anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
primary outcome:
Intraocular lens optic edge design for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery
Proportion of eyes receiving Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy at 12 months postoperatively. Because PCO formation is very uncommon in the first months after surgery, a minimum of 12 months follow‐up time was defined.
primary outcome:
Adjunctive modulation of wound healing during cataract surgery to promote survival of a previous trabeculectomy
Trabeculectomy failure at 6 months and 12 months after cataract surgery, defined as failure of the bleb needing further surgery/intervention or the need for the use of additional medications to control IOP.
primary outcome:
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration
Mean best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using a logMAR chart at 12 months follow‐up
primary outcome:
Surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane
Mean change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the study eye between baseline (before randomisation), 6 months, and 12 months later, as measured by a logMAR chart at a starting distance of 4 m.
primary outcome:
Lens extraction for chronic angle‐closure glaucoma
(1) Proportion of participants with evidence of progression of visual field loss at different follow‐up time points. The main primary outcome was at one year of follow‐up. We adopted the criteria in the included studies to define progression of visual field loss as measured using a validated method.(2) Mean change in IOP from baseline to one year, measured by any method. We also planned to report the mean change in IOP from baseline to different follow‐up time points. If data on mean change from baseline and its standard deviation were not reported in the manuscript and could not be obtained from the authors, we planned to analyze the final mean IOPs at different follow‐up time points.
primary outcome:
Laser peripheral iridoplasty for chronic angle closure
Percentage of cases found to have disease progression at two years, defined as either: a) change in stage of the disease (PACS to PAC to PACG); or b) worsening of glaucomatous damage among participants with PACG. As highlighted in Table 1, disease progression is based on clinical examination, including IOP and gonioscopy for PACS to PAC; and structural assessment of the optic disc and visual field testing for PAC to PACG.Neither study collected data for the primary outcome of interest for this review.Bourne 2017 did not collect data for the primary outcome of interest for this review.Narayanaswamy 2016 assessed the primary outcome of progression of the disease state via measurement of vertical cup‐to‐disk ratio (C/D ratio). Argon LPIp showed no evidence of greater effect in preventing disease progression when compared to travoprost (MD ‐0.03, 95% CI ‐0.11 to 0.05; 80 participants; low‐certainty evidence).
primary outcome:
Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with Trabectome for open‐angle glaucoma
Proportion of participants who were medication‐free (not using eye drops).
primary outcome:
Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors
Proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better at 12 months post‐treatmentProportion of eyes that had lost one or more lines of best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) at 12 months post‐treatment compared to pre‐surgery measurements
primary outcome:
Visual cycle modulators versus placebo or observation for the prevention and treatment of geographic atrophy due to age‐related macular degeneration
Mean change in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), from baseline to month 24.
primary outcome:
Corneal collagen cross‐linking for bacterial infectious keratitis
The proportion of participants with re‐epithelization and complete healing with or without scar formation at four to eight weeks. Complete healing was defined as: absence of infiltrate, epithelial healing, and no sign of inflammation or epithelial defect.
primary outcome:
Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
BCVA measured in ETDRS letters on a logMAR chart and analyzed as mean change of BCVA from baseline to one year of follow‐up.
primary outcome:
Laser‐assisted in‐situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with a mechanical microkeratome compared to LASIK with a femtosecond laser for LASIK in adults with myopia or myopic astigmatism
Mean uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at 12 months after surgery. We used logMAR for visual acuity analyses.
primary outcome:
Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction
Change from baseline in subjective dry eye symptoms (including dryness, foreign body sensation, burning, itching, sensitivity to light), as measured using a validated dry eye questionnaire (e.g. Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) or Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)), at three months of follow‐up, with an acceptable follow‐up range of up to six months.
primary outcome:
Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with Schlemm´s canal microstent (Hydrus) for open angle glaucoma
Proportion of participants who were medication‐free (not using eye drops)
primary outcome:
Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults
short‐term: outcomes up to six months after baseline (direct effect within one month after intervention, or maintenance effects, one month to six months after intervention);long‐term: outcomes more than six months after baseline (direct effect within one month after intervention, or maintenance effects, one month or longer after intervention).
primary outcome:
Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification
Proportion of participants with postoperative residual refractive astigmatism of less than 0.50 D.Mean postoperative residual refractive astigmatism in dioptres.
primary outcome:
Pars plana vitrectomy combined with scleral buckle versus pars plana vitrectomy for giant retinal tear
Primary surgical success defined as primary retinal reattachment, or as defined by trial investigators, after initial surgery. We considered outcomes reported at different time points (less than six months, six to 12 months, and more than 12 months' follow‐up)
primary outcome:
Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia
Best‐corrected visual acuity dichotomized into:normal: 0.2 LogMAR (6/9 or 20/30 Snellen equivalent) or better;residual deficit: worse than 0.2 LogMAR.Change in visual acuity categorized by:2 or more lines improvement from baseline;no change (within 2 lines of baseline);2 or more lines loss.
primary outcome:
Intrastromal corneal ring segments for treating keratoconus
uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA) in the study eye at 12 months after intervention.the proportion with UCVA 20/40 or better in the study eye; andthe mean change in UCVA from baseline in the study eye, measured on the Early Treatment in Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart or equivalent.
primary outcome:
Aqueous shunts with mitomycin C versus aqueous shunts alone for glaucoma
The primary outcome was control of IOP, assessed as the mean decrease from baseline (preoperative IOP) to 12 months, measured using Goldmann tonometry, Tonopen, or another standard device.
primary outcome:
Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma
Proportion of participants who were drop‐free (i.e. not using eye drops) at a time point in each of the time windows.
primary outcome:
Cyclodestructive procedures for refractory glaucoma
Change from baseline in pain severity as reported by the participant or change in number of pain medications prescribed from baseline to 12 months postintervention.
primary outcome:
Pars plana vitrectomy versus scleral buckling for repairing simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachments
Proportion of participants with primary retinal re‐attachment (attachment of the retina at least three months after the initial surgery with no need for further re‐attachment surgery; with no tamponade present; and no subretinal fluid present). We did not exclude eyes with anterior subretinal fluid walled by 360º retinopexy, eyes with small traction detachments posterior to a circumferential or encircling buckle, and eyes subsequently operated to remove silicone oil, or cataract. We defined retinal re‐attachment as attachment of the retina central to the equator at the final follow‐up visit without any retina affecting the procedure (Heimann 2007 phakic; Heimann 2007 pseudophakic).
primary outcome:
Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) for open angle glaucoma and primary angle closure
Proportion of participants who were drop‐free (not using eye drops).
primary outcome:
Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery
The primary outcome of the review was the risk of medical adverse events that occurred within seven days of surgery and had a plausible causal relationship to the surgery. Medical adverse events were classified as intraoperative or postoperative as defined by each study. We assessed risks of death and hospitalization individually.
primary outcome:
Anti‐tumour necrosis factor biological therapies for the treatment of uveitic macular oedema (UMO) for non‐infectious uveitis
Mean change in LogMAR BCVA between baseline (before treatment) and at the pre‐specified time points.The proportion of participants gaining 5 or more ETDRS letters (equivalent to 1 ETDRS line or 0.1 LogMAR improvement) at the follow‐up visit in the treated eye at the pre‐specified time point.The proportion of participants losing 5 or more ETDRS letters (equivalent to 1 ETDRS line or 0.1 LogMAR worsening) recorded at the follow‐up visit in the treated eye at the pre‐specified time point.
primary outcome:
Subconjunctival draining minimally‐invasive glaucoma devices for medically uncontrolled glaucoma
Mean change in IOP measured with Goldman applanation tonometry.
primary outcome:
Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) for corneal endothelial failure
Mean logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (LogMAR) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 12 months postoperatively
primary outcome:
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health
The prespecified primary outcome was the change in distance best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), considered as a continuous outcome, between baseline and 12 months of follow‐up. For this outcome, we accepted BCVA measures between six and 18 months of follow‐up. If studies did not report the change in distance BCVA, we utilised data reported at the end of the follow‐up period.As a frequent measure of visual function, distance best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was reported, in various forms and in varying degrees of detail, in many of the included studies.Six studies (Bhattacharjee 2006; Caporossi 2009; Kennis 2004; Mester 2008a; Schmack 2012; Vuori 2006) presented data that we judged to be potentially relevant to the primary outcome, defined as the change in distance BCVA, and considered as a continuous variable. The methods adopted to assess BCVA involved quantification on an Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart under photopic conditions (Caporossi 2009; Mester 2008a; Schmack 2012), Snellen chart under photopic conditions (Kennis 2004; Vuori 2006), or was not reported (Bhattacharjee 2006).In our protocol, we prespecified that we would obtain data between baseline and 12 months of follow‐up for this outcome measure, but that we would accept measures between six and 18 months of follow‐up, and that if studies did not report the change in distance BCVA, we would utilise data reported at the end of the follow‐up period. The trial designs of the six studies were single‐eye comparisons (Caporossi 2009; Vuori 2006), paired‐eye comparisons (Bhattacharjee 2006; Mester 2008a; Schmack 2012) and a clustered design including where data from more than one eye of some participants were included (Kennis 2004). We attempted to contact the authors of studies utilising paired‐eye and clustered designs, to obtain relevant information relating to within‐person clustering or within‐person differences, or both, to be able to include these data in a meta‐analysis. Each of the six studies reported BCVA data at the end of the follow‐up period, rather than the change from baseline. For one study (Kennis 2004), the unit of measure for distance BCVA was not defined in the paper; for all other studies, the unit of measure was in LogMAR.Several studies reported data relating to distance BCVA that were not directly relevant to the primary outcome, due to:
primary outcome:
Reading aids for adults with low vision
Reading speed in words per minute, recorded using typical font size (i.e. approximately 10 to 14 points), in books or newspapers.
primary outcome:
Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users
Patient‐reported symptoms of asthenopia, i.e. internal symptoms related to use of the eyes including eyestrain, eye ache, headache, diplopia and blur; and external symptoms including burning, irritation, ocular dryness and tearing, measured with a questionnaire or interview. If a study reported more than one outcome for asthenopia and did not use a summary score, we chose the outcome that best matched asthenopia or eye‐strain for inclusion in the meta‐analysis and disregarded the other outcomes.Health‐related quality of life (HQoL) measured with vision‐ or occupation‐specific questionnaires or generic questionnaires.
primary outcome:
Adjustable versus non‐adjustable sutures for strabismus
Ocular alignment at six months. Accuracy was defined as the difference in ocular position at six months compared to the intended postoperative alignment. Any method of measuring ocular alignment was accepted. The units of deviation were measured in prism dioptres (PD).
primary outcome:
Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening
The primary outcome was the difference in DRS attendance (one or more visits) within a two‐year period following implementation of the intervention. This could be based on self‐reports, medical insurance claims databases or health‐record audits (hospital, primary care physician or screening administration system record).
primary outcome:
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
Functional outcome: blindness or severe visual impairment (acuity ≤ 20/200) at 6 months to 12 months of corrected age.Structural outcome: progression to retinal detachment involving the macula.
primary outcome:
Surgical interventions for vertical strabismus in superior oblique palsy
The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants with postoperative surgical success, defined as hypertropia at distance and near in primary position (with the head upright and looking straight ahead) of less than 3 PD, as measured by alternate cover testing with prism, without reversal of the direction of hypertropia, at one‐year postoperatively. When no one‐year outcome data were available, we considered the proportion of surgical success at the longest postoperative follow‐up time (minimum six weeks).
primary outcome:
Interventions to improve access to cataract surgical services and their impact on equity in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Change in the prevalence of cataract blindness (as defined in Table 1) over the study period*
primary outcome:
Ocriplasmin for symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion
Proportion of eyes with complete release of vitreous adhesion as determined by analysis of OCT images captured 28 days after ocriplasmin, sham or placebo treatment.
primary outcome:
Different‐sized incisions for phacoemulsification in age‐related cataract
Mean SIA (in diopters; D) at three months after surgery, measured with corneal topography and assessed by the vector method.
primary outcome:
Aqueous shunts for glaucoma
Control of IOP assessed as:mean decrease from baseline (immediate preoperative IOP) measured using Goldmann tonometry, Tono‐Pen, or other standard device.proportion meeting IOP thresholds defined as:threshold A: final IOP ≤ 21 mmHg and one or more of (1) ≥ 15% reduction of IOP or (2) reduction of at least two medications;threshold B: final IOP ≤ 18 mmHg and one or more of (1) ≥ 20% reduction of IOP or (2) reduction of at least two medications;threshold C: final IOP ≤ 15 mmHg and one or more of (1) ≥ 25% reduction of IOP or (2) reduction of at least two medications;threshold D: final IOP ≤ 12 mmHg and one or more of (1) ≥ 30% reduction of IOP or (2) reduction of at least two medications.
primary outcome:
Probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
The primary outcome for this review was the proportion of participants with treatment success, defined as the absence of clinical signs and symptoms, including epiphora and mucous discharge, at six months after probing.
primary outcome:
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs versus corticosteroids for controlling inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery
the proportion of participants with intraocular inflammation at one‐week after surgery;the proportion of participants with BCVA of 20/40 or better at one‐week after surgery.
primary outcome:
Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis versus pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous floaters
Change in vision‐related quality of life from baseline to 12 months, as determined by a vision‐related quality of life questionnaire. A range of different questionnaires exist (de Boer 2004), and some have demonstrated validity within the domain of people with low vision and have been adapted for use with patients with symptomatic floaters (de Nie 2013; Marella 2010). We did not expect all studies to have utilised the same type of questionnaire.
primary outcome:
Topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for analgesia in traumatic corneal abrasions
Participant‐reported pain intensity reduction of 30% or more at 24 hours (dichotomous data).Participant‐reported pain intensity reduction of 50% or more at 24 hours (dichotomous data).
primary outcome:
Autologous serum eye drops for dry eye
We defined symptom improvement as the change from baseline in participant‐reported severity and/or frequency of dry eye‐related symptoms based on validated patient symptom questionnaires at four weeks after initiation of treatment. Given that trial design, frequency of AS administration, and timing of outcome assessment may vary, we considered all variations in frequency of AS use and other time points as reported by included studies.
primary outcome:
N‐acetylcarnosine (NAC) drops for age‐related cataract
Cataract appearance as defined on LOCS III grading slides or Scheimpflug photography (pixel counting).
primary outcome:
Endonasal versus external dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Anatomic success (defined as patent lacrimal passage on syringing, or endoscopic visualisation of fluorescein dye at the nasal opening of the anastomoses, after a period of at least six months following surgery).Subjective success (resolution of symptoms of watering following surgery, after a period of at least six months).
primary outcome:
Perioperative medications for preventing temporarily increased intraocular pressure after laser trabeculoplasty
Proportion of participants with IOP elevation within two hours after LTP. IOP elevation was defined as:IOP increase of 5 mmHg or greater from pre‐LTP measurement;IOP increase of 10 mmHg or greater from pre‐LTP measurement.
primary outcome:
Topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma
Reduction of IOP from baseline measured as the:proportion of participants with IOP less than 21 mmHg at one year;mean IOP change from baseline at one year.
primary outcome:
Surgery for cataracts in people with age‐related macular degeneration
Best‐corrected visual acuity dichotomized as:0.3 LogMAR (20/40 Snellen equivalent) or better;worse than 0.3 LogMAR.Change in visual acuity categorized by:three or more lines improvement on a LogMAR chart (improvement by 0.3 LogMAR units) from baseline;within three lines of baseline visual acuity;loss of three or more lines of visual acuity from baseline.
primary outcome:
Laser‐assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus laser‐assisted in‐situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correcting myopia
The primary outcomes for comparison of treatments was the proportion of eyes with postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better 12 months after surgery. We analyzed visual acuity using LogMAR by converting measurements made using Snellen or other charts to equivalent LogMAR values.
primary outcome:
Perioperative antibiotics for prevention of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery
Endophthalmitis: both presumed and culture‐proven endophthalmitis within six weeks after cataract surgery. Our primary analysis was based on six‐week outcomes; however, we also evaluated data from weeks one to four.Visual acuity (VA) measured either as a mean logMAR score or as the number of participants with best‐corrected VA better than 20/40 and those worse than 20/200 at the different follow‐up times. Whenever multiple VA measures were available, we used acuity at six weeks after diagnosis as the primary outcome measure.
primary outcome:
Non‐surgical interventions for acute internal hordeolum
The primary outcome for this review was the proportion of participants with complete resolution of a hordeolum seven days after diagnosis. The seven‐day period for resolution was selected because most cases of hordeola resolve on their own at between one and two weeks. We had also planned to analyze the proportion of participants with complete resolution of hordeola after 14 days as a secondary outcome, when these data were available.
primary outcome:
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for choroidal neovascularisation in people with pathological myopia
Mean change from baseline in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 1 year after treatment.Proportion of participants with a gain of 3+ lines in BCVA at 1 year after treatment.
primary outcome:
Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction
Distance, intermediate and near VA (unaided and corrected).We used the cut‐point of worse than 6/6 for distance VA (20/20, logMAR score > 0) as 6/6 vision is usually considered normal VA. We used the cut‐point of worse than J3/J4 (Jaegar cards) or equivalent for near VA.We also considered VA as a continuous variable where it was reported in logMAR units.Spectacle dependence as reported by the participant.
primary outcome:
Fibrin glue versus sutures for conjunctival autografting in primary pterygium surgery
Recurrence of pterygium: any re‐growth of tissue from the area of excision across the limbus onto the cornea, calculated by the frequency of recurrences at six months after surgery. If the study's follow‐up was longer, we considered the last follow‐up.
primary outcome:
Oral antivirals for preventing recurrent herpes simplex keratitis in people with corneal grafts
The proportion of participants having recurrence of HSK after corneal graft surgery within one year. We defined 'recurrence' as the re‐appearance of signs/symptoms of the disease, diagnosed clinically or microbiologically, or both.
primary outcome:
Valacyclovir versus acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in immunocompetent patients
Occurence of ocular involvement (time point: 12 months after infection), defined as signs of any ocular manifestations (e.g. conjunctivitis, superficial keratitis, stromal keratitis, dendritic ulcer, scleritis, uveitis, vasculitis, optic neuritis, chorioretinitis, acute retinal necrosis)
primary outcome:
Integrated versus non‐integrated orbital implants for treating anophthalmic sockets
the proportion of successful procedures at one year and up to five years after surgery; andthe proportion of successful procedures after five years.
primary outcome:
Prophylactic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery
The proportion of people with a poor vision outcome due to MO in the study eye at three months after surgery.
primary outcome:
Statins for age‐related macular degeneration
The primary outcome for comparison of interventions was the change in visual acuity, categorized by loss of three or more lines, no change (within three lines from baseline), and improvement in three or more lines. When continuous LogMAR data were available we analyzed the visual acuity and degree of change as continuous data. The primary time of outcome assessment was at three years' follow‐up, with different follow‐up times analyzed as reported.
primary outcome:
Patching for corneal abrasion
proportion with complete healing after 24, 48 and 72 hours;mean days to complete healing;rate (proportion/length/area of epithelial defect recovered per unit of time).
primary outcome:
Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
visual acuity or change in visual acuity (using any measure) at least three months after the start of treatment;risk of one or more recurrences of retinochoroiditis at the end of follow‐up (of any duration).
primary outcome:
Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome
The primary outcome of this review was between‐group, participant‐reported changes in frequency and severity of dry eye symptoms, as reported in the included trials at two and four weeks of follow‐up. We excluded trials in which the follow‐up period was less than one week. We also analyzed outcomes at other time points after one week or more, as reported in the included trials.
primary outcome:
Laser‐assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for correction of myopia
Proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better at 12 months post treatment.Proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 D of target refraction at 12 months post treatment.Proportion of eyes that lost one or more lines of best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) at six months post treatment or longer.
primary outcome:
Peripheral iridotomy for pigmentary glaucoma
Proportion of participants with pigmentary glaucoma and progression of visual field loss. We assessed progression of visual field loss using definitions specified in the included trials at six months and at one year of follow‐up.Proportion of participants with pigment dispersion syndrome with onset of glaucomatous visual field changes as defined in included trials at six months and at one year of follow‐up.Mean reduction in IOP from baseline as measured by any method at one year of follow‐up. We analyzed mean IOP values when included trials did not report mean change in IOP.
primary outcome:
Conjunctival autograft for pterygium
The primary outcome for comparison of the treatments was the recurrence of pterygium, as defined by the included studies, between three and six months' follow‐up. Recurrence is commonly defined as a recurrent pterygium greater than 1 mm in size anterior to the limbus; in different studies, the definition varied. We used and recorded the definition from each individual study.
primary outcome:
Aflibercept for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
The primary outcome for comparison of interventions was the mean change from baseline in number of letters of best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at one year, as measured by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart or equivalent.
primary outcome:
Doxycycline plus ivermectin versus ivermectin alone for treatment of patients with onchocerciasis
Visual field: risk of visual field deterioration (unilateral or bilateral) during a follow‐up period of one year. As visual field deterioration can be measured by different methods, such as Amsler charts and perimetry, we used the definitions provided by the included studies.Visual acuity: risk of visual acuity loss (unilateral or bilateral) during a follow‐up period of one year. We considered new visual acuity loss as any case of visual impairment; a loss of three or more lines of LogMAR (Bailey 1976), or equivalent, from baseline; or blindness, defined as deterioration of visual acuity with best correction in either eye to less than 20/200 during the study period.
primary outcome:
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for control of wound healing in glaucoma surgery
The primary outcome of this review was the proportion of complete successful trabeculectomies at 12 months after surgery. Complete success was defined as a target intraocular pressure (IOP) (usually less than 21 mm Hg) without any intervention, such as additional IOP‐lowering medications, laser goniopuncture, repeat surgery or further postoperative interventions.Sedghipour 2011 did not provide data on the proportion of complete success.Akkan 2015 provided data on the proportion of complete success at 12 months, and Nilforushan 2012 and Sengupta 2012 only provided data at six months, but not at 12 months. People receiving anti‐VEGF agents were less likely to achieve complete success at 12 months compared to people receiving MMC (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.08, P = 0.11; Analysis 1.1), but the effect of anti‐VEGF agents compared to MMC was uncertain because the CI was wide and the finding was compatible with decreased chance of complete success for anti‐VEGF agents (one trial, 42 people, low quality evidence). As only one trial was included, it was not possible to conduct subgroup analyses.
primary outcome:
Interventions for dissociated vertical deviation
The primary outcome we specified for comparison of interventions was the proportion of participants with success, defined as reduction of the hyperdeviation in each eye to 4 prism diopters (pd) or less, based on a prism under cover test and assessed at one year from intervention. In the absence of rigorous test retest data for vertical deviations, we elected to use a value of 4 pd or less for success. The total deviation measured in this way was the sum of the DVD and any true hypertropia; it is not currently possible to separate these components (Tarczy‐Hornoch 2008). Assessment by prism and alternate cover may yield the same data as the prism under cover test, as long as care is taken to dissociate the participant; therefore we also considered prism and alternative cover test data when prism under cover test data were not available. Wherever prism and alternate cover test data are used, they must be measured separately fixing right eye and fixing left eye.
primary outcome:
Interventions for trachoma trichiasis
The primary outcome measure for this review was post‐operative trichiasis. This dichotomous outcome was defined as any lash touching the globe in the primary position. The critical points for follow‐up were three months, one year, and two years after treatment.
primary outcome:
Mitomycin C versus 5‐Fluorouracil for wound healing in glaucoma surgery
Success: adequate pressure control (< 22 mmHg) without additional treatment.Failure: need for repeat filtration surgery or uncontrolled IOP (= or > 22 mmHg).
primary outcome:
Day care versus in‐patient surgery for age‐related cataract
Achievement of a best‐corrected visual acuity of 6/18 or better in the operated eye, six weeks after the operation.
primary outcome:
Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age‐related macular degeneration
Progression of AMD as measured by the development of CNV.Progression of AMD as measured by the development of geographic atrophy.
primary outcome:
Intravitreal steroids versus observation for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion
The pre‐specified primary outcome of this review was the proportion of eyes with improved best‐corrected visual acuity at six months of follow‐up compared with baseline visual acuity (Gewaily 2008). We defined a significant improvement in visual acuity as a gain of greater than or equal to 0.1 LogMAR unit (or standard equivalent) compared with visual acuity at the time of CRVO diagnosis. For this review we also reported other measures of improvement in best‐corrected visual acuity as reported by the included studies (e.g., proportion of eyes with gain of 15 letters or more visual acuity). When available, we also reported improvements in visual acuity for longer follow‐up intervals.
primary outcome:
Sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery
Pain during surgery.
primary outcome:
Immunosuppressants for the prophylaxis of corneal graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty
Clear graft survival 12 months after penetrating keratoplasty.
primary outcome:
Corticosteroids for treating optic neuritis
The primary outcomes for comparison of interventions were visual outcomes measured as:(1) Proportion of participants with normal visual acuity, defined as best‐corrected 20/20 Snellen fraction or equivalent, at six months or more;
(2) Proportion of participants with contrast sensitivity in the normal range at six months or more;
(3) Proportion of participants with normal visual field, defined as greater than −3.00 dB by Goldmann perimeter test, at six months or more.
primary outcome:
Interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Reduction in vision (visual field, visual acuity, blind registration). Three cut‐offs of visual acuity were used (6/12 (20/40) or worse; 6/60 (20/200) or worse; and loss of three lines (or more) on a Snellen chart). It is possible to measure reduction in visual field in various ways. We standardised this by using an endpoint that would prevent a person from driving legally in the UK. This involved encroachment on the binocular visual field such that a person no longer had a full binocular field of at least ± 20º above and below fixation, extending a total of 120º in the horizontal direction.Reduction of CSF pressure into the normal range (< 250 mmH2O; Friedman 2002).Resolution of papilloedema or oculomotor disorder or both (assessed clinically).Improvement of headache, defined as a reduction in patient‐reported frequency/severity of headaches by 50%. The method of measurement varied depending on the study concerned.Remission rate, where participants must have been declared cured of the condition in terms of headache and papilloedema. CSF pressure reduction was not required as part of the definition as in many cases this is not routinely measured.
primary outcome:
Combined surgery versus cataract surgery alone for eyes with cataract and glaucoma
The primary outcome for comparison of treatments was the mean change in IOP from baseline, measured by Goldmann applanation or other validated measures as reported by studies, at one year after surgery. As we anticipated that time points for assessments of IOP would vary appreciably by trial, we also considered other time points as reported from included studies (e.g., two years).Investigators of all but one study (Fernández‐Barrientos 2010) reported postoperative IOP levels as the main outcome. Six of the nine studies reported postoperative mean IOP as the primary outcome while the other three studies reported median IOP (Storr‐Paulsen 1998), proportion of eyes with unmedicated IOP ≤ 21 (Samuelson 2011), and aqueous flow and trabecular outflow facility (Fernández‐Barrientos 2010). Four studies used the a priori criteria exactly as stated in the Types of outcome measures section above and reported the mean change in IOP from baseline at one year follow‐up as an outcome. Fea 2010 reported mean change in IOP from baseline at 15 months follow‐up, which we analyzed as one year outcomes, and Storr‐Paulsen 1998 provided the mean change in IOP in response to our emailed query. Thus, we included six studies in the meta‐analysis of mean change in IOP.
primary outcome:
Assistive technology for children and young people with low vision
Maximum reading speed in words per minute using MNREAD, IReST, NARA or NARA I.
primary outcome:
Macular grid laser photocoagulation for branch retinal vein occlusion
Proportion of participants with at least 15 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters (i.e. three ETDRS lines or 0.3 logMAR) improvement in visual acuity at one year or more.Proportion of participants with at least 15 ETDRS letters worsening in visual acuity at one year or more.
primary outcome:
Medical interventions for fungal keratitis
Clinical cure: as defined by study investigators at two to three months.
primary outcome:
Surgery for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
The primary outcome for comparison of treatments was change in visual acuity (measured as either improved vision or worsened vision).
primary outcome:
Optical reading aids for children and young people with low vision
Maximum reading speed in words per minute using MNREAD, IRest, NARA, NARA II or equivalent test in another language.
primary outcome:
Medical interventions for acanthamoeba keratitis
The primary outcome for comparison of interventions was the proportion of participants in whom infection was resolved at six months after treatment. We defined resolution of infection as the absence of patient‐reported symptoms, epithelial defects, corneal edema, and stromal infiltrates with no evidence of recurrence. Patient‐reported symptoms could include, but were not limited to, pain, foreign body sensation, photophobia, and blurry vision. The absence of epithelial defects, corneal edema, and stromal infiltrates was determined clinically. We considered recurrence as reported by included studies. We also included other definitions of infection resolution when used by included studies.
primary outcome:
Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma
We considered the following outcomes for comparison of interventions:
primary outcome:
Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis
The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes healed at 14 days after study entry.
primary outcome:
Interventions for asymptomatic retinal breaks and lattice degeneration for preventing retinal detachment
The primary outcome for comparison of the treatments was the rate of retinal detachment following the intervention at one year after randomization. Retinal detachment was defined using a clinical diagnosis of retinal tear or retinal detachment as specified by included studies. Additional time points of interest for this outcome included six months, two years, and other time points as specified by the included studies.
primary outcome:
Excimer laser refractive surgery versus phakic intraocular lenses for the correction of moderate to high myopia
Percentage of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better at 12 months post‐treatment.
primary outcome:
D‐Penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
ROP: any stage of ROP observed by direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy.Severe ROP: any ROP with extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation or stage 3 and above as per the International Classification of ROP (ICROP 2005), or meeting criteria for laser or cryotherapy.
primary outcome:
Vitamin D for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Clinical response for people with active IBD at end of study, as defined by the primary studies (e.g. a predefined decrease when lower scores indicate lower disease activity, or increase when lower numbers indicate higher disease activity, in an internationally recognisable disease activity scoring system such as Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Harvey‐Bradshaw Index (HBI), Mayo score, etc.) (dichotomous outcome)Clinical relapse for people in remission at end of study, as defined by the primary studies (e.g. a predefined increase above a certain threshold when lower scores indicate lower disease activity, or decrease when lower numbers indicate higher disease activity, in an internationally recognisable disease activity scoring system such as CDAI, HBI, Mayo score, etc.) (dichotomous)Quality of life measures at end of study, as defined by the primary studies (e.g. the end of study scores or change scores in an internationally recognisable quality of life scale for IBD, such as the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ)) (continuous outcome)Withdrawals due to adverse events (dichotomous outcome)
primary outcome:
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection
Perioperative mortality: defined as death,regardless of cause, occurring within 30 days after surgeryin or outside hospital (Jacobs 2006)Serious adverse events, such as infection, coagulopathy, or anaphylaxis, defined according to the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (ICH‐GCP 2016). The formal definition of an adverse event was "any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment".Haemostatic efficacy as measured in the individual trialTime to haemostasis (continuous)Haemostasis within a predefined time period (dichotomous)Volume of intraoperative blood loss: volume of blood lost during liver resection (continuous)Postoperative transfusion: need for transfusion of packed red blood cells, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma during or after surgery, up to the time of discharge (dichotomous)Reoperation (dichotomous)Health‐related quality of life, assessed with any validated scale or questionnaire
primary outcome:
Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients
All‐cause mortality.Serious adverse events: proportion of participants with serious adverse events. We considered an event as a serious adverse event if the trial authors clearly stated that it was due to the experimental or control intervention and if it fulfilled the definition of serious adverse events of the International Council for Harmonisation Guidelines (ICH‐GCP 2016), that is, any event that led to death; was life‐threatening; required inpatient hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation; resulted in persistent or significant disability, congenital birth or anomaly; and any important medical event that may have jeopardised the person or required intervention to prevent it (ICH‐GCP 2016).Health‐related quality of life: we planned to use the Liver Disease Quality of Life Instrument (LDQOL 1.0) as it is a well‐validated score with a high internal consistency (Gralnek 2000).
primary outcome:
Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)‐covered stents versus bare stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in people with liver cirrhosis
All‐cause mortality.Procedure‐related complications, such as peritoneal bleeding, haemobilia, stent migration, sepsis, and others as defined by the trial authors.Health‐related quality of life, using any validated quality of life score. If individual trials used multiple scales, we planned to prioritise the 12‐item Short Form (SF‐12) (Ware 1996).
primary outcome:
Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis
All‐cause mortalitySerious adverse events, defined as any untoward medical occurrence, not necessarily having a causal relationship with the treatment, that at any dose resulted in death, were life‐threatening, required hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, resulted in persistent or significant disability or a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or any medical event that might have jeopardised the participant or required intervention to prevent one of the above outcomes (ICH GCP 2016). We analysed serious adverse events as a composite outcome (Peryer 2021). We excluded death events from the serious adverse events' outcome, and only reported the number of participants with adverse events rather than the total number of adverse events to prevent double counting.Health‐related quality of life at the maximum point of follow‐up or as a change from baselines as per study authors' measurementHepatic encephalopathy, assessed by the number of participants without improved manifestations as per the study authors' assessment
primary outcome:
Fibrin sealants for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreatic surgery
POPF rate (30 days; grade B or C). We accepted both the 2005 International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) definition (Bassi 2005) and the 2016 ISGPS definition (Bassi 2017).Postoperative mortality (30 days; the proportion of deaths after operation).
primary outcome:
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor with or without stem or progenitor cell or growth factors infusion for people with compensated or decompensated advanced chronic liver disease
All‐cause mortalityProportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events. We considered an event as a serious adverse event if trial authors clearly state that it was due to the experimental or control intervention, and if it fulfils the definition of serious adverse events of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Guidelines (ICH‐GCP 2016), that is, any event that leads to death; is life‐threatening; requires in‐patient hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation; or results in persistent or significant disability, congenital birth, or anomaly; and any important medical event that may have jeopardised the patient or required intervention to prevent it. We considered all other adverse events as non‐serious. If an included study reported only a short list of serious adverse events that the trialists deemed important, we used the highest reported number. If trialists clearly stated that a death was due to the experimental or control intervention, we considered this event as a serious adverse event.Health‐related quality of life (any validated continuous outcome scale used by trialists)
primary outcome:
Exercise interventions for adults after liver transplantation
All‐cause mortality assessed at two time points — at the end of the exercise‐based intervention, and at maximum follow‐up, as reported by the trial authors — and expressed as the proportion of participants who died in each trial group.Serious adverse events (excluding mortality) as reported during and following the intervention and as described by the trial authors.Health‐related quality of life assessed using validated questionnaires, such as the SF‐36, assessed at any endpoint during and following the intervention, as reported by the trial authors.
primary outcome:
Remote care through telehealth for people with inflammatory bowel disease
Disease activity at study end, using a recognised disease activity scoring system, measured clinically, endoscopically, or histologically, and as defined by study authors (separate for adults and children, if sufficient data available). We planned to analyse clinical, endoscopic, and histological data separately.Flare‐ups or relapses at study end, measured clinically, endoscopically, or histologically, and as defined by study authors (separate for adults and children, if sufficient data available). We planned to analyse clinical, endoscopic, and histological data separately.QoL at study end, using validated scales or tools, and as defined by study authors (separate for adults and children, if sufficient data available)
primary outcome:
Patient education interventions for the management of inflammatory bowel disease
Disease activity at study end, using a recognised disease activity scoring system as described by the study authors.Flare‐ups or relapse measured clinically, endoscopically or histologically, during the study period.Quality of life at study end using validated scales or tools.
primary outcome:
Erythromycin prior to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
UGIH‐related mortality, defined as the number of deaths related to UGIH, including hypovolaemic shock, transfusion reaction, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and pulmonary aspirationSerious adverse events, defined as the number of participants with: at least one event that increased risk of death, required or prolonged hospitalisation, or resulted in persistent or significant disability; or any important and potentially harmful clinical event
primary outcome:
Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea
Diarrhoea amongst individuals, whether or not confirmed by microbiological or clinical examination.
primary outcome:
Fundoplication in laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy for achalasia
Postoperative pathological acid reflux: obtained from pH studiesSevere postoperative dysphagia (Eckardt score > 3) (Eckardt 1992) and those requiring medical or surgical intervention