Question: The dictator who created Tonton Macoute was elected president in what year?
Context: The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: "Tonton Makout" ) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier.  In 1970 the militia was renamed the "Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale " (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, perhaps named after the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organisation).  Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, "Tonton Macoute" ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (French: "macoute" ) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. The Comedians (1966) is a novel by Graham Greene.  Set in Haiti under the rule of François "Papa Doc" Duvalier and his secret police, the "Tonton Macoute", the novel explores the political suppression and terrorism through the figure of an English hotel owner, Brown. Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (] ; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician, who served as President of Brazil during two periods: the first was from 1930-1945, when he served as interim president from 1930-1934, President from 1934-1937, and dictator from 1937-1945.  After being overthrown in a 1945 coup, Vargas returned to power as the democratically elected president in 1951, serving until his suicide in 1954.  Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the longest of any President, and second in Brazilian history only to Emperor Pedro II among heads of state.  He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism – for the latter, Vargas won the nickname "The Father of the Poor".  Vargas is one of a number of populists who arose during the 1930s in Latin America, including Lazaro Cardenas and Juan Peron who promoted nationalism and pursued social reform.  He was a proponent of workers' rights as well as a staunch anti-communist. The culture of Haiti is an eclectic mix of African and European elements due to the French colonization of Saint Domingue and its large and diverse enslaved African population, as is evidenced in the Haitian language, music, and religion.  The culture also encompasses additional contributions from native Taino and Spanish imperialism.  "Papa Doc" Duvalier’s brutal rule was noted for its use of Haitian folklore to terrorize the population, such as the Tonton Macoute. James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his assassination later that year.  Garfield had served nine terms in the House of Representatives, and had been elected to the Senate before his candidacy for the White House, though he declined the Senate seat once he was elected President.  He is the only sitting House member to be elected president. François Duvalier (] ; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971.  He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform and successfully thwarted a coupd’état in 1958.  His rule, based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute , and the use of a pervasive cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians and the exile of many more. Students and Pupils Movement of Côte d'Ivoire (in French: "Mouvement des Etudiants et Elèves de Côte d'Ivoire"), generally called M.E.E.C.I., was an organization of students and pupils in Côte d'Ivoire.  M.E.E.C.I. was founded of the initiative of the regime of Félix Houphouët-Boigny.  The founding congress was held in the P.D.C.I. office in Abidjan April 3–5, 1969.  Tanoh Brou Antoine (later Minister of Environment) was elected president of the executive committee.  Alphonse Djédjé Mady was elected president the standing council.  Mambo Yapi was elected president of the accounting commisariat. Juan José Arévalo Bermejo (10 September 1904 – 8 October 1990) was a professor of philosophy who became Guatemala's first democratically elected president in 1944.  He was elected following a popular uprising against the United States-backed dictator Jorge Ubico that began the Guatemalan Revolution.  He remained in office until 1951, surviving 25 coup attempts.  He did not contest the election of 1951, instead choosing to hand over power to Jacobo Árbenz.  As president, he enacted several social reform policies, including an increase in the minimum wage and a series of literacy programs.  He also oversaw the drafting of a new constitution in 1945. (March 15, 1882 – February 9, 1946) was a Brazilian poet, lawyer and politician.  He was the last elected President of Brazil of the period known as República Velha, but never took office because the government was overthrown in the Revolution of 1930.  Júlio Prestes was the only politician who was elected President of Brazil to be impeded of taking office.  He was the last politician born in São Paulo to be elected President of Brazil. Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (] ; born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, and U.S.-backed dictator from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution.  Fulgencio Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants that overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada.  He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces, with the rank of colonel, and effectively controlled the five-member Presidency.  He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940, when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform.  He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba, considered progressive for its time, and served until 1944.  After finishing his term he lived in Florida, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952.  Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup that preempted the election.
Answer: 1957