anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Public health deworming programmes for soil‐transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared deworming drugs for soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs) with placebo or no treatment in children aged 16 years or less, reporting on weight, height, haemoglobin, and formal tests of cognition. We also sought data on other measures of growth, school attendance, school performance, physical fitness, and mortality.
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Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy for lung disease in cystic fibrosis
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, at any dose for at least two months, to placebo in people with cystic fibrosis.
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Respiratory muscle training in children and adults with neuromuscular disease
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs, including cross‐over trials, of RMT in adults and children with a diagnosis of NMD of any degree of severity, who were living in the community, and who did not need mechanical ventilation. We compared trials of RMT (inspiratory muscle training (IMT) or expiratory muscle training (EMT), or both), with sham training, no training, standard treatment, different intensities of RMT, different types of RMT, or breathing exercises.
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Homeopathy for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort and case‐control studies that compared homeopathic treatment with placebo, other control treatments, or usual care, in adults with IBS were considered for inclusion.
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Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption
We included randomised controlled trials with between‐participants (parallel group) or within‐participants (cross‐over) designs. Eligible studies compared effects of exposure to at least two different levels of availability of a product or its proximity, and included a measure of selection or consumption of the manipulated product.
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Once‐daily versus multiple‐daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis
All randomised controlled trials, whether published or unpublished, in which once‐daily dosing of aminoglycosides has been compared with multiple‐daily dosing in terms of efficacy or toxicity or both, in people with cystic fibrosis.
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Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal and perinatal health
Randomised controlled trials, including those published in abstract form only. Studies using a cluster‐randomised design and quasi‐randomised controlled trials were both eligible for inclusion, but we didn't identify any. Cross‐over trials were not eligible for inclusion in our review.We included women carrying singleton pregnancies who were diagnosed with GDM, as defined by the trials' authors. The intervention of interest was the use of fetal biometry on imaging methods in addition to maternal glycaemic values for indicating the use of medical therapy for GDM. The control group was the use of maternal glycaemic values alone for indicating the use of such therapy.
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Chlorhexidine bathing of the critically ill for the prevention of hospital‐acquired infection
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared chlorhexidine bathing with soap‐and‐water bathing of patients in the ICU.
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Contact tracing strategies in household and congregate environments to identify cases of tuberculosis in low‐ and moderate‐incidence populations
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs of contact tracing strategies that included alternate approaches (other than standard practice).
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Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy
Randomised controlled trials of add‐on sulthiame, with any level of blinding (single, double or unblinded) in people of any age, with epilepsy of any aetiology.
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TNF‐α blockers for the treatment of Kawasaki disease in children
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared TNF‐α blockers (i.e. infliximab and etanercept) to placebo or other drugs (including retreatment with IVIG) in children with KD, reported in abstract or full‐text.
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Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
We considered all RCTs that studied neonates comparing enteral feeding supplementation with prebiotics versus distilled water/placebo or no supplementation.
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eHealth interventions for people with chronic kidney disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs using an eHealth intervention to promote behaviour change in people with CKD were included. There were no restrictions on outcomes, language or publication type.
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Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a duration of at least three months that enrolled adults and children with surgically‐induced remission of CD and compared AZA or 6‐MP to no treatment, placebo or any other active intervention were considered for inclusion.
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Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared feeding preterm infants protein hydrolysate versus standard (non‐hydrolysed) cow's milk formula.
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Interventions for preventing obesity in children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of diet or physical activity interventions, or combined diet and physical activity interventions, for preventing overweight or obesity in children (0‐17 years) that reported outcomes at a minimum of 12 weeks from baseline.
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Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with parallel or cross‐over design examining buffered solutions versus intravenous 0.9% saline in a critical care setting (resuscitation or maintenance). We included studies on participants with critical illness (including trauma and burns) or undergoing emergency surgery during critical illness who required intravenous fluid therapy. We included studies of adults and children. We included studies with more than two arms if they fulfilled all of our inclusion criteria. We excluded studies performed in persons undergoing elective surgery and studies with multiple interventions in the same arm.
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Community first responders for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized trials (RCTs and q‐RCTs) that compared routine emergency medical services (EMS) care versus EMS care plus mobilization of CFRs in instances of OHCA.Trials with randomization by cluster were eligible for inclusion, including cluster‐design studies with intervention cross‐over.In some communities, the statutory ambulance service/EMS is routinely provided by the local fire service. For the purposes of this review, this group represents the statutory ambulance service/EMS, as distinct from CFRs, and was not included as an eligible intervention.We did not include studies primarily focused on opportunistic bystanders. Individuals who were present at the scene of an OHCA event and who performed CPR according to telephone instruction provided by EMS call takers were not considered to be CFRs.Studies primarily assessing the impact of specific additional interventions such as administration of naloxone in narcotic overdose or adrenaline in anaphylaxis were also excluded.We included adults and children older than four weeks of age who had experienced an OHCA.
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Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review
Randomised controlled trials comparing monotherapy with either carbamazepine or phenytoin in children or adults with focal onset seizures or generalised onset (tonic‐clonic) seizures.
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Genetic testing for prevention of severe drug‐induced skin rash
We included RCTs of participants who had prospective pharmacogenetic screening to determine genetic variants associated with hypersensitivity reactions, compared with those who did not have prospective pharmacogenetic screening. We included participants in any setting, who were of any age, gender, and ethnicity, who had been prescribed drugs known to cause delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.
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Interventions for morphea
Randomised controlled trials of topical, intralesional, or systemic treatments (isolated or combined) in anyone who has been clinically diagnosed by a medical practitioner with any form of morphea. Eligible controls were placebo, no intervention, any other treatment, or different doses or duration of a treatment.
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Singing as an adjunct therapy for children and adults with cystic fibrosis
Randomised controlled trials in which singing (as an adjunct intervention) is compared with either a control intervention (for example, playing computer games or doing craft activities) or no singing in people with cystic fibrosis.
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Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome
We included all randomised controlled trials of inositol supplementation of preterm infants compared with a control group that received a placebo or no intervention. Outcomes included neonatal death, infant death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis.
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Interventions for treating neuropathic pain in people with sickle cell disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (parallel or cross‐over in design), quasi‐RCTs of pharmacological or non‐pharmacological therapies for treating neuropathic pain in people with SCD compared to placebo or another intervention in any category (i.e. pharmacological or non‐pharmacological).
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Inhaled corticosteroids for cystic fibrosis
Randomised or quasi‐randomised trials, published and unpublished, comparing inhaled corticosteroids to placebo or standard treatment in individuals with cystic fibrosis.
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Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants
We selected randomised, quasi‐randomised and cluster‐randomised trials involving preterm and term neonates. Trials were included if they used a proton pump inhibitor, H2 receptor antagonist, antacid, sucralfate or bismuth either for the prevention or treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Computer and mobile technology interventions to promote medication adherence and disease management in people with thalassemia
Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi‐RCTs comparing single‐ or multi‐component interventions versus no intervention, placebo or standard care, with adherence to iron chelation as the primary outcome were eligible for inclusion. Non‐randomized studies of interventions, controlled before‐after studies, and interrupted‐time‐series studies were also eligible for inclusion.
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Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing banked donor preterm milk with banked donor term milk regarding growth and developmental outcomes in very low birth weight infants
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Surgery for epilepsy
Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included at least 30 participants in a well‐defined population (age, sex, seizure type/frequency, duration of epilepsy, aetiology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis, surgical findings), with an MRI performed in at least 90% of cases and an expected duration of follow‐up of at least one year, and reporting an outcome related to postoperative seizure control. Cohort studies or case series were included in the previous version of this review.
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Radix Sophorae flavescentis versus other drugs or herbs for chronic hepatitis B
We included randomised clinical trials, irrespective of publication status, language, or blinding, comparing Radix Sophorae flavescentis versus other drugs or herbs for people with chronic hepatitis B. In addition to chronic hepatitis B, participants could also have had cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or any other concomitant disease. We excluded polyherbal blends containing Radix Sophorae flavescentis. We allowed cointerventions when the cointerventions were administered equally to all intervention groups.
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Social skills training for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years
Randomised clinical trials investigating social skills training versus either no intervention or waiting‐list control, with or without pharmacological treatment of both comparison groups of children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included participants with CD in remission following surgery and compared 5‐ASAs to no treatment, placebo or any other active intervention with duration of at least three months were considered for inclusion.
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Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of children (aged up to 18 years), comparing probiotics with placebo, usual care, or no probiotic.
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Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled studies of laronidase enzyme replacement therapy compared to placebo.
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Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices on growth
We selected parallel‐group randomized controlled trials of at least three months' duration. To be included, trials had to compare linear growth between different inhaled corticosteroid molecules at equivalent doses, delivered by the same type of device, or between different devices used to deliver the same inhaled corticosteroid molecule at the same dose, in children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma.
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Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled studies in preterm infants with or without surgical conditions or PNALD within the first six months of life.
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Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled studies in term and late preterm infants, with or without surgical conditions or PNALD.
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Lithium for acute mania
Prospective randomised controlled studies comparing lithium with placebo or alternative drug treatment in treatment of acute mania. We included anyone with bipolar disorder, male and female, of any age.
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Interventions for promoting participation in shared decision‐making for children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis
We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (but not cross‐over RCTs) of interventions promoting shared decision‐making for children and adolescents with CF aged between four and 18 years, such as information provision, booklets, two‐way interaction, checking understanding (by the participant), preparation to participate in a healthcare decision, decision‐aids, and training interventions or educational programs. We planned to include interventions aimed at children or adolescents (or both), parents or healthcare professionals or any combination of these groups provided that the focus was aimed at promoting shared decision‐making for children and adolescents with CF.
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Ready‐to‐use therapeutic food (RUTF) for home‐based nutritional rehabilitation of severe acute malnutrition in children from six months to five years of age
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs, where children aged between six months and five years with SAM were, during the rehabilitation phase, treated at home with RUTF compared to an alternative dietary approach, or with different regimens and formulations of RUTF compared to each other. We assessed recovery, deterioration or relapse and mortality as primary outcomes; and rate of weight gain, time to recovery, anthropometrical changes, cognitive development and function, adverse outcomes and acceptability as secondary outcomes.
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Enteral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates
We included randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials evaluating enteral lactoferrin (at any dose or duration), used as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy, compared with antibiotic therapy alone (with or without placebo) or other adjuncts to antibiotic therapy to treat neonates at any gestational age up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age with confirmed or suspected sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell's Stage II or III).
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Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6 to 23 months of age for health, nutrition, and developmental outcomes
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that evaluated the impact of LNS plus complementary foods given at point‐of‐use (for any dose, frequency, duration) to non‐hospitalised infants and young children aged six to 23 months in stable or emergency settings and compared to no intervention, other supplementary foods (i.e. FBF), nutrition counselling or multiple micronutrient supplements or powders for point‐of‐use fortification of complementary foods.
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Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of family therapy approaches compared to any other intervention or other types of family therapy approaches were eligible for inclusion. We included participants of any age or gender with a primary clinical diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.
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Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic‐associated diarrhea
Randomized, parallel, controlled trials in children (0 to 18 years) receiving antibiotics, that compare probiotics to placebo, active alternative prophylaxis, or no treatment and measure the incidence of diarrhea secondary to antibiotic use were considered for inclusion.
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MVA85A vaccine to enhance BCG for preventing tuberculosis
We evaluated randomized controlled trials of MVA85A vaccine given with BCG in people regardless of age or HIV status.
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Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia
We included clinical trials randomising adults with schizophrenia or related disorders who were receiving haloperidol, and were stable. We included trials that randomised such participants to either continue their current treatment with haloperidol or discontinue their haloperidol treatment. We included trials that met our selection criteria and reported usable data.
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Eradication therapy for Burkholderia cepacia complex in people with cystic fibrosis
Randomised or quasi‐randomised studies in people with cystic fibrosis of antibiotics or alternative therapeutic agents used alone or in combination, using any method of delivery and any treatment duration, to eradicate Burkholderia cepacia complex infections compared to another antibiotic, placebo or no treatment.
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Medical treatment for botulism
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs examining the medical treatment of any of the four major types of botulism (infant intestinal botulism, food‐borne botulism, wound botulism, and adult intestinal toxemia). Potential medical treatments included equine serum trivalent botulism antitoxin, human‐derived botulinum immune globulin intravenous (BIG‐IV), plasma exchange, 3,4‐diaminopyridine, and guanidine.
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First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia
We included studies involving adults and children with documented or suspected hypoglycaemia as well as healthy volunteers, in which glucose was administered by any enteral route appropriate for use by first‐aid providers.
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Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared toothbrushing and a home‐use interdental cleaning device versus toothbrushing alone or with another device (minimum duration four weeks).
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Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents
We included RCTs that investigated the efficacy of a psychological therapy delivered remotely via technology in comparison to an active, treatment as usual, or waiting‐list control. We considered blended treatments, which used a combination of technology and up to 30% face‐to‐face interaction. Interventions had to be delivered primarily via technology to be included, and we excluded interventions delivered via telephone. We included studies that delivered interventions to children and adolescents (up to 18 years of age) with a chronic pain condition or where chronic pain was a primary symptom of their condition (e.g. juvenile arthritis). We included studies that reported 10 or more participants in each comparator arm, at each extraction point.
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Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children
Randomised comparisons of antibiotics with other antibiotics, placebo or no treatment to prevent recurrent UTI in children.
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Constraint‐induced movement therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐RCTs or clinically controlled trials implemented with children with unilateral CP, aged between 0 and 19 years, where CIMT was compared with a different form of CIMT, or a low dose, high‐dose or dose‐matched alternative form of upper‐limb intervention such as bimanual intervention. Primarily, outcomes were bimanual performance, unimanual capacity and manual ability. Secondary outcomes included measures of self‐care, body function, participation and quality of life.
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Supplemental perioperative intravenous crystalloids for postoperative nausea and vomiting
We included randomized controlled trials of participants older than six months undergoing surgical procedures under general anaesthesia and given supplemental perioperative intravenous crystalloids, defined as a volume larger than that received by a comparator group, to prevent PONV.
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Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs (C‐RCTs) involving the parents of school‐aged children who were part of the general population with no known risk factors (universal interventions), were at elevated risk of alcohol use or problem drinking (selective interventions), or were already consuming alcohol (indicated interventions). Psychosocial or educational interventions involving parents with or without involvement of children were compared with no intervention, or with alternate (e.g. child only) interventions, allowing experimental isolation of parent components.
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Multiple‐micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy
All prospective randomised controlled trials evaluating MMN supplementation with iron and folic acid during pregnancy and its effects on pregnancy outcomes were eligible, irrespective of language or the publication status of the trials. We included cluster‐randomised trials, but excluded quasi‐randomised trials. Trial reports that were published as abstracts were eligible.
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Probiotics to prevent infantile colic
Randomised control trials (RCTs) of newborn infants less than one month of age without the diagnosis of infantile colic at recruitment. We included any probiotic, alone or in combination with a prebiotic (also known as synbiotics), versus no intervention, another intervention(s) or placebo, where the focus of the study was the effect of the intervention on infantile colic.
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Dental cavity liners for Class I and Class II resin‐based composite restorations
We included randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of the use of liners under Class I and Class II posterior resin‐based composite restorations in permanent teeth (in both adults and children). We included both parallel and split‐mouth designs.
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Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries
Randomised controlled trials that compared toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste with toothbrushing with a non‐fluoride toothpaste or toothpaste of a different fluoride concentration, with a follow‐up period of at least 1 year. The primary outcome was caries increment measured by the change from baseline in the decayed, (missing), and filled surfaces or teeth index in all permanent or primary teeth (D(M)FS/T or d(m)fs/t).
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Physical exercise training for type 3 spinal muscular atrophy
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs lasting at least 12 weeks that compared physical exercise training (strength training, aerobic exercise training, or both) to placebo, standard or usual care, or another type of non‐physical intervention for SMA type 3. Participants were adults and children from the age of five years with a diagnosis of SMA type 3 (Kugelberg‐Welander syndrome), confirmed by genetic analysis.
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The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children
We included all parallel randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of ultrasound guidance used when a regional blockade technique was performed in children. We included studies performed in children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic), for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural, caudal, or combined spinal and epidural) or peripheral nerve block (any peripheral nerve block including fascial (fascia iliaca, transversus abdominis plane, rectus sheath blocks) or perivascular blocks), for surgical anaesthesia (alone or in combination with general anaesthesia) or for postoperative analgesia, was performed with ultrasound guidance. We excluded studies in which regional blockade was used to treat chronic pain.We included studies in which ultrasound guidance was used to perform the technique in real time (in‐plane or out‐of‐plane), as pre‐scanning before the procedure or to evaluate the spread of the local anaesthetic so the position of the needle could be adjusted or the block complemented. For control groups, any other technique used to perform the block including landmarks, loss of resistance (air or fluid), click, paraesthesia, nerve stimulator, transarterial, or infiltration was accepted.
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Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
We included all randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials studying preterm infants born at less than 37 weeks' gestational age, requiring CMV and undergoing randomization to either different PEEP levels (RDS or BPD); or, two or more alternative methods for individualizing PEEP levels (RDS only). We included cross‐over trials but limited outcomes to those from the first cross‐over period.
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Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared supplementing enteral or parenteral feeds with iodine (as iodide salt) versus placebo or no supplementation in preterm infants.
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Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in which IV and oral routes of iron administration were compared in adults and children with CKD.
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Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm
RCTs and quasi‐RCTs were eligible for inclusion if they examined the effects of nutrition education of family members as compared to conventional management for weaning of preterm infants up to one year of corrected gestational age. We defined prematurity as less than 37 completed weeks of gestation.
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Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux
RCTs in any language comparing any treatment of VUR and any combination of therapies.
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Antibiotic treatment for newborns with congenital syphilis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing antibiotic treatment (any concentration, frequency, duration and route) with no intervention or any other antibiotic treatment for neonates with confirmed, highly probable or possible congenital syphilis.
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Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effects of dietary manipulations to other diets in participants with IBD. Studies that exclusively focused on enteral nutrition, oral nutrient supplementation, medical foods, probiotics, and parenteral nutrition were excluded.
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Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn
Randomised controlled trials, quasi‐randomised controlled trials and cluster trials comparing needle aspiration (either with the needle or angiocatheter left in situ or removed immediately after aspiration) to intercostal tube drainage in newborn infants with pneumothorax.
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Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs with either individual or cluster randomisation. Participants were menstruating women; that is, women beyond menarche and prior to menopause who were not pregnant or lactating and did not have a known condition that impeded the presence of menstrual periods. The intervention was the use of iron supplements intermittently (one, two or three times a week on non‐consecutive days) compared with placebo, no intervention, or the same supplements provided on a daily basis.
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Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension
We included randomised controlled trials that compared any PDE5 inhibitor versus placebo, or any other PAH disease‐specific therapies, for at least 12 weeks. We include separate analyses for each PH group.
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Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs involving the use of medications to treat cannabis withdrawal or to promote cessation or reduction of cannabis use, or both, in comparison with other medications, placebo or no medication (supportive care) in people diagnosed as cannabis dependent or who were likely to be dependent.
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School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods systematic review
Participants were school‐aged children with asthma who received the intervention in school. Interventions were eligible if their purpose was to help children improve management of their asthma by increasing knowledge, enhancing skills, or changing behaviour. Studies relevant to our first objective could be based on an experimental or quasi‐experimental design and could use qualitative or quantitative methods of data collection. For the second objective we included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) where children were allocated individually or in clusters (e.g. classrooms or schools) to self‐management interventions or no intervention control.
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Antibiotics for treating urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and non‐pregnant women
We included parallel, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of men, and sexually‐active, non‐pregnant women with CT infection (urethritis or uterine cervicitis or asymptomatic), diagnosed by cell culture for CT, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) or antigen‐based detection methods, who had been treated with any of the antibiotic regimens recommended by any of the updated to 2013 CT Guidelines.
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Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle
We considered randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures in the middle third of the clavicle. The primary outcomes were shoulder function or disability, pain and treatment failure, defined as the number of participants who had been given a non‐routine secondary surgical intervention (excluding hardware removal), for symptomatic non‐union, malunion or other complications.
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Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema
We sought RCTs assessing oral H1 AH as 'add‐on' therapy to topical treatment for people with eczema compared with topical treatment plus placebo or no additional treatment as add‐on therapy.
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Inpatient versus outpatient care, partial hospitalisation and waiting list for people with eating disorders
We included randomised controlled trials that tested the efficacy of inpatient, outpatient, or partial hospital settings for treatment of eating disorder in adults, adolescents, and children, whose diagnoses were determined according to the DSM‐5, or other internationally accepted diagnostic criteria. We excluded trials of treatment setting for medical or psychiatric complications or comorbidities (e.g. hypokalaemia, depression) of an eating disorder.
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Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication
We included RCTs that compared a macrolide antibiotic to placebo for any indication. We included trials using any of the four most commonly used macrolide antibiotics: azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, or roxithromycin. Macrolides could be administered by any route. Concomitant medications were permitted provided they were equally available to both treatment and comparison groups.
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Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest
Any randomised controlled trial comparing: standard‐dose adrenaline versus placebo; standard‐dose adrenaline versus high‐dose adrenaline; and adrenaline versus vasopressin, in any setting, due to any cause of cardiac arrest, in adults and children. There were no language restrictions.
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Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children
We included all randomized controlled trials performed in children undergoing any type of thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery comparing epidural analgesia with systemic analgesia for postoperative pain. We applied no language or publication status restriction.
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Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis
Randomized controlled trials of antiamoebic drugs given alone or in combination, compared with placebo or another antiamoebic drug, for treating adults and children with a diagnosis of amoebic colitis.
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Potentiators (specific therapies for class III and IV mutations) for cystic fibrosis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel design comparing CFTR potentiators to placebo in people with CF. A separate review examines trials combining CFTR potentiators with other mutation‐specific therapies.
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Transfusion of red blood cells stored for shorter versus longer duration for all conditions
We included RCTs that compared transfusion of RBCs of shorter versus longer storage duration, or versus standard practice storage duration.
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Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing interventions for treating distal radius fractures in children. We sought data on physical function, treatment failure, adverse events, time to return to normal activities (recovery time), wrist pain, and child (and parent) satisfaction.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
First aid interventions by laypeople for acute oral poisoning
We included randomized controlled trials comparing interventions (alone or in combination) that are feasible in a pre‐hospital setting for treating acute oral poisoning patients, including but potentially not limited to activated charcoal (AC), emetics, cathartics, diluents, neutralizing agents and body positioning.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment
Studies were selected if they met the following criteria: randomised controlled trials of conscious sedation comparing two or more drugs/techniques/placebo undertaken by the dentist or one of the dental team in children up to 16 years of age. We excluded cross‐over trials.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Short‐acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adult, non‐pregnant persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus
We included all randomised controlled trials with an intervention duration of at least 24 weeks that compared short‐acting insulin analogues to regular human insulin in the treatment of people with type 2 diabetes, who were not pregnant.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
We included randomized controlled trials in the review if they administered oral probiotics to pregnant mothers at risk for preterm birth, or to mothers of preterm infants after birth. Quasi‐randomized trials were eligible for inclusion, but none were identified. Studies enrolling pregnant women needed to administer probiotics at < 36 weeks' gestation until the trimester of birth. Probiotics considered were of the genera Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium or Saccharomyces.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Liberal versus conservative fluid therapy in adults and children with sepsis or septic shock
We planned to include all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and cluster RCTs comparing liberal fluid therapy versus conservative fluid therapy for adults and children with sepsis or septic shock.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Dressings and topical agents for preventing pressure ulcers
We included randomised controlled trials that enrolled people at risk of pressure ulcers.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oral and intrauterine progestogens for atypical endometrial hyperplasia
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of oral and intrauterine progestogens (LNG‐IUS) versus each other or placebo in women with a confirmed histological diagnosis of simple or complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events
We included parallel‐design randomised trials involving adults, children, or both with asthma of any severity who were randomised to treatment with regular salmeterol and ICS (in separate or combined inhalers) versus the same dose of ICS of at least 12 weeks in duration.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing LA versus OA in adults or children.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oral isotretinoin for acne
Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of oral isotretinoin in participants with clinically diagnosed acne compared against placebo, any other systemic or topical active therapy, and itself in different formulation, doses, regimens, or course duration.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing omega‐3 fatty acids (as supplements or as foods, stand‐alone interventions, or with a co‐intervention) during pregnancy with placebo or no omega‐3, and studies or study arms directly comparing omega‐3 LCPUFA doses or types. Trials published in abstract form were eligible for inclusion.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers
We included studies that used randomisation, quasi‐randomisation, or minimisation to allocate participants to a phonics intervention group (phonics training only or phonics training plus one other literacy‐related skill) or a control group (no training or non‐literacy training). Participants were English‐speaking poor readers with word reading one standard deviation below the appropriate level for their age (children, adolescents, and adults) or one grade or year below the appropriate level (children only), for no known reason. Participants had no known comorbid developmental disorder, or physical, neurological, or emotional problem.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Protocol‐directed sedation versus non‐protocol‐directed sedation in mechanically ventilated intensive care adults and children
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomized controlled trials conducted in ICUs comparing management with and without protocol‐directed sedation in intensive care adults and children.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of communication‐focused interventions for children (under 12 years of age) diagnosed with ASD and who are minimally verbal (fewer than 30 functional words or unable to use speech alone to communicate), compared with no treatment, wait‐list control or treatment as usual.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Caseworker‐assigned discharge plans to prevent hospital readmission for acute exacerbations in children with chronic respiratory illness
All randomised controlled trials comparing individual caseworker‐assigned discharge planning compared to traditional discharge‐planning approaches (including self management), and their effectiveness in reducing the subsequent need for emergency care for AREs (hospital admissions, emergency department visits, and/or unscheduled general practitioner visits) in children hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease. We excluded studies that included children with cystic fibrosis.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
One‐to‐one oral hygiene advice provided in a dental setting for oral health
We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of one‐to‐one OHA delivered by a dental care professional in a dental care setting with a minimum of 8 weeks follow‐up. We included healthy participants or participants who had a well‐defined medical condition.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis
All RCTs and quasi‐RCTs in adults and children comparing the effects of biocompatible PD solutions (neutral pH, lactate‐buffered, low GDP; neutral pH, bicarbonate(± lactate)‐buffered, low GDP; glucose polymer (icodextrin)) in PD were included. Studies of amino acid‐based solutions were excluded.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Carbamazepine versus phenobarbitone monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review
Randomised controlled trials comparing monotherapy with either carbamazepine or phenobarbitone in children or adults with focal onset seizures or generalised onset tonic‐clonic seizures.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review
We included randomised controlled trials comparing monotherapy with either oxcarbazepine or phenytoin in children or adults with focal onset seizures or generalised onset tonic‐clonic seizures.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema
Randomised controlled trials of LTRAs alone or in combination with other (topical or systemic) treatments compared with other treatments alone such as topical corticosteroids or placebo for eczema in the acute or chronic (maintenance) phase of eczema in adults and children.