Question: Who had a pre-excitation syndrome of the heart named after him and introduced a new use for the drug lidocaine?
Context: Pre-excitation syndrome is a cardiac arrhythmia in which the ventricles of the heart become depolarized too early, which leads to their partial premature contraction. Bernard Lown (born June 7, 1921) is the original developer of the DC defibrillator and the cardioverter, as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.  Lown developed the direct current defibrillator for cardiac resuscitation and the cardioverter for correcting rapid disordered heart rhythms, and introduced a new use for the drug lidocaine to control heartbeat disturbances. Korsakoff's syndrome is a manifestation of Wernicke's encephalopathy observed in long-term abusers of alcohol.  It is rare among other patients, but, for example, some cases have been observed after bariatric surgeries, when deficiency was not prevented by use of nutritional supplements.  This neurological disorder is caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B) in the brain, and is also often exacerbated by the neurotoxic effects of alcohol.  When Wernicke's encephalopathy accompanies Korsakoff's syndrome the combination is called the Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome; however, a recognized episode of Wernicke's is not always obvious.  The syndrome is named after Sergei Korsakoff, a Russian neuropsychiatrist who discovered the syndrome during the late 19th century. Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common autosomal dominant congenital disorder and is named after Jacqueline Noonan, a pediatric cardiologist.  It is referred to as the male version of Turner's syndrome; however, the genetic causes of Noonan syndrome and Turner syndrome are distinct and both males and females are affected.  The principal features include congenital heart defect (typically pulmonary valve stenosis with dysplastic pulmonary valve also atrial septal defect and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), short stature, learning problems, pectus excavatum, impaired blood clotting, and a characteristic configuration of facial features including a webbed neck and a flat nose bridge.  NS is a RASopathy, and is one of several disorders that are caused by a disruption of RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. Osilodrostat (INN, USAN) (developmental code name LCI-699) is an orally active, non-steroidal corticosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor which is under development by Novartis for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome and pituitary hypersecretion (a specific subtype of Cushing's syndrome).  It specifically acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and at higher dosages of 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1).  The drug was also under development for the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, and solid tumors, but development was discontinued for these indications.  As of 2017, osilodrostat is in phase III and phase II clinical trials for treatment of pituitary ACTH hypersecretion and Cushing's syndrome, respectively. Stokes–Adams syndrome (alternative eponyms include "Adams–Stokes syndrome", "Gerbezius-Morgagni-Adams–Stokes syndrome" and "Gerbec-Morgagni-Adams–Stokes syndrome") is a periodic fainting spell in which there is a periodic onset and offset of blockage of heart due to disorder of heart rhythm that may last for seconds, hours, days, or even weeks before the conduction returns.  Named after two Irish physicians, Robert Adams (1791–1875) and William Stokes (1804–1877), the first description of the syndrome was published in 1717 by the Carniolan physician of Slovene descent Marko Gerbec, which was 44 years after its publication quoted by Giovanni Battista Morgagni.  It is characterised by decrease in cardiac output and loss of consciousness due to a transient arrhythmia.  For example, bradycardia due to complete heart block. Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms.  Physical dependence can develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, antiepileptics and antidepressants, as well as the recreational misuse of drugs such as alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepines.  The higher the dose used, the greater the duration of use, and the earlier age use began are predictive of worsened physical dependence and thus more severe withdrawal syndromes.  Acute withdrawal syndromes can last days, weeks or months.  Protracted withdrawal syndrome, also known as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome or "PAWS", is a low-grade continuation of some of the symptoms of acute withdrawal, typically in a remitting-relapsing pattern, often resulting in relapse and prolonged disability of a degree to preclude the possibility of lawful employment.  Protracted withdrawal syndrome can last for months, years, or depending on individual factors, indefinitely.  Protracted withdrawal syndrome is noted to be most often caused by benzodiazepines.  To dispel the popular misassociation with addiction, physical dependence to medications is sometimes compared to dependence on insulin by persons with diabetes. Ho–Kaufman–Mcalister syndrome, also known as the Chen-Kung Ho–Kaufman–Mcalister syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation syndrome where infants are born with a cleft palate, micrognathia, Wormian bones, congenital heart disease, dislocated hips, bowed fibulae, preaxial polydactyly of the feet, abnormal skin patterns, and most prominently, missing tibia.  The etiology is unknown.  Ho–Kaufman–Mcalister syndrome is named after Chen-Kung Ho, R.L. Kaufman, and W.H. Mcalister who first described the syndrome in 1975 at Washington University in St. Louis.  It is considered a rare disease by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome (LGL) is a pre-excitation syndrome of the heart due to abnormal electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles.  Once thought to involve an accessory conduction pathway, it is grouped with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome as an atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT).  Individuals with LGL syndrome have a short PR interval with normal QRS complexes and paroxysms of clinically-significant tachycardia.  The syndrome is named after Bernard Lown, William Francis Ganong, Jr., and Samuel A. Levine. CHARGE syndrome (formerly known as CHARGE association), is a rare syndrome caused by a genetic disorder.  First described in 1979, the acronym "CHARGE" came into use for newborn children with the congenital features of coloboma of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the nasal choanae, retardation of growth and/or development, genital and/or urinary abnormalities, and ear abnormalities and deafness.  These features are no longer used in making a diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, but the name remains.  About two thirds of cases are due to a CHD7 mutation.  CHARGE syndrome occurs only in 0.1–1.2 per 10,000 live births; as of 2009 it was the leading cause of congenital deafblindness in the US.
Answer: Bernard Lown