Question: when was the cosmetic company whose gift cards are purchasable on GiftCards.com purchased by Dominique Mandonnaud?
Context: Jason Wolfe is an American businessman and entrepreneur who is the founder and CEO of several companies, including Gift Card Granny and GiftCards.com, largest online retailer of gift cards. A gift card (also known as gift certificate in North America, or gift voucher or gift token in the UK) is a prepaid stored-value money card usually issued by a retailer or bank to be used as an alternative to cash for purchases within a particular store or related businesses.  Gift cards are also given out by retailers and marketers as part of a promotion strategy, to entice the recipient to come in or return to the store, and at times such cards are called cash cards.  Gift cards are generally redeemable only for purchases at the relevant retail premises and cannot be cashed out, and in some situations may be subject to an expiry date or fees.  Visa and MasterCard credit cards produce generic gift cards which need not be redeemed at particular stores, and which are widely used for cashback marketing strategies.  A feature of these cards is that they are generally anonymous and are disposed of when the stored value on a card is exhausted. Gift Card Granny (or GiftCardGranny.com) is an online discount gift card retailer and comparison site based near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  The website allows consumers to search through numerous gift card websites and either purchase gift cards for a discounted price or sell them for below face value.  The website contains over 100,000 gift cards from more than 1,000 different stores. Sephora first launched in Paris in a partnership between the UK's Boots PLC and Nouvelles Galeries as a perfumery chain in 1970.  It was purchased by Dominique Mandonnaud in 1993, who merged the purchase with his own perfume chain under the Sephora brand.  Mandonnaud is credited for founding and implementing Sephora's "assisted self-service," sales experience, which departed from then-typical retail models for cosmetics by encouraging customers to try products in-store before purchasing. A stored-value card is a payments card with a monetary value stored on the card itself, not in an external account maintained by a financial institution.  Stored-value cards differ from debit cards, where money is on deposit with the issuer, and credit cards which are subject to credit limits set by the issuer.  Another difference between stored-value cards and debit and credit cards is that debit and credit cards are usually issued in the name of individual account holders, while stored-value cards may be anonymous, as in the case of gift cards. Stored-value cards are prepaid money cards and may be disposed when the value is used, or the card value may be topped up, as in the case of telephone calling cards or when used as a fare card. NobleWorks Inc. is a publisher of humorous greeting cards.  The company is located in Union City, New Jersey and publishes and sells paper greeting cards, cards with detachable magnets, lapel-button cards, gift cards, free on-line electronic greeting cards, magnetic memo pads, and note pads.  NobleWorks develops several lines and licenses properties to other greeting card companies, publishers, and manufacturers.  NobleWorks also licenses artwork from various cartoonists and designers who are based in the United States as well as in other countries. Breakage is a term used in telecommunications and accounting to indicate any type of service which is unused by the customer.  A good example would be gift cards or calling cards that have been sold but never redeemed.  Revenue from breakage is almost entirely profitable, since companies need not provide any goods or services for unredeemed gift cards.  It should not be confused with Shrinkage (accounting) (items which are not used by the customer because they disappeared from inventory). GiftCards.com is an online gift card retailer based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  The company sells gift cards for thousands of different large corporate retailers and small businesses including Best Buy, Barnes & Noble, Sephora, Coach, Amazon.com, and others.  The company also offers prepaid Visa and MasterCard gift cards.  GiftCards.com is considered the largest online gift card retailer and has appeared on the "Inc." 5000 list multiple times (most recently in 2015).  The company is currently owned by Blackhawk Network Holdings after its purchase of the retailer in 2016. O Boticário (] ) is the second biggest Brazilian cosmetic company.  It has 4,070 stores in Brazil, Portugal, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, United States, Paraguay, Japan, France and Venezuela.  O Boticário is the largest cosmetic franchise in the world.  The main competitors of the company are Natura, Avon Products and Jequiti. A payment card number, primary account number (PAN), or simply a card number, is the card identifier found on payment cards, such as credit cards and debit cards, as well as stored-value cards, gift cards and other similar cards.  In some situations the card number is referred to as a bank card number.  The card number is primarily a card identifier and does not directly identify the bank account number to which the card is linked by the issuing company.  The card number prefix identifies the issuer of the card, and the digits that follow identify a unique account which is associated by the issuing organization with one of its customers and then to the customer's designated bank accounts.  In the case of stored-value type cards, the association with a particular customer is only made if the prepaid card is reloadable.  Card numbers are allocated in accordance with ISO/IEC 7812.  The card number is usually prominently embossed on the front of a payment card.
Answer: 1993