Question: Francesco Rospigliosi Pallavicini was born in Rome, in what was then which territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870?
Context: Italian nationalism builds upon the idea that Italians are the ethnic, cultural, and linguistic successors of the ancient Romans who inhabited the Italian Peninsula for over a millennium.  The origins of Italian nationalism have been traced to the Renaissance.  Italian nationalism first arose as a potent political force in the 1830s in the Italian peninsula under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini.  It served as a cause for "Risorgimento" in the 1860s to 1870s.  Italian nationalism became strong again in World War I with Italian irredentist claims to territories held by Austria-Hungary, and during the era of Italian Fascism. The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of Ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of the last Western emperor in 476 AD.  Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside of the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC.  Civil war engulfed the Roman state in the mid 1st century BC, first between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and finally between Octavian and Mark Antony.  Antony was defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.  In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian "imperator" ("commander") thus beginning the Principate, the first epoch of Roman imperial history usually dated from 27 BC to 284 AD; they later awarded him the name Augustus, "the venerated".  The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs: the Julio-Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors—Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as victor.  Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, to be followed by the Nerva–Antonine dynasty which produced the "Five Good Emperors": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and the philosophically inclined Marcus Aurelius.  In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius, a contemporary observer, the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron"—a famous comment which has led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. The capture of Rome (Italian: "Presa di Roma" ) on 20 September 1870 was the final event of the long process of Italian unification known as the "Risorgimento", marking both the final defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX and the unification of the Italian peninsula under King Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy. The Papal States, officially the State of the Church (Italian: "Stato della Chiesa" , ] ; Latin: "Status Ecclesiae" ), were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870.  They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.  At their zenith, they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia.  These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. From its origin as a city-state on the peninsula of Italy in the 8th century BC, to its rise as an empire covering much of Southern Europe, Western Europe, Near East and North Africa to its fall in the 5th century AD, the political history of Ancient Rome was closely entwined with its military history.  The core of the campaign history of the Roman military is an aggregate of different accounts of the Roman military's land battles, from its initial defense against and subsequent conquest of the city's hilltop neighbors on the Italian peninsula, to the ultimate struggle of the Western Roman Empire for its existence against invading Huns, Vandals and Germanic tribes.  These accounts were written by various authors throughout and after the history of the Empire.  Following the First Punic War, naval battles were less significant than land battles to the military history of Rome due to its encompassment of lands of the periphery and its unchallenged dominance of the Mediterranean Sea. Princess (Italian: "principessa" ) Elvina Pallavicini (22 January 1914 - 29 August 2004) was an Italian noblewoman, member of the Pallavicini family, part of, and often considered the leader of, the so-called Black Nobility in Rome during the second half of the 20th century. Francesco Rospigliosi Pallavicini (March 2, 1828 – January 14, 1887) was an Italian politician.  He was born in Rome, in what was then the Papal States.  He was the 2nd mayor of Rome from 1871 to 1873.  He served in the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy.  He died in Rome, Italy. Quanta cura was a papal encyclical that was prompted by the September Convention of 1864 agreement between the then newly emerging Kingdom of Italy and the Second French Empire of Napoleon III.  France had previously occupied Rome with French troops in order to prevent the Kingdom of Italy from defeating the Papal States with the Capture of Rome, thereby blocking an Italian military action that would complete the unification of the Kingdom of Italy on the Italian Peninsula.  While viewed a necessary component of Italian Unification by Italians supporting the "Risorgimento", France agreed to the complete withdraw its military garrison from Rome primarily as defensive movement of her troops back into France in anticipation of a military conflict on French soil that would later become known as the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. This is a list of rulers in Illyria, a region of the classical antiquity in what is today the Western Balkans.  The region was inhabited by loosely related tribes that often were part of larger tribal conglomerations like the Dalmatae.  In the late 5th and the early 4th century BC, the first polities of the area would be created as exemplified by Bardylis's Dardanian kingdom.  In the course of the 4th century parts of the southernmost and easternmost regions of Illyria fell under the Kingdom of Macedon.  The most powerful state of the area, the Ardiaean kingdom, emerged in the 2nd century BC during the rule of Agron and Teuta.  It was defeated and conquered by the Roman Republic, which maintained a system of direct rule and client states before the final incorporation of the area to the Roman state after the Third Illyrian War. Pope Francis (Latin: "Franciscus" ; Italian: "Francesco" ; Spanish: "Francisco" ; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope of the Catholic Church, a title he holds "ex officio" as Bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City.  He chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi.  Francis is the first Jesuit pope, the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, the first to choose a name not used by a predecessor since Lando in 913 AD, and the first pope from outside Europe since the Syrian Gregory III, who reigned in the 8th century.
Answer: Papal States