anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
primary outcome:
Preoperative exercise training for people with non‐small cell lung cancer
Risk of developing a postoperative pulmonary complication (i.e. pneumonia (new infiltrate coupled with either fever (greater than 38 ºC) and purulent secretions, or fever and white cell count greater than 11,000), bronchopleural fistula, severe atelectasis that required chest physiotherapy, or bronchoscopy and prolonged mechanical ventilation (greater than 48 hours)).Number of days participants needed an intercostal catheter following surgery.Safety of the intervention as measured by numbers of adverse events postintervention (preoperative).
primary outcome:
Dexrazoxane for preventing or reducing cardiotoxicity in adults and children with cancer receiving anthracyclines
Heart failure:clinical heart failure (as defined by the authors; including death caused by heart failure) clinical heart failure (as defined by the authors; including death caused by heart failure) and subclinical myocardial dysfunction (defined as either abnormalities in cardiac function measured by imaging (echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) or histological abnormalities scored by the Billingham score (Billingham 1978) on endomyocardial biopsy) combinedOverall survival (OS) or overall mortality
primary outcome:
Debulking hysterectomy followed by chemoradiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy for FIGO stage (2019) IB3/II cervical cancer
Overall survival (OS): survival until mortality from all causes. We planned to assess survival from the time when women were randomised into the studiesSurgery‐related adverse events: surgery‐related complications measured as the proportion of women who develop one or more of the items below (according to the study definition) within 12 weeksIntraoperative complicationsHaemorrhageBladder injuryGastrointestinal tract injury ‐ small or large bowelVascular injuryUreteric injuryNerve injuryCardiac or respiratory complicationsAnaphylaxisWe planned to classify postoperative complications as either early (before discharge from hospital or within seven days of surgery), late (from seven days to follow‐up: within 12 weeks of surgery), or total (early and late):Wound breakdownInfectionLymphocyst/lymphoedemaAbscessBowel obstruction/ileusBowel perforationPrimary haemorrhageSecondary haemorrhageUreteric obstructionFistula (urinary or bowel)Anastomotic leakHerniaCardiac or respiratory complicationsPulmonary embolismDeep vein thrombosisNeurologicalPsychiatric/psychosexual problemsCCRT‐related adverse events: CCRT‐related complications, measured as the proportion of women who develop one or more of the items below (according to the study definition) within two years:Haematological or blood (leukopenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, haemorrhage)Gastrointestinal or bowel (nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea, proctitis, bowel obstruction)Genitourinary (sexual dysfunction, urinary frequency, haematuria, incontinence, renal failure)Skin (stomatitis, mucositis, desquamation, alopecia, allergy)Lymphoedema (swelling of the legs due to lymphatic obstruction)InfectionNeurological or nervous system (peripheral and central)Pulmonary or lung (dyspnoea)General (weakness, fatigue, lethargy, malaise)
primary outcome:
Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care
self/clinician report of number of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements (within 24 hours and two weeks, by any scale or measure);patient report change in bowel status measured using for instance the three‐item Bowel Function Index (BFI), where scores above 28.8 indicate constipation, or rating via the Patient Global Impression of Change using for bowel status a single rating system of better, no change or worse (within the duration of the trial).symptoms of opioid withdrawal such as sweating, tremor, restlessness and anxiety. This could be measured using for instance the Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS), where a total score of greater than five is considered elevated and clinically significant;change in analgesic requirements such as a 10% increase in requirements;intensity of pain however measured.number and type of adverse event.
primary outcome:
Ultra‐radical (extensive) surgery versus standard surgery for the primary cytoreduction of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes. Survival was assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study. One study reported disease‐specific survival rather than death from any cause  (Aletti 2006a). We additionally added this as an outcome in the review.
primary outcome:
Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study, or as defined by the trial authors.
primary outcome:
Impact of low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening on lung cancer‐related mortality
Lung cancer‐related mortality ≥ 5 years post‐randomisationHarms of screening at any time point, including the number of invasive tests performed in those with a false‐positive diagnosis (positive screen in the absence of lung cancer), and any complications arising from these tests, including death
primary outcome:
Taxane monotherapy regimens for the treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes. We assessed survival from the time when women were enrolled in the study.Response rate: the sum of complete and partial responders as defined by a standardised response criterion such as R esponse E valuation C riteria I n S olid Tumours (RECIST) or that of the World Health Organization (WHO) (Litière 2016; Park 2003).Quality of life, measured using a scale that has been validated through reporting of norms in a peer‐reviewed publication (Cella 1993; Spitzer 1981).
primary outcome:
Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain
Pain was the primary outcome. This is often reported as pain intensity (typically reported as a continuous measure, measured on a visual assessment scale (VAS) or numerical rating scale (NRS)) or pain relief (typically reported as a categorical measure), which we have treated as measures of essentially the same thing, albeit from opposite starting points (i.e. effectiveness is demonstrated by pain intensity going down and by pain relief going up). The majority of the included studies reported pain intensity, with much fewer studies reporting pain relief apart from the newly added Chinese‐language studies (see also Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity; Sensitivity analysis; Excluded studies). We therefore meta‐analysed pain intensity and treated this as our primary outcome measure (see also Measures of treatment effect; Data synthesis), but we also meta‐analysed pain relief, where possible.Both these outcomes had to be participant‐reported and could be reported in any transparent manner (e.g. by using numerical or verbal rating scales). We did not consider these outcomes when reported by physicians, nurses, or carers. If possible, we aimed to distinguish between nociceptive and neuropathic pain, but the data were not presented in a manner that made this possible.
primary outcome:
Perioperative enhanced recovery programmes for women with gynaecological cancers
Length of postoperative hospital stay (i.e. the number of days from the day of surgery to discharge).Postoperative complication rate within 30 days of operation, for example: acute confusion, nausea and vomiting, postoperative fever, secondary haemorrhage, atelectasis (i.e. the lack of gas exchange within alveoli owing to blood consolidation), pneumonia, wound infection, wound or anastomosis dehiscence (i.e. breakdown of the stitches), embolism and deep vein thrombosis, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, bowel obstruction owing to fibrinous adhesions, paralytic ileus, incisional hernia, persistent fistula (i.e. an abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels that normally do not connect).Early and late postoperative mortality from all causes (early mortality is defined as death within 30 days of operation; late mortality is defined as death within two to three months of operation).
primary outcome:
Gases for establishing pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic abdominal surgery
Complications (30 days; defined and graded by the Clavien‐Dindo complications classification system) (Clavien 2009).Cardiopulmonary complications (defined by authors, e.g. arrhythmia, ischaemias, atelectasis, hypoxaemia, pneumothorax, pulmonary oedema).Procedure‐related general complications (surgical morbidity).Pneumoperitoneum‐related serious adverse events (30 days; defined by authors, e.g. gas embolism, subcutaneous emphysema, abdominal explosion).
primary outcome:
Weekly versus tri‐weekly paclitaxel with carboplatin for first‐line treatment in women with epithelial ovarian cancer
PFS, defined as time from randomisation to disease progression or death from any cause.OS, defined as time from randomisation to death from any cause.The primary toxicity outcome of interest was the risk of severe neutropenia, defined as grade 3 or 4 neutropenia classified according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 (CTCAE 2018).
primary outcome:
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer
Overall survival (OS)
primary outcome:
Antecolic versus retrocolic reconstruction after partial pancreaticoduodenectomy
Delayed gastric emptying (preferably defined according to the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) definition (Wente 2007a)).
primary outcome:
Systemic therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor‐induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer
Symptoms of AIMSS (specifically pain, stiffness and grip strength) from baseline. These were preferably assessed by validated questionnaires, such as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General (FACT‐G), Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36) and the Modified Score for the Assessment of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands (M‐SACRAH). These questionnaires identified participant symptoms including, but not limited to, pain (e.g. severity of pain, change in pain scores), physical function (e.g. using stairs, sitting up, performing domestic duties) and stiffness. These outcomes were assessed for both the impact on AIMSS immediately after the intervention, and in the long‐term, where available.Safety of the intervention, including adverse effects. All grade of adverse events were considered from each intervention.
primary outcome:
Targeted therapy for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer
Progression‐free survival (PFS): defined as the time from date of randomisation to date of objective disease progression by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST 1.1; Eisenhauer 2009) or death from any cause, whichever occurred first.Adverse events (AE) as reported by the included trials individually. We presented the incidence of overall, grade 3 and 4, grade 5 AEs and by AE type (gastrointestinal, haematological, hepatic, and general). AE grade (1 to 5) was defined by common terminology criteria for AEs (CTCAE v4). We also presented treatment reductions, which includes possible dose reduction, interruption, and treatment discontinuation as a measure of tolerability.
primary outcome:
Early palliative interventions for improving outcomes in people with a primary malignant brain tumour and their carers
Quality of lifeSymptom controlPsychological outcomesOverall survival
primary outcome:
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy
Overall survival, defined as the time to death from any cause (or total mortality)
primary outcome:
Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery
Mortality30‐day mortality90‐day mortalityInfectious complicationsintra‐abdominal infection (measured at 30 days)wound infection (measured at 30 days)Drain‐related complications (measured at 30 days)
primary outcome:
Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent
Overall survival: defined as the interval between the date of randomisation and the date of death from any cause.Progression‐free survival: defined as the time from randomisation to either death or disease progression, whichever occurred first. Disease progression was defined according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST; Therasse 2000), as at least a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum of the longest diameter recorded since the treatment starts, or the appearance of one or more new lesions.
primary outcome:
Blue versus white light for transurethral resection of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer
Time to disease recurrence (time‐to‐event outcome).Time to disease progression (time‐to‐event outcome).Surgical complications, serious (grade III, IV, and V according to Clavien‐Dindo) (dichotomous outcome) (Clavien 2009).
primary outcome:
Antiemetics for adults for prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: a network meta‐analysis
We included all trials fitting the inclusion criteria mentioned above, irrespective of reported outcomes. We estimated the relative ranking of competing interventions according to each of the following outcomes.
primary outcome:
Perioperative systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in women undergoing breast surgery
Incidence of breast hematoma within 90 days of breast surgery (requiring reoperation, interventional drainage, or no treatment). Hematomas were measured with clinical diagnosis alone or imaging.Pain intensity 24 (± 12) hours following surgery. Pain was measured with validated pain scales including the numerical rating scale (NRS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and verbal categorical rating scale (VRS), which are ascertained from reviews on pain assessment (Hjermstad 2011; Younger 2009).
primary outcome:
Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer
Psychological outcomes (e.g. state anxiety, depression, distress, mood, hope, resilience)Physical symptoms (e.g. fatigue, pain)
primary outcome:
Oral anticoagulation in people with cancer who have no therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation
All‐cause mortality
primary outcome:
Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing gram‐positive infections associated with long‐term central venous catheters in adults and children receiving treatment for cancer
CVC‐related sepsis (CRS). Many CRS definitions are used throughout the literature; most studies used the catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) or central‐line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) definition (CDC CLABSI Criteria; Mermel 2009; O'Grady 2002). Some authors registered all bloodstream infections (BSI), defined as infection‐related symptoms and a positive blood culture.Local infections, i.e. exit‐site infections (positive exit site culture, cellulitis or pus around the exit site) or tunnel infections (cellulitis overlying the tunnel tract).
primary outcome:
Antithrombotic therapy for ambulatory patients with multiple myeloma receiving immunomodulatory agents
All‐cause mortality.
primary outcome:
School‐based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18
Proportion of students meeting recommendations for moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)Duration of MVPASedentary time
primary outcome:
Roux‐en‐Y versus Billroth‐I reconstruction after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Health‐related quality of life after surgery (at time point closest to 12 months postoperatively), assessed by any generic and disease‐specific questionnaires on domains such as global health status and physical and mental well‐being.Incidence of anastomotic leakage (defined as Clavien‐Dindo grade II or greater) (Clavien 2009; Dindo 2004), within 30 days after surgery.
primary outcome:
Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma
All‐cause mortality.Serious adverse events. We used the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice's definition of a serious adverse event (ICH‐GCP 1997), i.e. any untoward medical occurrence that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly or birth defect. We considered all other adverse events as non‐serious (see below).Health‐related quality of life (as reported by the participants and as assessed by standard grading systems measured on a valid scale (e.g. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Hepatobiliary cancers) (FACT‐Hep 2015).
primary outcome:
Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening
Uptake or non‐uptake of cervical screening, as recorded by health service records (such as screening administration system, hospital or primary care physician records)Uptake or non‐uptake of cervical screening as collected via self‐report (i.e. directly reported by the participant in a telephone interview or questionnaire)
primary outcome:
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents, and young adults with primary metastatic Ewing sarcoma
Event‐free survival (as defined by the authors of the original study)Overall survival (as defined by the authors of the original study)Quality‐adjusted survival (as defined by the authors of the original study)Toxicity (i.e. adverse effects) of the treatment (as defined by the authors of the original study)
primary outcome:
Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer
1.1 Local recurrence‐free survival (LR‐FS) in the ipsilateral breast. We defined local recurrence as a recurrence of the same histological type of cancer within the same quadrant of the breast as the primary cancer.1.2 Cosmesis (cosmetic outcome or breast appearance).
primary outcome:
Hydromorphone for cancer pain
Participant‐reported pain intensity levels measured using a validated VAS or categorical pain scale. We were particularly interested in, but not limited to, numbers of participants who achieved 'no worse than mild pain' (Moore 2013). "No or mild pain" has been previously considered as: 3/10 on a numerical rating scale, or 30/100 mm on a VAS (Wiffen 2013). We did not consider physician, nurse or carer‐reported measures of pain.Participant‐reported pain relief measured using a validated scale.
primary outcome:
Degarelix for treating advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
Overall survivalSerious adverse events
primary outcome:
Physical therapy interventions, other than general physical exercise interventions, in children and adolescents before, during and following treatment for cancer
Quality of life: measured by scales such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL Core), Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), and DISABKIDS or other validated questionnaires.Adverse events related to the physical therapy intervention such as falls, fractures, soft tissue injuries, or any worsening of impairments (e.g. pain) requiring withdrawal from the study.
primary outcome:
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery versus surgery followed by chemotherapy for initial treatment in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer
Overall survival (OS): defined as death from any cause from time of randomisationProgression‐free survival (PFS): defined as time free of disease progression or death from time of randomisation
primary outcome:
Protons versus photons for the treatment of chordoma
Local control (LC) with proton compared to photon therapy, defined by the authors of the included studies by only included study as the absence of tumor or persistent mass with no evident growth (Park 2006).Overall survival (OS) with proton compared to photon therapy, defined by authors of the included studies (5 years (Park 2006 ; Jagersberg 2017) , and 10 years overall survival (Park 2006).Progression‐free survival (PFS) with proton compared to photon therapy, defined by authors of the included studies as the period between the time of additional surgery and former surgery (Takahashi 2009).Treatment‐related toxicity, using definitions provided by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, particularly the frequency of higher severity (grade 2 or above) adverse events (CTCAE 2017).
primary outcome:
Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer
Time to recurrence (time‐to‐event outcome).Time to progression (time‐to‐event outcome).Grade III to V adverse events (dichotomous outcome).
primary outcome:
Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Overall survival (OS): defined as time from randomisation to death from any cause (https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/overall-survival).Progression‐free survival (PFS): defined as time from randomisation to cancer progression or death from any cause. (https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/progression-free-survival).
primary outcome:
PARP (Poly ADP‐Ribose Polymerase) inhibitors for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer
Overall survival (OS), defined as the length of time from randomisation to death from any cause.
primary outcome:
First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer
Overall survivalProgression‐free survival
primary outcome:
Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults
Lean body mass, assessed at the first study time point following the end of an exercise programme.
primary outcome:
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting therapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer
Overall survival (OS), defined as the time interval from randomisation to death from any cause, or to last follow‐upSpecific adverse events, including gastrointestinal perforations or fistulae, haemorrhage, thromboembolic events, and hypertension
primary outcome:
Paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation versus general anaesthesia for women undergoing breast cancer surgery
Quality of recovery during the initial postoperative period (1 to 3 days) assessed by outcomes such as incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative analgesic requirement, hospital stay, time to ambulation, and patient satisfactionPostoperative pain at rest at 2 hours, at 6 hours, and at 24 hours on the first postoperative day measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) with a range of 0 to 10, or 0 to 100, or a numerical rating scale (NRS) with a similar rangePostoperative pain on movement at 2 hours, at 6 hours, and at 24 hours on the first postoperative day measured on a VAS with a range of 0 to 10, or 0 to 100, or an NRS with a similar rangeMortality related to the anaesthetic technique, if any
primary outcome:
Treatment options for progression or recurrence of glioblastoma: a network meta‐analysis
Overall survival: survival from study entry until death from all causes, or as reported by investigatorsHealth‐related quality of life (QoL): as measured using a standardised questionnaire, e.g. the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ‐C30 or QLQ‐BN20 (specific for brain cancer), or the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale (FACT‐G (general) or FACT‐Br (specific for brain cancer))
primary outcome:
Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen
1. Endometrial polyps2. Endometrial hyperplasia3. Endometrial cancer
primary outcome:
Abiraterone acetate in combination with androgen deprivation therapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy only for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
Time to death due to any causeQuality of life
primary outcome:
Body weight management in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors
Overall survival: generally defined in RCTs as time elapsed between randomisation (or study enrolment or intervention initiation) to date of death from any cause.Breast cancer recurrence: generally defined in RCTs as time elapsed between randomisation (or study enrolment or intervention initiation) and event, with event defined as disease recurrence.
primary outcome:
Bisphosphonates or RANK‐ligand‐inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases: a network meta‐analysis
Proportion of participants with pain response. We considered all trials reporting on the proportion of participants with pain response. We did not impose restrictions on pain assessment tools or the definition of pain response in the trials. We defined pain response as a reduction in pain scores as defined in the trials (see Effects of interventions under Primary outcome: proportion of participants with pain response; Network meta‐analysis).Adverse eventsRenal impairment. We considered all trials reporting renal adverse events. As drugs might be described with nephrotoxicity with variable expression, we considered creatinine elevation and renal failure as renal adverse events.Osteonecrosis of the jaw
primary outcome:
Platinum‐containing regimens for triple‐negative metastatic breast cancer
Overall survival (OS)Progression‐free survival/time to progression (PFS/TTP)
primary outcome:
Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Progression‐free survival (PFS)Overall survival (OS)Serious adverse events (SAEs; Grade 3 or 4)
primary outcome:
Prophylaxis of thromboembolism during therapy with asparaginase in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
First‐time symptomatic venous thromboembolism during ALL treatment with asparaginase until four weeks after the last asparaginase dose (the cut‐off time point of measurable pegylated asparaginase activity (Henriksen 2017)) (benefit; dichotomous).All‐cause mortality (harm; dichotomous).Major bleeding events during treatment with primary systemic prophylactic treatment for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (harm; dichotomous), defined as non‐traumatic fatal bleeding and/or symptomatic haemorrhage in a critical area or organ (intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal, intra‐articular, pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome) and/or bleeding causing a decrease in haemoglobin level of at least 20 g/L (1.24 mmol/L) within one day, or leading to transfusion of at least 2 units of whole blood or red blood cells (Schulman 2005)).
primary outcome:
The effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of hospital‐based specialist palliative care for adults with advanced illness and their caregivers
Patient health‐related quality of life, measured using validated assessment scales which may be generic and disease/condition‐specific health‐related quality of life measures; andPatient symptom burden, specifically, a collection of two or more symptoms which could be physical (e.g. pain), psychological (e.g. anxiety, depression), social or spiritual domains, either patient or proxy‐reported through validated generalised assessment scales.
primary outcome:
Retzius‐sparing versus standard robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer.
Urinary continence within one week after catheter removal (dichotomous outcome).Urinary continence three months after surgery (dichotomous outcome).Serious adverse events (dichotomous outcome).
primary outcome:
Helicobacter pylori eradication for the prevention of gastric neoplasia
To assess the proportion of H. pylori‐positive individuals randomised to receive eradication therapy that developed gastric cancer, compared with those who received placebo or no treatment.
primary outcome:
Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer
Time to death from any cause (time‐to‐event outcome)
primary outcome:
Telephone interventions for symptom management in adults with cancer
Anxiety (measured by validated instruments such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) or the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI))Depressive symptoms (measured by validated instruments such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); or the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D))Emotional distress (measured by validated instruments such as the Profile of Mood States (POMS))Uncertainty from being diagnosed with, and treated for, cancer (as measured by validated instruments such as the Mischel Uncertainty in Illness Scale)Fatigue (measured by validated instruments such as the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI); the Multi‐dimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI); or the Piper Fatigue Scale)Pain (measured by validated instruments such as the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI))Nausea/ vomiting (measured by validated instruments such as the Index of Nausea, Vomiting and Retching (INVR))Sexually‐related symptoms (measured by validated instruments such as the Index of Sexual Satisfaction; the Female Sexual Function Index; or the International Index of Erectile Function)Lung cancer symptoms (measured by validated instruments such as the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy ‐ Lung Cancer (FACT‐L) or the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) for dyspnoea items)
primary outcome:
Surgery versus radical endotherapies for early cancer and high‐grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus
In patients with HGD:1. Progression to cancer at one or more years.In patients with early cancer:2. Overall survival at one or more years. All reports of survival will be considered, such as hazard ratios, log rank tests, percentages.
primary outcome:
External beam radiation dose escalation for high grade glioma
Overall survival (survival time in months from randomisation to death from any cause).Adverse effects (a qualitative description of adverse effects was provided when adverse effects could not be pooled quantitatively).
primary outcome:
Physical activity interventions for disease‐related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non‐advanced colorectal cancer
Physical function (e.g. Karnofsky Performance Status Scale; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Scale; timed chair rise test; timed 'Up & Go' test) or other valid instrumentsDisease‐related mental health (e.g. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); Beck Depression Index (BDI))Adverse events (participants experiencing at least 1 adverse event, e.g. injury, death, adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the intervention)
primary outcome:
Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis
need for a repeat pleural procedure to manage recurrence of the effusion, or continued drainage of pleural fluid from an IPC (if applicable);evidence of significant pleural fluid re‐accumulation on radiological imaging (e.g. chest X‐ray or ultrasound);pleurodesis failure in the opinion of the trial investigators.2 ‐ 4 months;more than 4 ‐ 7 months;more than 7 ‐ 11 months;more than 11‐12 months;less than 2 months;more than 12 months.
primary outcome:
Health education interventions to promote early presentation and referral for women with symptoms of endometrial cancer
Overall survival: defined as survival of women with endometrial cancer from diagnosis from all causesDisease‐free survival: defined as survival of women with endometrial cancer until the appearance of a new lesion of disease
primary outcome:
Ovarian suppression for adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor‐positive early breast cancer
Overall survival (OS), defined as the time from date randomised to date of death due to any causeDisease‐free survival (DFS), defined as the time from date randomised to first recurrence, contralateral breast cancer, second breast cancer, or death, or as defined by the study
primary outcome:
Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people
We considered the following primary outcomes in this review.Since the role of the drugs included in this review could also have an impact on other cancers or diseases, we also considered the following secondary outcomes.
primary outcome:
Exercise therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor‐induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer
Prevention and treatment of symptoms of AIMSS (pain, stiffness, and grip strength) from baseline. These were preferably assessed by validated questionnaires, such as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General (FACT‐G), Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36), and the Modified Score for the Assessment of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands (M‐SACRAH)Safety of the intervention, including adverse effects, such as injury
primary outcome:
Hormone replacement therapy after surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer
Overall survival: survival until death from all causes; survival was assessed from time of enrolment in the study.Quality of life: defined as an individual's perception of life in the context of the culture and value systems (which also includes specific menopausal symptoms like hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, etc.) measured by any validated scale or questionnaire for quality of life.
primary outcome:
Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults
Delirium symptoms within 24 hours and between 24 and 48 hoursAgitation score within 24 hours and between 24 and 48 hoursNumber of adverse events, including extrapyramidal effects
primary outcome:
Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer
Hearing loss (as defined by the authors of the original study).Tinnitus (as defined by the authors of the original study).Overall survival (as defined by the authors of the original study).
primary outcome:
Early versus delayed postoperative radiotherapy for treatment of low‐grade gliomas
OS, defined as survival until death from all causes from time of randomisation.PFS, defined as survival until evidence of tumour recurrence is documented by CT or MRI scan.
primary outcome:
Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third‐generation drugs for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Overall survival.Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), assessed by a validated scale.
primary outcome:
Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer
Time to death from any cause (defined as the time from the date of randomisation to the date of death).Serious adverse effects (adverse effects were considered serious when they required hospitalisation, were life‐threatening or were reported as serious by the authors of the original publication).
primary outcome:
Interval brain imaging for adults with cerebral glioma
Overall survival (as time‐to‐event or dichotomous outcomes or both)
primary outcome:
Comparison of different human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine types and dose schedules for prevention of HPV‐related disease in females and males
Invasive cervical, vaginal, vulval, anal, or penile cancerIn females, histologically‐confirmed high‐grade cervical (CIN2, CIN3, and adenocarcinoma in situ), vaginal, vulval, or anal intraepithelial neoplasia, irrespective of HPV genotype, or any lesions associated with the HPV genotypes included in the vaccineIn males, histologically‐confirmed anal, or penile, perianal or perineal intraepithelial neoplasia of any grade, irrespective of HPV genotype, or any lesions associated with the HPV genotypes included in the vaccineAnogenital wartsAdverse events related to the vaccines: local adverse events (overall local/injection site adverse events, redness, swelling, pain at the injection site), assessed at the follow‐up times reported in the trials (usually up to seven days); overall systemic events and general symptoms assessed at the follow‐up times reported in the trials (usually up to 15 days)Serious adverse events and mortality: any events that are fatal, life‐threatening, or result in hospitalisation and mortality. We collected information from each trial about whether these events were considered to be vaccine‐related and the methods of adverse events data monitoring and collection, including mode of data collection, timing, attribution methods, intensity of ascertainment, harms‐related monitoring and stopping rules, and reporting based on event frequency (i.e. frequency‐based filter), based on the CONSORT statement extension for reporting harms (Ioannidis 2004; Lineberry 2016).
primary outcome:
Follow‐up strategies following completion of primary cancer treatment in adult cancer survivors
Overall survival: calculated from time of randomisation or recruitment to study until time of deathTime to detection of recurrence: calculated from time of randomisation or recruitment to study until detection of recurrence. In some studies, this outcome was called disease‐free survival.
primary outcome:
Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery
Incidence of postsurgical breast surgical site (wound) infection (SSI)*. Where possible, this should be reported as the number of participants in each group with a clinically significant infection. Research demonstrates that 98% of acute SSIs related to non‐implant breast surgery occur within 28 days (Mitchell 1999). However, where there is surgical re‐construction, guidelines recommend that this time is increased to one year post surgery (Mangram 1999). Therefore we included all studies that presented data on acute SSI within one year of surgery. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on studies with outlying follow‐up periods and risk of bias to assess whether they had a significant impact on pooled data.Adverse reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis, gastro‐intestinal or skin rash).
primary outcome:
Follow‐up strategies for patients treated for non‐metastatic colorectal cancer
Overall survival (measured from the time of randomisation in the study)
primary outcome:
Taxanes for adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer
Overall survival (OS), defined as time from randomisation/study entry until death from any cause
primary outcome:
Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer
Prostate cancer‐specific survival [PC‐SS] measured from randomization date to date of prostate cancer death.Late gastrointestinal (GI) radiation therapy toxicity (occurring or lasting more than 90 days after RT is completed) Grade II Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (RTOG/EORTC) or greater toxicity.Late gastrointestinal (GU) radiation therapy toxicity (occurring or lasting more than 90 days after RT is completed) Grade II RTOG/EORTC RT or greater toxicity.
primary outcome:
Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin for abdominal or pelvic surgery
incidence of VTE within 30 days after surgery, including both symptomatic and asymptomatic VTE and PE (verified by objective methods: radiographic diagnosis/confirmation (duplex ultrasonography, CT angiography)).
primary outcome:
Long‐term neurocognitive and other side effects of radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, for glioma
Cognitive impairment (objective or subjective), as measured by an overall cognitive function score, a change over time score, or as a categorical outcome. This includes evaluation of cognitive impairment as individual cognitive function domains, e.g. verbal fluency, processing speed, memory, attention, and executive functioning, using a standardised measurement tool, e.g. Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ).Quality of life (QoL), as measured using a standardised questionnaire, e.g. the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ‐C30 or QLQ‐BN20 (specific for brain cancer), or the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale (FACT‐G (general) or FACT‐Br (specific for brain cancer)).
primary outcome:
Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of hospital stay and postoperative complications
Length of hospital stay (days)Postoperative complications using the Clavien‐Dindo classification for surgical complications (Dindo 2004):wound infections (e.g. a standardised criteria to assess wound infection (Buzby II‐IV:Buzby 1988)intraabdominal abscessesanastomotic leakage/dehiscencepneumonia (within hospital stay)
primary outcome:
Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer
Caregiver quality of life (QoL) that was measured by a reliable and validated scale (Lipscomb 2005)
primary outcome:
Exercise training undertaken by people within 12 months of lung resection for non‐small cell lung cancer
Exercise capacity as measured either as VO2peak during a maximal incremental exercise test or as the 6MWD.Safety of the intervention as measured by numbers of adverse events.
primary outcome:
Early versus deferred standard androgen suppression therapy for advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
Time to death of any causeSerious adverse events
primary outcome:
Perioperative nutrition for the treatment of bladder cancer by radical cystectomy
Complications up to 90 days after surgery (e.g. sepsis, wound breakdown, paralytic ileus or infections).Length of hospital stay.
primary outcome:
Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Time to bladder cancer recurrence (time‐to‐event outcome)Time to death from UTUC (time‐to‐event outcome)Serious adverse events (dichotomous outcome)
primary outcome:
Extended versus standard lymph node dissection for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in patients undergoing radical cystectomy
Time to death from any cause (overall survival, time‐to‐event outcome)Time to death from bladder cancer (disease‐specific survival, time‐to‐event outcome)Clavien‐Dindo III‐V complications (dichotomous outcome)
primary outcome:
Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer
Hearing loss (as defined by the authors of the original studies).Tinnitus (as defined by the authors of the original studies).Survival (overall survival and event‐free survival as defined by the authors of the original study).
primary outcome:
Risk‐reducing medications for primary breast cancer: a network meta‐analysis
Overall breast cancer incidence (in situ and invasive carcinoma); andSevere toxicity (i.e. grade 3 and 4 toxicities according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Toxicity Criteria or equivalent) .
primary outcome:
Anti‐GD2 antibody‐containing immunotherapy postconsolidation therapy for people with high‐risk neuroblastoma treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Overall survival (as defined in the original studies).Treatment‐related mortality: incidence of deaths that were classified as treatment related or the participants died of treatment complications.
primary outcome:
Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults
Time to recurrenceMajor postoperative complications (class III to V) (Dindo 2004)
primary outcome:
Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for women diagnosed with breast cancer
Quality of life (QoL) measured with reliable and validated instruments such as the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General (FACT‐G; King 2014), the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36; Ware 1992), or disease‐specific questionnaires such as the English European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30 (QLQ‐C30; Lundy 2014).
primary outcome:
Systematic screening and assessment of psychosocial well‐being and care needs of people with cancer
HRQoL, e.g. measured with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ‐C30) or the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) (Aaronson 1993; Aaronson 1998).Distress, e.g. measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond 1983), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck 1996), or the Distress Thermometer (DT) (Tuinman 2008).Supportive care needs, e.g. measured with the Supportive Care Needs Survey (SCNS), Sanson‐Fisher 2000, or the Cancer Survivors' Unmet Needs measure (CaSUN) (Hodgkinson 2007).Adverse events: overburdening of patients by screening procedures, or induced fear or stress by discussing potential concerns and care needs with people with cancer who normally might prefer to use an avoidance‐coping strategy.
primary outcome:
Outpatient treatment for people with cancer who develop a low‐risk febrile neutropaenic event
Treatment failure: a composite end point comprising one or more of the following: death; persistence, recurrence, or worsening of clinical signs or symptoms of presenting infection; modification of initial empirical antibiotic scheme (Consensus panel 1990; Feld 1998; Feld 2002). If studies defined treatment failure differently, the outcome was considered as reported in the study.All‐cause mortality at 30 days follow‐up.
primary outcome:
Palliative interventions for controlling vaginal bleeding in advanced cervical cancer
Deaths from haemorrhage.Anaemia (defined as haemoglobin concentration less than 11 g/dL).
primary outcome:
Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness
Our main outcomes were parenting behavior (e.g. self‐report measures of behavioral responses to their child, such as overprotective or solicitous behaviors), and parent mental health (e.g. self‐report measures of anxiety, depression).
primary outcome:
Intralesional treatment versus wide resection for central low‐grade chondrosarcoma of the long bones
Primary outcome was recurrence‐free survival (defined as local recurrence and/or metastases), with a minimum follow‐up duration of two years after index surgery.
primary outcome:
Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer patients
Pulmonary complication rate (i.e. pulmonary infections, bronchial congestion, atelectasis, acute lung injury, pleural fistula).Rate of intubation.Mortality.
primary outcome:
Adjuvant gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogues for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced premature ovarian failure in premenopausal women
Menstruation recovery or maintenance: maintenance or recovery of menstruation (normal or oligomenorrhoea) with or without clear evidence of ovulationPremature ovarian failure: no resumption of menstrual activity with postmenopausal FSH levels at least one year after the end of chemotherapyPregnancy
primary outcome:
Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults
Our primary outcome was the effect of systemic corticosteroids on breathlessness (dyspnoea), as assessed by the American Thoracic Society 'Domains of Dyspnoea Measurement' (Parshall 2012).
primary outcome:
Surgical interventions for the prevention or treatment of lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment
All outcome measures were assessed at the latest time point reported in the study.