Question: What year was the author of "On the Basis of Morality" born?
Context: Michael Nugent (born 1 June 1961) is an Irish writer and activist.  He has written, co-written or contributed to seven books and the comedy musical play "I, Keano".  He has campaigned on many political issues, often with his late wife Anne Holliday, and he is chairperson of the advocacy group Atheist Ireland.  He argues that atheism provides a better model of reality, and a better basis for morality, than believing in gods; that atheists can enjoy the benefits that many people get from religion, without the harmful effects; and that the state should be secular, promoting neither religion nor atheism.  He writes a blog about atheism, reason, skepticism and happiness, and he supports Bohemians and Leeds United football clubs. Scott Robert Sehon (born 1963) is an American philosopher and a professor of philosophy at Bowdoin College.  His primary work is in the field of philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of action, and the free will debate.  He is the author of "Teleological Realism: Mind, Agency and Explanation" (MIT University Press, 2005) in which he takes a controversial, non-causalist view of action explanation.  Sehon has also published in the area of Philosophy of Religion, with a particular focus on the problem of evil and whether or not religious faith is a necessary foundation for morality. Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ] ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.  He is best known for his 1818 work "The World as Will and Representation" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will.  Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism.  Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the world-as-appearance), having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work. On the Basis of Morality (German: "Ueber die Grundlage der Moral" , 1840) is one of Arthur Schopenhauer's major works in ethics, in which he argues that morality stems from compassion.  Schopenhauer begins with a criticism of Kant's "Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals", which Schopenhauer considered to be the clearest explanation of Kantian ethics. Charles Edward Rice (August 7, 1931 – February 25, 2015) was an American legal scholar, Catholic apologist, and author of several books.  He is best known for his career at the Notre Dame Law School at Notre Dame, Indiana.  He began teaching there in 1969, and in 2000 earned professor emeritus status.  He continued to teach an elective course called "Morality and the Law" each year in retirement. Jeff Schweitzer (born 1957) is an American non-fiction author, scientist, political commentator and proponent of scientific skepticism.  His published works are largely devoted to the interrelationship between politics, morality, religion and science.  He is a blogger for The Huffington Post. Yamanoue no Okura (山上憶良 , also written as 山於億良, 660? –733?)  was a Japanese poet, the best known for his poems of children and commoners.  He was a member of Japanese missions to Tang China.  He was also a contributor to the Man'yōshū and his writing had a strong Chinese influence.  Unlike other Japanese poetry of the time, his work emphasizes a morality based on the teachings of Confucius.  Most scholars believe that he was born in 660, on the basis of his Chinese prose "Chin'a Jiai-bun" recorded in the fifth volume of Man'yōshū as a work written in 733 (Tenpyō 5), in which he says, "In this year, I am 74." Robert F. Almeder (born December 11, 1939) is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Georgia State University.  He is known in particular for his work on the philosophy of science, and has also written on the philosophy of mind, epistemology and ethics.  He is the author of 24 books, including "The Philosophy of Charles S. Peirce" (1980), "Death and Personal Survival" (1992), "Harmless Naturalism: The Limits of Science and the Nature of Philosophy" (1998), "Human Happiness and Morality" (2000), and "Truth and Skepticism" (2010). Shirzad Peik Herfeh (Persian: شیرزاد پیک حرفه‎ ‎ , ] , born: 22 February 1980, Rasht, Iran) is an Iranian philosopher, author, translator and university professor at Imam Khomeini International University.  He is best known for his Persian translation of the "Consequentialisim" written by Julia Driver and "On Adam Smith" written by Jack Russell Weinstein and many of articles he translated to Persian language from English, in the fields of philosophy; especially philosophy of morality.  Also, he is active as a manager in the "Iranian Association of Philosophy" and Institute for Research in Philosophy as a life member.  Peik Herfeh taught philosophy as a faculty member in the philosophy group of the Imam Khomeini International University, Faculty of Humanities.  Peik Herfeh also wrote a variety of articles from Iranian School and Islamic Philosophy to Western Analytic and moral philosophy which is his profession.  As an author, Shirzad Peik Herfeh wrote two books in the fields of moral philosophy which called as Borders of Ethics (Persian: مرزهای اخلاق‎ ‎ ) and Utilitarianism (Persian: فایده‌گرایی‎ ‎ ).  Both of them released in Iran in 2012 and 2015 respectively. "The Five Thousand Year Leap: Twenty-Eight Great Ideas That Are Changing the World" is a book that was published in 1981 by author W. Cleon Skousen.  The book asserts that the United States prospered because it was established upon universal natural law principles passed down from Common Law and traditional Judeo-Christian morality, as many of the Founding Fathers were guided by the Bible among others, and consequently that the U.S. Constitution incorporates enlightened ideas. [1][2]
Answer: 1788