Question: What typhoon struck China in 2012 approached within 800 km of Hong Kong and posed a threat of deteriorating conditions in Hong Kong?
Context: Typhoon Fitow, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Quedan, was the strongest typhoon to make landfall in Mainland China during October since 1949.  The 21st named storm of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season, Fitow developed on September 29 to the east of the Philippines.  It initially tracked north-northwestward, gradually intensifying into a tropical storm and later to typhoon status, or with winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph).  Fitow later turned more to the west-northwest due to an intensifying ridge to the east, bringing the typhoon over the Ryukyu Islands with peak winds of 140 km/h (85 mph) on October 5.  The next day, the typhoon struck China at Fuding in Fujian province, with a landfall pressure of 955 mbar according to the China Meteorological Administration (CMA).  Fitow quickly weakened over land, dissipating on October 7. Tensions between people from Hong Kong and mainland China have developed since the handover of Hong Kong's sovereignty to China in 1997, and in particular since the late 2000s and early 2010s.  Various factors have contributed to the development of such tensions: these include a difference between the popular interpretation in Hong Kong of the "One country, two systems" constitutional principle as against the Chinese government's official interpretation; policies of the Hong Kong and central governments to encourage mainland visitors to Hong Kong; and changing economic environments in Hong Kong and mainland China.  Increasingly, these tensions have resulted in a rising sentiment in Hong Kong of hostility to "mainlanders" and resentment at a perceived trend towards assimilation and interference from the mainland and the central government, and at the same time a rising sentiment in mainland China of bewilderment and resentment at assertions that Hong Kong is, and should remain, different from the mainland in terms of political system, culture and language. Typhoon Sarah was among the deadliest typhoons on record in the western Pacific Ocean, killing around 2,000 people.  It formed during the peak of the busy 1959 Pacific typhoon season near Guam, and moved generally to the west-northwest.  Continued observations from the Hurricane Hunters allowed the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to track Sarah from its origins to its peak as a powerful typhoon, with maximum sustained winds estimated at 305 km/h (190 mph) on September 15.  Shortly thereafter, the typhoon struck the small Japanese island of Miyako-jima, where the barometric pressure fell to 908.1 mbar , the second-lowest on record for the country.  Sarah turned to the north and northeast, weakening from its peak intensity.  On September 17, the typhoon made landfall just west of Busan, South Korea with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), the nation's strongest landfall at the time and only to be surpassed by Typhoon Maemi in 2003.  Sarah later became extratropical over the Japanese island of Hokkaido on September 18, although the remnants persisted for several days, crossing into the Russian Far East and later dissipating on September 23. Typhoon Ike, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nitang, was the deadliest typhoon of the 1984 Pacific typhoon season and crossed the Philippines in September.  This tropical cyclone formed on August 27 in the Philippine Sea, and strengthened as it moved westward into the southern Philippines, becoming a typhoon on August 31.  Typhoon Ike caused extreme wind and flooding damage when it crossed the Philippines, resulting in 1492 fatalities, one of the Philippines' worst natural disaster in modern times, and its worst typhoon since Amy struck the archipelago in 1951.  A total of 200,000 to 480,000 were left homeless.  Emerging from the Philippines as a strong tropical storm, Ike restrengthened as it tracked northwest through the South China Sea across northeast Hainan Island.  Weakening back into a tropical storm, Ike moved inland into mainland China.  In Hong Kong, winds gusted to 49 kn at Tate's Cairn.  Extensive crop damage was experienced in southern China, with Ike becoming the most significant tropical cyclone to strike Guangxi since 1954.  The total damage was reportedly US$111 million (1984 dollars).  The name Ike was retired after this season.  Typhoon Ike was recorded with a 220 km/h gust and an estimated 185 km/h msw in Surigao on September 2 and is one of the intense tropical cyclones and devastating and deadliest to hit the Philippines. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of the People’s Republic of China is a destination and transit territory for men and women trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor.  Hong Kong is primarily a transit point for illegal migrants, some of whom are subject to conditions of debt bondage, sexual exploitation, and forced labor.  To a lesser extent, Hong Kong is a destination for women from the Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia who travel to Hong Kong voluntarily for legal employment in restaurants, bars, and hotels, but upon arrival are coerced into prostitution under conditions of debt bondage.  Some of the women in Hong Kong’s commercial sex trade are believed to be trafficking victims.  Although Hong Kong continues efforts to regulate the thousands of foreign domestic workers from the Philippines and Indonesia currently working in Hong Kong, there appears to be a growing number of Indonesian workers who are subject to exploitation and conditions of involuntary servitude.  Many Indonesian domestic workers earning the minimum wage are required to repay to their Indonesian recruitment agency $2,700 within their first seven months of employment, amounting to roughly 90 percent of a worker’s monthly salary.  Such high levels of indebtedness assumed as part of the terms of employment can lead to situations of debt bondage, when unlawfully exploited by recruiters or employers.  Additionally, the confiscation of passports by some Hong Kong employment agencies restricts the ability of migrant workers to leave their employer in cases of abuse, and places them under further control of their employment agency, leaving them vulnerable to trafficking. Youth in Hong Kong, according to the University of Hong Kong Statistical Profile, includes citizens of the Chinese territory of Hong Kong aged 15–24 years.  As of 2011, youth in Hong Kong ages 15–24 made up 12.4% of Hong Kong's overall population at 875,200 people.  Hong Kong is a hybrid culture, influenced by China and Britain, but overall by its international economic ties, which plays a role in shaping the lives of the youth in Hong Kong.  The youth in Hong Kong are unique in the fact that many are living Transnationalist identities.  The demographics are not just ethnically Chinese youth in Hong Kong, but also youth that are ethnically White, Indonesian, Filipino, which can be seen in Demographics of Hong Kong, and that creates a unique society.  "Although with a dominant Chinese population, Hong Kong is an international city and is a mix of East and West rich in cultures, history, and religions."  The disparity between the rich and poor within Hong Kong has been growing wider. The Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals (), or informally typhoon signals (, literally, "wind balls"), are a set of signals used to indicate the threat or effects of a tropical cyclone.  The Hong Kong Observatory issues the warning signal if a tropical cyclone approaches within 800 km of Hong Kong and poses a threat of deteriorating conditions in Hong Kong. Typhoon Vicente, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Ferdie, was regarded as the most powerful storm to strike southern China in recent years, as it made landfall as a powerful category 4 equivalent-typhoon.  Vicente was also a powerful tropical cyclone that struck Macau and nearly impacted Hong Kong, as well as Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in China.  Vicente, the eighth named storm and third typhoon in the 2012 Pacific typhoon season, began life as a tropical depression on July 18, 2012 north east of the Philippines.  Vicente soon steadily moved into the South China Sea, and began to intensify above warm sea waters, and began explosive intensification early on July 23, and started to charge toward the Guangdong region prompting the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) to issue the Hurricane Signal, No. 10, the first since York in 1999.  The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau also hoisted the Signal No. 9 for the first time since York and after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau.  Late on the same day, Vicente made landfall over Taishan in Guangdong, China. Typhoon Meranti, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ferdie, was one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record.  Impacting the Batanes in the Philippines, Taiwan, as well as Fujian, China in September 2016, Meranti formed as a tropical depression on September 8 near the island of Guam.  Tracking to the west northwest, Meranti gradually intensified until September 11, at which point it began a period of rapid intensification.  Continuing to rapidly intensify, it became a super typhoon early on September 12, as it passed through the Luzon Strait, ultimately reaching its peak intensity on September 13 with 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph).  Shortly afterwards, it passed directly over the island of Itbayat.  Meranti passed to the south of Taiwan as a super typhoon, and began weakening steadily as a result of land interaction.  By September 15, it struck China as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon, becoming the strongest typhoon on record to impact Fujian Province.  Upon moving inland, rapid weakening ensued and Meranti became extratropical the next day, dissipating shortly afterwards after it passed to the south of the Korean Peninsula. The right of abode in Hong Kong is the right to legally reside in Hong Kong without any limit or condition of stay being imposed by the Hong Kong Immigration Department.  As the People's Republic of China stood to resume sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom, the nationality of Hong Kong people as well as their right of abode in the territory was formalised prior to the 1997 handover.  Since Hong Kong has never been an independent country, there is no provision for its own citizenship status.  Hong Kong Permanent Resident is the legal status for those who have the right of abode in Hong Kong, which is the "de-facto" citizenship status in Hong Kong.  Most citizen rights in Hong Kong (such as the right to vote) are granted to all permanent residents, while some (such as the right to hold a HKSAR passport, or becoming a high-rank public officer such as the Chief Executive) are restricted to permanent residents who are also Chinese citizens.
Answer: Typhoon Vicente