Question: The Escondido Sub formerly served one of the larger railroads in the United States that was chartered in what year?
Context: A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company that operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger, national railroad networks.  The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada.  In the U.S., railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (reporting mark ATSF) , often referred to as the Santa Fe or AT&SF, was one of the larger railroads in the United States.  Chartered in February 1859, the railroad reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo, Colorado, in 1876.  To create a demand for its services, the railroad set up real estate offices and sold farm land from the land grants that it was awarded by Congress.  Despite the name, its main line never served Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the terrain was too difficult; the town ultimately was reached by a branch line from Lamy. The Strasburg Rail Road (reporting mark SRC) is the oldest continuously operating railroad in the western hemisphere and the oldest public utility in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.  Chartered in 1832, the Strasburg Rail Road continues to operate under its original charter and original name (Strasburg Rail Road Company).  Located just outside of the town of Strasburg, Pennsylvania, the railroad is a heritage railroad offering excursion trains, hauled by steam locomotives, through the heart of world-famous Pennsylvania Dutch Country.  Strasburg currently has five (5) serviceable historic steam locomotives (Canadian National 7312, Canadian National 89, Great Western 90, N&W 475, Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal 15 (rebuilt as Thomas the Tank Engine) on its roster and has the nation's largest fleet of historic wooden passenger coaches in operation.  The Strasburg Rail Road is also one of the few railroads in the United States to occasionally use steam locomotives to haul revenue freight trains.  It hosts 300,000 visitors per year. John Paul the Great Catholic University (nicknamed "JPCatholic") is located in Escondido, California, United States.  It currently offers Bachelor of Science degrees in Communications Media and Business, each with several concentrations offered, a Master of Business Administration degree with a concentration in Film Producing, and a Master of Arts in Biblical Theology.  JPCatholic emphasizes its loyalty to the Catholic Church, and lists "impacting the culture for Christ" as one of its main goals.  The University was named one of North America's "21 Catholic colleges and universities which most faithfully live their Catholic identity" by the Cardinal Newman Society and has consistently been listed in the Newman Society's "Guide to Choosing a Catholic College".  In May 2013, the University purchased a building in Escondido, a city north of San Diego, and relocated during the summer of 2013. The Boston Associates was a term created by historian Vera Shlakmen in "Economic History of a Factory Town, A Study of Chicopee, Massachusetts" (1935) to describe a loosely linked group of investors.  They included Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence, often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts.  By 1845, there were 31 textile companies—located in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and southern Maine—produced one-fifth of all cotton and wool textiles in the United States.  With the capital earned through these mills, they invested in railroads, especially the Boston and Lowell.  These railroads helped transport the cotton from warehouses to factories.  These Boston-based investors established banks—such as the Suffolk Bank—and invested in others.  In time, they controlled 40% of banking capital in Boston, 40% of all insurance capital in Massachusetts, and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads.  Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors, working in any one of the hundreds of their mills. The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company (UNJ&CC) was a railroad company which began as the important Camden & Amboy Railroad (C&A) whose 1830 lineage began as one of the eight or ten earliest permanent North Americanrailroads, and among the first common carrier transportation companies whose prospectus marketed an enterprise aimed (with a priority or principally) at carrying passengers fast and competing with stagecoaches between New York Harbor and Philadelphia-Trenton.  Among the other earliest chartered or incorporated railroads, only the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad were chartered with passenger services in mind.  Later after mergers as the UNJ&CC became a subsidiary part of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) system in New Jersey by the later merger and acquisition of several predecessor companies in 1872; which purchases also included the PRR's main line to New York City ("now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor").  Prior to 1872, its main lines were the (C&A, below), the first railroad in New Jersey and one of the first railroad in the United States. The Paterson and Ramapo Railroad was a railroad that operated mostly in New Jersey, connecting the city of and Paterson, New Jersey with Suffern, New York, just across the state line.  The railroad was chartered in 1841 and construction began in 1847.  It was created to form a connection between the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad, one of the earliest railroads in the United States, and the Erie Railroad in Suffern.  The two Paterson railroads provided a shorter route from Suffern to New York City than did the New York and Erie Railroad. The Escondido Sub in North County region of San Diego County, is a 22-mile branch line between Oceanside, California and Escondido, California.  It is primarily used today by the Sprinter light rail and local freight trains serving Escondido industries.  The Pacific Sun Railroad runs a tri-weekly local freight service late at night, after the last Sprinter train of the day is taken out of service.  The line formerly served Santa Fe trains, with passenger trains operating until 1946.  Local Santa Fe (later BNSF) freight trains continued to operate over the line until 2008, when the service was contracted out to PSRR.  In 2007, the tracks of the branch were relaid with new stations and an elevated loop constructed in preparation for the Sprinter. Anthony Claude Leach, Jr., known as Buddy Leach (born March 30, 1934), is an American businessman and politician, who formerly served one term as a U.S. Representative for Louisiana's 4th congressional district.  He is also a former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives and a former chairman of the Louisiana Democratic Party.  He was a candidate for governor of Louisiana in 2003. Ira Deutchman is best known as a producer, distributor and marketer of independent films, but in 2000, he moved into film exhibition as Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Emerging Pictures—a New York-based digital exhibition company, which was sold in January, 2015 to Vancouver-based 20 Year Media He also served as Chair of the Film Program at Columbia University School of the Arts from 2011 to 2015, where he has been a Professor of Professional Practice for more than 25 years.  Deutchman is a member of The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.  He was one of the original creative advisors to the Sundance Institute and formerly served on the Board of Advisors for the Sundance Film Festival.  He has also served as a Board member and former Board chair for the Independent Feature Project, the Board of Advisors for the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival, the Williamstown Film Festival, IFP/West, and the Collective for Living Cinema, and was a member of the Board for Kartemquin Films.  In 2015, he donated his personal archives to the University of Michigan's Screen Arts Mavericks and Makers Collection.  Deutchman continues to produce films while consulting on the marketing and distribution of independent films, and teaching producing students in the MFA Film Program at Columbia University's School of the Arts.  Current projects include a film adaptation of Barbara Ehrenreich's best-selling book "Nickel and Dimed," a theatrical adaptation of Joan Micklin Silver's 1976 independent film "Hester Street" and a documentary about art film maverick Donald Rugoff, which is in production.  He consults for Luce Cinecitta on the marketing of Italian cinema in the United States.  Deutchman was awarded the first annual Spotlight Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2017 Sundance Art House Convergence.
Answer: 1859