Question: In which process is the term All-in rate used that takes place on location for a known client unlike manufacturing or mass production?
Context: SUNGEN International Limited is a subsidiary of Anwell Technologies Limited, with trading and manufacturing business in solar photovoltaics panels and modules.  SUNGEN has a thin film solar module production facility in Henan, China using Anwell Solar’s manufacturing technologies.  The facility will be used to produce 1.1 by 1.4 meter a-Si thin film photovoltaic modules, at an initial annual capacity of 40MW in 2010.  In March 2010, the Group announced the mass production of thin film solar modules at SUNGEN’s manufacturing base in Henan of China using Anwell Solar’s thin film solar module production line. Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through techniques of mass production.  Its key characteristic is that design is separated from manufacture: the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features takes place in advance of the physical act of making a product, which consists purely of repeated, often automated, replication.  This distinguishes industrial design from craft-based design, where the form of the product is determined by the product's creator at the time of its creation. There are three different types of Diffusion Molecular, Brownian and Turbulent.  Molecular diffusion occurs in gases, liquids, and solids.  Diffusion is a result of thermal motion of molecules.  Usually, convection occurs as a result of the diffusion process.  The rate at which diffusion occurs depends on the state of the molecules: it occurs at a high rate in gases, a slower rate in liquids, and an even slower rate in solids.  In gases, molecular diffusion is dependent on pressure and temperature.  The higher the pressure, the slower the diffusion takes place, and the higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion takes place.  In liquids, an increase in temperature increases the rate of diffusion.  However, since liquids are incompressible, the rate of diffusion is not affected by the pressure.  The rate of diffusion in solids is also increased by temperature. The term All-in rate is used in both Construction and the Financial sector.  It essentially just means "full costs charged for a service". Low rate initial production (LRIP) is a term commonly used in military weapon projects/programs to designate the phase of initial, small-quantity production.  The prospective first buyer and operator (i.e., a country's defense authorities and the relevant military units) gets to thoroughly test the weapons system over some protracted amount of time—in order to gain a reasonable degree of confidence as to whether the system actually performs to the agreed-upon requirements before contracts for mass production are signed.  At the same time, manufacturers can use the LRIP as a production test-phase where they develop the assembly line models that would eventually be used in mass production.  Therefore, the LRIP is commonly the first step in transitioning from highly customized, hand-built prototypes to the final mass-produced end product.  In practice, either the production capability or the weapons system itself can be unready during the LRIP phase.  This can mean that systems produced during LRIP are built significantly differently both in terms of technique and cost owing to the immaturity of the production line or changes in the weapons system's design, necessitating a large degree of hand-assembly and trial-and-error typically associated with the prototyping stage.  Furthermore, the cost of each LRIP system can be much greater than the final mass production unit cost, since the LRIP cost can include both the R&D and setup cost for production, although the goal is that this additional cost is spread out over future production carried out by the assembly capacity developed during LRIP. Lean construction is a combination of operational research and practical development in design and construction with an adaption of lean manufacturing principles and practices to the end-to-end design and construction process.  Unlike manufacturing, construction is a project-based production process.  Lean construction is concerned with the alignment and holistic pursuit of concurrent and continuous improvements in all dimensions of the built and natural environment: design, construction, activation, maintenance, salvaging, and recycling (Abdelhamid 2007, Abdelhamid et al. 2008).  This approach tries to manage and improve construction processes with minimum cost and maximum value by considering customer needs (Koskela et al. 2002). A pre-determined overhead rate is the rate used to apply manufacturing overhead to work-in-process inventory.  The pre-determined overhead rate is calculated before the period begins.  The first step is to estimate the amount of the activity base that will be required to support operations in the upcoming period.  The second step is to estimate the total manufacturing cost at that level of activity.  The third step is to compute the predetermined overhead rate by dividing the estimated total manufacturing overhead costs by the estimated total amount of cost driver or activity base.  Common activity bases used in the calculation include direct labor costs, direct labor hours, or machine hours. In finance, an underwriting rate is a test interest rate used by a lender during the process of underwriting a loan, for the purpose of testing compliance with one or more debt covenants to help deterimine the maximum loan amount.  As it is intended as a type of stress test, the underwriting rate is typically somewhat higher than the expected initial interest rate of the loan.  Increasing the spread between current interest rates and the underwriting rate is one method of tightening credit, as it would require stronger covenant compliance than a lower underwriting rate; as a matter of course this also makes the loan less risky. Mass customization, in marketing, manufacturing, call centres and management, is the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output.  Such systems combine the low unit costs of mass production processes with the flexibility of individual customization.Mass customization is the new frontier in business for both manufacturing and service industries.  At its core is a tremendous increase in variety and customization without a corresponding increase in costs.  At its limit, it is the mass production of individually customized goods and services.  At its best, it provides strategic advantage and economic value.Mass customization is the method of "effectively postponing the task of differentiating a product for a specific customer until the latest possible point in the supply network".  Kamis, Koufaris and Stern (2008) conducted experiments to test the impacts of mass customization when postponed to the stage of retail, online shopping.  They found that users perceive greater usefulness and enjoyment with a mass customization interface vs. a more typical shopping interface, particularly in a task of moderate complexity.  From collaborative engineering perspective, mass customization can be viewed as collaborative efforts between customers and manufacturers, who have different sets of priorities and need to jointly search for solutions that best match customers' individual specific needs with manufacturers' customization capabilities. Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.  Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client.  Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries.  Construction starts with planning, design, and financing; and continues until the project is built and ready for use.
Answer: construction