Question: In which year was the author of the best-selling, controversial book that contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata named an inaugural fellow of the American Mathematical Society?
Context: Jane Margaret Hawkins is an American mathematician who works as a professor of mathematics at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  Her research concerns dynamical systems and complex dynamics, including cellular automata and Julia sets.  More recent research has included work on cellular automata models for the spread of HIV, Hepatitis C and Ebola. A cyclic cellular automaton is a kind of cellular automaton rule developed by David Griffeath and studied by several other cellular automaton researchers.  In this system, each cell remains unchanged until some neighboring cell has a modular value exactly one unit larger than that of the cell itself, at which point it copies its neighbor's value.  One-dimensional cyclic cellular automata can be interpreted as systems of interacting particles, while cyclic cellular automata in higher dimensions exhibit complex spiraling behavior. In cellular automata, the von Neumann neighborhood is classically defined on a two-dimensional square lattice and is composed of a central cell and its four adjacent cells.  The neighborhood is named after John von Neumann, who used it to define the von Neumann cellular automaton and the von Neumann universal constructor within it.  It is one of the two most commonly used neighborhood types for two-dimensional cellular automata, the other one being the Moore neighborhood. A New Kind of Science is a best-selling, controversial book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his own company in 2002.  It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata.  Wolfram calls these systems "simple programs" and argues that the scientific philosophy and methods appropriate for the study of simple programs are relevant to other fields of science. Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society (ISSN 0065-9266  ) is a mathematical journal published in six volumes per year, totalling approximately 33 individually bound numbers, by the American Mathematical Society.  It is intended to carry papers on new mathematical research between 80 and 200 pages in length.  Usually, a bound number consists of a single paper, i.e., it is a monograph. Notices of the American Mathematical Society (often abbreviated as Notices Amer.  Math.  Soc.)  is the membership journal of the American Mathematical Society (AMS), published monthly except for the combined June/July issue.  The first volume appeared in 1953.  Each issue of the magazine since January 1995 is available in its entirety on the journal web site.  Articles are peer-reviewed by an editorial board of mathematical experts.  Since 2016, the editor-in-chief is Frank Morgan.  The cover regularly features mathematical visualizations. Von Neumann cellular automata are the original expression of cellular automata, the development of which were prompted by suggestions made to John von Neumann by his close friend and fellow mathematician Stanislaw Ulam.  Their original purpose was to provide insight into the logical requirements for machine self-replication and were used in von Neumann's universal constructor. Stephen Wolfram (born 29 August 1959) is a British-American computer scientist, physicist, and businessman.  He is known for his work in computer science, mathematics, and in theoretical physics.  He is the author of the book "A New Kind of Science."  In 2012 he was named an inaugural fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Benjamin Franklin Finkel (1865–1947) was a mathematician and educator most remembered today as the founder of the American Mathematical Monthly journal.  Born in Fairfield County, Ohio and educated in small country schools, Finkel received both a BS and MA from Ohio Northern University (1888 and 1891, respectively).  In 1888 he copyrighted "A Mathematical Solution Book".  The purpose of the book was to provide mathematics teachers a text utilizing a systematic method of problem solving, "The Step Method," representing a chain of reasoning, in logical order, to arrive at the correct result.  The first edition was postponed until 1893, due to financial problems of the original publisher.  The book's preface stated that the work was based upon eight years of teaching in the public schools.  This was followed by following editions in 1897, 1899 and 1902.  In 1895 he became professor of mathematics and physics at Drury College.  He was a University Scholar in Mathematics at the University of Chicago from 1895-1896.  In 1906 he was awarded a doctorate from the University of Penssylvania, where he had earlier earned an additional master's degree in 1904 and a Harrison fellow appointment in 1905.  He was a member of the American Mathematical Society, 1891; the London Mathematical Society, 1898; and Circolo Mathematico di Palermo, 1902.  He retained his professorship at Drury College until his death in 1947. The CAM-6 accelerator is a PC-compatible expansion board designed to simulate cellular automata, presenting the output to an IBM CGA display.  It was designed by Tommaso Toffoli and Norman Margolus and is described at length in "Cellular Automata Machines", by Toffoli and Margolus (MIT Press, 1987).  The card was engineered and produced by Systems Concepts but production problems made it very hard for interested customers to acquire one.
Answer: 2012