anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
primary outcome:
Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment
Outcomes of interest were measured at the baseline of a trial, at the end of interventions and at the end of follow‐up.
primary outcome:
Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer
Mortality.Short‐term mortality (in‐hospital mortality or mortality within three months).Long‐term mortality.Serious adverse events (within three months). We will accept the following definitions of serious adverse events.Clavien‐Dindo classification (Clavien 2009; Dindo 2004): grade III or greater.International Conference on Harmonisation ‐ Good Clinical Practice (ICH‐GCP) guideline (ICH‐GCP 1996): serious adverse events defined as any untoward medical occurrences that result in death, are life‐threatening, require hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation or result in persistent or significant disability/incapacity.Individual complications that can clearly be classified as grade III or greater with the Clavien‐Dindo classification (Clavien 2009; Dindo 2004), or as a serious adverse event with the ICH‐GCP classification.Clinically significant pancreatic fistulas (type B or type C International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) definition) (Bassi 2005).Health‐related quality of life (using any validated scale).Short‐term (four weeks to three months).Medium‐term (longer than three months to one year).
primary outcome:
Laparoscopic versus open gastrectomy for gastric cancer
MortalityShort‐term mortality (in‐hospital mortality or mortality within three months)Long‐term mortality (at maximal follow‐up)Serious adverse events (within three months). We accepted the following definitions of serious adverse events.Clavien‐Dindo classification (Clavien 2009; Dindo 2004): Grade III or more.International Conference on Harmonisation ‐ Good Clinical Practice guideline (ICH‐GCP; ICH‐GCP 1996): serious adverse events defined as any untoward medical occurrence that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, and results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity.Individual complications that could clearly be classified as Grade III or more with the Clavien‐Dindo classification (Clavien 2009; Dindo 2004), or as a serious adverse event with the ICH‐GCP classification.Health‐related quality of life (using any validated scale)Short‐term (four weeks to three months)Medium‐term (more than three months to one year)
primary outcome:
Opioids for the palliation of refractory breathlessness in adults with advanced disease and terminal illness
Subjective measurement of breathlessness intensity or severity, including but not limited to Borg and the modified Borg scale, verbal categorical scales of breathlessness, and visual analogue scales (VAS) of breathlessness (O'Donnell 1998).
primary outcome:
Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer
Mortality.Short‐term mortality (in‐hospital mortality or mortality within three months).Long‐term mortality.Serious adverse events (within three months). We accepted the following definitions of serious adverse events.Clavien‐Dindo classification: Grade III or higher (Clavien 2009; Dindo 2004).International Conference on Harmonisation ‐ Good Clinical Practice (ICH‐GCP) guideline (ICH‐GCP 1996): we defined serious adverse events as any untoward medical occurrence that resulted in death, was life threatening, required hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, or resulted in persistent or significant disability or incapacity.Individual complications that could clearly be classified as Grade III or higher with Clavien‐Dindo classification, or as a serious adverse event with ICH‐GCP classification.Postoperative dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).Anastomotic stenosis.Health‐related quality of life (using any validated scale).Short‐term (four weeks to three months).Medium‐term (three months to one year).
primary outcome:
Physical exercise training interventions for children and young adults during and after treatment for childhood cancer
The primary outcome of this review was physical fitness measured by:cardiorespiratory fitness (e.g. peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak work rate (Wmax), endurance time): aerobic or anaerobic exercise capacity tested by ergometry on a cycle ergometer or treadmill, the Wingate anaerobic test, the steep‐ramp‐test, maximal anaerobic running/cycling test, the Cooper test, or another valid instrument;muscle endurance/strength: assessed with a hand‐held dynamometer, the Biodex, the spring scale, the lateral step‐up test, the sit‐to‐stand test, 10 repetitions maximum, the up‐and‐down stairs test, the minimum chair height test, the muscle power sprint test, a 10 x 5‐m sprint test, the six‐minute walk test, the incremental shuttle walking test, or another valid instrument;body composition: using body mass index (BMI), skin‐fold measurement, a dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, waist circumference, or the waist‐to‐hip‐ratio;flexibility: conducted with a goniometer, flexometer or with the sit‐and‐reach test, V‐sit test, shoulder or trunk rotation test, straight leg raise, the passive and active ankle dorsiflexion test, or another valid instrument;activity energy expenditure: for example, by using an accelerometer;level of daily activity: assessed by an exercise diary, questionnaire, or by accelerometry;time spent exercising (more than daily activity): assessed by an exercise diary, questionnaire, or by accelerometry.
primary outcome:
Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer
All‐cause mortality.Short‐term mortality (in‐hospital mortality or mortality within three months).Long‐term mortality.Serious adverse events (within three months). We planned to accept the following definitions of serious adverse events.ICH‐GCP International Conference on Harmonisation ‐ Good Clinical Practice guideline (ICH‐GCP 1996): serious adverse events defined as any untoward medical occurrence that results in death, is life‐threatening, requires inpatient hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, or results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity.Other variations of ICH‐GCP classifications such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classification (FDA 2006), or Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) classification (MHRA 2013).Health‐related quality of life (using any validated scale).Short‐term (four weeks to three months).Medium‐term (more than three months to two years).Long‐term (more than two years).
primary outcome:
Very early discharge versus early discharge versus non‐early discharge in children with cancer and febrile neutropenia
Treatment failure:rehospitalization or adjustment of antimicrobial treatment (or both) related to febrile neutropenia (participant deterioration or other febrile neutropenia‐related causes), within one week or within the same neutropenic episode;all death and death due to (complications of) febrile neutropenia within one week after hospital discharge or within the same neutropenic episode after hospital discharge.
primary outcome:
Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for surgical treatment of periampullary and pancreatic carcinoma
Postoperative pancreatic‐associated morbidity (disease‐specific), such as leakage from the pancreatic anastomosis/pancreatic fistula, DGE, and biliary leakage.
primary outcome:
Irinotecan chemotherapy combined with fluoropyrimidines versus irinotecan alone for overall survival and progression‐free survival in patients with advanced and/or metastatic colorectal cancer
Overall survival (OS),Time to progression (TTP) or progression‐free survival (PFS)
primary outcome:
End‐of‐life care pathways for improving outcomes in caring for the dying
Physical symptom severity (measured by any instrument used by the study author such as Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (Bruera 1991)), Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (Portenoy 1994).Psychological symptom severity (measured by any instrument used by the study author. For example, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond 1983)).Quality of life (measured by any instrument used by the study author such as McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (Cohen 1995)).Harms (any adverse effects, as determined by the researchers, health professionals or carers/families).
primary outcome:
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus percutaneous radiological gastrostomy for swallowing disturbances
Mortality rate
primary outcome:
Antiemetic medication for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in childhood
Where data on the complete control of nausea and vomiting were absent, we estimated the effectiveness by analysis of the average difference using a continuous measure of vomiting (for example 'number of vomits per day') where available.
primary outcome:
Effectiveness of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian cancer
Estimated blood loss (mL)
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy for resistant or recurrent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Remission/complete response (CR) rate.Treatment failure.Overall survival (OS).
primary outcome:
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the initial management of primary epithelial ovarian cancer
Progression‐free survival (time to recurrence).Overall survival (time to death).
primary outcome:
Interval debulking surgery for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
Overall survival (OS): Survival until death from all causes. Survival was assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study.
primary outcome:
Localization techniques for guided surgical excision of non‐palpable breast lesions
Successful localization of the lesion: using the planned technique to image and localize the lesion preoperatively;successful excision of the lesion: excision of the lesion as planned;positive excision margins: cancer in mural edge;re‐operation rate: the need for further excision of primary lesion, not including axilla only interventions.
primary outcome:
Adjuvant (post‐surgery) chemotherapy for early stage epithelial ovarian cancer
Overall survival (OS) (survival until death from any cause);Progression‐free survival (PFS) or recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (for the purposes of this Cochrane review, we have considered PFS and RFS to be the same endpoint).
primary outcome:
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy
Overall survival/total mortality (and disease‐related mortality if possible).Locoregional control.Disease‐free survival (DFS).Progression‐free survival (PFS) or time to recurrence.
primary outcome:
Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy
Complete control of nausea and vomiting (absence of episodes of nausea and vomiting without use of rescue medication) in the acute phase (within 24 hours of treatment with chemotherapy) and in the delayed phase (after 24 hours' treatment with chemotherapy) of nausea and vomiting.Complete control of vomiting (absence of episodes of vomiting without use of rescue medication) in the acute and delayed phases of nausea and vomiting.Complete control of nausea (absence of episodes of nausea without use of rescue medication) in the acute and delayed phases of nausea and vomiting.
primary outcome:
Stapler versus scalpel resection followed by hand‐sewn closure of the pancreatic remnant for distal pancreatectomy
POPF, including rate of POPF and rate of clinically relevant POPF
primary outcome:
Levomepromazine for nausea and vomiting in palliative care
Patient‐reported nausea severityPatient‐reported vomiting severityPatient‐reported relief of symptoms of nausea and vomiting
primary outcome:
Haloperidol for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in palliative care patients
Patient‐reported nausea severity.Patient‐reported vomiting severity.
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer in the elderly population
Overall survival (OS).Quality of life (QoL).
primary outcome:
Acupuncture for cancer pain in adults
The primary outcome measure was patient‐reported pain intensity using validated scales (e.g. visual analogue scales (VAS), numerical rating scales) or verbal reporting.
primary outcome:
High‐dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell rescue for children with high‐risk neuroblastoma
Event‐free survival (usually defined as the time to recurrence or progression of disease or death from any cause or varying definitions, as used by the authors).Overall survival (defined as the time to death from any cause).
primary outcome:
Cyclophosphamide versus ifosfamide for paediatric and young adult bone and soft tissue sarcoma patients
Response rate (defined as the number of patients with a complete or partial remission).Event‐free survival (defined as the time to recurrence or progression of disease).Overall patient survival (defined as the time to death from any cause).
primary outcome:
Oral tapentadol for cancer pain
Number of participants with pain reduction of ≥ 30% from baselineNumber of participants with pain reduction of ≥ 50% from baselineNumber of participants with pain no worse than mildNumber of participants with PGIC of much improved or very much improved (or equivalent wording)
primary outcome:
Nutritional support in children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy
Change in nutritional indices.Weight.Height.Body mass index.Fat‐free body mass.Total body water.Arm anthropometry (triceps/biceps skinfold thickness, mid‐upper arm circumference, arm circumference, arm muscle area).Serum albumin.Pre‐albumin.Adverse events.Infection rate (line infection, positive blood culture, catheter tip infection).Frequency, duration or severity (author defined) of diarrhoea, nausea or vomiting, or severity or duration of mucositis.Abnormal biochemical profiles (serum glutamine or serum ammonia levels or dyslipidaemia)Calorie and nutritional intake.Total energy intake.Total protein intake.
primary outcome:
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation after primary brain tumour treatment
Impairment, e.g. headache, seizures, muscle weakness, aphasia, visual impairments, pain.Disability (limitation in activity), measured by validated tools such as the Functional Independence Measure (Granger 1998), Barthel Index (Mahoney 1965), Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System‐short form (Ganz 1992; Schag 1991), Cancer Survivor Unmet Needs measure (Hodgkinson 2007), and Perceived Impact of Problem Profile (Pallant 2006).Restriction in participation and/or environmental or personal context, e.g. quality of life (SF‐36; Ware 1993), fatigue (Fatigue Impacts Scale; Fisk 1994), psychological (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; Lovibond 1995) and vocational outcomes (Work Instability Scale; Gilworth 2003), social re‐integration and patient satisfaction measures, and others.Any adverse events that may have resulted from the intervention, defined as those events that are life‐threatening or requiring prolonged hospitalisation.
primary outcome:
Spinal cord stimulation for cancer‐related pain in adults
at least 50% reduction of pain (visual analogue score (VAS) as the primary parameter);health‐related quality of life;physical and functional abilities;pain‐related anxiety and depression.
primary outcome:
Taxane‐containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer
1. Overall survival
2. Time to progression
primary outcome:
Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care
Patient‐reported fatigue (self reported measures or validated self assessment tools, or both), substituted by caregiver or medical staff estimations only where self assessment was not possible, and measurement using reliable and valid assessment instruments (single‐item scales or questionnaire instruments).Improvement of fatigue. Since no gold standard for the treatment or improvement of fatigue exists, we suggested an improvement of fatigue intensity by 33% related to the range of the assessment instrument to be clinically significant. This is congruent with the improvement of pain intensity, where a 33% reduction has been described as significant from the patient's point of view (Farrar 2003).
primary outcome:
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances
Intervention failures as defined by any event leading to failure to introduce the tube, recurrent displacement and treatment interruption (feeding interruption, blocking or leakage of the tube, no adherence to treatment) (based on Norton 1996).
primary outcome:
Rapid COJEC versus standard induction therapies for high‐risk neuroblastoma
Complete response versus other responses such as partial or no response.Early toxicity: adverse events within 90 days of the therapy; incidence of all reported adverse events and severe (grade 3 and 4) events; and incidence of toxicity‐related discontinuations from treatment. Results may be pooled if similar definitions are used in studies. Examples of potentially used classification systems: National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE 2010) and World Health Organization (WHO) toxicity grading scale for determining the severity of adverse events (ICSSC 2003).Treatment‐related mortality: incidence of deaths during the induction period that are classified as treatment‐related or attributed to treatment complications.
primary outcome:
Interventions for cough in cancer
The primary outcome was subjective or objective improvement in cough frequency or severity, or alleviation of distress.
primary outcome:
Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by lymph node dissection for localised primary cutaneous melanoma
Overall survivalRate of treatment complications and side effects (short‐term: up to 6 months; medium‐term: up to 1 year; long‐term: up to 10 years)
primary outcome:
Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care
Laxation response. Laxation response could be measured by reporting the time to a bowel movement or frequency of having a bowel movement. It could be by the need for an additional laxative beyond those that were evaluated in the trial or measured by whether the person had difficulty or completeness of defecation. The type of stool passed, such as in volume and consistency, could also be measured by the Bristol Stool Chart (Lewis 1997).Adverse events.
primary outcome:
Laetrile treatment for cancer
The outcomes of interest were:
primary outcome:
Buprenorphine for treating cancer pain
No or mild pain;≤ 3/10 on a numerical rating scale;≤ 30/100 mm on a visual analogue scale;Positive ratings on patient measures of satisfaction (usually very satisfied), or treatment success, or global impression of change (very good, excellent).
primary outcome:
Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function
Primary outcomes were time to first flatus (TFF) (hours) and time to first bowel movement (TBM) (hours).
primary outcome:
Conservative interventions for preventing clinically detectable upper‐limb lymphoedema in patients who are at risk of developing lymphoedema after breast cancer therapy
The primary outcome in our review is the occurrence of lymphoedema. This could be reported as either a dichotomous outcome or as a continuous outcome (volume or percentage volume change). Time‐to‐event data, with lymphoedema as the event, was also used, if reported. Because of the variety of ways in which lymphoedema can be defined and diagnosed, studies were only considered eligible if they had used a predefined criterion for establishing lymphoedema that was based, at least in part, on an objective assessment. This included circumference measurements, water displacement methods, bioimpedance measurements, laser scanning, perimetry and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning. This means we did not include studies that had evaluated an intervention based solely on a diagnosis of lymphoedema made by a healthcare professional or on self‐reported swelling or complaints of oedema.
primary outcome:
Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma
Overall survival.
primary outcome:
Palliative radiotherapy regimens for patients with thoracic symptoms from non‐small cell lung cancer
Improvement of major thoracic symptoms for instance cough, chest pain, haemoptysis or breathlessness, both degree and duration
primary outcome:
Dance/movement therapy for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients
Psychological outcomes (e.g. depression, anxiety, anger, hopelessness, helplessness, mood, self‐esteem)Symptom relief (e.g. fatigue, nausea, pain)Physical outcomes (e.g. physical health, vitality, range of motion (ROM), arm circumference)
primary outcome:
Follow‐up strategies after treatment (large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ)) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) test
Residual or recurrent, or both, CIN2 or higher lesion.
primary outcome:
Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery for the treatment of solid abdominal and thoracic neoplasms in children
OS: defined as the time from surgery to death from any cause.EFS: as defined by the authors of the original study.Port‐site metastases: defined as tumour recurrence in trocar sites or surgical wounds.Recurrence rate: defined as the rate of either local or distant recurrence.
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy for children with medulloblastoma
EFS/DFS, defined as the time to recurrence or progression of primary disease or death from any cause.OS, defined as the time to death from any cause.
primary outcome:
Adjuvant chemotherapy after concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer
Overall survival, analysed from date of randomisation until death or the participant's last visit.Progression‐free survival analysed from date of randomisation until appearance of a new lesion during treatment, or a greater than 20% or 25% increase in local tumour size by RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) (Eisenhauer 2009) or WHO (World Health Organization) (Miller 1981) criteria, respectively.
primary outcome:
Long‐term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and the development of gastric pre‐malignant lesions
Development or progression of gastric pre‐malignant lesions after long‐term PPI use, mainly including atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, ECL cell hyperplasia, and dysplasia. Classification and grading of these lesions should be carried out by experienced pathologists, using well‐established criteria (e.g. (updated) Sydney system for gastritis (Dixon 1996; Price 1991), and the system described by Solcia 1988 for ECL cell hyperplasia).
primary outcome:
Droperidol for treatment of nausea and vomiting in palliative care patients
Nausea rating: intensity, duration (the patient's report of his or her symptoms)Vomiting severity rating (the patient's report of his or her symptoms)
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy with cetuximab versus chemotherapy alone for chemotherapy‐naive advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
The primary outcome measure was overall survival, defined as the time from randomisation to death from any cause.
primary outcome:
Colony‐stimulating factors for chemotherapy‐induced febrile neutropenia
Overall mortalityInfection‐related mortality
primary outcome:
High dose rate versus low dose rate intracavity brachytherapy for locally advanced uterine cervix cancer
Overall survival (OS)Disease‐specific survival (DSS)Relapse‐free survival (RFS)Local control rate
primary outcome:
Codeine, alone and with paracetamol (acetaminophen), for cancer pain
Participants with at least 50% reduction in pain (preferred outcome)Participants with pain intensity below 30/100 mm on the visual analogue scale (VAS) or 3/10 on the numeric rating scale (NRS) (preferred outcome)Patient Global Impression of Change (participants who are much or very much improved)
primary outcome:
Treatment including anthracyclines versus treatment not including anthracyclines for childhood cancer
Survival (overall survival and event‐free survival as defined by the authors of the original study)
primary outcome:
Treatment of severe or progressive Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV‐infected adults
MortalityProgression of Kaposi's sarcomaClinical response (complete, partial and no response), which includes assessment of the number of lesions, size and oedema (Krown 1989)
primary outcome:
Non‐steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy compared with luteinising hormone–releasing hormone agonists or surgical castration monotherapy for advanced prostate cancer
Overall survival.
primary outcome:
Impact of morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone or codeine on patient consciousness, appetite and thirst when used to treat cancer pain
The primary outcomes are numbers of participants experiencing adverse events of level of consciousness or inability to eat or drink.Secondary surrogate outcomes included numbers of participants reporting:Where studies report these adverse effects, we looked to see if concomitant medication could also have contributed.
primary outcome:
Surgical treatment of stage IA2 cervical cancer
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes. Survival was assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study.
primary outcome:
Surgery versus primary endocrine therapy for operable primary breast cancer in elderly women (70 years plus)
Overall survival (interval between start of treatment and participant's death; cause of death where available).Progression‐free survival (interval between start of treatment and need for second‐line treatment/palliative treatment/recurrence/death from any cause).
primary outcome:
Adjuvant treatment of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas
OS: as defined from date of randomization to death from of any cause.
primary outcome:
Adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer
Overall survival (death from all causes; OS) from the time that women were enrolled in the trial.
primary outcome:
Medically assisted nutrition for adult palliative care patients
QoL on any measure (including symptom assessment scales).
primary outcome:
Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer
‐ Disease‐free and overall survival
primary outcome:
Surgical interventions for high‐grade vulval intraepithelial neoplasia
Response to treatment (based on clinical or histological, or clinical and histological assessment of resolution, regression, persistence or progression of VIN)Recurrence of high‐grade VIN on long‐term follow up (at two and five years)Progression to vulval cancer
primary outcome:
Surgery or radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus surgery or radiosurgery alone for brain metastases
(1) Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes. Survival was assessed from the time when patients were randomised.
primary outcome:
Resection versus other treatments for locally advanced pancreatic cancer
Overall survivalOther severe adverse events, defined as any event that would increase mortality; is life‐threatening; requires inpatient hospitalisation; results in a persistent or significant disability; or any important medical event that might have jeopardised the patient or required intervention to prevent it (ICH‐GCP 1996)Quality of life
primary outcome:
De‐escalation treatment protocols for human papillomavirus‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Overall survivalTreatment‐related morbidity and side effects
primary outcome:
Exenterative surgery for recurrent gynaecological malignancies
Overall survival: survival until death from all causes.
primary outcome:
Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer
Overall survivalProgression‐free survival (or time to progression)
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy versus best supportive care for extensive small cell lung cancer
I) Overall survival, measured as the hazard ratio or median or mean values with confidence intervals
primary outcome:
Post‐operative radiotherapy for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
ipsilateral local recurrence (both DCIS and invasive cancer);contralateral breast cancer (both DCIS and invasive cancer);metastatic disease (if reported);breast cancer mortality;all‐cause mortality.long‐term complications from radiotherapy;vascular mortality (including acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, congestive cardiac failure, and cerebrovascular disease);pulmonary toxicity;lung cancer;osteoradionecrosis.
primary outcome:
Patient‐reported outcome measures for follow‐up after gynaecological cancer treatment
Overall Survival (OS): survival until death from all causes. We planned to assess survival from the time when women completed treatment.
primary outcome:
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for first‐line treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer
Progression‐free survival (PFS): survival until disease progression.
primary outcome:
Oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients
All cause mortality at 30 days follow‐upMortality caused by the infectious episode at end of follow‐up (restricted to 30 days)Treatment failure (restricted to 30 days)
primary outcome:
Laparoscopically assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy versus radical abdominal hysterectomy for the treatment of early cervical cancer
Overall survival (OS): survival until death from all causes.Progression‐ or disease‐free survival (PFS or DFS).
primary outcome:
Perioperative nutrition interventions for women with ovarian cancer
Overall survival (OS) recorded up to five years.Length of hospital stay.
primary outcome:
Cervico‐thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome
Participants with ≥ 30% pain relief over baseline, or at least "much improved" on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale.Participants with ≥ 50% pain relief over baseline, or "very much improved" on the PGIC scale.Participants with no worse than mild pain.
primary outcome:
Psychosocial interventions for patients with head and neck cancer
Quality of life, as measured by an established and/or validated tool, for example, the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ‐C30.
primary outcome:
Maintenance chemotherapy for ovarian cancer
PFS and OS rates
primary outcome:
Beta‐lactam versus beta‐lactam‐aminoglycoside combination therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia
Death at end of follow‐up for the infectious episode, up to 30 days (all cause mortality).
primary outcome:
Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease
Complete clearance of the lesion.
primary outcome:
Interferon alpha for the adjuvant treatment of cutaneous melanoma
The primary outcomes considered were disease‐free survival and overall survival. The survival time was calculated from the date of randomisation.
primary outcome:
Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of home palliative care services for adults with advanced illness and their caregivers
Death at home.
primary outcome:
Interferon after surgery for women with advanced (Stage II‐IV) epithelial ovarian cancer
1. Overall survival (OS): time (in days) from the date of randomisation until death.2. Progression free survival (PFS): time (in days) from randomisation to progression of disease or death (whichever occurs first). Disease progression is defined as the appearance of one or more new lesions or unequivocal progress of existing lesions, or both.
primary outcome:
Fibrin glue instillation under skin flaps to prevent seroma‐related morbidity following breast and axillary surgery
Incidence of seroma, defined as the presence of fluid collection under the skin flap diagnosed by clinical and radiological assessment and requiring prolonged hospital stay, frequent clinic visits or aspiration(s), or a combination of these.Morbidity, including all adverse events such as wound infection, seroma, skin necrosis, shoulder stiffness, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, bleeding and haematoma.
primary outcome:
Sequencing of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for early breast cancer
Local recurrence in the ipsilateral (i.e. same) breast and cause‐specific mortality. We defined local recurrence as including recurrence in the ipsilateral breast (i.e. the breast in which cancer had been diagnosed), the skin and parenchyma.
primary outcome:
Temozolomide for high grade glioma
Overall survival (OS): from time of randomisation to time of death.
primary outcome:
Megestrol acetate for treatment of anorexia‐cachexia syndrome
Weight gain, measured as a dichotomous variable (number of patients who gained weight) and as a continuous variable in kg (difference between baseline and the end of treatment).Improvement in quality of life by means of a validated instrument, or with scales of functional scores (e.g. Karnofsky Index and performance status) that measure the well‐being status of the patient. The quality of life measures will depend on the instrument used, e.g. patient assessments using a Likert‐type scale based on patients' statements and self report questionnaires, or the use of the Spitzer Index of quality of life, completed by the clinician.Adverse effects: we analysed these as the number of patients who suffered an event described as a side effect by the authors of each study.
primary outcome:
Pre‐treatment surgical para‐aortic lymph node assessment in locally advanced cervical cancer
OS: survival until death from all causes. Survival was assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the trial.
primary outcome:
Multidimensional rehabilitation programmes for adult cancer survivors
Physical outcomes included changes in physical or functional status (e.g. exercise tolerance, physical fitness, weight control, dietary intake) or symptom control (e.g. pain, fatigue).Psychosocial outcomes included measures of quality of life (QoL), self efficacy, anxiety or depression. These measures were assessed using established validated scales (e.g. European Organisation for Research and Treatment in Cancer Quality of Life measure (EORTC), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy measure (FACT), Short Form‐36 measure (SF‐36), Beck Depression Inventory or Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)).
primary outcome:
Adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy after surgery for uterine carcinosarcoma
Overall survival (OS): Survival until death from all causes. Survival was assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study.
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy for metastatic and recurrent cervical cancer
Response rate (percentage of patients with evidence of reduction in tumour size following treatment, usually assessed by computerised tomography (CT) scan within one to three months).OS (length of time from completing treatment to death from whatever cause).
primary outcome:
Interventions for reducing anxiety in women undergoing colposcopy
Anxiety using a validated scale (e.g. Spielberg State Anxiety Inventory ‐ STAI)
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy for malignant germ cell ovarian cancer in adult patients with early stage, advanced and recurrent disease
Overall survival (survival until death from any cause). Survival was assessed from the time when women were enrolled in the study.
primary outcome:
Chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone in non‐small cell lung cancer
Overall survival
Disease‐free survival
primary outcome:
Topical anti‐inflammatory treatments for eczema: network meta‐analysis
Patient‐reported symptoms of eczema. Data were extracted based on the following instruments, in decreasing priority order:Patient‐Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) ‐ based on consensus in the HOME initiative (Spuls 2017);Itch measured using an instrument recommended by HOME – currently the Peak Pruritus‐Numerical Rating Scales (PP‐NRS; Yosipovitch 2019);Patient‐Oriented SCORAD (PO‐SCORAD; Stalder 2011);Itch measured using other instruments such as the Leuven Itch Scale (LIS; Haest 2011), Itch Severity Scale (ISS; Majeski 2007), or Visual Analogous Scales (VAS);Self Administered Eczema Area and Severity Index (SA‐EASI; Housman 2002);Patients’ Global Assessment (PGA; Farina 2011);Atopic Dermatitis Assessment Measure (ADAM; Charman 1999);Any other instruments.Clinician‐reported signs of eczema. Data were extracted based on the following instruments, in decreasing priority order:Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI; Hanifin 2001) ‐ based on consensus in the HOME initiative (Schmitt 2014);Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD; Kunz 1997);Six Area, Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis (SASSAD) severity score (Charman 2002);Body Surface Area (BSA) affected;Any other instruments.IGA score indicating clear or almost clear eczema (e.g. a score of 0 or 1) or a comparable construct;IGA score which uses a composite of clear or almost clear eczema together with a single measure of another aspect of IGA, for example, a specific level of BSA affected or a specific level of improvement/change (such as a 2‐point reduction in IGA score);IGA severity of eczema measured in another binary way, which is not comparable to ‘clear or almost clear’ versus other;IGA response of eczema reported as a binary measure;IGA severity of eczema reported as a continuous measure;IGA response of eczema reported as a continuous measure.
primary outcome:
Non‐invasive high‐frequency ventilation in newborn infants with respiratory distress
Mortality before hospital discharge (all causes);Endotracheal intubation or reintubation during admission.14 studies reported mortality before discharge (Ali 2023; Chen 2019; Feng 2019; Fischer 2019; Iranpour 2019; Li 2019; Lou 2017; Malakian 2020; Menshykova 2015; Mukerji 2017; Oktem 2021; Zhu 2017; Zhu 2021; Zhu 2022).24 studies reported endotracheal intubation or reintubation (Ali 2023; Chen 2019; Cheng 2021; De La Roque 2011; Fischer 2019; Iranpour 2019; Li 2019; Li 2021; Lou 2017; Malakian 2020; Menshykova 2015; Mukerji 2017; Oktem 2021; Seth 2021; Wang 2020; Wang 2023; Yang 2021; Yuan 2021; Zhang 2021; Zhang 2022b; Zhenyu 2019; Zhu 2017; Zhu 2021; Zhu 2022).
primary outcome:
Oral killed cholera vaccines for preventing cholera
Cases of cholera: cases were defined by stool culture‐confirmed cases of Vibrio cholerae (V cholerae). The number of cases in a specific intervention/control group was considered the numerator; the number of study participants in that intervention/control group was the denominator.
primary outcome:
Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children
Hearing, measured as:proportion of children whose hearing has returned to normal, with normal hearing defined as 20 dB HL or less (assessed using age‐appropriate tests);hearing threshold.Disease‐specific quality of life measured using a validated instrument, for example:OM8‐30 (Haggard 2003);Otitis Media‐6 (Rosenfeld 1997).Adverse events ‐ systemic corticosteroid side effects.
primary outcome:
Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Proportion of children who received DTP3 or Penta 3 by one year of age.Proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by two years of age.
primary outcome:
Corrector therapies (with or without potentiators) for people with cystic fibrosis with class II CFTR gene variants (most commonly F508del)
SurvivalQuality of life (QoL) (measured using validated quantitative scales or scores (e.g. Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire‐Revised (CFQ‐R) (Quittner 2009))Total QoL scoreDifferent sub‐domains that may be reportedPhysiological measures of lung function (L or per cent (%) predicted for age, sex and height)Forced expiratory flow rate at one second (FEV1) (relative change from baseline)FEV1 absolute values (and change from baseline)Forced vital capacity (FVC) (absolute values and change from baseline)Lung clearance index (LCI) (post hoc change)Other relevant physiological measures of lung function
primary outcome:
Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis
Resolution of symptoms (cure or improvement of signs and symptoms, which could include sore throat, fever, feeling ill, etc.) post‐treatment.
primary outcome:
Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children
Hearing, measured as:the proportion of children whose hearing has returned to normal (defined by the trialists);mean final hearing threshold (determined for the child or ear, depending on the unit of analysis);change in hearing threshold from baseline (determined for the child or ear, depending on the unit of analysis).Disease‐specific quality of life measured using a validated instrument, for example:OM8‐30 (Haggard 2003);Otitis Media‐6 (Rosenfeld 1997).Adverse event ‐ persistent perforation.
primary outcome:
Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children
Proportion of children with pain at various time points (24 hours, two to three days, four to seven days, 10 to 14 days).Adverse effects likely to be related to the use of antibiotics such as vomiting, diarrhoea or rash.
primary outcome:
Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
Death or major neurodevelopmental disability defined as: a. cerebral palsy (CP) or gross motor disability (defined as ≥ level 2 according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)) (Palisano 1997); b. developmental delay (Bayley or Griffith assessment > 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean) (Bayley 1993; Bayley 2006; Griffiths 1954); c. intellectual impairment (intelligence quotient (IQ) > 2 SD below the mean); d. blindness (vision < 6/60 in both eyes); or e. sensorineural deafness requiring amplification.We performed separate analyses for children aged 18 to 24 months and three to five years (Jacobs 2013).
primary outcome:
Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures
Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after first or maximal loading dose of the given ASM;Mortality or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age. Neurodevelopmental disability was defined as one or more of the following: cerebral palsy on clinical examination; developmental delay more than two standard deviations (SDs) below population mean on a standardised test of development; blindness (visual acuity less than 6/60); deafness (any hearing impairment requiring amplification).
primary outcome:
Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus infection
Mortality from any cause occurring during hospitalisation or follow‐up.Length of hospitalisation.Adverse events. We used definitions applied by study investigators for adverse events and serious adverse events. These were:adverse events: the number of participants experiencing one or more adverse event of any severity or seriousness during the trial or follow‐up. Adverse events were any adverse changes from baseline occurring after study drug administration. These events may or may not have been related to the study drug; andserious adverse events: the number of participants experiencing one or more adverse events considered by study investigators to be serious in nature. These were events that resulted in a substantial impairment of baseline function or death, required or prolonged hospitalisation, or were otherwise considered an important medical event, during the trial or follow‐up.
primary outcome:
Immunomodulatory interventions for focal epilepsy
Seizure freedom, defined as the proportion of patients that achieve complete seizure cessation during the treatment period.50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency during the treatment period, compared to baseline seizure frequency.
primary outcome:
Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants
Mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge)Neurodevelopmental disability at at least 18 months of postnatal age (defined as neurological abnormality including cerebral palsy on clinical examination, developmental delay more than two standard deviations below population mean on a standardised test of development, blindness (visual acuity less than 6/60), or deafness (any hearing impairment requiring amplification) at any time after term corrected)
primary outcome:
Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
BPD defined as an oxygen requirement at 28 days.BPD defined as oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (Jobe 2001).Neonatal mortality.Mortality prior to discharge.BPD or death at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age.
primary outcome:
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
All‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge (any setting)Composite outcome of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 26 months, as reported by study authors, using validated tools and including the following domains: cerebral palsy or gross motor disability; developmental delay more than two standard deviations (SDs) below population mean on a standardized test of development; visual impairment (visual acuity less than 6/60); hearing impairment (requiring amplification). If studies reported components of the composite outcome of neurodevelopmental disability (as detailed below), we presented them individually as primary outcomes:cerebral palsy on clinical examination;gross motor disability (defined as ≥ level 2 according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) (Palisano 1997);developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development (including assessment with Bayley or Griffith scales) (Bayley 1993; Bayley 2005; Griffiths 1954);mental development (intelligence quotient (IQ) > 2 SD below the mean;visual impairment (vision < 6/60 in both eyes);hearing impairment (requiring amplification).
primary outcome:
Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease
the number of participants whose depression score, following the intervention, was below that defined as indicating depression in each study. This was treated as a dichotomous outcome; andchange in depression score (from validated scales) following the intervention, for each study. This was treated as a continuous outcome.
primary outcome:
Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants
Change in mean oxygen saturation during and post‐interventionaInfant development (assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID‐II and III),b focusing on mean mental development index (MDI) scores and psychomotor development index (PSI) scores at two years of corrected age (Johnson 2008))Change in anxietyb, defined as mean State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory Score with 20 items and a four‐point Likert Scale (Spielberger 1983).
primary outcome:
Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates
Physiological parametersHeart rate changeHeart rateRespiratory rate changeOxygen saturation changeOxygen saturationBlood pressure changeSystolic blood pressure changeDiastolic blood pressure changeCry variablesLatency of first cryDuration of first cryDuration of cryingPercentage time cryingTime of first calmingValidated pain measuresNeonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) (Lawrence 1993)Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) (Stevens 1996)Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) (Craig 1994)Other pain scores as reported by the authors. (We identified during this review that authors had reported on other non‐validated scores, such as the Douleur Aigue Nouveau‐né score (DAN) (Carbajal 2003 (Venipuncture)), composite score (Shendurnikar 2005 (Heel lance)), Body Pain Score (Bucher 2000 (Heel lance)), visual analogue scale (VAS) (Gradin 2004 (Venipuncture)), COMFORTneo score (Simonse 2012 (Heel lance)), and Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale (N‐PASS) (Ou‐Yang 2013 (Heel lance)), and we have included them in this review.)
primary outcome:
Specific psychological therapies versus other therapies or no treatment for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa
Clinical improvement: weight restoration to within the normal weight range for participant sample (e.g. for female young adults, body mass index (BMI) 19 to 25; for others, greater than 85% expected weight for age/height) at end of treatment, six months' follow‐up, and 12 months' follow‐upTreatment non‐completion: proportion of participants who did not complete treatment