Question: What social and legislative movements does this Native American attorney and founder of Native American Rights Fund (NARF) advocate to reverse the paternalistic policies enacted upon Native American tribes since the U.S. government created treaties and established the reservation system?
Context: The Native American Languages Act of 1990 is the short cited title for executive order PUBLIC LAW 101-477 enacted by Congress on October 30, 1990.  Public Law 101-477 of 1990 gave historical importance as repudiating past policies of eradicating Indian Languages by declaring as policy that Native Americans were entitled to use their own languages.  The fundamental basis of the policy's declaration was that the United States "declares to preserve, protect and promote the rights and freedom of Native Americans to use practice and develop Native American Languages".  In addition, to "fully recognize the right of Indian Tribes and other Native American governing bodies, States, territories, and possessions of the United States to take action on, and give official status to their Native American languages for the purpose of conducting their own business". John E. EchoHawk (Pawnee) is a Native American attorney and founder of Native American Rights Fund (NARF), established in 1970.  He is a leading member of the Native American self-determination movement. The Covenant Chain was a series of alliances and treaties developed during the seventeenth century, primarily between the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) and the British colonies of North America, with other Native American tribes added.  First developed in the New York area at a time of violence and social instability for the colonies and Native Americans, the English and Iroquois councils and subsequent treaties were based on supporting peace and stability to preserve trade.  They addressed issues of colonial settlement, and tried to suppress violence between the colonists and Indian tribes, as well as among the tribes, from New England to the Colony of Virginia. This is a list of Native American actors in the United States, including Alaskan Natives and American Indians. Native American identity is a complex and contested issue rooted in political sovereignty that pre-dates the creation of colonial nation states like the U.S. and Canada and persists into the 21st century recognized under international law by treaty.  The Bureau of Indian Affairs defines Native American as having American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry.  Legally, being Native American is defined as being enrolled in a federally recognized tribe or Alaskan village.  Ethnologically, factors such as culture, history, language, religion, and familial kinships can influence Native American identity.  All individuals on this list should have Native American ancestry.  Historical figures might predate tribal enrollment practices and would be included based on ethnological tribal membership, while any contemporary individuals should either be enrolled members of federally recognized tribes or have cited Native American ancestry and be recognized as being Native American by their respective tribes(s).  Contemporary unenrolled individuals are listed as being of descent from a tribe. Thomas Norton Tureen (born 1945) is an American lawyer and entrepreneur known for his work with American Indian tribes.  While an attorney with the Native American Rights Fund he pioneered the use of the Nonintercourse Act to obtain return of tribal lands lost 180 years earlier and federal recognition for previously non-federally recognized tribes.  Tureen successfully litigated Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton (1975), which established that the federal government has a trust responsibility to protect the land of all tribes, including those not previously recognized.  Between 1972 and 1983 he helped obtain federal recognition for and the return of over 300,000 acres to five New England tribes.  Tureen’s work on behalf of the tiny Mashantucket Pequot Tribe in Connecticut led to the creation of the Foxwoods Resort Casino, one of the largest casinos in the world.  He arranged the acquisition of Dragon Cement, New England’s only cement producer, by the Passamaquoddy Tribe (whose members in 1960 were the poorest people east of the Mississippi); the acquisition of Phoenix Cement by the Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community (now the leading supplier of cement and concrete in Arizona); originated 250 MW Moapa Solar, the first utility scale solar project in Indian Country and had lead responsibility for the creation of a partnership controlled by the Morongo Band of Mission Indians that holds an option to acquire a $400 million interest in an electric transmission upgrade in Southern California. Sacred Spirit is a musical project by Claus Zundel, Ralf Hamm, and Markus Staab.  The music is of electronic, new age, world and ambient genres.  Sacred Spirit's total worldwide album sales are estimated to be over 15 million copies.  For each album sold, donations are made to the Native American Rights Fund, a non-profit Native American organization devoted to restoring the legal rights of the native American people. The Native American Venture Fund (NAVF) is a for-profit, Impact Investment Fund that partners with Native American Tribal Corporations to leverage the tribe’s economic and legal advantages in order to develop successful tribal business enterprises.  These legal advantages are defined as Tribal Sovereignty which are based upon existing laws and treaties to ensure that U.S. state governments and the U.S. federal government live up to their legal obligations to the Native American Tribal Nations.  NAVF's vision is to help all tribal nations become economically self-sufficient by providing access to business opportunities, capital, training and mentor-ship. Impacts of Native American gaming can be positive or negative, depending on the tribe and its location.  In the 1970s, various Native American tribes took unprecedented action to initiate Native gaming enterprises.  In doing so, they created not only a series of legal struggles between the federal, state, and tribal governments but also a groundbreaking way to revitalize the Native American economy.  Native American gaming has grown from bingo parlors to high-stakes gaming and is surrounded by controversy on many different levels.  There are disputes concerning tribal sovereignty, negative effects of gaming, and a loss of Native American culture.  In the United States the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was passed in 1988 in order to secure collaboration between the states and tribes and also in order for the federal government to oversee gaming operations.  Native American gaming has proven to be extremely lucrative for several tribes, but it has also been unsuccessful in some instances.  Native American gaming is contingent upon and only beneficial to its respective reservation. The Native American Rights Fund (NARF) is a non-profit organization that uses existing laws and treaties to ensure that U.S. state governments and the U.S. federal government live up to their legal obligations.  NARF also "provides legal representation and technical assistance to Indian tribes, organizations and individuals nationwide." Native American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision making on issues that affect their own people. " Self-determination" is meant to reverse the paternalistic policies enacted upon Native American tribes since the U.S. government created treaties and established the reservation system.  The nations want to control their own affairs.
Answer: Native American self-determination