Question: Which mosquito-borne infectious disease was deadly to many new arrivals, especially in the Southern colonies
Context: Ross River Fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by infection with the Ross River virus.  The illness is typically characterised by an influenza-like illness and polyarthritis.  The virus is endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and several other islands in the South Pacific. Entebbe bat virus in an infectious disease caused by a "Flavivirus" and is closely related to yellow fever.  Entebbe bat virus is a (+) single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome virus.  It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral nucleocapsid.  Its genome has approximately 10,000 to 12,000 kilobases.  Entebbe bat virus was first isolated from a little free-tailed bat ("Chaerephon pumilus") in Uganda in 1957, but was not detectable after initial isolation.  In 2011, Entebbe bat virus was isolated from a free-tailed bat captured from the attic of a house where it had been originally found.  Infectious virus was recovered from the spleen and lung, and the viral RNA was sequenced and compared with that of the original isolate (Kading et al. 2015).  Not much is known about the symptoms that the virus causes, and it is unknown if the virus can infect humans.  Entebbe bat virus was initially a mosquito-borne pathogen that was able to infect bats and use them as reservoirs for the virus.  However, the virus does not seem to have any existing adverse side effects on its host. An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future.  Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, HIV/AIDS) that may have evolved from a known infection (e.g. influenza) or spread to a new population (e.g. West Nile fever) or to an area undergoing ecologic transformation (e.g. Lyme disease), or be "reemerging" infections, like drug resistant tuberculosis.  Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are emerging in hospitals, and extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics.  Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics.  Many emerging diseases are zoonotic - an animal reservoir incubates the organism, with only occasional transmission into human populations. Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (also known as ProMED-mail, abbreviated ProMED) is among the largest publicly available emerging diseases and outbreak reporting systems in the world.  The central purpose of ProMED is to promote communication amongst the international infectious disease community, including scientists, physicians, veterinarians, epidemiologists, public health professionals, and others interested in infectious diseases on a global scale.  Founded in 1994, ProMED has pioneered the concept of electronic, Internet-based emerging disease and outbreak detection reporting.  In 1999, ProMED became a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.  As of 2016, ProMED has more than 75,000 subscribers in over 185 countries.  With an average of 13 posts per day, ProMED provides users with up-to-date information concerning infectious disease outbreaks on a global scale. Disease in colonial America that afflicted the early immigrant settlers was a dangerous threat to life.  Some of the diseases were new and treatments were ineffective.  Malaria was deadly to many new arrivals, especially in the Southern colonies.  Of newly arrived able-bodied young men, over one-fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas.  Mortality was high for infants and small children, especially for diphtheria, smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria.  Most sick people turn to local healers, and used folk remedies.  Others relied upon the minister-physicians, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, and ministers; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain, or an apprenticeship in the colonies.  One common treatment was blood letting.  The method was crude due to a lack of knowledge about infection and disease among medical practitioners.  There was little government control, regulation of medical care, or attention to public health.  By the 18th century, Colonial physicians, following the models in England and Scotland, introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century, and made some advances in vaccination, pathology, anatomy and pharmacology. Infectious disease, also known as infectious diseases, infectious medicine, infectious disease medicine or infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections.  An infectious disease (ID) specialist's practice may consist largely of managing nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, or it may be out-patient based. Firdausi Qadri (born March 31, 1951) is a Bangladeshi scientist with specialization in immunology and infectious disease research.  She has worked over 25 years on the development of vaccines for cholera and has expertise on other infectious disease like ETEC, Typhoid, "Helicobacter pylori", rota virus, etc.  Currently, she is working as a director for Centre for Vaccine Sciences of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b).  Her scientific achievements lie in enteric and diarrheal infections and vaccines including Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli—major causes of severe diarrhea as well as enteric disease.  She has also focused on studying the immune response in H.pylori infected people in Bangladesh and the responses in patients with typhoid fever as well as vaccinees. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the "Plasmodium" type.  Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches.  In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death.  Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten.  If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later.  In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms.  This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly known as Seattle BioMed, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute or SBRI, is the largest independent, non-profit organization in the United States focused solely on infectious disease discovery research.  The mission of Seattle BioMed's 250+ employees is to eliminate the world's most devastating infectious diseases through leadership in scientific discovery.  Seattle BioMed is headquartered and has research labs in the South Lake Union area of Seattle, WA.  Seattle BioMed's research focuses on four areas of infectious disease: HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and Emerging & Neglected Diseases (END) like African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and toxoplasmosis.  Seattle BioMed is engaged in early stages of the scientific pipeline including bench science and malaria clinical trials and has expertise in immunology, vaccinology, and drug discovery. Katherine L. O'Brien is a recognized international expert in the areas of pneumococcal epidemiology, pneumococcal vaccine trials and impact studies, and surveillance for pneumococcal disease.  She is also known as an expert in infectious diseases (including pneumonia and diarrheal diseases) in American Indian populations.  She is a pediatric infectious disease physician, epidemiologist, and a Professor at The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the Department of International Health.  She is the head of the Infectious Disease Group at the Center for American Indian Health and is the Deputy Director of the International Vaccine Access Center, an organization dedicated to accelerating global access to life-saving vaccines.
Answer: Malaria