anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with Schlemm´s canal microstent (Hydrus) for open angle glaucoma
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of the Hydrus microstent, alone or with cataract surgery, compared to other surgical treatments (cataract surgery alone, other minimally‐invasive glaucoma device techniques, trabeculectomy), laser treatment, or medical treatment.
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Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating HRQOL, VRQOL and related outcomes of adults, with an irreversible visual impairment (World Health Organization criteria). We included studies that compared rehabilitation interventions with active or inactive control.
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Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing toric IOLs with LRIs during phacoemulsification cataract surgery.
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Pars plana vitrectomy combined with scleral buckle versus pars plana vitrectomy for giant retinal tear
We included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing pars plana vitrectomy combined with scleral buckle versus pars plana vitrectomy alone for giant retinal tear regardless of age, gender, lens status (e.g. phakic or pseudophakic eyes) of the affected eye(s), or etiology of GRT among participants enrolled in these trials.
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Topical cyclosporine A therapy for dry eye syndrome
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of people with dry eye regardless of age, sex, severity, etiology, or classification of dry eye. We included RCTs in which different concentrations of topical CsA were compared with one another or with artificial tears, placebo, or vehicle. We also included RCTs in which CsA in combination with artificial tears was compared to artificial tears alone.
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Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia
We included randomized/quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing conventional occlusion to atropine penalization for amblyopia.
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Intrastromal corneal ring segments for treating keratoconus
Two review authors independently assessed records from the electronic searches to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Disagreements were resolved by discussion.
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Aqueous shunts with mitomycin C versus aqueous shunts alone for glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which one group of participants received MMC during aqueous shunt surgery and another group did not. We did not exclude studies based on outcomes.
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Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that had compared iStent or iStent inject to medical therapy, laser treatment, conventional glaucoma surgery (trabeculectomy), or other MIGS procedures. We included RCTs that had compared iStent or iStent inject in combination with phacoemulsification to phacoemulsification alone.
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Cyclodestructive procedures for refractory glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials or quasi‐randomized trials in which participants underwent a secondary procedure for refractory glaucoma. We included trials with any laser type, route of administration, and laser settings. The primary comparison was any cyclodestructive procedure versus another glaucoma treatment, and the secondary comparisons were individual cyclodestructive procedures versus another cyclodestructive procedure.
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Pars plana vitrectomy versus scleral buckling for repairing simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachments
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PPV versus scleral buckling surgery with at least three months of follow‐up.
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Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) for open angle glaucoma and primary angle closure
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ECP compared to other surgical treatments (other minimally invasive glaucoma device techniques, trabeculectomy), laser treatment or medical treatment. We also planned to include trials where these devices were combined with phacoemulsification compared to phacoemulsification alone.
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Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery
We included randomized clinical trials in which routine preoperative medical testing was compared to no preoperative or selective preoperative testing prior to age‐related cataract surgery.
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Anti‐tumour necrosis factor biological therapies for the treatment of uveitic macular oedema (UMO) for non‐infectious uveitis
We planned to include all relevant randomised controlled trials assessing the use of anti‐TNF agents in treatment of UMO. No limits were applied to participant age, gender or ethnicity. The primary comparisons of this review were: anti‐TNF versus no treatment or placebo; anti‐TNF versus another pharmacological agent; comparison of different anti‐TNF drugs; comparison of different doses and routes of administration of the same anti‐TNF drug. The primary outcome measure that we assessed for this review was best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the treated eye. Secondary outcome measures were anatomical macular change, clinical estimation of vitreous haze and health‐related quality of life.
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Subconjunctival draining minimally‐invasive glaucoma devices for medically uncontrolled glaucoma
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Xen gelatin implant or InnFocus MicroShunt to other surgical treatments (other minimally‐invasive glaucoma device techniques, trabeculectomy), laser treatment or medical treatment. We also planned to include trials where these devices were combined with phacoemulsification compared to phacoemulsification alone.
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Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) for corneal endothelial failure
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomised paired, contralateral‐eye studies in any setting where DMEK was compared with DSAEK to treat people with corneal endothelial failure.
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Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), involving adult participants undergoing cataract extraction, where a blue‐light filtering IOL was compared with an equivalent non‐blue‐light filtering IOL.
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Reading aids for adults with low vision
This review includes randomised and quasi‐randomised trials that compared any device or aid used for reading to another device or aid in people aged 16 or over with low vision as defined by the study investigators. We did not compare low‐vision aids with no low‐vision aid since it is obviously not possible to measure reading speed, our primary outcome, in people that cannot read ordinary print. We considered reading aids that maximise the person's visual reading capacity, for example by increasing image magnification (optical and electronic magnifiers), augmenting text contrast (coloured filters) or trying to optimise the viewing angle or gaze position (such as prisms). We have not included studies investigating reading aids that allow reading through hearing, such as talking books or screen readers, or through touch, such as Braille‐based devices and we did not consider rehabilitation strategies or complex low‐vision interventions.
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Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised trials of interventions evaluating optical correction for computer workers with refractive error for preventing or treating asthenopia and their effect on health related quality of life.
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Adjustable versus non‐adjustable sutures for strabismus
We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adjustable to non‐adjustable sutures for strabismus surgery.
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Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening
We included RCTs that compared any QI intervention to usual care or a more intensive (stepped) intervention versus a less intensive intervention.
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Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials that evaluated the efficacy or safety of administration, or both, of anti‐VEGF agents compared with conventional therapy in preterm infants with ROP.
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Surgical interventions for vertical strabismus in superior oblique palsy
We included randomized trials that compared at least one type of surgical intervention to another surgical or non‐surgical intervention or observation.
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Interventions to improve access to cataract surgical services and their impact on equity in low‐ and middle‐income countries
We included studies that reported on strategies to improve access to cataract services in LMICs using the following study designs: randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies, and interrupted time series studies. Included studies were conducted in LMICs, and were targeted at disadvantaged populations, or disaggregated outcome data by 'PROGRESS‐Plus' factors (P lace of residence; R ace/ethnicity/ culture/ language; O ccupation; G ender/sex; R eligion; E ducation; S ocio‐economic status; Social capital/networks. The 'Plus' component includes disability, sexual orientation and age).
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Ocriplasmin for symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of people with sVMA. The intervention was intravitreal ocriplasmin 125 μg injection, and this was compared to placebo or sham injection (control). Placebo was defined as a single intravitreal injection of 0.10 mL placebo with identical drug vehicle diluted with saline. A sham injection was defined as the syringe hub or blunt needle touching the conjunctiva to simulate an injection.
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Different‐sized incisions for phacoemulsification in age‐related cataract
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different‐sized incisions in people with age‐related cataract undergoing phacoemulsification.
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Aqueous shunts for glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials that compared various types of aqueous shunts with standard surgery or to each other in eyes with glaucoma.
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Probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared probing (office‐based or hospital‐based under general anesthesia) versus no (or deferred) probing or other interventions (observation alone, antibiotic drops only, or antibiotic drops plus massage of the nasolacrimal duct). We did not include studies that compared different probing techniques or probing compared with other surgical procedures. We included studies in children aged three weeks to four years who may have presented with tearing and conjunctivitis.
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Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus corticosteroids for controlling inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which participants were undergoing phacoemulsification for uncomplicated cataract extraction. We included both trials in which topical NSAIDs were compared with topical corticosteroids and trials in which combination therapy (topical NSAIDs and corticosteroids) was compared with topical corticosteroids alone. The primary outcomes for this review were inflammation and best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA).
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Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis versus pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous floaters
We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis to pars plana vitrectomy for treatment of symptomatic floaters.
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Topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for analgesia in traumatic corneal abrasions
RCTs comparing topical NSAIDs to placebo or any alternative analgesic interventions in adults with traumatic corneal abrasions.
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Autologous serum eye drops for dry eye
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared AS versus artificial tears for treatment of adults with dry eye.
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N‐acetylcarnosine (NAC) drops for age‐related cataract
We planned to include randomized or quasi‐randomised controlled trials where NAC was compared to control in people with age‐related cataract.
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Endonasal versus external dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing endonasal and external DCRs.
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Perioperative medications for preventing temporarily increased intraocular pressure after laser trabeculoplasty
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which participants with OAG received LTP. We included trials which compared any antiglaucoma medication with no medication, one type of antiglaucoma medication compared with another type of antiglaucoma medication, or different timings of medication.
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Topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials which had compared any topical medication instillation technique with usual care or a different method of instillation of topical medication.
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Surgery for cataracts in people with age‐related macular degeneration
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomized trials that enrolled participants whose eyes were affected by both cataract and AMD in which cataract surgery was compared with no surgery.
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Laser‐assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus laser‐assisted in‐situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correcting myopia
We considered only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the purposes of this review. Eligible RCTs were those in which myopic participants were assigned randomly to receive either LASEK or LASIK in one or both eyes. We also included paired‐eye studies in which investigators randomly selected which of the participant's eyes would receive LASEK or LASIK and assigned the other eye to the other procedure. Participants were men or women between the ages of 18 and 60 years with myopia up to 12 diopters (D) and/or myopic astigmatism of severity up to 3 D, who did not have a history of prior refractive surgery.
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Perioperative antibiotics for prevention of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery
We included randomized controlled trials that enrolled adults undergoing cataract surgery (any method and incision type) for lens opacities due to any origin. We included trials that evaluated preoperative antibiotics, intraoperative (intracameral, subconjunctival or systemic), or postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis for acute endophthalmitis. We excluded studies that evaluated antiseptic preoperative preparations using agents such as povidone iodine or antibiotics for treating acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.
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Non‐surgical interventions for acute internal hordeolum
The selection criteria for this review included randomized or quasi‐randomized clinical trials of participants diagnosed with an acute internal hordeolum. Studies of participants with external hordeola (styes), chronic hordeola, or chalazia were excluded. Non‐surgical interventions of interest included the use of hot or warm compresses, lid scrubs, antibiotics, or steroids compared with observation, placebo, or other active interventions.
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Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for choroidal neovascularisation in people with pathological myopia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing anti‐VEGF therapy with another treatment (e.g. photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin, laser photocoagulation, macular surgery, another anti‐VEGF), sham treatment or no treatment in participants with mCNV.
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Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction
All randomised controlled trials comparing a multifocal IOL of any type with a monofocal IOL as control were included. Both unilateral and bilateral implantation trials were included. We also considered trials comparing multifocal IOLs with "monovision" whereby one eye is corrected for distance vision and one eye corrected for near vision.
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Fibrin glue versus sutures for conjunctival autografting in primary pterygium surgery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in any setting where fibrin glue was compared with sutures to treat people with pterygium.
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Oral antivirals for preventing recurrent herpes simplex keratitis in people with corneal grafts
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs). People enrolled in these trials had corneal grafts for HSK. The intervention was oral antivirals for six months or more following the corneal graft surgery, and this was compared to no treatment or placebo.
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Valacyclovir versus acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in immunocompetent patients
We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which systemic valacyclovir was compared to systemic acyclovir medication for treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. There were no language restrictions.
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Integrated versus non‐integrated orbital implants for treating anophthalmic sockets
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of integrated and non‐integrated orbital implants for treating anophthalmic sockets.
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Prophylactic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which adult participants had undergone surgery for age‐related cataract. We included participants irrespective of their baseline risk of MO, in particular we included people with diabetes and uveitis. We included trials of preoperative and/or postoperative topical NSAIDs in conjunction with postoperative topical steroids. The comparator was postoperative topical steroids alone. A secondary comparison was preoperative and/or postoperative topical NSAIDs alone versus postoperative topical steroids alone.
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Statins for age‐related macular degeneration
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomized trials that compared statins with other treatments, no treatment, or placebo in people who were diagnosed as having the early stages of AMD.
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Patching for corneal abrasion
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared patching the eye with no patching to treat simple corneal abrasions.
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Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
We included randomised controlled trials that compared any antibiotic treatment against placebo or no treatment. We excluded trials that included immunocompromised participants. We considered any antibiotic treatment known to be active against Toxoplasma gondii. Antibiotic treatment could be given in any dose orally, by intramuscular injection, by intravenous infusion, or by intravitreal injection.
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Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome
This review includes randomized controlled trials with adult participants who were diagnosed with dry eye, regardless of race and gender. We included trials in which the age of participants was not reported, and clinical trials comparing OTC artificial tears with another class of OTC artificial tears, placebo, or no treatment. This review did not consider head‐to‐head comparisons of artificial tears with another type of dry‐eye therapy.
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Laser‐assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for correction of myopia
We included in this review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing LASEK versus PRK for correction of myopia. Trial participants were 18 years of age or older and had no co‐existing ocular or systemic diseases that might affect refractive status or wound healing.
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Peripheral iridotomy for pigmentary glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that had compared peripheral laser iridotomy versus no treatment or other treatments for pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma.
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Conjunctival autograft for pterygium
We included in this review randomized controlled trials that had compared conjunctival autograft surgery (with or without adjunctive therapy) with amniotic membrane graft surgery (with or without adjunctive therapy) in people with primary or recurrent pterygium.
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Aflibercept for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which aflibercept monotherapy was compared with ranibizumab, bevacizumab, or sham for participants with neovascular AMD who were treatment‐naive.
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Doxycycline plus ivermectin versus ivermectin alone for treatment of patients with onchocerciasis
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that had compared doxycycline plus ivermectin versus ivermectin alone. Participants with or without one or more characteristic signs of ocular onchocerciasis resided in communities where onchocerciasis was endemic.
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Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for control of wound healing in glaucoma surgery
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of anti‐VEGF therapies administered by subconjunctival injection compared to any other anti‐scarring agents or no additional anti‐scarring agents (no treatment or placebo) in trabeculectomy surgery.
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Interventions for dissociated vertical deviation
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of surgical and non‐surgical interventions for the correction of DVD.
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Interventions for trachoma trichiasis
We included randomised trials of any intervention intended to treat trachomatous trichiasis.
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Mitomycin C versus 5‐Fluorouracil for wound healing in glaucoma surgery
We included randomised controlled trials where wound healing had been modified with MMC compared to 5‐FU.
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Day care versus in‐patient surgery for age‐related cataract
We included randomised controlled trials comparing day care and in‐patient surgery for age‐related cataract. The primary outcome was the achievement of a satisfactory visual acuity six weeks after the operation.
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Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age‐related macular degeneration
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of laser treatment of drusen in AMD in which laser treatment had been compared with no intervention or sham treatment. Two types of trials were included. Some trials studied one eye of each participant (unilateral studies); other studies recruited participants with bilateral drusen and randomised one eye to photocoagulation or control and the fellow eye to the other group.
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Intravitreal steroids versus observation for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared intravitreal steroids, of any dosage and duration of treatment of at least six months, with observation for the treatment of CRVO‐ME.
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Sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery
We included all randomized studies that compared sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery.
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Immunosuppressants for the prophylaxis of corneal graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the use of immunosuppressants in the prevention of graft rejection, irrespective of publication language.
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Corticosteroids for treating optic neuritis
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated systemic corticosteroids, in any form, dose or route of administration, in people with acute optic neuritis.
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Interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension
We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which any intervention was compared to placebo, or to another form of treatment, for people with a clinical diagnosis of IIH.
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Combined surgery versus cataract surgery alone for eyes with cataract and glaucoma
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of participants who had open‐angle, pseudoexfoliative, or pigmentary glaucoma and age‐related cataract. The comparison of interest was combined cataract surgery (phacoemulsification) and any type of glaucoma surgery versus cataract surgery (phacoemulsification) alone.
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Assistive technology for children and young people with low vision
We intended to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in this review. We planned to include trials involving children between the ages of 5 and 16 years with low vision as defined by, or equivalent to, the WHO 1992 definition of low vision. We planned to include studies that explore the use of assistive technologies (ATs). These could include all types of closed circuit television/electronic vision enhancement systems (CCTV/EVES), computer technology including tablet computers and adaptive technologies such as screen readers, screen magnification and optical character recognition (OCR). We intended to compare the use of ATs with standard optical aids, which include distance refractive correction (with appropriate near addition for aphakic (no lens)/pseudophakic (with lens implant) patients) and monocular/binoculars for distance and brightfield magnifiers for near. We also planned to include studies that compare different types of ATs with each other, without or in addition to conventional optical aids, and those that compare ATs given with or without instructions for use.
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Macular grid laser photocoagulation for branch retinal vein occlusion
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing macular grid laser photocoagulation treatment to another treatment, sham treatment or no treatment.
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Medical interventions for fungal keratitis
We included randomised controlled trials of medical therapy for fungal keratitis.
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Surgery for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
All randomized trials of surgical treatment of NAION were eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Optical reading aids for children and young people with low vision
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs where any optical low vision aid was compared to standard refractive correction in children and young people aged between 5 and 16 years of age with low vision as defined by the WHO. We planned to include within‐person design studies where the order of presentation of devices was randomised.
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Medical interventions for acanthamoeba keratitis
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of medical therapy for AK, regardless of the participants’ age, sex, or etiology of disease. We included studies that compared either anti‐amoeba therapy (drugs used alone or in combination with other medical therapies) with no anti‐amoeba therapy or one anti‐amoeba therapy with another anti‐amoeba therapy.
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Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs that compared face washing with no treatment or face washing combined with antibiotics against antibiotics alone. Trial participants were residents of endemic trachoma communities.
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Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials of HSV dendritic or geographic epithelial keratitis were included that reported the proportion of eyes healed at one week, two weeks, or both after enrolment.
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Interventions for asymptomatic retinal breaks and lattice degeneration for preventing retinal detachment
This review was designed to include randomized controlled trials in which one treatment for asymptomatic retinal breaks and lattice degeneration was compared with another treatment or no treatment.
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Excimer laser refractive surgery versus phakic intraocular lenses for the correction of moderate to high myopia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing excimer laser refractive surgery and phakic IOLs for the correction of myopia greater than 6.0 diopters (D) spherical equivalent.
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D‐Penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
We included randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials if they administered D‐penicillamine and compared it with no treatment or placebo to premature infants and reported on the outcome of ROP.
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Vitamin D for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people of all ages with active or inactive IBD comparing any dose of vitamin D with another dose of vitamin D, another intervention, placebo, or no intervention.We defined doses as: vitamin D (all doses), any‐treatment‐dose vitamin D (greater than 400 IU/day), high‐treatment‐dose vitamin D (greater than 1000 IU/day), low‐treatment‐dose vitamin D (400 IU/day to 1000 IU/day), and supplemental‐dose vitamin D (less than 400 IU/day).
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Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection
We considered for inclusion all randomised clinical trials evaluating FBHAs versus no topical intervention or non‐FBHAs, irrespective of publication type, publication status, language of publication, and outcomes reported. Eligible participants could have any liver pathology and be undergoing major or minor liver resections through open or laparoscopic surgery.
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Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients
We included randomised clinical trials evaluating prostaglandins initiated in the perioperative period compared with placebo or standard care for adults undergoing liver transplantation. We included trials irrespective of reported outcomes.
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Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)‐covered stents versus bare stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in people with liver cirrhosis
Randomised clinical trials comparing ePTFE‐covered stents versus bare stents in TIPS for treatment of people with liver cirrhosis.
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Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis
We included randomised clinical trials assessing prevention or treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin alone, or with a non‐absorbable disaccharide, versus placebo/no intervention, or a non‐absorbable disaccharide alone.
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Fibrin sealants for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreatic surgery
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared fibrin sealant (fibrin glue or fibrin sealant patch) versus control (no fibrin sealant or placebo) in people undergoing pancreatic surgery.
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Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor with or without stem or progenitor cell or growth factors infusion for people with compensated or decompensated advanced chronic liver disease
We only included randomised clinical trials comparing G‐CSF, independent of the schedule of administration, as a single treatment or combined with stem or progenitor cell infusion, or with other medical co‐interventions, with no intervention or placebo, in adults with chronic compensated or decompensated advanced chronic liver disease or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure. We included trials irrespective of publication type, publication status, outcomes reported, or language.
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Exercise interventions for adults after liver transplantation
We included randomised clinical trials in liver transplantation recipients comparing any type of exercise with no exercise, sham interventions, or another type of exercise.
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Remote care through telehealth for people with inflammatory bowel disease
All published, unpublished, and ongoing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated telehealth interventions targeted at people with IBD versus any other type of intervention or no intervention.We did not include studies based on digital patient information resources or education resources, unless they formed part of a wider package including an element of telehealth. We excluded studies where remote monitoring of blood or faecal tests was the only form of monitoring.
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Patient education interventions for the management of inflammatory bowel disease
All published, unpublished and ongoing randomised control trials (RCTs) that compare educational interventions targeted at people with IBD to any other type of intervention or no intervention.
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Erythromycin prior to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated erythromycin before endoscopy compared to any other treatment or no treatment/placebo before endoscopy in adults with acute UGIH.
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Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, non‐randomized controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs), and matched cohort studies of interventions aimed at introducing or expanding the coverage and/or use of sanitation facilities in children and adults in any country or population. Our primary outcome of interest was diarrhoea and secondary outcomes included dysentery (bloody diarrhoea), persistent diarrhoea, hospital or clinical visits for diarrhoea, mortality, and adverse events. We included sanitation interventions whether they were conducted independently or in combination with other interventions.
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Fundoplication in laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy for achalasia
We only included RCTs which recruited adult participants with achalasia undergoing LHC with minimal hiatal dissection. We excluded non‐randomised studies or studies involving paediatric participants. We also excluded studies where the procedure was done by open surgery and where circumferential hiatal dissection of the oesophagus was carried out, unless it was necessary to reduce a hiatus hernia or to facilitate a Toupet or Nissen fundoplication.
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Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults and children with enteric fever that compared a cephalosporin to another antimicrobial, a different cephalosporin, or a different treatment duration of the intervention cephalosporin. Enteric fever was diagnosed on the basis of blood culture, bone marrow culture, or molecular tests.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Electromagnetic‐guided versus endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes
We included randomised trials comparing electromagnetic‐guided placement with endoscopic‐guided placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes. We excluded prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, (nested) case‐control studies, cross‐sectional studies, and case series or case reports.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Certolizumab pegol for maintenance of medically induced remission in Crohn’s disease
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CZP with placebo in adults with CD.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Physical activity for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
We included RCTs involving adults (aged 18 years or older) diagnosed with IBS and conducted in any setting comparing a physical activity intervention with no intervention, usual care or wait‐list control group or another physical activity intervention group and assessing a validated measure of symptoms, quality of life or bowel movement.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antibiotics for uncomplicated diverticulitis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including all types of patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of left‐sided uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. Comparator and interventions included antibiotics compared to no antibiotics, placebo, or to any other antibiotic treatment (different regimens, routes of administration, dosage or duration of treatment). Primary outcome measures were complications and emergency surgery. Secondary outcomes were recurrence, late complications, elective colonic resections, length of hospital stay, length to recovery of symptoms, adverse events and mortality.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease
We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effectiveness and safety of SCT in refractory CD versus standard care alone (control) or with placebo.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in corticosteroid‐refractory ulcerative colitis
Two review authors independently selected potentially relevant studies to determine eligibility based on the prespecified criteria.
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Guidewire‐assisted cannulation of the common bile duct for the prevention of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the guidewire‐assisted cannulation technique versus the contrast‐assisted cannulation technique in people undergoing ERCP.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared treatment with a PPI (oral or intravenous) versus control treatment with either placebo, histamine‐2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) or no treatment, prior to endoscopy in hospitalised people with uninvestigated upper GI bleeding.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation versus no intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy
We only considered randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, publication status, or relevance of outcome measure) comparing local anaesthetic intraperitoneal instillation versus placebo, no intervention, or inactive control during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, for the review. We excluded non‐randomised studies, and studies where the method of allocating participants to a treatment was not strictly random (e.g. date of birth, hospital record number, or alternation).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Mesh fixation techniques in primary ventral or incisional hernia repair
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including adults with primary ventral or incisional hernia that compared different types of mesh fixation techniques (absorbable/nonabsorbable sutures, absorbable/nonabsorbable tacks, fibrin glue, and combinations of these techniques).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis
We included only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or status) in adults with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding. We excluded randomised clinical trials in which participants had previous bleeding from oesophageal varices and those who had previously undergone liver transplantation or previously received prophylactic treatment for oesophageal varices.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Secondary prevention of variceal bleeding in adults with previous oesophageal variceal bleeding due to decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis
We included only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or status) in adults with cirrhosis and previous history of bleeding from oesophageal varices. We excluded randomised clinical trials in which participants had no previous history of bleeding from oesophageal varices, previous history of bleeding only from gastric varices, those who failed previous treatment (refractory bleeding), those who had acute bleeding at the time of treatment, and those who had previously undergone liver transplantation.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Risk of postoperative infectious complications from medical therapies in inflammatory bowel disease
Randomized controlled trials, quasi‐randomized controlled trials, non‐randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, case‐control studies and cross‐sectional studies comparing patients treated with an IBD medication preoperatively or within 30 days postoperatively to patients who were not taking that medication. Manuscripts and abstracts were included.
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Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic intervention with or without medical treatment for prevention of rebleeding in people with cirrhosis
Randomised clinical trials comparing shunts versus endoscopic interventions with or without medical treatment in people with cirrhosis who had recovered from a variceal haemorrhage.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation
We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any intervention for preventing postpartum constipation versus another intervention, placebo, or no intervention in postpartum women. Interventions could include pharmacological (e.g. laxatives) and non‐pharmacological interventions (e.g. acupuncture, educational and behavioural interventions). Quasi‐randomised trials and cluster‐RCTs were eligible for inclusion; none were identified. Trials using a cross‐over design were not eligible.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Adalimumab for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
We considered for inclusion randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adalimumab to placebo or to an active comparator.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of postoperative wound infection in adults undergoing open elective inguinal or femoral hernia repair
We included randomised controlled trials comparing any type of antibiotic prophylaxis versus placebo or no treatment for preventing postoperative wound infections in adults undergoing inguinal or femoral open hernia repair surgery (tissue repair and mesh repair).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acute pancreatitis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing enteral feeding by nasogastric and nasojejunal tubes in participants with severe acute pancreatitis.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease
We considered for inclusion randomized controlled trials in which monoclonal antibodies against IL‐12/23p40 were compared to placebo or another active comparator in participants with quiescent CD.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Adalimumab for induction of remission in Crohn's disease
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any dose of adalimumab to placebo or an active comparator in participants with active CD were included.