anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for preventing and treating cardiac complications in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy and X‐linked dilated cardiomyopathy
We considered only randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs and randomised cross‐over trials for inclusion. In the Discussion, we reviewed open studies, longitudinal observational studies and individual case reports but only discussed studies that adequately described the diagnosis, intervention, pretreatment, and post‐treatment states and in which follow‐up lasted for at least six months.
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Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with Down syndrome
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared parent‐mediated interventions designed to improve communication and language versus teaching/treatment as usual (TAU) or no treatment or delayed (wait‐listed) treatment, in children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years. We included studies delivering the parent‐mediated intervention in conjunction with a clinician‐mediated intervention, as long as the intervention group was the only group to receive the former and both groups received the latter.
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Dietary modifications for infantile colic
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs evaluating the effects of dietary modifications, alone or in combination, for colicky infants younger than four months of age versus another intervention or placebo. We used specific definitions for colic, age of onset and the methods for performing the intervention. We defined 'modified diet' as any diet altered to include or exclude certain components.
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Eszopiclone for insomnia
Parallel group randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing eszopiclone with either placebo or active control were included in the review. Participants were adults with insomnia, as diagnosed with a standardised diagnostic system, including primary insomnia and comorbid insomnia.
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Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents
We included peer‐reviewed published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with at least five participants per study arm, comparing a psychological intervention with a control or comparison group. Trials involved children aged two to 19 years undergoing any needle‐related medical procedure.
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Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster‐randomised trials, comparing high‐dose calcium supplementation (at least 1 g daily of calcium) during pregnancy with placebo. For low‐dose calcium we included quasi‐randomised trials, trials without placebo, trials with cointerventions and dose comparison trials.
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Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents
RCTs with at least 10 participants in each arm post‐treatment comparing psychological therapies with active treatment, treatment‐as‐usual, or waiting‐list control for children or adolescents with recurrent or chronic pain were eligible for inclusion. We excluded trials conducted remotely via the Internet.
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Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs comparing antibiotic regimens in people with the diagnosis of scrub typhus based on clinical symptoms and compatible laboratory tests (excluding the Weil‐Felix test).
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Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs looking at head‐to‐head comparisons of active regimens of glucose‐lowering therapy or active regimen compared with placebo/standard care in people with diabetes and CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) were eligible.
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Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with at least a two‐week follow‐up period comparing topical or systemic antifungals with (a) placebo, (b) no treatment, (c) other pharmacological interventions or (d) a different antifungal agent. We did not include post‐surgical antifungal use.
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Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
We searched for published and unpublished randomised controlled trials comparing early administration of oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) versus sham administration of water, oral formula, or donor breast milk, or versus no intervention. We also searched for studies comparing early OPC versus early nasogastric or nasojejunal administration of colostrum. We considered only trials that included preterm infants at < 37 weeks' gestation. We did not limit the review to any particular region or language.
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Head‐to‐head trials of antibiotics for bronchiectasis
We included RCTs reported as full‐text articles, those published as abstracts only, and unpublished data. We included adults and children (younger than 18 years) with a diagnosis of bronchiectasis by bronchography or high‐resolution computed tomography who reported daily signs and symptoms, such as cough, sputum production, or haemoptysis, and those with recurrent episodes of chest infection; we included studies that compared one antibiotic versus another when they were administered by the same delivery method.
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Autologous cells derived from different sources and administered using different regimens for 'no‐option' critical lower limb ischaemia patients
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving 'no‐option' CLI patients comparing a particular source or regimen of autologous cell‐based therapy against another source or regimen of autologous cell‐based therapy.
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Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care
We included only randomised trials. Eligible studies described interventions fulfilling the Institute for Healthcare Improvement definition of medication reconciliation aimed at all patients experiencing a transition of care as compared to standard care in that institution. Included studies had to report on medication discrepancies as an outcome.
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Drugs for treating Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans disease)
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared antibiotic therapy to placebo or alternative therapy such as surgery, or that compared different antibiotic regimens. We also included prospective observational studies that evaluated different antibiotic regimens with or without surgery.
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Client feedback in psychological therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared client feedback to no client feedback in psychological therapies for children and adolescents.
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Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy
We included all trials allocating term or late preterm encephalopathic newborns to cooling plus xenon or cooling alone, irrespective of timing (starting age and duration) and concentrations used for xenon administration.
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E‐Health interventions for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long‐term physical conditions
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐randomised trials, and cross‐over trials of e‐health interventions for treating any type of long‐term physical condition in children and adolescents (aged 0 to 18 years), and that measured changes in symptoms or diagnoses of anxiety, depression, or subthreshold depression. We defined long‐term physical conditions as those that were more than three‐months' duration. We assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression using patient‐ or clinician‐administered validated rating scales based on DSM III, IV or 5 (American Psychological Association 2013), or ICD 9 or 10 criteria (World Health Organization 1992). Formal depressive and anxiety disorders were diagnosed using structured clinical interviews. Attention placebo, treatment as usual, waiting list, psychological placebo, and other non‐psychological therapies were eligible comparators.
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Enteral nutrition for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including participants of any age with quiescent CD were considered for inclusion. Studies that compared enteral nutrition with no intervention, placebo or any other intervention were selected for review.
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Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing monotherapy with either sodium valproate or phenytoin in children or adults with focal onset seizures or generalised onset tonic‐clonic seizures
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Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of using hypodermic needles of any gauge or length to administer any type of vaccine to people aged from birth to 24 years.
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Vitamin A and beta (β)‐carotene supplementation for cystic fibrosis
All randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled studies comparing all preparations of oral vitamin A, carotenes or retinoids (or in combination), used as a supplement compared to placebo at any dose, for at least three months, in people with CF (diagnosed by sweat tests or genetic testing) with and without pancreatic insufficiency.
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Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of critically ill people who required fluid volume replacement in hospital or emergency out‐of‐hospital settings. Participants had trauma, burns, or medical conditions such as sepsis. We excluded neonates, elective surgery and caesarean section. We compared a colloid (suspended in any crystalloid solution) versus a crystalloid (isotonic or hypertonic).
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Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing antibiotics with a placebo or a control group in children with chronic wet cough. We excluded cluster and cross‐over trials.
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Treatment for chronic methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus pulmonary infection in people with cystic fibrosis
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing any combinations of topical, inhaled, oral or intravenous antimicrobials used as suppressive therapy for chronic infection with methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus compared with placebo or no treatment.
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Ear drops for the removal of ear wax
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which a 'cerumenolytic' was compared with no treatment, water or saline, an alternative liquid treatment (oil or almond oil) or another 'cerumenolytic' in adults or children with obstructing or impacted ear wax.
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Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children with non‐progressive motor disorders
We included studies that used randomised or quasi‐randomised designs; compared a parent‐mediated communication intervention with no treatment, treatment as usual or clinician‐mediated therapy; and included children with non‐progressive motor disorders up to five years of age.
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Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disabilities with treatment as usual or a control group.
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Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected by humanitarian crises
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing psychological therapies versus control conditions (including no treatment, usual care, wait list, attention placebo, and psychological placebo) to treat adults and children with mental disorders living in LMICs affected by humanitarian crises.
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Effects of total fat intake on bodyweight in children
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in children aged 24 months to 18 years, with or without risk factors for cardiovascular disease, randomised to a lower fat (30% or less of total energy (TE)) versus usual or moderate‐fat diet (greater than 30%TE), without the intention to reduce weight, and assessed a measure of weight or body fatness after at least six months. We included prospective cohort studies if they related baseline total fat intake to weight or body fatness at least 12 months later.
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Negative pressure wound therapy for open traumatic wounds
Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials that used NPWT for open traumatic wounds involving either open fractures or soft tissue wounds. Wound healing, wound infection and adverse events were our primary outcomes.
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Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials in people on continuous treatment with VKAs or DOACs undergoing oral or dental procedures using antifibrinolytic agents (tranexamic acid (TXA) or epsilon aminocaproic acid) to prevent perioperative bleeding compared to no intervention or usual care with or without placebo.
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Lamotrigine versus carbamazepine monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review
Randomised controlled trials comparing monotherapy with either carbamazepine or lamotrigine in children or adults with focal onset seizures or generalised onset tonic‐clonic seizures
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Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders
We included randomized, double‐blind, controlled trials of any pharmacological treatment for ADHD used specifically in children with comorbid tic disorders. We included both parallel‐group and cross‐over study designs.
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Antibiotics for exacerbations of asthma
We included studies comparing antibiotic therapy for asthma exacerbations in adults or children versus placebo or usual care not involving an antibiotic. We allowed studies including any type of antibiotic, any dose, and any duration, providing the aim was to treat the exacerbation. We included parallel studies of any duration conducted in any setting and planned to include cluster trials. We excluded cross‐over trials. We included studies reported as full‐text articles, those published as abstracts only, and unpublished data.
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Early planned removal versus expectant management of peripherally inserted central catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of early planned removal of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) (up to two weeks after insertion) compared to an expectant management approach or a longer fixed duration in preventing bloodstream infection and other complications in newborn infants.
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Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain in adults and children
We included RCTs comparing local or regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia with a pain outcome beyond three months after elective, non‐orthopaedic surgery.
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Nurse‐led versus doctor‐led care for bronchiectasis
Randomised controlled trials were eligible for inclusion in the review.
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Immunosuppressive drug therapy for preventing rejection following lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis
Randomised and quasi‐randomised studies.
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Dual antibiotics for bronchiectasis
We searched for randomised controlled trials comparing dual antibiotics versus a single antibiotic for short‐term (< 4 weeks) or long‐term management of bronchiectasis diagnosed in adults and/or children by bronchography, plain film chest radiography, or high‐resolution computed tomography. Primary outcomes included exacerbations, length of hospitalisation, and serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes were response rates, emergence of resistance to antibiotics, systemic markers of infection, sputum volume and purulence, measures of lung function, adverse events/effects, deaths, exercise capacity, and health‐related quality of life. We did not apply outcome measures as selection criteria.
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Ribavirin for treating Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever
We evaluated studies assessing the use of ribavirin in people with suspected or confirmed Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever. We included randomised control trials (RCTs); non‐randomised studies (NRSs) that included more than 10 participants designed as cohort studies with comparators; and case‐control studies.
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Continuous versus intermittent antibiotics for bronchiectasis
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults or children with bronchiectasis that compared continuous versus intermittent administration of long‐term prophylactic antibiotics of at least three months' duration. We considered eligible studies reported as full‐text articles, as abstracts only and unpublished data.
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Intramuscular versus oral corticosteroids to reduce relapses following discharge from the emergency department for acute asthma
We included randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials if they compared the effectiveness of intramuscular (IM) versus oral corticosteroids to treat paediatric or adult patients presenting with acute asthma to an ED or equivalent acute care setting. Two independent reviewers assessed study eligibility and study quality. We resolved disagreements via a third party and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE.
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Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech
RCTs and quasi‐RCTs of children aged 3 to 16 years with CAS diagnosed by a speech and language pathologist/therapist, grouped by treatment types.
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Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Randomised controlled trials that recruited adults with COPD if they had compared outcomes between a group that received NMES and a group that received usual care or compared outcomes between a group that received NMES plus conventional exercise training and a group that participated in conventional exercise training alone.
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Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia
All randomised‐controlled trials (RCTs) with useable data focusing on mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia.
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Educational interventions for improving primary caregiver complementary feeding practices for children aged 24 months and under
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), comparing educational interventions to no intervention, usual practice, or educational interventions provided in conjunction with another intervention, so long as the educational intervention was only available in the experimental group and the adjunctive intervention was available to the control group. Study participants included caregivers of infants aged 4 to 24 months undergoing complementary feeding. Pregnant women who were expected to give birth and commence complementary feeding during the period of the study were also included.
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Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy
We included randomised controlled trials comparing oral trihexyphenidyl versus placebo for dystonia in cerebral palsy. We included studies in children and adults of any age with dystonic cerebral palsy, either in isolation or with the associated movement disorders of spasticity, ataxia, chorea, athetosis and/or hypotonia. We included studies regardless of whether or not the study authors specified the method used to diagnose dystonia in their study population. Primary outcomes were change in dystonia and adverse effects. Secondary outcomes were: activity, including mobility and upper limb function; participation in activities of daily living; pain; and quality of life.
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Cyclamen europaeum extract for acute sinusitis
Randomised controlled trials comparing Cyclamen europaeum extract administered intranasally to placebo, antibiotics, intranasal corticosteroids, or no treatment in adults or children, or both, with acute sinusitis. Acute sinusitis was defined by clinical diagnosis and confirmed by nasal endoscopy or by radiological evidence.
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Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bilateral grommet insertion with or without concurrent adenoidectomy and no ear surgery in children up to age 16 years with rAOM. We planned to apply two main scenarios: grommets as a single surgical intervention and grommets as concurrent treatment with adenoidectomy (i.e. children in both the intervention and comparator groups underwent adenoidectomy). The comparators included active monitoring, antibiotic prophylaxis and placebo medication.
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Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Randomized control trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) in which EIBI was compared to a no‐treatment or treatment‐as‐usual control condition. Participants must have been less than six years of age at treatment onset and assigned to their study condition prior to commencing treatment.
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Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth
We included randomised controlled trials (including cluster‐ and quasi‐randomised trials) which enrolled preterm infants requiring resuscitation following birth and allocated them to receive either lower (FiO2 < 0.4) or higher (FiO2 ≥ 0.4) initial oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturation.
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Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials of participants who had undergone cyclodestruction as a primary treatment for glaucoma. We included only head‐to‐head trials that had compared cyclophotocoagulation to other procedural interventions, or compared cyclophotocoagulation using different types of lasers, delivery methods, parameters, or a combination of these factors.
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Smectite for acute infectious diarrhoea in children
Randomized and quasi‐randomized trials comparing smectite to a control group in children aged one month to 18 years old with acute infectious diarrhoea.
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Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of all types of interventions, versus placebo, active monitoring, or other interventions, in any child with single or multiple infantile haemangiomas (IHs) located on the skin.
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Honey for acute cough in children
Randomised controlled trials comparing honey alone, or in combination with antibiotics, versus no treatment, placebo, honey‐based cough syrup, or other over‐the‐counter cough medications for children aged 12 months to 18 years for acute cough in ambulatory settings.
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Glucocorticosteroid‐free versus glucocorticosteroid‐containing immunosuppression for liver transplanted patients
Randomised clinical trials assessing glucocorticosteroid avoidance or withdrawal versus glucocorticosteroid‐containing immunosuppression for liver transplanted people. Our inclusion criteria stated that participants should have received the same co‐interventions. We included trials that assessed complete glucocorticosteroid avoidance (excluding intra‐operative use or treatment of acute rejection) versus short‐term glucocorticosteroids, as well as trials that assessed short‐term glucocorticosteroids versus long‐term glucocorticosteroids.
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Ivermectin and permethrin for treating scabies
We included randomized controlled trials that compared permethrin or ivermectin against each other for people with scabies of all ages and either sex.
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Enteral nutritional therapy for induction of remission in Crohn's disease
Randomized controlled trials involving patients with active CD were considered for inclusion. Studies comparing one type of EN to another type of EN or conventional corticosteroids were selected for review.
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Early intervention (mobilization or active exercise) for critically ill adults in the intensive care unit
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs that compared early intervention (mobilization or active exercise, or both), delivered in the ICU, with delayed exercise or usual care delivered to critically ill adults either during or after the mechanical ventilation period in the ICU.
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Oral versus inhaled antibiotics for bronchiectasis
We planned to include studies which compared oral antibiotics with inhaled antibiotics. We would have considered short‐term use (less than four weeks) for treating acute exacerbations separately from longer‐term use as a prophylactic (4 weeks or more). We would have considered both intraclass and interclass comparisons. We planned to exclude studies if the participants received continuous or high‐dose antibiotics immediately before the start of the trial, or if they have received a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF), sarcoidosis, active allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or active non‐tuberculous Mycobacterial infection.
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Nutritional supplements for patients being treated for active visceral leishmaniasis
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐randomized controlled trials (quasi‐RCTs), and non‐randomized controlled trials (NRCTs) of any oral nutritional supplement, compared to no nutritional intervention, placebo, or dietary advice alone, in people being treated for VL.
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Vascular access specialist teams for device insertion and prevention of failure
We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effectiveness of VAST or specialist inserters for their impact on clinical outcomes.
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Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates
We considered all randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials of IVIg in the treatment of alloimmune HDN. Trials must have used predefined criteria for the use of IVIg and exchange transfusion therapy to be included.
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Laryngeal mask airway versus bag‐mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared LMA for neonatal resuscitation with either BMV or endotracheal intubation and reported on any outcomes related to neonatal resuscitation specified in this review.
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Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least four weeks' duration that compared macrolide antibiotics with placebo or no intervention for the long‐term management of stable bronchiectasis in adults or children with a diagnosis of bronchiectasis by bronchography, plain film chest radiograph, or high‐resolution computed tomography. We excluded studies in which participants had received continuous or high‐dose antibiotics immediately before enrolment or before a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Our primary outcomes were exacerbation, hospitalisation, and serious adverse events.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Systemic corticosteroids for acute otitis media in children
We included randomised controlled trials of children with AOM that compared any systemic corticosteroid (oral or parenteral) with placebo, either with antibiotics (corticosteroid plus antibiotic versus placebo plus antibiotic) or without antibiotics (corticosteroid versus placebo).
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The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) system for supporting caregivers and improving outcomes in caregivers and their infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that had used at least one standardised measure to assess the effects of the NBAS or NBO versus inactive control for improving outcomes for caregivers and their infants.
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Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 2. Less commonly‐used drugs
We included randomized controlled trials conducted in any setting where one of five classes of drugs was employed to prevent acute HAI: selective 5‐hydroxytryptamine(1) receptor agonists; N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; endothelin‐1 antagonist; anticonvulsant drugs; and spironolactone. We included trials involving participants who are at risk of developing high altitude illness (AMS or HACE, or HAPE, or both). We included participants with and without a history of high altitude illness. We applied no age or gender restrictions. We included trials where the relevant medication was administered before the beginning of ascent. We excluded trials using these drugs during ascent or after ascent.
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Standard (head‐down tilt) versus modified (without head‐down tilt) postural drainage in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis
We included randomised controlled studies that compared two postural drainage regimens (standard and modified postural drainage) with regard to gastroesophageal reflux in infants and young children (up to and including six years old) with cystic fibrosis.
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Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants
Randomized, cluster randomized, or quasi‐randomized controlled trials enrolling preterm infants undergoing DCC, where one of the groups received respiratory support before cord clamping and the control group received no respiratory support before cord clamping.
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Endovascular revascularisation versus conservative management for intermittent claudication
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing endovascular revascularisation (± conservative therapy consisting of supervised exercise or pharmacotherapy) versus no therapy (except advice to exercise) or versus conservative therapy (i.e. supervised exercise or pharmacotherapy) for IC.
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Interventions for autumn exacerbations of asthma in children
We included all randomised controlled trials comparing interventions aimed specifically at reducing autumn exacerbations with usual care, (no systematic change in management in preparation for school return). We included studies providing data on children aged 18 years or younger.
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Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants
Randomised, quasi‐randomised, and cluster‐randomised trials considering use of any antibiotic or combination of antibiotics at the time of CVC removal in newborn infants compared with placebo, no antibiotics, or another antibiotic or combination of antibiotics.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants
Randomised controlled trials of higher versus lower intake of AAs as parenteral nutrition in newborn infants. Comparisons of higher intake at commencement, at maximal intake, and at both commencement and maximal intake were performed.
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Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
We considered for inclusion randomised or quasi‐randomised clinical trials that used beta‐blockers for prevention or treatment of ROP in preterm neonates of less than 37 weeks' gestational age.
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Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural interventions for weight management in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. We excluded studies in children and adolescents with medical conditions known to affect weight status, school achievement and cognitive function. We also excluded self‐ and parent‐reported outcomes.
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Slow‐release fluoride devices for the control of dental decay
Parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing slow‐release fluoride devices with an alternative fluoride treatment, placebo, or no intervention in all age groups. The main outcome measures sought were changes in numbers of decayed, missing, and filled teeth or surfaces (DMFT/DMFS in permanent teeth or dmft/dmfs in primary teeth), and progression of carious lesions through enamel and into dentine.
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Prostaglandin E1 for maintaining ductal patency in neonates with ductal‐dependent cardiac lesions
Randomized or quasi‐randomized trials using PGE1 at any dose or duration to maintain ductal patency in term or late preterm (≥ 34 weeks' gestation) infants with ductal‐dependent cardiac lesions and which reported effectiveness and safety in the short term or long term.
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Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of mandatory or voluntary WtW interventions for lone parents in high‐income countries, reporting impacts on parental mental health, parental physical health, child mental health or child physical health.
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BIS monitoring versus clinical assessment for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults in the intensive care unit and its impact on clinical outcomes and resource utilization
We included all randomized controlled trials comparing BIS versus clinical assessment (CA) for the management of sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults.
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Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
Trials using randomised or quasi‐randomised allocations to test interventions designed to prevent hypothermia (apart from 'routine' thermal care) applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery room for infants at < 37 weeks' gestation and/or birth weight ≤ 2500 grams.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oral vitamin D supplementation for adults with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery
We included randomised controlled trials or controlled clinical trials on vitamin D supplementation comparing different doses or comparing vitamin D to placebo in people undergoing bariatric surgery.
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Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women
All published and unpublished trials in which pregnant women are randomly allocated to midwife continuity of care models or other models of care during pregnancy and birth.
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Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease
We included all randomised controlled trials investigating the use of antioxidants, compared with placebo, usual or standard care, no treatment, or other antioxidants, for adults with CKD on cardiovascular and kidney endpoints.
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Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) measuring and reporting the effects of synbiotics, prebiotics, or probiotics in any combination and any formulation given to people with CKD (CKD stages 1 to 5, including dialysis and kidney transplant). Two authors independently assessed the retrieved titles and abstracts and, where necessary, the full text to determine which satisfied the inclusion criteria.
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Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplementation to placebo or no intervention, in people with AMD.
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Dance movement therapy for dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included people with dementia, of any age and in any setting. The DMT intervention had to be delivered by a dance movement therapy practitioner who (i) had received formal training (ii) was a dance movement therapist in training or (iii) was otherwise recognised as a dance movement therapist in the country in which the study was conducted.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for people with overweight or obesity
We included RCTs with a minimum duration of eight weeks comparing low GI/GL diets to higher GI/GL diets or any other diets in people with overweight or obesity.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement
We included randomized controlled trials of participants with BPH who were treated with Serenoa repens or placebo/no treatment.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Non‐Chinese herbal medicines for functional dyspepsia
We included RCTs comparing non‐Chinese herbal medicines versus placebo or other treatments in people with functional dyspepsia.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people who smoked, comparing antidepressant medications with placebo or no pharmacological treatment, an alternative pharmacotherapy, or the same medication used differently. We excluded trials with fewer than six months of follow‐up from efficacy analyses. We included trials with any follow‐up length for our analyses of harms.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation
The inclusion criteria were published and unpublished randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing moxibustion either alone or in combination with other techniques (e.g. acupuncture or postural techniques) with a control group (no moxibustion) or other methods (e.g. acupuncture, postural techniques) in women with a singleton breech presentation.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity
We included randomized (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs and cluster‐RCTs, comparing high‐dose to standard‐dose strategies in preterm infants. High‐dose strategies were defined as a high‐loading dose (more than 20 mg of caffeine citrate/kg) or a high‐maintenance dose (more than 10 mg of caffeine citrate/kg/day). Standard‐dose strategies were defined as a standard‐loading dose (20 mg or less of caffeine citrate/kg) or a standard‐maintenance dose (10 mg or less of caffeine citrate/kg/day). We specified three additional comparisons according to the indication for commencing caffeine: 1) prevention trials, i.e. preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks' gestation, who are at risk for apnea; 2) treatment trials, i.e. preterm infants born at less than 37 weeks' gestation, with signs of apnea; 3) extubation trials: preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks' gestation, prior to planned extubation.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of the McKenzie method in adults with (sub)acute (less than 12 weeks) NSLBP.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs including participants over 18 years of age with acute fractures (complete or stress fractures) treated with either LIPUS, HIFUS or ECSW versus a control or placebo‐control.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of altered salt intake in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Studies were included when there was a difference between low and high sodium intakes of at least 34 mmol/day.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain
We included randomized controlled trials of yoga compared to sham yoga, no intervention, any other intervention and yoga added to other therapies.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting adults and children with acute or chronic subjective tinnitus. We included studies where the intervention involved Ginkgo biloba and this was compared to placebo, no intervention, or education and information. Concurrent use of other medication or other treatment was acceptable if used equally in each group. Where an additional intervention was used equally in both groups, we analysed this as a separate comparison. The review included all courses of Ginkgo biloba, regardless of dose regimens or formulations, and for any duration of treatment.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs, comparing upper limb exercise training programs with no intervention or other control programs before or after AVF creation in patients with kidney failure. Outcome measures included time to mature, ultrasound and clinical maturation, venous diameter, blood flow in the inflow artery, dialysis efficacy indicator, vascular access function (functional AVF), vascular access complications, and adverse events.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation for impairment and disability in people after stroke
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to assess the therapeutic effect of rPMS for people after stroke. The following comparisons were eligible for inclusion: 1) active rPMS only compared with 'sham' rPMS (a very weak form of stimulation or a sound only); 2) active rPMS only compared with no intervention; 3) active rPMS plus rehabilitation compared with sham rPMS plus rehabilitation; and 4) active rPMS plus rehabilitation compared with rehabilitation only.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs and cross‐over RCTs assessing the effects of acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Listening to music for insomnia in adults
Randomised controlled trials comparing the effects of listening to music with no treatment or treatment as usual (TAU) in adults complaining of sleep difficulties.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Marine‐derived n‐3 fatty acids therapy for stroke
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing marine‐derived n‐3 PUFAs to placebo or open control (no placebo) in people with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), or both.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antioxidants for male subfertility
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared any type, dose or combination of oral antioxidant supplement with placebo, no treatment, or treatment with another antioxidant, among subfertile men of a couple attending a reproductive clinic. We excluded studies comparing antioxidants with fertility drugs alone and studies that included men with idiopathic infertility and normal semen parameters or fertile men attending a fertility clinic because of female partner infertility.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a psychological intervention for depression or anxiety with treatment as usual (TAU) or another control intervention in people with dementia or MCI.