Question: Which Country are Merck & Co. and Melior Discovery based out of?
Context: Melior Discovery, Inc. is a private biopharmaceutical company based in Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.  The company specializes in drug repositioning and has established a proprietary phenotypic screening platform that it uses for this purpose.  Melior also offers certain contract research organization (CRO) services comprising animal models representing different disease conditions.  The Company has issued press releases disclosing partnerships with Pfizer, Merck & Co., Johnson & Johnson, and AstraZeneca, all citing the use of the company’s drug repositioning technology.  Melior Discovery has also used its technology to discover its own drug candidates.  In March 2009 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the company’s Investigational New Drug (IND) application for a type 2 diabetes therapeutic candidate, MLR-1023.  In 2013 the company reported a licensing partnership with Bukwang Pharmaceutical Company LTD and the initiation of clinical trials in March 2015.  In June 2016 the company reported positive results from their Phase 2a clinical study in diabetic subjects The Merck Manuals are medical references published by the American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. (known as MSD outside the United States), that cover a wide range of medical topics, including disorders, tests, diagnoses, and drugs.  The manuals have been published since 1899, when Merck & Co. was still a subsidiary of the German company Merck. Tolimidone (CP-26154; MLR-1023) is a compound which was discovered by scientists at Pfizer, was found to stimulate secretion of gastric mucosa, and was in development by Pfizer as a drug candidate to treat gastric ulcers but was abandoned.  After the patent on the compound expired, scientists at the company Melior Discovery identified it as a potential drug candidate for diabetes through a phenotypic screen and as of 2016 Melior was repurposing it for diabetes. The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds.  It also includes an appendix with monographs on organic named reactions.  It was published by the United States pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. from 1889 until 2012, when the title was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry.  An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. Stefan Oschmann (born 1957) is a German business executive, who became the chief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of the executive board of the Germany-based Merck Group in April 2016.  Before joining Merck Group, Oschmann worked for the US-based Merck & Co., in a range of senior executive positions, from 1989 to 2011.  He holds a doctorate in veterinary medicine from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Huntington Denton "Ting" Sheldon (February 14, 1903 – May 19, 1987) served as the Director of the Office of Current Intelligence of the US Central Intelligence Agency from 1951 to 1961, serving under Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy.  Sheldon was the second Director of the OCI, and developed it into a major Office.  Sheldon briefed all three Presidents; the President's Intelligence Check List, which became the President's Daily Brief, was developed by Richard Lehman under his direction.  His first wife was Magda Merck, youngest daughter of George Merck, the founder of Merck & Co. .  They were married on April 12, 1928, and had three children, Huntington, Audrey, and Peter.  The marriage ended in divorce in November 1936 .  He was later the husband of science-fiction writer Alice B. Sheldon (James Tiptree Jr.). Richard T. Clark is a former Chairman of the Merck & Co. (MSD) pharmaceutical company, a position he held from 2007 to 2011.  His previous leadership positions at Merck & Co. include CEO (2005–2010), President (2005–2009), and President of the Merck & Co. manufacturing division (2003–2005). The Merck family is a German family of industrialists and bankers, known for establishing the world's oldest pharmaceutical company Merck, its American former subsidiary Merck & Co. (MSD), which is now an independent company, as well as the Hamburg merchant bank H. J. Merck & Co. The family still owns the majority of the pharmaceutical company Merck. Merck & Co., Inc. (), d.b.a. Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside the United States and Canada, is an American pharmaceutical company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Organon was a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Oss, Netherlands.  In November 2007, Schering-Plough Corporation, based in New Jersey, USA, acquired Organon, active pharmaceutical ingredient producer Diosynth (separate from Organon until 2004), and its veterinary pharmaceutical sister company Intervet from Akzo Nobel.  In November 2009, Schering-Plough merged with Merck & Co. under the name Merck & Co., known as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada.
Answer: the United States