Question: Tagarata was a city in an empire characterized by what ?
Context: Post-classical history (also called the Post-Antiquity era, Post-Ancient Era, or Pre-Modern Era) is the period of time that immediately followed ancient history and preceded modern history.  Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years 200–600 and 1200–1500.  The major classical civilizations the era follows are Han China (ending in 220), the Western Roman Empire (in 476), the Gupta Empire (in the 550s), and the Sasanian Empire (in 651).  The post-classical era itself was followed by the early modern era, and forms the middle period in a three-period division of world history: ancient, post-classical, and modern.  The era is thought to be characterized by invasions from Central Asia, the development of the great world religions (Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism), and of networks of trade and military contact between civilizations. The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).  It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.  During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe.  Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr.  "Basileia tôn Rhōmaiōn" ; Latin: "Imperium Romanum" ), or "Romania" (Ῥωμανία ), and to themselves as "Romans". The extension of the Vijayanagar Empire into the Tamil country began with the southern inroads made by Sangama kings between 1356 and 1378.  With the destruction of the Madurai Sultanate in 1377-78, most of the present-day Tamil Nadu, eventually, came under the rule of the Vijayanagar Empire.  The rule of the Vijayanagar kings was characterized by the restoration of religious freedom to the Hindu majority which was denied by the Madurai sultans and a revival of music, arts and crafts.  The rule of the Vijayanagar kings also witnessed the steady decline of Tamil language as the new rulers patronized Kannada and Telugu over Tamil.  The Vijayanagar Empire's hold over the Tamil country collapsed in the mid 16th century as the kingdom itself disintegrated into a number of petty chieftainships. Tagarata, was a Roman era civitas of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. The Emirate of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان امارت‎ "Da Afghānistān Amārat ") was an emirate between Central Asia and South Asia, which is today's Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.  The emirate emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammed Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, prevailed.  The history of the Emirate was dominated by 'the Great Game' between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom for supremacy in Central Asia.  This period was characterized by the expansion of European colonial interests in South Asia.  The Emirate of Afghanistan continued the war with the Sikh Empire, which led to the invasion of Afghanistan by British-led Indian forces who completely wiped out the Afghans in 1842 but did not fulfil their initial war objectives.  However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the British again defeated the Afghans and this time the British took control of Afghanistan's foreign affairs until Emir Amanullah Khan regained them after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 was signed following the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Tagarata was a Roman era civitas of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis.  The ancient city has been tentatively identified with ruins at Bir-El-Djedidi, Tunisia. The Roman Empire (Latin: "Imperium Rōmānum" ; ] Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.  "Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn" ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.  The city of Rome was the largest city in the world  100 BC  AD 400 , with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time).  The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC.  Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt.  Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic. Mehmed IV (Ottoman Turkish: محمد رابع "Meḥmed-i rābiʿ"; Modern Turkish: "IV.  Mehmet"; also known as "Avcı Mehmed", Mehmed the Hunter; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687.  He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup.  Mehmed went on to become the second longest reigning sultan in Ottoman history.  While the first and last years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and political instability, during his middle years he oversaw the revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the Köprülü era.  Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi, or "holy warrior" for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign.  Under his reign the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe.  From a young age he developed a keen interest in hunting, for which he is known as "avcı" (translated as "the Hunter").  In 1687 Mehmed was overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing War of the Holy League.  He subsequently retired to Edirne, where he resided until his natural death in 1693. The Transformation of the Ottoman Empire, also known as the Era of Transformation, constitutes a period in the history of the Ottoman Empire from  1550 to  1700 , spanning roughly from the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent to the Treaty of Karlowitz at the conclusion of the War of the Holy League.  This period was characterized by numerous dramatic political, social, and economic changes, which resulted in the empire shifting from an expansionist, patrimonial state into a bureaucratic empire based on an ideology of upholding justice and acting as the protector of Sunni Islam.  These changes were in large part prompted by a series of political and economic crises in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, resulting from inflation, warfare, and political factionalism.  Yet despite these crises the empire remained strong both politically and economically, and continued to adapt to the challenges of a changing world.  The seventeenth century was once characterized as a period of decline for the Ottomans, but since the 1980s historians of the Ottoman Empire have increasingly rejected that characterization, identifying it instead as a period of crisis, adaptation, and transformation. The foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire were characterized by competition with the Persian Empire to the east and Europe to the west.  The foreign relations of the Ottomans began to collapse in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually leading to the loss of many important territories.  Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence soon followed, and eventually most of the Arab lands became independent soon before the Empire entered World War I.
Answer: by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia