anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
primary outcome:
Antiseptics for burns
time to complete wound healing (correctly analysed using survival, time‐to‐event approaches). Ideally the outcome would be adjusted for appropriate covariates e.g. baseline wound area/degree/duration;proportion of wounds completely healed during follow‐up (frequency of complete healing).
primary outcome:
Desmopressin use for minimising perioperative blood transfusion
Numbers of participants transfused with blood (during the procedure and within 30 days of the procedure)Volume of blood transfused (expressed as total units of blood, or millilitres per kilogram for children) (during the procedure and within 30 days of the procedure)Blood loss in millilitres per adult participant, or blood loss in millilitres per kilogram for children (during the procedure and within 30 days of the procedure)
primary outcome:
Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults
Heel pain as measured by any standard validated pain scale.Functional measured by any standard validated scale, such as the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ).Serious adverse events such as local infection, rupture of plantar fascia, skin changes, heel‐pad atrophy or hyperaesthesia.
primary outcome:
Single dose oral ketoprofen or dexketoprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
Participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours after taking the medication.
primary outcome:
Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia
Oxygen desaturation (percentage of oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2) less than 90% for 30 seconds).Hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg).Emesis, pulmonary aspiration.
primary outcome:
Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children
Success rate. The Neer/Cole rating system was used to evaluate success rate (Hashemi‐Nejad 1997; Neer 1966). In this system, the radiographic results are graded as follows: grade 1, cyst clearly visible; grade 2, cyst visible but multilocular and opaque; grade 3, sclerosis around or within a partially visible cyst; grade 4, complete obliteration of the cyst. Grade 1 and grade 2 results are considered to indicate failure and grades 3 and 4 are considered to indicate success (Hashemi‐Nejad 1997; Wright 2008). Since injection procedures, such as injection of steroid and bone marrow, might be repeated, if injection therapy was planned or applied as a series, we planned to base success rate on the outcomes after the last injection.Functional outcome measures, such as the Activity Scale for Kids (ASK) (Young 1996; Young 2000) and Pediatric Orthopaedics Society of North America (POSNA) instruments (Daltroy 1998).Recurrence of bone cyst (reappearance after it has 'healed').
primary outcome:
Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain
Cumulative pain intensity assessed on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) over the initial 72 hours following surgery, at rest or with activity. However, we considered all types of pain scales with standardisation of pain intensity data described by other means than a 100 mm VAS, where possible.Serious adverse events, specifically incidence of cardiac events and incidence of wound complications within 30 days of surgery.
primary outcome:
School‐based education programmes for the prevention of unintentional injuries in children and young people
Self‐reported medically or non‐medically attended unintentional injuries or injuries with an unspecified intent. In addition, included self‐reports ascertained from parents/carers, teachers or other people considered to be in loco parentis. Medically attended injuries were those in which the participants sought healthcare advice by attendance at either a primary or secondary healthcare setting.
primary outcome:
Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain
The primary outcome was change in pain intensity on any standard scale.
primary outcome:
Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children
For the updated review, we kept the same efficacy outcomes (Tzortzopoulou 2008b) but reassigned total blood loss as our primary outcome, as we considered this the most valid and clinically significant outcome for assessment of the efficacy of antifibrinolytic therapy. We now assigned all other outcomes as secondary. In the original review, our primary efficacy outcomes were mortality and number of participants requiring transfusion (Tzortzopoulou 2008b), but we considered that the causes of mortality are multi‐factorial, and that requirements for transfusion differ among studies on the basis of thresholds determined by investigators. We added new safety outcomes, as listed below, to bring the review in line with current Cochrane methodological standards. These new safety outcomes required that we revisit the included studies from our original review to extract pertinent data.
primary outcome:
Liposomal bupivacaine peripheral nerve block for the management of postoperative pain
Cumulative pain intensity (area under curve) assessed on a 100‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS) over the initial 72 hours following surgery, at rest or with activity. However, we considered all types of pain scales with standardisation of pain intensity data described by other means than a 100‐mm VAS, where possible.Serious adverse events, specifically incidence of cardiac events and peripheral nerve block injection site complications.
primary outcome:
Technological aids for the rehabilitation of memory and executive functioning in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury
Children's Kitchen Task Assessment (Rocke 2008);School Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (Fisher 1997);Children's Cooking Task (Chevignard 2008);Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (Gioia 2000);Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test for Children (Aldrich 1991);any other psychometrically validated tools measuring executive functioning and memory.
primary outcome:
Single dose intravenous paracetamol or intravenous propacetamol for postoperative pain
Pain relief: number of participants experiencing at least 50% of maximum pain relief over four or six hours postintervention.Pain intensity: we extracted mean pain intensity over both the four‐ and six‐hour postintervention periods in each treatment arm and their corresponding standard deviations (SD), and in turn calculated the mean pain difference between groups.
primary outcome:
Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy
Patient‐reported postoperative pain intensity (a 0 ‐ 10 cm VAS score).Use of supplementary analgesic (number of participants using rescue analgesics, time to first rescue analgesics, analgesic drug counts, patient‐controlled analgesia opioid consumption, etc.).
primary outcome:
Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
Pain during intravenous cannulation.
primary outcome:
Single dose dipyrone (metamizole) for acute postoperative pain in adults
Participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over a four to six hour period.
primary outcome:
Interventions for treating ankle fractures in children
Functional outcome measures, such as the Foot Function Index (FFI) (Budiman‐Mak 1991), Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Questionnaire (Swiontkowski 1999), Activity Scale for Kids (ASK) (Young 2000), Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) (Daltroy 1998), The Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire for Children (OxAFQ‐C) (Morris 2008)Unacceptable anatomy (angular or rotational deformity, shortening), leg‐length discrepancy, limp, abnormal gaitAdverse effects: infection (joint, osteomyelitis), nerve and soft‐tissue injury (including pressure sores), need for new/further surgical intervention (other than routine implant removal)
primary outcome:
Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture
All‐cause mortality (within 30 days if reported, otherwise as reported in the trial).Length of hospital stay.Total length of hospital stay.Time to medical fitness for discharge.Return of participant to pre‐fracture category of accommodation at six months.Return to pre‐fracture mobility at six months.
primary outcome:
Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults
Mortality from any cause at 30 days, three months, six months, and one year (cumulative).Pneumonia (author's definition).Myocardial infarction (author's definition).
primary outcome:
Surgical versus non‐surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis
Disability and functional status, as measured by a back pain‐specific scale (e.g. Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)).Pain intensity, as measured by a visual analogue or other pain scale (e.g. visual analogue scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS), McGill Pain Scale).Health‐related quality of life (e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 (as measured by the general health subscale), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (EuroQol), general health (e.g. as measured on a VAS scale) or a similarly validated index).Walking capacity (e.g. walking distance before participant is forced to stop because of symptoms of LSS).
primary outcome:
Helicopter emergency medical services for adults with major trauma
Survival, as defined by discharge from the hospital.
primary outcome:
Knee orthoses for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome
Pain, e.g. during activity or at rest, measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) or similar, preferably at 12 months after commencing the intervention. Pain could be assessed during a specific activity (e.g. single leg squat), or more globally, e.g. as usual pain during the previous week.Functional outcomes, e.g. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC) (Klassbo 2003); Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) (Roos 1998); Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) (Blinkley 1999); Kujala Patellofemoral Disorder Score/Anterior Knee Pain Scale (Kujala 1993)
primary outcome:
Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment
Pain relief.Disability including, but not limited to, self report disability measures such as the Neck Disability Index (NDI), activities of daily living, return to work, sick leave and function.
primary outcome:
Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults
Muscle soreness (e.g. pain measured with the use of visual analogue scales and algometer data)Subjective recovery (e.g. tiredness, well‐being)Immediate or long‐term complications or adverse effects (e.g. frost bite, adverse cardiac or vascular events, musculoskeletal injury)
primary outcome:
Hemodialysis for lithium poisoning
Neurologic abnormalities, using any valid assessment criteria (for example, formal neuropsychological assessment, validated tests of various domains of neurological function (e.g. Trail Making A and B, etc., Bowie 2006), formal cognitive assessment (e.g. Folstein mini‐mental status examination (Folstein 1975)), or structured physician assessment)
primary outcome:
Emergency ultrasound‐based algorithms for diagnosing blunt abdominal trauma
Overall mortality (as the proportion of patients)
primary outcome:
Surgical versus nonsurgical interventions for flail chest
Mortality:early mortality (death from any cause within the 30 days following trauma);late mortality (death from any cause more than 30 days after trauma).
primary outcome:
Steroidal contraceptives and bone fractures in women: evidence from observational studies
The primary outcome was the risk of fracture, particularly fracture of the spine, hip, or wrist. We did not examine data on bone mineral density, which is considered a surrogate marker for fracture. Data from RCTs on hormonal contraceptives and bone mineral density have been reviewed elsewhere (Lopez 2014).
primary outcome:
Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults
Participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours (Moore 2011b).
primary outcome:
Prothrombin complex concentrate for reversal of vitamin K antagonist treatment in bleeding and non‐bleeding patients
Overall mortality: We used longest follow‐up data from each trial regardless of the period of follow‐up.Overall 28‐day mortality: We included data provided as 30‐day mortality in the same analysis.
primary outcome:
Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain
The primary outcome was pain intensity assessed via a visual analog scale (VAS). Pain intensity data assessed by means other than a zero to 100 VAS were normalized to such a scale. To do so, we either multiplied the original scale employed by an appropriate factor (for example, by 10 if the original scale ranged from zero to 10) or by assigning values on a zero to 100 scale that corresponded to choices on the original assessment scale. For example, if a participant was offered a five‐point scale, selection of the second point was scored as 50 on a zero to 100 scale (0 = no pain, 1 = 25, 2 = 50, 3 = 75, 4 = 100).
primary outcome:
Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy
Function measured by a validated patient‐reported measure for Achilles tendinopathy (e.g. VISA‐A: an Achilles tendinopathy specific questionnaire, which contains eight questions that cover three domains of pain, function and activity. An asymptomatic person would score 100; the lower the score, the greater the disability (Robinson 2001)).Adverse events:Serious: e.g. tendon ruptureNon‐serious: e.g. post injection discomfort
primary outcome:
Antifibrinolytic drugs for acute traumatic injury
Mortality at the end of the follow‐up.
primary outcome:
Sweet tasting solutions for reduction of needle‐related procedural pain in children aged one to 16 years
Pain intensity assessed by uni‐dimensional, multidimensional, or composite pain scores (including a combination of behavioral, physiological, and contextual indicators), or a combination, or self‐report of pain.
primary outcome:
Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related pain in adults
Patient‐reported pain intensity and pain relief using validated scales (visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal rating scale (VRS), numerical rating scale (NRS)).
primary outcome:
Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Change in trunk balance, measured  in centimetres:Frontal (coronal) balance (refers to the plane that divides the body into front and back halves);Lateral trunk shift; andApical vertebral translation.Progression of scoliosis, measured by:Cobb angle in degrees (absolute values);Angle of trunk rotation in degrees (absolute values); andNumber of participants who progressed by more than 5 degrees Cobb (5 degrees Cobb is the standard clinical measure reported within various research papers and commonly used in clinical practice).Cosmetic issues, as measured by:Validated scales or questionnaires: Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale (Pineda 2006), Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (Sanders 2007), Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (Bago 2010); andTopographic measurements: Integrated Shape Imaging System or Integrated Shape Imaging System 2 (Berryman 2008), Quantec (Oxborrow 2000), Formetric (Knott 2010), measured in angles and millimetres.Quality of life as measured by:Generic questionnaires: 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey;Scoliosis‐specific questionnaires: Scoliosis Research Society‐22 (Asher 2003);Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire (Weiss 2006b); andBrace Questionnaire (Vasiliadis 2006).Psychological issues as measured by:Specific psychological questionnaires evaluating such concepts as self esteem, self image, etc., using specific questionnaires and subscales of Scoliosis Research Society‐22, Brace Questionnaire, 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey.Back pain and disability as measured by:Validated scales measuring pain intensity and pain duration, such as the visual analogue scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and other validated specific questionnaires, as well as use of medication.
primary outcome:
Red blood cell transfusion for people undergoing hip fracture surgery
Mortality.Mobility and functional recovery.Postoperative morbidity, including medical complications (e.g. wound infections (in hospital), thromboses (in hospital), stroke, myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events) and respiratory infections (including pneumonia).
primary outcome:
Surgical interventions for treating distal tibial metaphyseal fractures in adults
Patient‐reported functional outcome, such as the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery (AOFAS) score (Kitaoka 1994) and the Olerud and Molander Ankle Functional Score (OMAS) (Olerud 1984)Need for a secondary/revision operation or substantive physiotherapy for adverse outcomes (e.g. non‐union, malunion and infection)
primary outcome:
Tramadol for postoperative pain treatment in children
Number of patients requiring rescue analgesia (in postoperative care unit (PACU), 24 h postoperation)Number of patients with moderate to severe pain (assessed with a postoperative pain scale) (in PACU, 24 h postoperation)
primary outcome:
Effectiveness of posterior decompression techniques compared with conventional laminectomy for lumbar stenosis
Functional disability (e.g. Roland Disability Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index).Perceived recovery.Leg pain.
primary outcome:
As required versus fixed schedule analgesic administration for postoperative pain in children
Pain intensity and pain relief, assessed using validated tools such as NRS, VAS, FPS‐R, Colour Analogue Scale (CAS), or any other validated NRS. We searched for participant‐reported pain, but accepted observer‐reported outcomes if no data were available for participant‐reported pain.Any reported adverse events.
primary outcome:
Single dose oral ibuprofen plus codeine for acute postoperative pain in adults
Participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours.
primary outcome:
Cell salvage in emergency trauma surgery
Mortality
primary outcome:
Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome
Knee pain measured by validated self reporting methods (visual analogue scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS) or McGill Pain questionnaire (Melzack 1987)). If multiple pain scales were reported in one study, we only included pain in daily life (usual pain, worst pain and pain at activities (e.g. sports, pain during descending stairs) (Crossley 2004)) in the analyses. We selected pain at descending for pooling on 'pain at activities' as this outcome measure was present in most studies eligible for pooling of pain at activity.
primary outcome:
Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients
  All‐cause mortality. Mortality data at 30 days (including sensitivity analysis of death before 24 hours, up to 7 days, and 28 days) will be reported if available.
primary outcome:
Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease
Mortality: risk of death at one year (all‐cause mortality).
primary outcome:
Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children
The primary outcome was the proportion of participants in each treatment group with hyponatraemia (serum sodium < 135 mmol/L) at any time point while receiving intravenous fluids.Each participant was counted only once, despite the number of hyponatraemic events he or she had.
primary outcome:
Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community
Fear of falling as measured by a single‐item question.Falls efficacy as measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES; Tinetti 1990) and its associated versions, FmES (Hill 1996), rFES (Tinetti 1994), and FES‐UK (Parry 2001).Balance confidence as measured by the Activities‐specific Balance Confidence scale for older adults (ABC) (Powell 1995) (and its UK version ABC‐UK (Parry 2001)).Concern about falling as measured by the international version of the FES in its long (FES‐I) (Yardley 2005) and short forms (Short FES‐I) (Kempen 2008), Mobility Efficacy Scale (MES) (Lusardi 1997), aFES (Lusardi 1997), and amFES (Lusardi 1997), and worry about falling measured using the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE) (Yardley 2002).
primary outcome:
Salicylate‐containing rubefacients for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
Participant‐reported reduction in pain of at least 50%.Participant‐reported global assessment of treatment.Pain on movement.Pain on rest, or spontaneous pain.Undefined "improvement".
primary outcome:
Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain
Pain measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) or verbal rating scales (VRS), a numerical rating scale, or other validated assessment tool.Categorical rating of pain intensity in circumstances in which numerical ratings may be problematic.Time to re‐medication.Requirements for rescue analgesia.
primary outcome:
Advanced trauma life support training for hospital staff
Death, to be analysed in the following categories: in‐hospital mortality, out‐of‐hospital mortality, 72 hour mortality and 30 day mortality
primary outcome:
Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors
Risk ratio of deferral of blood donors (number of prospective blood donors who are at least temporarily rejected from blood donation) due to low haemoglobin.The low haemoglobin deferral threshold differs across studies according to the population and sex of the donor studied (see Characteristics of included studies).
primary outcome:
Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women
The primary outcome was fractures occurring after baseline, particularly fractures of the spine, hip, and wrist.
primary outcome:
Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery
1. Pain at rest and on movementWe considered pain at rest and on movement within the following postoperative time frames: first two hours, three to 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and more than 72 hours. Pain outcomes were based on measures with reliable and validated psychometric properties such as the visual analogue scale (VAS). We converted data to a zero to 10 scale. Unless otherwise reported, pain was assumed to be experienced at rest.2. Serious adverse eventsWe defined a serious adverse event as any untoward occurrence that results in death, is life threatening, requires rehospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or is considered a medically important event or reaction. Examples include neurological injury, postoperative falls and thrombotic events. We used the time frame set by the study authors.
primary outcome:
Single dose oral etoricoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults
Participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours.
primary outcome:
Interventions for treating fingertip entrapment injuries in children
Fingertip function (dexterity; likely to be measured subjectively based upon parents' comments)Nail growth (likely to be measured in terms of growth or time, or dichotomously, e.g. nail present or absent at follow‐up)Nail deformity (likely to be measured subjectively, or using a grading system unique to each trial, as no universally‐adopted system currently exists)Adverse events (e.g. wound infection, distal necrosis of fingertip, hypertrophic scarring, growth arrest)
primary outcome:
Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people
Risk of sustaining a hip fractureRisk of sustaining a pelvic fractureOverall rate of pelvic and other fracturesRate of fall events
primary outcome:
Selective computed tomography (CT) versus routine thoracoabdominal CT for high‐energy blunt‐trauma patients
Overall mortality (30‐day survival).
primary outcome:
The Lund concept for severe traumatic brain injury
Mortality.
primary outcome:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating acute surgical and traumatic wounds
Wound healing, measured objectively, e.g.: time to complete healing (days), number of wounds completely healed at a specified time point (proportion).Adverse effects, e.g.: visual disturbance (such as reversible myopia), barotrauma, oxygen toxicity, infection, re‐operations.Wound healing was not reported for this comparison in any study.(1) Adverse effectsFlap oedema was measured as the duration to resolution of oedema (in days) in one study (Vishwanath 2011). Only average scores were given, which was two days in the HBO group compared to 2.5 days in the usual care group. Furthermore, they measured venous congestion, but found that venous congestion had settled before the case group was given HBOT (average HBOT 0.25 days; average usual care 0.5 days). For both outcomes, no significant differences were found. In each group one patient was excluded from the analysis since flap loss had occurred before HBOT was administered to the intervention group.Objective measurements of wound healing (such as time to complete healing and number of wounds completely healed) and adverse effects were not reported for this comparison.
primary outcome:
Single dose oral dexibuprofen [S(+)‐ibuprofen] for acute postoperative pain in adults
We collected the following data where available:
primary outcome:
Primary closure versus delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds within 24 hours post injury
Objective measures of wound healing, such as time to healing (where healing is defined as complete re‐epithelialisation as measured by high resolution ultrasound scan, or as defined by trial authors); proportion of wounds healed within a specified time period.Wound infection defined clinically as purulent discharge or erythema associated with pus (or as defined by trial authors).
primary outcome:
Single dose oral celecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults
Participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over four to six hours.
primary outcome:
Antibiotics for treating chronic osteomyelitis in adults
Remission of infection, where we defined remission as the resolution of all signs and symptoms of active infection at the end of therapy and after a minimal post‐treatment observation period of one year (Carek 2001; Gentry 1990; Mader 1992).Number of participants who presented remission of infection at the end of therapy.Number of participants who presented remission of infection at least one year after therapy.
primary outcome:
Antipsychotics for acute and chronic pain in adults
The primary outcome measure for this review was the reduction in pain intensity as measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS), self reported global scale, verbal rating scale, numerical rating scale or categorical pain relief scale, and self reported pain relief. We used the effectiveness measures after the longest reported duration of treatment. We excluded studies which did not quantify pain using a scale. We included patient reported pain data, and excluded trials only reporting physician and carer pain assessment.
primary outcome:
Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain
Pain ratings: verbal rating scale, visual analog scale or final visit pain score.Function: Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) or Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS).Global improvement: patient satisfaction or quality of life improvements.Proportion of patients reporting 30% or 50% pain relief.
primary outcome:
Electrotherapy for neck pain
The outcomes of interest were pain relief, disability, and function including work‐related outcomes.
primary outcome:
Single dose oral tenoxicam for acute postoperative pain in adults
Data was collected on the following outcomes:
primary outcome:
Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents
Pain intensity, measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS), verbal rating scale, questionnaire, or Likert scale. We also considered other pain assessments that were commonly used for young age groups, such as facial or verbal expression, movements, posture, and interaction with the environment.Disability, measured using a self‐reported outcome measure, including generic and condition‐specific measurement tools (e.g. Functional Disability Inventory, PedsQL)Adverse events (incidence and nature)
primary outcome:
Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour
Incidence of breakthrough pain, defined as pain during labour epidural analgesia requiring anaesthetic intervention (dichotomous)Incidence of caesarean delivery (dichotomous)Incidence of instrumental delivery, defined as the use of forceps or vacuum‐assisted delivery (dichotomous)
primary outcome:
Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II
Pain intensity as measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS), verbal rating scale or Likert scale.Disability as measured by validated self‐report questionnaires/scales or functional testing protocols.
primary outcome:
Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults
Pain intensity, measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS), verbal rating scale, or Likert scale. These must have been reported by the participant to be considered valid, and included. We presented and analysed primary outcomes as change on a continuous scale, or in a dichotomised format as the proportion of participants in each group who attained a predetermined threshold of improvement. For example, we judged cut‐points from which to interpret the likely clinical importance of (pooled) effect sizes according to criteria proposed in the IMMPACT consensus statement (Dworkin 2008). Specifically, we judged reductions in pain intensity compared with baseline as follows:≥ 30%: moderately important change;≥ 50%: substantially important change.Adverse events (AEs; their nature, frequency, and the approach taken to record and classify them). Adverse events included, but were not limited to: electrode lead failure or displacement, infection, need for repeated implantation procedure(s). We treated them as separate outcomes, and included other AEs in an 'other' category.
primary outcome:
Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
Number of participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over a 4‐hour period and over a 6‐hour period
primary outcome:
Single‐dose intravenous ketorolac for acute postoperative pain in adults
Number of participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over a four‐hour period and over a six‐hour period.
primary outcome:
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for trigger finger
Follow‐up time points for the outcomes of interest were 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 38 weeks, and 52 weeks.
primary outcome:
Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth
Adequate pain relief as reported by the woman, or by determination of > 50% relief of pain (either as stated by the woman or calculated using a formula)*
primary outcome:
Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
Pain intensity (e.g. Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ))Disability (e.g. Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) interference items)Distress (e.g. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI))Adverse events (e.g. worse pain) and dropouts, an unknown proportion of which are attributable to dissatisfaction or unrecorded worse pain, distress or disability.
primary outcome:
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification cataract surgery in adults
Intraoperative pain or discomfort.Postoperative pain or discomfort.Participant satisfaction with anaesthesia.
primary outcome:
Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults
Mortality (measured in hospital, within 30 days, within 90 days, and within 180 days)Infectious complications, independent of specific site (as defined by the study authors, with follow‐up from the day of enrolment in the study until enteral nutrition or SPN was discontinued). We collected information on tallies of infectious complications, as well as on the risk of infectious complications.Feed intolerance or gastrointestinal complications: vomiting, diarrhoea, high gastric residual volume, or gastrointestinal bleeding. We accepted the study authors’ definitions of outcome events, with follow‐up from the day of starting enteral nutrition until it was discontinued).
primary outcome:
Adductor canal blocks for postoperative pain treatment in adults undergoing knee surgery
Mean difference in postoperative pain at rest/during movement (2 hours (within the postoperative care unit), 24 hours, 48 hours)Rates of opioid‐related adverse events (nausea, vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, pruritus, respiratory depression, sedation (2 hours (within the postoperative care unit), 24 hours, 48 hours))Rate of accidental falls during postoperative care
primary outcome:
Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults
Occurrence of intraoperative awareness
primary outcome:
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults
Our primary outcome for studies using PCA or opioid as rescue medication was total consumption of opioids in milligrams of morphine equivalents for up to 48 hours after surgery (opioids being the exclusive analgesics used in the included studies).Our primary outcome was pain intensity assessed by means of subjective pain scales in studies not assessing or using PCA and in the absence of opioid rescue medication.
primary outcome:
Pre‐emptive and preventive opioids for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery
Early acute postoperative pain (measured within six hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale, converted to a 0‐to‐10 scale where a 0‐to‐100 scale was used; where multiple time points were reported we included the earliest reported time point).Respiratory depression (defined as oxygen saturation (SaO2) < 92%; yes/no).
primary outcome:
Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients
Postoperative systemic or wound infection. Follow‐up time for this outcome measure should be 30 days or longer. We used study authors' definitions of postoperative systemic and wound infectionDelayed wound healing. Follow‐up time for this outcome measure should be 30 days or longer. We measured the proportion of wounds that had not healed within 30 daysGlycaemic response within 24 hours. We defined this as the difference between preoperative and postoperative blood glucose. As the peak serum level of dexamethasone is achieved two to 12 hours after injection, the postoperative glucose level had to be measured at least two hours but within 24 hours after dexamethasone administration. We looked at the change from baseline to 12 hours postoperatively and to 24 hours postoperatively on a continuous scale in patients without diabetes. We looked at the change from baseline to 24 hours postoperatively in patients with diabetes
primary outcome:
Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia
We identified data for 15 of our prespecified outcomes. We were able to perform six meta‐analyses. Since all analyses included trials comparing different upright and recumbent positions, we have used the random‐effects model throughout. We conducted sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the analyses, by excluding studies with high or unclear risk of bias both for allocation concealment and for incomplete outcome data. Where possible we carried out analyses according to subgroups by type of epidural: traditional versus 'mobile' or 'walking'. We classified low‐dose combined spinal epidurals and low‐dose infusion epidurals as 'mobile' or 'walking'.
primary outcome:
Single‐dose intravenous diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults
Participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over a four‐ to six‐hour period.
primary outcome:
Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
Postoperative delirium; as measured by a validated tool or diagnostic criteria, e.g. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5 2013), confusion assessment method (CAM) (Inouye 1990), International Classification of Diseases‐10 (WHO 2016a).Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; as defined and measured by the study authors.
primary outcome:
Mirtazapine for fibromyalgia in adults
Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater (substantial improvement).PGIC very much improved (substantial improvement).Safety: participants experiencing any serious adverse event. Serious adverse events typically include any untoward medical occurrence or effect that at any dose results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, is a congenital anomaly or birth defect, is an 'important medical event' that may jeopardise the person, or may require an intervention to prevent one of the above characteristics or consequences.Tolerability: withdrawals due to adverse events.
primary outcome:
Enteral versus parenteral nutrition and enteral versus a combination of enteral and parenteral nutrition for adults in the intensive care unit
Mortality (measured: in‐hospital, within 30 days, within 90 days, and within 180 days).
primary outcome:
Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit
Quantity and quality of sleep as measured through reports of participants or family members or by personnel assessments.Quantity and quality of sleep as measured by PSG, actigraphy, BIS, or EEG.
primary outcome:
Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater. We preferred composite neuropathic pain scores over single‐scale generic pain scores if both measures were used by studies;PGIC (Patient Global Impression of Change) much or very much improved;Withdrawals due to adverse events (tolerability);Serious adverse events (safety). Serious adverse events typically include any untoward medical occurrence or effect that at any dose results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, is a congenital anomaly or birth defect, is an 'important medical event' that may jeopardise the person, or may require an intervention to prevent one of the above characteristics/consequences.
primary outcome:
Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery
All‐cause mortality within 30 days after surgery: any reported death. The time period for outcome ascertainment in each trial was also documented.
primary outcome:
Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults
Intraoperative pain, as measured by analogue rating scales. We excluded studies that reported pain, but did not measure pain formally using analogue rating scales, as they did not provide sufficiently useful information on the outcome. We excluded studies if they reported that 'supplementary injections' were primarily given to achieve akinesia, for example, if a certain immobility score was not reached.
primary outcome:
Cerebral near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for perioperative monitoring of brain oxygenation in children and adults
Postoperative stroke or other neurological injury, including adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (within 24 hours postoperatively up to discharge or the end of follow‐up). The diagnosis was based on new‐onset neurological deficits, and findings were based on the neurological examination or neuroradiological evidence including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or neuroangiography. Neurological deficits included abnormalities of sensory, motor, balance, speech, vision or autonomic nervous system functions.Postoperative delirium (POD) or POCD (within 24 hours postoperatively up to discharge). The diagnosis of POD or POCD was based on the criteria adopted by the authors in each included study.Intraoperative mortality or postoperative mortality (at 24 hours, 30 days and one year after surgery).
primary outcome:
Propofol for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit
Quantity and quality of sleep as measured through reports of participants or family members or by personnel assessments.Quantity and quality of sleep as measured by PSG, actigraphy, BIS or EEG.
primary outcome:
Oxcarbazepine for neuropathic pain
Reduction in participant‐reported pain scores by at least 50% from the baseline, measured on commonly used pain scales such as a visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal rating scale (VRS), numerical rating scale (NRS) (Williamson 2005), and the Faces Pain Scale (FPS) (Bieri 1990).
primary outcome:
Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for general anaesthesia in children aged eight years and under
Postextubation stridor (defined as any inspiratory sound or a persistent barking, or presence of sternal or intercostal retractions postextubation)
primary outcome:
Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block
Duration of sensory block. We included all studies describing duration of sensory block regardless of how it was described.Incidence of serious adverse events. We used the National Institutes of Health (NIH) definition of adverse events. A serious event includes death, a life‐threatening event that requires hospitalization or prolonged hospitalization, disability or congenital anomaly (NIH 2013).
primary outcome:
Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in adults
Participant‐reported pain at rest and with movement on visual analogue scale (VAS), numeric rating scale (NRS), or other similar scales or on ordinal or qualitative scales (FACES).Total number of nerve block‐related complications (e.g. erythema, damage to surrounding structures, allergic reactions, infections, transient and lasting (more than three months) neurological damage).
primary outcome:
Heat and moisture exchangers versus heated humidifiers for mechanically ventilated adults and children
Artificial airway occlusion.Mortality (all‐cause and related to respiratory events).Pneumonia (all‐cause, nosocomial and ventilator‐associated).
primary outcome:
Harms of off‐label erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for critically ill people
We identified adverse effects of ESAs in a broad sweep scope, as suggested by Loke 2007.We reported all adverse events as reported by study authors and specifically included any adverse event, any serious adverse event (SAE), thrombotic events (such as venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis and intracardiac thrombotic masses), bleeding, cardiovascular events including hypertension, infection and sepsis, respiratory events, neurological events, renal events, gastrointestinal events and musculoskeletal events. We accepted authors' definitions of outcome events. We selected outcomes for presentation in the 'Summary of findings' table based on clinical importance.
primary outcome:
Interventions for treating persistent pain in survivors of torture
Pain relief or reduction in pain as reported by the participant, without which the study was not eligible for inclusion in this review. Pain or pain relief may have been measured by any type of scale: numerical (including percentage), verbal, or pictorial. The desired outcome was 30% pain relief or pain less than 5/10 or equivalent on a numerical scale, or 'none' or 'mild' on a verbal scale.Adverse effects, including dropout or attrition.
primary outcome:
Efficacy and safety of sugammadex versus neostigmine in reversing neuromuscular blockade in adults
Recovery time from second twitch (T2) to TOFR > 0.9Recovery time from post‐tetanic count (PTC) 1 to 5 to TOFR > 0.9
primary outcome:
Antidepressants for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greaterParticipant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greaterPGIC much or very much improved
primary outcome:
Antiepileptic drugs for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greaterParticipant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greaterPGIC much or very much improved
primary outcome:
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greaterParticipant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greaterPGIC much or very much improved
primary outcome:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greaterParticipant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greaterPGIC much or very much improved
primary outcome:
Opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greaterParticipant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greaterPGIC much or very much improved
primary outcome:
Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates)
Intubation timeNumber of attempts at intubation and number of unsuccessful intubationsAdverse haemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation, including changes in oxygen saturation, mean blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rhythm
primary outcome:
Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater.Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater.PGIC much or very much improved.PGIC very much improved.
primary outcome:
Methadone for neuropathic pain in adults
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater.Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater.PGIC much or very much improved.PGIC very much improved.
primary outcome:
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery
Postoperative pain within 24 hours (as measured by the authors of included studies)PONV within 24 hours (as measured by the authors of included studies)
primary outcome:
Oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for fibromyalgia in adults
Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater or PGIC very much improved (substantial improvement)Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater or PGIC much or very much improved (moderate improvement)Safety: participants experiencing any serious adverse event. Serious adverse events typically include any untoward medical occurrence or effect that at any dose results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, is a congenital anomaly or birth defect, is an 'important medical event' that may jeopardise the person, or may require an intervention to prevent one of the above characteristics or consequences.Tolerability: withdrawals due to adverse events
primary outcome:
Topical anaesthetics for pain control during repair of dermal laceration
Our primary outcome was participant‐reported pain intensity during wound repair. We included any type of pain intensity scale that was described clearly by study authors. Although we attempted to apply statistical methods to normalize the data and perform a meta‐analysis, we could not do this because of the small number of trials in each comparison group and their heterogeneous outcomes.
primary outcome:
Gabapentin for fibromyalgia pain in adults
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater.Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater.PGIC much or very much improved.PGIC very much improved.
primary outcome:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults
Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater.Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater.PGIC much or very much improved.PGIC very much improved.