Question: The cinema of Thailand dates back to which era when motion picture cameras were invented and film production companies started to be established?
Context: Sony's CineAlta 24P HD cameras are a series of professional digital video cameras that offer many of the same features of 35mm motion picture cameras. Auricon cameras were 16 mm film Single System sound-on-film motion picture cameras manufactured in the 1940s through the early 1980s.  Auricon cameras are notable because they record sound directly onto an optical or magnetic track on the same film as the image is photographed on, thus eliminating the need for a separate audio recorder.  The camera preceded ENG video cameras as the main AV tool of television news gathering due to its portability–and relatively quick production turn-around–where processed negative film image could be broadcast by electronically creating a positive image.  Additionally, the Auricon found studio use as a 'kinescope' camera of live video off of a TV screen, but only on early pre-NTSC line-locked monochrome systems. The CP-16, CP-16A, CP-16R, CP-16R/A and CP-16R/DS cameras are 16mm motion picture cameras manufactured by the Cinema Products Corporation of Hollywood California.  A range of cameras of Auricon ancestry.  They were primarily intended for television news filming and were quite popular with local and national news agencies before the advent of portable videotape Electronic News Gathering, (ENG) formats, as well as documentary and drama production. Steadicam is a brand of camera stabilizer mounts for motion picture cameras invented by Garrett Brown and introduced in 1975 by Cinema Products Corporation.  It mechanically isolates the operator's movement, allowing for a smooth shot, even when the camera moves over an irregular surface. Maison Brandt Frères, Charenton-le-Pont (House of Brandt Bros) (Beaulieu Cinema, Beaulieu - Images) is a French manufacturer of motion picture cameras especially well known for its Super 8 and 16mm hand-held cameras, founded by Marcel Beaulieu.  Marcel Beaulieu had earlier been associated with GIC cameras introduced in 1950.  The company's first cameras were introduced in the early 1950s.  Later they produced their first Super 8 model the 2008 S Beaulieu, introduced in 1965.  Though they no longer actively produce new cameras, the company still services and repairs existing Beaulieu cameras. The cinema of Thailand dates back to the early days of filmmaking, when King Chulalongkorn's 1897 visit to Bern, Switzerland was recorded by Francois-Henri Lavancy-Clarke.  The film was then brought to Bangkok, where it was exhibited.  This sparked more interest in film by the Thai Royal Family and local businessmen, who brought in filmmaking equipment and started to exhibit foreign films.  By the 1920s, a local film industry was started and in the 1930s, the Thai film industry had its first "golden age", with a number of studios producing films. The Chicago film industry is a central hub for motion picture production and exhibition that was established before Hollywood became the undisputed capital of film making.  In the early 1900s, Chicago boasted the greatest number of production companies and filmmakers.  Essanay Studios founded by George K. Spoor was one of the earliest successful studios to produce movies in Chicago, employing stars such as Charlie Chaplin and Gloria Swanson.  Actor and co-founder of Essanay Studios "Broncho Billie" Anderson gave birth to the western genre.  Early film companies such as Essanay Studios produced multiple silent films every week and rented viewing equipment to showcase the latest cinematography to the public.  This rental culture gave birth to the popularity of Nickelodeons up until the Great Depression.  However, due to the high demand for motion pictures during this time, a black market for films and equipment developed.  The Motion Picture Patents Company, established in 1909 as a conglomerate of the major studios, sought to eliminate all illegal use of patented film equipment.  As a result, independent ventures entered the film scene.  Independents drove the film industry to the west to avoid legal trouble with the trust of major film companies united under the Motion Picture Patents Company.  The west offered fairer weather and scenery that better accommodated film making.  Not until the 1980s and early 21st century has Chicago experienced a film production revival.  Blockbusters, such as "Blues Brothers", "Sixteen Candles", and "The Dark Knight", have rejuvenated the Chicago film scene.  In the 21st century, Chicago further experienced a film revival due to a tax bill the state of Illinois passed to give filmmakers a 30% tax break on production costs. VariCam is a brand name associated with the specialized Panasonic video cameras that are mostly used to imitate the look and feel of motion picture cameras.  They have been used for many feature films. VariCams' main feature is that the framerate can be changed to anywhere between 1 frame per second to 60 frames per second, offering flexibility in creating rapid or slow motion effects.  Film has traditionally been shot at 24 frames per second, while NTSC video uses 29.97 frames per second, therefore VariCams can be used for high end video production and film production.  Although the cameras are not cheap, their low cost in use has made them popular among independent filmmakers, and they are often available to rent from professional film camera rental companies.  The VariCam range has now matured into its latest generation, and is widely used in TV production, as well as film. Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria generally refers to an era in Nigerian cinema, usually spanning the 1900s through to the 1950s, when film production and exhibition or distribution were controlled by the British colonial Government.  The history of cinema in Nigeria dates back to as early as the history of film itself; notably in the late 19th century, with the use of peephole viewing of motion picture devices.  These were soon replaced in the early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices, with the first set of films screened at the Glover Memorial Hall in Lagos from 12 to 22 August 1903. The history of film began in the 1890s, when motion picture cameras were invented and film production companies started to be established.  Because of the limits of technology, films of the 1890s were under a minute long and until 1927 motion pictures were produced without sound.  The first decade of motion picture saw film moving from a novelty to an established mass entertainment industry.  The films became several minutes long consisting of several shots.  The first rotating camera for taking panning shots was built in 1898.  The first film studios were built in 1897.  Special effects were introduced and film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, began to be used.  In the 1900s, continuity of action across successive shots was achieved and the first close-up shot was introduced (that some claim D. W. Griffith invented).  Most films of this period were what came to be called "chase films".  The first use of animation in movies was in 1899.  The first feature length multi-reel film was a 1906 Australian production.  The first successful permanent theatre showing only films was "The Nickelodeon" in Pittsburgh in 1905.  By 1910, actors began to receive screen credit for their roles and the way to the creation of film stars was opened.  Regular newsreels were exhibited from 1910 and soon became a popular way for finding out the news.  From about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in Australia and in all European countries except France.
Answer: history of film