Question: What nationality was the inventor of the first vacuum pump?
Context: A roughing pump is any vacuum pump (typically mechanical) used to initially evacuate a vacuum system, as a first stage towards achieving high vacuum or ultra high vacuum.  The term "roughing pump" derives from the vacuum range it works in, "rough vacuum", above 1x10 torr (0.1 Pa).  Pumps that operate in the high vacuum ranges typically don't operate, or only operate inefficiently, at atmospheric pressures, whereas pumps that work efficiently at atmospheric pressure usually cannot produce a vacuum lower than approximately 1x10 torr. The Schlenk line (also vacuum gas manifold) is a commonly used chemistry apparatus developed by Wilhelm Schlenk.  It consists of a dual manifold with several ports.  One manifold is connected to a source of purified inert gas, while the other is connected to a vacuum pump.  The inert-gas line is vented through an oil bubbler, while solvent vapors and gaseous reaction products are prevented from contaminating the vacuum pump by a liquid-nitrogen or dry-ice/acetone cold trap.  Special stopcocks or Teflon taps allow vacuum or inert gas to be selected without the need for placing the sample on a separate line. A Holweck pump is a type of vacuum pump that utilises the drag of air molecules against a rotating surface.  The modern turbomolecular pump is a more advanced version based on similar operation, and a Holweck pump is often used as the backing pump for it.  The Holweck pump can produce a vacuum as low as 1e-8 mmHg . The Magdeburg hemispheres are a pair of large copper hemispheres, with mating rims.  They were used to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure.  When the rims were sealed with grease and the air was pumped out, the sphere contained a vacuum and could not be pulled apart by teams of horses.  The Magdeburg hemispheres were designed by a German scientist and mayor of Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke, to demonstrate the air pump that he had invented, and the concept of atmospheric pressure.  The first artificial vacuum had been produced a few years earlier by Evangelista Torricelli, and had inspired Guericke to design the world's first vacuum pump, which consisted of a piston and cylinder with one-way flap valves.  The hemispheres became popular in physics lectures as an illustration of the strength of air pressure, and are still used in education.  A pair of the original hemispheres are preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Otto von Guericke (originally spelled "Gericke", ] ; November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician.  His major scientific achievements were the establishment of the physics of vacuums, the discovery of an experimental method for clearly demonstrating electrostatic repulsion, and his advocacy of the reality of "action at a distance" and of "absolute space". A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum.  The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity. The sorption pump is a vacuum pump that creates a vacuum by adsorbing molecules on a very porous material like molecular sieve which is cooled by a cryogen, typically liquid nitrogen.  The ultimate pressure is about 10 mbar.  With special techniques this can be lowered till 10 mbar.  The main advantages are the absence of oil or other contaminants, low cost and vibration free operation because there are no moving parts.  The main disadvantages are that it cannot operate continuously and cannot effectively pump hydrogen, helium and neon, all gases with lower condensation temperature than liquid nitrogen.  The main application is as a roughing pump for a sputter-ion pump in ultra-high vacuum experiments, for example in surface physics. A scroll compressor (also called "spiral compressor", scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump) is a device for compressing air or refrigerant.  It is used in air conditioning equipment, as an automobile supercharger (where it is known as a scroll-type supercharger) and as a vacuum pump.  Many residential central heat pump and air conditioning systems and a few automotive air conditioning systems employ a scroll compressor instead of the more traditional rotary, reciprocating, and wobble-plate compressors. A vacuum chamber is a rigid enclosure from which air and other gases are removed by a vacuum pump.  This results in a low-pressure environment within the chamber, commonly referred to as a vacuum.  A vacuum environment allows researchers to conduct physical experiments or to test mechanical devices which must operate in outer space (for example) or for processes such as vacuum drying or vacuum coating.  Chambers are typically made of metals which may or may not shield applied external magnetic fields depending on wall thickness, frequency, resistivity, and permeability of the material used.  Only some materials are suitable for vacuum use. A turbomolecular pump is a type of vacuum pump, superficially similar to a turbopump, used to obtain and maintain high vacuum.  These pumps work on the principle that gas molecules can be given momentum in a desired direction by repeated collision with a moving solid surface.  In a turbomolecular pump, a rapidly spinning fan rotor 'hits' gas molecules from the inlet of the pump towards the exhaust in order to create or maintain a vacuum.
Answer: German