Question: What year was Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot's 118-page French book published? 
Context: Marie Adolphe Carnot (27 January 1839 – 20 June 1920) was a French chemist, mining engineer and politician.  He came from a distinguished family: his father, Hippolyte Carnot, and brother, Marie François Sadi Carnot, were politicians, the latter becoming President of the third French Republic. Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power is a book published in 1824 by French physicist Sadi Carnot.  The 118-page book's French title was "Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance".  It is a significant publication in the history of thermodynamics about a generalized theory of heat engines. Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency any heat engine can obtain.  The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends solely on the difference between the hot and cold temperature reservoirs. Nicolas Léonard Beker or Nicolas Léonard Becker or Nicolas Léonard Bagert, born 18 January 1770 – died 18 November 1840, joined the French army as a dragoon before the French Revolutionary Wars and rose in rank to become a general officer.  In 1800 he married the sister of Louis Desaix, who was killed at the Battle of Marengo.  He led an infantry brigade in the 1805 campaign and commanded a dragoon division in 1806 and 1807.  In 1809 he became chief of staff to Marshal André Masséna but ran afoul of Emperor Napoleon and was banished from the army for several years. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics.  By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis.  His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics.  In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy.  In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem which applied to heat. Cécile Carnot (1841–1898) was a first lady of France in 1887-1894.  She was married to President Marie François Sadi Carnot. A Carnot heat engine is an engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle.  The basic model for this engine was developed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824.  The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded upon by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically elaborated upon by Rudolf Clausius in 1857 from which the concept of entropy emerged. Sante Geronimo Caserio (] ; 8 September 187316 August 1894) was an Italian anarchist and the assassin of Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of the French Third Republic.  Caserio was born in Motta Visconti, Lombardy.  On 24 June 1894, he fatally stabbed President Carnot after a banquet, to avenge Auguste Vaillant and Émile Henry. Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (] ; 1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer and physicist, often described as the "father of thermodynamics".  In his only publication, the 1824 monograph "Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire", Carnot gave the first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's work attracted little attention during his lifetime, but it was later used by Rudolf Clausius and Lord Kelvin to formalize the second law of thermodynamics and define the concept of entropy. The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by French physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and 1840s.  It provides an upper limit on the efficiency that any classical thermodynamic engine can achieve during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature difference (e.g. refrigeration) by the application of work to the system.  It is not an actual thermodynamic cycle but is a theoretical construct.
Answer: 1824