anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Gases for establishing pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic abdominal surgery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different gases for establishing pneumoperitoneum in participants (irrespective of age, sex, or race) undergoing laparoscopic abdominal or gynaecological pelvic surgery under general anaesthesia.
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Weekly versus tri‐weekly paclitaxel with carboplatin for first‐line treatment in women with epithelial ovarian cancer
We Included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing weekly paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin versus tri‐weekly paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin, for treatment of newly‐diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer
We included trials that randomised women with EOC to PARPi with no treatment, or PARPi versus conventional chemotherapy, or PARPi together with conventional chemotherapy versus conventional chemotherapy alone.
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Antecolic versus retrocolic reconstruction after partial pancreaticoduodenectomy
We considered all RCTs comparing antecolic with retrocolic reconstruction of bowel continuity after partial pancreaticoduodenectomy for any given indication to be eligible.
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Systemic therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor‐induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer
We included all randomised controlled trials that compared systemic therapies to a comparator arm. Systemic therapy interventions included all pharmacological therapies, dietary supplements, and complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). All comparator arms were allowed including placebo or standard of care (or both) with analgesia alone. Published and non‐peer‐reviewed studies were eligible.
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Targeted therapy for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer
We included RCTs comparing ALK inhibitors with cytotoxic chemotherapy or another ALK inhibitor in individuals with incurable locally advanced or metastatic pathologically confirmed ALK‐rearranged NSCLC.
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Early palliative interventions for improving outcomes in people with a primary malignant brain tumour and their carers
We included studies looking at early referral to specialist palliative care services ‐ or early targeted palliative interventions by other healthcare professionals ‐ for improving quality of life, symptom control, psychological outcomes, or overall survival as a primary or secondary outcome measure. Studies included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non‐randomised studies (NRS), as well as qualitative and mixed‐methods studies where both qualitative and quantitative data were included. Participants were adults with a confirmed radiological and/or histological diagnosis of a primary malignant brain tumour, and/or informal adult carers (either at individual or family level) of people with a primary malignant brain tumour.
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Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) where more than 50% of participants had primary tumours in the oral cavity or oropharynx, and that evaluated the addition of chemotherapy to other treatments such as radiotherapy and/or surgery, or compared two or more chemotherapy regimens or modes of administration.
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Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared abdominal drainage versus no drainage in people undergoing pancreatic surgery. We also included RCTs that compared different types of drains and different schedules for drain removal in people undergoing pancreatic surgery.
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Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent
We included RCTs conducted in adults (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with  NSCLC stage I to III after surgical resection, and those with unresectable locally advanced stage III NSCLC receiving radiotherapy with curative intent. We included participants who underwent primary surgical treatment, postoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy if the same strategy was provided for both intervention and control groups.
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Blue versus white light for transurethral resection of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer
We included randomized controlled trials using blue light versus white light TURBT. Included participants had a high level of suspicion based on imaging or ‘visible diagnosis’ for primary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder or recurrent urothelial carcinoma of the bladder upon cytoscopy. We excluded studies in which blue light was used in a surveillance setting.
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Antiemetics for adults for prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: a network meta‐analysis
We included RCTs including adults with any cancer receiving HEC or MEC (according to the latest definition) and comparing combination therapies of NK₁ and 5‐HT₃ inhibitors and corticosteroids for prevention of CINV.
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Perioperative systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in women undergoing breast surgery
We considered all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) looking at perioperative NSAID use in women undergoing breast surgery.
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Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer
We included all randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials of music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in adults and pediatric patients with cancer. We excluded patients undergoing biopsy and aspiration for diagnostic purposes.
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Oral anticoagulation in people with cancer who have no therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the benefits and harms of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in ambulatory people with cancer (i.e., not hospital inpatients during the time of their participation in trials) These people are typically undergoing systemic anticancer therapy, possibly including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy, but otherwise have no standard therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation.
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Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing gram‐positive infections associated with long‐term central venous catheters in adults and children receiving treatment for cancer
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared either the administration of prophylactic antibiotics prior to long‐term CVC insertion versus no administration of antibiotics, or the use of an antibiotic versus a non‐antibiotic flush/lock solution in long‐term CVCs, in adults and children receiving treatment for cancer.
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Antithrombotic therapy for ambulatory patients with multiple myeloma receiving immunomodulatory agents
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the benefits and harms of oral anticoagulants such as vitamin K antagonist (VKA) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), anti‐platelet agents such as aspirin (ASA), and parenteral anticoagulants such as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)in ambulatory patients with multiple myeloma receiving immunomodulatory agents.
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School‐based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18
Eligible interventions were relevant to public health practice (i.e. were not delivered by a clinician), were implemented in the school setting, and aimed to increase physical activity among all school‐attending children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18) for at least 12 weeks. The review was limited to randomised controlled trials. For this update, we have added two new criteria: the primary aim of the study was to increase physical activity or fitness, and the study used an objective measure of physical activity or fitness. Primary outcomes included proportion of participants meeting physical activity guidelines and duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time (new to this update). Secondary outcomes included measured body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, health‐related quality of life (new to this update), and adverse events (new to this update). Television viewing time, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure have been removed from this update.
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Roux‐en‐Y versus Billroth‐I reconstruction after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) allocating participants to Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction or Billroth‐I reconstruction after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
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Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma
Randomised clinical trials irrespective of blinding, publication status, or language comparing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy versus placebo, no intervention, or a different postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for participants with curative‐intent resection for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions to increase uptake/informed uptake of cervical screening.
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High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or (historical) controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing the effectiveness of HDC and AHCT with conventional chemotherapy for children, adolescents, and young adults (younger than 30 years at the date of diagnostic biopsy) with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma.
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Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) without confounding, that evaluated conservative surgery plus PBI/APBI versus conservative surgery plus WBRT. Published and unpublished trials were eligible.
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Hydromorphone for cancer pain
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared hydromorphone with placebo, an alternative opioid or another active control, for cancer pain in adults and children. Primary outcomes were participant‐reported pain intensity and pain relief; secondary outcomes were specific adverse events, serious adverse events, quality of life, leaving the study early and death.
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Degarelix for treating advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
We included randomized controlled trials comparing degarelix with standard androgen suppression therapy for men with advanced prostate cancer.
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Physical therapy interventions, other than general physical exercise interventions, in children and adolescents before, during and following treatment for cancer
The review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cross‐over trials, and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that compared the effects of physical therapy interventions to a control group, and involved children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 0 and 19 years at the time of the intervention. We excluded studies examining general physical exercise interventions where the primary aim was to improve physical fitness through aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or combined physical exercise training regimens (i.e. combined aerobic and resistance exercise regimens).
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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery versus surgery followed by chemotherapy for initial treatment in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (Federation of International Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) stage III/IV) who were randomly allocated to treatment groups that compared platinum‐based chemotherapy before cytoreductive surgery with platinum‐based chemotherapy following cytoreductive surgery.
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Protons versus photons for the treatment of chordoma
We included adults with pathologically confirmed primary chordoma, who were irradiated with curative intent, with protons or photons in the form of fractionated RT, SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery), SBRT (stereotactic body radiotherapy), or IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy). We limited analysis to studies that included outcomes of participants treated with both protons and photons.
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Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer
We included RCTs in which participants received intravesical gemcitabine for primary or recurrent NMIBC.
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Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting on the efficacy or safety of first‐line ICI treatment for adults with advanced NSCLC who had not previously received any anticancer treatment. We included trials comparing single‐ or double‐ICI treatment to standard first‐line therapy (platinum‐based chemotherapy +/‐ bevacizumab). All data come from ‘international multicentre studies involving adults, age 18 or over, with histologically‐confirmed stage IV NSCLC.
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PARP (Poly ADP‐Ribose Polymerase) inhibitors for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer
We included randomised controlled trials on participants with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer comparing 1) chemotherapy in combination with PARP inhibitors, compared to the same chemotherapy without PARP inhibitors or 2) treatment with PARP inhibitors, compared to treatment with other chemotherapy. We included studies that reported on our primary outcome of overall survival and secondary outcomes including progression‐free survival, tumour response rate, quality of life, and adverse events.
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First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer
Parallel‐group randomised controlled trials comparing EGFR‐targeted agents (alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents or BSC) with cytotoxic chemotherapy (single or doublet) or BSC in chemotherapy‐naive patients with locally advanced or metastatic (stage IIIB or IV) EGFR M+ NSCLC unsuitable for treatment with curative intent.
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Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults
We sought randomised controlled trials in adults with cancer cachexia, that compared a programme of exercise alone or in combination with another intervention, with usual care, no treatment or an active control group.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting therapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer
We examined randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the use of VEGF targeting agents alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or other VEGF targeting agents.
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Paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation versus general anaesthesia for women undergoing breast cancer surgery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in adult women undergoing breast cancer surgery in which paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation was compared to general anaesthesia. We did not include studies in which paravertebral anaesthesia was given as an adjunct to general anaesthesia and then this was compared to use of general anaesthesia.
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Treatment options for progression or recurrence of glioblastoma: a network meta‐analysis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative non‐randomised studies (NRSs) evaluating effectiveness of treatments for progressive/recurrent GBM. Eligible studies included people with progressive or recurrent GBM who had received first line radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ).
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Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen that compared the effectiveness of the LNG‐IUS with endometrial surveillance versus endometrial surveillance alone on the incidence of endometrial pathology.
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Abiraterone acetate in combination with androgen deprivation therapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy only for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
We included randomized trials, in which men diagnosed with hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer were administered abiraterone acetate and prednisolone with ADT or ADT alone.
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Body weight management in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs and randomised cross‐over trials evaluating body weight management for overweight and obese breast cancer survivors (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). The aim of the intervention had to be weight loss.
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Bisphosphonates or RANK‐ligand‐inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases: a network meta‐analysis
We included randomized controlled trials comparing different bisphosphonates and RANKL‐inihibitors with each other or against no further treatment or placebo for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases. We included men with castration‐restrictive and castration‐sensitive prostate cancer and conducted subgroup analyses according to this criteria.
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Platinum‐containing regimens for triple‐negative metastatic breast cancer
Randomised trials comparing platinum‐containing chemotherapy regimens with regimens not containing platinum in women with mTNBC. Individual trials could compare one or more platinum‐based regimens to one or more non‐platinum regimens; hence there could be more 'treatment‐comparisons' (i.e. platinum regimen versus non‐platinum regimen comparison) than trials. Trial participants may have been purposely selected for mTNBC or inadvertently selected as a subgroup.
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Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
We included randomised controlled trials, recruiting patients with clear cell mRCC naïve to previous systemic treatment. The index intervention was any TKI‐based targeted therapy.
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Prophylaxis of thromboembolism during therapy with asparaginase in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs); including quasi‐randomised, controlled clinical, cross‐over, and cluster‐randomised trial designs) comparing any parenteral/oral preemptive anticoagulant or mechanical intervention with placebo or no thromboprophylaxis, or comparing two different pre‐emptive anticoagulant interventions in adults aged at least 18 years with ALL treated according to asparaginase‐based chemotherapy regimens. For the description of harms, non‐randomised observational studies with a control group were eligible for inclusion.
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The effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of hospital‐based specialist palliative care for adults with advanced illness and their caregivers
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the impact of HSPC on outcomes for patients or their unpaid caregivers/families, or both. HSPC was defined as specialist palliative care delivered by a palliative care team that is based in a hospital providing holistic care, co‐ordination by a multidisciplinary team, and collaboration between HSPC providers and generalists. HSPC was provided to patients while they were admitted as inpatients to acute care hospitals, outpatients or patients receiving care from hospital outreach teams at home. The comparator was usual care, defined as inpatient or outpatient hospital care without specialist palliative care input at the point of entry into the study, community care or hospice care provided outside of the hospital setting.
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Retzius‐sparing versus standard robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer.
We included trials where participants were randomized to RS‐RALP or standard RALP for clinically localized prostate cancer.
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Helicobacter pylori eradication for the prevention of gastric neoplasia
We analysed randomised controlled trials comparing at least one week of H. pylori therapy with placebo or no treatment in preventing subsequent development of gastric cancer in otherwise healthy and asymptomatic H. pylori‐positive adults. Trials had to follow up participants for at least two years and needed to have at least two participants with gastric cancer as an outcome. We defined gastric cancer as any gastric adenocarcinoma, including intestinal (differentiated) or diffuse (undifferentiated) type, with or without specified histology.
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Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared RP versus deferred treatment in patients with localised prostate cancer, defined as T1‐2, N0, M0 prostate cancer.
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Telephone interventions for symptom management in adults with cancer
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared one or more telephone interventions with one other, or with other types of interventions (e.g. a face‐to‐face intervention) and/or usual care, with the stated aim of addressing any physical or psychological symptoms of cancer and its treatment, which recruited adults (over 18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of cancer, regardless of tumour type, stage of cancer, type of treatment, and time of recruitment (e.g. before, during, or after treatment).
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Surgery versus radical endotherapies for early cancer and high‐grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus
Types of studies: RCTs comparing endotherapies with surgery in the treatment of high‐grade dysplasia or early cancer. All cellular types of cancer were included (i.e. adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and more unusual types) but will be discussed separately.Types of participants: patients of any age and either gender with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of early neoplasia (HGD and early cancer) in Barrett's or squamous lined oesophagus.Types of interventions; endotherapies (the intervention) compared with surgery (the control), all with curative intent.
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External beam radiation dose escalation for high grade glioma
We included adults with a pathological diagnosis of HGG randomised to the following external beam radiation regimens: daily conventionally fractionated radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy; hypofractionated radiotherapy versus daily conventionally fractionated radiotherapy; hyperfractionated radiotherapy versus daily conventionally fractionated radiotherapy or accelerated radiotherapy versus daily conventionally fractionated radiotherapy.
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Physical activity interventions for disease‐related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non‐advanced colorectal cancer
We included randomised control trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs comparing physical activity interventions, to usual care or no physical activity intervention in adults with non‐advanced colorectal cancer.
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Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis
We included randomised controlled trials of intrapleural interventions for adults with symptomatic MPE, comparing types of sclerosant, mode of administration and IPC use.
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Health education interventions to promote early presentation and referral for women with symptoms of endometrial cancer
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), both individually randomised and cluster‐RCTs. In the absence of RCTs we planned to include well‐designed non‐randomised studies (NRS) with a parallel comparison assessing the benefits of any type of health education interventions.
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Ovarian suppression for adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor‐positive early breast cancer
We included all randomised trials assessing any method of OFS, that is, oophorectomy, radiation‐induced ovarian ablation, or LHRH agonists, as adjuvant treatment for premenopausal women with early‐stage breast cancer. We included studies that compared (1) OFS versus observation, (2) OFS + chemotherapy versus chemotherapy, (3) OFS + tamoxifen versus tamoxifen, and (4) OFS + chemotherapy + tamoxifen versus chemotherapy + tamoxifen.
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Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing vitamins or mineral supplements with placebo, administered to healthy people with the aim of preventing lung cancer.
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Exercise therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor‐induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer
We included randomised controlled trials that compared exercise versus a comparator arm. We did not impose any restriction on the comparator arm, which could include an alternative type of exercise, no exercise or a waiting list control. Both published and non‐peer‐reviewed studies were eligible.
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Hormone replacement therapy after surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with participants of any age and menopausal status who had undergone surgery for EOC and, after diagnosis and treatment, used any regimen and duration of HRT compared with placebo or no hormone therapy. We also included trials comparing different regimens or duration of administration of HRT.
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Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults
We included randomised controlled trials of drug therapies in any dose by any route, compared to another drug therapy, a non‐pharmacological approach, placebo, standard care or wait‐list control, for the management of delirium symptoms in terminally ill adults (18 years or older).
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Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing different platinum infusion durations in children with cancer. Only the platinum infusion duration could differ between the treatment groups.
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Early versus delayed postoperative radiotherapy for treatment of low‐grade gliomas
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared early versus delayed radiotherapy following biopsy or surgical resection for the treatment of people with newly diagnosed intracranial LGG (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, mixed oligoastrocytoma, astroblastoma, xanthoastrocytoma, or ganglioglioma). Radiotherapy may include conformal external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with linear accelerator or cobalt‐60 sources, intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).
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Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third‐generation drugs for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing regimens with carboplatin or cisplatin combined with a third‐generation drug in people with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC. We accepted any regimen and number of cycles that included these drugs, since there is no widely accepted standard regimen.
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Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared intravesical BCG with intravesical MMC therapy for non‐muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer.
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Interval brain imaging for adults with cerebral glioma
We included randomised controlled trials, non‐randomised controlled trials, and controlled before‐after studies with concurrent comparison groups comparing the effect of different imaging strategies on survival and other health outcomes in adults with cerebral glioma; and full economic evaluations (cost‐effectiveness analyses, cost‐utility analyses and cost‐benefit analyses) conducted alongside any study design, and any model‐based economic evaluations on pre‐ and post‐treatment imaging in adults with cerebral glioma.
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Comparison of different human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine types and dose schedules for prevention of HPV‐related disease in females and males
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with no language restriction. We considered studies if they enrolled HIV‐negative males or females aged 9 to 26 years, or HIV‐positive males or females of any age.
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Follow‐up strategies following completion of primary cancer treatment in adult cancer survivors
We included all randomised trials comparing different follow‐up strategies for adult cancer survivors following completion of curatively‐intended primary cancer treatment, which included at least one of the outcomes listed above. We compared the effectiveness of: 1) non‐specialist‐led follow‐up (i.e. general practitioner (GP)‐led, nurse‐led, patient‐initiated or shared care) versus specialist‐led follow‐up; 2) less intensive versus more intensive follow‐up (based on clinical visits, examinations and diagnostic procedures) and 3) follow‐up integrating additional care components relevant for detection of recurrence (e.g. patient symptom education or monitoring, or survivorship care plans) versus usual care.
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Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery
We included randomised controlled trials of pre‐ and perioperative antibiotics for patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer. Primary outcomes were rates of surgical site infection (SSI) and adverse reactions.
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Follow‐up strategies for patients treated for non‐metastatic colorectal cancer
We included only randomised controlled trials comparing different follow‐up strategies for participants with non‐metastatic colorectal cancer treated with curative intent.
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Taxanes for adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer
Randomised trials comparing taxane‐containing regimens versus non‐taxane‐containing regimens in women with operable breast cancer were included. Studies of women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded.
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Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer
Randomized controlled comparisons which included men with clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma where hypofractionated radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy) to the prostate using hypofractionation (greater than 2 Gy per fraction) compared with conventionally fractionated radiation therapy to the prostate delivered using standard fractionation (1.8 Gy to 2 Gy per fraction).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin for abdominal or pelvic surgery
We assessed randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) comparing prolonged thromboprophylaxis (≥ fourteen days) with any LMWH agent to thromboprophylaxis during the admission period only followed by placebo or no thromoprophylaxis after discharge. The population consisted of persons undergoing abdominal or pelvic surgery for both benign and malignant pathology. The outcome measures included VTE (deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE)) as assessed by objective means (venography, ultrasonography, pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, spiral computed tomography (CT) scan or autopsy). We excluded studies exclusively reporting on clinical diagnosis of VTE without objective confirmation.
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Long‐term neurocognitive and other side effects of radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, for glioma
Randomised and non‐randomised trials, and controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAS). Participants were aged 16 years and older with cerebral glioma other than glioblastoma. We included studies where patients in at least one treatment arm received radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, and where neurocognitive outcomes were assessed two or more years after treatment.
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Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of hospital stay and postoperative complications
We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing early commencement of enteral nutrition (within 24 hours) with no feeding in adult participants undergoing lower gastrointestinal surgery.
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Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing psychosocial interventions delivered to adult informal caregivers of adults affected by cancer on a group or individual basis with usual care. Psychosocial interventions included non‐pharmacological interventions that involved an interpersonal relationship between caregivers and healthcare professionals. We included interventions delivered also to caregiver‐patient dyads. Interventions delivered to caregivers of individuals receiving palliative or inpatient care were excluded. Our primary outcome was caregiver QoL. Secondary outcomes included patient QoL, caregiver and patient depression, anxiety, psychological distress, physical health status and intervention satisfaction and adverse effects.
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Exercise training undertaken by people within 12 months of lung resection for non‐small cell lung cancer
We included RCTs in which participants with NSCLC who underwent lung resection were allocated to receive either exercise training, which included aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or a combination of both, or no exercise training.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Early versus deferred standard androgen suppression therapy for advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a direct comparison of early versus deferred standard AST. We excluded all other study designs. Participants included had advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer receiving surgical or medical castration.
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Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy
We included parallel‐group randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults undergoing RC for bladder cancer. The intervention was any perioperative nutrition support.
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Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma
We included randomised controlled trials in which participants either received or did not receive single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy instillation after nephroureterectomy.
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Extended versus standard lymph node dissection for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in patients undergoing radical cystectomy
We included randomized controlled trials in which participants underwent radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle‐invasive or therapy‐refractory non‐muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with either an extended PLND with a superior extent reaching as far cranially as the inferior mesenteric vein, or a standard PLND with a superior extent of the bifurcation of the internal and external iliac artery, with otherwise the same anatomical boundaries.
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Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) evaluating platinum‐based therapy with an otoprotective medical intervention versus platinum‐based therapy with placebo, no additional treatment or another protective medical intervention in children with cancer.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Risk‐reducing medications for primary breast cancer: a network meta‐analysis
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled women without a personal history of breast cancer but with an above‐average risk of developing a tumor. Women had to be treated with a CPA and followed up to record the occurrence of breast cancer and adverse events.
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Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Randomised controlled trials evaluating anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy after HDCT and autologous HSCT in people with high‐risk neuroblastoma.
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Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults
We searched for randomised controlled trials that compared robotic‐assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with open radical cystectomy (ORC).
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Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for women diagnosed with breast cancer
Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing MBSR versus no intervention in women with breast cancer.
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Systematic screening and assessment of psychosocial well‐being and care needs of people with cancer
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomised controlled trials (NRCTs) that studied the effect of screening interventions addressing the psychosocial well‐being and care needs of people with cancer compared to usual care. These screening interventions could involve self‐reporting of people with a patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) or a semi‐structured interview with a screening interventionist, and comprise a solitary screening intervention or screening with guided actions. We excluded studies that evaluated screening integrated as an element in more complex interventions (e.g. therapy, coaching, full care pathways, or care programmes).
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Outpatient treatment for people with cancer who develop a low‐risk febrile neutropaenic event
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing outpatient with inpatient treatment for people with cancer who develop febrile neutropaenia. The outpatient group included those who started treatment as an inpatient and completed the antibiotic course at home (sequential) as well as those who started treatment at home.
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Palliative interventions for controlling vaginal bleeding in advanced cervical cancer
We searched for randomised and non‐randomised comparative studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid, vaginal packing (with or without formalin‐soaked packs), interventional radiology or other interventions compared with radiotherapy techniques for palliative treatment of vaginal bleeding in women with advanced cervical cancer (with or without metastasis), irrespective of publication status, year of publication or language in the review.
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Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness
Included studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with a chronic illness. In this update we included studies with more than 20 participants per arm. In this update, we included interventions that combined psychological and pharmacological treatments. We included comparison groups that received either non‐psychological treatment (e.g. psychoeducation), treatment as usual (e.g. standard medical care without added psychological therapy), or wait‐list.
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Intralesional treatment versus wide resection for central low‐grade chondrosarcoma of the long bones
In the absence of prospective randomised controlled trials (RCTs), we included retrospective comparative studies and case series that evaluated outcome of treatment of central LGCS of the long bones. The primary outcome was recurrence‐free survival after a minimal follow‐up of 24 months. Secondary outcomes were upgrading of tumour; functional outcome, as assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score; and occurrence of complications.
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Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer patients
We considered randomised or quasi‐randomised clinical trials that compared NIPPV in the immediate postoperative period after pulmonary resection with no intervention or conventional respiratory therapy.
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Adjuvant gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogues for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced premature ovarian failure in premenopausal women
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), in all languages, which examined the effect of GnRH analogues for chemotherapy‐induced ovarian failure in premenopausal women, were eligible for inclusion in the review.
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Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults
We included randomised controlled trials that included adults aged 18 years and above. We included participants with cancer‐related dyspnoea when randomised to systemic corticosteroids (at any dose) administered for the relief of cancer‐related dyspnoea or any other indication, compared to placebo, standard or alternative treatment.
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Surgical interventions for the prevention or treatment of lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a surgical intervention for the prevention or treatment of lymphoedema of the arm after breast cancer treatment to either standard intervention, placebo intervention, or another surgical intervention were included. Patients of both sexes and all ages who have had treatment for their breast cancer were considered. No limits were applied to language or study location. Three authors independently determined the eligibility of each study.
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Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation followed by three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation alone for primary hepatocellular carcinoma in adults
We included all randomised clinical trials comparing TACE followed by 3‐DCRT versus TACE alone in people with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Nerve‐sparing radical hysterectomy compared to standard radical hysterectomy for women with early stage cervical cancer (stage Ia2 to IIa)
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of nerve‐sparing radical hysterectomy compared to standard radical hysterectomy for women with early stage cervical cancer (stage Ia2 to IIa).
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De‐intensified adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy versus standard adjuvant chemoradiotherapy post transoral minimally invasive surgery for resectable HPV‐positive oropharyngeal carcinoma
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with carcinoma of the oropharynx (as defined by the World Health Organization classification C09, C10). Cancers included were primary HPV‐positive squamous cell tumours originating from the oropharyngeal mucosa. Tumours were classified as T1‐4a with or without nodal spread and with no evidence of distant metastatic spread. The intervention was minimally invasive transoral surgery followed by de‐intensified adjuvant therapy (either omission of chemotherapy or reduced‐dose radiotherapy). The comparator was minimally invasive transoral surgery followed by standard concurrent chemoradiotherapy or standard‐dose radiotherapy. The treatments received were of curative intent and patients had not undergone any prior intervention, other than diagnostic biopsy.
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Exercise interventions for people undergoing multimodal cancer treatment that includes surgery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effects of exercise training with usual care, on physical fitness, safety, HRQoL, fatigue, and postoperative outcomes in people undergoing multimodal cancer treatment, including surgery.
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Anti‐angiogenic therapy for high‐grade glioma
RCTs evaluating the use of anti‐angiogenic therapy to treat HGG versus the same therapy without anti‐angiogenic therapy.
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Survival differences with immediate versus delayed chemotherapy for asymptomatic incurable metastatic colorectal cancer
Randomised controlled trials evaluating immediate versus delayed chemotherapy in persons with asymptomatic, metastatic, incurable colorectal cancer.