Question: Were both Strauder v. West Virginia and Lemon v. Kurtzman cases about racism?
Context: Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1880) , was a United States Supreme Court case about racial discrimination.  "Strauder" was the first time that the Court had reversed a state criminal conviction for a violation of a constitutional provision concerning criminal procedure. Virginia v. West Virginia, 220 U.S. 1 (1911) , is a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the state of West Virginia was bound by its constitution to pay one-third of the outstanding debt of the commonwealth of Virginia as of January 1, 1861.  In its ruling, the Supreme Court concluded that the geographic narrowness of the port and road improvements made by Virginia (most of which occurred outside West Virginia's current borders) were incurred by the people of the entire state and did not discharge West Virginia's duty to pay.  The Court also held that Virginia's attempts to discharge its debts while its negotiations with West Virginia continued did not absolve West Virginia of its duty to pay.  Although both states had already agreed on the amount to be paid, the Court ordered them to negotiate over interest computation. Virginia v. West Virginia, 78 U.S. 39 (1871), is a 6-to-3 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that where a governor has discretion in the conduct of the election, the legislature is bound by his action and cannot undo the results based on fraud.  The Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties had received the necessary consent of both the State of Virginia and the United States Congress to become a separate state, and explicitly held that the counties of Berkeley and Jefferson were part of the new state of West Virginia. Brood V is one of 12 separate broods of periodical cicadas that emerge as adults once every 17 years in North America.  They are expected to appear in the eastern half of Ohio, the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania, the upper two-thirds of West Virginia less the Eastern Panhandle, far western Maryland, and some places in Virginia abutting West Virginia.  Also included in Brood V is a population that emerges in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York.  With densities in some locales reaching 1.5 million per acre, trillions of individuals are expected to emerge in late April through May, 2016. During the tenure of Morrison Waite as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (March 4, 1874 through March 23, 1888), the Supreme Court heard an unprecedented volume and frequency of criminal cases.  In just fourteen years, the Court heard 106 criminal cases, almost as many cases as the Supreme Court had heard in the period from its creation to the appointment of Waite as Chief Justice.  Notable cases include "United States v. Cruikshank" (1875), "United States v. Reese" (1875), "Reynolds v. United States" (1878), "Wilkerson v. Utah" (1879), the "Trade-Mark Cases" (1879), "Strauder v. West Virginia" (1880), "Pace v. Alabama" (1883), "United States v. Harris" (1883), "Ex parte Crow Dog" (1883), "Hurtado v. California" (1884), "Clawson v. United States" (1885), "Yick Wo v. Hopkins" (1886), "United States v. Kagama" (1886), "Ker v. Illinois" (1886), and "Mugler v. Kansas" (1887). Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587 (1935) , was one of the cases decided by the United States Supreme Court that arose out of the trial of the Scottsboro Boys.  The Supreme Court held that the systematic exclusion of African Americans from jury service violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.  The case was a significant advance in the Supreme Court's criminal procedure jurisprudence.  Building on the existing precedent of "Strauder v. West Virginia" (1880) and "Neal v. Delaware" (1882), the Supreme Court addressed an Alabama statute that was facially neutral, but held that a criminal defendant could establish a prima facie claim of discrimination by showing that a substantial number of African Americans live in a community and that African Americans have been excluded from serving on juries. Henry Washington Sawyer III (December 23, 1918 – July 31, 1999) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist, and Democratic politician.  Born in Philadelphia, he served in World War II and attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School.  Sawyer worked as a corporate lawyer but is best known for his advocacy of civil liberties, especially in First Amendment cases.  In "Abington School District v. Schempp" and "Lemon v. Kurtzman", he successfully argued cases before the Supreme Court of the United States that became the basis for all modern Establishment Clause jurisprudence.  He pursued civil rights causes in Philadelphia and in the South during the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s.  He also served a four-year term on Philadelphia City Council, where he worked for civil service reform and to increase the amount of public art in the city. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States.  The court ruled in an 8–1 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act (represented through David Kurtzman) from 1968 was unconstitutional, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.  The act allowed the Superintendent of Public Schools to reimburse private schools (mostly Catholic) for the salaries of teachers who taught in these private schools, from public textbooks and with public instructional materials.  The decision also upheld a decision of the First Circuit, which had struck down the Rhode Island Salary Supplement Act providing state funds to supplement salaries at private elementary schools by 15%.  As in Pennsylvania, most of these funds were spent on Catholic schools. David Sills V (May 29, 1996) is an American football wide receiver for the West Virginia Mountaineers.  As a seventh grader in 2010, he garnered national attention when he verbally committed to play football at the University of Southern California.  In 2014, Sills decommitted from USC and eventually signed a national letter of intent to play at West Virginia University.  After spending his freshman year playing for the West Virginia Mountaineers, Sills transferred to El Camino College. On July 28, 2014 the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a ruling in "Bostic v. Schaefer" striking down Virginia's same-sex marriage ban which is a precedent for every state within the circuit.  The ruling would have gone into effect on August 21, 2014 but the Supreme Court of the United States granted the stay request by the clerk of Prince William County.  Attorneys for two same-sex couples had until August 18, 2014 to respond to the stay request.  The Fourth Circuit consists of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.  Maryland was the first state in the circuit to enact gay marriage by legislative act and confirmed by a voter referendum.  That occurred prior to the Fourth Circuit Court ruling that was denied review at the Supreme Court, which led to the expansion to Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina.
Answer: no