Question: Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research is an academic institution that studies the struggle that began when?
Context: Sicherheit und Frieden (English: "Security and Peace") is a quarterly German academic journal focusing on peace research and security policy publishing articles in German and English.  Since 2004 the journal also publishes peer-reviewed articles.  The current editor-in-chief is Michael Brzoska (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, University of Hamburg). The Peace Research Institute Oslo (Norwegian: "Institutt for fredsforskning" ; PRIO) is an independent peace and conflict studies research institution, based in Oslo, Norway.  It is regarded as the world's "oldest and most prominent peace research center."  It was founded in 1959 by a group of Norwegian researchers led by Johan Galtung, the principal founder of peace and conflict studies, who was the institute's first director.  The "Journal of Peace Research", the discipline's preeminent journal, is also published by the institute. The International Area Studies Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Center for International Area Studies (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) and the Peace Research Institute Oslo.  It covers all aspects of international area studies.  The editor-in-chief is Scott Gates (Peace Research Institute Oslo).  It was established in 1997 and is published by Sage Publications. Dan Smith OBE (born 1951) is a British author, cartographer and peace researcher.  He is Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Manchester.  He was Director of Peace Research Institute Oslo from 1993 to 2001.  Smith was the Secretary General of the independent peacebuilding organisation International Alert and is currently the Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Tami Steinmetz Center For Peace Research is an academic research institution of Tel Aviv University which surveys public opinion regarding the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and the Arab–Israeli conflict. Widely regarded as the Pioneer of Peace studies in India, Professor Priyankar Upadhaya holds the UNESCO Chair for Peace and Intercultural Understanding at Banaras Hindu University(Asia's largest residential university), Varanasi.  He also heads the Malaviya Center for Peace Research situated in the University.  Professor Upadhayaya holds M.Phil.  and Ph.D Degree of Jawaharlal Nehru University.  He also holds Advance International Diploma(s) in Conflict Resolution from the Uppsala University, Sweden.  Prof. Upadhaya has done Post-Doctoral Research at London University and the Woodrow Wilson Centre for International Scholars, Wash DC.  He was selected for the Guest Scholar Award of the Woodrow Wilson Centre of International Scholars at Wash DC 1992, Faculty Research Award, Canadian Govt.  1999 and Senior Fulbright Award in 2004.  Professor Upadhyaya has taught and done research in Political Science & Conflict Resolution in many parts of the world, including Concordia University, Montreal; Ulster University in Northern Ireland, at the Department of Political Science, Karlstad University in Sweden and US Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs.  He has also been Fellow at the Henry L Stimson Center, Wash DC, and recently a Senior Visiting Fellow at the Peace Research Institute (PRIO), Oslo.  Professor Upadhyaya has publications in journals and books from OUP, MUP, CUP, Sage, Ashgate and Routledge among others and research articles in reputed International Journals such as the Denver Journal of International Law & Policy; International Studies (Sage) and Strategic Analysis (Routledge). The Israeli–Palestinian conflict (Hebrew: הסכסוך הישראלי-פלסטיני‎ , "Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Falestini " ‎ ; Arabic: النزاع-الفلسطيني الإسرائيلي‎ , "al-Niza'a al-Filastini-al-Israili " ‎ ) is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid-20th century.  The origins to the conflict can be traced back to Jewish immigration, and sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine between Jews and Arabs.  It has been referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict", with the ongoing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching 50 years. Hanna Newcombe, co-founder of Peace Research Abstracts and Peace Research Reviews, was the recipient of the 1997 Pearson Medal of Peace and was elected a member of the Order of Canada in 2007 for her work in peace research and international relations.  Newcombe was born Hanna Hammerschlag on Feb. 5, 1922 in Prague.  She was the only surviving child of Arthur and Paula Hammerschlag (née Seger); an older brother, Georg, was killed in a tragic kitchen accident when he was a toddler.  Her childhood and early adolescence were in Prague.  When she was 17, the Nazis marched into Prague, prompting her Jewish parents to emigrate with her to Canada in 1939.  Her father was able to obtain a visa through contacts made in the course of his business as an importer of grain.  As a Canadian requirement of their immigration, the family managed a fruit farm near Grimsby, Ontario, for several years, moving to Toronto after the Second World War.  Newcombe earned a B.Sc from McMaster University in 1945.  She met her husband Alan George Newcombe at McMaster, and they then both went on to earn doctorates in chemistry from the University of Toronto. The Journal of Peace Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews in the fields of peace and conflict studies, conflict resolution, and international security.  It was established by Johan Galtung in 1964 and has been published bimonthly since 1998.  Nils Petter Gleditsch was editor-in-chief from 1983 to 2010; 2010-2017 the editor was Henrik Urdal, and as of July 2010 the editor is Gudrun Østby (all researchers at the Peace Research Institute Oslo - PRIO). The Peace and Justice Studies Association (PJSA) is a non-profit organization presently headquartered at Georgetown University in Washington, DC.  The PJSA was formed in 2001 as a result of a merger of the Consortium on Peace Research, Education and Development (COPRED) and the Peace Studies Association (PSA).  Both organizations focused on peace, conflict and justice studies.  PJSA is dedicated to bringing together academics, K-12 teachers and grassroots activists to explore alternatives to violence and to share visions and strategies for peacebuilding, social justice, and social change.  It also serves as a professional association for scholars in the field of peace and conflict resolution studies.  It is the North American regional affiliate of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA).  For reasons of language, Mexico is part of IPRA's South American affiliate.
Answer: mid-20th century