Question:  Le Chiffre is a fictional character appearing in a novel in which other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations since what year?
Context: James Bond is a fictional character created by novelist Ian Fleming in 1953.  Bond is a British secret agent working for MI6 who also answers by his codename, 007.  He has been portrayed on film by actors Sean Connery, David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig, in twenty-six productions.  Only two films were not made by Eon Productions.  Eon now holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels. The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections.  Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz.  The latest novel is "Trigger Mortis" by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015.  Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. Casino Royale (2006) is the twenty-first spy film in the Eon Productions "James Bond" film series and the first to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond.  Directed by Martin Campbell and written by Neal Purvis & Robert Wade and Paul Haggis, the film marks the third screen adaptation of Ian Fleming's 1953 novel of the same name.  "Casino Royale" is a reboot of the film series and as such is set at the beginning of Bond's career as Agent 007, just as he is earning his licence to kill.  After preventing a terrorist attack at Miami International Airport, Bond falls in love with Vesper Lynd, the treasury employee assigned to provide the money he needs to bankrupt a terrorist financier, Le Chiffre, by beating him in a high-stakes poker game.  The story arc continues in the following "Bond" film "Quantum of Solace" (2008), "Skyfall" (2012), and "Spectre" (2015) also feature explicit references to characters and events in this film. Miss Moneypenny, later assigned the first names of Eve or Jane, is a fictional character in the James Bond novels and films.  She is secretary to M, who is Bond's superior officer and head of the British Secret Service (MI6).  Although she has a small part in most of the films, it is always highlighted by the underscored romantic tension between her and Bond (something that is virtually non-existent in Ian Fleming's novels, though is somewhat more apparent in the Bond novels by John Gardner and Raymond Benson).  On that note, she is not always considered to be a Bond girl, having never had anything more than a professional relationship with Bond, to her dismay. Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR, is a fictional character created by British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953.  He is the protagonist of the "James Bond" series of novels, films, comics and video games.  Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections.  His final two books—"The Man with the Golden Gun" (1965) and "Octopussy and The Living Daylights" (1966)—were published posthumously. Casino Royale is the first novel by the British author Ian Fleming.  Published in 1953, it is the first "James Bond" book, and it paved the way for a further eleven novels and two short story collections by Fleming, followed by numerous continuation Bond novels by other authors. The James Bond Dossier (1965), by Kingsley Amis, is a critical analysis of the James Bond novels.  Amis dedicated the book to friend and background collaborator, the poet and historian Robert Conquest.  Later, after Ian Fleming's death, Amis was commissioned as the first continuation novelist for the James Bond novel series, writing "Colonel Sun" (1968) under the pseudonym Robert Markham.  "The James Bond Dossier" was the first, formal, literary study of the James Bond character.  More recent studies of Fleming's secret agent and his world include "The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming’s Novels to the Big Screen" (2001), by the historian Jeremy Black. Felix Leiter is a 2017 comic book miniseries featuring the eponymous character, who is primarily featured in Ian Fleming's James Bond novels and various other formats by several other creators.  Written by James Robinson and illustrated by Aaron Campbell, the comic book is a spin-off from the "James Bond" series published by Dynamite Entertainment, making its debut in January 2017.  It also marks the first time for Bond's ally and friend, Felix Leiter to get a solo adventure in any format overall.  It is also licensed by Ian Fleming Publications that hold the literary rights to the James Bond franchise.  Bond himself makes a cameo appearance in the comic book as part of a flashback. SPECTRE (SPecial Executive for Counterintelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion) is a fictional organisation featured in the James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, the films based on those novels, and James Bond video games.  Led by evil genius and supervillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the international organisation first formally appeared in the novel "Thunderball" (1961) and in the film "Dr. No" (1962).  As an NGO, SPECTRE is not aligned to any nation or political ideology, enabling the later Bond books and Bond films to be regarded as somewhat apolitical though the former Gestapo members are a clear sign of Fleming's warning of the Nazi fascists surviving after the Second World War first detailed in the novel "Moonraker" (1954).  SPECTRE began in the novels as a small group of criminals but became a vast international organisation with its own SPECTRE Island training base in the films, to replace the Soviet SMERSH. Le Chiffre (] , "The Cypher" or "The Number") is a fictional character appearing in Ian Fleming's 1953 first James Bond novel, "Casino Royale".  On screen Le Chiffre has been portrayed by Peter Lorre in the 1954 television adaptation of the novel for CBS's "Climax! " television series, by Orson Welles in the 1967 spoof of the novel and Bond film series, and by Mads Mikkelsen in the 2006 film version of Fleming's novel.
Answer: 1964