anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Methods for managing miscarriage: a network meta‐analysis
We included all randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness or safety of methods for miscarriage management. Early miscarriage was defined as less than or equal to 14 weeks of gestation, and included missed and incomplete miscarriage. Management of late miscarriages after 14 weeks of gestation (often referred to as intrauterine fetal deaths) was not eligible for inclusion in the review. Cluster‐ and quasi‐randomised trials were eligible for inclusion. Randomised trials published only as abstracts were eligible if sufficient information could be retrieved. We excluded non‐randomised trials.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of studies and conference abstracts, and excluded quasi‐RCTs and cross‐over studies.
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Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing UVI of saline or other fluids (with or without uterotonics), either with expectant management or with an alternative solution or other uterotonic agent, in the management of retained placenta. We considered quasi‐randomised, cluster‐randomised, and trials reported only in abstract form.
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Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing a single dose of a NSAID versus a single dose of placebo, paracetamol or another NSAID for women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period. We excluded quasi‐RCTs and cross‐over trials. We included papers in abstract format only if they had sufficient information to determine that they met the review’s prespecified inclusion criteria.
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Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster‐RCTs, comparing paracetamol to placebo. We excluded quasi‐RCTs and cross‐over trials. Data from abstracts would be included only if authors had confirmed in writing that the data to be included in the review had come from the final analysis and would not change.
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Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth
We considered all randomised controlled comparisons of antenatal corticosteroid administration with placebo, or with no treatment, given to women with a singleton or multiple pregnancy, prior to anticipated preterm delivery (elective, or following rupture of membranes or spontaneous labour), regardless of other co‐morbidity, for inclusion in this review.
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Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes and trainees' performance
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (including cluster‐randomised trials) comparing simulation‐based obstetric team training with no, or other type of training.
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Uterotonic agents for first‐line treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis
All randomised controlled trials or cluster‐randomised trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of uterotonic agents with other uterotonic agents for the treatment of PPH were eligible for inclusion.
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Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour
Eligible studies were randomised trials comparing intravenous with intramuscular oxytocin for prophylactic management of the third stage of labour after vaginal birth. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials.
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Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate‐dependent pregnant women
Randomised controlled trials which assessed the efficacy of any pharmacological maintenance treatment for opiate‐dependent pregnant women.
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Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth
We included randomised controlled trials of interventions for preventing mastitis in postpartum breastfeeding women.Quasi‐randomised controlled trials and trials reported only in abstract form were eligible. We attempted to contact the authors to obtain any unpublished results, wherever possible. Interventions for preventing mastitis may include: probiotics, specialist breastfeeding advice and holistic approaches.
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Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies
We included published, unpublished or ongoing randomised controlled trial (RCTs). Studies using a cluster‐RCT design were also eligible for inclusion in this review but none were identified. We excluded quasi‐RCTs (e.g. those randomised by date of birth or hospital number) and studies using a cross‐over design. We also excluded studies that specified addition of the combination therapy after cervical cerclage because the woman subsequently became symptomatic. We included studies comparing cervical cerclage in combination with one, two or more interventions with cervical cerclage alone in singleton pregnancies.
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Home versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes
Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which home and inpatient settings for induction have been compared. We included conference abstracts but excluded quasi‐randomised trials and cross‐over studies.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Aspirin (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), assessing single dose aspirin compared with placebo, no treatment, a different dose of aspirin, or single dose paracetamol or acetaminophen, for women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period. We planned to include cluster‐RCTs, but none were identified. We excluded quasi‐RCTs and cross‐over studies.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks, comparing a policy of labour induction with a policy of awaiting spontaneous onset of labour (expectant management). We also included trials published in abstract form only. Cluster‐RCTs, quasi‐RCTs and trials using a cross‐over design were not eligible for inclusion in this review.We included pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation. Since risk factors at this stage of pregnancy would normally require intervention, only trials including women at low risk for complications, as defined by trialists, were eligible. The trials of induction of labour in women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or beyond term were not considered in this review but are considered in a separate Cochrane Review.
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Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
Randomised controlled trials, including full texts and abstracts, comparing interventions to prevent hypotension with placebo or alternative treatment in women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. We excluded studies if hypotension was not an outcome measure.
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Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of mechanical/surgical methods for the treatment of primary PPH compared with standard care or another mechanical/surgical method. Interventions could include uterine packing, intrauterine balloon insertion, artery ligation/embolism, or uterine compression (either with sutures or manually).We included studies reported in abstract form if there was sufficient information to permit risk of bias assessment. Trials using a cluster‐RCT design were eligible for inclusion, but quasi‐RCTs or cross‐over studies were not.
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Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials, evaluating any type of preoperative skin preparation (agents, methods or forms). We included studies presented only as abstracts, if there was enough information to assess risk of bias.Comparisons of interest in this review were between: different antiseptic agents (e.g. alcohol, povidone iodine), different methods of antiseptic application (e.g. scrub, paint, drape), different forms of antiseptic (e.g. powder, liquid), and also between different packages of skin preparation including a mix of agents and methods, such as a plastic incisional drape, which may or may not be impregnated with antiseptic agents. We mainly focused on the comparison between different agents, with and without the use of drapes.Only studies involving the preparation of the incision area were included. This review did not cover studies of preoperative handwashing by the surgical team or preoperative bathing.
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Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage
We included randomised, cluster‐randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials of advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women compared with usual (or standard) care for the prevention or treatment of PPH in non‐facility births. We excluded studies without any form of random design and those that were available in abstract form only.
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Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta
We sought randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐randomised controlled trials, and cluster‐randomised trials that compared different methods of preoperative or intraoperative anaesthetic or analgesic, administered during the manual removal of a retained placenta.
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Strategies for optimising antenatal corticosteroid administration for women with anticipated preterm birth
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), randomised at individual or cluster level, and quasi‐randomised trials that assessed strategies to optimise (either by increasing or restricting) the administration of ACS compared with usual care amongst women at risk of preterm birth. Our primary outcomes were perinatal death and a composite outcome of offspring mortality and early or late neurodevelopmental morbidity.
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Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss
Randomised, cluster‐randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that assess the effects of aspirin, heparin (either low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH]), or a combination of aspirin and heparin compared with no treatment, placebo or another, on pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent aPL and recurrent pregnancy loss were eligible. All treatment regimens were considered.
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Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs assessing the impact of vaginal cleansing immediately before cesarean delivery with any type of antiseptic solution versus a placebo solution/standard of care on post‐cesarean infectious morbidity.Cluster‐RCTs were eligible for inclusion, but we did not identify any. We excluded trials that utilized vaginal preparation during labor or that did not use antibiotic surgical prophylaxis. We also excluded any trials using a cross‐over design. We included trials published in abstract form only if sufficient information was present in the abstract on methods and outcomes to analyze.
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Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery
All randomised controlled trials comparing any prophylactic antibiotic regimens with placebo or no treatment in women undergoing vacuum or forceps deliveries were eligible. Participants were all pregnant women without evidence of infections or other indications for antibiotics of any gestational age. Interventions were any antibiotic prophylaxis (any dosage regimen, any route of administration or at any time during delivery or the puerperium).
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Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in pregnant women, comparing smoking cessation pharmacotherapy or EC use with either placebo or no pharmacotherapy/EC control. We excluded quasi‐randomised, cross‐over, and within‐participant designs, and RCTs with additional intervention components not matched between trial arms.
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Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology
Randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing progestogens with placebo or no treatment given in an effort to prevent miscarriage.
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Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre‐eclampsia and its complications
All randomised trials comparing antiplatelet agents with either placebo or no antiplatelet agent were included. Studies only published in abstract format were eligible for inclusion if sufficient information was available. We would have included cluster‐randomised trials in the analyses along with individually‐randomised trials, if any had been identified in our search strategy. Quasi‐random studies were excluded. Participants were pregnant women at risk of developing pre‐eclampsia. Interventions were administration of an antiplatelet agent (such as low‐dose aspirin or dipyridamole), comparisons were either placebo or no antiplatelet.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery
We included published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCT) including pregnant women between the gestational ages of 14 to 32 weeks, for whom the cervical length was screened for risk of PTB with TVU, TAU, or TPU. This review focused on studies based on knowledge versus no knowledge of cervical length results, or ultrasound versus no ultrasound for cervical length. We excluded studies based on interventions (e.g. progesterone, cerclage) for short cervical length.
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Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared interventions to support the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding in women who are overweight or obese. Interventions included social support, education, physical support, or any combination of these. Interventions were compared either with each other or against a control group.
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Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing delayed with early clamping of the umbilical cord (with immediate neonatal care after cord clamping or with cord intact) and UCM for births before 37 weeks' gestation. Quasi‐RCTs were excluded.
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Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth
Randomized controlled trials of pregnant women screened with FFN for risk of preterm birth. Studies included are based exclusively on knowledge of FFN results versus no such knowledge, and we have excluded studies including women with only positive or only negative FFN results.
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Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage
Randomised, quasi‐ or cluster‐randomised trials including women undergoing vaginal delivery who received prophylactic oxytocin during management of the third stage of labour. Primary outcomes were blood loss 500 mL or more after delivery, need for additional uterotonics, and maternal all‐cause mortality.
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Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing active versus expectant management of the third stage of labour. Cluster‐randomised trials were eligible for inclusion, but none were identified.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis
All randomised controlled trials or cluster‐randomised trials comparing the effectiveness and side effects of uterotonic agents with other uterotonic agents, placebo or no treatment for preventing PPH were eligible for inclusion. Quasi‐randomised trials were excluded. Randomised trials published only as abstracts were eligible if sufficient information could be retrieved.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (qRCTs). Trials using a cluster‐randomised design were eligible for inclusion, but we found no such reports. We included trials published as abstract only, provided sufficient information was available to allow assessment of trial eligibility and risk of bias. We excluded cross‐over trials.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation
Randomised trials comparing the two intervention strategies for women with early onset, severe pre‐eclampsia. Trials reported in an abstract were eligible for inclusion, as were cluster‐trial designs. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials.
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Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth
All randomised trials, including cluster‐randomised trials, evaluating methods for estimating blood loss after vaginal birth.
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Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing discontinued IV with continuous IV oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour.No exclusion criteria were applied in terms of parity, maternal age, ethnicity, co‐morbidity status, labour setting, gestational age, and prior caesarean delivery.Studies comparing different dosage regimens are outside the scope of this review.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage
Randomised, quasi‐randomised or cluster‐randomised controlled trials, that compared progestogen with placebo, no treatment or any other treatment for the treatment of threatened miscarriage in women carrying singleton pregnancy.
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Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole, intrapartum fetal distress, or both.
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Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour
We included randomised controlled trials examining the use of intramuscular or intravenous opioids (including patient‐controlled analgesia) for women in labour. Cluster‐randomised trials were also eligible for inclusion, although none were identified. We did not include quasi‐randomised trials. We looked at studies comparing an opioid with another opioid, placebo, no treatment, other non‐pharmacological interventions (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)) or inhaled analgesia.
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Interventions for investigating and identifying the causes of stillbirth
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and cluster‐RCTs. We planned to include studies published as abstract only, provided there was sufficient information to allow us to assess study eligibility. We planned to exclude cross‐over trials.Participants included parents (including mothers, fathers, and partners) who had experienced a stillbirth of 20 weeks' gestation or greater.This review focused on interventions for investigating and identifying the causes of stillbirth. Such interventions are likely to be diverse, but could include:* review of maternal and family history, and current pregnancy and birth history;
* clinical history of present illness;
* maternal investigations (such as ultrasound, amniocentesis, antibody screening, etc.);
* examination of the stillborn baby (including full autopsy, partial autopsy or noninvasive components, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerised tomography (CT) scanning, and radiography);
* umbilical cord examination;
* placental examination including histopathology (microscopic examination of placental tissue); and
* verbal autopsy (interviews with care providers and support people to ascertain causes, without examination of the baby).We planned to include trials assessing any test, protocol or guideline (or combinations of tests/protocols/guidelines) for investigating the causes of stillbirth, compared with the absence of a test, protocol or guideline, or usual care (further details are presented in the Background, see Description of the intervention).We also planned to include trials comparing any test, protocol or guideline (or combinations of tests/protocols/guidelines) for investigating the causes of stillbirth with another, for example, the use of a limited investigation protocol compared with a comprehensive investigation protocol.
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Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster‐randomised trials of antifibrinolytic drugs (aprotinin, TXA, epsilon‐aminocaproic acid (EACA) and aminomethylbenzoic acid, administered by whatever route) for primary PPH in women.Participants in the trials were women after birth following a pregnancy of at least 24 weeks' gestation with a diagnosis of PPH, regardless of mode of birth (vaginal or caesarean section) or other aspects of third stage management.We have not included quasi‐randomised trials, or cross‐over studies. Studies reported as abstracts have not been included if there was insufficient information to allow assessment of risk of bias.In this review we only identified studies looking at TXA.
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Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their infants
We included randomised trials comparing planned birth, at or near term (37 to 40 weeks' gestation), with an expectant approach, for women with gestational diabetes. Cluster‐randomised and non‐randomised trials (e.g. quasi‐randomised trials using alternate allocation) were also eligible for inclusion but none were identified.
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Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting
We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which referred to all formal methods of antenatal education and addressed care of a potential perineal wound as a result of a tear or episiotomy, which was experienced by pregnant women who planned to give birth within a hospital setting.Trials using a cluster‐RCT and a quasi‐randomised design would have been eligible for inclusion in this review but none were identified. Cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion in this review. Studies published in abstract form would have been eligible for inclusion in this review, but none were identified.We planned to consider all formal methods of antenatal education which addressed care of a perineal wound. We also planned to consider all contact points where there was an opportunity for formal education, including midwifery appointments, antenatal education classes, obstetrician appointments, general practitioner appointments and physiotherapist appointments.
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Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials (including those published in abstract form) comparing the effects of described antenatal ultrasound surveillance regimens in twin pregnancies. Trials using a cluster‐randomised design would have been eligible for inclusion in this review but none were identified. Trials using a cross‐over design are not eligible for inclusion in this review.Different types and frequencies of ultrasound testing (for fetal surveillance and detection of specific problems) compared with each other and also compared with no testing. For example, an intervention might comprise a specific approach to ultrasound examination with dedicated components to detect twin‐specific pathology. Different interventions could also include a specific type of surveillance at different intervals or different combinations at the same intervals.In this review we only found one study looking at fetal growth (biometry) and Doppler ultrasounds at 25, 30 and 35 weeks' gestation versus fetal growth alone.
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Antibiotic prophylaxis for episiotomy repair following vaginal birth
We considered randomised controlled trials, quasi‐randomised trials, and cluster‐randomised trials that compared the use of routine antibiotic prophylaxis for incision or repair of an episiotomy for women with otherwise normal vaginal births, compared with either placebo or no antibiotic prophylaxis.
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Interventions for treating genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) as well as studies published in abstract form assessing interventions for treating genital C.trachomatis infection in pregnancy. Cluster‐RCTs were also eligible for inclusion but none were identified. Quasi‐randomised trials and trials using cross‐over design are not eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis
All randomised trials comparing AC and CVS by either transabdominal or transcervical route.
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Interconception care for women with a history of gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Randomised controlled trials, including quasi‐randomised controlled trials and cluster‐randomised trials evaluating any protocol of interconception care with standard care or other forms of interconception care for women with a history of GDM on maternal and infant health outcomes.
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Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth
Randomised controlled trials with reported data on comparison of outcomes in mothers and babies between women who planned an elective repeat caesarean section and women who planned induction of labour when a previous birth was performed by caesarean. Cluster trials and quasi‐randomised trials were also eligible for inclusion. We would consider trials published only as abstracts if they provided enough information to meet review inclusion criteria.
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Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma
Published and unpublished randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating perineal techniques during the second stage of labour. Cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion.
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Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of Doppler ultrasound for the investigation of umbilical and fetal vessels waveforms in high‐risk pregnancies compared with no Doppler ultrasound. Cluster‐randomised trials were eligible for inclusion but none were identified.
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Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of periodontal treatment in preventing or reducing perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. We excluded studies where obstetric outcomes were not reported.
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Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any method of third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction, with placebo/no treatment or other methods in women with prior caesarean section requiring labour induction in a subsequent pregnancy.
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Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy
We included all randomised trials of cervical suturing in singleton pregnancies. Cervical stitch was carried out when the pregnancy was considered to be of sufficiently high risk due to a woman's history, a finding of short cervix on ultrasound or other indication determined by physical exam. We included any study that compared cerclage with either no treatment or any alternative intervention. We planned to include cluster‐randomised studies but not cross‐over trials. We excluded quasi‐randomised studies. We included studies reported in abstract form only.
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Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐randomised trials comparing remifentanil (PCA) with another opioid (intravenous (IV)/intramuscular (IM)), or with another opioid (PCA), or with epidural analgesia, or with remifentanil (continuous IV), or with remifentanil (PCA, different regimen), or with inhalational analgesia, or with placebo/no treatment in all women in labour including high‐risk groups with planned vaginal delivery.
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Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery
Randomised controlled trials (including quasi‐randomised) assessing the use of pelvimetry versus no pelvimetry or assessing different types of pelvimetry in women with a cephalic presentation at or near term were included. Cluster trials were eligible for inclusion, but none were identified.
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Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of fundal pressure (manual or by inflatable belt) versus no fundal pressure in women in the second stage of labour with singleton cephalic presentation.
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Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes
We selected all individual and cluster‐randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of strict or partial bed rest at home or in hospital compared with no activity restriction during multiple pregnancy.
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Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period
Randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials with randomisation at either the individual or cluster level comparing injected or oral iodine supplementation (such as tablets, capsules, drops) during preconception, pregnancy or the postpartum period irrespective of iodine compound, dose, frequency or duration.
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Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome
Randomised controlled trials comparing planned early birth with expectant management for women with PPROM prior to 37 weeks' gestation. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials.
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Breastfeeding education and support for women with twins or higher order multiples
Randomised or quasi‐randomised trials comparing extra education or support for women with twins or higher order multiples were included.
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Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials, cluster‐randomised trials, and quasi‐randomised controlled trials of psychosocial smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy.
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Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage
We included randomised controlled trials comparing medical treatment with expectant care or surgery, or alternative methods of medical treatment. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials.
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Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term
Randomised trials of a policy of planned early delivery (by induction of labour or by caesarean section) compared with a policy of delayed delivery ("expectant management") for women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation. Cluster‐randomised trials would have been eligible for inclusion in this review, but we found none.Studies using a quasi‐randomised design are not eligible for inclusion in this review. Similarly, studies using a cross‐over design are not eligible for inclusion, because they are not a suitable study design for investigating hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
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Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials of planned early birth compared with expectant management (either in hospital or at home) in women with PROM at 37 weeks' gestation or later.
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Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of prophylactic versus selective (emergency) blood transfusion in pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SCD). Quasi‐randomised trials and trials using a cluster‐randomised design were eligible for inclusion but none were identified.
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Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration
All identified published, unpublished and ongoing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of formal antenatal BF education or comparing two different methods of formal antenatal BF education, on the duration of BF. We included RCTs that only included antenatal interventions and excluded those that combined antenatal and intrapartum or postpartum BF education components. Cluster‐randomised trials were included in this review. Quasi‐randomised trials were not eligible for inclusion.
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Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Clinical trials comparing NO donors for cervical ripening or labour induction with other methods listed above it on a predefined list of methods of labour induction. Interventions include NO donors (isosorbide mononitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside) compared with other methods listed above it on a predefined list of methods of labour induction.
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Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), with or without blinding, of any breastfeeding promotion intervention in any population group, except women and infants with a specific health problem.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section
All randomised controlled trials comparing chewing gum versus usual care, for women in the first 24 hours after a CS. We included studies published in abstract form only.Quasi‐randomised, cross‐over or cluster‐randomised trials were not eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns who have initiated breastfeeding.
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Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of mother‐infant rooming‐in versus separate care after hospital birth or at home on the duration of breastfeeding, proportion of breastfeeding at six months and adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes.
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Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis
Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of amnioinfusion (treatment group) versus no amnioinfusion in women with chorioamnionitis.We would have also considered trials comparing amnioinfusion with sham amnioinfusion; different types or volumes of amnioinfusion fluid but none were identified.Cluster‐RCTs and quasi‐RCTs were eligible for inclusion but none were identified. We identified one study published in abstract form but it did not contain any numerical data and has therefore been excluded. Studies using a cross‐over design are not an appropriate study design and thus were not eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in all languages examining the effect of dopamine agonists on preventing future miscarriage. Women who had idiopathic hyperprolactinemia with a history of recurrent miscarriages were eligible for inclusion in this review. Comparisons planned included: dopamine agonists alone versus placebo/no treatment; and dopamine agonists combined with other therapy versus other therapy alone.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes
Randomised trials comparing a policy of immediate delivery with deferred delivery or expectant management in preterm fetuses with suspected in utero compromise. Quasi‐randomised trials and trials employing a cluster‐randomised design were eligible for inclusion but none were identified.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing different techniques for sealing preterm prelabour ruptured membranes. Cluster‐randomised trials and trials using a cross‐over design were not eligible for inclusion in this review. We planned to include abstracts when sufficient information was provided.
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Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum
Randomized controlled trials of any intervention for hyperemesis gravidarum. Quasi‐randomized trials and trials using a cross‐over design were not eligible for inclusion.We excluded trials on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy that were not specifically studying the more severe condition of hyperemesis gravidarum.
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Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings
All published, unpublished or ongoing randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing the administration of oxytocin with no intervention, or usual/standard care for the management of the third stage of labour in non‐facility birth settings were considered for inclusion.Quasi‐randomised controlled trials and randomised controlled trials published in abstract form only were eligible for inclusion but none were identified. Cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Techniques for assisting difficult delivery at caesarean section
All published, unpublished, and ongoing randomised controlled trials comparing the use of tocolytic agents (routine or selective) at caesarean section versus no use of tocolytic or placebo at caesarean section to facilitate the birth of the baby. Use of instrument versus manual delivery to facilitate birth of the baby. Reverse breech extraction versus head pushing to facilitate delivery of the deeply impacted fetal head.
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Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing breast stimulation, breastfeeding or suckling for PPH in the third stage of labour were selected for this review.
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Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy
Randomised trials comparing a policy of caesarean section with planned vaginal birth for women with twin pregnancy.
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Incentives for increasing prenatal care use by women in order to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and cluster‐RCTs that utilized direct incentives to pregnant women explicitly linked to initiation and frequency of prenatal care were included. Incentives could include cash, vouchers, coupons or products not generally offered to women as a standard of prenatal care. Comparisons were to no incentives and to incentives not linked directly to utilization of care. We also planned to compare different types of interventions, i.e. monetary versus products or services.
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Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour
Randomised trials comparing different magnesium sulphate treatment regimens when used as single agent tocolytic therapy during pregnancy in women in preterm labour. Quasi‐randomised trials were eligible for inclusion but none were identified. Cross‐over and cluster trials were not eligible for inclusion. Health outcomes were considered at the level of the mother, the infant/child and the health service.Intervention: intravenous or oral magnesium sulphate given alone for tocolysis.Comparison: alternative dosing regimens of magnesium sulphate given alone for tocolysis.
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Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials in twin pregnancies comparing oral betamimetics with placebo or any intervention with the specific aim of preventing preterm birth. Quasi‐randomised controlled trials, cluster‐randomised trials and cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion.
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Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐randomised trials and cluster‐randomised trials. Trials of any interventions to improve ANC coverage were eligible for inclusion. Trials were also eligible if they targeted specific and related outcomes, such as maternal or perinatal death, but also reported ANC coverage.
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Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome
Randomised, cluster‐randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials assessing the merits of the use of biochemical tests of placental function to improve pregnancy outcome.Studies were eligible if they compared women who had placental function tests and the results were available to their clinicians with women who either did not have the tests, or the tests were done but the results were not available to the clinicians. The placental function tests were any biochemical test of placental function carried out using the woman's maternal biofluid, either alone or in combination with other placental function test/s.
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Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies
Randomised controlled trials, 'quasi‐random' studies, and cluster‐randomised trials of women with multiple pregnancies (two or more fetuses) either nulliparous or multiparous and their babies. Cross‐over trials and studies reported only as abstracts were not eligible for inclusion.
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Nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta
Any adequately randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing the use of NTG, either alone or in combination with uterotonics, with no intervention or with other interventions in the management of retained placenta. All women having a vaginal delivery with a retained placenta, regardless of the management of the third stage of labour (expectant or active). We included all trials with haemodynamically stable women in whom the placenta was not delivered at least within 15 minutes after delivery of the baby.
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Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
All published, unpublished, and ongoing randomised controlled trials with reported data that compared outcomes in mothers and babies with a multiple pregnancy who received antenatal care specifically designed for women with a multiple pregnancy (as defined by the trial authors) with outcomes in controls who received 'standard' antenatal care (as defined by the trial authors).
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Ethanol for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized studies. Cluster‐randomized trials and cross‐over design trials were not eligible for inclusion. We only included studies published in abstract form if there was enough information on methods and relevant outcomes. Trials were included if they compared ethanol infusion to stop preterm labor versus placebo/control or versus other tocolytic drugs.
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Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials with reported data that compared outcomes in mothers and babies who were managed expectantly with outcomes in women who underwent selective fetal reduction of a multiple pregnancy.