anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised controlled trials where TENS was evaluated in the treatment of central or peripheral neuropathic pain. We included studies if they investigated the following: TENS versus placebo (sham) TENS, TENS versus usual care, TENS versus no treatment and TENS in addition to usual care versus usual care alone in the management of neuropathic pain in adults.
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Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings
We included randomised controlled trials examining outpatient cervical ripening or induction of labour with pharmacological agents or mechanical methods. Cluster trials were eligible for inclusion.
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Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother‐to‐child HIV transmission
We included randomized controlled trials conducted in any setting that compared vitamin A supplements to placebo or no intervention among HIV‐positive women during pregnancy or after delivery, or both.
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Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
We selected RCTs assessing the effects of whole grain foods or diets containing whole grains compared to foods or diets with a similar composition, over a minimum of 12 weeks, on cardiovascular disease and related risk factors. Eligible for inclusion were healthy adults, those at increased risk of CVD, or those previously diagnosed with CVD.
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Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events
We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events with a follow‐up period of one year or longer. We considered myocardial infarction and stroke as the primary outcomes. We excluded studies in patients with end‐stage renal disease.
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Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
We selected RCTs that assessed the effects of low GI diets compared to diets with a similar composition but a higher GI on cardiovascular disease and related risk factors. Minimum trial duration was 12 weeks. Participants included were healthy adults or those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, or previously diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Studies in people with diabetes mellitus were excluded.
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Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplement (alone or in combination) to control.
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Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy
RCTs comparing deep brain or cortical stimulation versus sham stimulation, resective surgery, further treatment with antiepileptic drugs or other neurostimulation treatments (including vagus nerve stimulation).
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Continuous support for women during childbirth
All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials, cluster‐randomised trials comparing continuous support during labour with usual care. Quasi‐randomised and cross‐over designs were not eligible for inclusion.
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Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia
Randomised controlled trials with useable data comparing WDD with antipsychotics, placebo or other interventions for people with schizophrenia.
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Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared music therapy with standard care, placebo therapy, or no treatment.
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Branched‐chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy
We included randomised clinical trials, irrespective of the bias control, language, or publication status.
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Therapeutic ultrasound for venous leg ulcers
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared ultrasound with no ultrasound. Eligible non‐ultrasound comparator treatments included usual care, sham ultrasound and alternative leg ulcer treatments.
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Effect of cocoa on blood pressure
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of chocolate or cocoa products on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults for a minimum of two weeks duration.
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Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment
We included all double‐blind, randomised trials in which treatment with any dose of vitamin E was compared with placebo in people with AD or MCI.
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Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of arginine supplementation (administered orally or parenterally for at least seven days, in addition to what an infant may be receiving from an enteral or parenteral source) compared with placebo or no treatment.
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L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment
Eligible trials were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs, parallel‐group or cross‐over, that compared L‐carnitine or its derivatives, acetyl‐L‐carnitine or propionyl‐L‐carnitine, at any dose and for any length of treatment, with placebo or no treatment in cognitively healthy people of any age and either gender.
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Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing supplementation of human milk with calcium and/or phosphorus versus no supplementation in hospitalised preterm infants were eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Randomised controlled trials comparing the effects of different types of dietary advice for women with GDM.
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Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy
We included randomised clinical trials that compared probiotics in any dosage with placebo or no intervention, or with any other treatment in people with hepatic encephalopathy.
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Acupuncture for acute hordeolum
We included RCTs of people diagnosed with acute internal or external hordeola. We included RCTs comparing acupuncture with sham acupuncture or no treatment, other active treatments, or comparing acupuncture plus another treatment versus another treatment alone.
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Music interventions for acquired brain injury
We included all randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that compared music interventions and standard care with standard care alone or combined with other therapies. We examined studies that included people older than 16 years of age who had ABI of a non‐degenerative nature and were participating in treatment programmes offered in hospital, outpatient, or community settings. We included studies in any language, published and unpublished.
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Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies of at least 6 weeks' duration, using high‐concentration (5% or more) topical capsaicin to treat neuropathic pain.
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Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs assessing the effects of dietary advice interventions compared with no intervention (standard care), or to different dietary advice interventions. Cluster‐RCTs were eligible for inclusion but none were identified.
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Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants
All randomised trials evaluating the effect of LCPUFA‐supplemented formula in enterally‐fed preterm infants (compared with standard formula) on visual development, neurodevelopment and physical growth. Trials reporting only biochemical outcomes were not included.
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Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared the effects of feeding nutrient‐enriched formula (postdischarge formula or preterm formula) versus standard term formula to preterm infants after hospital discharge .
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Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults
We included randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials of ES with non‐implanted devices compared with any other treatment for OAB in adults. Eligible trials included adults with OAB with or without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). Trials whose participants had stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were excluded.
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Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged from 2 months to 59 months.
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Oral Astragalus (Huang qi) for preventing frequent episodes of acute respiratory tract infection in children
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral Astragalus as a sole Chinese herbal preparation with placebo to prevent frequent episodes of ARTIs in children.
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Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions for people aged over 65 years with hip fracture where the interventions were started within the first month after hip fracture.
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Zinc supplementation for tinnitus
Randomised controlled trials comparing zinc supplementation versus placebo in adults (18 years and over) with tinnitus.
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Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) for treatment of constipation in children
Randomized controlled trials that assessed any type of TES, administered at home or in a clinical setting, compared to no treatment, a sham TES, other forms of nerve stimulation or any other pharmaceutical or non‐pharmaceutical measures used to treat constipation in children were considered for inclusion.
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Vitamin D supplementation for preventing infections in children under five years of age
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated preventive supplementation of vitamin D (versus placebo or no intervention) in children under five years of age.
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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of any dose, duration, and frequency for hyperbaric oxygen therapy compared with no treatment or sham treatment for children and adults with ASD.
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Methods of milk expression for lactating women
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing methods at any time after birth.
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Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age
Randomised or quasi‐randomised, individually or cluster randomised trials involving synthetic vitamin A supplementation compared to placebo or no intervention provided to infants one to six months of age were eligible.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs comparing PUFAs with placebo or no treatment in children younger than 18 years with specific learning disabilities, as diagnosed in accordance with the fifth (or earlier) edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5), or the 10th (or earlier) revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) or equivalent criteria. We included children with coexisting developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism.
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Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of vitamin A in preventing blindness in well‐nourished children diagnosed with measles but with no prior clinical features of vitamin A deficiency.
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Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation
Truly randomised unconfounded clinical trials among people with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, in the subacute or chronic stage, comparing acupuncture involving needling with placebo acupuncture, sham acupuncture, or no acupuncture.
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Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants
Randomized controlled trials comparing KMC versus conventional neonatal care, or early‐onset KMC versus late‐onset KMC, in LBW infants.
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Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants
Randomised controlled trials comparing vitamin A supplementation with a control (placebo or no supplementation) or other dosage regimens in VLBW infants (birth weight ≤ 1500 grams or less than 32 weeks' gestation).
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Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of fish oils in kidney transplant recipients on a calcineurin inhibitor‐based immunosuppressive regimen. RCTs of fish oil versus statins were included.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for drug‐resistant epilepsy
All randomised and quasi‐randomised studies using PUFAs for the treatment of drug‐resistant epilepsy.
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Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants
Randomised or quasi‐randomised trials of CL versus ND or CBL in preterm and low birth weight infants.
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Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs of children aged 12 years or younger where xylitol supplementation was compared with placebo or no treatment to prevent AOM.
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for idiopathic Parkinson's disease
We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and randomised controlled cross‐over trials that compared tDCS versus control in patients with IPD for improving health‐related quality of life , disability, and impairment.
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Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis
Randomized controlled trials that compared any oral nutritional supplement given for at least four weeks with no nutritional intervention, placebo, or dietary advice only for people being treated for active tuberculosis. The primary outcomes of interest were all‐cause death, and cure at six and 12 months.
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Acupuncture and related interventions for symptoms of chronic kidney disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that investigated the effects of acupuncture and related point‐stimulation interventions with or without needle penetration that involved six sessions or more in adults with CKD stage 3 to 5, regardless of the language and type of publication. We excluded studies that used herbal medicine or co‐interventions administered unequally among the study groups.
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Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine
We included randomized trials at least eight weeks in duration that compared an acupuncture intervention with a no‐acupuncture control (no prophylactic treatment or routine care only), a sham‐acupuncture intervention, or prophylactic drug in participants with episodic migraine.
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Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Tai Chi (Tai Chi alone or Tai Chi in addition to another intervention) versus control (usual care or another intervention identical to that used in the Tai Chi group) in people with COPD. Two independent review authors screened and selected studies.
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Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTS comparing preparation for labour using hypnosis and/or use of hypnosis during labour, with or without concurrent use of pharmacological or non‐pharmacological pain relief methods versus placebo, no treatment or any analgesic drug or technique.
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Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage
All randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing supplementation during pregnancy with one or more vitamins with either placebo, other vitamins, no vitamins or other interventions. We have included supplementation that started prior to conception, periconceptionally or in early pregnancy (less than 20 weeks' gestation).
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Yoga for asthma
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared yoga with usual care (or no intervention) or sham intervention in people with asthma and reported at least one of the following outcomes: quality of life, asthma symptom score, asthma control, lung function measures, asthma medication usage, and adverse events.
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Acupuncture for the prevention of tension‐type headache
We included randomised trials with a post‐randomisation observation period of at least eight weeks, which compared the clinical effects of an acupuncture intervention with a control (treatment of acute headaches only or routine care), a sham acupuncture intervention or another prophylactic intervention in adults with episodic or chronic tension‐type headache.
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Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared glutamine supplementation versus no glutamine supplementation in preterm infants at any time from birth to discharge from hospital.
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Omega‐3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which omega‐3 PUFA in the form of supplements or enriched diets were administered to people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
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Padma 28 for intermittent claudication
Randomised controlled trials of Padma 28 compared with placebo or other pharmacological treatments in people suffering from IC.
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Melatonin for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus
We planned to include randomised controlled trials and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing melatonin given to women in pregnancy (regardless of the route, timing, dose and duration of administration) for fetal neuroprotection with placebo, no treatment, or with an alternative agent aimed at providing fetal neuroprotection. We also planned to include comparisons of different regimens for administration of melatonin.
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Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster‐randomised trials that assessed the effects of vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women on maternal and infant health (morbidity, mortality and vitamin A nutritional status).
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Dietary advice for people with schizophrenia
We planned to include all randomised clinical trials focusing on dietary advice versus standard care.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of dietary supplements for moderate or severe primary or secondary dysmenorrhoea. We excluded studies of women with an intrauterine device. Eligible comparators were other dietary supplements, placebo, no treatment, or conventional analgesia.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension
Double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled parallel or cross‐over trials evaluating the blood pressure (BP) lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for a duration of at least three weeks, in patients with primary hypertension.
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Puerarin for ischaemic stroke
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐randomised controlled clinical trials comparing puerarin with placebo or open control (no placebo) in people with ischaemic stroke.
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Antioxidant treatments for schizophrenia
We included reports if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people with schizophrenia who had been allocated to either a substance with antioxidant potential or to a placebo as an adjunct to standard antipsychotic treatment.
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Chinese herbal medicines for unexplained recurrent miscarriage
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials, including cluster‐randomised trials, with or without full text, comparing Chinese herbal medicines (alone or combined with other intervention or other pharmaceuticals) with placebo, no treatment, other intervention (including bed rest and psychological support), or other pharmaceuticals as treatments for unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Cross‐over studies were not eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment and prevention of migraine and cluster headache
Randomised controlled trials comparing HBOT or NBOT with one another, other active therapies, placebo (sham) interventions, or no treatment in participants with migraine or cluster headache.
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Interventions for central serous chorioretinopathy: a network meta‐analysis
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared any intervention for CSC with any other intervention for CSC or control.
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Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting
All randomized trials of techniques that stimulated the PC6 acupoint compared with sham treatment or drug therapy, or combined PC6 acupoint and drug therapy compared to drug therapy, for the prevention of PONV. Interventions used in these trials included acupuncture, electro‐acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, laser stimulation, capsicum plaster, acu‐stimulation device, and acupressure in people undergoing surgery. Primary outcomes were the incidences of nausea and vomiting after surgery. Secondary outcomes were the need for rescue antiemetic therapy and adverse effects.
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Ozone therapy for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared ozone therapy with sham ozone therapy or any other interventions for foot ulcers in people with DM, irrespective of publication date or language.
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Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes
All randomised or quasi‐randomised trials, including cluster‐randomised trials, evaluating the effect of vitamin A supplementation in pregnant women.
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Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including people with schizophrenia comparing yoga to standard‐care control.
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Cordyceps sinensis (a traditional Chinese medicine) for kidney transplant recipients
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs evaluating the benefits and potential side effects of Cordyceps sinensis for kidney transplant recipients, irrespective of blinding or publication language. An inclusion criterion was that baseline immunosuppressive therapy must be the same in all study arms.
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Interventions for preventing and treating low‐back and pelvic pain during pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any treatment, or combination of treatments, to prevent or reduce the incidence or severity of low‐back pain, pelvic pain or both, related functional disability, sick leave and adverse effects during pregnancy.
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Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy
All randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating vitamin C supplementation in pregnant women. Interventions using a multivitamin supplement containing vitamin C or where the primary supplement was iron were excluded.
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Nut consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
We included RCTs of dietary advice to increase nut consumption or provision of nuts to increase consumption lasting at least three months and including healthy adults or adults at moderate and high risk of CVD. The comparison group was no intervention or minimal intervention. The outcomes of interest were CVD clinical events and CVD risk factors.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
We included randomised controlled trials of vitamin K supplementation as a single nutrient supplement, lasting at least three months, and involving healthy adults or adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease. The comparison group was no intervention or placebo. The outcomes of interest were cardiovascular disease clinical events and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy
All randomised controlled trials of any intervention for nausea, vomiting and retching in early pregnancy. We excluded trials of interventions for hyperemesis gravidarum, which are covered by another Cochrane review. We also excluded quasi‐randomised trials and trials using a cross‐over design.
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Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy
All randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating vitamin E supplementation in pregnant women. We excluded interventions using a multivitamin supplement that contained vitamin E.
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Electromagnetic therapy for treating pressure ulcers
Randomised controlled trials comparing EMT with sham EMT or other (standard) treatment.
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Massage for low‐back pain
We included only randomized controlled trials of adults with non‐specific LBP classified as acute, sub‐acute or chronic. Massage was defined as soft‐tissue manipulation using the hands or a mechanical device. We grouped the comparison groups into two types: inactive controls (sham therapy, waiting list, or no treatment), and active controls (manipulation, mobilization, TENS, acupuncture, traction, relaxation, physical therapy, exercises or self‐care education).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia
We included all randomised controlled trials recruiting at least five participants and comparing TMS with sham TMS or any other treatment for people with schizophrenia.
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Alginate dressings for venous leg ulcers
Published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of any type of alginate dressing in the treatment of venous ulcers were included.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for phantom pain and stump pain following amputation in adults
We only included RCTs investigating the use of TENS for the management of phantom pain and stump pain following an amputation in adults.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Effects of total fat intake on body weight
Trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised intervention trial, 2) included children (aged ≥ 24 months), young people or adults, 3) randomised to a lower fat versus usual or moderate fat diet, without the intention to reduce weight in any participants, 4) not multifactorial and 5) assessed a measure of weight or body fatness after at least six months. We also included cohort studies in children, young people and adults that assessed the proportion of energy from fat at baseline and assessed the relationship with body weight or fatness after at least one year. We duplicated inclusion decisions and resolved disagreement by discussion or referral to a third party.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) irrespective of publication status, date of publication, blinding status, outcomes published or language. We contacted the trial investigators and authors in order to retrieve relevant and missing data.
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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute coronary syndrome
Randomised studies comparing the effect on ACS of regimens that include HBOT with those that exclude HBOT.
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Oral zinc for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
Randomised controlled trials were eligible for inclusion if they enrolled neonates (term and preterm) to whom oral zinc, in a dose of 10 to 20 mg/day, was initiated within the first 96 hours of life, for any duration until day seven, compared with no treatment or placebo.
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Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development
Randomised controlled trials or cluster‐randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of LCPUFA supplementation on breastfeeding mothers (including the pregnancy period) and their infants.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Capsaicin for non‐allergic rhinitis
Randomised controlled trials in adult patients with non‐allergic rhinitis comparing intranasal capsaicin with no therapy, placebo or other topical or systemic medications, or their combinations.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Pilates for low back pain
We only included randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of Pilates intervention in adults with acute, subacute or chronic non‐specific low back pain. The primary outcomes considered were pain, disability, global impression of recovery and quality of life.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Electromagnetic therapy for treating venous leg ulcers
Randomised controlled trials comparing EMT with sham‐EMT or other treatments.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Massage therapy for preventing pressure ulcers
We planned to include all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (Q‐RCTs) that evaluated the effects of massage therapy for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Our primary outcome was the proportion of people developing a new pressure ulcer of any grade.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with acute pain (< 12 weeks) if they examined TENS given as a sole treatment and assessed pain with subjective pain scales. Trials were eligible if they compared TENS to placebo TENS, no treatment controls, pharmacological interventions or non‐pharmacological interventions. We excluded trials on experimental pain, case reports, clinical observations, letters, abstracts or reviews. Also we excluded trials investigating the effect of TENS on pain during childbirth (labour), primary dysmenorrhoea or dental procedures. Studies where TENS was given with another treatment as part of the formal trial design were excluded. We did not restrict any articles based on language of publication.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Qigong for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Randomised controlled trials lasting at least three months involving healthy adults or those at high risk of CVD. Trials examined any type of qigong, and comparison groups provided no intervention or minimal intervention. Outcomes of interest included clinical CVD events and major CVD risk factors. We did not include trials that involved multi‐factorial lifestyle interventions or weight loss.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Vitamin K for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with acute or chronic liver diseases
Randomised clinical trials irrespective of blinding, language, or publication status for assessment of benefits and harms. We considered observational studies for assessment of harms only.
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Chinese herbal medicine for treating recurrent urinary tract infections in women
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing treatments using CHM with either an inactive placebo or conventional biomedical treatment. RCTs comparing different CHM strategies and treatments were eligible for inclusion. Quasi‐randomised studies were excluded.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Zinc supplementation for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with insulin resistance
We included studies if they had a randomised or quasi‐randomised design and if they investigated zinc supplementation compared with placebo or no intervention in adults with insulin resistance living in the community.
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Oral protein calorie supplementation for children with chronic disease
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing oral protein calorie supplements for at least one month to increase calorie intake with existing conventional therapy (including advice on improving nutritional intake from food or no specific intervention) in children with chronic disease.
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Alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers
Published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of alginate with alternative wound dressings or no dressing in the treatment of pressure ulcers (stage II or above).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Tong‐xin‐luo capsule for patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention
Randomised controlled trials of participants with CHD after PCI were included. Participants in the intervention group received Tong‐xin‐luo capsules for at least three months.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
L‐acetylcarnitine for treating fragile X syndrome
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy of L‐acetylcarnitine, at any dose, in people of any age diagnosed with FXS compared with placebo.
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Chelation for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
All randomised controlled trials of pharmaceutical chelating agents compared with placebo in individuals with ASD.
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Vitamin D for the treatment of chronic painful conditions in adults
We included studies if they were randomised double‐blind trials of vitamin D supplementation compared with placebo or with active comparators for the treatment of chronic painful conditions in adults.
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Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing topical nasal saline treatment to other interventions in adults and children with clinically diagnosed acute URTIs.
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Feverfew for preventing migraine
We included randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trials assessing the efficacy of feverfew monopreparations for preventing migraine in patients of any age. We included trials using clinical outcome measures, while we excluded trials focusing exclusively on physiological parameters. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication.
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Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps (with or without complications).
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Exercise programs for people with dementia
In this review, we included randomized controlled trials in which older people, diagnosed with dementia, were allocated either to exercise programs or to control groups (usual care or social contact/activities) with the aim of improving cognition, ADLs, neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression, and mortality. Secondary outcomes related to the family caregiver(s) and included caregiver burden, quality of life, mortality, and use of healthcare services.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) where increased dietary intake of omega 3 LCPUFA was compared to placebo or no intervention with the aim of preventing the development of AMD, or slowing its progression.
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Quinine for muscle cramps
Randomised controlled trials of people of all ages with muscle cramps in any location and of any cause, treated with quinine or its derivatives.
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Reiki for depression and anxiety
Randomised trials in adults with anxiety or depression or both, with at least one arm treated with Reiki delivered by a trained Reiki practitioner.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults
We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of xylitol products on dental caries in children and adults.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Honey as a topical treatment for wounds
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials that evaluated honey as a treatment for any sort of acute or chronic wound were sought. There was no restriction in terms of source, date of publication or language. Wound healing was the primary endpoint.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Muscle energy technique for non‐specific low‐back pain
Randomised controlled trials assessing the effect of MET on pain or disability in patients with non‐specific LBP were included.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Morita therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
We included all relevant randomised controlled trials comparing Morita therapy with any other treatment in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Dance movement therapy for depression
Inclusion criteria were: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) studying outcomes for people of any age with depression as defined by the trialist, with at least one group being DMT. DMT was defined as: participatory dance movement with clear psychotherapeutic intent, facilitated by an individual with a level of training that could be reasonably expected within the country in which the trial was conducted. For example, in the USA this would either be a trainee, or qualified and credentialed by the American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA). In the UK, the therapist would either be in training with, or accredited by, the Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy (ADMP, UK). Similar professional bodies exist in Europe, but in some countries (e.g. China) where the profession is in development, a lower level of qualification would mirror the situation some decades previously in the USA or UK. Hence, the review authors accepted a relevant professional qualification (e.g. nursing or psychodynamic therapies) plus a clear description of the treatment that would indicate its adherence to published guidelines including Levy 1992, ADMP UK 2015, Meekums 2002, and Karkou 2006.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ganoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors
Randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials of G lucidum for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Primary outcomes were blood glucose level, blood pressure and lipid profile.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Chinese herbal medicines for hypothyroidism
We considered RCTs of CHM alone or combined with thyroid hormone therapy compared with no treatment, placebo or thyroid hormone therapy. We also planned to compare different formulae of CHM with each other, alone or combined with thyroid hormone therapy. Hypothyroid individuals had to be diagnosed by the standard criteria valid at the time of the beginning of the trial regardless of the cause of hypothyroidism.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Acupuncture for mumps in children
Randomised controlled trials comparing acupuncture with placebo acupuncture, no management, Chinese medication, Western medication or other treatments for mumps. Acupuncture included either traditional acupuncture or contemporary acupuncture, regardless of the source of stimulation (body, electro, scalp, fire, hand, fine needle, moxibustion).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Homeopathic Oscillococcinum® for preventing and treating influenza and influenza‐like illness
Randomised, placebo‐controlled trials of Oscillococcinum® in the prevention and/or treatment of influenza and influenza‐like illness in adults or children.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris
We included parallel‐group randomised controlled trials (or the first phase data of randomised cross‐over trials) of any kind of CAM, compared with no treatment, placebo, or other active therapies, in people with a diagnosis of acne vulgaris.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Vitamin B and its derivatives for diabetic kidney disease
We included randomised controlled trials comparing vitamin B or its derivatives, or both with placebo, no treatment or active treatment in patients with DKD. We excluded studies comparing vitamin B or its derivatives, or both among patients with pre‐existing ESKD.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Mailuoning for acute ischaemic stroke
Randomised controlled trials comparing mailuoning with placebo or mailuoning plus other treatment compared with that other treatment in people with acute ischaemic stroke.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Immunonutrition as an adjuvant therapy for burns
Randomised controlled trials comparing the addition of immunonutrients to a standard nutritional regimen versus an isonitrogenated diet or another immunonutrient agent.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus
We planned to include all published, unpublished, and ongoing randomised trials and quasi‐randomised trials. We planned to include studies reported as abstracts only as well as full‐text manuscripts. Trials using a cross‐over or cluster‐randomised design were not eligible for inclusion.We planned to include trials comparing creatine given to women in pregnancy for fetal neuroprotection (regardless of the route, timing, dose, or duration of administration) with placebo, no treatment, or with an alternative agent aimed at providing fetal neuroprotection. We also planned to include comparisons of different regimens for administration of creatine.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Trials fulfilled the following criteria: (1) randomised, with follow‐up of at least six months, (2) the intervention was reduced dietary salt (through advice to reduce salt intake or low‐sodium salt substitution), (3) participants were adults and (4) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data were available. Two review authors independently assessed whether studies met these criteria.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cordyceps sinensis (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing Cordyceps or its products with placebo, no treatment, or conventional treatment were considered for inclusion in the review.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ephedrine for myasthenia gravis, neonatal myasthenia and the congenital myasthenic syndromes
We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing ephedrine as a single or add‐on treatment with any other active treatment, placebo, or no treatment in adults or children with autoimmune MG, NMG, or CMSs.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared glutamine supplementation versus no glutamine supplementation in infants up to three months old (corrected for preterm birth if necessary) with severe gastrointestinal disease defined as a congenital or acquired gastrointestinal condition that is likely to necessitate providing parenteral nutrition for at least 24 hours.