anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Fluoride supplementation (with tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) in pregnant women for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) administered to women during pregnancy with the aim of preventing caries in the primary teeth of their children.
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Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery
Randomised controlled trials comparing bioresorbable versus titanium fixation systems used for orthognathic surgery in adults.
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Open versus closed surgical exposure of canine teeth that are displaced in the roof of the mouth
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials assessing young people receiving surgical treatment to correct upper PDCs. There was no restriction on age, presenting malocclusion or type of active orthodontic treatment undertaken. We included unilaterally and bilaterally displaced canines.
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Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing sealants with no sealant or a different type of sealant material for preventing caries of occlusal surfaces of premolar or molar teeth in children and adolescents aged up to 20 years. Studies required at least 12 months follow‐up. We excluded studies that compared compomers to resins/composites.
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Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health
We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of chlorhexidine mouthrinse used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene procedures for at least 4 weeks on gingivitis in children and adults. Mechanical oral hygiene procedures were toothbrushing with/without use of dental floss or interdental cleaning aids and could include professional tooth cleaning/periodontal treatment. We included trials where participants had gingivitis or periodontitis, where participants were healthy and where some or all participants had medical conditions or special care needs.
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Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a non‐pharmacological orthodontic pain intervention to a placebo, no intervention or another non‐pharmacological pain intervention were eligible for inclusion. We included any type of orthodontic treatment but excluded trials involving the use of pre‐emptive analgesia or pain relief following orthognathic (jaw) surgery or dental extractions in combination with orthodontic treatment. We excluded split‐mouth trials (in which each participant receives two or more treatments, each to a separate section of the mouth) and cross‐over trials.
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Adhesives for fixed orthodontic bands
Randomised and controlled clinical trials (RCTs and CCTs) (including split‐mouth studies) of adhesives used to attach orthodontic bands to molar teeth were selected. Patients with full arch fixed orthodontic appliance(s) who had bands attached to molars were included.
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Endodontic procedures for retreatment of periapical lesions
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people with periapical pathosis. Studies could compare surgery versus non‐surgical treatment or could compare different types of surgery. Outcome measures were healing of the periapical lesion assessed after one‐year follow‐up or longer; postoperative pain and discomfort; and adverse effects such as tooth loss, mobility, soft tissue recession, abscess, infection, neurological damage or loss of root sealing material evaluated through radiographs.
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Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children
All randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing all types of oral and functional orthopaedic appliances with placebo or no treatment, in children 15 years old or younger. Primary outcome: reduction of apnoea to less than one episode per hour. Secondary outcomes: dental and skeletal relationship, sleep parameters improvement, cognitive and phonoaudiological function, behavioural problems, quality of life, side effects (tolerability) and economic evaluation.
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Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness
All randomised clinical trials focusing on oral health education (advice and training) with or without monitoring for people with serious mental illness.
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Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment
Randomised controlled clinical trials of analgesics given before dental treatment versus placebo or no analgesics in children and adolescents up to 17 years of age. We excluded children and adolescents having dental treatment under sedation (including nitrous oxide/oxygen) or general anaesthesia.
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Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials where blind outcome assessment was stated or indicated, comparing fluoride mouthrinse with placebo or no treatment in children up to 16 years of age. Study duration had to be at least one year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces in permanent teeth (D(M)FS).
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Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children
We included randomised controlled clinical trials that tested perioperative infraorbital nerve block for cleft lip repair in children, compared with other types of analgesia procedure, no intervention, or placebo (sham nerve block). We considered the type of drug, dosage, and route of administration used in each study. For the purposes of this review, the term 'perioperative' refers to the three phases of surgery, that is preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative, and commonly includes ward admission, anaesthesia, surgery, and recovery.
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Preformed crowns for decayed primary molar teeth
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effectiveness of crowns compared with fillings, other types of crowns, non‐restorative approaches or no treatment in children with untreated tooth decay in one or more primary molar teeth. We would also have included trials comparing different methods of fitting crowns.For trials to be considered for this review, the success or failure of the interventions and other clinical outcomes had to be reported at least six months after intervention (with the exception of 'pain/discomfort during treatment and immediately postoperatively').
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Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy
We included parallel‐design randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of oral cryotherapy in patients with cancer receiving treatment. We used outcomes from a published core outcome set registered on the COMET website.
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Interventions for treating traumatised ankylosed permanent front teeth
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any intervention for treating displaced ankylosed permanent front teeth in individuals of any age. Treatments could be compared with one another, with placebo or with no treatment.
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Magnification devices for endodontic therapy
We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing endodontic therapy performed with versus without one or more magnification devices, as well as randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing two or more magnification devices used as an adjunct to endodontic therapy.
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Interventions for the management of external root resorption
We included randomised controlled trials of permanent teeth with any type of external root resorption, which has been confirmed by clinical and radiological examination, comparing one type of intervention (root canal medications and canal filling, splinting or extraction of teeth or the surgical removal of any relevant pathology) with another, or with placebo or no treatment.
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Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth
We included randomised controlled trials of at least six months' duration that compared micro‐invasive treatments for managing non‐cavitated proximal dental decay in primary teeth, permanent teeth or both, versus non‐invasive measures, invasive means, no intervention or placebo. We also included studies that compared different types of micro‐invasive treatments.
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Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy
The selection criteria for the review were: 1) randomised controlled trials; 2) people suffering from radiation‐induced salivary gland dysfunction; 3) people treated with parasympathomimetic drugs; and 4) assessable data available on primary outcome measure.
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Sedation versus general anaesthesia for provision of dental treatment to patients younger than 18 years
We planned to include randomized controlled clinical trials that compared sedative agents versus general anaesthesia in children and adolescents up to 18 years of age undergoing dental treatment. We excluded complex surgical procedures and pseudo‐randomized trials.
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Single crowns versus conventional fillings for the restoration of root‐filled teeth
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐randomised controlled trials in participants with permanent teeth that have undergone endodontic treatment. Single full coverage crowns compared with any type of filling materials for direct restoration or indirect partial restorations (e.g. inlays and onlays). Comparisons considered the type of post and core used (cast or prefabricated post), if any.
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Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), with an intervention and follow‐up period of at least two years, comparing fluoridated milk with non‐fluoridated milk.
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Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials where blind outcome assessment was stated or indicated, comparing topically applied fluoride gel with placebo or no treatment in children up to 16 years. The frequency of application had to be at least once a year, and study duration at least one year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces in both permanent and primary teeth (D(M)FS and d(e/m)fs).
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Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents
We included parallel‐group, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the caries preventive effects of chlorhexidine gels, toothpastes, varnishes, mouthrinses, chewing gums or sprays with each other, placebo or no intervention in children and adolescents. We excluded trials with combined interventions of chlorhexidine and fluoride or comparisons between chlorhexidine and fluoride interventions.
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Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials in children with a non‐nutritive sucking habit that compared one intervention with another intervention or a no‐intervention control group. The primary outcome of interest was cessation of the habit.
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Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for dental treatment in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials in which local anaesthetic was given intraoperatively under general anaesthesia for dental treatment of children and young people aged 17 years or younger.
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Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health
Randomised controlled trials of at least four weeks of unsupervised powered toothbrushing versus manual toothbrushing for oral health in children and adults.
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Triclosan/copolymer containing toothpastes for oral health
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects triclosan/copolymer containing toothpastes on oral health.
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Enamel etching for bonding fixed orthodontic braces
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different etching materials, or different etching techniques using the same etchants, for the bonding of fixed orthodontic brackets to incisors, canines and premolars in children and adults.
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Interventions for replacing missing teeth: antibiotics at dental implant placement to prevent complications
Randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) with a follow‐up of at least three months, that compared the administration of various prophylactic antibiotic regimens versus no antibiotics to people undergoing dental implant placement. Outcome measures included prosthesis failures, implant failures, postoperative infections and adverse events (gastrointestinal, hypersensitivity, etc).
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Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials with blind outcome assessment used or indicated, comparing topically‐applied fluoride varnish with placebo or no treatment in children up to 16 years during at least one year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces in both permanent (D(M)FS) and primary (d(e/m)fs) teeth.
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Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood
Any study that allocated individuals or clusters of individuals by a random or quasi‐random method to a psychosocial intervention that promoted recovery and healing following exposure to rape, sexual assault or sexual abuse in those aged 18 years and above compared with no or minimal intervention, usual care, wait‐list, pharmacological only or active comparison(s). We classified psychosocial interventions according to Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group’s psychological therapies list.
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Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder and/or with childhood experience of maltreatment
All variants of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any intervention delivered in the perinatal period designed to support parents experiencing CPTSD symptoms or with a history of childhood maltreatment (or both), to any active or inactive control. Primary outcomes were parental psychological or socio‐emotional wellbeing and parenting capacity between pregnancy and up to two years postpartum.
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Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing crisis interventions with usual care, no intervention or waiting list, in adults of any age diagnosed with BPD.
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Medications for daytime sleepiness in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia
Randomized studies comparing any medication to placebo, another medication, or a behavioral intervention.
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Immediate‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IR methylphenidate, at any dose, with placebo or other pharmacological interventions (including extended‐release formulations of methylphenidate) for ADHD in adults. Primary outcomes comprised changes in the symptoms of ADHD (efficacy) and harms. Secondary outcomes included changes in the clinical impression of severity and improvement, level of functioning, depression, anxiety and quality of life. Outcomes could have been rated by investigators or participants.
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Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post‐traumatic growth versus no intervention, waiting list, usual care, and active or attention control, in adults (18 years and older), who are healthcare students. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception, and well‐being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors.
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Speech and language therapy for management of chronic cough
We included RCTs in which participants had a diagnosis of UCC having undergone a full diagnostic workup to exclude an underlying cause, as per published guidelines or local protocols, and where the intervention included speech and language therapy techniques for UCC.
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Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
We searched for randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of amphetamines (at any dose) for ADHD in adults aged 18 years and over against placebo or an active intervention.
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De‐escalation techniques for managing non‐psychosis induced aggression in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing de‐escalation techniques with standard practice or alternative techniques for managing aggressive behaviour in adult care settings. We excluded studies in which participants had psychosis.
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Antidepressants for insomnia in adults
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a primary diagnosis of insomnia and all participant types including people with comorbidities. Any antidepressant as monotherapy at any dose whether compared with placebo, other medications for insomnia (e.g. benzodiazepines and 'Z' drugs), a different antidepressant, waiting list control or treatment as usual.
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Cognitive‐behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating any form of CBT for adults with ADHD, either as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another treatment, versus one of the following: unspecific control conditions (comprising supportive psychotherapies, no treatment or waiting list) or other specific interventions.
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Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and school‐age
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs trials with either individual or cluster randomisation. Participants were children aged between 24 months and 12 years at the time of intervention. For trials with children outside this age range, we included studies where we were able to disaggregate the data for children aged 24 months to 12 years, or when more than half of the participants were within the requisite age range. We included trials with apparently healthy children; however, we included studies carried out in settings where anaemia and iron deficiency are prevalent, and thus participants may have had these conditions at baseline.
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Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effect of methylphenidate versus placebo on the core symptoms of ASD or ADHD‐like symptoms, or both, in children aged 6 to 18 years who were diagnosed with ASD or pervasive developmental disorder. The primary outcome was clinical efficacy, defined as an improvement in ADHD‐like symptoms (inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity) and in the core symptoms of ASD (impaired social interaction, impaired communication, and stereotypical behaviours), and overall ASD. Secondary outcomes examined were: rate of adverse events; caregiver well‐being; need for institutionalisation, special schooling or therapy to achieve learning outcomes; and overall quality of life.
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Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects (including adverse effects) of bupropion compared to placebo in adults with ADHD.
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Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths
Randomised controlled trials of atypical antipsychotics versus placebo in children and youths aged up to and including 18 years, with a diagnosis of disruptive behaviour disorders, including comorbid ADHD. The primary outcomes were aggression, conduct problems and adverse events (i.e. weight gain/changes and metabolic parameters). The secondary outcomes were general functioning, noncompliance, other adverse events, social functioning, family functioning, parent satisfaction and school functioning.
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Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared the task‐oriented intervention with either an inactive control intervention or an active control intervention in children and adolescents aged four to 18 years with a diagnosis of DCD.Types of outcome measures included changes in motor function, as assessed by standardised performance outcome tests and questionnaires; adverse events; and measures of participation.
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Treadmill interventions in children under six years of age at risk of neuromotor delay
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that evaluated the effect of treadmill intervention in the target population.
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Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of children, adolescents and adults with CP. We included studies of aerobic exercise, resistance training, and 'mixed training' (a combination of at least two of aerobic exercise, resistance training and anaerobic training).
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Family therapy for autism spectrum disorders
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs investigating the effectiveness of family therapy for young people or adults with ASD or family members, or both, delivered via any modality and for an unspecified duration, compared with either standard care, a wait‐list control, or an active intervention such as an alternative type of psychological therapy.
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Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing dietary interventions with placebo or no treatment in children aged five to 18 years with RAP or an abdominal pain‐related, functional gastrointestinal disorder, as defined by the Rome III criteria (Rasquin 2006).
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Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood
Randomised controlled trials comparing psychosocial therapies with usual care, active control, or wait‐list control for children and adolescents (aged 5 to 18 years) with RAP or an abdominal pain‐related functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by the Rome III criteria were eligible for inclusion.
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Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children
Two reviewers independently assessed the records retrieved by the search. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs of group‐based parenting programmes that had used at least one standardised instrument to measure emotional and behavioural adjustment in children.
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Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of aripiprazole (administered orally and at any dosage) versus placebo for treatment of individuals with a diagnosis of ASD.
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Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents
Parallel‐group and cross‐over randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing amphetamine derivatives against placebo in a pediatric population (< 18 years) with ADHD.
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Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being of women who experience intimate partner abuse
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing advocacy interventions for women with experience of intimate partner abuse versus no intervention or usual care (if advocacy was minimal and fewer than 20% of women received it).
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Intrathecal baclofen for treating spasticity in children with cerebral palsy
We included studies which compared the effect of intrathecal baclofen treatment on spasticity, gross motor function or other areas of function with controls.
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Sleep positioning systems for children with cerebral palsy
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating whole body sleep positioning systems for children and adolescents (up to 18 years of age) with cerebral palsy.
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Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of anti‐dementia pharmacological interventions or nutritional supplements for adults (aged 18 years and older) with Down syndrome, in which treatment was administered and compared with either placebo or no treatment.
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Clozapine for psychotic disorders in adults with intellectual disabilities
RCTs that assessed the effects of clozapine, at any dose, for treating adults (aged 18 years and over) with a dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and psychotic disorder, compared with placebo or another antipsychotic medication.
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Screening women for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of IPV screening where healthcare professionals either directly screened women face‐to‐face or were informed of the results of screening questionnaires, as compared with usual care (which could include screening that did not involve a healthcare professional).
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Non‐speech oral motor treatment for children with developmental speech sound disorders
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared (1) NSOMT versus placebo or control; and (2) NSOMT as adjunctive treatment or speech intervention versus speech intervention alone, for children aged three to 16 years with developmental speech sound disorders, as judged by a speech and language therapist. Individuals with an intellectual disability (e.g. Down syndrome) or a physical disability were not excluded.
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Food supplementation for improving the physical and psychosocial health of socio‐economically disadvantaged children aged three months to five years
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐RCTs, controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) that provided supplementary food (with or without co‐intervention) to children aged three months to five years, from all countries. Adjunctive treatments, such as nutrition education, were allowed. Controls had to be untreated.
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Pharmacological interventions for those who have sexually offended or are at risk of offending
Prospective controlled trials of antilibidinal medications taken by individuals for the purpose of preventing sexual offences, where the comparator group received a placebo, no treatment, or 'standard care', including psychological treatment.
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Parent‐infant psychotherapy for improving parental and infant mental health
Two review authors assessed study eligibility independently. We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (quasi‐RCT) that compared a PIP programme directed at parents with infants aged 24 months or less at study entry, with a control condition (i.e. waiting‐list, no treatment or treatment‐as‐usual), and used at least one standardised measure of parental or infant functioning. We also included studies that only used a second treatment group.
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Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials and prospective non‐randomised studies with contemporaneous control groups and assessments both before and after intervention. We considered non‐randomised controlled trials, as centre‐based care in low‐ and middle‐income countries is unlikely to be studied using randomised controlled trials (Higgins 2011). We included the following outcomes: child intellectual development, child psychosocial development, maternal and family outcomes and incidence of infectious diseases.
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Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including both parallel group and cross‐over study designs, of any dose of TCA compared with placebo or active medication in children or adolescents with ADHD, including those with comorbid conditions.
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The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well‐being of students and their academic achievement
We included cluster‐randomised controlled trials where randomisation took place at the level of school, district or other geographical area. Participants were children and young people aged four to 18 years, attending schools or colleges. In this review, we define HPS interventions as comprising the following three elements: input to the curriculum; changes to the school’s ethos or environment or both; and engagement with families or communities, or both. We compared this intervention against schools that implemented either no intervention or continued with their usual practice, or any programme that included just one or two of the above mentioned HPS elements.
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Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Review studies were selected on the basis that they reported on an applicable intervention (linked to ToM in one of four clearly‐defined ways), presented new randomised controlled trial data, and participants had a confirmed diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Studies were selected by two review authors independently and a third author arbitrated when necessary.
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Auditory‐verbal therapy for promoting spoken language development in children with permanent hearing impairments
The review considered prospective randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised studies of children (birth to 18 years) with a significant (≥ 40 dBHL) permanent (congenital or early‐acquired) hearing impairment, undergoing a programme of auditory‐verbal therapy, administered by a certified auditory‐verbal therapist for a period of at least six months. Comparison groups considered for inclusion were waiting list and treatment as usual controls.
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Kinship care for the safety, permanency, and well‐being of children removed from the home for maltreatment
Controlled experimental and quasi‐experimental studies, in which children removed from the home for maltreatment and subsequently placed in kinship foster care were compared with children placed in non‐kinship foster care for child welfare outcomes in the domains of well‐being, permanency, or safety.
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Fundoplication versus postoperative medication for gastro‐oesophageal reflux in children with neurological impairment undergoing gastrostomy
We sought to include randomised controlled trials that recruited children up to the age of 18 years with neurological impairments and GOR who were undergoing gastrostomy tube insertion.
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Gastrostomy feeding versus oral feeding alone for children with cerebral palsy
We looked for randomised controlled trials that compared delivery of nutrition via a gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube compared with oral feeding alone for children up to the age of 16 years.
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Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents who have been sexually abused
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials comparing psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy with treatment as usual or no treatment/waiting list control for children and adolescents up to age of 18 who had experienced sexual abuse at any time prior to the intervention.
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Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income countries
We planned to included any relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) that evaluated specially formulated foods for the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in children aged between six months and five years in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
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Specialist home‐based nursing services for children with acute and chronic illnesses
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of children from birth to age 18 years with acute or chronic illnesses allocated to specialist home‐based nursing services compared with conventional health care. Outcomes included utilisation of health care, physical and mental health, satisfaction, adverse health outcomes and costs.
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Parent‐mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
We included only randomised controlled trials of early intervention for children with ASD. The interventions in the experimental condition were mediated by parents; the control conditions included no treatment, treatment as usual, waiting list, alternative child‐centred intervention not mediated by parents, or alternative parent‐mediated intervention of hypothesised lesser effect than the experimental condition.
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Day 5 versus day 3 embryo biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic/single gene defects
Eligible RCTs compared day 5 versus day 3 embryo biopsy for PGT‐M.
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Impact of the diagnostic test Xpert MTB/RIF on patient outcomes for tuberculosis
We included individual‐ and cluster‐randomized trials, and before‐after studies, in participants being investigated for tuberculosis. We analysed the randomized and non‐randomized studies separately.
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Adenoidectomy for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children
Randomised controlled trials and quasi‐randomised trials in children aged 6 months to 12 years with unilateral or bilateral OME. We included studies that compared adenoidectomy (alone, or in combination with ventilation tubes) with either no treatment or non‐surgical treatment.
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Pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with definite or probable vestibular migraine comparing beta‐blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics, antidepressants, diuretics, monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene‐related peptide (or its receptor), botulinum toxin or hormonal modification with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies with a cross‐over design, unless data from the first phase of the study could be identified.
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Pharmacological interventions for acute attacks of vestibular migraine
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with definite or probable vestibular migraine comparing triptans, ergot alkaloids, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines, 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists, gepants (CGRP receptor antagonists), magnesium, paracetamol or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with either placebo or no treatment.
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Non‐pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of vestibular migraine
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with definite or probable vestibular migraine comparing dietary modifications, sleep improvement techniques, vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal supplements, talking therapies, mind‐body interventions or vestibular rehabilitation with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies with a cross‐over design, unless data from the first phase of the study could be identified.
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Pharmacological interventions for persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD)
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with PPPD, which compared selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies that did not use the Bárány Society criteria to diagnose PPPD and studies that followed up participants for less than three months.
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Intratympanic corticosteroids for Ménière’s disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with a diagnosis of Ménière's disease comparing intratympanic corticosteroids with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies with follow‐up of less than three months, or with a cross‐over design (unless data from the first phase of the study could be identified).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Intratympanic gentamicin for Ménière’s disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with a diagnosis of Ménière's disease comparing intratympanic aminoglycosides with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies with follow‐up of less than three months, or with a cross‐over design (unless data from the first phase of the study could be identified).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Lifestyle and dietary interventions for Ménière’s disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with Ménière's disease comparing any lifestyle or dietary intervention with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies with follow‐up of less than three months, or with a cross‐over design (unless data from the first phase of the study could be identified).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Surgical interventions for Ménière’s disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with definite or probable Ménière's disease comparing ventilation tubes, endolymphatic sac surgery, semi‐circular canal plugging/obliteration, vestibular nerve section or labyrinthectomy with either placebo (sham surgery) or no treatment. We excluded studies with follow‐up of less than three months, or with a cross‐over design (unless data from the first phase of the study could be identified).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with definite or probable Ménière's disease comparing betahistine, diuretics, antihistamines, antivirals or systemic corticosteroids with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies with follow‐up of less than three months, or with a cross‐over design (unless data from the first phase of the study could be identified).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Positive pressure therapy for Ménière’s disease
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in adults with a diagnosis of Ménière's disease comparing positive pressure therapy with either placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies with follow‐up of less than three months.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Tranexamic acid for the reduction of bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing intravenous, oral or topical tranexamic acid with no therapy or placebo in the treatment of patients (adults and children) with chronic rhinosinusitis, with or without nasal polyps, undergoing FESS.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antihistamines for motion sickness
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in susceptible adults and children in whom motion sickness was induced under natural conditions such as air, sea and land transportation. We also included studies in which motion sickness was induced under experimental conditions (analysed separately). Antihistamines were included regardless of class, route or dosage and compared to no treatment, placebo or any other pharmacological or non‐pharmacological interventions.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with COVID‐19 related olfactory disturbance, which had been present for less than four weeks. We included any intervention compared to no treatment or placebo.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with COVID‐19 related olfactory disturbance that had persisted for at least four weeks. We included any intervention compared to no treatment or placebo.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Intratympanic corticosteroids for sudden sensorineural hearing loss
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people with ISSNHL and follow‐up of over a week. Intratympanic corticosteroids were given as primary or secondary treatment (after failure of systemic therapy).
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Medical interventions for chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis
Randomized and quasi‐randomized trials of different medical interventions compared to each other or to no intervention or to placebo.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with at least three months follow‐up comparing biologics (monoclonal antibodies) against placebo/no treatment in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing rapid tests with management based on clinical grounds to guide the prescription of antibiotics for people with a sore throat in ambulatory care settings. We included trials that randomised individuals, as well as cluster‐RCTs in which individual practitioners (or practices) or emergency departments were randomised.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT versus no intervention, audiological care, tinnitus retraining therapy or any other active treatment in adult participants with tinnitus.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis)
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of tranexamic acid (in addition to usual care) compared with usual care plus placebo, usual care alone or usual care plus any other haemostatic agent, to control epistaxis in adults or children.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Sound therapy (using amplification devices and/or sound generators) for tinnitus
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting adults with acute or chronic subjective idiopathic tinnitus. We included studies where the intervention involved hearing aids, sound generators or combination hearing aids and compared them to waiting list control, placebo or education/information only with no device. We also included studies comparing hearing aids to sound generators, combination hearing aids to hearing aids, and combination hearing aids to sound generators.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis in adults
Randomised controlled trials of antibiotics versus placebo or no treatment in people with rhinosinusitis‐like signs or symptoms or sinusitis confirmed by imaging.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Perioperative local anaesthesia for reducing pain following septal surgery
Randomised controlled trials and cluster‐randomised controlled trials involving adults or children (or both) who underwent septal surgery. We included studies comparing local anaesthesia versus no treatment/placebo. We also included studies comparing different types of local anaesthesia to each other (i.e. local injection, the addition of an anaesthetic agent to nasal packing, where used, and sphenopalatine ganglion block).