anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for fibromyalgia in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind trials of two weeks' duration or longer, comparing any oral NSAID with placebo or another active treatment for relief of pain in fibromyalgia, with subjective pain assessment by the participant.
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Topical anaesthetics for pain control during repair of dermal laceration
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of topical anaesthetics for repair of dermal laceration in adult and paediatric participants.
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Gabapentin for fibromyalgia pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind trials of eight weeks' duration or longer for treating fibromyalgia pain in adults, comparing gabapentin with placebo or an active comparator.
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Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of two weeks' duration or longer, comparing paracetamol, alone or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine, with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain.
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Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of intravenous nutrients compared with control or other interventions given to maintain normothermia in adults undergoing surgery.
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Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving mechanical ventilation
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adults who were mechanically ventilated that compared recruitment manoeuvres versus standard care for patients given a diagnosis of ARDS.
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Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period
We included RCTs and quasi‐RCTs involving infants aged 28 days postnatal to 12 months and receiving breastfeeding while undergoing a painful procedure. Comparators included, but were not limited to, oral administration of water, sweet‐tasting solutions, expressed breast or formula milk, no intervention, use of pacifiers, positioning, cuddling, distraction, topical anaesthetics, and skin‐to‐skin care. Procedures included, but were not limited to: subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, venipuncture, intravenous line insertion, heel lance, and finger lance. We applied no language restrictions.
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Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of either anaesthetic regimens or anaesthetic depth monitors. We excluded volunteer studies, studies of patients prior to skin incision, intensive care unit studies, and studies that only randomized different word presentations for memory tests (not anaesthetic interventions).Anaesthetic drug regimens included studies of induction or maintenance, or both. Anaesthetic depth monitors included the Bispectral Index monitor, M‐Entropy, Narcotrend monitor, cerebral function monitor, cerebral state monitor, patient state index, and lower oesophageal contractility monitor. The use of anaesthetic depth monitors allows the titration of anaesthetic drugs to maintain unconsciousness.
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Deliberate hypotension with propofol under anaesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
We sought all randomized controlled trials comparing propofol with other techniques for deliberate hypotension during FESS with regard to blood loss and operative conditions in both adults and children. Our primary outcome was total blood loss (TBL). Other outcomes included surgical field quality, operation time, mortality within 24 hours, complications, and failure to reach target blood pressure.
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Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of two weeks' duration or longer, comparing fentanyl (in any dose, administered by any route, and in any formulation) with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain.
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Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving parturients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section that compared the use of hyperbaric with isobaric bupivacaine.
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Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults undergoing surgery of the lower arm
We included randomized controlled trials that compared double with single‐injection techniques, multiple with single‐injection techniques, or multiple with double‐injection techniques for axillary block in adults undergoing surgery of the distal upper limb. We excluded trials using ultrasound‐guided techniques.
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Thromboelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemostatic treatment versus usual care in adults or children with bleeding
We included all RCTs, irrespective of blinding or language, that compared transfusion guided by TEG or ROTEM to transfusion guided by clinical judgement, guided by standard laboratory tests, or a combination. We also included interventional algorithms including both TEG or ROTEM in combination with standard laboratory tests or other devices. The primary analysis included trials on TEG or ROTEM versus any comparator.
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Nitrous oxide‐based versus nitrous oxide‐free general anaesthesia and accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in surgical patients
We considered all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including quasi‐randomized studies and cluster‐randomized studies, of participants aged five years or older receiving general anaesthesia for any type of surgery.We included trials in which participants receiving general anaesthesia that included nitrous oxide for maintenance at a concentration of at least 30% were compared with participants receiving no nitrous oxide during general anaesthesia. The intervention group must have received nitrous oxide in conjunction with an additional anaesthetic. We excluded studies where the depth of anaesthesia differed between the study arms. For inclusion in the review, studies needed to state in their methods that they planned to assess AAGA. We defined this as when a patient becomes conscious during a procedure performed with general anaesthesia and subsequently has explicit recall of this event.
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Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing nitrates versus no treatment, placebo or other pharmacological interventions in participants (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia.
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Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome
We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of sympathetic blockade with local anaesthetics in children or adults with CRPS compared to placebo, no treatment, or alternative treatments.
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Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of two weeks' duration or longer, comparing any dose or formulation of oxycodone with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain.
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Percutaneous techniques versus surgical techniques for tracheostomy
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials (quasi‐RCTs) comparing percutaneous techniques (experimental intervention) with surgical techniques (control intervention) used for elective tracheostomy in critically ill participants (adults and children).
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High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia
We sought all published and unpublished, randomized controlled trials comparing high versus low initial sevoflurane concentration inhalational induction. Our primary outcomes included two measures of anaesthesia (time to loss of the eyelash reflex (LOER) and time until a weighted object held in the patient's hand was dropped), time to successful insertion of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and time to endotracheal intubation. Other outcomes were complications of the technique.
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Paracetamol for low back pain
We only considered randomised trials comparing the efficacy of paracetamol with placebo for non‐specific LBP. The primary outcomes were pain and disability. We also investigated quality of life, function, adverse effects, global impression of recovery, sleep quality, patient adherence, and use of rescue medication as secondary outcomes.
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Nutritional support for critically ill children
We included studies if they were randomized controlled trials; involved paediatric patients, aged one day to 18 years of age, who were cared for in a paediatric intensive care unit setting (PICU) and had received nutrition within the first seven days of admission; and reported data for at least one of the pre‐specified outcomes (30‐day or PICU mortality; length of stay in PICU or hospital; number of ventilator days; and morbid complications, such as nosocomial infections). We excluded studies if they only reported nutritional outcomes, quality of life assessments, or economic implications. Furthermore, we did not address other areas of paediatric nutrition, such as immunonutrition and different routes of delivering enteral nutrition, in this review.
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Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia
We included randomized controlled trials of adult participants (aged 16 or older) undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. We excluded studies focusing on patient groups with clinically diagnosed psychological morbidity. We did not limit the search by language or publication status. We included studies testing a preoperative psychological intervention that included at least one of these seven techniques: procedural information; sensory information; behavioural instruction; cognitive intervention; relaxation techniques; hypnosis; emotion‐focused intervention. We included studies that examined any one of our postoperative outcome measures (pain, behavioural recovery, length of stay, negative affect) within one month post‐surgery.
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Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of two weeks' duration or longer, comparing hydromorphone (at any dose, by any route of administration, or in any formulation) with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain.
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Midazolam for sedation before procedures
Randomized controlled trials in which midazolam, administered to participants of any age, by any route, at any dose or any time before any procedure (apart from dental procedures), was compared with placebo or other medications including sedatives and analgesics.
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Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized trials examining effects of lateral positioning in critically ill adults. We included manual or automated turns but limited eligibility to studies that included duration of body position of 10 minutes or longer. We examined each lateral position versus at least one comparator (opposite lateral position and/or another body position) for single therapy effects, and the lateral positioning schedule (repeated lateral turning) versus other positioning schedules for repetitive therapy effects.
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Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind, active or inert carrier (placebo) controlled trials in which treatments were administered to adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain of moderate or severe intensity. Studies had to meet stringent quality criteria and there had to be at least 10 participants in each treatment arm, with application of treatment at least once daily.
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Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared an ABSW system aimed at maintaining normothermia perioperatively against a control or against any other ABSW system. Eligible studies also had to include relevant clinical outcomes other than measuring temperature alone.
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Catheter impregnation, coating or bonding for reducing central venous catheter‐related infections in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed any type of impregnated catheter against either non‐impregnated catheters or catheters with another type of impregnation in adult patients cared for in the hospital setting who required CVCs. We planned to include quasi‐RCT and cluster‐RCTs, but we identified none. We excluded cross‐over studies.
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Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in adults and children (aged greater than two years of age), where in one arm entropy monitoring was used for titrating anaesthesia, and in the other standard practice (increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, lacrimation, movement in response to noxious surgical stimuli) was used for titrating anaesthetic drug administration. We also included trials with an additional third arm, wherein another EEG monitor, the Bispectral index (BIS) monitor was used to assess anaesthetic depth.
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Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PVB with TEB in thoracotomy, including upper gastrointestinal surgery.
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Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using intravenous lidocaine injection as an intervention to decrease pain on propofol injection in adults. We excluded studies without a placebo or control group.
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Vasopressors for hypotensive shock
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing various vasopressor regimens for hypotensive shock.
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Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in children and adults
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the use of any drug or a non‐pharmacological method with control patients, or those receiving no treatment to reduce the severity of pain with rocuronium injection. Our primary outcome was pain on rocuronium bromide injection measured by a pain score assessment. Our secondary outcomes were rise in heart rate and blood pressure following administration of rocuronium and adverse events related to the interventions.
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Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain
We included randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials that evaluated the effects of perioperative (pre‐, intra‐, or postoperative) administration of nicotine on postoperative pain, opioid use, and opioid‐related adverse events. We excluded all other studies.
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Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery
We included all randomized controlled trials comparing postoperative epidural analgesia and postoperative systemic opioid‐based analgesia for adults who underwent elective open abdominal aortic surgery.
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Effectiveness and risks of cricoid pressure during rapid sequence induction for endotracheal intubation
We included all RCTs comparing people undergoing RSI who have cricoid pressure applied, either intermittently or continuously, with people undergoing RSI who do not have cricoid pressure applied in the context of endotracheal intubation using a direct laryngoscopic technique. We included both elective and emergency cases. We included studies of blinded and unblinded participants. Participants (male or female) were involved in any type of procedure where general anaesthetic utilizing RSI or emergency airway management utilizing RSI and endotracheal intubation was undertaken. We expected the control arm to be the absence of cricoid pressure at any stage during RSI. The primary outcome of interest was the reported event rate or prevalence of aspiration determined by a) documented gastric aspiration determined by visual inspection of aspirated stomach contents on laryngoscopy; b) pepsin detection in tracheal aspirate using the Ufberg method; c) post‐anaesthetic radiographic changes suggestive of aspiration pneumonitis or d) any combination of a to c. Secondary outcomes of interest included documented impaired visualization of the airway by a treating laryngoscopist, force applied during cricoid pressure, the direction of application of force of applied cricoid pressure, independent risk factors for aspiration and whether the person applying cricoid pressure had previously done so in an emergency airway context.
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Prone position for acute respiratory failure in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effects of prone position versus supine/semi recumbent position during conventional mechanical ventilation in adult participants with acute hypoxaemia.
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Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing general anaesthesia where nitrous oxide was part of the anaesthetic technique used for the induction or maintenance of general anaesthesia (or both) with any general anaesthesia using a volatile anaesthetic or propofol‐based maintenance of anaesthesia but no nitrous oxide for adults undergoing surgery. Our primary outcome was inhospital case fatality rate. Secondary outcomes were complications and length of stay.
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Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation
We included any RCT or CCT that reported intubating conditions in comparing the use of rocuronium and succinylcholine for RSI or modified RSI in any age group or clinical setting. The dose of rocuronium was at least 0.6 mg/kg and succinylcholine was at least 1 mg/kg.
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Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in the intensive care unit
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi‐RCTs that evaluated the effects of non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in critically ill adults (aged 18 years and older) during admission to critical care units or ICUs.
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Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ultrasound‐guided peripheral nerve block of the upper and lower limbs, alone or combined, with at least one other method of nerve location. In the 2014 update, we excluded studies that had given general anaesthetic, spinal, epidural or other nerve blocks to all participants, as well as those measuring the minimum effective dose of anaesthetic drug. This resulted in the exclusion of five studies from the original review.
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Regional analgesia for improvement of long‐term functional outcome after elective large joint replacement
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing regional analgesia versus conventional analgesia in patients undergoing total shoulder, hip or knee replacement. We included studies that reported a functional outcome with a follow‐up of at least three months after surgery.
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Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of shivering following general anaesthesia
We considered all randomized controlled trials, quasi‐randomized studies, and cluster‐randomized studies with adult participants undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia in which an α‐2 agonist was compared with another α‐2 agonist or a placebo for the prevention of shivering.
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Early versus late removal of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for general anaesthesia
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on adults and children undergoing elective general anaesthesia using the LMA, that compared early removal of the LMA (defined as removal of the LMA in the deep plane of anaesthesia) versus late removal of the LMA (defined as removal of the LMA after the patient is awake).
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The use of propofol for procedural sedation in emergency departments
RCTs comparing propofol to alternative drugs (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, etomidate and ketamine) used in the ED setting for PS in participants of all ages.
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Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of topical and systemic prophylactic lidocaine therapy versus control (using air or saline) that reported on the risk and severity of postoperative sore throat as an outcome.
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Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children
We included randomized controlled trials of a non‐pharmacological intervention implemented on the day of surgery or anaesthesia.
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Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery
We included randomized controlled clinical trials comparing peribulbar anaesthesia and retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery.
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The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients
We included randomized clinical trials that compared a high fraction of inspired oxygen with a routine fraction of inspired oxygen during anaesthesia, surgery and recovery in individuals 18 years of age or older.
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Exercise rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge for recovery from critical illness
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that compared an exercise intervention initiated after ICU discharge versus any other intervention or a control or ‘usual care’ programme in adult (≥ 18 years) survivors of critical illness.
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Tapentadol for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of tapentadol in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain compared to placebo or active control.
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Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia
We included randomized controlled trials or quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing fluid warming methods versus standard care or versus other warming methods used to maintain normothermia.
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Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the use of adrenaline with lidocaine and plain lidocaine in patients undergoing surgery on digits (fingers and toes). Our primary outcomes were duration of anaesthesia, adverse outcomes such as ischaemia distal to the injection site and cost analysis. Our secondary outcomes were duration of postoperative pain relief and reduced bleeding during surgery.
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Zonisamide for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of at least two weeks' duration comparing zonisamide with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain. Participants were adults aged 18 and over. We included only full journal publication articles and clinical trial summaries.
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Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing two‐dimensional ultrasound or Doppler ultrasound with an anatomical 'landmark' technique during insertion of internal jugular venous catheters in both adults and children.
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Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for subclavian or femoral vein catheterization
Randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing two‐dimensional ultrasound or Doppler ultrasound versus an anatomical ‘landmark’ technique during insertion of subclavian or femoral venous catheters in both adults and children.
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Nortriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of at least two weeks' duration comparing nortriptyline with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain. Participants were adults aged 18 years and over. We included only full journal publication articles and clinical trial summaries.
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Conservative versus interventional management for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and we accepted quasi‐RCTs if a systematic method of allocation was used. Participants were limited to adults aged 18 to 50 years, with their first symptomatic primary spontaneous pneumothorax with radiological evidence and no underlying lung disease.
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Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children
We included RCTs comparing INF versus any other pharmacological/non‐pharmacological intervention for the treatment of children in acute pain (aged < 18 years).
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Desipramine for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of at least two weeks duration comparing desipramine with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain. Participants were adults aged 18 years and over. We included only full journal publication articles.
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Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children
We included all randomized (or quasi‐randomized) controlled trials investigating children < 18 years of age presenting for general anaesthesia with or without surgical intervention. We included any study in which a sevoflurane anaesthetic was compared with any other GA, and any study in which researchers investigated adjuncts (pharmacological or non‐pharmacological) to sevoflurane anaesthesia compared with no adjunct or placebo.
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Botulinum toxin for myofascial pain syndromes in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving botulinum toxin for treating participants with MPS. We excluded studies with MPS of the neck and head from this review as they have already been assessed in existing systematic reviews. We considered a diagnosis of MPS to be based on the identification of trigger points in the taut band through palpation of sensitive nodules, local twitch response and specific patterns of referred pain associated with each trigger point.
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Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of at least two weeks' duration comparing any formulation of topical lidocaine with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain. Participants were adults aged 18 and over. We included only full journal publication articles.
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Air versus saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomized controlled trials (quasi‐RCTs) on air and saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space.
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Mannitol versus hypertonic saline for brain relaxation in patients undergoing craniotomy
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the use of hypertonic saline versus mannitol for brain relaxation. We also included studies in which any other method used for intraoperative brain relaxation was compared with mannitol or hypertonic saline. Primary outcomes were longest follow‐up mortality, Glasgow Outcome Scale score at three months and any adverse events related to mannitol or hypertonic saline. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative brain relaxation, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, hospital stay and quality of life.
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Physician anaesthetists versus non‐physician providers of anaesthesia for surgical patients
We considered all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non‐randomized studies (NRS), non‐randomized cluster trials and observational study designs which had a comparison group. We included studies which compared an anaesthetic administered by a NPA working independently with an anaesthetic administered by either a physician anaesthetist working independently or by a NPA working in a team supervised or directed by a physician anaesthetist.
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Daily sedation interruption versus no daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation
We included randomized controlled trials that compared DSI with sedation strategies that did not include DSI in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults.
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Levetiracetam for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of two weeks duration or longer, comparing levetiracetam with placebo or another active treatment in adults with chronic neuropathic pain conditions. Studies had to have a minimum of 10 participants per treatments arm.
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Inhaled nitric oxide for the postoperative management of pulmonary hypertension in infants and children with congenital heart disease
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing iNO with placebo or conventional management, or both. Trials included only children with CHD requiring surgery complicated by pulmonary hypertension.
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Automated versus non‐automated weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation for critically ill adults and children
We included randomized controlled trials comparing automated closed loop ventilator applications to non‐automated weaning strategies including non‐protocolized usual care and protocolized weaning in patients over four weeks of age receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in an ICU.
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Pressure support versus T‐tube for weaning from mechanical ventilation in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a T‐tube with pressure support (PS) for the conduct of spontaneous breathing trials and as methods of gradual weaning of adult patients with respiratory failure of various aetiologies who received invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours.
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Imipramine for neuropathic pain in adults
We included randomised, double‐blind studies of at least two weeks' duration comparing imipramine with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain. Participants were adults aged 18 and over. We included only articles with full journal publication and extended trial abstracts and summaries.
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Heparin versus normal saline for patency of arterial lines
Randomized controlled trials and quasi‐randomized studies irrespective of blinding or language that compared an arterial catheter flush solution comprising any dose of heparin versus an infusion of normal saline only.
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Permissive hypoxaemia versus normoxaemia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients
RCTs and quasi‐RCTs that compared outcomes for mechanically ventilated critically ill participants, in which the intervention group was targeted to be hypoxaemic relative to the control group, and the control group was normoxaemic or was mildly hypoxaemic, were eligible for inclusion in this review. Exact values defining 'conventional' and 'permissive hypoxaemia' groupings were purposely not specified, and the manner in which these oxygenation goals were achieved also was not specified. We did state however that the intervention group required a target oxygenation level lower than that of the control group, and that the control group target levels should be in the range of normoxaemia or mild hypoxaemia (not hyperoxaemia).
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Neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular block in paediatric patients
We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing neostigmine versus placebo in American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I or II paediatric surgical participants (younger than 12 years of age, including newborns) who had received non‐depolarizing muscle relaxants.
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High‐flow nasal cannula therapy for respiratory support in children
We planned to included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quas‐randomized trials comparing HFNC therapy with other forms of non‐invasive respiratory support for children. Non‐invasive support encompassed cot, hood or tent oxygen; low‐flow nasal cannulae (flow rates ≤ 2 L/min); and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) delivered via facial or nasal mask/cannula. Treatment failure was defined by the need for additional respiratory support. We excluded children with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis.
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Automated weaning and spontaneous breathing trial systems versus non‐automated weaning strategies for discontinuation time in invasively ventilated postoperative adults
Randomized and quasi‐randomized trials comparing automated weaning and SBT systems to non‐automated mechanical ventilation discontinuation strategies in intubated adults in the postoperative setting.
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Incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of IS in adult patients admitted for any type of upper abdominal surgery, including patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures.
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Intravenous versus inhalational anaesthesia for paediatric outpatient surgery
We included randomized controlled trials comparing paediatric outpatient surgery using intravenous versus inhalational anaesthesia.
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Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block versus parenteral analgesia for postoperative pain relief after major shoulder surgery
We included randomized controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of continuous ISBPB compared with different forms of parenteral opioid analgesia in relieving pain in adult participants undergoing elective major shoulder surgery.
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Fibrinogen concentrate in bleeding patients
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), irrespective of blinding or language, that compared fibrinogen concentrate with placebo/other treatment or no treatment in bleeding patients, excluding neonates and patients with hereditary bleeding disorders.
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Opioids for neuropathic pain
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which opioid agonists were given to treat central or peripheral neuropathic pain of any etiology. Pain was assessed using validated instruments, and adverse events were reported. We excluded studies in which drugs other than opioid agonists were combined with opioids or opioids were administered epidurally or intrathecally.
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Protocolized versus non‐protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill paediatric patients
We included randomized controlled trials comparing protocolized weaning (professional‐led or computer‐driven) versus non‐protocolized weaning practice conducted in children older than 28 days and younger than 18 years.
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Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization
We included randomized controlled trials comparing neuraxial anaesthesia (spinal or epidural anaesthesia) versus other types of anaesthesia in adults (18 years or older) with arterial vascular obstruction undergoing lower‐limb revascularization surgery.
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Pharmacotherapy for the prevention of chronic pain after surgery in adults
Included studies were double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trials involving adults and evaluating one or more drugs administered systemically before, during or after surgery, or both, which measured pain three months or more after surgery.
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Intravenous versus inhalation anaesthesia for one‐lung ventilation
We included randomized controlled trials and quasi‐randomized controlled trials of intravenous (e.g. propofol) versus inhalation (e.g. isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane) anaesthesia for one‐lung ventilation in both surgical and intensive care participants. We excluded studies of participants who had only one lung (i.e. pneumonectomy or congenital absence of one lung).
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Single dose oral ibuprofen plus oxycodone for acute postoperative pain in adults
Randomised, double‐blind clinical trials of single dose, oral ibuprofen plus oxycodone compared with placebo or the same dose of ibuprofen alone for acute postoperative pain in adults.
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Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain
Randomised, double‐blind clinical trials of single dose, oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol compared with placebo or the same dose of ibuprofen alone for acute postoperative pain in adults.
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Metered dose inhalers versus nebulizers for aerosol bronchodilator delivery for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation in critical care units
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including randomized cross‐over trials where the order of the intervention was randomized, comparing the nebulizer and MDI for aerosol bronchodilation in mechanically ventilated adult patients in critical care units.
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Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus
We included RCTs and cluster‐RCTs of women at risk of preterm birth that assessed prenatal magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection compared with placebo or no treatment. All methods of administration (intravenous, intramuscular, and oral) were eligible. We did not include studies where magnesium sulphate was used with the primary aim of preterm labour tocolysis, or the prevention and/or treatment of eclampsia.
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Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia
We included randomised trials and cluster‐randomised trials comparing different regimens for administration of magnesium sulphate used in women with pre‐eclampsia or eclampsia, or both. Comparisons included different dose regimens, intramuscular versus intravenous route for maintenance therapy, and different durations of therapy. We excluded studies with quasi‐random or cross‐over designs. We included abstracts of conference proceedings if compliant with the trustworthiness assessment.
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Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy
We considered all randomised controlled comparisons of interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway compared with placebo, no therapy, or another drug affecting this pathway in pregnant women with severe early‐onset FGR of placental origin, for inclusion in this review.
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Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing planned hospital birth with planned home birth in low‐risk women as described in the objectives. Cluster‐randomised trials, quasi‐randomised trials, and trials published only as an abstract were also eligible.
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Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia
Randomised trials of induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia.
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Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies
We included published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing cervical pessary with no treatment, vaginal progesterone, cervical cerclage or bedrest for preventing PTB. We excluded quasi‐randomised trials. Our primary outcome was delivery before 34 weeks' gestation. Our secondary outcomes were 1. delivery before 37 weeks' gestation, 2. maternal mortality, 3. maternal infection or inflammation, 4. preterm prelabour rupture of membranes, 5. harm to woman from the intervention, 6. maternal medications, 7. discontinuation of the intervention, 8. maternal satisfaction, 9. neonatal/paediatric care unit admission, 10. fetal/infant mortality, 11. neonatal sepsis, 12. gestational age at birth, 13. harm to offspring from the intervention 14. birthweight, 15. early neurodevelopmental morbidity, 15. late neurodevelopmental morbidity, 16. gastrointestinal morbidity and 17. respiratory morbidity.
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Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster‐RCTs conducted among labouring women with a fetal malposition confirmed by ultrasound or clinical examination, comparing a specified maternal posture with another posture. Quasi‐RCTs and cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion.
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Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth
We included all identified published and unpublished randomised controlled trials or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing any two corticosteroids (dexamethasone or betamethasone or any other corticosteroid that can cross the placenta), comparing different dose regimens (including frequency and timing of administration) in women at risk of preterm birth. We planned to exclude cross‐over trials and cluster‐randomised trials. We planned to include studies published as abstracts only along with studies published as full‐text manuscripts.
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Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes
Randomised controlled trials, including cluster‐randomised trials, of women who had already received one course of corticosteroids seven or more days previously and were still at risk of preterm birth, randomised to further dose(s) or no repeat doses, with or without placebo. Quasi‐randomised trials were excluded. Abstracts were accepted if they met specific criteria. All trials had to meet criteria for trustworthiness, including a search of the Retraction Watch database for retractions or expressions of concern about the trials or their publications.
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Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vaginal examinations compared with other methods of assessing labour progress and studies assessing different timings of vaginal examinations. Quasi‐RCTs and cluster‐RCTs were eligible for inclusion. We excluded cross‐over trials and conference abstracts.
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Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia
We included randomised clinical trials which recruited pregnant women with high or severe FOC (as defined by the individual trial), for treatment intended to reduce FOC. Two review authors independently screened and selected titles and abstracts for inclusion. We excluded quasi‐randomised and cross‐over trials.
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Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour
Randomised trials comparing low‐dose oral misoprostol (initial dose ≤ 50 µg) versus placebo, vaginal dinoprostone, vaginal misoprostol, oxytocin, or mechanical methods; or comparing oral misoprostol protocols (one‐ to two‐hourly versus four‐ to six‐hourly; 20 µg to 25 µg versus 50 µg; or 20 µg hourly titrated versus 25 µg two‐hourly static).