Question: What technique was utilized by the director of Cheburashka?
Context: Noninvasive genotyping is a modern technique for obtaining DNA for genotyping that is characterized by the indirect sampling of specimen, not requiring harm to, handling of, or even the presence of the organism of interest.  Beginning in the early 1990s, with the advent of PCR, researchers have been able to obtain high-quality DNA samples from small quantities of hair, feathers, scales, or excrement.  These noninvasive samples are an improvement over older allozyme and DNA sampling techniques that often required larger samples of tissue or the destruction of the studied organism.  Noninvasive genotyping is widely utilized in conservation efforts, where capture and sampling may be difficult or disruptive to behavior.  Additionally, in medicine, this technique is being applied in humans for the diagnosis of genetic disease and early detection of tumors.  In this context, invasivity takes on a separate definition where noninvasive sampling also includes simple blood samples. Damage control surgery (DCS) is a technique of surgery utilized to care for critically ill patients.  While typically trauma surgeons are heavily involved in treating such patients, the concept has evolved to other sub-specialty services.  The leading cause of death among trauma patients remains uncontrolled hemorrhage and accounts for approximately 30–40% of trauma related deaths.  This technique places emphasis on preventing the "lethal triad", rather than correcting the anatomy.  Damage control surgery is meant to be utilized as a measure that saves lives.  A multi-disciplinary group of individuals is required: nurses, respiratory therapist, surgical-medicine intensivists, blood bank personnel and others.  While this lifesaving method has resulted in a significant decrease in the morbidity and mortality of critically ill patients, complications can result and do exist.  This procedure is generally indicated when a person sustains a severe injury that impairs the ability to maintain homeostasis due to severe hemorrhage leading to metabolic acidosis, hypothermia, and increased coagulopathy.  The approach would provide a limited surgical intervention in order to control both hemorrhage and contamination.  This will subsequently allow for clinicians to focus on reversing the physiologic insult prior to completing a definitive repair.  While the temptation to perform a definitive operation exists, surgeons should avoid this practice because of the deleterious effects on patients can result them succumbing to the physiologic effects of the injury, despite the anatomical correction. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory aims to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface and serves as the basis for an important analysis technique for the measurement of the specific surface area of materials.  In 1938, Stephen Brunauer, Paul Hugh Emmett, and Edward Teller published the first article about the BET theory in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.  The BET theory applies to systems of multilayer adsorption and usually utilizes probing gases that do not chemically react with material surfaces as adsorbates to quantify specific surface area.  Nitrogen is the most commonly employed gaseous adsorbate used for surface probing by BET methods.  For this reason, standard BET analysis is most often conducted at the boiling temperature of N (77 K).  Further probing adsorbates are also utilized, albeit with lower frequency, allowing the measurement of surface area at different temperatures and measurement scales.  These have included argon, carbon dioxide, and water.  Specific surface area is a scale-dependent property, with no single true value of specific surface area definable, and thus quantities of specific surface area determined through BET theory may depend on the adsorbate molecule utilized and its adsorption cross section. Cheburashka (Russian: Чебурашка , "Cheburashka " ) is a 1972 Soviet/Russian animated film directed by Roman Kachanov. Quantitative Fluorescent "in situ" hybridization (Q-FISH) is a cytogenetic technique based on the traditional FISH methodology.  In Q-FISH, the technique uses labelled (Cy3 or FITC) synthetic DNA mimics called peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligonucleotides to quantify target sequences in chromosomal DNA using fluorescent microscopy and analysis software.  Q-FISH is most commonly used to study telomere length, which in vertebrates are repetitive hexameric sequences (TTAGGG) located at the distal end of chromosomes.  Telomeres are necessary at chromosome ends to prevent DNA-damage responses as well as genome instability.  To this day, the Q-FISH method continues to be utilized in the field of telomere research. Fumage is a surrealist art technique popularized by Wolfgang Paalen in which impressions are made by the smoke of a candle or kerosene lamp on a piece of paper or canvas.  Paalen´s first Fumage "Dictated by a Candle" was presented 1936 in the International Surrealist Exhibition in London.  In the same year Paalen painted his first oil based on the fumage, "Pays interdit" ("Forbidden Land").  Several other Surrealists as Roberto Matta, but also Salvador Dalí later utilized the technique, Dali calling the technique "sfumato".  The technique has been utilized by artists including Bimal Banerjee, Adam Blakemore, Alberto Burri, Burhan Doğançay, Jiri Georg Dokoupil, Hugh Parker Guiler, Yves Klein, Antonio Muñiz, and Otto Piene. Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells.  The aim of this technique is to quickly and efficiently compare two genomic DNA samples arising from two sources, which are most often closely related, because it is suspected that they contain differences in terms of either gains or losses of either whole chromosomes or subchromosomal regions (a portion of a whole chromosome).  This technique was originally developed for the evaluation of the differences between the chromosomal complements of solid tumor and normal tissue, and has an improved resoIution of 5-10 megabases compared to the more traditional cytogenetic analysis techniques of giemsa banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) which are limited by the resolution of the microscope utilized. The Standard Step Method (STM) is a computational technique utilized to estimate one-dimensional surface water profiles in open channels with gradually varied flow under steady state conditions.  It uses a combination of the energy, momentum, and continuity equations to determine water depth with a given a friction slope formula_1, channel slope formula_2, channel geometry, and also a given flow rate.  In practice, this technique is widely used through the computer program HEC-RAS, developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC). Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or electromyostimulation, is the elicitation of muscle contraction using electric impulses.  EMS has received an increasing amount of attention in the last few years for many reasons: it can be utilized as a strength training tool for healthy subjects and athletes; it could be used as a rehabilitation and preventive tool for partially or totally immobilized patients; it could be utilized as a testing tool for evaluating the neural and/or muscular function in vivo; it could be used as a post-exercise recovery tool for athletes.  The impulses are generated by a device and are delivered through electrodes on the skin near to the muscles being stimulated.  The electrodes are generally pads that adhere to the skin.  The impulses mimic the action potential that comes from the central nervous system, causing the muscles to contract.  The use of EMS has been cited by sports scientists as a complementary technique for sports training, and published research is available on the results obtained.  In the United States, EMS devices are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Roman Abelevich Kachanov (Russian: Роман Абелевич Качанов ; 25 February 1921 – 4 July 1993) was a Soviet animator who worked primarily in the stop-motion animation technique.  He directed the popular series of films about Cheburashka based on the fairy tales written by Eduard Uspensky: "Gena the Crocodile", "Cheburashka", "Shapoklyak" and "Cheburashka Goes to School".
Answer: stop-motion animation