anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared amphotericin B sodium deoxycholate with liposomal amphotericin B.
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Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy and adverse events associated with citrate salts for the treatment and prevention of calcium containing kidney stones in adults treated for a minimum of six months.
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Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs looking at dietary interventions for prevention or treatment of CKD‐MBD were eligible for inclusion.
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Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non‐opioids for acute renal colic
Only randomised or quasi randomised studies were included. Other inclusion criteria included adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of renal colic due to urolithiasis, at least one treatment arm included a non‐narcotic analgesic compared to placebo or another non‐narcotic drug, and reporting of pain outcome or medication adverse effect. Patient‐rated pain by a validated tool, time to relief, need for rescue medication and pain recurrence constituted the outcomes of interest. Any adverse effects (minor or major) reported in the studies were included.
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Haemodiafiltration, haemofiltration and haemodialysis for end‐stage kidney disease
We included randomised controlled trials comparing convective therapy (HF, HDF, AFB) with another convective therapy or diffusive therapy (HD) for treatment of ESKD.
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Interventions for lowering plasma homocysteine levels in kidney transplant recipients
Randomised controlled trials of any therapy that has been shown to significantly lower homocysteine levels conducted in people with functioning kidney transplants. Studies were to be included if they compared homocysteine lowering therapy with placebo or usual care, or compare higher versus lower doses of homocysteine lowering therapy.
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Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration
All randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasi‐RCTs that reported comparisons of bicarbonate‐buffered solutions with lactate‐buffered solutions for AKI were selected for inclusion irrespective of publication status or language.
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Loop diuretics for patients receiving blood transfusions
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs assessing a loop diuretic in patients receiving any blood transfusion were considered for inclusion.
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Belatacept for kidney transplant recipients
Randomised controlled trials (RCT) that compared belatacept versus any other immunosuppression regimen in kidney transplant recipients were eligible for inclusion.
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Oral adsorbents for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing any oral adsorbents for preventing or delaying the progression of CKD.
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Androgens for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease in adults
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the use of androgens for treating anaemia of CKD in adults were eligible for inclusion.
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Dietary interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that investigated dietary interventions aimed at preventing complications of idiopathic hypercalciuria, compared with placebo, no intervention, or other dietary interventions regardless of route of administration, dose or amount.
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HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared the effects of statins with placebo, no treatment, standard care, or statins on mortality, cardiovascular events, kidney function and toxicity in kidney transplant recipients.
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Lipid‐lowering agents for nephrotic syndrome
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs (RCTs in which allocation to treatment was obtained by alternation, use of alternate medical records, date of birth or other predictable methods) looking at participants with nephrotic syndrome that compared any lipid‐lowering agent to placebo, no treatment or other lipid‐lowering agents, given for not less than four weeks, were included.
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Percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy for the passage of lower pole kidney stones following shock wave lithotripsy
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs looking at the benefits and harms of percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy for aiding passage of lower pole kidney stones following shock wave lithotripsy were sought for assessment. The first phases of randomised cross‐over studies were also eligible for inclusion.
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Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared higher versus lower FiO2 or targets of arterial oxygenation (partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), peripheral or arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 or SaO2)) for adults admitted to the ICU. We included trials irrespective of publication type, publication status, and language.We excluded trials randomising participants to hypoxaemia (FiO2 below 0.21, SaO2/SpO2 below 80%, or PaO2 below 6 kPa) or to hyperbaric oxygen, and cross‐over trials and quasi‐randomised trials.
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Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
We included randomised controlled trials that compared the treatment drug with placebo, another smoking cessation drug, e‐cigarettes, or no medication. We excluded trials that did not report a minimum follow‐up period of six months from baseline.
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Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel or cross‐over randomised controlled trials of at least one month's duration, comparing LAMA+LABA and LABA+ICS for stable COPD. We included studies conducted in an outpatient setting and irrespective of blinding.
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Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo  for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised trials comparing any dose of any type of ICS, given as monotherapy, with a placebo control in people with stable COPD. We excluded studies of less than 12 weeks' duration and studies of populations with known bronchial hyper‐responsiveness (BHR) or bronchodilator reversibility.
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Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with PH comparing supervised exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes with usual care or no exercise‐based rehabilitation.
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Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults
We included parallel and cross‐over randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated any type of pharmacological agent compared with active controls (e.g. other medications) or passive controls (e.g. placebo, no treatment or usual care) in adults with CSA as defined by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd Edition. We did not exclude studies based on the duration of intervention or follow‐up. We excluded studies focusing on CSA due to periodic breathing at high altitudes.
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Inspiratory muscle training, with or without concomitant pulmonary rehabilitation, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared IMT in combination with PR versus PR alone and IMT versus control/sham. We included different types of IMT irrespective of the mode of delivery. We excluded trials that used resistive devices without controlling the breathing pattern or a training load of less than 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), or both.
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Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared immunostimulant therapy, administered by any method and with the intention of preventing (rather than treating) exacerbations, with placebo for a minimum treatment duration of one month in adults with chronic bronchitis or COPD, or both. We excluded participants with other respiratory conditions.
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Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reported in full text, those published as abstract only, and unpublished data.
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Pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for adults with asthma
We included randomised controlled trials in which pulmonary rehabilitation was compared to usual care in adults with asthma. Pulmonary rehabilitation must have included a minimum of four weeks (or eight sessions) aerobic training and education or self‐management. Co‐interventions were permitted; however, exercise training alone was not.
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Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included single‐ or double‐blind parallel‐group randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing magnesium sulfate in adults with COPD exacerbations. We excluded cross‐over trials.
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Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation
Part 1 ‐ trials of interventions that targeted post‐cessation weight gain and had measured weight at any follow‐up point or smoking cessation, or both, six or more months after quit day.Part 2 ‐ trials included in the selected parent Cochrane reviews reporting weight change at any time point.
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Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea
We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a parallel or cross‐over design, or cluster‐RCTs, which included men aged 18 years or older, with OSAS and ED. We considered RCTs comparing any non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy (such as continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), variable positive airway pressure (VPAP), or similar devices) versus sham, no treatment, waiting list, or pharmacological treatment for ED. The primary outcomes were remission of ED and serious adverse events; secondary outcome were sex‐related quality of life, health‐related quality of life, and minor adverse events.
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Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included only randomised trials comparing pulmonary rehabilitation maintenance for COPD with attention control or usual care. The primary outcomes were HRQoL, exercise capacity and hospitalisation; the secondary outcomes were exacerbation rate, mortality, direct costs of care, and adverse events.
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Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing chronic NIV for at least five hours per night for three consecutive weeks or more (in addition to standard care) versus standard care alone, in people with COPD. Studies investigating people initiated on NIV in a stable phase and studies investigating NIV commenced after a severe COPD exacerbation were eligible, but we reported and analysed them separately. The primary outcomes were arterial blood gases, health‐related quality of life (HRQL), exercise capacity (stable COPD) and admission‐free survival (post‐exacerbation COPD). Secondary outcomes for both populations were: lung function, COPD exacerbations and admissions, and all‐cause mortality. For stable COPD, we also reported respiratory muscle strength, dyspnoea and sleep efficiency.
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Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs). For this update, in accordance with Cochrane Injuries' Group policy (2015), we included only prospectively registered RCTs for trials published after 2010. We included trials which assessed the effects of glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide delivered in combination. Eligible comparators were standard care (with or without a placebo), or any other therapy in addition to standard care. Outcomes of interest included mortality and infections.
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Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cross‐over trials with at least one week washout period. We included studies of a single fixed‐dose FABA/ICS inhaler used as required compared with no treatment, placebo, short‐acting beta agonist (SABA) as required, regular ICS with SABA as required, regular fixed‐dose combination ICS/long‐acting beta agonist (LABA), or regular fixed‐dose combination ICS/FABA with as required ICS/FABA. We planned to include cluster‐randomised trials if the data had been or could be adjusted for clustering. We excluded trials shorter than 12 weeks. We included full texts, abstracts and unpublished data.
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Interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by dental professionals
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised clinical trials assessing tobacco cessation interventions conducted by dental professionals in the dental practice or community setting, with at least six months of follow‐up.
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Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
All randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials of telerehabilitation for the delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation were eligible for inclusion. The telerehabilitation intervention was required to include exercise training, with at least 50% of the rehabilitation intervention being delivered by telerehabilitation.
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Prophylactic antibiotics for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta‐analysis
We included RCTs with a parallel design of at least 12 weeks' duration evaluating long‐term administration of antibiotics prophylactically compared with other antibiotics, or placebo, for patients with COPD.
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Anti‐IL‐5 therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials comparing anti‐IL‐5 therapy with placebo in adults with COPD.
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Proton pump inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Parallel‐group and cluster‐randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared oral PPIs versus placebo, usual care or low‐dose PPIs in adults with COPD were eligible for inclusion. We excluded cross‐over RCTs, as well as studies with a duration of less than two months.
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Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included RCTs if they compared oral PDE₄ inhibitors with placebo in people with COPD. We allowed co‐administration of standard COPD therapy.
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Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
We included randomised controlled trials of interventions that used objective measures for the assessment of physical activity in people with COPD. Trials compared an intervention with no intervention or a sham/placebo intervention, an intervention in addition to another standard intervention common to both groups, or two different interventions.
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Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed intervention(s) designed to inform participants about CPAP/OSA, to support them in using CPAP, or to modify their behaviour to increase use of CPAP devices.
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Breathing exercises for adults with asthma
We included randomised controlled trials of breathing exercises in adults with asthma compared with a control group receiving asthma education or, alternatively, with no active control group.
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Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included RCTs comparing oxygen therapy at different concentrations or oxygen therapy versus placebo in the pre‐hospital setting for treatment of AECOPD.
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Pressure modification or humidification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
Randomised parallel group or cross‐over trials in adults with OSA. We included studies that compared automatically adjusting CPAP (auto‐CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (bi‐PAP), CPAP with expiratory pressure relief (CPAPexp), heated humidification plus fixed CPAP, automatically adjusting CPAP with expiratory pressure relief, Bi‐PAP with expiratory pressure relief, auto bi‐PAP and CPAPexp with wakefulness detection with fixed pressure setting.
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Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing pharmacological agents with control (placebo or standard therapy) to treat adults with established ARDS. We excluded trials of nitric oxide, inhaled prostacyclins, partial liquid ventilation, neuromuscular blocking agents, fluid and nutritional interventions and medical oxygen. We excluded studies published earlier than 2000, because of changes to lung protection strategies for people with ARDS since this date.
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Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea
We included randomised controlled trials comparing positional therapy with CPAP and positional therapy with inactive control.
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Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel‐group and cross‐over randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing once‐daily LABA/LAMA FDC versus placebo. We included studies reported as full‐text, those published as abstract only, and unpublished data. We excluded very short‐term trials with a duration of less than 3 weeks. We included adults (≥ 40 years old) with a diagnosis of stable COPD. We included studies that allowed participants to continue using their ICS during the trial as long as the ICS was not part of the randomised treatment.
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Print‐based self‐help interventions for smoking cessation
We included randomised trials of smoking cessation with follow‐up of at least six months, where at least one arm tested print‐based materials providing self‐help compared with minimal print‐based self‐help (such as a short leaflet) or a lower‐intensity control. We defined 'self‐help' as structured programming for smokers trying to quit without intensive contact with a therapist.
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Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Parallel‐group randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing combined aclidinium bromide and LABAs in people with stable COPD.
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Active mind‐body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included (1) randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing AMBMT (i.e. controlled breathing and/or focused meditation/attention interventions for which patients must actively move their joints and muscles for at least four weeks with no minimum intervention frequency) versus PR (any inpatient or outpatient, community‐based or home‐based rehabilitation programme lasting at least four weeks, with no minimum intervention frequency, that included conventional exercise training with or without education or psychological support) and (2) RCTs comparing AMBMT + PR versus PR alone in people with COPD. Two independent review authors screened and selected studies for inclusion.
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Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing once‐daily administered ICS/LABA and LAMA in adults with COPD.
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Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation
We included randomised controlled trials recruiting people who smoked. Trials were eligible if they had at least one treatment arm that included a smoking cessation intervention with a partner‐support component, compared to a control condition providing behavioural support of similar intensity, without a partner‐support component. Trials were also required to report smoking cessation at six months follow‐up or more.
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Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation
Randomized trials in people motivated to quit which compared NRT to placebo or to no treatment. We excluded trials that did not report cessation rates, and those with follow‐up of less than six months. We recorded adverse events from included and excluded studies that compared NRT with placebo. Studies comparing different types, durations, and doses of NRT, and studies comparing NRT to other pharmacotherapies, are covered in separate reviews.
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Self‐management for bronchiectasis
We included all randomised controlled trials of any duration that included adults or children with a diagnosis of non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis assessing self‐management interventions delivered in any form. Self‐management interventions included at least two of the following elements: patient education, airway clearance techniques, adherence to medication, exercise (including pulmonary rehabilitation) and action plans.
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Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
We included controlled trials, with or without random allocation, that enrolled participants (parents and other family members, child care workers, and teachers) involved in the care and education of infants and young children (from birth to 12 years of age). All mechanisms for reducing children's ETS exposure were eligible, including smoking prevention, cessation, and control programmes. These include health promotion, social‐behavioural therapies, technology, education, and clinical interventions.
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Singing for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials in people with stable COPD, in which structured supervised singing training of at least four sessions over four weeks' total duration was performed. The singing could be performed individually or as part of a group (choir) facilitated by a singing leader. Studies were included if they compared: 1) singing versus no intervention (usual care) or another control intervention; or 2) singing plus pulmonary rehabilitation versus pulmonary rehabilitation alone.
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Nursing interventions for smoking cessation
Randomized trials of smoking cessation interventions delivered by nurses or health visitors with follow‐up of at least six months.
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Invasive versus non‐invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure in neuromuscular disease and chest wall disorders
We planned to include randomised or quasi‐randomised trials with or without blinding. We planned to include trials performed in children or adults with acute onset neuromuscular diseases or chronic neuromuscular disease or chest wall disorders presenting with acute respiratory failure that compared the benefits and risks of invasive ventilation versus NIV.
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Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma
RCTs including adults or children with acute asthma were eligible for inclusion in the review. We included studies if patients were treated with nebulised MgSO₄ alone or in combination with β₂‐agonist or ipratropium bromide or both, and were compared with the same co‐intervention alone or inactive control.
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Mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
We considered RCTs and quasi‐RCTs investigating prevention or treatment of BPD, or both, in preterm infants.
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Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist compared to other forms of triggered ventilation for neonatal respiratory support
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised clinical trials including cross‐over trials comparing NAVA with other modes of triggered ventilation (assist control ventilation (ACV),synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support (SIMV ± PS), pressure support ventilation (PSV), or proportional assist ventilation (PAV)) used in neonates.
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Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing inhaled versus systemic corticosteroid therapy (irrespective of dose and duration) starting in the first seven days of life in very low birth weight preterm infants receiving assisted ventilation.
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Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing inhaled versus systemic corticosteroid therapy (irrespective of dose and duration) starting after the first week of life in ventilator‐dependent very low birth weight infants.
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Shared decision‐making for people with asthma
We included studies of individual or cluster parallel randomised controlled design conducted to compare an SDM intervention for adults and children with asthma versus a control intervention. We included studies available as full‐text reports, those published as abstracts only, and unpublished data, and we placed no restrictions on place, date, or language of publication. We included interventions targeting healthcare professionals or patients, their families or care‐givers, or both. We included studies that compared the intervention versus usual care or a minimal control intervention, and those that compared an SDM intervention against another active intervention. We excluded studies of interventions that involved multiple components other than the SDM intervention unless the control group also received these interventions.
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Positive expiratory pressure therapy versus other airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis
Randomised controlled parallel and cross‐over trials that compared PEP therapy versus other ACTs in participants with bronchiectasis.
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Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults
All randomised controlled comparisons of adjustment of asthma therapy based on sputum eosinophils compared to traditional methods (primarily clinical symptoms and spirometry/peak flow).
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Culture‐specific programs for children and adults from minority groups who have asthma
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of culture‐specific asthma education programmes with generic asthma education programmes, or usual care, in adults or children from minority groups with asthma.
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Aerosolized prostacyclins for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), irrespective of publication status, date of publication, blinding status, outcomes published or language. We contacted trial investigators and study authors to retrieve relevant and missing data.
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Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials evaluating a self‐management intervention for people with COPD published since 1995. To be eligible for inclusion, the self‐management intervention included a written action plan for AECOPD and an iterative process between participant and healthcare provider(s) in which feedback was provided. We excluded disease management programmes classified as pulmonary rehabilitation or exercise classes offered in a hospital, at a rehabilitation centre, or in a community‐based setting to avoid overlap with pulmonary rehabilitation as much as possible.
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ProSeal versus Classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for positive pressure ventilation in adults undergoing elective surgery
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effectiveness of pLMA and cLMA for positive pressure ventilation in adults undergoing elective surgery. We planned to include only data related to the first phase of cross‐over RCTs.
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Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
All randomised controlled trials that compared usual care plus NIV (BiPAP) versus usual care alone in an acute hospital setting for patients with AECOPD due to AHRF were eligible for inclusion. AHRF was defined by a mean admission pH < 7.35 and mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) > 45 mmHg (6 kPa). Primary review outcomes were mortality during hospital admission and need for endotracheal intubation. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay, treatment intolerance, complications, changes in symptoms, and changes in arterial blood gases.
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Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel design comparing umeclidinium bromide versus placebo in people with COPD, for at least 12 weeks.
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Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people
Randomized trials, controlled trials without randomization and interrupted time‐series studies that assessed the effect of mass media campaigns (defined as channels of communication such as television, radio, newspapers, social media, billboards, posters, leaflets or booklets intended to reach large numbers of people and which are not dependent on person‐to‐person contact) in influencing the smoking behaviour (either objective or self‐reported) of young people under the age of 25 years. We define smoking behaviour as the presence or absence of tobacco smoking or other tobacco use, or both, and the frequency of tobacco use. Eligible comparators included education or no intervention.
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Computer and mobile technology interventions for self‐management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials that measured effects of remote and Web 2.0‐based interventions defined as technologies including personal computers (PCs) and applications (apps) for mobile technology, such as iPad, Android tablets, smart phones, and Skype, on behavioural change towards self‐management of COPD. Comparator interventions included face‐to‐face and/or hard copy/digital documentary educational/self‐management support.
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Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco use
Primary outcomes included changes in tobacco use prevalence incorporating tobacco use uptake, cessation, consumption and relapse prevention. Secondary outcomes covered intermediate outcomes that can be measured and are relevant to tobacco use uptake, cessation or reduction. We considered multiple study designs: randomised controlled trials, quasi‐experimental and experimental studies, observational cross‐sectional and cohort studies. The review focused on all populations and people of any age; to be included, studies had to be published in peer‐reviewed journals. We examined studies that assessed the impact of changes in tobacco packaging such as colour, design, size and type of health warnings on the packs in relation to branded packaging. In experiments, the control condition was branded tobacco packaging but could include variations of standardised packaging.
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Lay‐led and peer support interventions for adolescents with asthma
Eligible studies randomised adolescents with asthma to an intervention led by lay people or peers or to a control. We included parallel randomised controlled trials with individual or cluster designs. We included studies reported as full text, those published as abstract only and unpublished data.
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Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma
We included parallel and cluster randomised controlled trials of any duration conducted in any setting. We included studies reported as full‐text articles, those published as abstracts only and unpublished data. We included trials of adults and children with asthma and a current prescription for an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (as monotherapy or in combination with a long‐acting beta2‐agonist (LABA)). Eligible trials compared an intervention primarily aimed at improving adherence to ICS versus usual care or an alternative intervention.
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Asthma education for school staff
We included randomised controlled trials comparing an intervention to educate school staff about asthma versus a control group. We included studies reported as full text, those published as abstract only and unpublished data.
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Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation
Randomized trials that compared group therapy with self‐help, individual counselling, another intervention or no intervention (including usual care or a waiting‐list control). We also considered trials that compared more than one group programme. We included those trials with a minimum of two group meetings, and follow‐up of smoking status at least six months after the start of the programme. We excluded trials in which group therapy was provided to both active therapy and placebo arms of trials of pharmacotherapies, unless they had a factorial design.
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Psychological therapies for the treatment of anxiety disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐randomised trials and cross‐over trials of psychological therapies for people (aged over 40 years) with COPD and coexisting anxiety disorders (as confirmed by recognised diagnostic criteria or a validated measurement scale), where this was compared with either no intervention or education only. We included studies in which the psychological therapy was delivered in combination with another intervention (co‐intervention) only if there was a comparison group that received the co‐intervention alone.
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Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older on a maintenance dose of ICS for whom investigators added anti‐leukotrienes to the ICS and compared treatment with the same dose, an increased dose or a tapering dose of ICS for at least four weeks.
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Interventions to improve inhaler technique for people with asthma
We included studies comparing a group of adults or children with asthma receiving an inhaler technique intervention versus a group receiving a control or alternative intervention. We included parallel and cluster‐randomised trials of any duration conducted in any setting, and planned to include only the first phase of any cross‐over trials identified. We included studies reported as full‐text articles, those published as abstracts only and unpublished data.
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System change interventions for smoking cessation
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐RCTs, quasi‐RCTs and interrupted time series studies that evaluated a system change intervention, which included identification of all smokers and subsequent offering of evidence‐based nicotine dependence treatment.
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Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease
Prospective randomised clinical trials comparing two distinct fluid administration volumes in preterm infants with early or established BPD.
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Stepping down the dose of inhaled corticosteroids for adults with asthma
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks' duration and excluded cross‐over trials. We looked for studies of adults (aged ≥ 18 years) whose asthma had been well controlled for a minimum of three months on at least a moderate dose of ICS. We excluded studies that enrolled participants with any other respiratory comorbidity.We included trials comparing a reduction in the dose of ICS versus no change in the dose of ICS in people with well‐controlled asthma who a) were not taking a concomitant long‐acting beta agonist (LABA; comparison 1), and b) were taking a concomitant LABA (comparison 2).
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Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing injectable pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) or pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV) versus a control or alternative vaccine type in people with COPD.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Combined inhaled beta‐agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma
Included studies were randomised or controlled clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of combined inhaled therapy (SAAC and SABA) to SABA treatment alone to prevent hospitalisations in adults with acute asthma in the emergency department. Two independent review authors assessed studies for inclusion using pre‐determined criteria.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasi‐RCTs comparing use of an action plan versus usual care for patients with a clinical diagnosis of COPD. We permitted inclusion of a single short education component that would allow individualisation of action plans according to management needs and symptoms of people with COPD, as well as ongoing support directed at use of the action plan.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing pulmonary rehabilitation of any duration after exacerbation of COPD versus conventional care. Pulmonary rehabilitation programmes had to include at least physical exercise (endurance or strength exercise, or both). We did not apply a criterion for the minimum number of exercise sessions a rehabilitation programme had to offer to be included in the review. Control groups received conventional community care without rehabilitation.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
We included RCTs of the effects of non‐invasive oxygen versus air on breathlessness, HRQOL or patient preference to continue therapy among people with COPD and mild or no hypoxaemia (partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) > 7.3 kPa) who were not already receiving LTOT. Two review authors independently assessed articles for inclusion in the review.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Upper limb exercise training for COPD
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which upper limb exercise training of at least four weeks' duration was performed. Three comparisons were structured as: a) upper limb training only versus no training or sham intervention; b) combined upper limb training and lower limb training versus lower limb training alone; and c) upper limb training versus another type of upper limb training.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for children with asthma
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adjustment of asthma medications based on FeNO levels compared to those not using FeNO, that is, management based on clinical symptoms or asthma guidelines (or both) involving children.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD
RCTs of both parallel and cross‐over designs. We included RCTs during COPD exacerbations, whether measured during hospitalisation or in an outpatient setting. We excluded RCTs involving mechanically ventilated patients due to the different condition of both patients and airways in this setting.
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Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of any behavioural or pharmacological treatment, or both, in smokers with COPD reporting at least six months of follow‐up abstinence rates.
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Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants
Randomised, cluster‐randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials were eligible.
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Home telemonitoring and remote feedback between clinic visits for asthma
We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults or children with asthma in which any form of technology was used to measure and share asthma monitoring data with a healthcare provider between clinic visits, compared with other monitoring or usual care. We excluded trials in which technologies were used for monitoring with no input from a doctor or nurse. We included studies reported as full‐text articles, those published as abstracts only and unpublished data.
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Guanylate cyclase stimulators for pulmonary hypertension
We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving participants with pulmonary hypertension of all ages, severities and durations of treatment.
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Codeine versus placebo for chronic cough in children
We considered studies eligible for analysis when: the participant population included children aged less than 18 years with chronic cough (duration equal to or more than four weeks at the time of intervention); and the study design evaluated codeine or codeine‐based derivatives against placebo through a randomised controlled trial.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ambulatory and short‐burst oxygen for interstitial lung disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs that compared ambulatory or short‐burst oxygen with a control group in people with ILD of any origin.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Combination inhaled steroid and long‐acting beta2‐agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) lasting three months or longer conducted to compare ICS and LABA combination therapy in addition to inhaled tiotropium versus tiotropium alone or combination therapy alone.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma
We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs), irrespective of blinding or duration, that evaluated one dose or duration of oral steroid versus any other dose or duration, for management of asthma exacerbations. We included studies involving both adults and children with asthma of any severity, in which investigators analysed adults and children separately. We allowed any other co‐intervention in the management of an asthma exacerbation, provided it was not part of the randomised treatment. We included studies reported as full text, those published as abstract only and unpublished data.