anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff
We included all controlled studies that evaluated the effect of full‐body PPE used by HCW exposed to highly infectious diseases, on the risk of infection, contamination, or noncompliance with protocols. We also included studies that compared the effect of various ways of donning or doffing PPE, and the effects of training on the same outcomes.
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Workplace interventions for increasing standing or walking for decreasing musculoskeletal symptoms in sedentary workers
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐randomised controlled trials (cluster‐RCTs), quasi RCTs, and controlled before‐and‐after (CBA) studies of interventions to reduce or break up workplace sitting by encouraging standing or walking in the workplace among workers with musculoskeletal symptoms. The primary outcome was self‐reported intensity or presence of musculoskeletal symptoms by body region and the impact of musculoskeletal symptoms such as pain‐related disability. We considered work performance and productivity, sickness absenteeism, and adverse events such as venous disorders or perinatal complications as secondary outcomes.
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Work‐break schedules for preventing musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders in healthy workers
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of work‐break interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders among workers. The studies were eligible for inclusion when intervening on work‐break frequency, duration and/or type, compared to conventional or an alternate work‐break intervention. We included only those studies in which the investigated population included healthy, adult workers, who were free of musculoskeletal complaints during study enrolment, without restrictions to sex or occupation. The primary outcomes were newly diagnosed musculoskeletal disorders, self‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue, and productivity or work performance. We considered workload changes as secondary outcomes.
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Incentives for smoking cessation
We considered only randomised controlled trials, allocating individuals, workplaces, groups within workplaces, or communities to smoking cessation incentive schemes or control conditions. We included studies in a mixed‐population setting (e.g. community, work‐, clinic‐ or institution‐based), and also studies in pregnant smokers.
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Ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck among office workers
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ergonomic interventions for preventing work‐related upper limb or neck MSDs (or both) among office workers. We only included studies where the baseline prevalence of MSDs of the upper limb or neck, or both, was less than 25%.
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Ergonomic interventions for preventing musculoskeletal disorders in dental care practitioners
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and cluster RCTs, in which participants were adults, aged 18 and older, who were engaged in the practice of dentistry. At least 75% of them had to be free from musculoskeletal pain at baseline. We only included studies that measured at least one of our primary outcomes; i.e. physician diagnosed WMSD, self‐reported pain, or work functioning.
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Closed‐system drug‐transfer devices plus safe handling of hazardous drugs versus safe handling alone for reducing exposure to infusional hazardous drugs in healthcare staff
We included comparative studies of any study design (irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status) that compared CSTD plus safe handling versus safe handling alone for infusional hazardous drugs.
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Workplace lighting for improving alertness and mood in daytime workers
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and non‐randomised controlled before‐after trials (CBAs) that employed a cross‐over or parallel‐group design, focusing on any type of lighting interventions applied for daytime workers.
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Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with subacute LBP. We included studies that investigated a MBR program compared to any type of control intervention. We defined MBR as an intervention that included a physical component (e.g. pharmacological, physical therapy) in combination with either a psychological, social, or occupational component (or any combination of these). We also required involvement of healthcare professionals from at least two different clinical backgrounds with appropriate training to deliver the component for which they were responsible.
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Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long‐term care institutions
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐RCTs of influenza vaccination of healthcare workers caring for individuals aged 60 years or older in LTCIs and the incidence of laboratory‐proven influenza and its complications (lower respiratory tract infection, or hospitalisation or death due to lower respiratory tract infection) in individuals aged 60 years or older in LTCIs.
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Rehabilitation following carpal tunnel release
Randomised or quasi‐randomised clinical trials that compared any postoperative rehabilitation intervention with either no intervention, placebo, or another postoperative rehabilitation intervention in individuals who had undergone CTS surgery.
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Organisational interventions for improving wellbeing and reducing work‐related stress in teachers
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐RCTs, and controlled before‐and‐after studies of organisational‐level interventions for the wellbeing of teachers.
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Exercises for mechanical neck disorders
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single therapeutic exercise with a control for adults suffering from neck pain with or without cervicogenic headache or radiculopathy.
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Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain
All studies identified in the searches were screened independently by two review authors; disagreements regarding inclusion were resolved by consensus. The inclusion criteria were published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included adults with non‐specific LBP of longer than 12 weeks duration; the index intervention targeted at least two of physical, psychological and social or work‐related factors; and the index intervention was delivered by clinicians from at least two different professional backgrounds.
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Interventions for preventing the spread of infestation in close contacts of people with scabies
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster RCTs which compared prophylactic interventions which were given to contacts of index cases with scabies infestation. Interventions could be compared to each other, or to placebo or to no treatment. Both drug treatments and non‐drug treatments were acceptable.
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Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing venous insufficiency in a standing worker population
Randomised and non‐randomised controlled trials that recruited standing workers to evaluate non‐pharmacological devices or strategies used to prevent CVI were eligible for inclusion. Trials had to report an objective measure of clinical features of CVI or complaints associated with this condition in order to be included.
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Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness
All relevant randomised clinical trials focusing on people with severe mental illness, of working age (normally 16 to 70 years), where supported employment was compared with other vocational approaches or treatment as usual. Outcomes such as days in employment, job stability, global state, social functioning, mental state, quality of life, satisfaction and costs were sought.
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Physical conditioning as part of a return to work strategy to reduce sickness absence for workers with back pain
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs that studied workers with work disability related to back pain and who were included in physical conditioning programmes.
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Therapeutic ultrasound for carpal tunnel syndrome
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any regimen of therapeutic ultrasound with no treatment, a placebo or another non‐surgical intervention in people with CTS.
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Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women
All randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing IPV training or educational programmes for HCPs compared with no training, wait‐list, training as usual, placebo, or a sub‐component of the intervention.
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Psychological interventions for depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure or atrial fibrillation
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing psychological interventions with no psychological intervention for a minimum of six months follow‐up in adults aged over 18 years with a clinical diagnosis of CHD, HF or AF, with or without depression or anxiety. Studies had to report on either depression or anxiety or both.
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Mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with participants with established arterial occlusive events. We included trials investigating interventions using short message service (SMS) or multimedia messaging service (MMS) with the aim of improving adherence to medication for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. The comparator was usual care. We excluded cluster‐RCTs and quasi‐RCTs.
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Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery
We included randomised controlled trials in adults (over 18 years, either with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease or cardiac valve disease, or who were candidates for cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass), comparing corticosteroids with no treatments. There were no restrictions with respect to length of the follow‐up period. All selected studies qualified for pooling of results for one or more endpoints.
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Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared ExCR interventions (either exercise only or exercise as part of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation) with a follow‐up of six months or longer versus a no‐exercise control (e.g. usual medical care). The study population comprised adults (≥ 18 years) with heart failure ‐ either HFrEF or HFpEF.
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Home‐based versus centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation
We included randomised controlled trials that compared centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (e.g. hospital, sports/community centre) with home‐based programmes (± digital/telehealth platforms) in adults with myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, or who had undergone revascularisation.
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Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical outcomes in adults
RCTs comparing organ protection interventions targeting the innate immune response versus placebo or no treatment in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery where the treatment effect on innate immune activation and on clinical outcomes of interest were reported.
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Haemostatic therapies for stroke due to acute, spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage
We included RCTs of any haemostatic intervention (i.e. procoagulant treatments such as clotting factor concentrates, antifibrinolytic drugs, platelet transfusion, or agents to reverse the action of antithrombotic drugs) for acute spontaneous ICH, compared with placebo, open control, or an active comparator.
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Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Cerebrolysin or Cerebrolysin‐like agents started within 48 hours of stroke onset and continued for any length of time, with placebo or no treatment in people with acute ischaemic stroke.
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Pravastatin for lowering lipids
Randomized placebo‐controlled trials evaluating the dose response of different fixed doses of pravastatin on blood lipids over a duration of three to 12 weeks in participants of any age with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease.
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First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension
Randomized active comparator trials of at least one year's duration were included. Trials had a clearly defined intervention arm of a first‐line diuretic (thiazide, thiazide‐like, or loop diuretic) compared to another first‐line drug class: beta‐blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha adrenergic blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, or other antihypertensive drug classes. Studies had to include clearly defined mortality and morbidity outcomes (serious adverse events, total cardiovascular events, stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure, and withdrawals due to adverse effects).
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Physical exercise for the treatment of non‐ulcerated chronic venous insufficiency
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing exercise programmes with no exercise in people with non‐ulcerated CVI.
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Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception
We included all published and ongoing studies of patients with COVID‐19 comparing outcomes of those on hormonal contraception versus those not on hormonal contraception. This included case series and non‐randomized studies of interventions (NRSI).
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Family presence during resuscitation
We included randomized controlled trials of adults who have witnessed a resuscitation attempt of a patient (who was their relative) at the emergency department or in the pre‐hospital emergency medical service. The participants of this review included relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resuscitation. We included relatives aged 18 years or older who have witnessed a resuscitation attempt of a patient (who is their relative) in the emergency department or pre‐hospital. We defined relatives as siblings, parents, spouses, children, or close friends of the patient, or any other descriptions used by the study authors. There were no limitations on adult age or gender.We defined patient as a patient with cardiac arrest in need of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), a patient with a critical medical or traumatic life‐threatening condition, an unconscious patient, or a patient in any other way at risk of sudden death. We included all types of healthcare professionals as described in the included studies. There were no limitations on age or gender.
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Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which people with a DVT, confirmed by standard imaging techniques, were allocated to receive an oral DTI or an oral factor Xa inhibitor compared with conventional anticoagulation or compared with each other for the treatment of DVT.
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Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of pulmonary embolism
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which people with a PE confirmed by standard imaging techniques were allocated to receive an oral DTI or an oral factor Xa inhibitor compared with a conventional anticoagulant or compared with each other for the long‐term treatment of PE (minimum duration three months).
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General versus loco‐regional anesthesia for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair
We searched for all randomized controlled trials that assessed the effects of general anesthesia compared to loco‐regional anesthesia for endovascular aortic aneurysm repairs.
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Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation
We sought published, unpublished, and ongoing parallel‐design, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving adult participants undergoing ablation for AF, with subsequent comparison of Class I and/or III antiarrhythmic use versus control (standard medical therapy or non‐Class I and/or III antiarrhythmic use).
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Drugs to reduce bleeding and transfusion in major open vascular or endovascular surgery: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults of drug treatments to reduce bleeding due to major vascular surgery or vascular procedures with a risk of moderate or severe blood loss, which used placebo, usual care or another drug regimen as control.
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Endovascular therapy versus medical treatment for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ET plus CMT with CMT alone for the treatment of symptomatic ICAS. ET modalities included angioplasty alone, balloon‐mounted stent, and angioplasty followed by placement of a self‐expanding stent. CMT included antiplatelet therapy in addition to control of risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes.
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Antithrombotic treatment after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage
We selected RCTs in which participants with ICH of any age were allocated to a class of antithrombotic treatment as intervention or comparator.
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Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of IVIG for the treatment of KD. We included studies involving treatment for initial or refractory KD, or both.
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Remote ischaemic preconditioning versus no remote ischaemic preconditioning for vascular and endovascular surgical procedures
We included all randomised controlled trials that evaluated the role of RIPC in reducing perioperative mortality and morbidities in people undergoing elective major vascular or endovascular surgery.
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Totally percutaneous versus surgical cut‐down femoral artery access for elective bifurcated abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair
We included randomised controlled trials in people diagnosed with an AAA comparing totally percutaneous versus surgical cut‐down access endovascular repair. We considered all device types. We only considered studies investigating elective repairs. We excluded studies reporting emergency surgery for ruptured AAAs and those reporting aorto‐uni‐iliac repairs.
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Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma agonists for preventing recurrent stroke and other vascular events in people with stroke or transient ischaemic attack
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating PPAR‐γ agonists versus placebo for the secondary prevention of stroke and related vascular events in people with stroke or TIA, with the outcomes of recurrent stroke, vascular events, and adverse events.
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Balneotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing balneotherapy to no treatment or other types of treatment for CVI. We also included studies that used a combination of treatments.
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High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a higher blood pressure target (mean arterial pressure 65 mmHg or greater) with a lower blood pressure target (mean arterial pressure less than 65 mmHg) in adults undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.
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Pharmacological interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in people undergoing bariatric surgery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in males and females of any age undergoing bariatric surgery comparing pharmacological interventions for VTE (alone or in combination) with the same pharmacological intervention administered at a different dose or frequency, the same pharmacological intervention started at a different time point, a different pharmacological intervention, no treatment or placebo.
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Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomised trials (NRSs).
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Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with more than 50 participants per group that provided at least six months' follow‐up. Trial reports had to present data for at least one primary outcome (total mortality, serious adverse events, total cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality). Eligible interventions involved lower targets for systolic/diastolic blood pressure (135/85 mmHg or less) compared with standard targets for blood pressure (140 mmHg to 160 mmHg/90 mmHg to 100 mmHg or less).Participants were adults with documented hypertension and adults receiving treatment for hypertension with a cardiovascular history for myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic peripheral vascular occlusive disease, or angina pectoris.
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Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing psychotropic medication to placebo in people with stroke and emotionalism (also known as emotional lability, pathological crying or laughing, emotional incontinence, involuntary emotional expression disorder, and pseudobulbar affect).
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Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Randomised trials comparing oral or intravenous antifibrinolytic drugs (tranexamic acid, epsilon amino‐caproic acid, or an equivalent) with control in people with subarachnoid haemorrhage of suspected or proven aneurysmal cause.
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Interventions for perceptual disorders following stroke
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adult stroke survivors with perceptual disorders. We defined perception as the specific mental functions of recognising and interpreting sensory stimuli and included hearing, taste, touch, smell, somatosensation, and vision. Our definition of perception excluded visual field deficits, neglect/inattention, and pain.
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Endovascular therapy versus medical treatment for spontaneous isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery
We planned to include all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared endovascular therapy and medical treatments for SIDSMA. We planned to exclude studies where participants were treated with open surgery.
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Catheter‐directed therapies for the treatment of high risk (massive) and intermediate risk (submassive) acute pulmonary embolism
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of catheter‐directed therapies for the treatment of high‐risk (massive) and intermediate‐risk (submassive) APE. We excluded catheter‐directed treatments for non‐PE. We applied no restrictions on participant age or on the date, language or publication status of RCTs.
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Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of AO alone or associated with physical practice in adults after stroke. The primary outcome was upper limb (arm and hand) motor function. Secondary outcomes included dependence on activities of daily living (ADL), motor performance, cortical activation, quality of life, and adverse effects.
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Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy
Randomised controlled trials and quasi‐randomised trials comparing carotid patch angioplasty with primary closure in people undergoing CEA.
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Antiplatelet agents for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis
We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining antiplatelet agents compared to BMP following initial standard anticoagulation treatment for DVT. We included studies where antiplatelet agents were given in addition to current BMP compared to current BMP (with or without placebo) for the treatment of DVT (acute: treatment started within 21 days of symptom onset; chronic: treatment started after 21 days of symptom onset). We evaluated only RCTs where the antiplatelet agents were the unique difference between the groups (intervention and control).
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Type of anaesthesia for acute ischaemic stroke endovascular treatment
We included all randomised controlled trials with a parallel design that compared general anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia, conscious sedation anaesthesia, or monitored care anaesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke. We also included studies reported as full‐text, those published as abstract only, and unpublished data. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials, studies without a comparator group, and studies with a retrospective design.
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Heparin versus 0.9% sodium chloride locking for prevention of occlusion in central venous catheters in adults
We included randomised controlled trials in adults ≥ 18 years of age with a CVC that compared intermittent locking with heparin at any concentration versus normal saline. We excluded studies on infants and children from this review.
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Local intramuscular transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for critical lower limb ischaemia
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CLI in which participants were randomly allocated to intramuscular administration of autologous adult BMMNCs or control (either no intervention, conventional conservative therapy, or placebo).
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Routine or selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endarterectomy (and different methods of monitoring in selective shunting)
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials of routine shunting compared with no shunting or selective shunting, and trials that compared different shunting policies in people undergoing carotid endarterectomy.
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Corticosteroids for the treatment of Kawasaki disease in children
We selected randomised controlled trials involving children with all severities of KD who were treated with corticosteroids, including different types of corticosteroids, different durations of treatment, and where corticosteroids were used alone or in conjunction with other accepted KD treatments. We included trials using corticosteroids for both first‐ and second‐line treatment.
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Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for vertebral artery stenosis
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared ET plus MT with MT alone in treating people aged 18 years or over with symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis. We included all types of ET modalities (e.g. angioplasty alone, balloon‐mounted stenting, and angioplasty followed by placement of a self‐expanding stent). MT included risk factor control, antiplatelet therapy, lipid‐lowering therapy, and individualised management for people with hypertension or diabetes.
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Outpatient versus inpatient treatment for acute pulmonary embolism
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of outpatient versus inpatient treatment of adults (aged 18 years and over) diagnosed with low‐risk acute PE.
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Endovascular versus conventional open surgical repair for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms
We considered all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing endovascular repair to OSR for TAAAs for inclusion in the review. The main outcomes of interest were prevention of aneurysm rupture (participants without aneurysm rupture up to 5 years from intervention), aneurysm‐related mortality (30 days and 12 months), all‐cause mortality, spinal cord ischaemia (paraplegia, paraparesis), visceral arterial branch compromise causing mesenteric ischaemia or renal failure, and rate of reintervention.
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Occupational therapy for cognitive impairment in stroke patients
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that evaluated an intervention for adults with clinically defined stroke and confirmed cognitive impairment. The intervention needed either to be provided by an occupational therapist or considered within the scope of occupational therapy practice as defined in the review. We excluded studies focusing on apraxia or perceptual impairments or virtual reality interventions as these are covered by other Cochrane Reviews. The primary outcome was basic activities of daily living (BADL) such as dressing, feeding, and bathing. Secondary outcomes were instrumental ADL (IADL) (e.g. shopping and meal preparation), community integration and participation, global cognitive function and specific cognitive abilities (including attention, memory, executive function, or a combination of these), and subdomains of these abilities. We included both observed and self‐reported outcome measures.
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Angioplasty versus stenting for subclavian artery stenosis
We searched for randomised controlled trials of endovascular treatment of subclavian artery lesions that compared angioplasty alone and stent implantation.
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Ultrafiltration for acute heart failure
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared UF to diuretics in adults with AHF.
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Oral antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral antiplatelet therapy (started within 14 days of the stroke) with control in people with definite or presumed ischaemic stroke.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension
Randomised controlled trials comparing first‐line CCBs with other antihypertensive classes, with at least 100 randomised hypertensive participants and a follow‐up of at least two years.
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Percutaneous thrombectomy or ultrasound‐accelerated thrombolysis for initial management of acute limb ischaemia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared PT (any modality, including mechanical thrombectomy (aspiration, rheolysis, rotation) or pharmomechanical thrombectomy) or USAT with open surgery, thrombolysis alone, no treatment, or another PT modality for the treatment of ALI.
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Propionyl‐L‐carnitine for intermittent claudication
Double‐blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in people with intermittent claudication (Fontaine stage II) receiving PLC compared with placebo or another intervention. Outcomes included pain‐free walking performance (initial claudication distance ‐ ICD) and maximal walking performance (absolute claudication distance ‐ ACD), analyzed by standardized treadmill exercise test, as well as ankle brachial index (ABI), quality of life, progression of disease, and adverse events.
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Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease
We included RCTs investigating psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in adults with CAD and comorbid depression. Our primary outcomes included depression, mortality, and cardiac events. Secondary outcomes were healthcare costs and utilisation, health‐related quality of life, cardiovascular vital signs, biomarkers of platelet activation, electrocardiogram wave parameters, non‐cardiac adverse events, and pharmacological side effects.
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Endovascular versus open surgical repair for complicated chronic Type B aortic dissection
We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) assessing the effects of thoracic aortic endovascular repair (TEVAR) versus open surgical repair (OSR) for treatment of complicated chronic Type B aortic dissection (CBAD). Outcomes of interest were mortality (all‐cause, dissection‐related), neurological sequelae (stroke, spinal cord ischaemia/paresis‐paralysis, vertebral insufficiency), morphological outcomes (false lumen thrombosis, progression of dissection, aortic diameters), acute renal failure, ischaemic symptoms (visceral ischaemia, limb ischaemia), re‐intervention, and health‐related quality of life.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (including cluster‐randomised trials and first phase cross‐over studies) that used injection sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins.
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Environmental enrichment for stroke and other non‐progressive brain injury
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared environmental enrichment with standard services.
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Renal denervation for resistant hypertension
We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared renal denervation to standard therapy or sham procedure to treat resistant hypertension, without language restriction.
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Interventions for altering blood pressure in people with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage
Randomised clinical trials assessing the effects of inducing hypertension or lowering blood pressure in people with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. We included trials irrespective of publication type, status, date, and language.
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for stroke recovery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting stroke survivors within the first year. The intervention was any SSRI, at any dose, for any period, and for any indication. The comparator was usual care or placebo. Studies reporting at least one of our primary (disability score or independence) or secondary outcomes (impairments, depression, anxiety, quality of life, fatigue, cognition, healthcare cost, death, adverse events and leaving the study early) were included in the meta‐analysis. The primary analysis included studies at low risk of bias.
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Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise‐based interventions with at least six months’ follow‐up, compared with 'no exercise' control. The study population comprised adult men and women who have had a myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or have angina pectoris, or coronary artery disease.
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Beta‐blockers in patients without heart failure after myocardial infarction
We included all randomised clinical trials assessing effects of beta‐blockers versus control (placebo or no treatment) in patients without heart failure after myocardial infarction, irrespective of publication type and status, date, and language. We excluded trials randomising participants with diagnosed heart failure at the time of randomisation.
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Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors for people with cardiovascular disease: a network meta‐analysis
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating DPP4i, GLP‐1RA, or SGLT2i that included participants with established CVD. Outcome measures of interest were CVD mortality, fatal and non‐fatal myocardial infarction, fatal and non‐fatal stroke, all‐cause mortality, hospitalisation for heart failure (HF), and safety outcomes.
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Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke
Randomised trials comparing early anticoagulant therapy (started within two weeks of stroke onset) with control in people with acute presumed or confirmed ischaemic stroke.
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Interrupted versus uninterrupted anticoagulation therapy for catheter ablation in adults with arrhythmias
We included randomised controlled trials comparing uninterrupted anticoagulation with any modality of interruption with or without heparin bridging for CA in adults aged 18 years or older with arrhythmia.
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Local versus general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of local anaesthetics to general anaesthetics for people having carotid endarterectomy were eligible.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Ultrasound guidance for arterial (other than femoral) catheterisation in adults
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cross‐over trials and cluster‐RCTs, comparing ultrasound guidance, alone or associated with other forms of guidance, versus other interventions or palpation and landmarks for arterial (other than femoral) guidance in adults.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Treatment for telangiectasias and reticular veins
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared treatment methods such as sclerotherapy, laser therapy, intensive pulsed light, thermocoagulation, and microphlebectomy for telangiectasias and reticular veins in the lower limb. We included studies that compared individual treatment methods against placebo, or that compared different sclerosing agents, foam or laser treatment, or that used a combination of treatment methods.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Pharmacotherapy for hypertension‐induced left ventricular hypertrophy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with at least 12 months’ follow‐up comparing antihypertensive pharmacological therapy (monotherapy or in combination) with placebo or no treatment in adults (18 years of age or older) with hypertension‐induced LVH were eligible for inclusion. The trials must have analysed at least one primary outcome (all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular events, or total serious adverse events) to be considered for inclusion.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Hybrid repair versus conventional open repair for aortic arch dissection
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs), which compared the effects of hybrid repair techniques versus open surgical repair of aortic arch dissection. Outcomes of interest were dissection‐related mortality and all‐cause mortality, neurological deficit, cardiac injury, respiratory compromise, renal ischaemia, false lumen thrombosis (defined by partial or complete thrombosis) and mesenteric ischaemia.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Medical adjuvant treatment to increase patency of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts
Randomised controlled trials of active drug versus placebo in people with ESRD undergoing haemodialysis via an AVF or prosthetic interposition AVG.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy
Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing stem/progenitor cells with no cells in adults with non‐ischaemic DCM. We included co‐interventions such as the administration of stem cell mobilizing agents. Studies were classified and analysed into three categories according to the comparison intervention, which consisted of no intervention/placebo, cell mobilization with cytokines, or a different mode of SCT.The first two comparisons (no cells in the control group) served to assess the efficacy of SCT while the third (different mode of SCT) served to complement the review with information about safety and other information of potential utility for a better understanding of the effects of SCT.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Graduated compression stockings for the initial treatment of varicose veins in people without venous ulceration 
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people diagnosed with primary trunk varicose veins without healed or active venous ulceration (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification C2 to C4). Included trials assessed compression stockings versus no treatment or placebo stockings, or compression stockings plus drug intervention versus drug intervention alone. We also included trials comparing different lengths and pressures of stockings. We excluded trials involving other types of treatment for varicose veins (either as a comparator to stockings or as an initial non‐randomised treatment), including sclerotherapy and surgery.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cilostazol for intermittent claudication
We considered double‐blind, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of cilostazol versus placebo, or versus other drugs used to improve claudication distance in patients with stable intermittent claudication.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Retroperitoneal versus transperitoneal approach for elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the RP approach versus the TP approach for elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. There were no restrictions on language or publication status.
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Endovascular thrombectomy and intra‐arterial interventions for acute ischaemic stroke
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any endovascular intervention plus medical treatment compared with medical treatment alone in people with definite ischaemic stroke.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Slow versus fast subcutaneous heparin injections for prevention of bruising and site pain intensity
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of different durations of subcutaneous injection of heparin on pain, bruising, and haematoma at the injection site.
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Hybrid repair versus conventional open repair for thoracic aortic arch aneurysms
We considered for inclusion in the review all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing HR to OSR for TAAs.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
We included randomised controlled trials with a parallel group design, enrolling adults with HFpEF, defined by LVEF greater than 40%.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm
Randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing oral anticoagulants with placebo or no treatment in adults with HF, with treatment duration of at least one month. We made inclusion decisions in duplicate, and resolved any disagreements between review authors by discussion, or a third party.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon
We included randomized controlled trials evaluating effects of oral, intravenous, and topical formulations of any drug with vasodilator effects on subjective symptoms, severity scores, and radiological outcomes in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Treatment with calcium channel blockers was not assessed in this review, nor were these agents compared.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Fludrocortisone for orthostatic hypotension
We included all studies evaluating the benefits and harms of fludrocortisone compared to placebo, another drug for orthostatic hypotension, or studies without comparators, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs and observational studies. We included studies in people with orthostatic hypotension due to a chronic peripheral neuropathy, a central autonomic neuropathy, or autonomic failure from other causes, but not medication‐induced orthostatic hypotension or orthostatic hypotension from acute volume depletion or blood loss.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults after heart valve surgery
We included randomised controlled trials that compared exercise‐based CR interventions with no exercise training. Trial participants comprised adults aged 18 years or older who had undergone heart valve surgery for heart valve disease (from any cause) and had received heart valve replacement or heart valve repair. Both percutaneous and surgical procedures were included.