Question: Phantom, the musical and 1990 miniseries "The Phantom of the Opera" are based on the 1910 novel by which author?
Context: The Phantom of the Opera is a 1910 novel by Gaston Leroux. Christine Daaé is a fictional character and the female protagonist of Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel "The Phantom of the Opera" and of the various adaptations of the work.  Erik, the Phantom of the Opera falls in love with her. There have been many literary and dramatic works based on Gaston Leroux's novel "The Phantom of the Opera," ranging from stage musicals to films to children's books.  Some well known stage and screen adaptations of the novel are the 1925 film and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical (see "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)"); Susan Kay's 1990 "Phantom" is one of the best known novels and includes in-depth study of the title character's life and experiences. Erik (also known as The Phantom of the Opera, commonly referred to as The Phantom) is the title character from Gaston Leroux's novel "Le Fantôme de l'Opéra" (1910), best known to English speakers as "The Phantom of the Opera".  He is also the protagonist and antagonist of many film adaptations of the novel, including the 1925 film adaptation starring Lon Chaney, the 1943 remake starring Claude Rains and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical. The Phantom of the Opera is a 1925 American silent horror film adaptation of Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel "Le Fantôme de l'Opéra", directed by Rupert Julian and starring Lon Chaney, Sr. in the title role of the deformed Phantom who haunts the Paris Opera House, causing murder and mayhem in an attempt to make the woman he "loves" a star.  The film remains most famous for Chaney's ghastly, self-devised make-up, which was kept a studio secret until the film's premiere.  The film was released on November 25, 1925. The Canary Trainer: From the Memoirs of John H. Watson is a 1993 Sherlock Holmes pastiche by Nicholas Meyer.  Like "The Seven Percent Solution" and "The West End Horror", "The Canary Trainer" was published as a "lost manuscript" of the late Dr. John H. Watson.  In "The Adventure of Black Peter", an original Arthur Conan Doyle Holmes story from 1904, Watson mentions that his companion recently arrested "Wilson, the notorious canary-trainer, which removed a plague-spot from the East-End of London."  This Wilson (who figures prominently in the Adrian Conan Doyle pastiche "The Adventure of the Deptford Horror") is not related to the eponymous character of Meyer's novel.  Meyer's "trainer" is Erik, the principal figure of Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel "The Phantom of the Opera".  It is from this unchronicled tale that The Notorious Canary Trainers (a Sherlockian scion in Madison, Wisconsin, founded in 1969) take their name. Gary Mauer is an actor who most recently starred in the third national tour of "The Phantom of the Opera" playing the role of the Phantom.  On Broadway, Gary starred as Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny in "Phantom" and played the role of Enjolras in "Les Misérables".  He has also appeared in numerous regional shows, including playing Jesus in "Jesus Christ Superstar".  From April 30, 2007 through May 19, 2007, Gary filled in for Howard McGillin, the actor who formerly played The Phantom in "Phantom", on Broadway.  Gary has a B.F.A in Musical Theater from the University of Arizona in Tucson, and currently resides in New Jersey with his wife, actress Elizabeth Southard, and his two children: Nicholas and Eden.  He can be heard on several CDs, including "Bravo Broadway" and Broadway's "Fabulous Phantoms".  In 2007, he recorded his own album, "This Is the Moment", which includes "The Music of the Night", from "The Phantom of the Opera", and "Bring Him Home", from "Les Misérables".  Gary is a lyric tenor who can currently be seen as part of the "Bravo Broadway" series in concerts throughout the United States with various symphonies. Phantom is a musical with music and lyrics by Maury Yeston and a book by Arthur Kopit.  Based on Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel "The Phantom of the Opera", the musical was first presented in Houston, Texas in 1991. The Phantom of the Opera is a 1990 NBC two-part drama television miniseries directed by Tony Richardson and stars Charles Dance in the title role.  It is adapted from Arthur Kopit's book for his then-unproduced stage musical "Phantom", which is based loosely on Gaston Leroux's novel. Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny is a fictional character and one of the protagonists of Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel "The Phantom of the Opera".
Answer: Gaston Leroux