anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs of breastfeeding or supplemental breast milk versus no treatment/other measures in neonates. We included both term (≥ 37 completed weeks postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to a maximum of 44 weeks' postmenstrual age. The study must have reported on either physiological markers of pain or validated pain scores.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Specific psychological therapies versus other therapies or no treatment for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa
We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of people (any age) with anorexia nervosa of at least three years' duration. Eligible experimental interventions were any specific psychological therapy for improved physical and psychological health in anorexia nervosa, conducted in any treatment setting with no restrictions in terms of number of sessions, modality, or duration of therapy. Eligible comparator interventions included any other specific psychological therapy for anorexia nervosa, non‐specific psychological therapy for mental health disorders, no treatment or waiting list, antipsychotic treatment (with or without psychological therapy), antidepressant treatment (with or without psychological therapy), dietary counselling, and treatment as usual as defined by the individual trials.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute otitis media in children
We included randomised controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of paracetamol or NSAIDs, alone or combined, for pain relief in non‐hospitalised children aged six months to 16 years with AOM. We also included trials of paracetamol or NSAIDs, alone or combined, for children with fever or upper respiratory tract infections if we were able to extract subgroup data on pain relief in children with AOM either directly or after obtaining additional data from study authors. We extracted and summarised data for the following comparisons: paracetamol versus placebo, NSAIDs versus placebo, NSAIDs versus paracetamol, and NSAIDs plus paracetamol versus paracetamol alone.
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High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the use of high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in infants ≥ 37 weeks gestational age up to one month postnatal age (the end of the neonatal period).
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Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of vocabulary interventions for L2 learners up to six years of age with standard care.
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Perioperative glycaemic control for people with diabetes undergoing surgery
We included randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that prespecified different targets of perioperative glycaemic control for participants with diabetes (intensive versus conventional or standard care).
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Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing probiotics with placebo or no probiotics in very preterm infants (born before 32 weeks' gestation) and VLBW infants (weighing less than 1500 g at birth).
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Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants
We considered all randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials. Eligible studies compared NIPPV versus NCPAP treatment, starting within six hours after birth in preterm infants (< 37 weeks' gestational age (GA)).
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Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity
We included all randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which researchers determined that CPAP was necessary for AoP in preterm infants (born before 37 weeks). Cross‐over studies were also included, provided sufficient data were available for analysis.
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Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing vedolizumab to placebo for the induction or maintenance of remission in people with Crohn's disease.
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Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving contraception use
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of mobile phone‐based interventions to improve forms of contraception use amongst users or potential users of contraception.
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Infant isolation and cohorting for preventing or reducing transmission of healthcare‐associated infections in neonatal units
Types of studies: cluster‐randomized or quasi‐randomized trials at the level of the cluster (where clusters may be defined by NICU, hospital, ward, or other subunits of the hospital). We also included cross‐over trials with a washout period of more than four months (arbitrarily defined).Types of participants: newborn infants less than six months of age in neonatal units that implemented patient isolation or cohorting as infection control measures to prevent HAIs.Types of interventions: patient isolation measures (single‐room isolation or cohorting, or both of infants with similar colonization or infections) compared to routine isolation measures.Types of outcome measures: the primary outcome was the rate of transmission of HAIs as estimated by the infection and colonization rates in the NICU. Secondary outcomes included all‐cause mortality during hospital stay at 28 days of age, length of hospital stay, as well as potential adverse effects of isolation or cohorting measures, or both.
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Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome
We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) that compared COCs containing drospirenone with placebo or with another COC for treatment of women with PMS.
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Opioids for procedural pain in neonates
We included randomized controlled trials conducted in preterm and term infants of a postmenstrual age (PMA) up to 46 weeks and 0 days exposed to procedural pain where opioids were compared to 1) placebo or no drug; 2) non‐pharmacological intervention; 3) other analgesics or sedatives; 4) other opioids; or 5) the same opioid administered by a different route.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing a defined oral stimulation intervention with no intervention, standard care, sham treatment or non‐oral intervention (e.g. body stroking protocols or gavage adjustment protocols) in preterm infants and reporting at least one of the specified outcomes.
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Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs assessing the efficacy of PTX with antibiotics (any dose or duration) for treatment of suspected or confirmed sepsis or NEC in neonates. We included three comparisons: (1) PTX with antibiotics compared to placebo or no intervention with antibiotics; (2) PTX with antibiotics compared to PTX with antibiotics and adjunct treatments such as immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin (IgM‐enriched IVIG); (3) PTX with antibiotics compared to adjunct treatments such as IgM‐enriched IVIG with antibiotics.
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Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
We selected RCTs that compared routine monitoring versus no monitoring of gastric residual and trials that used two different criteria for gastric residual to interrupt feeds in preterm infants.
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Nebulised hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials assessing hypertonic saline compared to placebo or other mucolytic therapy, for any duration or dose regimen in people with CF (any age or disease severity).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain
Participants included infants from birth to three years in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cross‐over RCTs that had a no‐treatment control comparison. Studies were eligible for inclusion in the analysis if they compared a non‐pharmacological pain management strategy to a no‐treatment control group (15 different strategies). In addition, we also analysed studies when the unique effect of adding a non‐pharmacological pain management strategy onto another pain management strategy could be assessed (i.e. additive effects on a sweet solution, non‐nutritive sucking, or swaddling) (three strategies). The eligible control groups for these additive studies were sweet solution only, non‐nutritive sucking only, or swaddling only, respectively. Finally, we qualitatively described six interventions that met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review, but not in the analysis.
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Antivirals for prevention of hepatitis B virus mother‐to‐child transmission in human immunodeficiency virus positive pregnant women co‐infected with hepatitis B virus
We aimed to include randomised clinical trials comparing tenofovir‐based antiviral combination regimens (anti‐HIV regimen with lopinavir‐ritonavir therapy, or any other antiviral therapy, and two drugs with activity against HBV, specifically, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), plus lamivudine or emtricitabine) with placebo alone, or tenofovir alone, or non‐tenofovir‐based antiviral regimen (zidovudine, lamivudine, telbivudine, emtricitabine, entecavir, lopinavir‐ritonavir, or any other antiviral therapy) either alone or in combination with at least two other antivirals.
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Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cross‐over trials, and cluster trials that included pregnant women, mothers, other caregivers, and healthcare workers who received interventions within either the community setting or in health facility settings, and the neonates  in the neonatal care units or community settings.
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Comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating the psychological consequences of sexual abuse in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis
We included randomised controlled trials comparing psychological interventions for sexually abused children and young people up to 18 years old with other treatments or no treatments. Interventions included: cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, family therapy, child centred therapy (CCT), and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). We included both individual and group formats.
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Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with any subtype of MS comparing alemtuzumab alone or associated with other medications versus placebo; another active drug; or alemtuzumab in another dose, regimen, or duration.
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Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of any intervention given to treat stings from any species of jellyfish stings. Interventions were compared to another active intervention, placebo, or no treatment. If co‐interventions were used, we included the study only if the co‐intervention was used in each group.
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Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of people with CF, in whom P aeruginosa had recently been isolated from respiratory secretions. We compared combinations of inhaled, oral or intravenous (IV) antibiotics with placebo, usual treatment or other antibiotic combinations. We excluded non‐randomised trials and cross‐over trials.
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for autistic spectrum disorders
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), comparing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. galantamine, donepezil, or rivastigmine) of varying doses, delivered orally or via transdermal patch, either as monotherapy or adjunct therapy, with placebo. People of any age, with a clinical diagnosis of autism were eligible for inclusion.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating IL‐6 blocking agents compared to standard care alone or to placebo for people with COVID‐19, regardless of disease severity.
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Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing prebiotics with placebo or no prebiotics in very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or VLBW (< 1500 g) infants. The primary outcomes were NEC and all‐cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were late‐onset invasive infection, duration of hospitalisation since birth, and neurodevelopmental impairment.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Lactoferrin for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery
We planned to include randomised controlled trials that studied infants born at 37 or more weeks of gestation who had one or more episodes of gastrointestinal surgery within 28 days of birth, and compared administration of lactoferrin with a placebo.
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Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, cluster‐RCTs, or cross‐over trials, in neonates (0 to 28 days of age), evaluating videolaryngoscopy with any device used for endotracheal intubation compared with direct laryngoscopy.
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Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants
We included randomised or quasi‐randomised trials comparing nHF with other forms of non‐invasive respiratory support for preterm infants born less than 37 weeks' gestation with respiratory distress soon after birth.
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Conventional chest physiotherapy compared to other airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis
We included randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials (including cross‐over design) lasting at least seven days and comparing CCPT with alternative ACTs in people with CF.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antiseptic solutions for skin preparation during central catheter insertion in neonates
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster‐RCTs were eligible for inclusion in this review if they were performed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and were comparing any antiseptic solution (single or in combination) against any other type of antiseptic solution or no antiseptic solution or placebo in preparation for central catheter insertion. We excluded cross‐over trials and quasi‐RCTs.
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Personalised interventions for subgroups of children with conduct problems
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), in any setting, in children (aged two to 12 years) with conduct problems and within a prespecified subgroup, comparing a personalised intervention with a non‐personalised intervention, waitlist control, or treatment as usual. Personalised interventions included adaptations to standard practice, such as parent‐training programmes; other recommended interventions for children with conduct problems; or interventions developed specifically to target subgroups of children with conduct problems. We excluded non‐personalised and non‐psychological interventions (e.g. pharmacological or dietary intervention). Prespecified subgroups of children with conduct problems, however defined, were eligible for inclusion.
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Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
We included randomized controlled trials that studied adults and children with UC or CD. Eligible intervention arms used FMT, defined as the delivery of healthy donor stool containing gut microbiota to a recipient's GI tract, to treat UC or CD.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared PUFA with placebo or PUFA plus alternative therapy (medication, behavioural therapy, or psychotherapy) with the same alternative therapy alone in children and adolescents (aged 18 years and under) diagnosed with ADHD.
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Airway clearance techniques compared to no airway clearance techniques for cystic fibrosis
We included randomised or quasi‐randomised studies that compared airway clearance techniques (chest physiotherapy) with no airway clearance techniques or spontaneous cough alone in people with CF.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐randomized, cluster‐randomized, and cross‐over controlled trials evaluating systemic opioid regimens' effects on postoperative pain in neonates (pre‐term or full‐term). We considered suitable for inclusion: I) studies evaluating different doses of the same opioid; 2) studies evaluating different routes of administration of the same opioid; 3) studies evaluating the effectiveness of continuous infusion versus bolus infusion; and 4) studies establishing an assessment of an 'as needed' administration versus 'as scheduled' administration.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs using nebulised hypertonic saline alone or in conjunction with bronchodilators as an active intervention and nebulised 0.9% saline or standard treatment as a comparator in children under 24 months with acute bronchiolitis. The primary outcome for inpatient trials was length of hospital stay, and the primary outcome for outpatients or emergency department (ED) trials was rate of hospitalisation.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and cluster‐RCTs in neonates (term or preterm) undergoing painful procedures comparing NSAIDs and NMDA receptor antagonists to placebo or no drug, non‐pharmacological intervention, other analgesics, or different routes of administration.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in paediatric patients between 0 and 24 months old
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which chest physiotherapy was compared to control (conventional medical care with no physiotherapy intervention) or other respiratory physiotherapy techniques in infants younger than 24 months old with bronchiolitis.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Bubble devices versus other pressure sources for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants
We included randomised controlled trials comparing bubble CPAP with other pressure sources (mechanical ventilators or Infant Flow Driver) for the delivery of nasal CPAP to preterm infants.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12 years
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of preventive zinc supplementation in children aged 6 months to 12 years compared with no intervention, a placebo, or a waiting list control. We excluded hospitalized children and children with chronic diseases or conditions. We excluded food fortification or intake, sprinkles, and therapeutic interventions.
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Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing methylphenidate versus placebo or no intervention in children and adolescents aged 18 years and younger with a diagnosis of ADHD. The search was not limited by publication year or language, but trial inclusion required that 75% or more of participants had a normal intellectual quotient (IQ > 70). We assessed two primary outcomes, ADHD symptoms and serious adverse events, and three secondary outcomes, adverse events considered non‐serious, general behaviour, and quality of life.
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Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs in which phenobarbital was given within the first 24 hours of life to preterm infants identified as being at risk of IVH because of gestational age below 34 weeks, birth weight below 1500 g or respiratory failure. Phenobarbital was compared to no intervention or placebo. We excluded infants with serious congenital malformations.
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Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus
We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing botulinum toxin with strabismus surgery, botulinum toxin alternatives (i.e. bupivacaine) and conservative therapy such as orthoptic exercises, prisms, or lens therapy for people of any age with strabismus. All relevant RCTs identified in this update compared botulinum toxin with strabismus surgery.
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Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
We included RCTs comparing two or more different treatment regimens of systemic postnatal corticosteroids in preterm infants at risk for BPD, as defined by the original trialists. The following comparisons of intervention were eligible: alternative corticosteroid (e.g. hydrocortisone) versus another corticosteroid (e.g. dexamethasone); lower (experimental arm) versus higher dosage (control arm); later (experimental arm) versus earlier (control arm) initiation of therapy; a pulse‐dosage (experimental arm) versus continuous‐dosage regimen (control arm); and individually‐tailored regimens (experimental arm) based on the pulmonary response versus a standardized (predetermined administered to every infant) regimen (control arm). We excluded placebo‐controlled and inhalation corticosteroid studies.
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Medical interventions for traumatic hyphema
Two review authors independently assessed the titles and abstracts of all reports identified by the electronic and manual searches. We included randomized and quasi‐randomized trials that compared various medical (non‐surgical) interventions versus other medical interventions or control groups for the treatment of traumatic hyphema following closed‐globe trauma. We applied no restrictions on age, gender, severity of the closed‐globe trauma, or level of visual acuity at time of enrollment.
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Ultrasound‐guided arterial cannulation in the paediatric population
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ultrasound guidance versus other techniques (palpation or Doppler auditory assistance) to guide arterial line cannulation in children and adolescents (aged under 18 years). We planned to include quasi‐RCTs and cluster‐RCTs. For RCTs with both adult and paediatric populations, we planned to include only the paediatric population data.
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Ataluren and similar compounds (specific therapies for premature termination codon class I mutations) for cystic fibrosis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel design comparing ataluren and similar compounds (specific therapies for class I mutations) with placebo in people with CF who have at least one class I mutation.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in preterm and term infants of a postmenstrual age up to 46 weeks and 0 days with postoperative pain where systemic opioids were compared to 1) placebo or no intervention; 2) non‐pharmacological interventions; 3) different types of opioids; or 4) other drugs.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in IgA vasculitis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interventions used to prevent or treat kidney disease in IgAV compared with placebo, no treatment or other agents were included.
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Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis patients
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining adults and children undergoing PD catheter insertion. The studies examined any two PD catheter insertion techniques, including laparoscopic, open‐surgical, percutaneous and peritoneoscopic insertion. Primary outcomes of interest were PD catheter function and technique survival.
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Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compare probiotic preparations (including synbiotics) to placebo, no treatment or any other interventional preparation in patients aged between 4 and 18 years of age with a diagnosis of functional abdominal pain disorder according to the Rome II, Rome III or Rome IV criteria.
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Stem cell‐based interventions for the prevention and treatment of intraventricular haemorrhage and encephalopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
We attempted to include randomised controlled trials, quasi‐randomised controlled trials, and cluster trials comparing 1. stem cell‐based interventions versus control; 2. mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of type or source versus MSCs of other type or source; 3. stem cell‐based interventions other than MSCs of type or source versus stem cell‐based interventions other than MSCs of other type or source; or 4. MSCs versus stem cell‐based interventions other than MSCs. For prevention studies, we included extremely preterm infants (less than 28 weeks' gestation), 24 hours of age or less, without ultrasound diagnosis of GM‐IVH or EoP; for treatment studies, we included preterm infants (less than 37 weeks' gestation), of any postnatal age, with ultrasound diagnosis of GM‐IVH or with EoP.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antibiotics for chronic pulmonary infection in children with a neurodisability (neurodevelopmental disorder)
All randomised controlled trials of antibiotic therapy for chronic pulmonary infection in children and young people up to the age of 18 living with a neurodisability were eligible.
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Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised trials of children and adults with intellectual disability of any duration, setting and any eligible comparator.
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Vitamin D for the management of asthma
We included double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled trials of vitamin D in children and adults with asthma evaluating exacerbation risk or asthma symptom control, or both.
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Active cycle of breathing technique for cystic fibrosis
We included randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled clinical studies, including cross‐over studies, comparing ACBT with other airway clearance therapies in CF.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs investigating physical interventions (screening at entry ports, isolation, quarantine, physical distancing, personal protection, hand hygiene, face masks, glasses, and gargling) to prevent respiratory virus transmission.
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Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating primary or recurrent lateral patellar dislocation in adults or children.
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Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared vitamin D supplementation with placebo in children (aged one month to five years) hospitalised with acute community‐acquired pneumonia, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) acute respiratory infection guidelines. For this update, we reappraised eligible trials according to research integrity criteria, excluding RCTs published from April 2018 that were not prospectively registered in a trials registry according to WHO or Clinical Trials Registry – India (CTRI) guidelines (it was not mandatory to register clinical trials in India before April 2018).
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Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis in people with cystic fibrosis
Randomised controlled trials of at least six months duration studying bisphosphonates in people with cystic fibrosis.
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Glucocorticoids for croup in children
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in children (aged 18 years and below) with croup. We assessed the effect of glucocorticoids compared to the following: placebo, any other pharmacologic agents, any other glucocorticoids, any combination of other glucocorticoids, given by different modes of administration, or given in different doses. The included studies must have assessed at least one of our primary outcomes (defined as the change in croup score or return visits, (re)admissions to the hospital or both) or secondary outcomes (defined as the length of stay in hospital or emergency departments, patient improvement, use of additional treatments, or adverse events).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants
We included RCTs and quasi‐RCTs in which paracetamol (single‐agent or combination therapy) was compared to no intervention, placebo, or other agents used for closure of PDA, irrespective of dose, duration, and mode of administration in preterm infants. Two independent authors reviewed the search results and made a final selection of potentially eligible articles through discussion.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Late (≥ 7 days) inhaled corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing inhaled corticosteroids to placebo, started between seven days' postnatal age (PNA) and 36 weeks' PMA, in infants at risk of BPD. We excluded trials investigating systemic corticosteroids versus inhaled corticosteroids.
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Vaccines for the common cold
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any virus vaccine compared with placebo to prevent the common cold in healthy people.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Homeopathic medicinal products for preventing and treating acute respiratory tract infections in children
We included double‐blind randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or double‐blind cluster‐RCTs comparing oral homeopathy medicinal products with identical placebo or self‐selected conventional treatments to prevent or treat ARTIs in children aged 0 to 16 years.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for the eradication of meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in people with cystic fibrosis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs of any combinations of topical, inhaled, oral or intravenous antimicrobials primarily aimed at eradicating MRSA compared with placebo, standard treatment or no treatment.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Family‐centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood well‐being by primary healthcare services
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCTs, quasi‐RCTs, controlled before‐after studies, and interrupted time series of family‐centred care interventions that included Indigenous children aged less than five years from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the USA. Interventions were included if they met the assessment criteria for family‐centred interventions and were delivered in primary health care. Comparison interventions could include usual maternal and child health care or one form of family‐centred intervention versus another.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ultrasound guidance versus landmark method for peripheral venous cannulation in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs (RCTs in which participants are systematically allocated based on data such as date of birth or recruitment) comparing the effects of ultrasound guidance to the landmark method for peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Bioengineered nerve conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve repair of the upper limb
We included parallel group randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of nerve repair in the upper limb using a bioengineered wrap or conduit, with at least 12 months of follow‐up.
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Statins for Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs with parallel or cross‐over designs, and non‐randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) including non‐randomized trials, cohort studies, and controlled before‐and‐after studies, were eligible for inclusion in this review if they met our prespecified inclusion criteria, i.e. involved human participants with biochemically or genetically diagnosed SLOS receiving statin therapy or cholesterol supplementation, or both.
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Inhaled anti‐pseudomonal antibiotics for long‐term therapy in cystic fibrosis
We selected trials where people with cystic fibrosis received inhaled anti‐pseudomonal antibiotic treatment for at least three months, treatment allocation was randomised or quasi‐randomised, and there was a control group (either placebo, no placebo or another inhaled antibiotic).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Pharmacological interventions for pain and sedation management in newborn infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia
We included randomized controlled trials (RCT), quasi‐RCTs and cluster‐randomized trials comparing drugs used for the management of pain or sedation, or both, during therapeutic hypothermia: any opioids (e.g. morphine, fentanyl), alpha‐2 agonists (e.g. clonidine, dexmedetomidine), N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (e.g. ketamine), other analgesics (e.g. paracetamol), and sedatives (e.g. benzodiazepines such as midazolam) versus another drug, placebo, no intervention, or non‐pharmacological interventions. Primary outcomes were analgesia and sedation, and all‐cause mortality to discharge.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing extra support for healthy breastfeeding mothers of healthy term babies with usual maternity care. Support could be provided face‐to‐face, over the phone or via digital technologies. All studies had to meet the trustworthiness criteria.
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Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in primary care
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in primary care patients with ARIs that compared the use of point‐of‐care biomarkers with standard care. We included trials that randomised individual participants, as well as trials that randomised clusters of patients (cluster‐RCTs).
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for juvenile idiopathic arthritis‐associated uveitis
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TNF inhibitors with placebo in participants with a diagnosis of JIA and uveitis who were aged 2 to 18 years old.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six months of age
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including quasi‐RCTs, as well as non‐RCTs and cohort studies conducted after 1980 were included. Participants were babies with all severities of DDH who were under six months of age. Interventions included dynamic splints (e.g. Pavlik harness), static splints (e.g Fixed abduction brace) or double nappies (diapers), compared to no splinting or delayed splinting.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children
We included parallel and cross‐over randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that allocated people with persistent asthma to take a blinded inhaler in the event of an exacerbation which either increased their daily dose of ICS or kept it stable (placebo).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Laser therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for treating hypertrophic or keloid scars (or both), comparing laser therapy with placebo, no intervention or another intervention.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Appetite stimulants for people with cystic fibrosis
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of appetite stimulants compared to placebo, control, no treatment or different appetite stimulants, or to the same appetite stimulants at different doses or regimens for at least one month in adults and children with cystic fibrosis.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients
We included randomised controlled trials measuring and reporting the effects of synbiotics, prebiotics, or probiotics, in any combination and any formulation given to solid organ transplant recipients (any age and setting). Two authors independently assessed the retrieved titles and abstracts and, where necessary, the full text to determine which satisfied the inclusion criteria.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID‐19
We included RCTs that compared fluvoxamine in addition to standard care (also including no intervention), with standard care (alone or with placebo), or any other active pharmacological comparator with proven efficacy in clinical trials for the treatment of people with confirmed COVID‐19, irrespective of disease severity, in both inpatients and outpatients. Co‐interventions needed to be the same in both study arms. We excluded studies comparing fluvoxamine to other pharmacological interventions with unproven efficacy.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Water for wound cleansing
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed wound cleansing using different types of water (e.g. tap water, distilled, boiled) compared with no cleansing or with other solutions (e.g. normal saline). For this update, we excluded quasi‐RCTs, thereby removing some studies which had been included in the previous version of the review.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and cluster RCTs examining interventions to increase immunosuppressant adherence following a solid organ transplant (heart, lung, kidney, liver, pancreas) were included. There were no restrictions on language or publication type.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Adding rapid diagnostic tests to community‐based programmes for treating malaria
We included individually randomized trials and cluster‐randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), controlled before‐after studies, and controlled interrupted time series studies in people living in malaria‐endemic areas, comparing programmes that train CHWs and drug shop vendors to perform mRDTs and provide appropriate treatment versus similar programmes that do not use mRDTs, and versus routine health facility care.
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Stiripentol add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy
Randomised controlled trials of add‐on stiripentol in people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections
We included RCTs measuring and reporting the effect of D‐mannose, in any combination and any formulation, to prevent or treat UTIs in adults and children, females and males, in any setting (including perioperative).Authors independently assessed the retrieved titles and abstracts and, where necessary, the full text to determine which satisfied the inclusion criteria.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco or alcohol use
We defined 'Implementation' as the use of strategies to adopt and integrate evidence‐based health interventions and to change practice patterns within specific settings. We included any trial (randomised controlled trial (RCT) or non‐randomised controlled trial (non‐RCT)) conducted at any scale, with a parallel control group that compared a strategy to implement policies or practices to address diet, physical activity, overweight or obesity, tobacco or alcohol use by students to 'no intervention', 'usual' practice or a different implementation strategy.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Memantine for autism spectrum disorder
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any dose of memantine compared with placebo in autistic people. We also included RCTs in which only one group received memantine, but both groups received the same additional therapy (e.g. a behaviour intervention).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections
We included individual randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs comparing probiotics with placebo or no treatment to prevent acute URTIs. The participants were children, adults, or the elderly in the community, care facilities, schools, or hospitals. Our main outcomes were the number of participants diagnosed with URTIs (at least one event and at least three events), the incidence rate (number of cases/person year) of acute URTIs, and the mean duration of an episode of URTIs. Our secondary outcomes were the number of participants who were absent from childcare centre, school, or work due to acute URTIs; the number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs; and the number of participants who experienced at least one adverse event from probiotics. We excluded studies if they did not specify acute respiratory infections as 'upper'; studies with more than 50% of participants vaccinated against influenza or other acute URTIs within the last 12 months; and studies with significantly different proportions of vaccinated participants between the probiotics arm and the placebo or no treatment arm.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs)
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any psychological therapy (e.g. cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), behaviour therapy (BT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), mindfulness) for the management of painful TMD. We compared these against control or alternative treatment (e.g. oral appliance, medication, physiotherapy).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Physical activity and exercise training in cystic fibrosis
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing physical activity interventions of any type and a minimum intervention duration of two weeks with conventional care (no physical activity intervention) in people with CF.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Inhaled antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis
Randomised controlled trials in people with cystic fibrosis with a pulmonary exacerbation in whom treatment with inhaled antibiotics was compared to placebo, standard treatment or another inhaled antibiotic for between one and four weeks.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Anti‐IL‐5 therapies for asthma
We included randomised controlled trials comparing mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab versus placebo in adults and children with asthma.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and controlled before‐and‐after studies examining the effects of training interventions for qualified professionals (e.g. teachers, childcare professionals, doctors, nurses, and mental health professionals) to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect, compared with no training, waitlist control, or alternative training (not related to child abuse and neglect).