Question: Which opera premiered first, Mefistofele or Gawain?
Context: Mefistofele (] ) is an opera in a prologue, four acts and an epilogue, the only completed opera with music by the Italian composer-librettist Arrigo Boito (there are several completed operas for which he was librettist only).  The opera was given its premiere on 5 March 1868 at La Scala, Milan, under the baton of the composer, despite his lack of experience and skill as a conductor. Gawain is an opera with music by Harrison Birtwistle to a libretto by David Harsent.  The story is based on the Middle English romance "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight".  The opera was a commission from the Royal Opera House, London, where it was first performed on 30 May 1991.  Rhian Samuel has published a detailed analysis of the opera.  Birtwistle revised it in 1994, and the premiere of the revised version was given at the Royal Opera House on 20 April 1994. Il burbero di buon cuore ("The Good-Hearted Curmudgeon") is an opera dramma giocoso in two acts by Vicente Martín y Soler.  The Italian libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte is based on the French comedy "Le bourru bienfaisant" by Carlo Goldoni.  The opera premiered on January 4, 1786 in Vienna at the Burgtheater with a cast that included three well known Viennese singers of the day: Nancy Storace as Angelica, Francesco Benucci as Ferramondo, and Maria Mandini as Marina.  The opera premiered in the same year and at the same house as Mozart's "Le nozze di Figaro", and both operas enjoyed revivals at the Burgtheater three years later — each boasting two new arias for new leading ladies.  The new arias for "Il burbero di buon cuore" (""Chi sa, chi sa, qual sia"" K. 582 in Act I and ""Vado, ma dove?""  K. 583 in Act II, both for Lucilla) were actually composed by Mozart, as Martín y Soler had left Vienna to work at the court of Catherine the Great in St. Petersburg.  The opera recently received its first modern revival in 2007 at the Teatro Real in Madrid, a performance which was videotaped live and released on DVD in 2009. Simón Bolívar is an opera in two acts composed by Thea Musgrave who also wrote the libretto.  It is loosely based on episodes in the life of Simón Bolívar, the military and political leader who played a leading role in freeing Latin American countries from Spanish rule.  The opera premiered on 20 January 1995 performed by Virginia Opera at the Harrison Opera House in Norfolk, Virginia.  Although the libretto is written in English, the opera was performed at the premiere in Spanish translation. Asrael is a "leggenda" or opera in four acts by composer Alberto Franchetti and librettist Ferdinando Fontana.  The plot, based on German fairy tale and folklore, displays the conflict between the spirit of evil and the spirit of Christian love, represented by Asrael and Nefta respectively.  The work is Franchetti's first opera and displays strong influences of Meyerbeer and Wagner, mixed with late 19th-century Italian idioms.  The opera premiered at the Teatro Municipale di Reggio on 11 February 1888.  The opera made its United States debut at the Metropolitan Opera on November 26, 1890 with Andreas Dippel in the title role. The eighth season of "", an Indian reality and stunt television series premiered first on 22 July 2017 and is broadcast on Colors TV.  The name of the season is "Khatron Ke Khiladi: Pain in Spain".  It airs on Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 PM.  The series is produced by Endemol India of Deepak Dhar.  This season also witnessed Nia Sharma coming back twice after being eliminated. The Juggler of Our Lady is an opera in one act composed by Ulysses Kay to a libretto by Alexander King.  The libretto is based on Robert O. Blechman's 1953 book "The Juggler of Our Lady.  A Medieval Legend".  Composed in 1956, the opera premiered on 23 February 1962 in New Orleans, Louisiana performed by the Xavier University Opera Workshop.  It was performed again in 1972 by Opera/South in Jackson Mississippi in a double bill with William Grant Still's opera "Highway 1, U.S.A.".  The 1972 performance of both operas was also broadcast on Voice of America. Emilio Venturini (1878 - 1952) was an Italian operatic lyric tenor known for his portrayal of character roles.  He made his professional opera debut in 1900 in Italy where he remained for the next several years.  In 1901 he sang the role of Brighella in Mascagni's "Le maschere" at the Teatro Regio in Turin.  He made his La Scala debut in 1903 as Froh in Wagner's "Das Rheingold" and sang in the premiere of Umberto Giordano's "Siberia".  In 1904, he originated the role of Prince Yamadori in Puccini's "Madama Butterfly" at La Scala.  In 1905, Venturini joined the roster of the Opéra National de Paris.  In 1907 he moved to London to sing with Royal Opera at Covent Garden.  In 1910, Venturini became a member of the Chicago Opera Association where he performed roles until the summer of 1917.  While in Chicago he sang mostly character parts but did sing some major roles like Turiddu in "Cavalleria rusticana", Edgardo in "Lucia di Lammermoor" and the Pinkerton in "Madama Butterfly".  In 1911 he sang the roles of Cassio in Verdi's "Otello" and Spoletta in Puccini's "Tosca" at the Metropolitan Opera.  Venturini also returned to Italy for brief periods in 1910, 1911, and 1916 to perform roles with the Teatro Massimo in Palermo.  In 1921, Venturini joined the roster at La Scala and sang roles with that opera house until 1948.  He notably originated the roles of Il Tempiere in Boito's "Nerone" in 1924 and Pang in Puccini's "Turandot" in 1926.  and was the first to record the role of Nereo in Boito's "Mefistofele" in the 1931 La Scala recording. Harriet, the Woman Called Moses is an opera in two acts composed by Thea Musgrave who also wrote the libretto which is loosely based on episodes in the life of the American abolitionist and former slave Harriet Tubman.  The opera premiered on 1 March 1985 in Norfolk, Virginia, performed by Virginia Opera with subsequent broadcasts of the Virginia Opera production on National Public Radio and BBC Radio 3.  Musgrave later wrote two shortened versions of the opera—The Story of Harriet Tubman (premiered 1993) and Remembering Harriet (premiered 2006). Gallantry is a one act opera by composer Douglas Moore.  The work is a parody of soap opera, complete with sung commercial interruptions.  The work uses an English language libretto by Arnold Sundgaard.  The opera premiered in a double bill with Dominick Argento's "The Boor" on March 19, 1958, in New York City at the now-destroyed Brander Matthews Theater on 117th Street, between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive.  It was presented by the Columbia University School of Music with a student cast.  It has subsequently been staged by several other university opera theatre programs in the United States and Canada, including UCLA (1958, 1974, and 1994), Immaculate Heart College (1968), Goucher College (1969), the University of Michigan (1978), the University of Toronto (1988), San Diego State University (1989), Pepperdine University (1990), Wilfrid Laurier University (1992), the University of Arizona (1995), George Washington University (1999), and the University of Wisconsin (2003) among others.  The University of Southern California toured the opera to the Netherlands in 1968.
Answer: Mefistofele