anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
comparison group:
Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for general anaesthesia in children aged eight years and under
1. Endotracheal Tube
comparison group:
Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block
1. Dexamethasone 2. Intravenous 3. Placebo 4. Peripheral Block Anesthesia 5. Perineural
comparison group:
Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in adults
1. Analgesics 2. Local Anesthesia 3. Placebo 4. Neuraxial Nerve Block 5. Lidocaine
comparison group:
Heat and moisture exchangers versus heated humidifiers for mechanically ventilated adults and children
1. Heated Respiratory Humidifier
comparison group:
Harms of off‐label erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for critically ill people
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Interventions for treating persistent pain in survivors of torture
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Efficacy and safety of sugammadex versus neostigmine in reversing neuromuscular blockade in adults
1. Neostigmine
comparison group:
Antidepressants for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
1. Gabapentin 2. Placebo 3. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Antiepileptic drugs for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates)
1. Direct Laryngoscopy
comparison group:
Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Methadone for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery
1. Inhalation General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Topical anaesthetics for pain control during repair of dermal laceration
1. Topical Local Anesthetic To Skin
comparison group:
Gabapentin for fibromyalgia pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults
1. Preventive 2. Intravenous 3. Nutritional supplement
comparison group:
Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving mechanical ventilation
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period
1. Water 2. Sucrose 3. Infant Formula 4. Infant Oral Pacifier 5. Distraction 6. Kangaroo Care 7. Glucose 8. Oral 9. Giving Expressed Breast Milk 10. Positioning Patient
comparison group:
Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Deliberate hypotension with propofol under anaesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
1. Induced Hypotension
comparison group:
Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
1. Spinal Anesthesia 2. Bupivacaine 3. Isobaric
comparison group:
Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults undergoing surgery of the lower arm
1. Injection Of Anesthetic Agent Into Axillary Nerve
comparison group:
Thromboelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemostatic treatment versus usual care in adults or children with bleeding
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Nitrous oxide‐based versus nitrous oxide‐free general anaesthesia and accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in surgical patients
1. General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
1. Preventive 2. Placebo 3. Organic Nitrates
comparison group:
Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Percutaneous techniques versus surgical techniques for tracheostomy
1. Tracheostomy
comparison group:
High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia
1. Sevoflurane 2. Inhalation General Anesthesia 3. High Dose
comparison group:
Paracetamol for low back pain
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Nutritional support for critically ill children
1. Enteral nutrition 2. Total Parenteral Nutrition 3. Nutritional supplement
comparison group:
Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia
1. Usual Care 2. Attention Placebo Control
comparison group:
Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Midazolam for sedation before procedures
1. Placebo 2. Hypnotics And Sedatives 3. Preoperative
comparison group:
Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients
1. Positioning Patient
comparison group:
Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
1. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug 2. Placebo 3. Oral
comparison group:
Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults
1. Usual Care 2. Active External Warming Of Subject
comparison group:
Catheter impregnation, coating or bonding for reducing central venous catheter‐related infections in adults
1. Impregnated Device 2. Central Venous Catheter 3. Central venous catheter care
comparison group:
Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy
1. Paravertebral Anesthesia
comparison group:
Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Vasopressors for hypotensive shock
1. Administration Of Intravenous Fluids 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in children and adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery
1. Opioid Anesthetics 2. General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Effectiveness and risks of cricoid pressure during rapid sequence induction for endotracheal intubation
1. Rapid Sequence Induction
comparison group:
Prone position for acute respiratory failure in adults
1. Lateral Positioning 2. Positioning Subject In Recovery Position 3. Supine positioning 4. Mechanical ventilation
comparison group:
Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia
1. Volatile liquid anesthetic agent 2. Propofol
comparison group:
Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation
1. Rapid Sequence Induction 2. Succinylcholine 3. Neuromuscular blockade
comparison group:
Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in the intensive care unit
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks
1. Peripheral Block Anesthesia
comparison group:
Regional analgesia for improvement of long‐term functional outcome after elective large joint replacement
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of shivering following general anaesthesia
1. Placebo 2. Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists
comparison group:
Early versus late removal of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for general anaesthesia
1. Removal 2. Delayed Treatment 3. Laryngeal Mask
comparison group:
The use of propofol for procedural sedation in emergency departments
1. Hypnotics And Sedatives
comparison group:
Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat
1. Preventive 2. Medical Air 3. Saline
comparison group:
Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery
1. Retrobulbar Infiltration Of Local Anesthetic
comparison group:
The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients
1. Perioperative 2. PaO2 FiO2 measurment
comparison group:
Exercise rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge for recovery from critical illness
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Tapentadol for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
1. Analgesics 2. Drug Therapy 3. Placebo
comparison group:
Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia
1. Preventive 2. Passive Warming Of Patient 3. Active Warming Of Patient 4. Warming Subject Using Infusion Of Warm Intravenous Fluid 5. Usual Care 6. Warming Of Inhaled Gases
comparison group:
Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks
1. Peripheral Block Anesthesia 2. Lidocaine
comparison group:
Zonisamide for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization
1. Central Venous Cannula Insertion Via Jugular Vein 2. Anatomic Landmarks
comparison group:
Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for subclavian or femoral vein catheterization
1. Central Venous Cannula Insertion Via Axillary Vein 2. Central Venous Cannula Insertion Via Femoral Vein 3. Catheterization Of Subclavian Vein 4. Anatomic Landmarks
comparison group:
Nortriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Conservative versus interventional management for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults
1. Closed Chest Suction 2. Catheterization 3. Aspiration Needle 4. Thoracic Drain 5. Thoracotomy 6. Intercostal Drain 7. Thoracoscopy 8. Drainage Of Pleural Cavity Via Chest Tube
comparison group:
Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children
1. Non-Pharmacological Interventions 2. Intravenous 3. Placebo 4. Morphine
comparison group:
Desipramine for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo 2. Oral
comparison group:
Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children
1. General Anesthetics
comparison group:
Botulinum toxin for myofascial pain syndromes in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Air versus saline in the loss of resistance technique for identification of the epidural space
1. Injection Of Spinal Epidural Space 2. Saline
comparison group:
Mannitol versus hypertonic saline for brain relaxation in patients undergoing craniotomy
1. Mannitol
comparison group:
Physician anaesthetists versus non‐physician providers of anaesthesia for surgical patients
1. Lay Health Worker 2. General Anesthetics
comparison group:
Daily sedation interruption versus no daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation
1. Sedation
comparison group:
Levetiracetam for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Inhaled nitric oxide for the postoperative management of pulmonary hypertension in infants and children with congenital heart disease
1. Placebo 2. Nitrogen gas
comparison group:
Automated versus non‐automated weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation for critically ill adults and children
1. Weaning From Mechanically Assisted Ventilation 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Pressure support versus T‐tube for weaning from mechanical ventilation in adults
1. Pressure Support Ventilator 2. Weaning From Mechanically Assisted Ventilation
comparison group:
Imipramine for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Heparin versus normal saline for patency of arterial lines
1. Saline 2. Heparin
comparison group:
Permissive hypoxaemia versus normoxaemia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular block in paediatric patients
1. Surgery 2. Placebo
comparison group:
High‐flow nasal cannula therapy for respiratory support in children
1. Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure Titration 2. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation 3. Basic Nasal Oxygen Cannula 4. Mechanical ventilation
comparison group:
Automated weaning and spontaneous breathing trial systems versus non‐automated weaning strategies for discontinuation time in invasively ventilated postoperative adults
1. Weaning From Mechanically Assisted Ventilation 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery
1. Preventive 2. Chest Physiotherapy 3. Breathing Exercises 4. Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing Treatment
comparison group:
Intravenous versus inhalational anaesthesia for paediatric outpatient surgery
1. Intravenous 2. General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block versus parenteral analgesia for postoperative pain relief after major shoulder surgery
1. Analgesics 2. Parenteral
comparison group:
Fibrinogen concentrate in bleeding patients
1. Hemostatic agent 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Opioids for neuropathic pain
1. Opioids 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Protocolized versus non‐protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill paediatric patients
1. Weaning From Mechanically Assisted Ventilation 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization
1. General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Pharmacotherapy for the prevention of chronic pain after surgery in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Intravenous versus inhalation anaesthesia for one‐lung ventilation
1. General inhalation anesthetic
comparison group:
Single dose oral ibuprofen plus oxycodone for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain
1. Ibuprofen 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Metered dose inhalers versus nebulizers for aerosol bronchodilator delivery for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation in critical care units
1. Inhaled Bronchodilator Therapy 2. Nebulizer
comparison group:
Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia
1. Magnesium Sulfate
comparison group:
Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications
1. Labor Care 2. Home
comparison group:
Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies
1. Progesterone Vaginal Suppository 2. Bed rest recommendation 3. Cervical Cerclage
comparison group:
Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants
1. Labour positioning
comparison group:
Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth
1. Corticosteroids - Opthamological and Otological
comparison group:
Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term
1. Special Observation 2. Ultrasound scan 3. Behavior Assessment 4. Rectal Examination 5. Maternal Cervical Assessment 6. Usual Care
comparison group:
Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia
1. Psychotherapy 2. Physical Exercises 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour
1. Oxytocin 2. Vaginal 3. Placebo 4. Dinoprostone 5. Misoprostol
comparison group:
Methods for managing miscarriage: a network meta‐analysis
1. Surgery 2. Placebo 3. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section
1. Oxygen 2. Corticosteroids - Opthamological and Otological 3. Acupressure 4. Serotonin Antagonists 5. Opioids 6. Intravenous Fluid Replacement 7. Placebo 8. Antihistamines For Systemic Use 9. Acupuncture
comparison group:
Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta
1. Oxytocin 2. Infusion Of Saline Solution 3. Expectant Management 4. Plasma Expander Transfusion
comparison group:
Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
1. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug 2. Paracetamol 3. Aspirin 4. Placebo
comparison group:
Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes and trainees' performance
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Uterotonic agents for first‐line treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis
1. Uterotonics 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour
1. Oxytocin 2. Intravenous 3. Prophylaxis
comparison group:
Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate‐dependent pregnant women
1. Psychosocial intervention 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo 3. Behavioral Therapy 4. Educational Therapy
comparison group:
Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies
1. Cerclage Of Uterine Cervix
comparison group:
Home versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes
1. Induction Of Labor 2. Inpatient Care
comparison group:
Aspirin (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
1. Aspirin 2. Paracetamol 3. Placebo
comparison group:
Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage
1. Surgery 2. Drug Therapy 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section
1. Antiseptics
comparison group:
Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta
1. Analgesics 2. Anesthetics
comparison group:
Strategies for optimising antenatal corticosteroid administration for women with anticipated preterm birth
1. Encouragement and support 2. Corticosteroids - Opthamological and Otological 3. Antenatal Care 4. Usual Care
comparison group:
Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss
1. Aspirin 2. Placebo 3. Heparin
comparison group:
Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre‐eclampsia and its complications
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery
1. Transvaginal Obstetric Ultrasonography
comparison group:
Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese
1. Breastfeeding Support 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes
1. Early Treatment 2. Umbilical Cord Milking 3. Umbilical Cord Clamping
comparison group:
Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage
1. Placebo 2. Ergot Alkaloids
comparison group:
Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis
1. Placebo 2. Uterotonics
comparison group:
Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes
1. Support 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth
1. Blood Volume Estimation
comparison group:
Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour
1. Oxytocin 2. Intravenous
comparison group:
Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress
1. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour
1. Opioids 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for investigating and identifying the causes of stillbirth
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage
1. Antifibrinolytics 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their infants
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting
1. Antenatal Education 2. Hospital
comparison group:
Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes
1. Obstetric Ultrasound Monitoring 2. Obstetric Umbilical Artery Doppler 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antibiotic prophylaxis for episiotomy repair following vaginal birth
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for treating genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy
1. Antibacterials For Systemic Use 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis
1. Diagnostic Amniocentesis 2. Transabdominal Gastroscopy 3. Transcervical Sampling Of Chorionic Villus
comparison group:
Interconception care for women with a history of gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant outcomes
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth
1. Induction Of Labor
comparison group:
Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high‐risk pregnancies
1. Antepartum Cardiotochogram 2. Obstetric Umbilical Artery Doppler 3. Usual Care 4. Fetal Biophysical Profile
comparison group:
Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section
1. Prostaglandin Induction Of Labor 2. Placebo 3. Mifepristone 4. Cervical Ripening With Foley Catheter 5. Oxytocin Induction Of Labor
comparison group:
Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy
1. Ultrasound scan 2. Physical Examination Maneuver Related To Cervical Spine 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour
1. Regional Anesthesia 2. Patient Controlled Analgesia 3. Opioids 4. Placebo 5. Inhalational Analgesia 6. Nitrous Oxide 7. Intravenous Infusion 8. Remifentanil
comparison group:
Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Breastfeeding education and support for women with twins or higher order multiples
1. Breastfeeding Education 2. Breastfeeding Support 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage
1. Placebo 2. Expectant Management 3. Surgical Treatment Of Miscarriage Of Any Trimester 4. Medical Induction Of Labor
comparison group:
Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy
1. Blood Transfusion
comparison group:
Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour
1. Prostaglandins 2. Vaginal 3. Placebo 4. Cervical Ripening With Foley Catheter 5. Misoprostol 6. Intracervical
comparison group:
Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding
1. Breast Feeding Support Management 2. Infant Oral Pacifier 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding
1. Arrangement Of Care Procedure
comparison group:
Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis
1. Amnioinfusion
comparison group:
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
1. Therapeutic Procedure 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
1. Usual Care 2. Membrane Sealing
comparison group:
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non‐facility birth settings
1. Administration Of Medication 2. Usual Care 3. Uterotonics
comparison group:
Techniques for assisting difficult delivery at caesarean section
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour
1. Prostaglandins 2. Oxytocin 3. Uterine Massage 4. Ergometrine 5. Uterotonics
comparison group:
Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy
1. Vaginal Delivery Of Fetus
comparison group:
Incentives for increasing prenatal care use by women in order to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
1. Motivating Patient 2. Prenatal Visit
comparison group:
Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour
1. Magnesium Sulfate
comparison group:
Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes
1. Health Promotion Education 2. Motivating Patient 3. Assisting With Management Of Personal Financial Activities 4. Community Special Services Education 5. Health System Guidance 6. Community Education
comparison group:
Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome
1. Placental Function Test
comparison group:
Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies
1. Nutrition education 2. Dietary Regime 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta
1. Surgery Care Management 2. Placebo 3. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
1. Routine Antenatal Care
comparison group:
Ethanol for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor
1. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy
1. Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction 2. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Risk‐scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes
1. Risk Assessment 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy
1. Placebo 2. Oral 3. Usual Care 4. Vitamins With Minerals
comparison group:
Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing
1. Counting Fetal Movement
comparison group:
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment
1. Antepartum Cardiotochogram 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth
1. Diagnostic Palpation 2. Ultrasound Scan For Fetal Growth
comparison group:
Anti‐D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
1. Placebo 2. Anti-d (rh) Immunoglobulin
comparison group:
Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women
1. Antibiotics, Gynecological 2. Incision And Drainage Of Breast Abscess 3. Needle Aspiration Of Breast
comparison group:
High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy
1. Partially informed of test results
comparison group:
Education for contraceptive use by women after childbirth
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation
1. Spontaneous Breech Delivery
comparison group:
Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery
1. Vaginal Delivery Of Fetus
comparison group:
Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy
1. Non Routine Obstetric Scan For Fetal Observations
comparison group:
Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
1. Placebo 2. Tranexamic Acid 3. Uterotonics
comparison group:
Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes
1. Placebo 2. Low Dose 3. Usual Care 4. Caffeine
comparison group:
Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy
1. Obstetric Umbilical Artery Doppler 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
External cephalic version for breech presentation at term
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Oral analgesia for relieving post‐caesarean pain
1. Opioid Anesthetics 2. Analgesics 3. Placebo
comparison group:
Community‐based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin‐only contraception in lactation
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version
1. Sensory Stimulation Using Vibration 2. Regional Anesthesia 3. Fetal Acoustic Stimulator 4. Amnioinfusion 5. Opioids 6. Placebo 7. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis
1. Antibacterials For Systemic Use
comparison group:
Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour
1. Uterine Massage 2. Uterotonics
comparison group:
Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour
1. Removal 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women
1. Domestic Partner Abuse Prevention 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour
1. Combined Spinal/epidural Local Anesthetic Block 2. Epidural Anesthesia
comparison group:
High‐dose versus low‐dose oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour at term
1. Oxytocin 2. Low Dose
comparison group:
Antibiotic prophylaxis for third‐ and fourth‐degree perineal tear during vaginal birth
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Fetal assessment methods for improving neonatal and maternal outcomes in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
1. Obstetric Investigation
comparison group:
Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour
1. Placebo 2. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section
1. Procedure by method 2. Uterus Closure 3. Incision Of Uterus
comparison group:
Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour
1. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia
1. Aspirin 2. Low Molecular Weight Heparin Therapy 3. Heparin
comparison group:
Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term
1. Placebo 2. Dinoprostone Oral Tablet 3. Dinoprostone 4. Dinoprost 5. Dinoprostone Vaginal Suppository
comparison group:
Oral misoprostol for induction of labour
1. Amniotomy at delivery 2. Prostaglandins 3. Oxytocin 4. Administration Of Drug Or Medicament Via Vaginal Route 5. Placebo 6. Misoprostol
comparison group:
Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers for increasing milk production
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour
1. Placebo 2. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth
1. Nifedipine
comparison group:
Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta
1. Prostaglandins 2. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Nitric oxide donors for treating preterm labour
1. Placebo 2. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation
1. Hospital
comparison group:
Indwelling bladder catheterisation as part of intraoperative and postoperative care for caesarean section
1. Usual Care 2. Drainage Of Bladder
comparison group:
Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes
1. Placebo 2. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis
1. Proton Pump Inhibitors 2. H2-receptor Antagonists 3. Placebo 4. Nasogastric Tube Aspiration 5. Antacid
comparison group:
Hyaluronidase for reducing perineal trauma
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour
1. Sympathomimetics, Labour Repressants 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Interventions for the treatment of twin‐twin transfusion syndrome
1. Ultrasonography Guided Percutaneous Amniotic Septostomy 2. Endoscopic Laser Ablation Of Placental Arterio-venous Anastomosis 3. Serial Drainage Of Amniotic Fluid
comparison group:
Amnioinfusion for meconium‐stained liquor in labour
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth
1. Vaginal Delivery Of Fetus
comparison group:
Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury
1. Repair Of Anal Sphincter
comparison group:
Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing
1. Placebo 2. Fetal Physical Stimulation Test 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing
1. Fetal Procedure 2. Placebo 3. Fetal Physical Stimulation Test 4. Cardiotochogram 5. Usual Care 6. Fetal Manipulation
comparison group:
Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent‐infant relationships
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period
1. Intramuscular 2. Intravenous 3. Placebo 4. Complementary Therapy 5. Ergometrine 6. Methylergometrine 7. Oral 8. Usual Care 9. Administration Of Drug Or Medicament Via Subcutaneous Route
comparison group:
Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
1. Oxytocin 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low‐risk women
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons
1. Vaginal Delivery Of Fetus
comparison group:
Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Relaxin for preventing preterm birth
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Tocolysis
comparison group:
Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour
1. Uterine Contraction Monitoring Using External Transducer
comparison group:
Transabdominal amnioinfusion for improving fetal outcomes after oligohydramnios secondary to preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before 26 weeks
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth
1. Exercise Regime 2. Dietary Regime 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Enemas during labour
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum
1. Text Message 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity
1. Placebo 2. Other Uterotonics
comparison group:
High‐dose versus low‐dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour
1. Oxytocin 2. Low Dose
comparison group:
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes
1. Umbilical Cord Clamping
comparison group:
Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries
1. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour
1. Oxytocin 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death
1. Spiritual Support 2. Family Support 3. Bereavement Counseling 4. A/n Care Of 2nd Pregnancy 5. Psychotherapy 6. Community Care 7. Postnatal Support Group
comparison group:
Intravenous fluids for reducing the duration of labour in low risk nulliparous women
1. Administers IV Fluid Therapy 2. Restriction Of Oral Fluid
comparison group:
Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antispasmodics for labour
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns
1. Antibiotics, Gynecological 2. Antiseptics 3. Umbilical Cord Stump Cleaning 4. Placebo
comparison group:
Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth
1. Cerclage 2. Placebo 3. Bedrest
comparison group:
Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization
1. Plasma exchange 2. Phenobarbital 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications
1. Supine positioning 2. Positioning Patient
comparison group:
Anti‐D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy
1. Injection Of Indwelling Catheter 2. Infusion Pump
comparison group:
Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes
1. Medical Induction Of Labor 2. Morning induction of labour
comparison group:
Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Behavioural interventions delivered through interactive social media for health behaviour change, health outcomes, and health equity in the adult population
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antibiotics prior to or at the time of embryo transfer in ART
1. Placebo
comparison group:
In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility
1. Intrauterine Insemination with Ovarian Stimulation Using Partner Sperm 2. Intrauterine Insemination 3. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Timed intercourse for couples trying to conceive
1. Ovulation Assessment 2. Timed sexual intercourse 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection versus conventional in vitro fertilisation in couples with males presenting with normal total sperm count and motility
1. In Vitro Fertilization
comparison group:
Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception
1. Copper intrauterine device 2. Levonorgestrel 3. Ulipristal
comparison group:
Follicular flushing during oocyte retrieval in assisted reproductive techniques
1. Follicular Aspiration
comparison group:
Endometrial injury for pregnancy following sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Cleavage‐stage versus blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology
1. Cleavage stage transfer
comparison group:
Growth hormone for in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
1. In Vitro Fertilization
comparison group:
Oxytocin antagonists for assisted reproduction
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men
1. Excision Of Varicocele 2. Ligation Of Varicocele 3. Embolization Of Varicocele
comparison group:
Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI)
1. Transvaginal Ultrasonography For Follicle Monitoring
comparison group:
Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors for premature ejaculation in adult men
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Fresh versus frozen embryo transfers in assisted reproduction
1. Fresh Embryo Transfer
comparison group:
Endometrial preparation for women undergoing embryo transfer with frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes
1. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist 2. Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist 3. Clomiphene citrate 4. Estrogens 5. Placebo 6. Oral 7. Progestogen Hormone Therapy 8. Letrozole 9. Hormone Therapy
comparison group:
Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (abnormal number of chromosomes) in in vitro fertilisation
1. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation 2. In Vitro Fertilization
comparison group:
Hyaluronic acid in embryo transfer media for assisted reproductive technologies
1. Adherence Compound 2. Embryo transfer media
comparison group:
Number of embryos for transfer following in vitro fertilisation or intra‐cytoplasmic sperm injection
1. Double embryo transfer 2. Single embryo transfer 3. Multiple embyro transfer
comparison group:
Fluid and pharmacological agents for adhesion prevention after gynaecological surgery
1. Dextran 2. Icodextrin 3. Placebo
comparison group:
Barrier agents for adhesion prevention after gynaecological surgery
1. Anti-adhesion therapy 2. Polytetrafluoroethylene 3. Fibrin sheet 4. Placebo 5. Sodium Hyaluronate 6. Carboxymethylcellulose 7. Oxidized Cellulose
comparison group:
Intra‐uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility
1. Timed sexual intercourse 2. Intrauterine Insemination 3. Expectant Management
comparison group:
Regular (ICSI) versus ultra‐high magnification (IMSI) sperm selection for assisted reproduction
1. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
comparison group:
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling for ovulation induction in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome
1. Ovulation Induction 2. In Vitro Fertilization 3. Expectant Management 4. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling
comparison group:
Surgical treatment of fibroids for subfertility
1. Surgery
comparison group:
Granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor administration for subfertile women undergoing assisted reproduction
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination
1. Artificial Insemination With Sperm Washing And Capacitation 2. Swim-up techniques 3. Sperm preparation techniques 4. Percoll Gradient Centrifugation
comparison group:
Temperature of embryo culture for assisted reproduction
1. Control of embryo incubator temperature