Question: The Roman consul was the highest elected office of what government, which took place after 509BC?
Context: Publius Valerius Poplicola or Publicola (d. 503 BC) was one of four Roman aristocrats who led the overthrow of the monarchy, and became a Roman consul, the colleague of Lucius Junius Brutus in 509 BC, traditionally considered the first year of the Roman Republic.  The authors of America's "The Federalist Papers" used the pseudonym "Publius" in his honour. The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana ; ] ) was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire.  It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. The Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic.  It was not an elected body, but one whose members were appointed by the consuls, and later by the censors.  After a Roman magistrate served his term in office, it usually was followed with automatic appointment to the Senate.  According to the Greek historian Polybius, our principal source on the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate was the predominant branch of government.  Polybius noted that it was the "consuls" (the highest-ranking of the regular magistrates) who led the armies and the civil government in Rome, and it was the "Roman assemblies" which had the ultimate authority over elections, legislation, and criminal trials.  However, since the Senate controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy, it had the most control over day-to-day life.  The power and authority of the Senate derived from precedent, the high caliber and prestige of the senators, and the Senate's unbroken lineage, which dated back to the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. Caius Marcius Figulus was a politician of the Roman Republic who served as praetor in 169 BC, Roman consul in 162 BC, and again as consul in 156 BC.  Upon being elected to the praetorship in 169 BC, Figulus received command of the Roman fleets by lot.  Later that year, he transported the consul, Quintus Marcius Philippus, to Ambracia so that he could assume command of Roman forces fighting the Third Macedonian War.  Figulus himself sailed on to Creusa, then crossed Boeotia by land in a single day to join the rest of the fleet at Chalcis.  The only other mention Livy makes of Figulus is a reference to his having assigned part of the fleet to winter quarters at Sciathus, and the remainder at Oreum, in Euboea, which he judged the best location to maintain supply lines to the army in Macedon. The year 509 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.  In the Roman Empire it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Collatinus (or, less frequently, year 245 " Ab urbe condita").  The denomination 509 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Brachyllas, son of Neon, was a Boeotian ally of the Macedonian king Antigonus Doson.  Accordingly, when the latter took Sparta in 222 BC, he entrusted to Brachyllas the government of the city.  After the death of Antigonus in 220 BC, Brachyllas continued to attach himself to the interests of Macedonia under Philip V, whom he attended in his conference with the Roman consul Flamininus at Nicaea (Locris) in 198 BC.  At the battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC) he commanded the Boeotian troops in Philip's army; but, together with the rest of his countrymen who had on that occasion fallen into Roman hands, he was sent home in safety by Flamininus, who wished thus to conciliate Boeotia.  On his return he was elected Boeotarch through the influence of the Macedonian party at Thebes; in consequence of which Zeuxippus, Peisistratus, and the other leaders of the Roman party, caused him to be assassinated as he was returning home one night from an entertainment in 196 BC.  Polybius records, and Livy omits to state, that Flamininus himself was privy to the crime. Marcus Atilius Regulus (fl.  213 BC), a son of Marcus Atilius Regulus, the consul captured during the First Punic War, and a grandson of Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 294 BC), was a Roman consul for the year 227 BC, together with Publius Valerius Flaccus, and was a consul "suffectus" in 217 BC, replacing Gaius Flaminius Nepos, who was killed in battle at Lake Trasimene.  Marcus Atilius Regulus agreed to accompany the consuls of 216 BC, Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus, along with the other surviving former consul of 217 BC, Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, when an army of 80,000 Romans and allies was amassed together to smash the Carthaginian army under Hannibal.  The historian Polybius records that both he and Servilius died fighting bravely at the Battle of Cannae. The Capitoline Brutus is an ancient Roman bronze bust commonly thought to depict the Roman consul Lucius Junius Brutus (d. 509 BC), usually dated to the late 4th to early 3rd centuries BC, but perhaps as late as the 2nd century BC, or early 1st century BC.  The bust is 69 cm (27 in) in height and is currently located in the Hall of the Triumphs within the Capitoline Museums, Rome.  Traditionally taken to be an early example of Roman portraiture and perhaps by an Etruscan artist influenced by Hellenistic art and contemporary Greek styles of portraiture, it may be "an archaizing work of the first century BC".  The Roman head was provided with a toga-clad bronze bust during the Renaissance. A consul was the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic, and the consulship was considered the highest level of the "cursus honorum" (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired). Marcus Horatius Pulvillus was an aristocrat before and during the early Roman Republic at the time of the overthrow of the Roman monarchy.  He was a suffect consul in 509 BC and elected again in 507 BC, according to the Varronian chronology.
Answer: Roman Republic