anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
comparison group:
Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people
1. Preventive 2. Antidepressants 3. Placebo 4. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Topiramate for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third‐wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents
1. Preventive 2. Psychoeducation 3. Usual Care 4. Waiting list control 5. Attention Placebo Control
comparison group:
Routine use of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for improving treatment of common mental health disorders in adults
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
1. Atypical antipsychotic 2. Oral
comparison group:
Pharmacological interventions for clozapine‐induced sinus tachycardia
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Psychosocial interventions for self‐harm in adults
1. Psychotherapy 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Chlorpromazine versus reserpine for schizophrenia
1. Reserpine
comparison group:
Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta‐analysis
1. Waiting list control 2. Attention Placebo Control
comparison group:
Chlorpromazine versus atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
1. Atypical antipsychotic
comparison group:
Psychological therapies for post‐traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Therapist‐supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
1. Online Discussion Group 2. Psychoeducation 3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 4. Attention Placebo Control 5. Waiting list control 6. Unguided Self-help Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
comparison group:
Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non‐ICU patients
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Statins for the prevention of dementia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Psychiatric Therapeutic Procedure
comparison group:
Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pharmacotherapy for chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Lithium for schizophrenia
1. Antipsychotics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia
1. Brief Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy
comparison group:
Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease
1. Rivastigmine 2. Placebo 3. Oral 4. Transdermal
comparison group:
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH)
1. Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa
1. Usual Care 2. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Treatments for delusional disorder
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Opioids for agitation in dementia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders
1. Placebo 2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
comparison group:
Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Latrepirdine for Alzheimer's disease
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth
1. Postpartum Care
comparison group:
Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Perphenazine for schizophrenia
1. Other Antipsychotics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Fluphenazine decanoate (depot) and enanthate for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
1. Antipsychotic Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression
1. Antidepressants 2. Psychosocial Intervention Strategy 3. Placebo 4. Usual Care
comparison group:
Flupenthixol versus low‐potency first‐generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
1. Antipsychotic Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Fluphenazine versus low‐potency first‐generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
1. Antipsychotics
comparison group:
Alternating current cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) for depression
1. Sham Electrical Stimulation
comparison group:
Pharmacological interventions for preventing post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Flupenthixol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia or other similar psychotic disorders
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pericyazine for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Carbamazepine for schizophrenia
1. Antipsychotics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Different regimens of intravenous sedatives or hypnotics for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adult patients with depression
1. Intravenous 2. Hypnotics And Sedatives
comparison group:
Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
General physical health advice for people with serious mental illness
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Metal protein attenuating compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Physical health care monitoring for people with serious mental illness
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Respite care for people with dementia and their carers
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Perazine for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
1. Atypical antipsychotic
comparison group:
Anticholinergic medication for non‐clozapine neuroleptic‐induced hypersalivation in people with schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Agomelatine versus other antidepressive agents for major depression
1. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor 2. Antidepressants
comparison group:
Quetiapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
1. Atypical antipsychotic
comparison group:
Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents
1. Other Antipsychotics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Exercise for depression
1. Placebo 2. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Driving assessment for maintaining mobility and safety in drivers with dementia
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Flow‐regulated versus differential pressure‐regulated shunt valves for adult patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus
1. Valve
comparison group:
Rivastigmine for vascular cognitive impairment
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Quetiapine versus typical antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia
1. Antipsychotics
comparison group:
Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
1. Continuous Administration 2. Phototherapy Of Newborn
comparison group:
Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates
1. Pressure Controlled Ventilation 2. Mechanical ventilation
comparison group:
Early planned removal of umbilical venous catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants
1. Catheterization Of Umbilical Vein 2. Removal Of Catheter
comparison group:
Cerebral near‐infrared spectroscopy monitoring for prevention of brain injury in very preterm infants
1. Preventive 2. Newborn Monitoring
comparison group:
Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates
1. Placebo 2. Pulmonary Vasodilator
comparison group:
Fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
1. Fluids 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Saline irrigation for the management of skin extravasation injury in neonates
1. Wound Care
comparison group:
Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Orotracheal intubation in infants performed with a stylet versus without a stylet
1. Orotracheal Intubation
comparison group:
Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
1. Dexmedetomidine
comparison group:
Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants
1. Pulse Oximetry Monitoring 2. Oxygen Therapy
comparison group:
Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Frenotomy for tongue‐tie in newborn infants
1. Sham Intervention
comparison group:
Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle income countries
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates
1. Analgesics 2. Sucrose 3. Anesthetics For Topical Use 4. Infant Oral Pacifier 5. Music Therapy 6. Kangaroo Care 7. Rocking of Infant
comparison group:
Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants
1. Topical Anaesthetic 2. Anesthetics For Topical Use 3. Placebo 4. Tetracaine
comparison group:
Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
1. Placebo 2. Sedation
comparison group:
Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea
1. Positioning Patient
comparison group:
Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight preterm neonates
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Heparin for the treatment of thrombosis in neonates
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
1. Prone positioning 2. Positioning Patient
comparison group:
Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants
1. Volume Controlled Ventilation 2. Pressure Controlled Ventilation 3. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation 4. Mechanical ventilation 5. High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
comparison group:
Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants
1. Scheduled Feeding
comparison group:
Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed
1. Enteral nutrition 2. Infant Formula 3. Giving Expressed Breast Milk
comparison group:
Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full‐term infants
1. Breastfeeding
comparison group:
Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation
1. Newborn Care Assessment 2. Breastfeeding Assessment 3. Instrument 4. Enteral Feeding Assessment
comparison group:
Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures
1. Water 2. Passive Warming Of Patient 3. Procedures Relating To Positioning And Support 4. Infant Formula 5. Local Anesthetics 6. Infant Oral Pacifier 7. Glucose 8. Breastfeeding 9. Breast Milk 10. Positioning Patient
comparison group:
Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
1. Anticoagulant Prophylaxis 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins
1. Infant Incubator 2. Newborn-infant Bed 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central venous catheters
1. Catheterization 2. Placebo 3. Application Of Antimicrobial Dressing
comparison group:
Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants
1. Placebo 2. Heparin
comparison group:
Frequency of endotracheal suctioning for the prevention of respiratory morbidity in ventilated newborns
1. Endotracheal Tube Suction
comparison group:
Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring for the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality
1. Carbon Dioxide Measurement 2. Respired Carbon Dioxide Monitoring
comparison group:
Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants
1. Fat Emulsions 2. Soybean Oil
comparison group:
Diuretics for transient tachypnoea of the newborn
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Chest shielding for prevention of a haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants receiving phototherapy
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Specialist teams for neonatal transport to neonatal intensive care units for prevention of morbidity and mortality
1. Patient Transfer Management
comparison group:
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
1. Mechanical ventilation
comparison group:
Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates
1. Peripheral Venous Cannula Insertion 2. Total Parenteral Nutrition
comparison group:
Antimicrobial‐impregnated central venous catheters for prevention of catheter‐related bloodstream infection in newborn infants
1. Central Venous Catheter
comparison group:
Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants
1. Healthcare Professional 2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education 3. Resuscitation Of Neonate 4. Usual Care
comparison group:
Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy
1. General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Strategies for the discontinuation of humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants
1. Weaning From Mechanically Assisted Ventilation 2. High Flow Oxygen Nasal Cannula
comparison group:
Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
1. Mechanical ventilation
comparison group:
Methods for securing endotracheal tubes in newborn infants
1. Tube Care: Endotracheal
comparison group:
Home‐ versus hospital‐based phototherapy for the treatment of non‐haemolytic jaundice in infants at more than 37 weeks' gestation
1. Phototherapy Of Newborn 2. Hospital
comparison group:
Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants
1. Infant Massage
comparison group:
Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants
1. Covering Eye
comparison group:
Lung lavage for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants
1. Usual Care 2. Endotracheal Tube Suction
comparison group:
Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
1. Cyclo-oxygenase Inhibitor
comparison group:
Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants
1. Total Parenteral Nutrition
comparison group:
Vasopressin and its analogues for the treatment of refractory hypotension in neonates
1. Catecholamines 2. Inotropic agent 3. Usual Care 4. Transfusion Of Blood Expander 5. Corticosteroids - Topical
comparison group:
Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants
1. Orogastric Feeding
comparison group:
Hydralazine in infants with persistent hypoxemic respiratory failure
1. Calcium Channel Blockers 2. Prostaglandins 3. Endothelin Receptor Antagonist 4. Tolazoline 5. Placebo 6. Nitric Oxide 7. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cardiac stimulant 8. Inhaled
comparison group:
Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Local corticosteroid injection versus placebo for carpal tunnel syndrome
1. Sham Intervention 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Treatment for sialorrhea (excessive saliva) in people with motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis
1. Daclizumab 2. Beta Interferon Therapy 3. Corticosteroids 4. Natalizumab 5. Fingolimod 6. Placebo 7. Glatiramer Acetate 8. Teriflunomide 9. Alemtuzumab 10. Dimethyl Fumarate 11. Mitoxantrone
comparison group:
Immunoglobulin for multifocal motor neuropathy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Siponimod for multiple sclerosis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis
1. Placebo 2. Dimethylamphetamine
comparison group:
Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with neuromuscular disease
1. Encouragement and support 2. Physical activity
comparison group:
GLP‐1 receptor agonists for Parkinson's disease
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor therapy for glioblastoma in adults
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Cell‐based therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for preventing falls in people with multiple sclerosis
1. Usual Care 2. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Indomethacin for intracranial hypertension secondary to severe traumatic brain injury in adults
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome
1. Adaptive pacing therapy 2. Drug Therapy 3. Psychotherapy 4. Usual Care
comparison group:
Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults
1. Pharmacotherapy 2. Placebo 3. Psychotherapy 4. Usual Care 5. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Mixed exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia
1. Physical therapy exercises 2. Usual Care 3. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis
1. Sham Intervention 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis
1. Usual Care 2. Written information provision
comparison group:
Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Absorbable versus non‐absorbable sutures for skin closure after carpal tunnel decompression surgery
1. Non-absorbable Suture
comparison group:
Drug management for acute tonic‐clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children
1. Anticonvulsants
comparison group:
Botulinum toxin for motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo 3. Procedure
comparison group:
Treatment of fatigue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Corticosteroids for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
1. Intramuscular 2. Interferon Beta-1a 3. Subcutaneous
comparison group:
Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Whole body vibration exercise training for fibromyalgia
1. Sham Intervention 2. Physiotherapy 3. Placebo 4. Usual Care 5. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Zonisamide for essential tremor
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Immunotherapy for diabetic amyotrophy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia
1. Aerobic Exercise 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care 4. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Drug therapy for chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Tramadol for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of infants with severe myoclonic epilepsy
1. Placebo 2. Antiepileptics
comparison group:
Immunomodulatory treatment other than corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Topiramate for essential tremor
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Benzodiazepines for restless legs syndrome
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Plasma exchange for Guillain‐Barré syndrome
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Propofol versus thiopental sodium for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus
1. Antiepileptics 2. Propofol
comparison group:
Interventions to prevent and treat corticosteroid‐induced osteoporosis and prevent osteoporotic fractures in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
1. Exercise therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulators for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
1. Gabapentin 2. GABA Modulators 3. Baclofen 4. Placebo
comparison group:
Progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Immediate‐release versus controlled‐release carbamazepine in the treatment of epilepsy
1. Carbamazepine
comparison group:
Antibiotics for the neurological complications of Lyme disease
1. Placebo 2. Antibiotic Therapy
comparison group:
Pregabalin for essential tremor
1. Placebo 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Immunotherapy for IgM anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein paraprotein‐associated peripheral neuropathies
1. Placebo
comparison group:
External drains versus no drains after burr‐hole evacuation for the treatment of chronic subdural haematoma in adults
1. Craniotomy
comparison group:
Pharmacological treatments for Friedreich ataxia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia
1. Placebo 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Opioids for restless legs syndrome
1. Placebo 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antipsychotics for fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pharmacological treatment for Kleine‐Levin syndrome
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Corticosteroids for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
1. Corticosteroids - Otological 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after intracranial venous thrombosis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Sumatriptan plus naproxen for the treatment of acute migraine attacks in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
1. Disease Modifying Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Posture and fluids for preventing post‐dural puncture headache
1. Fluids 2. Therapeutic mobilization 3. Supine positioning 4. Positioning Patient
comparison group:
Interventions for psychotic symptoms concomitant with epilepsy
1. Antipsychotics 2. Placebo 3. Antiepileptics 4. Behavioral Therapy 5. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
comparison group:
Alprazolam for essential tremor
1. Placebo 2. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Vigabatrin versus carbamazepine monotherapy for epilepsy
1. Carbamazepine
comparison group:
Routine intracranial pressure monitoring in acute coma
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Psychological therapies for the management of chronic neuropathic pain in adults
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo 3. Psychotherapy 4. Usual Care 5. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Sodium channel blockers for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for fatigue in Parkinson's disease
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for neuropathic pain
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Surgery for scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
1. Procedure On Spine 2. Non-Surgical Interventions
comparison group:
Buprenorphine for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Exercise therapy for fatigue in multiple sclerosis
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Venlafaxine for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pharmacological treatments for preventing epilepsy following traumatic head injury
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Ibuprofen for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Neuropsychological and psychological interventions for people with newly diagnosed epilepsy
1. Antiepileptics
comparison group:
Drug therapy for treating post‐dural puncture headache
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for the prevention of tension‐type headache in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis
1. Disease Modifying Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis
1. Sham Intervention 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for the prevention of migraine in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Treatment for IgG and IgA paraproteinaemic neuropathy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory treatments for multifocal motor neuropathy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Physical rehabilitation for critical illness myopathy and neuropathy
1. Occupational Therapy 2. Training 3. Physiotherapy Manipulation 4. Neuromuscular Stimulation 5. Physical Rehabilitation Therapy Procedure
comparison group:
Early versus late antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission
1. Antiepileptics 2. Recommendation To Stop Treatment
comparison group:
Interventions for fatigue in peripheral neuropathy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in people with spinal cord injury
1. Sham Intervention 2. Non-Pharmacological Interventions 3. Placebo 4. Drug Therapy 5. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Aquatic exercise training for fibromyalgia
1. Sham Intervention 2. Placebo 3. Physical therapy exercises 4. Usual Care 5. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment for myasthenia gravis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain‐Barré syndrome
1. Plasma exchange 2. Placebo 3. Immunostimulants
comparison group:
Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus
1. Anticonvulsants 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro temporal spikes
1. Placebo 2. Antiepileptics
comparison group:
Physiotherapy for Parkinson's disease: a comparison of techniques
1. Physiotherapy
comparison group:
Zolmitriptan for acute migraine attacks in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Carbamazepine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Mycophenolate mofetil for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Immunotherapy for idiopathic lumbosacral plexopathy
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Mechanical insufflation‐exsufflation for people with neuromuscular disorders
1. Cough Augmentation Techniques
comparison group:
Passive movements for the treatment and prevention of contractures
1. Sham Intervention 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Daclizumab for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Rituximab for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
1. Disease Modifying Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Non‐antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia
1. Placebo 2. Carbamazepine
comparison group:
Lamotrigine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Naproxen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Thymectomy for non‐thymomatous myasthenia gravis
1. Administration Of Medication 2. Sham Intervention 3. Excision Of Thymus 4. Drug Therapy
comparison group:
Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson's disease
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Botulinum toxin for masseter hypertrophy
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Topiramate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication
1. Placebo 2. Non-Surgical Interventions
comparison group:
Triptans for acute cluster headache
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after subarachnoid haemorrhage
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Therapeutic exercise for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis
1. Corticosteroids - Otological 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Aspirin with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Ibuprofen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Drug therapy for preventing post‐dural puncture headache
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis
1. Plasma exchange 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the community
1. Sham Intervention 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community
1. Usual Care 2. Attention Placebo Control
comparison group:
Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults
1. Regional Anesthesia 2. General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Shoulder replacement surgery for osteoarthritis and rotator cuff tear arthropathy
1. Sham Surgery 2. Total Shoulder Replacement
comparison group:
Shock wave therapy for rotator cuff disease with or without calcification
1. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Of Musculoskeletal System 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community
1. Physical therapy exercises 2. Usual Care 3. Attention Placebo Control
comparison group:
One‐incision versus two‐incision techniques for arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adults
1. Incision 2. Arthroscopically Aided Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
comparison group:
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome
1. Sham Intervention 2. Neuromuscular Stimulation 3. Placebo 4. Physical therapy exercises
comparison group:
Antiseptics for burns
1. Antiseptics And Disinfectants 2. Antibacterials For Systemic Use 3. Isolation Procedure 4. Antiseptics 5. Medical Dressing 6. Placebo 7. Topical 8. Usual Care 9. Antibiotics For Topical Use
comparison group:
Desmopressin use for minimising perioperative blood transfusion
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care
comparison group:
Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults
1. Therapeutic Procedure 2. Ultrasound therapy 3. Local Anesthetics 4. Placebo 5. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy 6. Acupuncture 7. Physical therapy exercises 8. Ankle/foot Orthosis
comparison group:
Single dose oral ketoprofen or dexketoprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia
1. Pulse Oximetry 2. Blood Pressure Monitoring 3. Cardiac Monitoring
comparison group:
Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children
1. Drilling 2. Curettage 3. Recommendation To Avoid Activity 4. General Observation 5. Plaster Cast 6. Application Of Kirschner Wire 7. Orthopedic Internal Fixation System 8. Decompression 9. Steroid therapy 10. Injection Of Steroid 11. Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant
comparison group:
Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain
1. Analgesics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
School‐based education programmes for the prevention of unintentional injuries in children and young people
1. Special Educational Provision 2. School 3. Preventing Injury
comparison group:
Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children
1. Intravenous 2. Placebo 3. Aprotinin 4. Tranexamic Acid 5. Aminocaproic Acid
comparison group:
Liposomal bupivacaine peripheral nerve block for the management of postoperative pain
1. Analgesics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Technological aids for the rehabilitation of memory and executive functioning in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Single dose intravenous paracetamol or intravenous propacetamol for postoperative pain
1. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug 2. Placebo 3. Opioids
comparison group:
Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy
1. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug 2. Intramuscular 3. Local Anesthesia 4. Intravenous 5. Opioids 6. Placebo 7. Morphine 8. Intra-articular Injection 9. Arthroscopy Of Knee
comparison group:
Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Single dose dipyrone (metamizole) for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Interventions for treating ankle fractures in children
1. Non-Surgical Interventions 2. Cast 3. Brace
comparison group:
Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults
1. General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Surgical versus non‐surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis
1. Back Braces 2. Education 3. Manipulation 4. Physiotherapy 5. Therapeutic mobilization 6. Non-Surgical Interventions 7. Physical therapy exercises 8. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 9. Acupuncture
comparison group:
Helicopter emergency medical services for adults with major trauma
1. Accident And Emergency Department 2. Provision Of Emergency Ambulance
comparison group:
Knee orthoses for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome
1. Physical Exercises 2. Non-Surgical Interventions 3. Knee Orthosis
comparison group:
Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment
1. Manipulation 2. Placebo 3. Therapeutic mobilization 4. Usual Care 5. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Whole‐body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults
1. Recommendation To Rest 2. Compression Garment 3. Cold Water Bath Hydrotherapy 4. Placebo 5. Body Massage 6. Warming Patient By Immersion In Hot Water Bath 7. Cooling The Patient 8. Contrast Water Bath Hydrotherapy 9. Stretching
comparison group:
Hemodialysis for lithium poisoning
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Emergency ultrasound‐based algorithms for diagnosing blunt abdominal trauma
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Surgical versus nonsurgical interventions for flail chest
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Steroidal contraceptives and bone fractures in women: evidence from observational studies
1. Latex Condom 2. Copper intrauterine device 3. Contraceptive Cervical Cap, Reusable 4. Plastic Iud With Copper 5. Contraceptive Diaphragm 6. Female Condom 7. Male Condom 8. Contraceptive Sponge 9. Spermicide 10. Contraceptive Cervical Cap, Single-use
comparison group:
Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Prothrombin complex concentrate for reversal of vitamin K antagonist treatment in bleeding and non‐bleeding patients
1. Hemostatic agent 2. Fresh Frozen Plasma Preparation 3. Placebo 4. Usual Care
comparison group:
Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain
1. Opioids
comparison group:
Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy
1. Sham Intervention 2. Injection Of Therapeutic Agent 3. Placebo 4. Physical therapy exercises 5. Ankle/foot Orthosis
comparison group:
Antifibrinolytic drugs for acute traumatic injury
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Sweet tasting solutions for reduction of needle‐related procedural pain in children aged one to 16 years
1. Water 2. Infant Formula 3. Topical Local Anesthetic To Skin 4. Oral 5. Breast Milk
comparison group:
Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related pain in adults
1. Placebo 2. Usual Care 3. Radiotherapy
comparison group:
Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
1. Back Braces 2. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation 3. Physiotherapy 4. Non-Surgical Interventions 5. Back Exercises 6. Chiropractic Manipulation
comparison group:
Red blood cell transfusion for people undergoing hip fracture surgery
1. Autologous blood transfusion 2. Red Blood Cell Transfusion 3. Iron Preparations 4. Erythropoietin Therapy
comparison group:
Surgical interventions for treating distal tibial metaphyseal fractures in adults
1. Primary Cast Immobilization Of Fracture 2. External Fixation Of Tibia 3. External Fixation Of Bone 4. Intramedullary nailing 5. Internal Fixation Of Fracture 6. Non-Surgical Interventions 7. Fixation And Immobilization 8. Internal Fixation Using Plate 9. Open Reduction Of Fracture With Fixation 10. Fixation Of Fracture Using Plate 11. Bone Immobilization 12. Closed Reduction Of Fracture 13. Intramedullary Nailing Of Tibia 14. Conservative Therapy 15. Fixation Of Fracture 16. Bone Plate 17. Cast 18. Immobilization Using Plaster Cast
comparison group:
Tramadol for postoperative pain treatment in children
1. Placebo 2. Opioids
comparison group:
Effectiveness of posterior decompression techniques compared with conventional laminectomy for lumbar stenosis
1. Laminectomy
comparison group:
As required versus fixed schedule analgesic administration for postoperative pain in children
1. Analgesics 2. Fixed schedule 3. Pro re nata
comparison group:
Single dose oral ibuprofen plus codeine for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Ibuprofen 2. Placebo 3. Oral
comparison group:
Cell salvage in emergency trauma surgery
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome
1. Exercise therapy 2. Placebo 3. Conservative Therapy 4. Physical therapy exercises 5. Waiting list control 6. Strapping Procedure
comparison group:
Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients
1. Intravenous Induction Of General Anesthesia 2. Intravenous Bolus
comparison group:
Iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children
1. Hypotonic fluid
comparison group:
Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Salicylate‐containing rubefacients for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain
1. Analgesics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Advanced trauma life support training for hospital staff
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women
1. Hormonal Contraceptives For Systemic Use 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery
1. Postoperative Administration Of Analgesia
comparison group:
Single dose oral etoricoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo 2. Oral
comparison group:
Interventions for treating fingertip entrapment injuries in children
1. Conservative Therapy
comparison group:
Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Selective computed tomography (CT) versus routine thoracoabdominal CT for high‐energy blunt‐trauma patients
1. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography
comparison group:
The Lund concept for severe traumatic brain injury
1. Cerebral perfusion pressure targeted therapy
comparison group:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating acute surgical and traumatic wounds
1. Sham Intervention 2. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
comparison group:
Single dose oral dexibuprofen [S(+)‐ibuprofen] for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Racemic Ibuprofen 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Primary closure versus delayed closure for non bite traumatic wounds within 24 hours post injury
1. Delayed Suture Of Wound
comparison group:
Single dose oral celecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo 2. Oral
comparison group:
Antibiotics for treating chronic osteomyelitis in adults
1. Antibiotic Therapy
comparison group:
Antipsychotics for acute and chronic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain
1. Non-Pharmacological Interventions 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Electrotherapy for neck pain
1. Sham Intervention 2. Electrotherapy 3. Placebo
comparison group:
Single dose oral tenoxicam for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents
1. Usual Care 2. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour
1. Epidural Anesthesia 2. Maintenance Therapy
comparison group:
Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II
1. Physiotherapy 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults
1. Sham Intervention 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Single‐dose intravenous ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Single‐dose intravenous ketorolac for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for trigger finger
1. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug 2. Glucocorticoids - Systemic 3. Placebo
comparison group:
Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth
1. Analgesics 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
1. Usual Care 2. Waiting list control
comparison group:
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification cataract surgery in adults
1. Topical Anesthesia For Procedure On Eye
comparison group:
Early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours) versus delayed enteral nutrition (after 48 hours) with or without supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults
1. Intensive Care Unit 2. Delayed Treatment 3. Parenteral Feeding Management 4. Enteral Feeding Management
comparison group:
Adductor canal blocks for postoperative pain treatment in adults undergoing knee surgery
1. Regional Anesthesia 2. Sham Intervention 3. Local Anesthetic Femoral Nerve Block
comparison group:
Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults
1. Anesthesia Management 2. Usual Care 3. Anesthetic Agent Monitoring
comparison group:
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Analgesics 2. Intravenous 3. Patient Controlled Analgesia 4. Placebo
comparison group:
Pre‐emptive and preventive opioids for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery
1. Postoperative 2. Opioids
comparison group:
Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients
1. Analgesics 2. Placebo 3. Antiemetics And Antinauseants
comparison group:
Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia
1. Usual Care 2. Supine positioning
comparison group:
Single‐dose intravenous diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults
1. Drug Therapy 2. Placebo
comparison group:
Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
1. Inhalation General Anesthesia
comparison group:
Mirtazapine for fibromyalgia in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Enteral versus parenteral nutrition and enteral versus a combination of enteral and parenteral nutrition for adults in the intensive care unit
1. Intensive Care Unit 2. Parenteral Feeding Management 3. Total Parenteral Nutrition 4. Enteral Feeding Management
comparison group:
Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit
1. Intensive Care Unit 2. Placebo 3. Usual Care
comparison group:
Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
1. Placebo
comparison group:
Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Use of hyaluronidase as an adjunct to local anaesthetic eye blocks to reduce intraoperative pain in adults
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Cerebral near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for perioperative monitoring of brain oxygenation in children and adults
1. Usual Care
comparison group:
Propofol for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit
1. Others 2. Intensive Care Unit 3. Placebo 4. Propofol
comparison group:
Oxcarbazepine for neuropathic pain
1. Placebo