anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Antiseptics for burns
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled people with any burn wound and assessed the use of a topical treatment with antiseptic properties.
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Desmopressin use for minimising perioperative blood transfusion
We included randomised controlled trials comparing DDAVP to placebo or an active comparator (e.g. tranexamic acid, aprotinin) before, during, or immediately after surgery or after invasive procedures in adults or children.
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Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials of corticosteroid injections in the treatment of plantar heel pain in adults were eligible for inclusion.
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Single dose oral ketoprofen or dexketoprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of single dose orally administered ketoprofen or dexketoprofen in adults with moderate to severe acute postoperative pain.
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Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia
We included any RCT or quasi‐randomized trial comparing capnography and standard monitoring to standard monitoring alone for ED patients requiring PSA.
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Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating methods for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children.
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Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐ or active‐controlled clinical trials in people aged 18 years or over undergoing elective surgery, at any surgical site, were included if they compared liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site with placebo or other type of analgesia.
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School‐based education programmes for the prevention of unintentional injuries in children and young people
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non‐randomised controlled trials (non‐RCTs), and controlled before‐and‐after (CBA) studies that evaluated school‐based educational programmes aimed at preventing a range of injury mechanisms. The primary outcome was self‐reported or medically attended unintentional (or unspecified intent) injuries and secondary outcomes were observed safety skills, observed behaviour, self‐reported behaviour and safety practices, safety knowledge, and health economic outcomes. The control groups received no intervention, a delayed injury‐prevention intervention or alternative school‐based curricular activities. We included studies that aimed interventions at primary or secondary prevention of injuries from more than one injury mechanism and were delivered, in part or in full, in schools catering for children aged four to 18 years.
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Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised trials studying the effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, another active treatment, or no treatment, in established PLP. We considered the following outcomes: change in pain intensity, function, sleep, depression or mood, quality of life, adverse events, treatment satisfaction, and withdrawals from the study.
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Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children
We included blinded and unblinded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of antifibrinolytics on perioperative blood loss in children 18 years of age or younger and undergoing scoliosis surgery.
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Liposomal bupivacaine peripheral nerve block for the management of postoperative pain
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐ or active‐controlled clinical trials of a single dose of liposomal bupivacaine administered as a peripheral nerve block in adults aged 18 years or over undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site. We included trials if they had at least two comparison groups for liposomal bupivacaine peripheral nerve block compared with placebo or other types of analgesia.
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Technological aids for the rehabilitation of memory and executive functioning in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury
Randomised controlled trials comparing the use of a technological aid for the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with memory or executive‐functioning deficits with placebo, no treatment, or another intervention.
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Single dose intravenous paracetamol or intravenous propacetamol for postoperative pain
Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐ or active‐controlled single dose clinical trials of IV paracetamol or IV propacetamol for acute postoperative pain in adults or children.
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Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy
We identified all the randomised, double‐blind controlled trials that compared single dose IA morphine with other interventions for the treatment of postoperative pain after knee arthroscopy. We excluded studies with fewer than 10 participants in each group, using spinal or epidural anaesthesia, or assessing the analgesic effect of IA morphine on chronic pain.
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Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
We included all blinded and unblinded randomized controlled trials (RTCs) comparing any vapocoolant with placebo or control to reduce pain during intravenous cannulation in adults and children.
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Single dose dipyrone (metamizole) for acute postoperative pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of single dose dipyrone for relief of established moderate to severe postoperative pain in adults. We accepted oral, rectal, intramuscular, and intravenous routes of administration.
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Interventions for treating ankle fractures in children
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating interventions for treating ankle fractures in children.
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Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adult participants undergoing surgical treatment for PFF that compared any two of advanced haemodynamic monitoring, protocols using standard measures or usual care, irrespective of blinding, language or publication status.
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Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults
We included randomized trials comparing different methods of anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults. The primary focus of this review was the comparison of regional anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia. The use of nerve blocks preoperatively or in conjunction with general anaesthesia is evaluated in another review. The main outcomes were mortality, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, acute confusional state, deep vein thrombosis and return of patient to their own home.
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Surgical versus non‐surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgical versus non‐operative treatments in participants with lumbar spinal stenosis confirmed by clinical and imaging findings.
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Helicopter emergency medical services for adults with major trauma
Eligible trials included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized intervention studies. We also evaluated nonrandomized studies (NRS), including controlled trials and cohort studies. Each study was required to have a GEMS comparison group. An Injury Severity Score (ISS) of at least 15 or an equivalent marker for injury severity was required. We included adults age 16 years or older.
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Knee orthoses for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating knee orthoses for treating people with PFPS. Our primary outcomes were pain and function.
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Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) undertaken to assess whether manipulation or mobilisation improves clinical outcomes for adults with acute/subacute/chronic neck pain.
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Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults
We aimed to include randomised and quasi‐randomised trials that compared the use of whole‐body cryotherapy (WBC) versus a passive or control intervention (rest, no treatment or placebo treatment) or active interventions including cold or contrast water immersion, active recovery and infrared therapy for preventing or treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. We also aimed to include randomised trials that compared different durations or dosages of WBC. Our prespecified primary outcomes were muscle soreness, subjective recovery (e.g. tiredness, well‐being) and adverse effects.
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Hemodialysis for lithium poisoning
In the context of this review, hemodialysis was defined as any extracorporeal technique to filter and extract toxicants from the serum, including all forms of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and continuous renal replacement techniques, but not peritoneal dialysis. We included any clinical trials in which patients were randomly allocated to receive, or not receive, hemodialysis in addition to standard care for lithium poisoning.
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Emergency ultrasound‐based algorithms for diagnosing blunt abdominal trauma
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Participants were patients with blunt torso, abdominal, or multiple trauma undergoing diagnostic investigations for abdominal organ injury. The intervention was diagnostic algorithms comprising emergency ultrasonography (US). The control was diagnostic algorithms without US examinations (for example, primary computed tomography (CT) or diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL)). Outcomes were mortality, use of CT or invasive procedures (DPL, laparoscopy, laparotomy), and cost‐effectiveness.
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Surgical versus nonsurgical interventions for flail chest
Randomized controlled trials of surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for people diagnosed with FC.
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Steroidal contraceptives and bone fractures in women: evidence from observational studies
We included cohort and case‐control studies of hormonal contraceptive use. Interventions included comparisons of a hormonal contraceptive with a non‐hormonal contraceptive, no contraceptive, or another hormonal contraceptive. The primary outcome was the risk of fracture.
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Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials of single dose, oral diclofenac (sodium or potassium) for acute postoperative pain in adults.
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Prothrombin complex concentrate for reversal of vitamin K antagonist treatment in bleeding and non‐bleeding patients
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), irrespective of publication status, date of publication, blinding status, outcomes published or language. We contacted investigators and study authors to request relevant data.
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Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain
We selected RCTs that assessed pain intensity as a primary or secondary outcome. These studies compared PCA without a continuous background infusion with non‐patient controlled opioid analgesic regimens. We excluded studies that explicitly stated they involved patients with chronic pain.
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Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating injection therapies in adults with an investigator‐reported diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy. We accepted comparison arms of placebo (sham) or no injection control, or other active treatment (such as physiotherapy, pharmaceuticals or surgery). Our primary outcomes were function, using measures such as the VISA‐A (Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment‐Achilles questionnaire), and adverse events.
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Antifibrinolytic drugs for acute traumatic injury
Randomised controlled trials of antifibrinolytic agents (aprotinin, tranexamic acid [TXA], epsilon‐aminocaproic acid and aminomethylbenzoic acid) following acute traumatic injury.
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Sweet tasting solutions for reduction of needle‐related procedural pain in children aged one to 16 years
Published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCT) in which children aged one year to 16 years, received a sweet tasting solution or substance for needle‐related procedural pain. Control conditions included water, non‐sweet tasting substances, pacifier, distraction, positioning/containment, breastfeeding, or no treatment.
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Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related pain in adults
Any randomised or prospective controlled trial that included patients over 18 years with cancer‐related pain were eligible for the review. Corticosteroids were compared to placebo or usual treatment and/or supportive care.
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Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective controlled trials comparing spinal fusion surgery with non‐surgical interventions in people with AIS with a Cobb angle greater than 45 degrees. We were interested in all types of instrumented surgical interventions with fusion that aimed to provide curve correction and spine stabilisation.
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Red blood cell transfusion for people undergoing hip fracture surgery
Randomised controlled trials comparing red blood cell transfusion versus no transfusion or an alternative to transfusion, different transfusion protocols or different transfusion thresholds in people undergoing surgery for hip fracture.
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Surgical interventions for treating distal tibial metaphyseal fractures in adults
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled clinical studies comparing surgical versus non‐surgical (conservative) treatment or different surgical interventions for treating distal tibial metaphyseal fractures in adults. Our primary outcomes were patient‐reported function and the need for secondary or revision surgery or substantive physiotherapy because of adverse outcomes.
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Tramadol for postoperative pain treatment in children
All randomised controlled clinical trials investigating the perioperative administration of tramadol compared to placebo or other opioids for postoperative pain treatment in children and adolescents were included.
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Effectiveness of posterior decompression techniques compared with conventional laminectomy for lumbar stenosis
We included prospective controlled studies comparing conventional facet‐preserving laminectomy versus a posterior decompressive technique that avoids removal of posterior midline structures or a technique involving only partial resection of the vertebral arch. We excluded studies describing techniques of decompression by means of interspinous process devices or concomitant (instrumented) fusion procedures. Participants included individuals with symptomatic degenerative lumbar stenosis only.
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As required versus fixed schedule analgesic administration for postoperative pain in children
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PRN versus ATC analgesic administration for postoperative pain in children under the age of 16 years who had undergone any surgical procedure requiring postoperative pain relief, in any setting.
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Single dose oral ibuprofen plus codeine for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐ or active‐controlled clinical trials of single dose oral ibuprofen plus codeine for acute postoperative pain in adults.
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Cell salvage in emergency trauma surgery
Randomised controlled trials comparing cell salvage with no cell salvage (standard care) in individuals undergoing abdominal or thoracic trauma surgery.
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Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials evaluating the effect of exercise therapy on pain, function and recovery in adolescents and adults with patellofemoral pain syndrome. We included comparisons of exercise therapy versus control (e.g. no treatment) or versus another non‐surgical therapy; or of different exercises or exercise programmes.
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Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients
We included randomized controlled trials in patients undergoing emergency endotracheal intubation for critical illness, including but not limited to trauma, stroke, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, septic shock, hypovolaemic or haemorrhagic shock, and undifferentiated shock states. We included single (bolus) dose etomidate for emergency airway intervention compared to any other rapid‐acting intravenous bolus single‐dose induction agent.
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Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease
Two review authors independently selected references for further assessment by going through all titles and abstracts. Further selection was based on review of full‐text articles for selected references.
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Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children
We included randomised controlled trials that compared isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous fluids for maintenance hydration in children.
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Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised trials that recruited community‐dwelling people (where the majority were aged 65 and over) and were not restricted to specific medical conditions (e.g. stroke, hip fracture). We included trials that evaluated exercise interventions compared with no intervention or a non‐exercise intervention (e.g. social visits), and that measured fear of falling. Exercise interventions were varied; for example, they could be 'prescriptions' or recommendations, group‐based or individual, supervised or unsupervised.
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Salicylate‐containing rubefacients for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐ or active‐controlled clinical trials of topical rubefacients containing salicylates to treat musculoskeletal pain in adults, with at least 10 participants per treatment arm, and reporting outcomes at close to 7 (minimum 3, maximum 10) days for acute conditions and 14 (minimum 7) days or longer for chronic conditions.
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Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs), published and unpublished, which assessed the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine in varying doses as a single‐agent therapy with no therapy, placebo, other analgesics (such as opioids), lidocaine plus another drug, or a combination of these therapies as a means of pain relief in people with burn injury.
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Advanced trauma life support training for hospital staff
Randomised controlled trials, controlled trials and controlled before‐and‐after studies comparing the impact of ATLS‐trained hospital staff versus non‐ATLS trained hospital staff on injury mortality and morbidity.
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Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing iron supplementation versus placebo or control, oral versus parenteral iron supplementation, iron supplementation versus iron‐rich food supplements, and different doses, treatment durations and preparations of iron supplementation in healthy blood donors. Autologous blood donors were excluded.
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Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered if they examined fractures, bone mineral density (BMD), or bone turnover markers in women with hormonal contraceptive use prior to menopause. Eligible interventions included comparisons of a hormonal contraceptive with a placebo or with another hormonal contraceptive that differed in terms of drug, dosage, or regimen. They also included providing a supplement to one group.
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Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing FNB with no FNB (intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) opioid, epidural analgesia, local infiltration analgesia, and oral analgesia) in adults after TKR. We also included RCTs that compared continuous versus single‐shot FNB.
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Single dose oral etoricoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials of single dose, oral etoricoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults.
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Interventions for treating fingertip entrapment injuries in children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing interventions for treating fingertip entrapment injuries in children. The primary outcomes were fingertip function, nail growth, nail deformity and adverse events such as infection.
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Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people
All randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing an intervention group provided with hip protectors with a control group not provided with hip protectors.
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Selective computed tomography (CT) versus routine thoracoabdominal CT for high‐energy blunt‐trauma patients
We included RCTs of trauma resuscitation algorithms using routine thoracoabdominal CT versus algorithms using selective CT in this review. We included all blunt high‐energy trauma patients (including blast or barotrauma).
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The Lund concept for severe traumatic brain injury
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs, level 1 evidence) exploring the efficacy of the Lund concept in the treatment of traumatic brain injury.
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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating acute surgical and traumatic wounds
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HBOT with other interventions such as dressings, steroids, or sham HOBT or comparisons between alternative HBOT regimens.
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Single dose oral dexibuprofen [S(+)‐ibuprofen] for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomised, double blind, placebo‐controlled clinical studies of oral dexibuprofen for relief of acute postoperative pain in adults.
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Primary closure versus delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds within 24 hours post injury
Randomised controlled trials comparing primary closure with delayed closure of non bite traumatic wounds.
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Single dose oral celecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials (RCTs) of adults prescribed any dose of oral celecoxib or placebo for acute postoperative pain.
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Antibiotics for treating chronic osteomyelitis in adults
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs addressing the effects of different antibiotic treatments given after surgical debridement for chronic osteomyelitis in adults.
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Antipsychotics for acute and chronic pain in adults
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults prescribed any dose of an oral antipsychotic for acute or chronic pain, where subjective pain assessment was described as either the primary or a secondary outcome, were included in this review.
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Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the use of opioids (as monotherapy or in combination with other therapies) in adults with CLBP that were at least four weeks in duration. We included trials that compared non‐injectable opioids to placebo or other treatments. We excluded trials that compared different opioids only.
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Electrotherapy for neck pain
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in any language, investigating the effects of electrotherapy used primarily as unimodal treatment for neck pain. Quasi‐RCTs and controlled clinical trials were excluded.
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Single dose oral tenoxicam for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials of oral tenoxicam for relief of acute postoperative pain in adults.
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Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared physical activity or education about physical activity, or both, with usual care (including waiting‐list and minimal interventions) or active medical care, in children and adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
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Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour
We included all randomised controlled studies that compared bolus dosing AMB with continuous BI during epidural analgesia. We excluded studies of women in preterm labour, with multiple pregnancies, with fetal malposition, intrathecal catheters, those that did not use automated delivery of medications, and those where AMB and BI were combined.
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Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of physiotherapy interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, another intervention or usual care, or other physiotherapy interventions in adults with CRPS I and II. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and disability. Secondary outcomes were composite scores for CRPS symptoms, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), patient global impression of change (PGIC) scales and adverse effects.
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Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SNMD interventions with placebo (sham) stimulation, no treatment or usual care; or comparing SNMD interventions + another treatment versus that treatment alone. We included participants ≥ 18 years old with non‐cancer and non‐ischaemic pain of longer than three months duration. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were disability, analgesic medication use, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and health economic outcomes.
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Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
We included randomized trials that compared a single postoperative dose of intravenous (IV) ibuprofen with placebo or another active treatment, for treating acute postoperative pain in adults following any surgery.
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Single‐dose intravenous ketorolac for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomized double‐blind trials that compared a single postoperative dose of intravenous ketorolac with placebo or another active treatment, for treating acute postoperative pain in adults following any surgery.
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Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for trigger finger
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised trials of adult participants with trigger finger that compared NSAIDs administered topically, orally, or by injection versus placebo, glucocorticoid, or different NSAIDs administered by the same route.
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Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth
Randomised controlled trials comparing two different types of analgesia or analgesia versus placebo or analgesia versus no treatment, for the relief of after‐birth pains following vaginal birth. Types of analgesia included pharmacological and non‐pharmacological. Quasi‐randomised trials were not eligible for inclusion.
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Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
RCTs of psychological treatments compared with active control or TAU of face‐to‐face therapies for adults with chronic pain. We excluded studies of headache or malignant disease, and those with fewer than 20 participants in any arm at treatment end.
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Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification cataract surgery in adults
We included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) where participants underwent phacoemulsification for age‐related cataract under topical anaesthesia with or without intracameral lidocaine either in two eyes of the same participant, or in different participants. We also included studies that used oral or intravenous sedation in addition to local anaesthesia.
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Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared early versus delayed enteral nutrition, with or without supplemental parenteral nutrition, in adults who were in the ICU for longer than 72 hours. This included individuals admitted for medical, surgical, and trauma diagnoses, and who required any type of enteral nutrition.
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Adductor canal blocks for postoperative pain treatment in adults undergoing knee surgery
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single or continuous ACB versus other regional analgesic techniques or systemic analgesic treatment. Inclusion was independent of the technique used (landmarks, peripheral nerve stimulator, or ultrasound) and the level of training of providers.
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Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in which BIS was used to guide anaesthesia compared with standard practice which was either clinical signs or end‐tidal anaesthetic gas (ETAG) to guide the anaesthetic dose. We included adult participants undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia regardless of whether included participants had a high risk of intraoperative awareness. We included only studies in which investigators aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of BIS for its role in monitoring intraoperative depth of anaesthesia or potential improvements in early recovery times from anaesthesia.
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Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults
We sought randomised, double‐blind, controlled trials of adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia and being treated with perioperative intravenous ketamine. Studies compared ketamine with placebo, or compared ketamine plus a basic analgesic, such as morphine or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), with a basic analgesic alone.
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Pre‐emptive and preventive opioids for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery
We included parallel‐group randomized controlled trials (RCTs) only. We included participants aged over 15 years old undergoing any type of surgery. We defined postincision opioids as the same intervention administered after incision whether single dose (as comparator with pre‐emptive analgesia) or continued postoperatively (as comparator with preventive analgesia) (control group). We considered studies that did and did not use a double‐dummy placebo (e.g. intervention group received active drug before incision and placebo after incision; control group received placebo before incision and active drug after incision).
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Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients
We searched for randomized controlled trials comparing an incidental steroid load of dexamethasone versus a control intervention for adult patients undergoing surgery. We required that studies include a follow‐up of 30 days for proper assessment of the number of postoperative infections, delayed wound healing, and the glycaemic response.
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Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia
All randomised or quasi‐randomised trials including pregnant women (primigravidae or multigravidae) in the second stage of induced or spontaneous labour receiving epidural analgesia of any kind. Cluster‐randomised controlled trials would have been eligible for inclusion but we found none. Studies published in abstract form only were also eligible.We assumed the experimental intervention to be maternal use of any upright position during the second stage of labour, compared with the control condition of remaining in any recumbent position.
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Single‐dose intravenous diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults
We included randomized trials that compared a single postoperative dose of intravenous diclofenac with placebo or another active treatment, for treating acute postoperative pain in adults following any surgery.
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Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with participants over 60 years of age scheduled for non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia. We planned to also include quasi‐randomized trials. We compared maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol‐based TIVA versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia.
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Mirtazapine for fibromyalgia in adults
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any formulation of mirtazapine against placebo, or any other active treatment of fibromyalgia, in adults.
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Enteral versus parenteral nutrition and enteral versus a combination of enteral and parenteral nutrition for adults in the intensive care unit
We included randomized controlled studies (RCTs) and quasi‐randomized studies comparing EN given to adults in the ICU versus PN or versus EN and PN. We included participants that were trauma, emergency, and postsurgical patients in the ICU.
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Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials with adult participants (over the age of 16) admitted to the ICU with any diagnoses given melatonin versus a comparator to promote overnight sleep. We included participants who were mechanically ventilated and those who were not mechanically ventilated. We planned to include studies that compared the use of melatonin, given at an appropriate clinical dose with the intention of promoting night‐time sleep, against no agent; or against another agent administered specifically to promote sleep.
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Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
We selected randomised, double‐blind controlled trials of medical cannabis, plant‐derived and synthetic cannabis‐based medicines against placebo or any other active treatment of conditions with chronic neuropathic pain in adults, with a treatment duration of at least two weeks and at least 10 participants per treatment arm.
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Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery
We included randomized controlled trials that compared α‐2 adrenergic agonists (i.e. clonidine, dexmedetomidine or mivazerol) against placebo or non‐α‐2 adrenergic agonists. Included trials had to evaluate the efficacy and safety of α‐2 adrenergic agonists for preventing perioperative mortality or cardiac complications (or both), or measure one or more relevant outcomes (i.e. death, myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute stroke, supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and myocardial ischaemia).
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Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of hyaluronidase on pain experienced by adults during intraocular surgery using a rating scale.
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Cerebral near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for perioperative monitoring of brain oxygenation in children and adults
We included all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) dealing with the use of cerebral NIRS in the perioperative setting (during the operation and within 72 hours after the operation), including the operating room, the postanaesthesia care unit and the intensive care unit.
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Propofol for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials with adults, over the age of 16 years, admitted to the ICU with any diagnoses, given propofol versus a comparator to promote overnight sleep. We included participants who were and were not mechanically ventilated. We included studies that compared the use of propofol, given at an appropriate clinical dose with the intention of promoting night‐time sleep, against: no agent; propofol at a different rate or dose; or another agent, administered specifically to promote sleep. We included only studies in which propofol was given during 'normal' sleeping hours (i.e. between 10 pm and 7 am) to promote a sleep‐like state with a diurnal rhythm.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oxcarbazepine for neuropathic pain
All RCTs and randomised cross‐over studies of oxcarbazepine for the treatment of people of any age or sex with any neuropathic pain were eligible. We planned to include trials of oxcarbazepine compared with placebo or any other intervention with a treatment duration of at least six weeks, regardless of administration route and dose.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for general anaesthesia in children aged eight years and under
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials in which the effects of using cuffed and uncuffed tubes were investigated in children up to eight years old undergoing general anaesthesia. We excluded studies conducted solely in newborn babies.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing perineural dexamethasone with placebo, intravenous dexamethasone with placebo, or perineural dexamethasone with intravenous dexamethasone in participants receiving peripheral nerve block for upper or lower limb surgery.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in adults
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed in adults undergoing elective primary hip replacement and comparing peripheral nerve blocks to any other pain treatment modality. We applied no language or publication status restrictions.
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Heat and moisture exchangers versus heated humidifiers for mechanically ventilated adults and children
We included RCTs comparing HMEs to HHs in adults and children receiving invasive ventilation. We included randomized cross‐over studies.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Harms of off‐label erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for critically ill people
We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled observational studies, which compared scheduled systemic administration of ESAs versus other effective interventions, placebo or no treatment in critically‐ill people.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for treating persistent pain in survivors of torture
RCTs of interventions of any type (medical, physical, psychological) compared with any alternative intervention or no intervention, and with a pain outcome. Studies needed to have at least 10 participants in each arm for inclusion.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Efficacy and safety of sugammadex versus neostigmine in reversing neuromuscular blockade in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) irrespective of publication status, date of publication, blinding status, outcomes published, or language. We included adults, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I to IV, who received non‐depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents for an elective in‐patient or day‐case surgical procedure. We included all trials comparing sugammadex versus neostigmine that reported recovery times or adverse events. We included any dose of sugammadex and neostigmine and any time point of study drug administration.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antidepressants for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, of any dose and any route, treating chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents, comparing any antidepressant with placebo or an active comparator.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antiepileptic drugs for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, by any route, treating chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents, comparing any antiepileptic drug with placebo or an active comparator.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, of any dose and any route, treating chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents, comparing any NSAID with placebo or an active comparator.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, of any dose and any route, treating chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents, comparing paracetamol with placebo or an active comparator.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, of any dose and any route, treating chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents, comparing opioids with placebo or an active comparator.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates)
We included only randomized controlled trials. Participants were children aged 28 days to 18 years. Investigators performed intubations using any type of indirect laryngoscopes, or videolaryngoscopes, versus direct laryngoscopes.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind trials of two weeks' duration or longer, comparing morphine (any route of administration) with placebo or another active treatment for neuropathic pain, with participant‐reported pain assessment.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Methadone for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of two weeks’ duration or longer, comparing methadone (in any dose, administered by any route, and in any formulation) with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery
We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including adults, aged 18 years and older, of both genders, treated with transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic gynaecological, urological or gastroenterological surgery and focusing on outcomes of TIVA or inhalational anaesthesia.