Question: When was the person who wrote "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study" born?
Context: The Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Title V, was put in place to correct the problem of discrimination against people with disabilities in the United States.  Affirmative action programs were established in Title V, Sections 501, 502, 503, and 504.  Individuals who qualify as having a disability have experienced discrimination both because of negative attitudes in regard to their ability to be an effective employee, as well as the physical barriers at work facilities.  The Title V of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act requires private employers with federal contracts over $2,500 to take affirmative action to hire individuals with a mental or physical disability.  While this means that employers must make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees, it does not mean they must hire unqualified individuals.  There are additional sections of the Act that provide vocational counseling, training assistance and job placement for individuals with severe disabilities An affirmative action bake sale is a type of campus protest event used by student groups to performatively criticize affirmative action policies by charging students different prices depending on which social or racial group they belong to.  It has also been used to raise awareness of racial or sexual wage gaps. Engineering law (or law in engineering) is the empirical study of the application of laws and legal strategy in engineering.  Applied law aims to explain how law interacts with industry.  The current school of thought within the academic community of lawyers and engineers is the pragmatic paradigm.  Commonly, professionals have a Bachelors in Engineering and a Bachelors in Law, and increasingly commonly a Masters of Business Administration.  Pragmatic application of laws means the empirical study of how a corporate legal framework should be adopted. The concept of business process orientation (BPO) is based upon the work of Deming (Walton, 1996), Porter (1985), Davenport and Short (1990), Hammer (1993, 1996 and 1999), Grover et al. (1995), and Coombs and Hull (1996).  This body of work suggests that firms could enhance their overall performance by adopting a “process view” of the organization.  Although many firms have adopted the BPO concept, little to no empirical data existed substantiating its effectiveness in facilitating improved business performance.  McCormack (2000) conducted an empirical study to explore the relationship between BPO and enhanced business performance.  The research results showed that BPO is critical in reducing conflict and encouraging greater connectedness within an organization, while improving business performance.  Moreover, companies with strong measures of BPO showed better overall business performance.  The research also showed that high BPO levels within organizations led to a more positive corporate climate, illustrated through better organizational connectedness and less internal conflict.  Another empirical study by Kohlbacher (2009) reveals that BPO is positively associated with customer satisfaction, product quality, delivery speed and time-to-market speed. Executive Order 11246, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24, 1965, established requirements for non-discriminatory practices in hiring and employment on the part of U.S. government contractors.  It "prohibits federal contractors and federally assisted construction contractors and subcontractors, who do over $10,000 in Government business in one year from discriminating in employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."  It also requires contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin."  The phrase "affirmative action" had appeared previously in Executive Order 10925 in 1961. Carl Cohen (born April 30, 1931) is Professor of Philosophy at the Residential College of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.  He is co-author of "The Animal Rights Debate" (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), a point-counterpoint volume with Prof. Tom Regan; he is also the author of "Democracy" (Macmillan, 1972); the author of "Four Systems" (Random House, 1982); the editor of "Communism, Fascism, and Democracy" (McGraw Hill, 1997); the co-author (with J. Sterba) of "Affirmative Action and Racial Preference" (Oxford, 2003), co-author (with I. M. Copi) of "Introduction to Logic, 13th edition" (Prentice-Hall, 2008), and author of "A Conflict of Principles: The Battle over Affirmative Action at the University of Michigan" (University Press of Kansas, 2014). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study is a 2004 nonfiction work by economist Thomas Sowell. Cutting the Mustard: Affirmative Action and the Nature of Excellence is a 1987 non-fiction book by civil libertarian and United States lawyer Marjorie Heins about Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and its relationship to affirmative action and sexism.  Heins discusses the case of Nancy Richardson, dean of student affairs at the Boston University School of Theology, who was removed from her position by the school's administration in 1981.  Heins represented Richardson in an unsuccessful lawsuit against Boston University for wrongful termination and sexism.  "Cutting the Mustard" recounts the case, interspersing reflections on the lawsuit with a discussion of relevant case law, decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States related to affirmative action and multiple criticisms of contradictory court decisions in affirmative-action cases. Thomas Sowell ( ; born June 30, 1930) is an American economist, turned social theorist, political philosopher, and author. Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture.  Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, promoting diversity, and redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances.
Answer: June 30, 1930