Question: Where did Richard Lindzen work when he proposed the Iris hypothesis?
Context: The one gene–one enzyme hypothesis is the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway.  The concept was proposed by George Beadle and Edward Tatum in an influential 1941 paper on genetic mutations in the mold "Neurospora crassa", and subsequently was dubbed the "one gene–one enzyme hypothesis" by their collaborator Norman Horowitz.  In 2004 Norman Horowitz reminisced that "these experiments founded the science of what Beadle and Tatum called 'biochemical genetics.'  In actuality they proved to be the opening gun in what became molecular genetics and all the developments that have followed from that."  The development of the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis is often considered the first significant result in what came to be called molecular biology.  Although it has been extremely influential, the hypothesis was recognized soon after its proposal to be an oversimplification.  Even the subsequent reformulation of the "one gene–one polypeptide" hypothesis is now considered too simple to describe the relationship between genes and proteins. A statistical hypothesis, sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled via a set of random variables.  A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference.  Commonly, two statistical data sets are compared, or a data set obtained by sampling is compared against a synthetic data set from an idealized model.  A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis that proposes no relationship between two data sets.  The comparison is deemed "statistically significant" if the relationship between the data sets would be an unlikely realization of the null hypothesis according to a threshold probability—the significance level.  Hypothesis tests are used in determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.  The process of distinguishing between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is aided by identifying two conceptual types of errors (type 1 & type 2), and by specifying parametric limits on e.g. how much type 1 error will be permitted. The 2R hypothesis or Ohno's hypothesis, first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, is a hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate lineage underwent two complete genome duplications, and thus modern vertebrate genomes reflect paleopolyploidy.  The name derives from the "2 rounds" of duplication originally hypothesized by Ohno, but refined in a 1994 version, and the term "2R hypothesis" was probably coined in 1999.  Variations in the number and timings of genome duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis.  The 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research and controversy; however, with growing support from genome data, including the human genome, the balance of opinion has shifted strongly in favour of support for the hypothesis.  According to Hokamp "et al." (2003), the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland "et al." (1994) and the term was coined in Hughes (1999). Richard Siegmund Lindzen (born February 8, 1940) is an American atmospheric physicist known for his work in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere, atmospheric tides, and ozone photochemistry.  He has published more than 200 scientific papers and books.  From 1983 until his retirement in 2013, he was Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  He was a lead author of Chapter 7, "Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks," of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Third Assessment Report on climate change.  He has criticized the scientific consensus about climate change and what he has called "climate alarmism." The Knudson hypothesis, also known as the two-hit hypothesis or multiple-hit hypothesis, is the hypothesis that cancer is the result of accumulated mutations to a cell's DNA.  It was first proposed by Carl O. Nordling in 1953, and later formulated by Alfred G. Knudson in 1971.  Knudson's work led indirectly to the identification of cancer-related genes. Knudson won the 1998 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award for this work. A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.  For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.  Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories.  Even though the words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used synonymously, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory.  A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research. The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of scientific method.  According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data.  A test that could and does run contrary to predictions of the hypothesis is taken as a falsification of the hypothesis.  A test that could but does not run contrary to the hypothesis corroborates the theory.  It is then proposed to compare the explanatory value of competing hypotheses by testing how stringently they are corroborated by their predictions. The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.  The earliest and probably most widely accepted scientific theory of antidepressant action is the monoamine hypothesis (which can be traced back to the 1950s), which states that depression is due to an imbalance (most often a deficiency) of the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine).  It was originally proposed based on the observation that certain hydrazine anti-tuberculosis agents produce antidepressant effects, which was later linked to their inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase, the enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of the monoamine neurotransmitters.  All currently marketed antidepressants have the monoamine hypothesis as their theoretical basis, with the possible exception of agomelatine which acts on a dual melatonergic-serotonergic pathway.  Despite the success of the monoamine hypothesis it has a number of limitations: for one, all monoaminergic antidepressants have a delayed onset of action of at least a week; and secondly, there are a sizeable portion (>40%) of depressed patients that do not adequately respond to monoaminergic antidepressants.  Further evidence to the contrary of the monoamine hypothesis are the recent findings that a single intravenous infusion with ketamine, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor — a type of glutamate receptor — produces rapid (within 2 hours), robust and sustained (lasting for up to a fortnight) antidepressant effects.  Monoamine precursor depletion also fails to alter mood.  To overcome these flaws with the monoamine hypothesis a number of alternative hypotheses have been proposed, including the glutamate, neurogenic, epigenetic, cortisol hypersecretion and inflammatory hypotheses. The iris hypothesis is a hypothesis proposed by Richard Lindzen et al. in 2001 that suggested increased sea surface temperature in the tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth's atmosphere.  His study of observed changes in cloud coverage and modeled effects on infrared radiation released to space as a result supported the hypothesis.  This suggested infrared radiation leakage was hypothesized to be a negative feedback in which an initial warming would result in an overall cooling of the surface.  The consensus view is that increased sea surface temperature would result in increased cirrus clouds and reduced infrared radiation leakage and therefore a positive feedback. The two-gospel hypothesis is that the Gospel of Matthew was written before the Gospel of Luke, and that both were written earlier than the Gospel of Mark.  It is a proposed solution to the Synoptic Problem, which concerns the pattern of similarities and differences between the three Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke.  The hypothesis, following an original proposal by Augustine and expanded by Johann Jakob Griesbach (it was once called the Griesbach hypothesis), was introduced in its current form by William Farmer in 1964.  This hypothesis is the most serious alternative to the two-source hypothesis.  Its main advantages over the two-source hypothesis include the fact that it relies not just on internal evidence, that it does not require lost sources like the Q document, and that it is supported by the view of the early Church.  Unlike the two-source hypothesis, the two-gospel hypothesis concludes that the traditional accounts of the gospels (order and date of publication, as well as authorship) are accurate.  A further development of the Augustinian and Griesbach hypotheses is found in the hypothesis of Eta Linnemann, followed by F. David Farnell, that the "two Gospels" were required by the "two witnesses" rule of Deuteronomy.
Answer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology