Question: Banca Cívica, S.A. was a bank created as a result of the European debt crisis as an emergency response by the Spanish government, the European debt crisis, was a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union, since the end of what year?
Context: The Greek government-debt crisis (also known as the Greek Depression) is the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08.  The Greek crisis started in late 2009, triggered by the turmoil of the Great Recession, structural weaknesses in the Greek economy, and revelations that previous data on government debt levels and deficits had been undercounted by the Greek government. The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the Eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009.  Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties like other Eurozone countries, the European Central Bank (ECB), or the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The European debt crisis is an ongoing financial crisis that has made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to repay or re-finance their government debt without the assistance of third parties. From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis in some European states developed, with the situation becoming particularly tense in early 2010.  Greece was most acutely affected, but fellow Eurozone members Cyprus, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were also significantly affected.  In the EU, especially in countries where sovereign debt has increased sharply due to bank bailouts, a crisis of confidence has emerged with the widening of bond yield spreads and risk insurance on credit default swaps between these countries and other EU members, most importantly Germany. According to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the Netherlands was the 18th largest economy of the world in 2012, while the country has only about 17 million inhabitants.  (see: List of countries by GDP (nominal)).  GDP per capita is roughly $48,860 which makes it one of richest nations in the world (see: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita).  Between 1996 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged over 4%, well above the European average.  Growth slowed considerably in 2001-05 as part of the global economic slowdown.  2006 and 2007 however showed economic growth of 3.4% and 3.9%.  The Dutch economy was hit considerably by the ongoing global financial crisis and the ensuing European debt crisis. European debt crisis contagion refers to the possible spread of the ongoing European sovereign-debt crisis to other Eurozone countries.  This could make it difficult or impossible for more countries to repay or re-finance their government debt without the assistance of third parties.  By 2012 the debt crisis forced five out 17 Eurozone countries to seek help from other nations.  Some believed that negative effects could spread further possibly forcing one or more countries into default. Banca Cívica, S.A. was a bank created as a result of the European debt crisis as an emergency response by the Spanish government regulatory authority "Institutional Protection System" (Spanish: "Sistema Institucional de Protección", or SIP) that comprised the savings banks of Caja Navarra, Caja Canarias, Caja de Burgos and Cajasol.  It became part of CaixaBank on 3 August 2012, at which time shares for the company ceased to be quoted. Debt crisis is the general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues, especially in reference to Latin American countries during the 1980s, the United States and the European Union since the mid-2000s, and the Chinese debt crises of 2015. PIGS or PIIGS or PIIGGS is an acronym used in economics and finance.  The PIGS acronym originally refers, often derogatorily, to the economies of the Southern European countries of Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain.  During the European debt crisis, the term was also increasingly used to refer to the economies of Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and Spain, four EU member states that were unable to refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks on their own during the crisis. The Greek government-debt crisis is one of a number of current European sovereign-debt crises.  In late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors concerning Greece's ability to meet its debt obligations because of strong increase in government debt levels.  This led to a crisis of confidence, indicated by a widening of bond yield spreads and the cost of risk insurance on credit default swaps compared to the other countries in the Eurozone, most importantly Germany.
Answer: 2009