Question: Which Australian court case commenced in the jurisdiction of the future Minister for Climate Change, Industry and Innovation?
Context: The Compact of Mayors is a global coalition of city leaders addressing climate change by pledging to cut greenhouse gas emissions and prepare for the future impacts of climate change.  The Compact highlights cities’ climate impact while measuring their relative risk levels and carbon pollution.  The Compact of Mayors seeks to show the importance of city climate action, both at the local level and around the world.  The Compact was launched in 2014 by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the UN Special Envoy for Cities and Climate Change.  The Compact represents a common effort from global city networks C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40), ICLEI, and United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG), as well as UN-Habitat, to unite against climate change.  428 global cities have committed to the Compact of Mayors.  The collective member cities comprise over 376 million people and 5.19% of the global population. The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.  In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate.  Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation.  In the 1960s, the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing.  Some scientists also pointed out that human activities that generated atmospheric aerosols ("e.g.," "pollution") could have cooling effects as well.  During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint.  By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming.  Since the 1990s, scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded.  Research has expanded our understanding of causal relations, links with historic data and ability to model climate change numerically.  Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Combet v Commonwealth was an Australian court case commenced in the original jurisdiction of the High Court of Australia by Greg Combet, then the secretary of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, and Nicola Roxon.  The plaintiffs challenged the Australian Government's use of public funds to advertise the new Work Choices legislation.  The High Court found that the expenditure was authorised by the "Appropriation Act (No. 1) 2005-2006". Paul Ingrassia (born c. 1950) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and retired Managing Editor for Reuters, a division of Thomson Reuters, headquartered in New York City.  In June 2016 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Loeb Foundation for accomplishments in business and financial journalism.  Ingrassia drew media attention in 2013 when David Fogarty, climate change reporter at Reuters for nearly 20 years, resigned and later told the press of Ingrassia's suspected climate change denial.  Ingrassia had allegedly told Fogarty in 2012 that he was a 'climate change skeptic' who wanted to see more evidence mankind was changing the global climate.  Following what Fogarty claims to be a time of heavy climate change censorship he described as a 'Climate of Fear' in Reuters, Ingrassia supposedly denounced climate change coverage in early 2013 and abolished Fogarty's role, triggering his resignation. In an ever-progressing world with an increasing demand for energy and animal agriculture, it is difficult to avoid climate change and its impacts on societies both locally and globally.  Climate change affects social development factors, such as, poverty, infrastructure, technology, security, and economics across the globe.  Although climate change affects everything we see around us, the interrelation between climate change and social vulnerability and inequality is particularly evident in impoverished communities.  In particular, impoverished communities experience reductions in safe drinking water as well as food security as a result of climate change (OECD 2013).  These typically rural, isolated communities do not exhibit sufficient financial and technical capacities to manage the risks associated with climate change (climate risk) (Skoufias 2012).  Energy development and policy alteration could adjust the severity of climate change impacts; this is being tested now, as renewable energy sources develop. Gregory Ivan "Greg" Combet {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; born 28 April 1958) is a former Australian politician and trade unionist.  He was Secretary of the Australian Council of Trade Unions between 2000 and 2007.  He was elected member for the New South Wales Federal seat of Charlton for the Australian Labor Party at the 2007 election and was immediately appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement in the First Rudd Ministry on 3 December 2007.  Combet was the Minister for Climate Change, Industry and Innovation in the Second Gillard Ministry before announcing his resignation from the ministry on 26 June 2013 following Gillard's defeat in a leadership ballot.  He previously served as Parliamentary Secretary for Climate Change, when Penny Wong was the Minister. Global climate change was first addressed in United States policy beginning in the early 1960s.  The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines climate change as "any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time."  Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.  Climate change policy in the US has transformed rapidly over the past twenty years and is being developed at both the state and federal level.  The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations.  This article focuses on climate change policy within the United States, as well as exploring the positions of various parties and the influences on policy making and environmental justice repercussions. In recent decades most countries have been experiencing huge industrial progress.  Urban and industrial areas in South Korea also had fast development from 1960s to 1980s.  Industrialization and the increase in population have produced various pollutants and greenhouse gases, which are anthropogenic factors for climate change.  South Korea is experiencing changes in climate parameters, including annual temperature, rainfall amounts, and precipitation.  The most distinct climate change predicted for South Korea is an increase in the range of temperature fluctuation throughout the four seasons.  The number of record minimum temperature days has decreased rapidly, and maximum precipitation during the summer has increased.  Ongoing global climate change has produced local climate changes and extreme weather that affects: social, economy, industry, culture, and many other sectors.  The increased possibility for new types of strong weather damage evokes the seriousness and the urgency of climate change.  To quickly adapt to climate change, the South Korean government began an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and is one step closer to having a low-carbon based socio-economic nation. The Premier’s Climate Change Council was established by the Government of South Australia under the "Climate Change and Greenhouse Emissions Reduction Act 2007".  The Council provides independent advice to the Minister responsible for Climate Change about matters related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change adaptation and was formed during the Rann Government.  The Council's membership represents the business community, the environment and conservation sector, the scientific community and state and local governments.  It is chaired by prominent South Australian businessman Bruce Carter, who was appointed to the role in 2011.  In 2013, Michelle Lensink MLC questioned the efficacy of the Premier's Climate Change Council, and asked the Minister for the environment, Ian Hunter about the absence of the Council's 2011-12 annual report from the Council's website.  In 2013, the Council published "South Australia’s Climate Change Vision: Pathways to 2050" to advise Premier Jay Weatherill and his government on future planning and policy directions for the state. Climate change adaptation is a response to global warming and climate change, that seeks to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems to relatively sudden change and thus offset the effects of global warming.  Even if emissions are stabilized relatively soon, global warming and its effects should last many years, and adaptation would be necessary to the resulting changes in climate.  Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.  That is, the capacity and potential for humans to adapt (called adaptive capacity) is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt (Schneider "et al.", 2007).  Furthermore, the degree of adaptation correlates to the situational focus on environmental issues.  Therefore, adaptation requires the situational assessment of sensitivity and vulnerability to environmental impacts.  Adaptive capacity is closely linked to social and economic development (IPCC, 2007).  The economic costs of adaptation to climate change are likely to cost billions of dollars annually for the next several decades, though the amount of money needed is unknown.  Donor countries promised an annual $100 billion by 2020 through the Green Climate Fund for developing countries to adapt to climate change.  However, while the fund was set up during COP16 in Cancún, concrete pledges by developed countries have not been forthcoming.  The adaptation challenge grows with the magnitude and the rate of climate change.
Answer: Combet v Commonwealth