anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating children with acute asthma in the emergency department
We included randomised controlled trials of children treated in the ED for exacerbations of asthma if they compared any dose of IV MgSO4 with placebo.
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Remote versus face‐to‐face check‐ups for asthma
We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults or children with asthma that compared remote check‐ups conducted using any form of technology versus standard face‐to‐face consultations. We excluded studies that used automated telehealth interventions that did not include personalised contact with a health professional. We included studies reported as full‐text articles, as abstracts only and unpublished data.
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Breathing exercises for children with asthma
We included randomised controlled trials of breathing exercises alone versus control or breathing exercises as part of a more complex intervention versus control in children with asthma.
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High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing treatment using HFO with conventional mechanical ventilation for children and adults diagnosed with ARDS.
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Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation
Randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials evaluating combinations of pharmacotherapy and behavioural support for smoking cessation, compared to a control receiving usual care or brief advice or less intensive behavioural support. We excluded trials recruiting only pregnant women, trials recruiting only adolescents, and trials with less than six months follow‐up.
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Protocolized versus non‐protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in newborn infants
Randomized, quasi‐randomized or cluster‐randomized controlled trials that compared protocolized with non‐protocolized ventilator weaning practices in newborn infants with a gestational age of 24 weeks or more, who were enrolled in the study before the postnatal age of 28 completed days after the expected date of birth.
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Smoking cessation advice for people with serious mental illness
We planned to include all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that focussed on smoking cessation advice versus standard care or comparing smoking cessation advice with other more focussed methods of delivering care or information.
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Inhaled non‐steroid anti‐inflammatories for children and adults with bronchiectasis
All randomised controlled trials comparing inhaled NSAIDs versus a control (placebo or usual treatment) in children or adults with bronchiectasis not related to cystic fibrosis.
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Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long‐acting beta2‐agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma
We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks' duration. Studies met the inclusion criteria if they compared LAMA as an add‐on to LABA/ICS versus LABA/ICS alone for adults with asthma. We included studies reported as full text, those published as abstract only, and unpublished data. Primary outcomes were exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids (OCS), validated measures of asthma control, and serious adverse events (including mortality).
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Comparison of animal‐derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
Randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials that compared the effect of animal‐derived surfactant extract treatment administered to preterm infants at risk for or having RDS to prevent complications of prematurity and mortality.
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Addition of long‐acting beta2‐agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children
We included randomised controlled trials testing the combination of LABA and ICS versus the same, or an increased, dose of ICS for at least four weeks in children and adolescents with asthma. The main outcome was the rate of exacerbations requiring rescue oral steroids. Secondary outcomes included markers of exacerbation, pulmonary function, symptoms, quality of life, adverse events and withdrawals.
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Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis
Randomised controlled parallel and cross‐over trials that compared an ACT versus no treatment, sham ACT or directed coughing in participants with bronchiectasis.
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Interventions for enhancing adherence to treatment in adults with bronchiectasis
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with bronchiectasis that compared any intervention aimed at enhancing adherence versus no intervention, usual care or another adherence intervention. We excluded studies of those who had bronchiectasis due to cystic fibrosis.
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Exercise training to improve exercise capacity and quality of life in people with non‐malignant dust‐related respiratory diseases
We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared exercise training of at least four weeks duration with no exercise training, placebo or another non‐exercise intervention.
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Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation
Randomized trials of behavioural or pharmacological interventions to help users of ST to quit with follow‐up of at least six months.
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Long‐acting beta2‐agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel‐group, randomised controlled trials of three months or longer comparing treatment with tiotropium in addition to LABA against tiotropium or LABA alone for people with COPD.
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Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children
We included randomised controlled trials with a parallel‐group or cross‐over (for intermittent LTRA only) design. Maintenance was considered as treatment for more than two months and intermittent as less than 14 days. EVW was defined as a history of at least one previous episode of wheezing in association with a viral respiratory tract infection in the absence of symptoms between episodes. As far as possible, relevant specific data were obtained from authors of studies that included children of a wider age group or phenotype.
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Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non‐surgical management for obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing in children
Randomised controlled trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of (adeno)tonsillectomy with non‐surgical management in children with oSDB aged 2 to 16 years.
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Calcium channel blockers for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Fully published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CCBs with placebo or other treatment, or comparing CCBs as an adjunct to other treatments with other treatments alone, in patients with PAH.
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Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel group RCTs of 12 weeks duration or longer comparing treatment with tiotropium with ipratropium bromide for patients with stable COPD.
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Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for adults with asthma
We searched for parallel and cross‐over randomised controlled trials in which adults whose asthma was not well controlled by ICS alone were randomly assigned to receive LAMA add‐on or placebo (both combined with ICS) for at least 12 weeks.
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Animal derived surfactant extract versus protein free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
Randomized controlled trials comparing administration of protein free synthetic surfactants to administration of animal derived surfactant extracts in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome were considered for this review.
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Prolonged antibiotics for non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children and adults
Randomised trials examining the use of prolonged antibiotic therapy (for four or more weeks) in the treatment of bronchiectasis compared with placebo or usual care.
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Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared intermittent ICS versus placebo in children and adults with symptoms of persistent asthma. No co‐interventions were permitted other than rescue relievers and oral corticosteroids used during exacerbations.
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Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for adults with asthma
We looked for parallel or cross‐over randomised controlled trials lasting at least 12 weeks, in which adults whose asthma was not well controlled on ICS alone were randomised to treatment with LAMA add‐on to ICS or with an increased dose of ICS. Trials were excluded if patients were taking long‐acting beta2‐agonists during the study period.
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Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea
Randomised, placebo‐controlled trials including adult participants with confirmed OSA, where participants were randomly assigned to use opiates or opioids, sedatives, hypnotics or placebo. We included participants already using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or a mandibular advancement device.
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Stopping long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
We looked for parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least eight weeks' duration, in which adults whose asthma was well controlled by any dose of ICS+LABA combination therapy were randomly assigned to (1) step‐down therapy to ICS alone versus (2) continuation of ICS and LABA.
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Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma
We searched for parallel and cross‐over RCTs in which adults whose asthma was not well controlled with ICS alone were randomised to receive LAMA add‐on or LABA add‐on for at least 12 weeks.
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Stopping long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) for children with asthma well controlled on LABA and inhaled corticosteroids
We looked for parallel randomised controlled trials of at least eight weeks' duration, available as published full text, abstract only, or unpublished data. We excluded studies including participants with other chronic respiratory comorbidities (for example bronchiectasis).We looked for studies in which children (18 years or younger) whose asthma was well controlled on any dose of ICS and LABA combination therapy were randomised to: a) step‐down therapy to ICS alone or b) continued use of ICS and LABA.We included any dose of LABA (formoterol, salmeterol, vilanterol) and any dose of ICS (beclomethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, mometasone, flunisolide, fluticasone propionate, fluticasone furoate, triamcinolone) delivered in a combination inhaler or in separate inhalers.
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Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We selected RCTs of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD in which health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and/or functional (FEC) or maximal (MEC) exercise capacity were measured. We defined 'pulmonary rehabilitation' as exercise training for at least four weeks with or without education and/or psychological support. We defined 'usual care' as conventional care in which the control group was not given education or any form of additional intervention. We considered participants in the following situations to be in receipt of usual care: only verbal advice was given without additional education; and medication was altered or optimised to what was considered best practice at the start of the trial for all participants.
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Pressure‐controlled versus volume‐controlled ventilation for acute respiratory failure due to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs (irrespective of language or publication status) of adults with a diagnosis of acute respiratory failure or acute on chronic respiratory failure and fulfilling the criteria for ALI/ARDS as defined by the American‐European Consensus Conference who were admitted to an ICU for invasive mechanical ventilation, comparing pressure‐controlled or pressure‐controlled inverse‐ratio ventilation, or an equivalent pressure‐controlled mode (PCV), versus volume‐controlled ventilation, or an equivalent volume‐controlled mode (VCV).
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Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients
We included all randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials (RCTs or QRCTs) comparing early tracheostomy (two to 10 days after intubation) against late tracheostomy (> 10 days after intubation) for critically ill adult patients expected to be on prolonged mechanical ventilation.
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Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta2‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta2‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included all randomised controlled trials comparing indacaterol at any dose versus placebo or alternative long‐acting beta2‐agonists. Trials were required to be of at least 12 weeks' duration and had to include adults older than 18 years with a confirmed spirometric diagnosis of COPD.
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Alpha‐2 agonists for long‐term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients
We included all randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing alpha‐2 agonists (clonidine or dexmedetomidine) versus alternative sedatives for long‐term sedation (more than 24 hours) during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients.
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Pentoxifylline for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
Randomised or quasi‐randomised clinical trials of systemic or nebulised pentoxifylline in preterm neonates less than 32 weeks gestational age or less than 1500 g birth weight, reporting on at least one outcome of interest, were eligible for inclusion in the review.
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Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Parallel‐group RCTs of aclidinium bromide compared with placebo, long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) or LAMA in adults with stable COPD.
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Automated weaning and SBT systems versus non‐automated weaning strategies for weaning time in invasively ventilated critically ill adults
Randomized and quasi‐randomized trials comparing automated weaning and SBT systems versus non‐automated weaning strategies in intubated adults.
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Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Randomised controlled trials comparing corticosteroids administered orally or parenterally with an appropriate placebo, or comparing oral corticosteroids with parenteral corticosteroids in the treatment of people with acute exacerbations of COPD. Other interventions (e.g. bronchodilators and antibiotics) were standardised for both groups. We excluded clinical studies of acute asthma.
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Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during the postoperative period for prevention of postoperative morbidity and mortality following major abdominal surgery
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which CPAP was compared with standard care for prevention of postoperative mortality and adverse events following major abdominal surgery. We included all adults (adults as defined by individual studies) of both sexes. The intervention of CPAP was applied during the postoperative period. We excluded studies in which participants had received PEEP during surgery.
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Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta2‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for children with acute asthma in hospital
Randomised trials comparing the combination of inhaled or nebulised anticholinergics and short‐acting β2‐agonists versus short‐acting β2‐agonists alone in children one to 18 years of age hospitalised for an acute asthma exacerbation were eligible.
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Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel group RCTs of three months or longer comparing treatment with tiotropium against placebo for patients with COPD.
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Water‐based exercise for adults with asthma
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with asthma comparing a water‐based exercise group versus one or more of the following groups: usual care, land‐based exercise, non‐exercise.
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Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth
Parallel‐group randomised controlled trials comparing daily use of ICS, delivered by any type of inhalation device for at least three months, versus placebo or non‐steroidal drugs in children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma.
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Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth
Studies were eligible if they were parallel‐group randomised trials evaluating the impact of different doses of the same ICS using the same device in both groups for a minimum of three months in children one to 17 years of age with persistent asthma.
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Ambulatory oxygen for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are not hypoxaemic at rest
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compare ambulatory oxygen therapy provided through portable oxygen cylinders/battery‐powered devices or liquid oxygen canisters versus placebo air cylinders, usual medical care or co‐intervention in study participants with COPD who did not meet criteria for LTOT.
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Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta2‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of combined ICS and LABA compared with a control (placebo, no treatment, ICS as monotherapy) in children and adults with bronchiectasis not related to cystic fibrosis (CF).
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Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults treated in the emergency department (ED) for exacerbations of asthma if they compared any dose of IV MgSO4 with placebo.
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Written emotional disclosure for asthma
Randomised controlled trials published in any language comparing written emotional disclosure intervention versus a control writing (emotionally neutral) intervention in participants with asthma were included in the review.
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Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Randomised controlled trials that compared NIV during exercise training versus exercise training alone or exercise training with sham NIV in people with COPD were considered for inclusion in this review.
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Mucolytics for bronchiectasis
Randomised trials of mucolytic treatment in people with bronchiectasis but not cystic fibrosis.
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Long‐acting inhaled therapy (beta‐agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta‐analysis
We included parallel‐group RCTs of at least 6 months' duration recruiting people with COPD. Studies were included if they compared any of the following treatments versus any other: long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABAs; formoterol, indacaterol, salmeterol); long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs; aclidinium, glycopyrronium, tiotropium); inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs; budesonide, fluticasone, mometasone); combination long‐acting beta2‐agonist (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroid (LABA/ICS) (formoterol/budesonide, formoterol/mometasone, salmeterol/fluticasone); and placebo.
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Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included parallel‐group randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks' duration. Studies were included if they compared the ICS budesonide or fluticasone versus placebo, or either ICS in combination with a LABA versus the same LABA as monotherapy for people with COPD.
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Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long‐acting beta2‐agonists versus anti‐leukotrienes for chronic asthma
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in adults or children with recurrent asthma that was treated with ICS along with a fixed dose of a LABA or an LTRA for a minimum of four weeks.
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Water‐based exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Review authors included randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials in which water‐based exercise training of at least four weeks' duration was compared with no exercise training or any other form of exercise training in people with COPD. Swimming was excluded.
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Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children
We included parallel‐group, randomised controlled trials of at least 12 weeks' duration. Studies were included if they compared single‐inhaler therapy with budesonide/formoterol (SiT) versus combination inhalers at a higher maintenance dose of steroids than was given in the SiT arm (either salmeterol/fluticasone or budesonide/formoterol).
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Noninvasive positive‐pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure
Randomized and quasi‐randomized trials comparing early extubation with immediate application of NPPV versus IPPV weaning in intubated adults with respiratory failure.
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Antibody induction therapy for lung transplant recipients
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared immunosuppressive monoclonal and polyclonal T‐cell antibody induction for lung transplant recipients. An inclusion criterion was that all participants must have received the same maintenance immunosuppressive therapy within each study.
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Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma
We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared self management interventions for patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma delivered via smartphone apps to self management interventions delivered via traditional methods (e.g. paper‐based asthma diaries).
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Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease
Randomised controlled trials in women at sufficient risk of preterm birth to warrant the use of prenatal corticosteroids to promote lung maturity. TRH and corticosteroids were compared with corticosteroids, with or without placebo.
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Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress
We included all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials comparing the use of prostaglandins with other treatments (including placebo) to reduce neonatal respiratory morbidity. Participants were pregnant women with an indication for a CS, and we compared administration of prostaglandins prior to CS with no treatment, placebo or another treatment.
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Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta2‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included randomised and double‐blind studies of at least four weeks' duration. Eligible studies compared combined ICS and LABA preparations with placebo.
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Long‐acting beta2‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Parallel, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting populations of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies were required to be at least 12 weeks in duration and designed to assess the safety and efficacy of a long‐acting beta2‐agonist against placebo.
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Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Randomised controlled trials of BDP compared with placebo, or BDP/LABA compared with LABA, in stable COPD. Minimum trial duration is 12 weeks.
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Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma
We considered for inclusion randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in children and adolescents, aged one to 18 years, with asthma, who remained symptomatic despite the use of a stable maintenance dose of ICS and in whom anti‐leukotrienes were added to the ICS if they were compared to the same, an increased, or a tapering dose of ICS for at least four weeks.
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Beta2‐agonists for exercise‐induced asthma
We included randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of any study design, published in full text, that assessed the effects of inhaled beta2‐agonists on EIA in adults and children. We excluded studies that did not clearly state diagnostic criteria for EIA.
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Physical training for asthma
We included randomised trials of people over eight years of age with asthma who were randomised to undertake physical training or not. Physical training had to be undertaken for at least 20 minutes, two times a week, over a minimum period of four weeks.
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Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma
Randomised trials in adults and children (from two years of age) with asthma, where spacer beta₂‐agonist delivery was compared with wet nebulisation.
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Inspiratory muscle training for asthma
We included randomised controlled trials that involved the use of an external inspiratory muscle training device versus a control (sham or no inspiratory training device) in people with stable asthma.
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Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta2‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Studies were included if they were randomised and double‐blind. Compared studies combined LABA/ICS with the ICS component.
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Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta2‐agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
Randomized parallel trials comparing the combination of inhaled anticholinergics and SABAs with SABAs alone in children (aged 18 months to 18 years) with an acute asthma exacerbation.
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Partial liquid ventilation for preventing death and morbidity in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
As in the original review, review authors selected randomized controlled trials that compared PLV with other forms of ventilation in adults (16 y of age or older) with ALI or ARDS, reporting one or more of the following: mortality; duration of mechanical ventilation, respiratory support, oxygen therapy, stay in the intensive care unit or stay in hospital; infection; long‐term cognitive impairment or health‐related quality of life; long‐term lung function or cost.
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Combination inhaled steroid and long‐acting beta2‐agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
We included only parallel, randomised controlled trials comparing inhaled combination corticosteroid and long‐acting beta2‐agonist against inhaled tiotropium bromide.
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Drug therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults
Randomised, placebo controlled trials involving adult patients with confirmed OSA. We excluded trials if continuous positive airways pressure, mandibular devices or oxygen therapy were used. We excluded studies investigating treatment of associated conditions such as excessive sleepiness, hypertension, gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease and obesity.
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Physician advice for smoking cessation
Randomised trials of smoking cessation advice from a medical practitioner in which abstinence was assessed at least six months after advice was first provided.
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Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children
Parallel, randomised controlled trials of 12 weeks or longer in adults and children with chronic asthma. Studies had to assess the combination of formoterol and budesonide as SiT, against a control group that received inhaled steroids and a separate reliever inhaler.
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Swimming training for asthma in children and adolescents aged 18 years and under
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of children and adolescents comparing swimming training with usual care, a non‐physical activity, or physical activity other than swimming.
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Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute cough in children
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ICS with a control group in children with subacute cough were considered for inclusion.
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Lung protective ventilation strategy for the acute respiratory distress syndrome
We included randomized controlled trials comparing ventilation using either a lower tidal volume (Vt) or low airway driving pressure (plateau pressure 30 cm H2O or less), resulting in a tidal volume of 7 ml/kg or less, versus ventilation that used Vt in the range of 10 to 15 ml/kg in adults (16 years old or older) with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury.
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Partial liquid ventilation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in paediatric acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared partial liquid ventilation with other forms of ventilation in children (aged 28 days to 18 years) with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Trials had to report one or more of the following: mortality; duration of mechanical ventilation, respiratory support, oxygen therapy, stay in the intensive care unit, or stay in hospital; infection; long‐term cognitive impairment, neurodevelopmental progress, or other long‐term morbidities.
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Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children
Randomised controlled parallel or cross‐over studies were eligible for the review. We included studies comparing ciclesonide with other corticosteroids both at nominally equivalent doses or lower doses of ciclesonide.
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Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared intermittent ICS versus daily ICS in children and adults with persistent asthma. No co‐interventions were permitted other than rescue relievers and oral corticosteroids used during exacerbations.
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Psychosocial interventions for reducing antipsychotic medication in care home residents
We included individual or cluster‐randomised controlled trials comparing a psychosocial intervention aimed primarily at reducing the use of antipsychotic medication with regular care, optimised regular care, or a different psychosocial intervention. Psychosocial interventions were defined as non‐pharmacological intervention with psychosocial components. We excluded medication withdrawal or substitution interventions, interventions without direct interpersonal contact and communication, and interventions solely addressing policy changes or structural interventions.
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Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that investigated the effects of interventions intended to prevent or reduce the use of physical restraints in older people who require long‐term care. Studies conducted in residential care institutions or in the community, including patients' homes, were eligible for inclusion. We assigned all included interventions to categories based on their mechanisms and components.
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Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for persistent aggressive behaviour or agitation in people with schizophrenia
All randomised controlled trials comparing CBT plus standard care with standard care alone for people with schizophrenia and persistent aggression.
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Cognitive rehabilitation for people with mild to moderate dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CR with control conditions and reporting relevant outcomes for the person with dementia and/or the care partner.
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Personally tailored activities for improving psychosocial outcomes for people with dementia in long‐term care
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials offering personally tailored activities. All interventions included an assessment of the participants' present or past preferences for, or interest in, particular activities as a basis for an individual activity plan. Control groups received either usual care or an active control intervention.
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Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CS for dementia published in peer review journals in the English language incorporating a measure of cognitive change.
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Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia
We included individually or cluster‐randomised controlled trials in people with dementia comparing non‐pharmacological interventions to improve sleep compared to usual care or to other interventions of any type. Eligible studies had to have a sleep‐related primary outcome. We included people with a diagnosis of dementia and sleep problems at baseline irrespective of age, type of dementia, severity of cognitive impairment, or setting. Studies reporting results on a mixed sample (e.g. in a nursing home) were only considered for inclusion if at least 80% of participants had dementia.
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Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of disordered and problem gambling
We included randomised trials evaluating a pharmacological intervention for the treatment of disordered or problem gambling. Eligible control conditions included placebo control groups or comparisons with another category of pharmacological intervention.
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Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints of older people in general hospital settings
We included randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that investigated the effects of interventions that aimed to prevent or reduce the use of physical restraints in general hospital settings. Eligible settings were acute care and rehabilitation wards. We excluded emergency departments, intensive care and psychiatric units, as well as the use of restrictive measures for penal reasons (e.g. prisoners in general medical wards). We included studies with a mean age of study participants of at least 65 years. Control groups received usual care or active control interventions that were ineligible for inclusion as experimental interventions.
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Antithrombotic therapy to prevent cognitive decline in people with small vessel disease on neuroimaging but without dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) of people with neuroimaging evidence of at least mild cerebral small vessel disease (defined here as white matter hyperintensities, lacunes of presumed vascular origin and subcortical infarcts) but with no evidence of dementia. The trials had to compare antithrombotic therapy of minimum 24 weeks' duration to no antithrombotic therapy (either placebo or treatment as usual), or compare different antithrombotic treatment regimens. Antithrombotic therapy could include antiplatelet agents (as monotherapy or combination therapy), anticoagulants or a combination.
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Algorithm‐based pain management for people with dementia in nursing homes
We included randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of algorithm‐based pain management interventions for people with dementia living in nursing homes. All interventions had to include an initial pain assessment, a treatment algorithm (a treatment plan consisting of at least two different non‐pharmacological or pharmacological treatment steps to reduce pain), and criteria to assess the success of each treatment step. The control groups could receive usual care or an active control intervention. Primary outcomes for this review were pain‐related outcomes, e.g. the number of participants with pain (self‐ or proxy‐rated), challenging behaviour (we used a broad definition that could also include agitation or behavioural and psychological symptoms assessed with any validated instrument), and serious adverse events.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Early pharmacological interventions for universal prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
We included randomised clinical trials on adults exposed to any kind of traumatic event. We considered comparisons of any medication with placebo or with another medication. We excluded trials that investigated medications as an augmentation to psychotherapy.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non‐ICU patients
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of single and multicomponent non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised adults cared for outside intensive care or high dependency settings. We only included non‐pharmacological interventions which were designed and implemented to prevent delirium.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Multi‐domain interventions for the prevention of dementia and cognitive decline
We defined a multi‐domain intervention as an intervention with more than one component, pharmacological or non‐pharmacological, but not consisting only of two or more drugs with the same therapeutic target. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of such an intervention on cognitive functioning and/or incident dementia. We accepted as control conditions any sham intervention or usual care, but not single‐domain interventions intended to reduce dementia risk. We required studies to have a minimum of 400 participants and an intervention and follow‐up duration of at least 12 months.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults with bipolar disorder
RCTs comparing ketamine or other glutamate receptor modulators with other active psychotropic drugs or saline placebo in adults with bipolar depression.
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Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder
We included randomized controlled trials enrolling adults with bipolar disorder who were treated with lamotrigine, placebo or lithium.
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Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults with unipolar major depressive disorder
Double‐ or single‐blinded randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ketamine, memantine, esketamine or other glutamate receptor modulators with placebo (pill or saline infusion), other active psychotropic drugs, or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adults with unipolar major depression.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Enteral tube feeding for people with severe dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), or controlled non‐randomised studies. Our population of interest was adults of any age with a diagnosis of primary degenerative dementia of any cause, with severe cognitive and functional impairment, and poor nutritional intake. Eligible studies evaluated the effectiveness and complications of enteral tube feeding via a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube, or via jejunal post‐pyloric feeding, in comparison with standard care or enhanced standard care, such as an intervention to promote oral intake. Our primary outcomes were survival time, quality of life, and pressure ulcers.
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Magnetic seizure therapy for treatment‐resistant depression
All randomised clinical trials (RCTs) focused on MST for adults with TRD.
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Pharmacological treatment of hypertension in people without prior cerebrovascular disease for the prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which pharmacological interventions to treat hypertension were given for at least 12 months. We excluded trials of pharmacological interventions to lower blood pressure in non‐hypertensive participants. We also excluded trials conducted solely in people with stroke.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Approaches for discontinuation versus continuation of long‐term antidepressant use for depressive and anxiety disorders in adults
We included RCTs comparing approaches to discontinuation with continuation of antidepressants (or usual care) for people with depression or anxiety who are prescribed antidepressants for at least six months. Interventions included discontinuation alone (abrupt or taper), discontinuation with psychological therapy support, and discontinuation with minimal intervention. Primary outcomes were successful discontinuation rate, relapse (as defined by authors of the original study), withdrawal symptoms, and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, quality of life, social and occupational functioning, and severity of illness.
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Cholinesterase inhibitors for vascular dementia and other vascular cognitive impairments: a network meta‐analysis
We included randomised controlled trials in which donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine was compared with placebo or in which the drugs were compared with each other in adults with vascular dementia or other VCI (excluding cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)). We included all drug doses and routes of administration.
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Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of women with depression during the first 12 months postpartum that compared antidepressant treatment (alone or in combination with another treatment) with any other treatment, placebo or treatment as usual.
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Withdrawal or continuation of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine or both, in people with dementia
We included all randomised, controlled clinical trials (RCTs) which compared withdrawal of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine, or both, with continuation of the same drug or drugs.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing pharmacological agents or natural products with placebo/alternative pharmacological treatment in individuals with a recent (within six months of trial entry) episode of SH resulting in presentation to hospital or clinical services. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a repeated episode of SH over a maximum follow‐up period of two years. Secondary outcomes included treatment acceptability, treatment adherence, depression, hopelessness, general functioning, social functioning, suicidal ideation, and suicide.