anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Risk‐scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes
All randomised or quasi‐randomised (including cluster‐randomised) or controlled clinical trials that compared the incidence of preterm birth between groups that used a risk‐scoring instrument to predict preterm birth with those who used an alternative instrument, or no instrument; or that compared the use of the same instrument at different gestations.

The reports may have been published in peer reviewed or non‐peer reviewed publications, or not published, and written in any language.
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Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy
Randomised or quasi‐randomised trials.
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Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs where fetal movement counting was assessed as a method of monitoring fetal wellbeing.
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Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials that compared traditional antenatal CTG with no CTG or CTG results concealed; computerised CTG with no CTG or CTG results concealed; and computerised CTG with traditional CTG.
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Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth
Randomised controlled trials including quasi‐randomised and cluster‐randomised trials involving pregnant women with singleton fetuses at 20 weeks' gestation and above comparing tape measurement of SFH with serial ultrasound measurement of fetal parameters or clinical palpation using anatomical landmarks.
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Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Randomised trials in Rh‐negative women without anti‐D antibodies given anti‐D after 28 weeks of pregnancy, compared with no treatment, placebo or a different regimen of anti‐D.
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Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating any intervention for treating lactational breast abscesses compared with any other intervention. Studies published in abstract form, quasi‐RCTs and cluster‐RCTs were not eligible for inclusion.
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High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of high feedback (women can see the monitor screen and receive detailed visual and verbal explanations) versus low feedback (women can not see the monitor screen and women are given only a summary statement of the scan) during prenatal ultrasound. The primary outcome measure was maternal state anxiety.
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Education for contraceptive use by women after childbirth
We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined postpartum education about contraceptive use, whether delivered to individuals or to groups of women. Studies that randomized clusters rather than individuals were eligible if the investigators accounted for the clustering in the analysis. The intervention must have started within one month after delivery.
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Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation
Randomised trials of expedited vaginal breech delivery compared with delivery not routinely expedited in women undergoing vaginal breech delivery.
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Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery
Randomised trials comparing planned caesarean section for singleton breech presentation at term with planned vaginal birth.
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Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy
Published, unpublished, and ongoing randomised controlled trials that compared outcomes in women who experienced routine versus selective early pregnancy ultrasound (i.e. less than 24 weeks' gestation). We have included quasi‐randomised trials.
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Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)
All acceptably controlled trials of routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (defined as after 24 weeks).
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Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
All published, unpublished and ongoing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of TA alone or in addition to uterotonics in the third stage of labour or during caesarean section (CS) to prevent PPH.
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Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of diet or exercise, or both, interventions for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy.
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Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including quasi‐RCTs investigating the effect of caffeine and/or supplementary caffeine versus restricted caffeine intake or placebo on pregnancy outcomes.
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Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins
Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (including cluster‐randomised trials) comparing outcomes for women and infants who were randomised to planned early delivery of a monoamniotic twin pregnancy with outcomes for women and infants who were randomised to either planned term delivery or expectant management. However, we did not identify any trials for inclusion in this review.Quasi‐randomised controlled trials, trials published in abstract form only, and trials using a cross‐over design are not eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of Doppler ultrasound for the investigation of umbilical and fetal vessels waveforms in unselected pregnancies compared with no Doppler ultrasound. Studies where uterine vessels have been assessed together with fetal and umbilical vessels have been included.
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External cephalic version for breech presentation at term
Randomised trials of ECV at or near term (with or without tocolysis) compared with no attempt at ECV in women with breech presentation.
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Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth
Randomized, cluster‐randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials with reported data that assess clinical outcomes in women at high risk of spontaneous preterm birth who were prescribed bed rest in hospital or at home for preventing preterm birth, and their babies.
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Oral analgesia for relieving post‐caesarean pain
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Cluster‐randomised trials were eligible for inclusion but none were identified. Quasi‐randomised and cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion.Interventions included oral medication given to women for post‐caesarean pain relief compared with oral medication, or placebo/no treatment.
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Community‐based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes
All prospective randomised, cluster‐randomised and quasi‐randomised trials evaluating the effectiveness of community‐based intervention packages in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidities, and improving neonatal outcomes.
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Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin‐only contraception in lactation
We sought randomized controlled trials in any language that compared hormonal contraception versus another form of hormonal contraception, nonhormonal contraception, or placebo during lactation. Hormonal contraception includes combined or progestin‐only oral contraceptives, injectable contraceptives, implants, and intrauterine devices.Trials had to have one of our primary outcomes: breast milk quantity or biochemical composition; lactation initiation, maintenance, or duration; infant growth; or timing of contraception initiation and effect on lactation. Secondary outcomes included contraceptive efficacy while breastfeeding and birth interval.
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Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing the above interventions with no intervention or other methods to facilitate ECV at term.
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Group versus conventional antenatal care for women
All identified published, unpublished and ongoing randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing group antenatal care with conventional antenatal care were included. Cluster‐randomised trials were eligible, and one has been included. Cross‐over trials were not eligible.
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Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis
We included randomized trials of different antibiotic regimens after cesarean birth or vaginal birth; no quasi‐randomized trials were included.
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Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour
Randomised controlled trials comparing planned CCT versus no planned CCT in women giving birth vaginally.
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Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery
Randomised, quasi‐randomised or cluster‐randomised clinical trials comparing prophylactic manual rotation in labour for fetal malposition versus expectant management, augmentation of labour or operative delivery. We defined prophylactic manual rotation as rotation performed without immediate assisted delivery.
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Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour
All controlled trials (including quasi‐randomised) that compare perineal shaving versus no perineal shaving.
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Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including cluster‐randomised trials, and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (e.g. where there was alternate allocation) investigating the effect of interventions in preventing or reducing domestic violence during pregnancy.
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Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term
All randomised trials that compared outcomes for women and infants when antibiotics were administered prophylactically for prelabour rupture of the membranes at or near term, with outcomes for controls (placebo or no antibiotic).
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Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour
We included all randomised controlled trials involving women undergoing epidural labour analgesia that compared early initiation versus late initiation of epidural labour analgesia.
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High‐dose versus low‐dose oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour at term
Randomised controlled trials and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared oxytocin protocol for induction of labour for women at term, where high‐dose oxytocin is at least 100 mU oxytocin in the first 40 minutes, with increments delivering at least 600 mU in the first two hours, compared with low‐dose oxytocin, defined as less than 100 mU oxytocin in the first 40 minutes, and increments delivering less than 600 mU total in the first two hours.
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Antibiotic prophylaxis for third‐ and fourth‐degree perineal tear during vaginal birth
Randomised controlled trials comparing outcomes of prophylactic antibiotics versus placebo or no antibiotics in third‐ and fourth‐degree perineal tear during vaginal birth.
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Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour
All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials that compared maternal and fetal outcomes when fetal pulse oximetry was used in labour, (i) with or without concurrent use of conventional fetal surveillance, that is, cardiotocography (CTG), compared with using CTG alone or (ii) with or without concurrent use of both CTG and other method(s) of fetal surveillance, such as fetal electrocardiography (ECG) plus CTG.
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Fetal assessment methods for improving neonatal and maternal outcomes in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
Randomised controlled trials comparing any fetal assessment methods, or comparing one fetal assessment method to no assessment.
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Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of cervical cerclage in multiple pregnancies. Quasi‐RCTs and RCTs using a cluster‐randomised design were eligible for inclusion (but none were identified). Studies using a cross‐over design and those presented only as abstracts were not eligible for inclusion.We included studies comparing cervical cerclage with no cervical cerclage in multiple pregnancies.Studies comparing cervical stitch versus any other preventative therapy (e.g. progesterone) in multiple pregnancies, and studies involving comparisons between different cerclage protocols (history‐indicated versus ultrasound‐indicated versus physical exam‐indicated cerclage) were also eligible for inclusion but none were identified.
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Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour
Randomised controlled trials of magnesium sulphate as the only tocolytic, administered by any route, compared with either placebo, no treatment or alternative tocolytic therapy (not magnesium sulphate) to women considered to be in preterm labour.
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Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section
All published, unpublished, and ongoing randomised controlled trials comparing various types and closure of uterine incision during caesarean section.
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Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour
We included randomised controlled trials comparing a combination of tocolytic agents, administered by any route or any dose, for inhibiting preterm labour versus any other treatment (including other combinations of tocolytics or single tocolytics), no intervention or placebo.
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Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of anticoagulant treatment on live birth in women with a history of at least two unexplained miscarriages with or without inherited thrombophilia were eligible. Interventions included aspirin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the prevention of miscarriage. One treatment could be compared with another or with no‐treatment (or placebo).
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Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term
Clinical trials comparing vaginal prostaglandins used for third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction with placebo/no treatment, with each other, or other methods listed above it on a predefined list of labour induction methods.
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Oral misoprostol for induction of labour
Randomised trials comparing oral misoprostol versus placebo or other methods, given to women with a viable fetus for labour induction.
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Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers for increasing milk production
Randomised controlled trials and quasi‐randomised controlled trials on extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers.
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Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour
We included all randomised controlled trials (published and unpublished) of ORA for tocolysis of labour between 20 and 36 completed weeks' gestation.
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Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth
All published and unpublished randomised trials in which CCBs were used for tocolysis for women in labour between 20 and 36 completed weeks' gestation.
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Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta
Randomised controlled clinical trials comparing the use of prostaglandins (or prostaglandin analogues) with placebo, expectant management, tocolytic drugs, any other prostaglandins or surgical interventions for the management of retained placenta after vaginal delivery of singleton live infants of 20 or more weeks of gestation.
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Nitric oxide donors for treating preterm labour
Randomised controlled trials of nitric oxide donors administered for tocolysis.
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Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing planned home versus hospital management for women with PPROM before 37 weeks' gestation.
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Indwelling bladder catheterisation as part of intraoperative and postoperative care for caesarean section
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing indwelling bladder catheter versus no catheter or bladder drainage in women undergoing CS (planned or emergency), regardless of the type of anaesthesia used. Quasi‐randomised trials, cluster‐randomised trials were not eligible for inclusion. Studies presented as abstracts were eligible for inclusion providing there was sufficient information to assess the study design and outcomes.
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Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes
Randomised controlled trials comparing terbutaline pump therapy with alternative therapy, placebo, or no therapy after arrest of threatened preterm labour.
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Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes
We included pregnant women with singleton pregnancies and PPROM (23 weeks to 36 weeks and six days). We included any tocolytic therapy compared to no tocolytic, placebo, or another tocolytic.
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Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage
Randomised controlled trials comparing any interventions for the treatment of primary PPH.
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Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials with reported data that compared outcomes in mothers and babies who underwent elective delivery from 37 weeks' gestation in a twin pregnancy with outcomes in controls who were managed expectantly.
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Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis
Randomised controlled trials were included. Quasi‐randomised trials were excluded.
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Hyaluronidase for reducing perineal trauma
Published and unpublished randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing perineal HAase injection with placebo injection or no intervention in vaginal deliveries.
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Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour
Randomised controlled trials of betamimetics, administered by any route or any dose, in the treatment of women in preterm labour where betamimetics were compared with other betamimetics, placebo or no treatment.
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Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour
Randomised controlled trials that compared progestational agents, given either alone or in combination with other tocolytics, with a control group receiving another tocolytic, placebo or no treatment, for the treatment of preterm labour.
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Interventions for the treatment of twin‐twin transfusion syndrome
Randomised and quasi‐randomised studies of amnioreduction versus laser coagulation, septostomy versus laser coagulation or septostomy versus amnioreduction.
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Amnioinfusion for meconium‐stained liquor in labour
Randomised trials comparing amnioinfusion with no amnioinfusion for women in labour with moderate or thick meconium staining of the amniotic fluid.
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Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth
Randomised controlled trials with reported data that compared outcomes in mothers and babies who planned a repeat elective caesarean section with outcomes in women who planned a vaginal birth, where a previous birth had been by caesarean.
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Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury
Randomised controlled trials comparing different techniques of immediate primary repair of EAS following OASIS.
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Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing
All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials assessing the use of fetal manipulation versus mock stimulation, no stimulation or other types of stimulation, used in conjunction with cardiotocography or other tests of fetal wellbeing.
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Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing
All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials assessing the merits of the use of fetal vibroacoustic stimulation in conjunction with tests of fetal wellbeing.
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Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes
Randomised trials that compared antibiotic treatment with placebo or no treatment for women in preterm labour (between 20 and 36 weeks' gestation) with intact membranes.
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Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes
Randomised controlled trials comparing antibiotic administration with placebo that reported clinically relevant outcomes were included as were trials of different antibiotics. Trials in which no placebo was used were included for the outcome of perinatal death alone.
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Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent‐infant relationships
We included randomized controlled trials of any structured postnatal education provided to individual parents or groups of parents within the first two months post‐birth related to the health or care of an infant or parent‐infant relationships.
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Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period
All randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing prophylactic ergotamine, ergometrine, methylergometrine, herbal therapies, and homeopathic remedies (using any route and timing of administration) during the postpartum period after delivery of the placenta with no uterotonic agents or trials comparing different routes or timing of administration of ergotamine, ergometrine, methylergometrine, herbal therapies, and homeopathic remedies, during the postpartum period after delivery of the placenta.
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Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Randomised controlled trials of calcium channel blockers used as maintenance therapy to prevent preterm birth after threatened preterm labour, compared with placebo or no treatment.
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Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Randomised controlled trials comparing oxytocin antagonists with any alternative tocolytic agent, placebo or no treatment, used for maintenance therapy after an episode of preterm labour.
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Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage
We included randomised controlled trials that assessed the effectiveness of combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage. We included one stratified randomised trial and one quasi‐randomised trials. Cluster‐randomised trials were eligible for inclusion but none were identified. We excluded studies published only as abstracts.We included studies that compared oestrogen and progesterone versus placebo or no intervention.
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Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
Randomised trials (including quasi‐randomised and cluster‐randomised trials) comparing titrated oral misoprostol with placebo, other interventions (e.g. oxytocin, other prostaglandins), or no treatment in women requiring augmentation of labour were eligible for inclusion.
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Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low‐risk women
Randomised controlled trials comparing low‐risk women receiving a predefined package of care (active management) with women receiving routine (variable) care. Trials where slow progress had been diagnosed before entry into the trial were excluded.
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Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons
Randomised trials comparing a policy of planned immediate caesarean delivery versus planned vaginal delivery for preterm birth.
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Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of restricting fluids and food for women in labour compared with women free to eat and drink.
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Relaxin for preventing preterm birth
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of relaxin compared with no treatment, a placebo, or an alternative tocolytic, for preventing preterm birth for women in preterm labour. Primary review outcomes included birth within 28 hours of treatment, birth within seven days of treatment, perinatal mortality, and a serious neonatal adverse outcome composite.
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Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care
Randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials that compared oxytocin and amniotomy with expectant management.
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Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour
We included all published randomised controlled trials with data from women in whom IT was compared with ET in induced or augmented labour with oxytocin. We excluded trials that employed quasi‐randomised methods of treatment allocation. We found no unpublished or ongoing studies on this subject.
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Transabdominal amnioinfusion for improving fetal outcomes after oligohydramnios secondary to preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before 26 weeks
All randomised controlled trials comparing transabdominal amnioinfusion with no transabdominal amnioinfusion. Cluster‐ or quasi‐randomised trials were not eligible for inclusion. In cases where only an abstract was available, we attempted to find the full articles.
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Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth
Randomised controlled trials, in which progesterone was given for preventing preterm birth.
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Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean
All published, unpublished, and ongoing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised trials with reported data of any intervention designed to support pregnant women who have previously had a caesarean birth make decisions about their options for birth. Studies using a cluster‐randomised design were eligible for inclusion but none were identified. Studies using a cross‐over design were not eligible for inclusion. Studies published in abstract form only would have been eligible for inclusion if data were able to be extracted.
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Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour
Clinical trials comparing castor oil, bath or enemas used for third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction with placebo/no treatment or other methods listed above it on a predefined list of labour induction methods.
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Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction
Randomised controlled trials comparing antenatal antithrombotic therapy (either alone or in combination with other agents) with placebo or no treatment, or any other treatment in the antenatal period to improve maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction.
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Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth
All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised trials of diet or exercise or both, among women during the postpartum period.
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Enemas during labour
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which an enema was administered during the first stage of labour and which included assessment of possible neonatal or puerperal morbidity or mortality.
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Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum
We included randomised controlled trials, comparing telephone support with routine care or with another supportive intervention aimed at pregnant women and women in the first six weeks post birth.
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Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity
We included randomised trials including pregnant women who received misoprostol in the postpartum period, versus placebo/no treatment or other uterotonics for prevention or treatment of PPH, and reporting on maternal death, severe morbidity or pyrexia.We planned to include cluster‐ and quasi‐randomised trials in the analysis, as a very large number of women will be needed to obtain robust estimates of maternal mortality but we did not identify any for this version of the review. In future updates of this review we will include trials reported only as abstracts if sufficient information is available from the abstract or from the authors.
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High‐dose versus low‐dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour
We included all randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials for women in delayed labour requiring augmentation by oxytocin comparing high‐dose regimens (defined as starting dose and increment of equal to or more than 4 mU per minute) with low‐dose regimens (defined as starting dose and an increment of less than 4 mU per minute). Increase interval: between 15 and 40 minutes. The separation of low‐ and high‐dose regimens is based on an arbitrary decision.
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Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes
Randomised controlled trials comparing early and late cord clamping.
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Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries
All published and unpublished randomised and quasi‐randomised trials that compared augmentation with oxytocin of women in spontaneous labour with epidural analgesia versus intent to manage expectantly were included. Cluster‐randomised trials were eligible for inclusion but none were identified.Cross‐over study designs were unlikely to be relevant for this intervention, and we planned to exclude them if any were identified. We did not include results that were only available in published abstracts.
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Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour
Randomised controlled trials which compared oxytocin with either placebo, no treatment or delayed oxytocin in the active stage of spontaneous labour in low‐risk women at term.
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Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death
Randomised trials of any form of support aimed at encouraging acceptance of loss, bereavement counselling, or specialised psychotherapy or counselling for mothers, fathers and families experiencing perinatal death.
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Intravenous fluids for reducing the duration of labour in low risk nulliparous women
Randomised controlled trials of intravenous fluid administration to spontaneously labouring low‐risk nulliparous women.
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Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour
Randomised controlled trials comparing amniotomy alone versus intention to preserve the membranes. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials.
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Antispasmodics for labour
Randomised controlled trials comparing antispasmodics with placebo or no medication in women with term pregnancies.
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Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns
We included randomized, cluster‐randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials of topical cord care compared with no topical care, and comparisons between different forms of care.
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Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth
We selected all published and unpublished randomised clinical trials comparing the use of cervical pessary with cervical cerclage or expectant management for prevention of preterm birth. We did not include quasi‐randomised trials. Cluster‐randomised or cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion.
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Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization
Randomized trials assessing the antenatal use of intravenous immunoglobulin administered at any dose, frequency or duration with a control group (using any other, or no treatment) in the management of fetal red blood cell alloimmunization.
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Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications
Randomised trials of woman undergoing caesarean section comparing different positions.
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Anti‐D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Randomised controlled trials (RCT) in Rh‐negative women without antibodies who were given anti‐D Ig following spontaneous miscarriage compared with no treatment or placebo treatment following spontaneous miscarriage as control.
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Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy
All randomised controlled trials (individual and cluster) comparing the effectiveness and safety of different methods of administering subcutaneous heparin (UFH or LMWH) during pregnancy. Studies reported only as abstracts were eligible for inclusion and would have been placed in studies awaiting assessment, pending the full publication of their results. Quasi‐randomised studies and cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion..Methods of administering subcutaneous heparin include intermittent injections versus indwelling catheters or programmable (auto) external infusion pumps, or any other devices to facilitate the subcutaneous administration of heparin (UFH or LMWH) during pregnancy.
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Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions designed specifically to support parents who have experienced a stillbirth make decisions about their options for post‐mortem investigations including all investigations after stillbirth compared with usual care.
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Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women
We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing the effectiveness of various types of antibiotic therapies or antibiotic therapy versus alternative therapies for the treatment of mastitis.
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Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus
Randomised controlled trials comparing antenatally administered magnesium sulphate to women at term with placebo, no treatment or a different fetal neuroprotective agent. We also planned to include cluster‐randomised trials, and exclude cross‐over trials and quasi‐randomised trials. We planned to exclude studies reported as abstracts only.
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Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes
We included all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials. We excluded trials that employed quasi‐random methods of treatment allocation.
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Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy
Randomised trials comparing abdominal decompression with dummy decompression or no treatment in healthy pregnant women.
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Behavioural interventions delivered through interactive social media for health behaviour change, health outcomes, and health equity in the adult population
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before‐and‐after (CBAs) and interrupted time series studies (ITSs). We included studies in which the intervention website, app, or social media platform described a goal of changing a health behaviour, or included a behaviour change technique. The social media intervention had to be delivered to adults via a commonly‐used social media platform or one that mimicked a commonly‐used platform. We included studies comparing an interactive social media intervention alone or as a component of a multi‐component intervention with either a non‐interactive social media control or an active but less‐interactive social media comparator (e.g. a moderated versus an unmoderated discussion group).Our main outcomes were health behaviours (e.g. physical activity), body function outcomes (e.g. blood glucose), psychological health outcomes (e.g. depression), well‐being, and adverse events. Our secondary outcomes were process outcomes important for behaviour change and included knowledge, attitudes, intention and motivation, perceived susceptibility, self‐efficacy, and social support.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations
Cluster‐randomized controlled trials, randomized controlled trials, quasi‐experimental designs, controlled before‐after studies, interrupted time series studies, and prospective controlled cohort studies. Only studies of community coalitions with at least one racial or ethnic minority group representing the target population and at least two community public or private organizations are included. Major outcomes of interest are direct measures of health status, as well as lifestyle factors when evidence indicates that these have an effect on the direct measures performed.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children
Randomised (including cluster‐randomised), quasi‐randomised and non‐randomised controlled trials, controlled cohort or cross‐sectional studies and historically controlled studies, comparing WASH interventions among children aged under 18 years.
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Antibiotics prior to or at the time of embryo transfer in ART
We included two randomized controlled trials (RCT) that compared antibiotics administered by any route versus no antibiotics prior to ET.
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In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing effectiveness of IVF for unexplained subfertility with expectant management, unstimulated IUI, and stimulated IUI.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Timed intercourse for couples trying to conceive
We included RCTs that compared methods of timed intercourse using ovulation prediction to other forms of ovulation prediction or intercourse without ovulation prediction in couples trying to conceive.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection versus conventional in vitro fertilisation in couples with males presenting with normal total sperm count and motility
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared ICSI with c‐IVF in couples with males presenting with normal total sperm count and motility.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease
We included trials in which men with Peyronie's disease were randomized to undergo non‐surgical therapies versus placebo or no treatment for penile curvature and sexual function.
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Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception
We included studies comparing progestin IUDs with copper‐containing IUDs, or oral EC methods for emergency contraception.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Follicular flushing during oocyte retrieval in assisted reproductive techniques
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared follicular aspiration and flushing with aspiration alone in women undergoing ART using their own gametes. Primary outcomes were live birth rate and miscarriage rate per woman randomised.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Endometrial injury for pregnancy following sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated any kind of intentional endometrial injury in women planning to undergo IUI or attempting to conceive spontaneously (with or without ovarian stimulation (OS)) compared to no intervention, a mock intervention, or intentional endometrial injury performed at a different time.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of LPS using progestogen, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist supplementation in IUI or natural cycle.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cleavage‐stage versus blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which compared the effectiveness of IVF with blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer versus IVF with cleavage‐stage embryo transfer.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Growth hormone for in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adjuvant GH treatment in IVF compared with no adjuvant treatment for women with infertility. We excluded trials where additional adjuvant treatments were used with GH. We also excluded trials comparing different IVF protocols.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oxytocin antagonists for assisted reproduction
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of the use of oxytocin antagonists for women undergoing ET, compared with the non‐use of this intervention, the use of placebo, or the use of another similar drug.
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Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) if they were relevant to the clinical question posed and compared different forms of surgical ligation, different forms of radiological treatments, surgical treatment compared to radiological treatment, or one of these aforementioned treatment forms compared to non‐surgical methods, delayed treatment, or no treatment. We extracted data if the studies reported on live birth, adverse events, pregnancy, varicocele recurrence, and quality of life.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI)
Only randomised controlled trials that compared monitoring with TVUS only versus TVUS plus serum estradiol concentrations in women undergoing COH for IVF and ICSI treatment were included.
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Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors for premature ejaculation in adult men
We included only randomized controlled clinical trials (parallel group and cross‐over trials) in which men with PE  were administered SSRIs or placebo. We also considered 'no treatment' to be an eligible comparator but did not find any relevant studies.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Fresh versus frozen embryo transfers in assisted reproduction
Two review authors (TZ and MZ) independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and extracted study data. We included randomised controlled trials comparing a 'freeze all' strategy with a conventional IVF/ICSI strategy including a fresh embryo transfer in women undergoing IVF or ICSI treatment.