Question: Which court case occurred first, Griswold v. Connecticut, or Diamond v. Chakrabarty?
Context: Estelle Naomi Trebert Griswold (June 8, 1900 – August 13, 1981) was a civil rights activist and feminist most commonly known as a defendant in what became the Supreme Court case "Griswold v. Connecticut", in which contraception for married couples was legalized in the state of Connecticut, setting the precedent of the right to privacy.  Griswold served as the Executive Director of Planned Parenthood in New Haven when she and Yale professor C. Lee Buxton opened a birth control clinic in New Haven in an attempt to change the Connecticut law banning contraception.  Their actions set into motion legislation that resulted in both "Poe v. Ullman" and "Griswold v. Connecticut." Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497 (1961) , was a United States Supreme Court case that held that plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge a Connecticut law that banned the use of contraceptives, and banned doctors from advising their use, because the law had never been enforced.  Therefore, any challenge to the law was deemed unripe, because there was no actual threat of injury to anyone who disobeyed the law.  The same statute would later be challenged yet again (successfully) in "Griswold v. Connecticut" (1965). In United States constitutional law, the penumbra includes a group of rights derived, by implication, from other rights explicitly protected in the Bill of Rights.  These rights have been identified through a process of "reasoning-by-interpolation", where specific principles are recognized from "general idea[s]" that are explicitly expressed in other constitutional provisions.  Although researchers have traced the origin of the term to the nineteenth century, the term first gained significant popular attention in 1965, when Justice William O. Douglas's majority opinion in "Griswold v. Connecticut" identified a right to privacy in the penumbra of the constitution. Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with whether genetically modified organisms can be patented. The Data Recall Diamond One was a word processing typewriter, designed and built by Data Recall Ltd at Dorking, Surrey, England in the late 1970s and early 1980s.  The machine drove a Qume daisy wheel printer via a serial interface at 35–55 characters per second, and used an 8-inch floppy disc drive capable of holding 250,000 characters.  It was user programmable.  Later models included the Diamond III, the Diamond Five (a.k.a. Diamond V), and the Diamond 7. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) , is a landmark case in the United States in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution, through the Bill of Rights, implies a fundamental right to privacy.  The case involved a Connecticut "Comstock law" that prohibited any person from using "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception."  By a vote of 7–2, the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy", establishing the basis for the right to privacy with respect to intimate practices.  This and other cases view the right to privacy as a right to "protect[ion] from governmental intrusion." Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty (Bengali: আনন্দমোহন চক্রবর্তী "Ānandamōhan Cakrabartī"), Ph.D. is an Bengali American microbiologist, scientist, and researcher, most notable for his work in directed evolution and his role in developing a genetically engineered organism using plasmid transfer while working at GE, the patent for which led to landmark Supreme Court case, "Diamond v. Chakrabarty". Charles Lee Buxton (October 14, 1904 – July 7, 1969) was an American gynecologist, professor at the Yale School of Medicine, and appellant in US Supreme Court case "Griswold v. Connecticut".  He best known as a birth control advocate and, along with Estelle Griswold, party to several legal cases that ultimately repealed Connecticut's Comstock laws and established a Constitutional right to privacy for married couples. Catherine Gertrude "Katie" Roraback (September 17, 1920 – October 17, 2007) was a civil rights attorney in Connecticut, best known for representing Estelle Griswold and Dr. C. Lee Buxton in the famous 1965 Supreme Court case, " Griswold v. Connecticut", which legalized the use of birth control in Connecticut and created the precedent of the right to privacy.  She is also known for such cases as the New Haven Black Panther trials of 1971, in which she defended Black Panther member Ericka Huggins after she was accused of murder.  Roraback dealt with issues such as women's rights and racial discrimination, and lived her life to defend the rights of the "dissenters and the dispossessed". Diamond v. Charles, 476 U.S. 54 (1986) , was a United States Supreme Court case that determined that citizens do not have Article III standing to challenge the constitutionality of a state statute in federal court unless they possess a "direct stake" in the outcome.
Answer: Griswold v. Connecticut