, the theatre became the Queen's Theatre in 1685, referring to James' second wife, Mary of Modena.  The name remained when William III and Mary II came to the throne in 1689. The Monmouth Rebellion, also known as The Revolt of the West or The West Country rebellion, was an attempt to overthrow James II, the Duke of York who had become King of England, Scotland, and Ireland upon the death of his elder brother Charles II on 6 February 1685.  James II was a Roman Catholic, and some Protestants under his rule opposed his kingship.  James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II, claimed to be rightful heir to the throne and attempted to displace James II. Baron Southampton, of Southampton in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain.  It was created in 1780 for the soldier and politician Charles FitzRoy.  He was the third son of Lord Augustus FitzRoy, second son of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, while Prime Minister Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton was his elder brother.  Lord Southampton was also the great-great-grandson (through an illegitimate line) of King Charles II by his mistress Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland.  The Southampton title had previously been created for Charles FitzRoy, eldest natural son of Charles II and the Duchess of Cleveland and the elder brother of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, but had become extinct in 1774 on the death of his son William FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Cleveland and 2nd Duke of Southampton, six years before the creation of the barony of Southampton.
Answer: 1683