Question: Both Fletcher v. Peck and Brown v. Board of Education reached what level of hearing in the court system?
Context: Jared Irwin (1750 – March 1, 1818) served twice as elected Governor of Georgia (1796–1798) and (1806–1809).  He first was elected to office as a reformer based on public outrage about the Yazoo land scandal.  He signed a bill that nullified the Yazoo Act, which had authorized the land sales.  Challenges to land claims purchased under the former act led to the United States Supreme Court's hearing the case "Fletcher v. Peck" (1810).  In a landmark decision, the Court upheld the land contracts, and ruled that the state law was unconstitutional in trying to nullify valid contracts. Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19 (1969) , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ordered immediate desegregation of public schools in the American South.  It followed 15 years of delays to integrate by most Southern school boards after the Court's ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) that segregated public schools were unconstitutional. Fletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. 87 (1810) , is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional.  The decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands (an idea fully realized in "Johnson v. M'Intosh"). The Oklahoma Court System is the judicial system for the US State of Oklahoma.  Based in Oklahoma City, the court system is a unified state court system that functions under the Chief Justice of Oklahoma who is its administrator-in-chief. The International Imperial Court System (IICS) also known as the International Court System is one of the oldest and largest LGBT organizations in the world.  The Imperial Court System is a grassroots network of organizations that works to build community relationships for equality and raise monies for charitable causes through the production of annual Gala Coronation Balls that invite an unlimited audience of attendees to be presented at Royal Court in their fanciest attire throughout North America along with numerous other fundraisers each year, all for the benefit of their communities.  The Imperial Court System is the second largest LGBT organization in the world, surpassed only by the Metropolitan Community Church. The Yazoo land scandal, Yazoo fraud, Yazoo land fraud, or Yazoo land controversy was a massive real-estate fraud perpetrated, in the mid-1790s, by Georgia governor George Mathews and the Georgia General Assembly.  Georgia politicians sold large tracts of territory in the Yazoo lands, in what are now portions of the present-day states Alabama and Mississippi, to political insiders at very low prices in 1794.  Although the law enabling the sales was overturned by reformers the following year, its ability to do so was challenged in the courts, eventually reaching the US Supreme Court.  In the landmark decision in "Fletcher v. Peck" (1810), the Court ruled the contracts were binding and the state could not retroactively invalidate the earlier land sales.  It was one of the first times the Supreme Court had overturned a state law, and it justified many claims for those lands. Garland Gray (November 28, 1902 – July, 1977) (nicknamed "Peck" after Peck's Bad Boy) was a long-time Democratic member of the Virginia Senate representing Southside Virginia counties, including his native Sussex.  A lumber and banking executive, Gray became head of the Democratic Caucus in the Virginia Senate, and vehemently opposed school desegregation after the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and 1955.  Although Senator Harry F. Byrd himself supported Massive Resistance, and preferred Gray over other candidates, the Byrd Organization refused to wholeheartedly support Gray's bid to become the party's gubernatorial candidate in 1957, so James Lindsay Almond Jr. won that party's primary and later the Governorship. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.  The decision overturned the "Plessy v. Ferguson" decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education.  Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."  As a result, "de jure" racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.  This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases.  However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in "Brown II", 349 U.S. 294 (1955) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed". The Commission on Education, known as the Perrow Commission after its chairman, Virginia state senator Mosby Perrow Jr., was a 40-member commission established by Governor of Virginia J. Lindsay Almond Jr. on February 5, 1959 after the Virginia Supreme Court in Harrison v. Day and a three-judge federal court in James v. Almond had both struck down significant portions of the Stanley plan, which had implemented Massive Resistance to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education issued on May 17, 1954 and May 31, 1955.  Four legislators (some from the Virginia Senate, others from the House of Delegates) were appointed from each of the ten U.S. Congressional districts in Virginia.  Compared to the Gray Commission that Governor Thomas B. Stanley had appointed five years previously, Perrow Commission included more representatives from cities, northern and Western Virginia, although many members served on both commissions. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality, written by Richard Kluger and published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1976, was a finalist for the 1977 National Book Award in the History category.  It is a detailed history of the litigation leading up to the United States Supreme Court decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) and its aftermath.  The book has been called "a classic of legal history."  On January 18, 1993, a documentary based on the book was broadcast as an episode of the "American Experience" series during the fifth season.  A revised and expanded edition was published in 2011.
Answer: United States Supreme Court