Question: In which year did Aimé Césaire publish her work, which was a response to Shakespeare's play "The Tempest?"
Context: Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport, French: "Aéroport International Martinique Aimé Césaire" (IATA: FDF, ICAO: TFFF) , is the international airport of Martinique in the French West Indies.  Located in Le Lamentin, a suburb of the capital Fort-de-France, it was opened in 1950 and renamed in 2007, after author and politician Aimé Césaire. L'Étudiant noir, Journal Mensuel de l’Association des Étudiants Martiniquais en France (translated roughly as "The Black Student: Monthly Journal of the Martinican Student Association in France") is a journal created by Aimé Césaire in 1935 in Paris.  It contains the first poems written by Léon Damas and some of Leopold Sedar Senghor's first articles, both of whom were student association members at the time.  Only two issues of the journal were ever published, March 1935 and May–June 1935.  The most notable article was written by Aimé Césaire, titled "Conscience raciale et révolution sociale" ("Racial Consciousness and social revolution") in the May–June 1935 issue, which was the first work to explore the concept of négritude. Discourse on Colonialism (French: Discours sur le colonialisme ) is an essay by Aimé Césaire, a poet and politician from Martinique who helped found the "négritude" movement in Francophone literature.  Césaire first published the essay in 1950 in Paris with Editions Réclame, a small publisher associated with the French Communist Party (PCF).  Five years later, he then edited and republished it with the anticolonial publisher "Présence Africaine" (Paris and Dakar).  The 1955 edition is the one with the widest circulation today, and it serves as a foundational text of postcolonial literature that discusses what Césaire described as the appalling affair of the European civilizing mission.  Rather than elevating the non-Western world, the colonizers de-civilize the colonized. Une Tempête ("A tempest") is a 1969 play by Aimé Césaire.  It is an adaptation of Shakespeare's "The Tempest" from a postcolonial perspective.  The play was first performed at the Festival d'Hammamet in Tunisia under the direction of Jean-Marie Serreau.  It later played in Avignon and Paris.  Césaire uses all of the characters from Shakespeare's version, but he specifies that Prospero is a white master, while Ariel is a mulatto and Caliban is a black slave.  These characters are the focus of the play as Césaire foregrounds issues of race, power, and decolonization. She is the daughter of Aimé Césaire. Aimé Fernand David Césaire (26 June 1913 – 17 April 2008) was a Francophone and French poet, author and politician from Martinique.  He was "one of the founders of the négritude movement in Francophone literature".  He wrote such works as "Une Tempête", a response to Shakespeare's play "The Tempest", and "Discours sur le colonialisme" ("Discourse on Colonialism"), an essay describing the strife between the colonizers and the colonized.  His works have been translated into many languages. Une saison au Congo is a 1966 theatre play by Aimé Césaire. Air Martinique (IATA: NN, ICAO: MTQ, Call sign: Martinique) was an airline based in the island of Martinique in the Lesser Antilles.  Its head office was on the grounds of Fort-de-France Airport, now Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport, in Le Lamentin. Aimé Césaire is an under-construction station on line 12 of the Paris Métro.  The station is located on the Place Henri-Rol-Tanguy at Aubervilliers and slated to open in 2019. Black Orpheus was a Nigeria-based literary journal founded in 1957 by German expatriate editor and scholar Ulli Beier that has been described as "a powerful catalyst for artistic awakening throughout West Africa".  Its name derived from a 1948 essay by Jean-Paul Sartre, "Orphée Noir", published as a preface to "Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache", edited by Léopold Sédar Senghor.  Beier wrote in an editorial statement ("Black Orpheus" 1) about the fact that "it is still possible for a Nigerian child to leave a secondary school with a thorough knowledge of English literature, but without even having heard of Léopold Sédar Senghor or Aimé Césaire", so "Black Orpheus" became a platform for Francophone as well as Anglophone writers.  In 1961, Beier also founded the Mbari Club, a cultural centre for African writers, which was closely connected with "Black Orpheus".  The magazine ceased publication in 1975.
Answer: 1969