Question: An article titled "The Color Line" was published in the "North American Review" in 1881, by Frederick Douglass, who became a national leader of what movement in Massachusetts and New York?
Context: The Frederick Douglass Memorial is a memorial commemorating Frederick Douglass, installed at the northwest corner of New York City's Central Park, in the U.S. state of New York.  The memorial includes an 8-foot bronze sculpture depicting Douglass by Gabriel Koren and a large circle and fountain designed by Algernon Miller.  Additionally, Quennell Rothschild & Partners is credited as the memorial's architecture, and Polich-Tallix served as the foundry.  The memorial was dedicated on September 20, 2011, and was funded by the Percent for Art program and the Department of Cultural Affairs. The North Star was a nineteenth-century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester, New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass.  The paper commenced publication on December 3, 1847 and ceased as "The North Star" in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith's "Liberty Party Paper" (based in Syracuse, New York) to form "Frederick Douglass' Paper".  "The North Star"'s slogan was "Right is of no Sex—Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren." Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey;  February 1818  – February 20, 1895) was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman.  After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writings.  In his time, he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.  Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave. Lewis Henry Douglass (1840–1908) was the oldest son of Frederick Douglass and his first wife Anna Murray Douglass.  He was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts.  Douglass was well educated and as a boy apprenticed, in Rochester, New York, as a typesetter for his father's newspapers "The North Star" and "Douglass' Weekly".  He joined the Union Army on March 25, 1863, only two months after the Emancipation Proclamation allowed African Americans to see combat in the Union Army.  He fought for one of the first official African American units in the United States during the Civil War, the famed 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.  Shortly after joining the army, Douglass attained the rank of Sergeant Major, the highest rank a black man could reach.  He took part in the Battle of James Island, the Battle of Olustee, the Second Battle of Fort Wagner.  At the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, half of his regiment was killed, but this battle turned the public's attention toward the sacrifices made by African Americans in the war.  Douglass addressed the bravery of the African American troops in a letter to his future wife Helen Amelia Loguen: Julia Griffiths (21 May 1811 - 1895) was a British abolitionist who worked with the American freed slave Frederick Douglass.  The two met in London, England, during Douglass' tour of the British Isles in 1845-47.  In 1849, Griffiths joined Douglass in Rochester, New York, and edited, published and promoted his work.  She was one of six founding members of the influential Rochester Ladies Anti-Slavery Society.  She is most noted for publishing "Autographs for Freedom", an anthology of anti-slavery literature.  In 1854, there were unfounded accusations, leveled by William Lloyd Garrison, that Douglass and Griffiths engaged in infidelity.  Griffiths returned to England in 1855, where she continued to organize ladies' anti-slavery societies, write columns for Douglass's newspapers, and raise funds for the Rochester Ladies Anti-Slavery Sewing Society, later called the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery and Freedmen's Aid Society.  In 1859, she married Henry O. Crofts, a Methodist minister and former missionary in Canada.  After her husband's death, Crofts ran a school for girls in St. Neots. Frederick Douglass Circle is a traffic circle located at the northwest corner of Central Park at the intersection of Eighth Avenue (Frederick Douglass Boulevard and Central Park West) and 110th Street (Cathedral Parkway and Central Park North) in the New York City borough of Manhattan.  The traffic circle is named for the American abolitionist, women’s suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer Frederick Douglass. Junetta Jones (born March 12, 1936) was an American operatic soprano.  A Baltimore native, she was a graduate of [[Frederick Douglass Senior High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Frederick Douglass Senior High School.  After spending a year at Morgan State College(now University), she was awarded a three-year scholarship to the [[Peabody Conservatory]] where she earned a diploma in 1961 and studied singing with [[Joseph Laderoute]].  She then pursued further studies at the [[New England Conservatory]] where she earned a [[Master of Music]] in 1963 and was a pupil of [[Gladys Miller]].  She studied at the [[Tanglewood Music Center]] in the summer of 1961.  In 1963 she won the [[Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions]].  She made her debut at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] on [[Halloween]] of 1963 as the Celestial Voice in [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s "[[Don Carlos]]" with [[Richard Tucker]] in the title role.  She sang two seasons at the Met, with other roles including the 1st Genie in "[[The Magic Flute]]", the Page in "[[Rigoletto]]", and Barbarina in "[[The Marriage of Figaro]]".  From 1965-1969 she performed with major opera houses in Europe.  She worked for 20 years on the advisory committee for art and culture for the city of Baltimore. The term color line was originally used as a reference to the racial segregation that existed in the United States after the abolition of slavery.  An article by Frederick Douglass titled "The Color Line" was published in the "North American Review" in 1881.  The phrase gained fame after W. E. B. Du Bois’ repeated use of it in his book "The Souls of Black Folk". Life and Times of Frederick Douglass is Frederick Douglass' third autobiography, published in 1881, revised in 1892.  Because of the emancipation of American slaves during and following the American Civil War, Douglass gave more details about his life as a slave and his escape from slavery in this volume than he could in his two previous autobiographies (which would have put him and his family in danger).  It is the only one of Douglass' autobiographies to discuss his life during and after the Civil War, including his encounters with American presidents such as Lincoln and Garfield, his account of the ill-fated "Freedman's Bank", and his service as the United States Marshall of the District of Columbia. The Frederick Douglass Houses are a public housing project located in the New York City borough of Manhattan, in the Manhattan Valley neighborhood of Upper West Side, named for civil rights pioneer Frederick Douglass.  The actual buildings are located between 100th Street and 104th Street, to the east of Amsterdam Avenue and the west of Manhattan Avenue.  The complex is owned and operated by the New York City Housing Authority.
Answer: the abolitionist movement