Question: Cognitive elite is a term coined by the author of what 1984 book?
Context: Scholarly skywriting is a term coined by cognitive scientist Stevan Harnad describing the combination of multiple email and a topic threaded web archive such as a newsgroup, electronic mailing list, hypermail, netnews or Internet forum, linked and sortable by date, author, or subject-heading threads.  The name derives from the idea that texts can be written in the "sky" (via multiple email and a web archive) for all to see ("skyreading") and all to add their own comments to ("skywriting"). The term cognitive neuroscience was coined by George Armitage Miller and Michael Gazzaniga in year 1976.  Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes.  It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain.  Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology.  Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling. "Cartesian theater" is a derisive term coined by philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett to refer pointedly to a defining aspect of what he calls Cartesian materialism, which he considers to be the often unacknowledged remnants of Cartesian dualism in modern materialist theories of the mind. Mentifact (sometimes called a "psychofact") is a term coined by Sir Julian Sorell Huxley, used together with the related terms "sociofact" and "artifact" to describe how cultural traits, such as "beliefs, values, ideas," take on a life of their own spanning over generations, and are conceivable as objects in themselves.  This concept has been useful to anthropologists in refining the definition of culture.  For instance, Edward Tylor, the first academic anthropologist, included both artifacts and such abstract concepts as kinship systems as elements of culture.  Anthropologist Robert Aunger explains that such an inclusive definition ends up encouraging poor anthropological practice because "it becomes difficult to distinguish what exactly is "not" part of culture."  Aunger goes on to explain that after the cognitive revolution in the social sciences in the 1960s, there is "considerable agreement" among anthropologists that a mentifactual analysis, one that assumes that culture consists of "things in the head" (i.e. mentifacts), is the most appropriate way to define the concept of culture. According to Rieh (2005), "Patrick Wilson (1983) developed the cognitive authority theory from social epistemology in his book, "Second-hand Knowledge: An Inquiry into Cognitive Authority".  The fundamental concept of Wilson’s cognitive authority is that people construct knowledge in two different ways: based on their first-hand experience or on what they have learned second-hand from others.  What people learn first-hand depends on the stock of ideas they bring to the interpretation and understanding of their encounters with the world.  People primarily depend on others for ideas as well as for information outside the range of direct experience.  Much of what they think of the world is what they have gained second-hand.  Wilson (1983) argues that all that people know of the world beyond the narrow range of their own lives is what others have told them.  However, people do not count all hearsay as equally reliable; only those who are deemed to “know what they are talking about” become cognitive authorities.  Wilson coined the term cognitive authority to explain the kind of authority that influences thoughts that people would consciously recognize being proper.  Cognitive authority differs from administrative authority or the authority vented in a hierarchical position."  (Rieh, 2005). "Reactionary modernism" is a term first coined by Jeffrey Herf in his 1984 book, "Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich", to describe the mixture of "great enthusiasm for modern technology with a rejection of the Enlightenment and the values and institutions of liberal democracy" which was characteristic of the German Conservative Revolutionary movement and Nazism.  In turn, this ideology of reactionary modernism was closely linked to the original, positive view of the "Sonderweg", which saw Germany as the great Central European power neither of the West nor of the East. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is a 1994 book by psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and political scientist Charles Murray, in which the authors argue that human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and is a better predictor of many personal dynamics, including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlock, and involvement in crime than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status.  They also argue that those with high intelligence, the "cognitive elite", are becoming separated from those of average and below-average intelligence.  The book was controversial, especially where the authors wrote about racial differences in intelligence and discussed the implications of those differences. The cognitive elite of a society, according to Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, are those having higher intelligence levels and thus better prospects for success in life.  The development of a cognitive elite during the 20th century is presented in their 1994 book "The Bell Curve".  In this book, Herrnstein and Murray propose that the cognitive elite has been produced by a more technological society which offers enough high skill jobs for those with a higher intelligence to fill.  They also propose that by removing race, gender or class as criteria the main criteria of success in academic and professional life is becoming primarily based on cognitive ability. Produsage is a portmanteau of the words "production" and "usage", coined by Australian media scholar Axel Bruns and popularized in his book "Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage".  Produsage is the type of user-led content creation that takes place in a variety of online environments, open source software, and the blogosphere.  The concept blurs the boundaries between passive consumption and active production.  The distinction between producers and consumers or users of content has faded, as users play the role of producers whether they are aware of this role or not.  The hybrid term "produser" refers to an individual who is engaged in the activity of produsage.  This concept is similar and related to commons-based peer production, a term coined by Yochai Benkler. Charles Alan Murray ( ; born January 8, 1943) is an American Libertarian, political scientist, author, and columnist.  His book "Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980" (1984), which discussed the American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced subsequent government policy.  He became well-known for his controversial book "The Bell Curve" (1994), written with Richard Herrnstein, in which he argues that intelligence is a better predictor than parental socio-economic status or education level of many individual outcomes including income, job performance, pregnancy out of wedlock, and crime, and that social welfare programs and education efforts to improve social outcomes for the disadvantaged are largely wasted.
Answer: Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980