Question: Arrhenius equation was proposed by this  Nobel-Prize winning Swedish scientist who is one of the founders of the science of what?
Context: The effective diffusion coefficient (also referred to as the apparent diffusion coefficient) of a diffusant in atomic diffusion of solid polycrystalline materials like metal alloys is often represented as a weighted average of the grain boundary diffusion coefficient and the lattice diffusion coefficient.  Diffusion along both the grain boundary and in the lattice may be modeled with an Arrhenius equation.  The ratio of the grain boundary diffusion activation energy over the lattice diffusion activation energy is usually 0.4 - 0.6, so as temperature is lowered, the grain boundary diffusion component increases.  Increasing temperature often allows for increased grain size, and the lattice diffusion component increases with increasing temperature, so often at 0.8T (of an alloy), the grain boundary component can be neglected. The Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.  The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that Van 't Hoff's equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions.  This equation has a vast and important application in determining rate of chemical reactions and for calculation of energy of activation.  Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula.  Currently, it is best seen as an empirical relationship.  It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally-induced processes/reactions.  The Eyring equation, developed in 1935, also expresses the relationship between rate and energy. In chemical kinetics, the entropy of activation of a reaction is one of the two parameters (along with the "enthalpy of activation") which are typically obtained from the temperature dependence of a reaction rate constant, when these data are analyzed using the Eyring equation.  The standard entropy of activation is symbolized ΔS and equals the change in entropy when the reactants change from their initial state to the activated complex or transition state (Δ = change, S = entropy, ‡ = activation).  It determines the preexponential factor A of the Arrhenius equation for temperature dependence of reaction rates.  The relationship depends on the molecularity of the reaction: for reactions in solution and unimolecular gas reactions A = (ekT/h) exp(ΔS/R), while for bimolecular gas reactions A = (ekT/h) (R'T/p) exp(ΔS/R).  In these equations e is the base of natural logarithms, h is the Planck constant, k is the Boltzmann constant and T the absolute temperature.  R' is the ideal gas constant in units of (bar*L)/(mol*K).  The factor is needed because of the pressure dependence of the reaction rate.  R' = 8.3145 * 10^-2 (bar*L)/(mol*K). Photonic curing is the high-temperature thermal processing of a thin film using pulsed light from a flashlamp.  When this transient processing is done on a low-temperature substrate such as plastic or paper, it is possible to attain a significantly higher temperature than the substrate can ordinarily withstand under an equilibrium heating source such as an oven.  Since the rate of most thermal curing processes (drying, sintering, reacting, annealing, etc.) generally increase exponentially with temperature (i.e. they obey the Arrhenius equation), this process allows materials to be cured much more rapidly than with an oven. Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Nobel-Prize winning Swedish scientist, originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry.  He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate, and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death.  His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius definition of an acid, lunar crater Arrhenius, the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University, all named after him.  He was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide increase Earth's surface temperature through the Arrhenius effect, leading David Keeling to conclude that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are large enough to cause global warming. Néel relaxation theory is a theory developed by Louis Néel in 1949 to explain time-dependent magnetic phenomena known as "magnetic viscosity".  It is also called "Néel-Arrhenius theory", after the Arrhenius equation, and "Néel-Brown theory" after a more rigorous derivation by William Fuller Brown, Jr. Néel used his theory to develop a model of thermoremanent magnetization in single-domain ferromagnetic minerals that explained how these minerals could reliably record the geomagnetic field.  He also modeled frequency-dependent susceptibility and alternating field demagnetization. The Eyring equation (occasionally also known as Eyring–Polanyi equation) is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe the variance of the rate of a chemical reaction with temperature.  It was developed almost simultaneously in 1935 by Henry Eyring, Meredith Gwynne Evans and Michael Polanyi.  This equation follows from the transition state theory (a.k.a. activated-complex theory) and is trivially equivalent to the empirical Arrhenius equation which are both readily derived from statistical thermodynamics in the kinetic theory of gases. Lattice diffusion (also called bulk or volume diffusion) refers to atomic diffusion within a crystalline lattice.  Diffusion within the crystal lattice occurs by either interstitial or substitutional mechanisms and is referred to as lattice diffusion.  In interstitial lattice diffusion, a diffusant (such as C in an iron alloy), will diffuse in between the lattice structure of another crystalline element.  In substitutional lattice diffusion (self-diffusion for example), the atom can only move by substituting place with another atom.  Substitutional lattice diffusion is often contingent upon the availability of point vacancies throughout the crystal lattice.  Diffusing particles migrate from point vacancy to point vacancy by the rapid, essentially random jumping about (jump diffusion).  Since the prevalence of point vacancies increases in accordance with the Arrhenius equation, the rate of crystal solid state diffusion increases with temperature.  For a single atom in a defect-free crystal, the movement can be described by the "random walk" model. In chemical kinetics, the pre-exponential factor or A factor is the pre-exponential constant in the Arrhenius equation, an empirical relationship between temperature and rate coefficient.  It is usually designated by A when determined from experiment, while Z is usually left for collision frequency. 3581 Alvarez (1985 HC) is a Mars-crossing asteroid discovered on April 23, 1985, by Shoemaker, C. and Shoemaker, E. at Palomar.  Based upon lightcurve data, it has a synodic rotation period of  hours with an amplitude variation of in magnitude.  With a diameter of ~14 km, it is one of the largest Mars-crossing asteroids.  However, due to the high inclination of its orbit, it never actually passes through the orbit of Mars since at perihelion it is well away from the plane of Mars' orbit.  The asteroid is named after planetary scientist Walter Alvarez and his Nobel-prize winning father, physicist Luis Alvarez.
Answer: physical chemistry