Question: The President of Egypt that changed the Hamayouni Decree was born in what year?
Context: Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسني السيد مبارك‎ ‎ , ] , "Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak "; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was the former fundamental law of Egypt.  It was signed into law by President Mohamed Morsi on 26 December 2012, after it was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 30 November 2012 and passed in a referendum held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, and a turnout of 33%.  It replaced the 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt, adopted in 2011 following the Egyptian revolution.  On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order of the Egyptian army.  On 8 July 2013, acting President Adly Mansour issued a decree that envisaged the introduction of amendments to the constitution and put them to a referendum; if approved, the suspended-constitution would be restored into law.  The current constitutional declaration has the power of a constitution; it outlines the authorities of the president and establishes many rights. The Hamayoni Decree (also "Hamayonic", "Hamayouni") (Arabic: الخط الهمايونى‎ ‎ ) or "Hamayony Khat" is a clause in the Egyptian law that dates back to the Hatt-ı Hümayun of February 1856 issued during Ottoman rule, which regulates Christian church construction and maintenance.  It is currently a cause of much controversy due to the conditions that need to be fulfilled in order for the permit to be granted.  These same restrictions do not apply to mosques.  The law formerly required that each permit must be issued by the President of Egypt.  In 1998, under the administration of Hosni Mubarak, the law was changed to also allow Egyptian Governors to grant permits. The Imperial Firman Relative to Hereditary Succession was a "firman" (i.e., decree) issued by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdülaziz on 27 May 1866 at the request of Isma'il Pasha, the "wāli" (i.e. governor) of Egypt, which was then an Ottoman province.  The "firman" changed the rule of succession in Egypt from one based on agnatic seniority to one based on male primogeniture in the direct line of Isma'il Pasha.  The full text of the "firman" read as follows: King of Egypt (Arabic: ملك مصر‎ ‎ "Malik Miṣr ") was the title used by the ruler of Egypt between 1922 and 1951.  When the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt on 28 February 1922, Egypt's Sultan Fouad I issued a decree on 15 March 1922 whereby he adopted the title of "King of Egypt".  It has been reported that the title change was due not only to Egypt's newly independent status, but also to Fouad I's desire to be accorded the same title as the newly installed rulers of the newly created kingdoms of Hejaz, Syria and Iraq.  The only other monarch to be styled "King of Egypt" was Fouad I's son Alex Sofroniou who was previously named king gret Farouk I, whose title was changed to "King of Egypt and the Sudan" in October 1951 following the Wafdist government's unilateral abrogation of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936.  The monarchy was abolished on 18 June 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 and the establishment of a republic.  The then-king, the infant Fuad II of Egypt (Farouk having abdicated following the revolution), went into exile in Switzerland. The Anti-Coup Alliance (also known as the National Alliance Supporting Legitimacy) is a coalition in Egypt formed to defeat the ouster of former president Mohamed Morsi.  The coalition is made up of approximately 40 Islamist parties and groups.  The coalition has called upon the opposition to break ties with figures they call "corrupt" from the Mubarak regime.  Notably, the political wing of the group (the Building and Development Party) and the Wasat Party did not take part in protests held by pro-Morsi forces during the week of 18 October 2013.  The alliance offered a new reconciliation initiative that does not include the reinstatement of Morsi on 26 October 2013; al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, Egyptian Islamic Jihad and the Homeland Party are not calling for the reinstatement of Morsi, while the Virtue Party, Authenticity Party and the Muslim Brotherhood are still demanding that Morsi be reinstated as president.  The group has reached out to what it called "fellow revolutionaries" to cooperate with them against the protest law in Egypt in order to jointly organize protests; Kefaya objected to the call for cooperation.  Members of the Building and Development Party, the political arm of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, wanted to meet with Yasser Al Borhamy, the deputy head of the Salafist Call as well as Emad Abdel Ghaffour, who is the head of the Homeland Party.  Al Borhamy reportedly could not meet with the members, while Ghaffour asked them to stop demonstrations before talks could begin and rebuffed their demands for the reinstatement of Morsi and the bringing back of the Shura Council that was dissolved.  Borhami denied being asked to serve as a mediator, though he stated that he would act as a mediator if there were no preconditions.  The alliance has said it will boycott the 2014 constitutional referendum.  Various groups and parties within the alliance including al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, the Building and Development Party, the Islamic Party, the Freedom and Justice Party and the Virtue Party have criticized the Nour Party for its support of the draft constitution.  The Islamic Party has not participated in meetings with the group because of what Mohamed Abu Samra (the secretary-general of the party) called the "brotherhood's radical thought".  The Salafist Front issued a statement on 30 April 2014 that called on the alliance to temporarily stop its actions in order to avoid more violence; the alliance did not suspend its activities in response.  Egyptian Prime minister Ibrahim Mahlab issued a decree on 16 October 2014 banning the alliance.  Another decree was issued on 30 October 2014 which dissolved the alliance.  A court postponed the appeal of the dissolution of the alliance until 13 November 2014. Decree 1775 was signed into Brazilian law by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso on January 8, 1996.  The decree changed the steps FUNAI was required to follow to demarcate indigenous lands, effectively making the process more complicated and allowing for more interference from commercial interests.  Individuals or companies were allowed from the beginning of the demarcation process until 90 days after FUNAI issued their report to submit an appeal showing that the contested lands do not meet the qualifications of indigenous lands as stated in the constitution.  The decree also placed the final decision in the hands of the Minister of Justice, which left the fate of indigenous lands vulnerable to various political ideologies.  The government claimed that allowing people to contest indigenous lands during the demarcation process would prevent any future challenges of completed lands on the basis of unconstitutionality.  The decree was widely contested as a violation of indigenous rights, earning the nickname of the "Genocide Decree," due to the power it gave to commercial interests to exploit Indian lands.  By April 1996, FUNAI had received over 500 appeals for over 40 indigenous territories that were in the process of being demarcated.  FUNAI followed procedure and submitted its official opinion to the Ministry of Justice, rejecting the appeals that were brought against the indigenous lands.  Justice Nelson Jobim sided with FUNAI on all except eight territories, ordering further investigation. Kal Naga (also credited as Khaled Naga or Khaled Abol Naga) is a multi award-winning actor, film producer and director from Egypt (he directed theatre mostly and short films).  He is a movie star in the Arab World and the Middle East but also a familiar face internationally specially in European film festivals, where he has been honoured with a diverse range of awards as an actor and producer as well as a jury member in film festivals.  Since 2016 he focused on English speaking markets ["Tyrant" TV series season 3 (2016), American FX TV Network, "Vikings" season 5 (2017), History Channel and "The Last Post" TV mini series, UK's BBC TV].  His roles covered a multitude of genres, from musicals ["None but that!"  (2007)], action ["Agamista"(2007), "Eyes Of A Thief" (2014)], thrillers ["Kashf Hesab" (2007)], art-house ["Heliopolis" (2009), "Villa 69" (2013), "Decor" (2014)] and a slapstick comedy ["Habibi Naeman (Sleeping Habibi)" (2008)].  He played the lead in many award-winning films that gained him outstanding international critics acclaim as one of the finest actors in the world today out of the Arab region.  He studied and graduated (with highest honours) as a Tele-communication engineer' from Ain Shams University, studied theatre (as a minor) at the American University in Cairo, and worked on a spacecraft design program (UoSAT-5 ) in the UK.  He finally confirmed his passion and calling for the arts by the year 2000.  In a film festival in 2016 celebrating Arabic films submissions to the "Oscars," he was honoured for being the most submitted actor in Arabic films submissions to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("The Oscars)".  He is often tagged in western media as "Egypt's "Brad Pitt" for his many career similarities with the latter, also described as "the next Omar Sharif" specially after his American debut movie "Civic Duty" in 2007.  He was also described as "Egypt's International treasure" for advocating for freedom and standing up against injustice in his home country Egypt.  He is one of the most recognisable faces of the 2011 revolution, seizing the anti-regime sentiment in the streets of Cairo and taking part in mass demonstrations that led to the removal of President Mubarak.  He faced defamation campaigns against him by the state owned and controlled media during Mubarak era before the January 25th 2011 revolution in Egypt, and once again from the 2013 "coup d'etat" General Sisi government in Egypt.  Nonetheless he continued his regional and international award-winning success, as well as waves of strong support on social media.  He also had a very celebrated and successful career across the Arab world TV networks as a TV & radio host in prime time shows from 1997 till 2005.  He is a human and child rights activist and has been Egypt's UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador 2007–2015.  He has worked across a diverse variety of media, including theatre, radio, television and film in Arabic, English and some French and Italian. Egyptian–Turkish relations are bilateral relations between Egypt and Turkey.  Egypt and Turkey are bound by strong religious, cultural and historical ties, but diplomatic ties between the two have remained extremely friendly at times and extremely strained at others.  For three centuries, Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire, whose capital was Constantinople in modern-day Turkey.  Turkey established diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1925 at the level of Charge d’ Affaires and upgraded its mission in Cairo to Ambassadorial level in 1948.  Both countries have embassies and consulate generals in the other's capitals.  Both countries have signed a free trade agreement in December 2005.  Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.  A natural gas deal between Egypt and Turkey—the largest joint Egyptian-Turkish project to date, estimated to cost $4 billion—is being implemented.  On 16 April 2008, Egypt and Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding to improve and further military relations and cooperation between the two countries.  Relations however have been quite tense on many occasions in history of both countries including the Nasser era in Egypt in the 1950s and 60s.  It has also strongly deteriorated in the period following the overthrow of the Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi on July 3, 2013 following a 48-hour deadline on July 1, marking the end of anti-government protests that took place between June 30 and July 3 that year. The legal foundation for the Egyptian state’s control of church property was the Ottoman Hamayouni Decree of 1856.  This decree sought to eliminate discrimination between citizens of different ethnicities and religions.  Amongst other things, it gave Christians the right to construct places of worship by requiring them to submit a request to the Sultan.
Answer: 1928