anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
MESH terms:
Dihydrocodeine for detoxification and maintenance treatment in individuals with opiate use disorders
1. Analgesics, Opioid [*therapeutic use]; 2. Codeine [*analogs & derivatives, therapeutic use]; 3. Maintenance Chemotherapy [*methods]; 4. Opiate Substitution Treatment [*methods]; 5. Opioid‐Related Disorders [*drug therapy]; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Smoking cessation intervention for reducing disease activity in chronic autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases
1. Arthritis, Infectious [*pathology]; 2. Arthritis, Rheumatoid [*pathology]; 3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; 4. Joint Diseases [*pathology]; 5. Osteoarthritis [pathology]; 6. Quality of Life; 7. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 8. Smoking [*adverse effects]; 9. Smoking Cessation [*methods]; 10. Spondylarthritis [pathology];
MESH terms:
Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation
1. *Behavior Therapy [methods]; 2. *Smoking Cessation [methods]; 3. *Tobacco Use Disorder [therapy]; 4. Bupropion [therapeutic use]; 5. Combined Modality Therapy; 6. Nicotinic Agonists [therapeutic use]; 7. Nortriptyline [therapeutic use]; 8. Smoking [therapy]; 9. Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; 10. Varenicline [therapeutic use];
MESH terms:
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS)‐use disorders
1. *Amphetamines [adverse effects]; 2. Amphetamine‐Related Disorders [complications, *therapy]; 3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [*methods]; 4. Patient Dropouts [statistics & numerical data]; 5. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 6. Sample Size; 7. Waiting Lists;
MESH terms:
Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co‐occurring depression and alcohol dependence
1. Alcohol Abstinence [statistics & numerical data]; 2. Alcohol Drinking [epidemiology]; 3. Alcoholism [complications, *drug therapy]; 4. Antidepressive Agents [*therapeutic use]; 5. Depressive Disorder, Major [complications, *drug therapy]; 6. Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); 7. Placebos [therapeutic use]; 8. Psychotherapy; 9. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations
1. Age Factors; 2. Alcohol Drinking [*therapy]; 3. Alcoholism [*therapy]; 4. Emergencies [epidemiology]; 5. Family Practice [statistics & numerical data]; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community‐dwelling populations
1. *Cell Phone; 2. *Computers, Handheld; 3. *Minicomputers; 4. Alcohol Drinking [epidemiology, therapy]; 5. Alcohol‐Related Disorders [epidemiology, *therapy]; 6. Behavior Therapy [*methods]; 7. Binge Drinking [epidemiology, therapy]; 8. Cost‐Benefit Analysis; 9. Motivational Interviewing; 10. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 11. Therapy, Computer‐Assisted [*methods];
MESH terms:
Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal
1. Adrenergic alpha‐Agonists [*therapeutic use]; 2. Clonidine [analogs & derivatives, therapeutic use]; 3. Naloxone [therapeutic use]; 4. Naltrexone [therapeutic use]; 5. Narcotic Antagonists [*therapeutic use]; 6. Non‐Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 7. Opioid‐Related Disorders [*rehabilitation]; 8. Prospective Studies; 9. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 10. Severity of Illness Index; 11. Substance Withdrawal Syndrome [*drug therapy];
MESH terms:
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence
1. Analgesics, Opioid [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 2. Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 3. Directly Observed Therapy [adverse effects, *methods]; 4. Methadone [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 5. Observational Studies as Topic; 6. Opiate Substitution Treatment [adverse effects, *methods]; 7. Opioid‐Related Disorders [*drug therapy]; 8. Prescription Drug Diversion [statistics & numerical data]; 9. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence
1. Central Nervous System Stimulants [*therapeutic use]; 2. Cocaine‐Related Disorders [*drug therapy]; 3. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder
1. *Ambulatory Care; 2. *Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; 3. Marijuana Abuse [psychology, *therapy]; 4. Motivational Interviewing; 5. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal
1. Acute Disease; 2. Adrenergic alpha‐2 Receptor Agonists [*therapeutic use]; 3. Clonidine [analogs & derivatives, therapeutic use]; 4. Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; 5. Methadone [administration & dosage, therapeutic use]; 6. Opiate Substitution Treatment [methods]; 7. Opioid‐Related Disorders [*complications]; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 9. Substance Withdrawal Syndrome [*rehabilitation];
MESH terms:
Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence
1. Antipsychotic Agents [*therapeutic use]; 2. Aripiprazole [therapeutic use]; 3. Benzodiazepines [therapeutic use]; 4. Cocaine‐Related Disorders [*drug therapy]; 5. Haloperidol [therapeutic use]; 6. Lamotrigine; 7. Olanzapine; 8. Patient Dropouts [statistics & numerical data]; 9. Quetiapine Fumarate [therapeutic use]; 10. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 11. Reserpine [therapeutic use]; 12. Risperidone [therapeutic use]; 13. Triazines [therapeutic use];
MESH terms:
Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence
1. Amantadine [therapeutic use]; 2. Antidepressive Agents [therapeutic use]; 3. Bromocriptine [therapeutic use]; 4. Cocaine‐Related Disorders [*drug therapy]; 5. Depression [drug therapy]; 6. Dopamine Agonists [*therapeutic use]; 7. Levodopa [therapeutic use]; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 9. Selection Bias;
MESH terms:
Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence
1. Anticonvulsants [*therapeutic use]; 2. Cocaine‐Related Disorders [*drug therapy]; 3. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use
1. *School Health Services; 2. Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; 3. Marijuana Abuse [prevention & control]; 4. Program Evaluation; 5. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 6. Substance‐Related Disorders [*prevention & control];
MESH terms:
Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents
1. Advertising [*methods, statistics & numerical data]; 2. Alcohol Drinking [epidemiology, *prevention & control]; 3. Interrupted Time Series Analysis; 4. Motion Pictures [*statistics & numerical data]; 5. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Maintenance treatments for opiate ‐dependent adolescents
1. Buprenorphine [therapeutic use]; 2. Maintenance Chemotherapy [*methods]; 3. Methadone [therapeutic use]; 4. Methadyl Acetate [therapeutic use]; 5. Naloxone [therapeutic use]; 6. Narcotics [*therapeutic use]; 7. Opiate Substitution Treatment [*methods]; 8. Opioid‐Related Disorders [*rehabilitation]; 9. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Anticonvulsants for alcohol dependence
1. Alcohol Abstinence [statistics & numerical data]; 2. Alcoholism [*drug therapy]; 3. Anticonvulsants [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 4. Naltrexone [therapeutic use]; 5. Patient Dropouts [statistics & numerical data]; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 7. Risk Assessment;
MESH terms:
Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence
1. Buprenorphine [*therapeutic use]; 2. Maintenance Chemotherapy [methods]; 3. Methadone [*therapeutic use]; 4. Narcotic Antagonists [*therapeutic use]; 5. Narcotics [therapeutic use]; 6. Opioid‐Related Disorders [*rehabilitation]; 7. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence
1. Amphetamine‐Related Disorders [*drug therapy]; 2. Benzhydryl Compounds [therapeutic use]; 3. Bupropion [therapeutic use]; 4. Central Nervous System Stimulants [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 5. Dextroamphetamine [therapeutic use]; 6. Methylphenidate [therapeutic use]; 7. Modafinil; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Bladder training for treating overactive bladder in adults
1. Cholinergic Antagonists [therapeutic use]; 2. *Electric Stimulation Therapy [methods]; 3. Pelvic Floor; 4. Quality of Life; 5. Receptors, Adrenergic; 6. Urinary Bladder; 7. *Urinary Bladder, Overactive [therapy]; 8. *Urinary Incontinence [therapy];
MESH terms:
Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women
1. Estrogens [therapeutic use]; 2. *Pelvis; 3. Pessaries; 4. *Postmenopause; 5. Urinary Bladder;
MESH terms:
Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery
1. *Electric Stimulation Therapy [methods]; 2. Exercise Therapy [methods]; 3. Pelvic Floor; 4. Prostate; 5. *Prostatic Neoplasms [surgery]; 6. *Urinary Incontinence [etiology, therapy];
MESH terms:
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia
1. Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists [therapeutic use]; 2. Ejaculation; 3. Hyperthermia, Induced [*methods]; 4. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [etiology, *therapy]; 5. Microwaves [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 6. Penile Erection; 7. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*therapy]; 8. Quality of Life; 9. Radiofrequency Therapy [*methods]; 10. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 11. Retreatment; 12. Transurethral Resection of Prostate [adverse effects];
MESH terms:
Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction
1. Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 2. Bias; 3. Cholinergic Antagonists [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 4. Drug Therapy, Combination [adverse effects, methods]; 5. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [*drug therapy, etiology]; 6. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*complications]; 7. Quality of Life; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Convective radiofrequency water vapour thermal therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia
1. Hyperthermia, Induced [*methods]; 2. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [etiology]; 3. Prostatic Hyperplasia [complications, *therapy]; 4. Radiofrequency Therapy [*methods]; 5. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 6. Steam; 7. Treatment Outcome;
MESH terms:
Bipolar versus monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction
1. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [etiology, *surgery]; 2. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*complications]; 3. Quality of Life; 4. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 5. Transurethral Resection of Prostate [*methods]; 6. Treatment Outcome; 7. Urologic Surgical Procedures;
MESH terms:
Prostatic urethral lift for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia
1. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [*etiology]; 2. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*complications]; 3. Transurethral Resection of Prostate; 4. Urethra [physiopathology, *surgery];
MESH terms:
Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction
1. Exercise [*physiology]; 2. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [*etiology, *therapy]; 3. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*complications, therapy]; 4. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 5. Treatment Outcome;
MESH terms:
Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy
1. *Antibiotic Prophylaxis [adverse effects]; 2. Anti‐Infective Agents, Urinary [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 3. Cystoscopy [*adverse effects]; 4. Drug Resistance, Bacterial; 5. Placebos [therapeutic use]; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 7. Urinary Tract Infections [etiology, *prevention & control];
MESH terms:
Ureteral stent versus no ureteral stent for ureteroscopy in the management of renal and ureteral calculi
1. Analgesics, Opioid [administration & dosage]; 2. Emergency Service, Hospital [statistics & numerical data]; 3. Hospitalization [statistics & numerical data]; 4. Kidney Calculi [*surgery]; 5. Pain Measurement; 6. Pain, Postoperative [diagnosis, prevention & control]; 7. Postoperative Complications [diagnosis, *prevention & control]; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 9. *Stents; 10. *Ureter; 11. Ureteral Calculi [*surgery]; 12. Ureteral Obstruction [prevention & control]; 13. Ureteroscopy [adverse effects, *methods]; 14. Urinary Tract Infections [epidemiology, prevention & control];
MESH terms:
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia
1. Adrenergic alpha‐Antagonists [therapeutic use]; 2. Drug Therapy, Combination; 3. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [*drug therapy, etiology]; 4. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 5. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*complications]; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Naftopidil for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms compatible with benign prostatic hyperplasia
1. Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 2. Benzilates [adverse effects, therapeutic use]; 3. Drug Combinations; 4. Ethamsylate [adverse effects, therapeutic use]; 5. Indoles [adverse effects, therapeutic use]; 6. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [*drug therapy, etiology]; 7. Naphthalenes [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 8. Piperazines [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 9. Plant Extracts [adverse effects, therapeutic use]; 10. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*complications]; 11. Prostatism [*drug therapy, etiology]; 12. Quality of Life; 13. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 14. Sulfonamides [adverse effects, therapeutic use]; 15. Tamsulosin [adverse effects, therapeutic use]; 16. Urological Agents [adverse effects, *therapeutic use];
MESH terms:
Non‐pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
1. Acupuncture Therapy [adverse effects, methods]; 2. Chronic Disease; 3. Chronic Pain [*therapy]; 4. Circumcision, Male [adverse effects]; 5. Electromagnetic Radiation; 6. Exercise; 7. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy [adverse effects, methods]; 8. Hyperthermia, Induced [adverse effects, methods]; 9. Life Style; 10. Massage [methods]; 11. Pelvic Pain [*therapy]; 12. Prostatitis [*therapy]; 13. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women
1. Electric Stimulation Therapy [adverse effects, instrumentation, *methods]; 2. Pelvic Floor; 3. Publication Bias; 4. Quality of Life; 5. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 6. Self Report; 7. Treatment Outcome; 8. Urinary Incontinence, Stress [*therapy];
MESH terms:
Silodosin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia
1. Adrenergic alpha‐1 Receptor Antagonists [*therapeutic use]; 2. Indoles [*therapeutic use]; 3. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [*drug therapy, etiology]; 4. Naphthalenes [therapeutic use]; 5. Piperazines [therapeutic use]; 6. Prostatic Hyperplasia [*complications]; 7. Quinazolines [therapeutic use]; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 9. Urological Agents [*therapeutic use];
MESH terms:
Desmopressin for treating nocturia in men
1. Adrenergic alpha‐Antagonists [therapeutic use]; 2. Antidiuretic Agents [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 3. Cholinergic Antagonists [therapeutic use]; 4. Deamino Arginine Vasopressin [adverse effects, *therapeutic use]; 5. Drug Therapy, Combination; 6. Nocturia [*drug therapy]; 7. Quality of Life; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 9. Withholding Treatment;
MESH terms:
Surgery versus non‐surgical management for unilateral ureteric‐pelvic junction obstruction in newborns and infants less than two years of age
1. *Kidney Pelvis [surgery]; 2. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 3. Sample Size; 4. Ureteral Obstruction [surgery, *therapy];
MESH terms:
Antimicrobial therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis
1. Anti‐Bacterial Agents [*therapeutic use]; 2. Bacterial Infections [*drug therapy, microbiology]; 3. Chlamydia Infections [drug therapy]; 4. Chronic Disease; 5. Fluoroquinolones [*therapeutic use]; 6. Macrolides [*therapeutic use]; 7. Prostatitis [*drug therapy, microbiology]; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Reconstructive surgery for treating pressure ulcers
1. Debridement; 2. *Plastic Surgery Procedures; 3. *Pressure Ulcer [surgery]; 4. Wound Healing;
MESH terms:
Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs
1. Anti-Bacterial Agents [therapeutic use]; 2. Debridement; 3. *Fractures, Open [surgery]; 4. Lower Extremity; 5. *Plastic Surgery Procedures;
MESH terms:
Reactive air surfaces for preventing pressure ulcers
1. *Air; 2. *Bedding and Linens; 3. *Beds; 4. Bias; 5. *Elasticity; 6. Pressure Ulcer [*prevention & control]; 7. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 8. Viscoelastic Substances; 9. Water;
MESH terms:
Intracavity lavage and wound irrigation for prevention of surgical site infection
1. Abscess [epidemiology]; 2. Anti‐Bacterial Agents [administration & dosage]; 3. Anti‐Infective Agents, Local [administration & dosage]; 4. Drug Combinations; 5. Hypochlorous Acid [administration & dosage]; 6. Incidence; 7. Povidone‐Iodine [administration & dosage]; 8. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 9. Sodium Hypochlorite [administration & dosage]; 10. Surgical Wound Dehiscence [epidemiology]; 11. Surgical Wound Infection [epidemiology, *prevention & control]; 12. Therapeutic Irrigation [methods];
MESH terms:
Topical phenytoin for treating pressure ulcers
1. *Bandages; 2. Administration, Topical; 3. Anti‐Bacterial Agents [administration & dosage]; 4. Bandages, Hydrocolloid; 5. Dermatologic Agents [*administration & dosage]; 6. Ointments; 7. Phenytoin [*administration & dosage]; 8. Pressure Ulcer [classification, *drug therapy]; 9. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Interventions for treating gas gangrene
1. Anti‐Bacterial Agents [*therapeutic use]; 2. Debridement [*methods]; 3. Drugs, Chinese Herbal [*therapeutic use]; 4. Gas Gangrene [microbiology, *therapy]; 5. Hyperbaric Oxygenation [*methods]; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 7. Treatment Outcome;
MESH terms:
Dressings and securement devices for central venous catheters (CVC)
1. *Bandages; 2. *Central Venous Catheters; 3. Catheter‐Related Infections [*prevention & control]; 4. Catheterization, Central Venous [instrumentation, *methods]; 5. Chlorhexidine [administration & dosage, analogs & derivatives]; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Devices and dressings to secure peripheral venous catheters to prevent complications
1. *Bandages; 2. *Calcium Sulfate; 3. *Surgical Tape; 4. Adhesives; 5. Catheter Obstruction; 6. Catheter‐Related Infections [prevention & control]; 7. Catheterization, Peripheral [adverse effects, instrumentation, *methods]; 8. Catheters [*adverse effects]; 9. Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials [prevention & control]; 10. Oligopeptides; 11. Phlebitis [prevention & control]; 12. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic;
MESH terms:
Perioperative corticosteroids for preventing complications following facial plastic surgery
1. Anti‐Inflammatory Agents [*administration & dosage]; 2. Dexamethasone [*administration & dosage]; 3. Ecchymosis [*prevention & control]; 4. Edema [*prevention & control]; 5. Glucocorticoids [*administration & dosage]; 6. Methylprednisolone [*administration & dosage]; 7. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 8. Rhinoplasty [*adverse effects]; 9. Rhytidoplasty [*adverse effects];
MESH terms:
Continuous versus interrupted skin sutures for non‐obstetric surgery
1. *Abdominal Wound Closure Techniques [adverse effects]; 2. *Suture Techniques [adverse effects]; 3. Abdominal Wall [*surgery]; 4. Groin [*surgery]; 5. Length of Stay; 6. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 7. Surgical Wound Dehiscence [epidemiology]; 8. Surgical Wound Infection [epidemiology];
MESH terms:
Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins
1. Bandages; 2. Bone Nails [*adverse effects]; 3. Bone Wires [*adverse effects]; 4. Disinfectants [administration & dosage]; 5. External Fixators [*adverse effects]; 6. Fracture Fixation [*instrumentation]; 7. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 8. Surgical Wound Infection [*prevention & control]; 9. Therapeutic Irrigation [methods]; 10. Traction [instrumentation];
MESH terms:
Systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1. *Antibiotic Prophylaxis; 2. Anti‐Infective Agents [*therapeutic use]; 3. Bacterial Infections [*prevention & control]; 4. Gastrostomy [adverse effects, *methods]; 5. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; 6. Risk Factors; 7. Surgical Wound Infection [etiology, *prevention & control];
primary outcome:
Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy
Eczema. When multiple measures were reported, the hierarchy of diagnosis was investigator assessment as described by the Hanifin and Rajka criteria in their original form (Hanifin 1980), or by the UK Working Party refinement of them (Williams 1994), other modifications of the Hanifin and Rajka criteria, doctor diagnosis of eczema, then patient or parent report of eczema.Food allergy. When multiple measures of food allergy were reported, the hierarchy of diagnosis was confirmed IgE‐mediated food allergy diagnosed via oral food challenge, with eligibility for oral food challenge decided as per study protocol, although ideally based on current recommendations (Grabenhenrich 2017). If oral food challenge was not available, then food allergy was as diagnosed by investigator assessment using a combination of clinical history and allergy testing: skin prick testing and serum‐specific IgE. We defined IgE sensitisation as skin test to a food of 3 mm or more, or specific IgE of 0.35 kUa/L or higher. The primary foods of interest were milk, egg, and peanut; however, we collected data on any foods that were available from each study.
primary outcome:
Antifungal therapies for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis
Rate of reduction of steroid dosageClinical improvementImprovement in symptoms, e.g. wheezeImprovement in chest x‐ray (CXR) scoresImprovement in spirometric lung function, e.g. forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC)Nutritional status, e.g. weight gain, body mass index (this outcome measure may be complicated by the confounding influence of steroid reduction on weight)Time to next exacerbation, or acute ABPA episode
primary outcome:
Anti‐IgE therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis
Number of participants responding to anti‐IgE therapy (as defined by a decrease in oral corticosteroid dose by 50% or more in comparison to baseline)Number of participants requiring rescue therapy with corticosteroids Adverse effectsmild (do not lead to discontinuation of treatment)moderate (lead to a change in treatment)severe (lead to hospitalisation or are life‐threatening)
primary outcome:
Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children
Diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy.Cumulative incidence of atopic diseases. As planned and prespecified in our protocol (Data Synthesis section), we added this outcome as only one study systematically assessed the atopic outcomes of interest, and 'diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy' outcome data were not available by study arm.All‐cause serious adverse events (SAEs) following immunisation with wP or aP (safety). This outcome was defined as any adverse event that resulted in death, was life‐threatening, required hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, or resulted in persistent or significant disability or incapacity (ICH 1997). Because this standard definition has not been universally applied in trials until recently, we also accepted adverse events that met the above‐mentioned criteria, irrespective of whether the report refers to ICH 1997. The following outcome domains were extracted from the definition and included in the review:death (all‐cause mortality);events leading to admission to hospital;events described as 'life‐threatening';events leading to persistent or significant disability or incapacity.
primary outcome:
High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants
Weight gain (g/d, g/kg/d)Head circumference gain (cm/week)Length gain (cm/week)Skinfold thickness gain (mm/week)
primary outcome:
Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma
Exacerbation requiring emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalisation (participants with at least one).Quality of life* (measured on a validated scale, e.g. Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire).Serious adverse events (all‐cause).
primary outcome:
Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants
Necrotising enterocolitis confirmed by at least two of the following features: abdominal radiograph showing pneumatosis intestinalis or gas in the portal venous system or free air in the abdomen; abdominal distension with abdominal radiograph with gaseous distension or frothy appearance of bowel lumen (or both); gross blood in stool; lethargy, hypotonia or apnoea (or combination of these); or a diagnosis confirmed at surgery or autopsy (Walsh 1986).Feed intolerance, as defined by the included studies.
primary outcome:
Probiotics for treating eczema
Changes in participant‐rated, parent‐rated, or principal carer‐rated symptoms of eczema at the end of active treatmentChanges in quality of life at the end of active treatment
primary outcome:
Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease
All allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and food allergy
primary outcome:
Oral and sublingual immunotherapy for egg allergy
an increase in the amount of egg that can be ingested and tolerated without adverse reaction (i.e. evidence of desensitization);a complete recovery from egg allergy whether or not egg is eaten (i.e. induction of immunologic tolerance);numbers of participants with serious adverse events; andnumbers of participants with mild‐to‐severe adverse events.
primary outcome:
Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy
All allergic disease including asthma, dermatitis/eczema, rhinitis or food allergy (analysis restricted to studies reporting composite manifestations of all allergic disease).
primary outcome:
Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema
Participant‐ or parent‐reported global assessment of disease severity at the end of treatment, i.e. the proportion with good or excellent improvement at this time as reported in the trials (whether treatment was given for one, two, or three years, or other duration).Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema, by subjective measures such as itch or sleep disturbance (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) part C).Adverse events, such as acute episodes of asthma or anaphylaxis.
primary outcome:
Leukoreduction for the prevention of adverse reactions from allogeneic blood transfusion
Incidence of TRALI.
primary outcome:
Immunotherapy (oral and sublingual) for food allergy to fruits
Evidence of desensitization: an increase in the amount of fruit that can be tolerated while receiving immunotherapy (oral or sublingual)Evidence of immunologic tolerance: a complete recovery from allergy to fruits after completion of immunotherapy (oral or sublingual), or after a period of not having eaten the fruit involved
primary outcome:
Glycerin laxatives for prevention or treatment of feeding intolerance in very low birth weight infants
Time to full enteral feeds (days) (tolerating ≥ 120 mL/kg/d of enteral feeds with no additional IV fluids nor TPN).
primary outcome:
Maternal prenatal and/or postnatal n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood
Medically diagnosed any allergy with sensitisation, i.e. IgE‐mediated allergies where both the signs and symptoms of the allergic disease and a positive SPT and/or RAST test are present.Medical diagnosis or parental report (using validated questionnaire) of any allergy, +/‐ IgE sensitisation.
primary outcome:
H1‐antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria
Proportion of participants with complete suppression of urticaria whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.Proportion of participants with 'good' or 'excellent' response to H1‐antihistamines whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.Proportion of participants with 50% or greater improvement in quality of life measurements whilst taking H1‐antihistamines.
primary outcome:
Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children
Asthma exacerbations as defined by "events", i.e. hospital admissions, emergency room visits, days lost from work/school, unscheduled doctor visits, increase in medication.Reduction or termination of steroid (inhaled, oral, both) use from baseline or run‐in period.
primary outcome:
Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy
All allergic disease including asthma, eczema, rhinitis or food allergy (analysis restricted to studies reporting composite manifestations of all allergic disease)Food allergy
primary outcome:
Lactase treated feeds to promote growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants
Primary outcomesSecondary outcomes
primary outcome:
Oral H1 antihistamines as monotherapy for eczema
Reduction of subjectively perceived itch, as determined by validated rating scales (e.g. visual analogue scales).Global improvement in eczema, as measured by reduction in an eczema severity score, such as SCORAD (European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis 1993; Schmitt 2007).
primary outcome:
Calcium channel blockers for preventing cardiomyopathy due to iron overload in people with transfusion‐dependent beta thalassaemia
Cardiac iron assessmentCardiac T2* value estimated by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)Myocardial iron concentration (MIC) estimated by CMRCardiac mortality (measured as time‐to‐event)Cardiac function assessmentN‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levelsLeft ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) estimated by echocardiographyLeft and right ventricular filling pressures estimated by echocardiographyLVEF estimated by CMRLeft and right ventricular volume estimated by CMRLeft and right ventricular strain and strain rate estimated by CMR taggingLeft and right ventricular volume and function estimated by myocardial tissue phase mappingLeft and right ventricular volume and function estimated by radionuclide ventriculography during exerciseExercise stress testing
primary outcome:
Topical repellents for malaria prevention
Malaria case incidence: new cases of clinical malaria (caused by Plasmodium spp.) confirmed through blood smears or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)Malaria infection incidence: new Plasmodium spp. infections, confirmed through thick or thin blood smears, RDTs, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)Malaria case and infection incidence: new Plasmodium spp infection, or case of clinical malaria, confirmed through blood smears, RDTs, or PCR
primary outcome:
Interventions for chronic kidney disease in people with sickle cell disease
Reduction or prevention of kidney disease progressionIncidence of ESRD measured as start of renal replacement therapy or death from kidney failureImprovement or slower progression of GFR (including reduced hyperfiltration as evidenced by reduction of GFR to the normal range, measured by gold standard clearance methods, creatinine, or creatinine‐based eGFR using the MDRD equation, Cockcroft‐Gault, CKD‐EPI, or modified versions of these calculations)Reduction or slower progression of proteinuria (measured by random spot ACR, PCR, or 24‐hour urinary collection)New evidence of kidney disease (based on histological examination of kidney tissue)Improvement in ability to concentrate urine (urine osmolality greater than 500 mOsm/kg H2O after water deprivation)Serious adverse events (SAEs)Transfusion complications (severe haemolytic reactions, transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO))Drug treatments (e.g. neutropenic sepsis, hospital admission secondary to drug complications)SCD complications (e.g. acute chest syndrome, stroke, painful crisis) up to 30 days post‐transfusion or post‐drug treatmentAll‐cause mortality
primary outcome:
Rapamycin and rapalogs for tuberous sclerosis complex
Tumour size (any unit of analysis found)
primary outcome:
Polyclonal anti‐thymocyte globulins for the prophylaxis of graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation in adults
Overall survival of patients who received ATG compared with non‐ATG treated patients
primary outcome:
Treatment for osteoporosis in people with beta‐thalassaemia
Absolute or percentage change in a real or volumetric BMD Z score, as measured by dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) or computerized tomography (CT), at the following sitesTotal hip or femoral neckSpineWristIncidence of fracture (clinical or radiographic)
primary outcome:
Treatment of dental and orthodontic complications in thalassaemia
Resolution or reduction in severity of malocclusion (e.g. as measured by class of malocclusion, cephalometric analysis, malocclusion indices)Resolution or reduction in severity of any other dental complication (e.g. dental caries, periodontal disease, cysts, tumours), assessed by relevant measuresAdverse effects related to treatment (e.g. worsening of systemic condition, impairment or loss of oral function, root resorption, nerve damage, bone loss)
primary outcome:
Foetal haemoglobin inducers for reducing blood transfusion in non‐transfusion‐dependent beta‐thalassaemias
Blood transfusionfrequency of transfusion measured by transfused volume per year (if there are insufficient data to calculate this, we planned to report this as units transfused per kg per year or other similar measures)transfusion‐free interval (in months)Haemoglobin level (in grams per decilitre or equivalent at intervals after commencing the intervention, e.g. every three to six months)
primary outcome:
Laser therapy for retinopathy in sickle cell disease
Regression of PSR (change in number and size (in clock hours or in degrees of retinal circumference) of new blood vessels)Development of new PSR (proliferation of blood vessels at a new area after treatment) or progression of existing PSR (defined by increased size of existing lesions associated to leakage) (post hoc)
primary outcome:
Inhaled bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease
Mortality.All causes of mortality.Mortality with confirmed ACS.Pulmonary function as measured by peak flow, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow in one minute.Adverse events.
primary outcome:
Extracorporeal photopheresis versus standard treatment for acute graft‐versus‐host disease after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents
Response to ECP treatment, defined as either classical response rates (i.e. number of children in complete or partial remission) or percentage achieving reduction in either Glucksberg or IBMTR score, or steroid‐tapering under therapy with ECP (defined as number of children with at least 25% reduction in steroid dose).
primary outcome:
Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease
Pain alterationFrequency, duration, severity measured on self‐reported patient scalesHealth service utilisation (e.g. inpatient days, outpatient or accident and emergency department visits)Opioid useLife‐threatening illness (e.g. acute chest syndrome, stroke and acute splenic sequestration)*Death during the study
primary outcome:
Inhaled nitric oxide for treating pain crises in people with sickle cell disease
Resolution of pain crisis by five hours (post hoc change), as defined by:freedom from parenteral opioid use for five hours;pain relief as assessed by visual analogue pain scale score of 6 cm or lower (on 0‐to‐10 scale);ability to walk;participant and family decision, with physician consensus, that the remaining pain could be managed at home.Duration of initial pain crisis until resolution with iNOFrequency of pain crises in the follow‐up period
primary outcome:
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Total treatment failure at day 28 (PCR‐adjusted and unadjusted)Total treatment failure at day 42 (PCR‐adjusted and unadjusted)
primary outcome:
Intravenous iron versus oral iron versus no iron with or without erythropoiesis‐ stimulating agents (ESA) for cancer patients with anaemia: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
As primary outcome we evaluated on‐study mortality defined as deaths occurring up to 30 days after the active study period. This is due to the qualitatively low number of studies reporting long follow‐up time periods. Long‐term follow‐up is prone to be less precise when it comes to recording the number of deaths, hence on‐study mortality is more appropriate as a primary outcome measure.
primary outcome:
Extracorporeal photopheresis versus alternative treatment for chronic graft‐versus‐host disease after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents
Response to ECP treatment (defined as either classical response rates (i.e. number of people in complete or partial remission) or percentage of achieved reduction in either NIH score (Filipovich 2005; Jagasia 2009; Jagasia 2015; Schoemans 2018), scales of Akpek and Lee (Akpek 2001; Lee 2003), or steroid‐tapering under therapy with ECP (defined as number of people with at least 25% reduction in steroid dose).
primary outcome:
Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide‐treated nets
Malaria incidence: measured as a count per person unit time of 1. infections or 2. new infections, following treatment to avoid measuring pre‐existing infections. Infection was defined as any symptom, including fever, with confirmed parasitaemia (by blood smear microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT)).Malaria parasite prevalence: the proportion of surveyed people with confirmed parasitaemia.
primary outcome:
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for proteinuria and microalbuminuria in people with sickle cell disease
Urinary protein or albumin excretion (over 24 hours or first morning void (FMV))Serum creatinineElectrolyte levels
primary outcome:
Maternal and foetal outcomes following natural vaginal versus caesarean section (c‐section) delivery in women with bleeding disorders and carriers
Maternal death (any cause, within 42 days following delivery)Post‐partum haemorrhage (women with total blood loss 500 mL or more within 24 hours after birth, and severe PPH defined as a blood loss of 1000 mL or more within the same timeframe) (WHO 2012).Infant death (within one year of birth)
primary outcome:
Preconception risk assessment for thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and Tay‐Sachs disease
Reproductive outcomes in women and their partners who are carriers of thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis or Tay‐Sachs disease identified during or after pregnancynumber of infants born with genetic conditionsnumber of infants born with congenital anomaliesnumber of infants born with low birth weightnumber of infants born prematurelyDecisions about future conception and pregnancy in women and their partners who are carriers for thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis or Tay‐Sachs diseasenumber of women or couples who would make use of prenatal diagnosisnumber of women or couples who would make use of prenatal diagnosis and consider termination of pregnancy if the child is affectednumber of women or couples who would consider PGT and IVFnumber of women or couples who would conceive using donated gametesnumber of women or couples who would consider adoptionnumber of women or couples who would refrain from having any childrenNumber of women or couples who make an informed choice measured by tools such as the Multidimensional Measure of Informed Choice (MMIC)
primary outcome:
Recombinant growth hormone therapy for X‐linked hypophosphatemia in children
Measures of longitudinal growth (growth velocity z score, height z score)
primary outcome:
Mass drug administration for malaria
Parasitaemia prevalence, as measured by microscopy, malaria RDT, or molecular method, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Parasitaemia incidence (e.g. incidence of infection through active surveillance as measured in a cohort).Confirmed malaria illness incidence, defined as febrile illness with diagnostically confirmed parasitaemia (WHO 2015c) (e.g. incidence of confirmed clinical infection as measured in passive or routine surveillance data collected at health facilities).
primary outcome:
Enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase for mucopolysaccharidosis type VI
Functional tests12‐minute walk test (12MWT)3‐minute stair climb (3MSC)other validated measures of functionality used by trial authors (i.e. 6‐minute walk test (6MWT))
primary outcome:
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy for people with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Overall survivalQuality of life measured using reliable and valid instrumentsTreatment‐related mortalityNumber of participants with adverse events and serious adverse events, including:Cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity and the use of tocilizumab and/or corticosteroids for treatment of cytokine release syndrome and/or neurotoxicityCytopenias (anaemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and any prolonged cytopenias)Infections
primary outcome:
Rituximab for eradicating inhibitors in people with acquired haemophilia A
Stable complete remission (defined as no reported relapse during follow‐up)Complete remission (defined as a negative inhibitor test and a normal FVIII level)
primary outcome:
Clotting factor concentrates for preventing bleeding and bleeding‐related complications in previously treated individuals with haemophilia A or B
Number of joint bleeding episodes or joint bleeding frequency during the trialOrthopedic joint score or clinical joint functionQoL on validated scales (disease‐specific where possible)
primary outcome:
Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants
Clinical malaria (fever plus asexual parasitaemia)
primary outcome:
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for people with β‐thalassaemia
Event‐free survival (event is defined as either β‐thalassaemia manifestations, need for resumption of blood transfusions, or adverse effects of the transplant procedure like graft failure, grade III/IV acute GVHD, or chronic GVHD) the interval from time of randomisation or trial entry to the first occurrence of event or to death of any cause.Quality of life (assessed by validated instruments and scales).
primary outcome:
Disease‐modifying treatments for primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Frequency of complete haematological response (complete response (CR), defined as normalisation of haemoglobin concentration, reticulocyte count, and indirect (or unconjugated] bilirubin level) at months two, six and 12.Frequency of adverse events at two, six and 12 months.
primary outcome:
Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease
Number of participants developing Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, confirmed with culturesDeaths
primary outcome:
Atovaquone‐proguanil for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Total treatment failure at day 28 (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐adjusted and unadjusted).Total treatment failure at day 42 (PCR‐adjusted and unadjusted).
primary outcome:
Interventions for treating leg ulcers in people with sickle cell disease
Complete leg ulcer closure (defined as 100% epithelization or skin closure without drainage)Time to ulcer closureChange in ulcer size (surface area or volume)
primary outcome:
Tyrosine supplementation for phenylketonuria
Blood phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrationsWeight gain and any other indices of nutritional status or growthMeasures of intelligence and neuropsychological performance
primary outcome:
Paediatric formulations of artemisinin‐based combination therapies for treating uncomplicated malaria in children
Efficacy: polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐adjusted and unadjusted treatment failure on day 28 (WHO 2009).Safety: serious adverse events and drug‐related serious adverse events (ICH 2016).Tolerability: adverse events and drug‐related adverse events (ICH 2016).Tolerability of drug administration: drug‐related gastrointestinal adverse events (drug‐related vomiting, drug‐related gastrointestinal disorders, and a composite endpoint of these two) (ICH 2016).
primary outcome:
Gene therapy for sickle cell disease
Event‐free survival (individuals alive and free of SCD symptoms)Change in mean life expectancy of individuals with SCD attributable to gene therapy
primary outcome:
Phytomedicines (medicines derived from plants) for sickle cell disease
Frequency, severity or duration of painful crises (as judged by validated pain scales, analgesia use and hospital utilisation) (change or absolute values)Frequency of severe complications of SCD including sequestration crisis, acute sickle chest syndrome and leg ulcers (change or absolute values)Frequency of hospital admissions from severe complications of SCD including painful crises, sequestration crises, acute sickle chest syndrome and leg ulcers (change or absolute values)
primary outcome:
Rituximab for treating inhibitors in people with inherited severe hemophilia
Remission or no response (Hay 2012)complete remission: negative inhibitor titer, FVIII recovery over 66% of expected, and FVIII recovery lasting longer than six hourspartial remission: negative inhibitor titer, but persistently abnormal recovery or half‐life; responding clinically to FVIII replacement without an anamnestic increase in inhibitor titerfailure: failure of the inhibitor to decline by 20% over any six‐month period; or failure to achieve tolerance or partial response; or withdrawal from the trial for any reason before tolerance was achievedrelapse: inhibitor recurrence during the 12‐month follow‐up period on prophylaxis after tolerance was achieved, as evidenced by recurrent positive Bethesda titer or a decline in FVIII recovery or half‐life below trial limits
primary outcome:
Blood transfusion for preventing primary and secondary stroke in people with sickle cell disease
Incidence of clinical diagnosis of any type of stroke (by clinical symptoms and signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, computed tomography imaging (CT) scan or autopsy)Deaths from any cause in each treatment groupTransfusion‐related complications (e.g. alloimmunisation, infection from blood product, procedural complications, transfusion reactions, reduced immunocompetency, iron overload (measured by serum ferritin, liver iron or quantitative MRI))
primary outcome:
Dietary interventions for phenylketonuria
Blood phenylalanine concentrationMeasures of neuropsychological performanceMeasures of intelligence
primary outcome:
Interventions for mycosis fungoides
Improvement in health‐related quality of life as defined by participant questionnaires (all self‐completed).Common adverse effects of the treatments, presented as proportions of participants.
primary outcome:
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for people with sickle cell disease
Event‐free survival (individuals alive and free of SCD symptoms)
primary outcome:
Preoperative blood transfusions for sickle cell disease
Perioperative mortality (all cause)Serious complications related to:SCD (e.g. acute chest syndrome, painful crisis, neurological complication, renal complication)surgery (e.g. fall in haemoglobin level)infectiontransfusion (e.g. serious transfusion reactions, other serious transfusion complications)
primary outcome:
Interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis in people with sickle cell disease
All‐cause mortalityLack of improvement (as defined by trial authors)Adverse eventsserious adverse eventsnon‐serious adverse events