anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia
We included only randomised controlled trials that assessed the remote delivery of structured interventions for informal caregivers who were providing care for people with dementia living at home. Caregivers had to be unpaid adults (relatives or members of the person's community). The interventions could be delivered using printed materials, the telephone, the Internet or a mixture of these, but could not involve any face‐to‐face contact with professionals. We categorised intervention components as information, training or support. Information interventions included two key elements: (i) they provided standardised information, and (ii) the caregiver played a passive role. Support interventions promoted interaction with other people (professionals or peers). Training interventions trained caregivers in practical skills to manage care. We excluded interventions that were primarily individual psychotherapy.Our primary outcomes were caregiver burden, mood, health‐related quality of life and dropout for any reason. Secondary outcomes were caregiver knowledge and skills, use of health and social care resources, admission of the person with dementia to institutional care, and quality of life of the person with dementia.
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Personally tailored activities for improving psychosocial outcomes for people with dementia in community settings
We included randomised controlled trials and quasi‐experimental trials including a control group offering personally tailored activities. All interventions comprised an assessment of the participant’s present or past interests in, or preferences for, particular activities for all participants as a basis for an individual activity plan. We did not include interventions offering a single activity (e.g. music or reminiscence) or activities that were not tailored to the individual's interests or preferences. Control groups received usual care or an active control intervention.
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Behavioural activation therapy for depression in adults with non‐communicable diseases
We included RCTs of behavioural activation for the treatment of depression in adults with one of four NCDs: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory conditions. Only participants with a formal diagnosis of both depression and an NCD were eligible. Studies were included if behavioural activation was the main component of the intervention. We included studies with any comparator that was not behavioural activation, and regardless of reported outcomes.
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Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders
All randomised clinical trials focusing on Avatar Therapy for people with schizophrenia or related disorders.
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Aspirin and other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention of dementia
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing aspirin or other NSAIDs with placebo for the primary or secondary prevention of dementia. We included trials with cognitively healthy participants (primary prevention) or participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or cognitive complaints (secondary prevention).
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Simulated presence therapy for dementia
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials, including cross‐over studies, that evaluated the efficacy of SPT, consisting of personalised audio or videotape recordings of family members, in people with any form of dementia.
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Computerised cognitive training for 12 or more weeks for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs, published or unpublished, reported in any language. Participants were cognitively healthy people, and at least 80% of the study population had to be aged 65 or older. Experimental interventions adhered to the following criteria: intervention was any form of interactive computerised cognitive intervention ‐ including computer exercises, computer games, mobile devices, gaming console, and virtual reality ‐ that involved repeated practice on standardised exercises of specified cognitive domain(s) for the purpose of enhancing cognitive function; the duration of the intervention was at least 12 weeks; cognitive outcomes were measured; and cognitive training interventions were compared with active or inactive control interventions.
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Cognitive training interventions for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease
We included randomised controlled trials where the participants had PDD or PD‐MCI, and where the intervention was intended to train general or specific areas of cognitive function, targeting either a single domain or multiple domains of cognition, and was compared to a control condition. Multicomponent interventions that also included motor or other elements were considered eligible.
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Enhanced rehabilitation and care models for adults with dementia following hip fracture surgery
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of any model of enhanced care and rehabilitation for people with dementia after hip fracture surgery compared to usual care.
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Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing psychosocial interventions for substance misuse with standard care in people with serious mental illness.
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Couple and family therapies for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of couple or family therapies for PTSD in adult samples. The review considered any type of therapy that was intended to treat intact couples or families where at least one adult family member met criteria for PTSD. It was required that participants were diagnosed with PTSD according to recognised classification systems.
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Present‐centered therapy (PCT) for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults
We selected all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that recruited adults diagnosed with PTSD to evaluate PCT compared to TF‐CBT or a control condition. Both individual and group PCT modalities were included. The primary outcomes of interest included reduced PTSD severity as determined by a clinician‐administered measure and treatment dropout rates.
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Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia
We included all randomised controlled trials of Cerebrolysin used in people living with vascular dementia. We applied no language restriction.
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Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults
We sought randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including quasi‐RCTs, of any pharmacological (drug) for treatment of delirium in critically ill adults. The drug intervention was to be compared to another active drug treatment, placebo, or a non‐pharmacological intervention (e.g. mobilization). We did not apply any restrictions in terms of drug class, dose, route of administration, or duration of delirium or drug exposure. We defined critically ill patients as those treated in an ICU of any specialty (e.g. burn, cardiac, medical, surgical, trauma) or high‐dependency unit.
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Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder
We searched for randomised controlled trials of any multiple session (two or more sessions) early psychological intervention or treatment designed to prevent symptoms of PTSD. We excluded single session individual/group psychological interventions. Comparator interventions included waiting list/usual care and active control condition. We included studies of adults who experienced a traumatic event which met the criterion A1 according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM‐IV) for PTSD.
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Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses
All controlled clinical trials that randomised people who have schizophrenia or other similar SMI and experiencing catatonia to receive benzodiazepines or another relevant treatment. We included studies that met our inclusion criteria and reported usable data. We excluded those not meeting our inclusion criteria or those not reporting usable data. We contacted authors when we required further information; and if we received no response, we put those studies aside as 'awaiting assessment'.
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Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines for adults with major depression
All randomised controlled trials that compared combined antidepressant plus benzodiazepine treatment with antidepressants alone for adults with major depression. We excluded studies administering psychosocial therapies targeted at depression and anxiety disorders concurrently. Antidepressants had to be prescribed, on average, at or above the minimum effective dose as presented by Hansen 2009 or according to the North American or European regulations. The combination therapy had to last at least four weeks.
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Psychological therapies for preventing seasonal affective disorder
To examine efficacy, we included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on adults with a history of winter‐type SAD who were free of symptoms at the beginning of the study. To examine adverse events, we intended to include non‐randomised studies. We planned to include studies that compared psychological therapy versus no treatment, or any other type of psychological therapy, light therapy, second‐generation antidepressants, melatonin, agomelatine or lifestyle changes. We also planned to compare psychological therapy in combination with any of the comparator interventions listed above versus no treatment or the same comparator intervention as monotherapy.
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Interventions for preventing delirium in older people in institutional long‐term care
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐randomised controlled trials (cluster‐RCTs) of single and multicomponent, non‐pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in older people (aged 65 years and over) in permanent LTC residence.
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Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults
All double‐blind (blinding of patients and personnel) controlled trials randomising adults with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia to benzodiazepine or placebo.
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Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that described interventions for people with mild to moderate dementia and compared CT versus a control or alternative intervention.
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Memantine for dementia
Double‐blind, parallel group, placebo‐controlled, randomised trials of memantine in people with dementia.
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Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia
Randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of ECT in people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia.
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Second‐generation antidepressants for preventing seasonal affective disorder in adults
For efficacy, we included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on adults with a history of winter‐type SAD who were free of symptoms at the beginning of the study. For adverse events, we planned to include non‐randomised studies. Eligible studies compared a SGA versus another SGA, placebo, light therapy, psychological therapy, melatonin, agomelatine or lifestyle changes. We also intended to compare SGAs in combination with any of the comparator interventions versus placebo or the same comparator intervention as monotherapy.
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Computerised cognitive training for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs in which cognitive training via interactive computerised technology was compared with an active or inactive control intervention. Experimental computerised cognitive training (CCT) interventions had to adhere to the following criteria: minimum intervention duration of 12 weeks; any form of interactive computerised cognitive training, including computer exercises, computer games, mobile devices, gaming console, and virtual reality. Participants were adults with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), or otherwise at high risk of cognitive decline.
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Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs, published or unpublished, reported in any language. Participants were cognitively healthy people between 40 and 65 years of age (80% of study population within this age range). Experimental interventions adhered to the following criteria: intervention was any form of interactive computerised cognitive intervention ‐ including computer exercises, computer games, mobile devices, gaming console, and virtual reality ‐ that involved repeated practice on standardised exercises of specified cognitive domain(s) for the purpose of enhancing cognitive function; duration of the intervention was at least 12 weeks; cognitive outcomes were measured; and cognitive training interventions were compared with active or inactive control interventions.
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Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia
We selected all randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving people diagnosed with schizophrenia or related disorders, which compared adding CBT to standard care with standard care given alone. Outcomes of interest included relapse, rehospitalisation, mental state, adverse events, social functioning, quality of life, and satisfaction with treatment.We included studies fulfilling the predefined inclusion criteria and reporting useable data.
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Interventions for preventing intensive care unit delirium in adults
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adult medical or surgical ICU patients receiving any intervention for preventing ICU delirium. The control could be standard ICU care, placebo or both. We assessed the quality of evidence with GRADE.
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Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia
We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people with schizophrenia who were randomly allocated to receive, in addition to their standard care, either CBT or any other psychosocial therapy. Outcomes of interest included relapse, global state, mental state, adverse events, social functioning, quality of life and satisfaction with treatment. We included trials meeting our inclusion criteria and reporting useable data.
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Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia
Randomised, placebo‐controlled trials that assessed valproate preparations for agitation in people with dementia.
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Antidepressants for treating depression in dementia
We included all relevant double‐blind, randomised trials comparing any antidepressant drug with placebo, for patients diagnosed as having dementia and depression.
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Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating interventions designed to modify the mealtime environment of people with dementia, to modify the mealtime behaviour of people with dementia or their caregivers, or both, with the intention of improving food and fluid intake. We included people with any common dementia subtype.
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Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium in non‐ICU settings
We included randomised controlled trials, published or unpublished, reported in English or Chinese, which compared cholinesterase inhibitors to placebo or other drugs intended to treat people with established delirium in a non‐ICU setting.
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Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease
We included all double‐blind, randomised controlled trials in which treatment with donepezil was administered to people with mild, moderate or severe dementia due to Alzheimer's disease for 12 weeks or more and its effects compared with those of placebo in a parallel group of patients, or where two different doses of donepezil were compared.
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Couple therapy for depression
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials examining the effects of couple therapy versus individual psychotherapy, drug therapy, or no treatment/minimal treatment for depression were included in the review.
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Processed electroencephalogram and evoked potential techniques for amelioration of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction following non‐cardiac and non‐neurosurgical procedures in adults
We included randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing any method of processed EEG or evoked potential techniques (entropy, BIS, AEP etc.) against a control group where clinical signs were used to guide doses of anaesthetics in adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations.
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Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of initiation of antidepressants (alone or in combination with another treatment), compared with any other treatment, placebo or standard care for the prevention of postnatal depression among women who were either pregnant or had given birth in the previous six weeks and were not currently depressed at baseline.
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Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
We included randomised controlled trials of non‐benzodiazepine GABA agonist drugs in people with antipsychotic‐induced TD and schizophrenia or other chronic mental illness.
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Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults
All double‐blind, randomised, controlled trials (RCTs) allocating adults with panic disorder to antidepressants or placebo.
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Withdrawal versus continuation of long‐term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia
We included all randomised, controlled trials comparing an antipsychotic withdrawal strategy to continuation of antipsychotics in people with dementia who had been treated with an antipsychotic drug for at least three months.
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Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
We selected randomised controlled trials comparing calcium channel blockers with placebo, no intervention or any other intervention for people with both tardive dyskinesia and schizophrenia or serious mental illness who remained on their antipsychotic medication.
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Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
We included reports identified by the search if they were of controlled trials involving people with antipsychotic‐induced TD and chronic mental illness, who had been randomly allocated to either a cholinergic agent or to a placebo or no intervention. Two review authors independently assessed the methodological quality of the trials.
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Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
We included reports if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) dealing with people with antipsychotic‐induced TD and schizophrenia or other chronic mental illnesses who remained on their antipsychotic medication and had been randomly allocated to the interventions listed above versus placebo, no intervention, or any other intervention.
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Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors for schizophrenia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing NRIs with either a control treatment or placebo for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder) by any means of diagnosis. We included trials that met our selection criteria and provided useable information.
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Risperidone versus other antipsychotics for people with severe mental illness and co‐occurring substance misuse
We selected randomised trials of risperidone versus any other antipsychotic in people with SMI and substance abuse (dual diagnosis). We included trials meeting our inclusion criteria and reporting useable data. We excluded trials that either did not meet our inclusion criteria or met our inclusion criteria but did not report any useable data.
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Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on people with schizophrenia (or other chronic mental illnesses) and antipsychotic‐induced TD that compared benzodiazepines with placebo, no intervention, or any other intervention for the treatment of TD.
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Non‐antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
We selected studies if they were randomised controlled trials focusing on people with schizophrenia or other chronic mental illnesses and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia. We compared the use of catecholaminergic interventions versus placebo, no intervention, or any other intervention for the treatment of antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia.
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Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
We included reports identified in the search if they were controlled trials dealing with people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia and schizophrenia or other chronic mental illness who had been randomly allocated to (a) anticholinergic medication versus placebo (or no intervention), (b) anticholinergic medication versus any other intervention for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, or (c) withdrawal of anticholinergic medication versus continuation of anticholinergic medication.
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Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that randomised people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation to receive either intramuscular aripiprazole or another intramuscular intervention.
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Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing benzodiazepines alone or in combination with any antipsychotics, versus antipsychotics alone or in combination with any other antipsychotics, benzodiazepines or antihistamines, for people who were aggressive or agitated due to psychosis.
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Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia. We included trials meeting our inclusion criteria and reporting useable data.
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Chlorpromazine versus penfluridol for schizophrenia
We included all randomised clinical trials focusing on chlorpromazine versus penfluridol for adults with schizophrenia or related disorders. Outcomes of interest were death, service utilisation, global state, mental state, adverse effects and leaving the study early. We included trials meeting our selection criteria and reporting useable data.
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Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people exhibiting aggression and/or agitation thought to be due to psychosis, allocated rapid use of haloperidol alone (by any route), compared with any other treatment. Outcomes of interest included tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes, repeated need for rapid tranquillisation within 24 hours, specific behaviours (threat or injury to others/self), adverse effects. We included trials meeting our selection criteria and providing useable data.
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Vortioxetine for depression in adults
We included randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy, tolerability, or both of vortioxetine versus placebo or any other antidepressant agent in the treatment of acute depression in adults.
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Antipsychotic combinations for schizophrenia
We included all randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing antipsychotic combinations with antipsychotic monotherapy for the treatment of schizophrenia and/or schizophrenia‐like psychoses.
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Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness
All relevant randomised clinical trials (RCTs) that focused on communication skills training (CST) for mental health professionals who work with people with severe mental illness compared with those who received standard or no training. We sought a number of primary (patient adherence to treatment and attendance at scheduled appointments as well as mental health professionals' satisfaction with the training programme) and secondary outcomes (patients' global state, service use, mental state, patient satisfaction, social functioning, quality of life). RCTs where the unit of randomisation was by cluster (e.g. healthcare facility) were also eligible for inclusion. We included one trial that met our inclusion criteria and reported useable data.
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Assistive technology for memory support in dementia
We intended to review randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and clustered randomised trials with blinded assessment of outcomes that evaluated an electronic assistive device used with the single aim of supporting memory function in people diagnosed with dementia. The control interventions could either be 'care (or treatment) as usual' or non‐technological psychosocial interventions (including interventions that use non‐electronic assistive devices) also specifically aimed at supporting memory. Outcome measures included activities of daily living, level of dependency, clinical and care‐related outcomes (for example admission to long‐term care), perceived quality of life and well‐being, and adverse events resulting from the use of AT; as well as the effects of AT on carers.
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Chlorpromazine versus clotiapine for schizophrenia
All randomised clinical trials focusing on chlorpromazine versus clotiapine for schizophrenia. We included trials meeting our selection criteria and reporting useable data.
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Chlorpromazine versus metiapine for schizophrenia
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on chlorpromazine versus metiapine for adults with schizophrenia. We included trials meeting our selection criteria and reporting useable data.
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Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia
We included only RCTs recruiting people of both sexes, aged 18 years or more, with a diagnosis of treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (or related disorders) and comparing clozapine plus another antipsychotic drug with clozapine plus a different antipsychotic drug.
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Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders
All relevant randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of CCT compared with standard care for people with SMI (mainly schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like disorders, bipolar disorder, or depression with psychotic features). Standard care could be voluntary treatment in the community or another pre‐existing form of CCT such as supervised discharge.
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Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia
Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing oral risperidone with placebo treatments for people with schizophrenia and/or schizophrenia‐like psychoses.
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Implementation of treatment guidelines for specialist mental health care
Studies that examined schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders to compare guideline implementation strategies with usual care or to assess the comparative efficacy of different guideline implementation strategies.
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Droperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with useable data that compared droperidol to any other treatment for people acutely ill with suspected acute psychotic illnesses, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, mixed affective disorders, the manic phase of bipolar disorder or a brief psychotic episode.
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Haloperidol for long‐term aggression in psychosis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) or double blind trials (implying randomisation) with useable data comparing haloperidol with another drug or placebo for people with psychosis and long‐term/persistent aggression.
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Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression
All randomised clinical trials with useable data focusing on haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression.
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Valproate for schizophrenia
We included all randomised controlled trials comparing valproate to antipsychotics or to placebo (or no intervention), whether as the sole agent or as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication for the treatment of people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia‐like psychoses.
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Antihypertensive withdrawal for the prevention of cognitive decline
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) provided they compared withdrawal of antihypertensive medications with continuation of the medications and included an outcome measure assessing cognitive function or a clinical diagnosis of dementia. We included studies with healthy participants, but we also included studies with participants with all grades of severity of existing dementia or cognitive impairment.
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Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults
We included all randomised controlled trials comparing psychological therapies with pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia as diagnosed by operationalised criteria in adults.
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Bifeprunox versus placebo for schizophrenia
All randomised clinical trials focusing on bifeprunox versus placebo for schizophrenia.
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Psychological therapies for children and adolescents exposed to trauma
All randomised controlled trials of psychological therapies compared with a control such as treatment as usual, waiting list or no treatment, pharmacological therapy or other treatments in children or adolescents who had undergone a traumatic event.
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Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people
Both review authors independently selected studies. We included RCTs involving people aged 60 years and over successfully treated for an episode of depression and randomised to receive continuation and maintenance treatment with antidepressants, psychological therapies, or a combination.
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Topiramate for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder in adults
Randomised controlled trials comparing topiramate with placebo or with active agents in the treatment of acute mood episodes in adult male and female patients with bipolar disorder.
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Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third‐wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents
We included randomised controlled trials of an evidence‐based psychological prevention programme compared with any comparison control for young people aged 5 to 19 years, who did not currently meet diagnostic criteria for depression.
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Routine use of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for improving treatment of common mental health disorders in adults
We selected cluster and individually randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including participants with CMHDs aged 18 years and over, in which the results of PROMs were fed back to treating clinicians, or both clinicians and patients. We excluded RCTs in child and adolescent treatment settings, and those in which more than 10% of participants had diagnoses of eating disorders, psychoses, substance use disorders, learning disorders or dementia.
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Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing fluphenazine (oral) with any other oral atypical antipsychotics.
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Pharmacological interventions for clozapine‐induced sinus tachycardia
Randomised controlled trials comparing pharmacological interventions, at any dose and by any route of administration, for clozapine‐induced tachycardia.
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Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults
We included RCTs comparing psychosocial treatments with treatment as usual (TAU), enhanced usual care (EUC) or alternative treatments in adults with a recent (within six months) episode of SH resulting in presentation to clinical services.
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Chlorpromazine versus reserpine for schizophrenia
We included randomised clinical trials focusing on chlorpromazine versus reserpine for schizophrenia that presented useable data.
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Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta‐analysis
We included all relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on adults with a formal diagnosis of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. We considered the following psychological therapies: psychoeducation (PE), supportive psychotherapy (SP), physiological therapies (PT), behaviour therapy (BT), cognitive therapy (CT), cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), third‐wave CBT (3W) and psychodynamic therapies (PD). We included both individual and group formats. Therapies had to be administered face‐to‐face. The comparator interventions considered for this review were: no treatment (NT), wait list (WL) and attention/psychological placebo (APP). For this review we considered four short‐term (ST) outcomes (ST‐remission, ST‐response, ST‐dropouts, ST‐improvement on a continuous scale) and one long‐term (LT) outcome (LT‐remission/response).
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Chlorpromazine versus atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared chlorpromazine with any other atypical antipsychotic drugs for treating people with schizophrenia. Adults (as defined in each trial) diagnosed with schizophrenia, including schizophreniform, schizoaffective and delusional disorders were included in this review.
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Psychological therapies for post‐traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder
Randomised controlled trials of individual or group psychological therapies delivered to individuals with PTSD and comorbid substance use, compared with waiting‐list conditions, usual care, or minimal intervention or to other psychological therapies.
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Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
Each identified study was independently assessed for inclusion by two authors. To be included, studies had to be randomised controlled trials of therapist‐supported ICBT compared to a waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group; unguided CBT (that is, self‐help); or face‐to‐face CBT. We included studies that treated adults with an anxiety disorder (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, post‐traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and specific phobia) defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III, III‐R, IV, IV‐TR or the International Classification of Disesases 9 or 10.
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Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non‐ICU patients
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of single and multi‐ component non‐pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non‐ICU patients.
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Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing antiglucocorticoid and related drugs compared to placebo (either as a sole treatment or as an adjunct to atypical antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, antidepressants or other combination treatment) for people with a primary diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, or for individuals at high risk of developing a psychotic disorder.
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Statins for the prevention of dementia
We included double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled trials in which statins were administered for at least 12 months to people at risk of dementia.
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Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents
We included randomised controlled trials comparing psychosocial or pharmacological treatments with treatment as usual, alternative treatments, or placebo or alternative pharmacological treatment in children and adolescents (up to 18 years of age) with a recent (within six months) episode of SH resulting in presentation to clinical services.
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Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia
We included all randomised controlled trials comparing zuclopenthixol of any form with placebo for treatment of schizophrenia or schizophrenia‐like psychoses.
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Pharmacotherapy for chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effectiveness of any one centrally acting pharmacological agent that affects one or more of the main neurotransmitter systems in people with chronic traumatic brain injury; and there had to be a minimum of 12 months between the injury and entry into the trial.
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Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia
Our review includes randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing asenapine with placebo in adults (however defined) with schizophrenia or related disorders, including schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder and delusional disorder, again, by any means of diagnosis.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Lithium for schizophrenia
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of lithium compared with antipsychotics or placebo (or no intervention), whether as sole treatment or as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication, in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizophrenia‐like psychoses or both.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia
Randomised controlled trials involving adults with schizophrenia or related disorders, comparing brief cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis versus standard CBTp.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease
We included all unconfounded, double‐blind, randomised, controlled trials in which treatment with rivastigmine was administered to patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type for 12 weeks or more and its effects compared with those of placebo in a parallel group of patients, or where two formulations of rivastigmine were compared.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH)
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ETV treatment of iNPH. Patients had to have at least two symptoms of the Hakim‐Adams triad. Exclusion criteria were obstructive causes of hydrocephalus, other significant intracranial pathology and other confirmed causes of dementia. The eligible comparators were conservative treatment or shunting using VP and VA shunts.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa
All randomised controlled trials of one or more individual outpatient psychological therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa, as defined by DSM‐5 or similar international criteria.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults
We included randomised controlled trials comparing pharmacological treatments or natural products with placebo/alternative pharmacological treatment in individuals with a recent (within six months) episode of SH resulting in presentation to clinical services.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Treatments for delusional disorder
Relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating treatments in delusional disorder.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Opioids for agitation in dementia
Randomised, controlled trials of opioids compared to placebo for agitation in people with dementia.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders
All RCTs of DCS augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies versus placebo augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies for anxiety and related disorders were included.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness
All relevant randomised controlled trials focusing on psychoeducational interventions targeting siblings of all ages (on their own or amongst other family members including service users) of individuals with SMI, using any means and formats of delivery, i.e. individual (family), groups, computer‐based.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment
We included all published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effect on cognitive function of aerobic physical activity programmes with any other active intervention, or no intervention, in cognitively healthy participants aged over 55 years.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Latrepirdine for Alzheimer's disease
We included all randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials where latrepirdine was administered to patients with mild, moderate or severe AD.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐randomised trials comparing postnatal debriefing interventions with standard postnatal care for the prevention of psychological trauma of women following childbirth. The intervention consisted of at least one debriefing intervention session, which had the purpose of allowing women to describe their experience and to normalise their emotional reaction to that experience.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness
All relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing brief psychoeducation with any other intervention for treatment of people with severe mental illness. If a trial was described as 'double blind' but implied randomisation, we entered such trials in a sensitivity analysis.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Perphenazine for schizophrenia
We included all randomised controlled trials that compared perphenazine with other treatments for people with schizophrenia and/or schizophrenia‐like psychoses. We excluded trials of depot formulations of perphenazine.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions
We included randomised, double‐blind, controlled trials assessing the efficacy of treatment of rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions with currently marketed cholinesterase inhibitors.
Provide selection criteria that should be included in the study
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT versus waiting list, active control conditions, TAU or medication were reviewed. All participants must have met the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for an anxiety diagnosis, excluding simple phobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, post‐traumatic stress disorder and elective mutism.