Question: When was the composer of the operetta Sweethearts born?
Context: Victor August Herbert (February 1, 1859 – May 26, 1924) was an Irish-born, German-raised American composer, cellist and conductor.  Although Herbert enjoyed important careers as a cello soloist and conductor, he is best known for composing many successful operettas that premiered on Broadway from the 1890s to World War I.  He was also prominent among the tin pan alley composers and was later a founder of the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP).  A prolific composer, Herbert produced two operas, a cantata, 43 operettas, incidental music to 10 plays, 31 compositions for orchestra, nine band compositions, nine cello compositions, five violin compositions with piano or orchestra, 22 piano compositions and numerous songs, choral compositions and orchestrations of works by other composers, among other music. Arkady Pogodin (Russian: Арка́дий Соломо́нович Пого́дин , born Arkady Piliver; 1901, Odessa, Russian Empire — 1975, Moscow, USSR) was a Soviet singer who worked in variety theater and operetta.  At 16 years of age, Pogodin started appearing on theater stage in small roles.  In 1922 he moved to Moscow, where he started working in small variety theaters performing funny songs.  In 1924 he was already appearing on the stage of the prestigious Hermitage Theater.  In 1938 Pogodin was invited to sing the lead role of Albert in an operetta titled "Delicate Diplomacy" ("Тонкая дипломатия" by Johann Strauss) at the Moscow Theater of Miniatures; he performed at the theater in the 1938–1939 season.  Then he accidentally met theater director A. Arnold who invited him to sing the lead role in the operetta "Chocolate Soldier" (based on a work by Bernard Shaw, with music by the Pokrass brothers) that was set to open the 1939 summer season in the CDKA park.  The operetta, which played in the park for a month, featured many famous artists including the Alexander Tsfasman Jazz Orchestra, Maria Mironova, etc.  After that Tsfasman invited Pogodin to perform with his orchestra in the Khudozestvenny movie theater and on Saturdays and Sundays after midnight on the radio.  Pogodin also recorded a number of grammophone records.  And here composer and friend Konstantin Listov offered Pogodin to become the first artist to sing a new song he wrote.  The song, titled "V Parke Chair" ("В парке Чаир"), instantly made "widely known in narrow circles" Pogodin a popular and trendy singer.  In December 1939, he decided to take part in the first All-Russian Variety Artists Contest and became a Laureat along with such singers as Klavdiya Shulzhenko, Keto Dzhaparidze, etc.  Since then he toured a lot and continued to sing on the radio.  His grammophone records were very popular.  Among his songs that were played everywhere were: "V Parke Chair", "Vozvrata Net" ("Возврата нет"), "Ya Zhdu Pisma" ("Я жду письма"), "Oglyanis" ("Оглянись").  Football matches at the time would usually open with his song "Schastlivy Dozhdik" ("Счастливый дождик"). Ciprian Porumbescu (] ; born Ciprian Gołęmbiowski on October 14, 1853 – June 6, 1883) was a Romanian composer born in Șipotele Sucevei in Bukovina (now Shepit, Putyla Raion, Ukraine).  He was among the most celebrated Romanian composers of his time; his popular works include "Crai nou", "Trei culori", "Song for the 1st of May", "Ballad for violin and piano", and "Serenada".  In addition, he composed the music for "Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire", which was used for Albania's national anthem, "Hymni i Flamurit".  His work spreads over various forms and musical genres, but the majority of his work is choral and operetta. Clarence Raybould (Robert Clarence Raybould) was born in Birmingham on 28 June 1886, to Robert James Raybould (born 1862), a printer compositor, and Ellen Amelia Raybould (née Weston, born 1862), and died in Bideford on 27 March 1972.  He was an English conductor, pianist and composer who conducted works ranging from musical comedy and operetta, Gilbert and Sullivan to the standard classical repertoire.  He also championed works by contemporary, particularly British, composers. Franz Friedrich Richard Genée (February 7, 1823 – June 15, 1895) was a Prussian born Austrian librettist, playwright, and composer.  He is most famous for the libretto of "Die Fledermaus", Johann Strauss II's most famous operetta.  He co-wrote the libretto without having met top-billed librettist Karl Haffner, who constructed the new story based on a play by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, which was considered too shocking to perform outside Paris.  Genée, however, wrote the operetta's actual text and drew nothing from Haffner beyond the names of the characters. Sweethearts is an operetta or musical play in two acts with music by Victor Herbert, lyrics by Robert B. Smith and book by Harry B. Smith and Fred De Gressac. Fritz Oliven, also known as Rideamus (May 10, 1874 - June 30, 1956) was a German lawyer and writer who was born in Breslau and died in 1956 in Porto Alegre, Brazil.  Under the pseudonym Rideamus, Oliven went from being a lawyer to a successful author.  As a lyricist, librettist and revue composer, he worked with Oscar Straus, Walter Kollo, and Eduard Kuennke and wrote for the great hall revues.  Some of these works include the operetta "Der Vetter von Dingsda" and the revue "Noch und Noch".  As a Jew, he decided to immigrate to Brazil in 1939.  In 1951, the autobiography "Rideamus, From He Himself, The Story of a Jovial Life" was published. Franz Marszalek (born August 2, 1900 in then Breslau, Schlesien, Germany, now Wrocław, Silesia, Polen; died October 28, 1975 in Cologne, Germany) was a German conductor and composer, who was a leading figure in operetta.  He began his studies in Wrocław, and moved to Berlin in 1933.  He conducted the Cologne Radio Orchestra from 1949 to 1965, with an emphasis on operetta music.  He was a longtime friend of the operetta composer Eduard Künneke, whose music he championed in concerts and in recordings with the Cologne Radio Orchestra and the Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra. Christie MacDonald (February 28, 1875 – July 25, 1962) was a Canadian-born American musical comedy actress and opera singer.  She was perhaps best remembered as the Princess of Bozena in the 1910 operetta "Spring Maid".  The 1913 musical "Sweethearts" was specifically written for MacDonald by composer Victor Herbert.  She retired from the stage after appearing in a 1920 revival of the musical comedy "Florodora". Jesse Bowman Bruchac (born 1972) is a Native American author and language teacher from the Abenaki tribe.  He has dedicated much of his life to studying the Abenaki language and preserving the Abenaki culture.  Jesse has also worked extensively with, and taught other Eastern Algonquian languages including the Lenni Lenape, Unkechaug, Shinnecock, Penobscot, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Mohegan, Munsee and Unami.  He is webmaster of WesternAbenaki.com a free online language learning portal.  He has worked as composer for the operetta The Purchase of Manhattan (2015), a translator for the AMC hit show TURN (2014), a short film by Alanis Obomsawin When All the Leaves Are Gone (2010) and as translator, dialect/dialogue coach and composer for the National Geographic movie Saints & Strangers (2015), a film which includes over an hour of translated dialogue in the Western Abenaki language and two months of on set actor training and filming in South Africa with over two dozen actors.  He has travelled throughout the United States teaching both the Abenaki language and culture.  Abenaki scholar Frederick Matthew Wiseman, author of "The Voice of the Dawn", calls him an "important contributor to the Abenaki Renaissance."  He created the first Abenaki language website.  When he is not traveling, he works as the treasurer for The Ndakinna Education Center and teaches wilderness survival classes.  He also is an active martial artist, skilled in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, isshin-ryū, pentjak silat, and taekwondo.
Answer: 1859