Question: What nationality was the composer and conductor of choral music Pavel Křížkovský?
Context: Pavel Křížkovský (born as Karel Křížkovský) (January 9, 1820 - May 8, 1885) was a Czech choral composer and conductor. Dr. William John Dehning (August 13, 1942 - June 23, 2017) was an American conductor, teacher, and author who spent almost his entire career in the collegiate realm.  He was known primarily for his work as conductor of the University of Southern California Thornton Chamber Choir and as author of the book, "Chorus Confidential: Decoding the Secrets of the Choral Art", published in 2003.  Under his leadership, the Thornton Chamber Choir won seven prizes in international European competitions, including Grand Prizes in Varna, Bulgaria and Tours, France.  After winning the choral competition with the USC Chamber Choir in Bulgaria, Dehning was awarded the Judges' Conducting Prize by a panel of ten judges in 1999.  During his tenure, the ensemble also appeared at American Choral Directors Association (ACDA) conventions six times, including nationals in 2001 and 2005.  They also completed a tour of East Asia in 2006, performing at the National Concert Hall in Taipei.  While at Northern Michigan University from 1970–1972, Dehning was the founder of the Marquette Choral Society, which is still active.  Later, he was from 1985-1995 the founder/conductor of the California Choral Company, a semi-professional chamber chorus that attained a reputation in Europe as well as in the United States.  As Chairman of the USC Department of Choral Music (now retired), Dehning was awarded the first annual Dean’s Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, and he was also the 2007 recipient of the Thornton School's Ramo Award.  Dehning was one of four founding members of the National Collegiate Choral Organization (NCCO), which held its first national conference in San Antonio in 2006. Schola Cantorum de Venezuela (formerly known as Schola Cantorum de Caracas) is one of the most important choral societies belonging to the growing choral movement in Venezuela.  SCV was founded in 1967 by Alberto Grau, a Venezuelan composer and conductor born in 1937 in Barcelona, Spain.  Currently, the choir is conducted by María Guinand (chief conductor) and Ana María Raga (associate conductor), with the assistance of young conductors Pablo Morales Daal and Victor Leonardo Gonzalez.  Schola Cantorum de Venezuela works under the sponsorship of the Fundación Schola Cantorum de Venezuela, a Non-Profit Organization that oversees several other choirs such as: Cantoría Alberto Grau, Pequeños Cantores de la Schola and Schola Juvenil.  Together they provide a complete system to promote and develop choral music in Venezuela. A choir ( ) (also known as a quire, chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers.  Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform.  Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present, or popular music repertoire.  Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm and face gestures. Jameson Neil Marvin (born 1941, Glendale CA) is an American choral conductor, composer, arranger, and editor who from 1978-2010 directed the Harvard Glee Club, the Radcliffe Choral Society, and the Harvard-Radcliffe Collegium Musicum (collectively the Holden Choruses) and has also taught choral conducting at Harvard University.  He received a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in Choral Music from the University of Illinois, a Master of Arts in Choral Conducting from Stanford University, and a Bachelor of Arts in Music Composition from the University of California, Santa Barbara.  He has worked with Howard Swan and Robert Shaw, and his students have gone on to lead major choruses throughout the country.  With the Holden Choruses, he has made nearly a dozen appearances at conventions of the American Choral Directors Association, including six national conventions. Larry Nickel (born March 12, 1952) is a Canadian composer, conductor, music publisher and singer who devotes much of his focus to choral music.  He is an associate composer of the Canadian Music Centre.  and has composed for a wide spectrum of genres; electronic and computer music, string quartet, woodwind and brass quintet, Symphony Orchestra, Symphonic Wind Ensemble and choral ensembles, including both secular and ecclesiastical music.  Primarily, he has written and arranged hundreds of compositions for choirs.  Nickel also works as a choral clinician, occasional university professor, music minister, guest conductor and music festival adjudicator.  Nickel sang professionally with the Vancouver Chamber Choir for six years, directed the Jubilate Vocal Ensemble for five years, and is currently singing with the Vancouver Cantata Singers.  In 2010 Nickel became the owner and co-editor (with Diane Loomer) of Cypress Choral Music Publishing.  Nickel's music is published by Oxford University Press, G. Schirmer, Shawnee Press, Pavane Publishing, Morton Music, Cypress Choral Music, Classica and Canadian International Music.  The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation - CBC Radio - has featured his music many times. The Washington Men's Camerata is an American men's chorus based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1984 by Ned Goldberg, Brad Spencer and a few others who attended Cornell University and were involved in their Glee club, to perform, promote and preserve the legacy of men's choral music.  Since 1999, Frank Albinder—who previously served as the Associate Director of Chanticleer (America's only full-time professional vocal ensemble)—has been the Camerata's Music Director.  The Camerata seeks to present concerts to the widest possible audience; educate young people and generate interest on their part in choral music; collaborate with orchestras, other ensembles and recording companies in performances and recordings of men's choral repertoire; through the Demetrius Project, the National Repository Library of Men's Choral Music, preserve and share collections of music that are no longer in use; and encourage composers to write music for male chorus by promoting and performing newly composed works for men's chorus. Joan Catoni Conlon is Professor and Director of Graduate Choral Research Emerita for the University of Colorado at Boulder, where she conducted the University Singers.  She received her BA, MA and DMA degrees from the University of Washington where she was Professor of Choral Music and Conducting (1972–95).  From 1971 to 1995 she was the conductor of the Northwest Chamber Chorus in Seattle, Washington, and was the chair of the Research and Publications Committee of the American Choral Directors Association.  Her scholarship specializes in the choral music of Georg Philipp Telemann and Claudio Monteverdi.  She published "Performing Monteverdi: A Conductor’s Guide" (ISBN  ).  She has also studied the Hindustani classical vocal music of India.  In 2009 she edited and contributed to 'Wisdom, Wit and Will: Women Choral Conductors On their Art' ISBN  .]  -- a collection of essays relating to conducting choral literature and professional development. Leonard Peter Ratzlaff, CM, AOE (born January 27, 1949) is the choral conductor for Edmonton's Richard Eaton Singers.  Born in Swalwell, Alberta, he obtained his graduate degree in choral conducting from the University of Iowa, and his doctoral dissertation on Anton Bruckner's "Te Deum" earned him the American Choral Directors Association Julius Herford Dissertation Prize.  A professor of Choral Music at the University of Alberta since 1981, he also conducts the University of Alberta Madrigal Singers, and co-supervises the largest graduate program in choral conducting in Canada.  His honors include induction into the City of Edmonton Hall of Fame, the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal, the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for distinguished service to Canadian choral music, induction into the Alberta Order of Excellence, induction as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and being named to the Order of Canada.  In 2011, he and RES celebrated 30 years of his leadership as conductor. Kenneth Fulton,MME - Ph.D is the Sanders Alumni Professor of Choral Studies and Chair of the Division of Ensembles and Conducting at Louisiana State University (LSU)'s College of Music and Dramatic Arts.  He is conductor of the LSU A Cappella Choir and teaches choral music.  Internationally recognized as a conductor and clinician, Fulton has appeared professionally in 32 different states.  Dr. Fulton's choirs have given 18 invitational performances for national audiences of the American Choral Directors Association and the Music Educators National Conference, the College Music Society, the Sonneck Society, and the American Musicological Society, as well as numerous regional performances.  He was also chorus master for the Baton Rouge Symphony Chorus for fifteen years and Artistic Director/Conductor for the Linz International Choral Festival in Linz, Austria, where he annually conducted performances with the Festival Orchestra and Chorus.  Dr. Fulton is known as one of the most respected university choral conductors in America.
Answer: Czech