anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
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We included randomised, double‐blind studies that compared a single dose of analgesic plus caffeine with the same dose of the analgesic alone in the treatment of acute pain.
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Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients
We included all randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials that compared music interventions and standard care with standard care alone for mechanically ventilated patients.
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Co‐enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) lasting at least three months involving healthy adults or those at high risk of CVD but without a diagnosis of CVD. Trials investigated the supplementation of CoQ10 alone as a single supplement. The comparison group was no intervention or placebo. The outcomes of interest were CVD clinical events and major CVD risk factors, adverse effects and costs. We excluded any trials involving multifactorial lifestyle interventions to avoid confounding.
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Garlic for the common cold
Randomised controlled trials of common cold prevention and treatment comparing garlic with placebo, no treatment or standard treatment.
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Decongestants, antihistamines and nasal irrigation for acute sinusitis in children
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs, which evaluated children younger than 18 years of age with acute sinusitis, defined as 10 to 30 days of rhinorrhea, congestion or daytime cough. We excluded trials of children with chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis.
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Probiotics for preventing ventilator‐associated pneumonia
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing probiotics with placebo or another control (excluding RCTs that use probiotics in both study groups) to prevent VAP.
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Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs comparing Astragalus, used alone as a crude herb or an extract, with placebo, no treatment, or conventional interventions were eligible for inclusion.
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Acupuncture for schizophrenia
We included all relevant randomised controlled trials involving people with schizophrenia‐like illnesses, comparing acupuncture added to standard dose antipsychotics with standard dose antipsychotics alone, acupuncture added to low dose antipsychotics with standard dose antipsychotics, acupuncture with antipsychotics, acupuncture added to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) drug with TCM drug, acupuncture with TCM drug, electric acupuncture convulsive therapy with electroconvulsive therapy.
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Cannabis and schizophrenia
We included all randomised controlled trials involving cannabinoids and schizophrenia/schizophrenia‐like illnesses, which assessed:1) treatments to reduce cannabis use in people with schizophrenia;2) the effects of cannabinoids on people with schizophrenia.
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Acupuncture for functional dyspepsia
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if investigators reported efficacy and safety of manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture for patients with FD diagnosed by Rome II or Rome III criteria, compared with medications, blank control, or sham acupuncture.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for panic disorder in adults
RCTs or quasi‐randomised trials evaluating rTMS for PD in people aged between 18 and 65 years, either as a monotherapy or as an augmentation strategy.
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Glutamine supplementation for critically ill adults
We included controlled clinical trials with random or quasi‐random allocation that examined glutamine supplementation versus no supplementation or placebo in adults with a critical illness or undergoing elective major surgery. We excluded cross‐over trials.
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Oral zinc for arterial and venous leg ulcers
Randomised controlled trials comparing oral zinc sulphate with placebo or no treatment in people with arterial or venous leg ulcers were eligible for inclusion. There were no restrictions on date or language of publication. The main outcome measure used was complete healing of the ulcers. Trials were eligible for inclusion if they measured ulcer healing objectively by documenting time to complete healing, proportion of ulcers healed during the study, or healing rates of ulcers.
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Antioxidants for pain in chronic pancreatitis
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating antioxidants for treatment of pain in CP. All trials were included irrespective of blinding, numbers of participants randomly assigned and language of the article.
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Chinese herbal medicines for treating skin and soft‐tissue infections
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with SSTIs that compared Chinese herbal medicines with another intervention or control.
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Phototherapy for treating pressure ulcers
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of phototherapy (in addition to standard treatment) with sham phototherapy (in addition to standard treatment), another type of phototherapy (in addition to standard treatment) or standard or conventional treatment alone.
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Zinc supplements for preventing otitis media
Randomised, placebo‐controlled trials of zinc supplements given at least once a week for at least a month for preventing otitis media.
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Acupuncture for treating acute ankle sprains in adults
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials involving adults with acute ankle sprains. We included all types of acupuncture practices, such as needle acupuncture, electroacupuncture, laser acupuncture, pharmacoacupuncture, non‐penetrating acupuncture point stimulation (e.g. acupressure and magnets) and moxibustion. Acupuncture could be compared with control (no treatment or placebo) or another standard non‐surgical intervention.
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Creatine for Parkinson's disease
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing creatine versus placebo for Parkinson's disease.
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Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction
We included randomised controlled trials of adults and children with a diagnosis of asthma. We separately considered trials in which participants had received a diagnosis of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (or exercise‐induced asthma). Trials comparing vitamin C and E supplementation versus placebo were included. We included trials in which asthma management for treatment and control groups included similar background therapy. Short‐term use of vitamins C and E at the time of exacerbation or for cold symptoms in people with asthma is outside the scope of this review.
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Oral herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis
Randomised controlled trials of orally consumed herbal interventions compared with placebo or active controls in people with osteoarthritis were included. Herbal interventions included any plant preparation but excluded homeopathy or aromatherapy products, or any preparation of synthetic origin.
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Horticultural therapy for schizophrenia
We included one randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing horticultural therapy plus standard care with standard care alone for people with schizophrenia.
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Vitamin D supplementation for cystic fibrosis
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled studies of vitamin D supplementation compared to placebo in the cystic fibrosis population regardless of exocrine pancreatic function.
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Acupuncture for epilepsy
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing acupuncture with placebo or sham treatment, antiepileptic drugs or no treatment; or comparing acupuncture plus other treatments with the same other treatments, involving people of any age with any type of epilepsy.
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Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men
Randomised or quasi‐randomised trials that compared vitamin D or related compounds, alone or with calcium, against placebo, no intervention or calcium alone, and that reported fracture outcomes in older people. The primary outcome was hip fracture.
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Cannabinoids for epilepsy
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) whether blinded or not.
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Chinese herbal medicines for benign thyroid nodules in adults
Randomised controlled trials comparing CHM or CHM plus levothyroxine versus levothyroxine, placebo or no treatment in adults with benign thyroid nodules.
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Light therapy for improving cognition, activities of daily living, sleep, challenging behaviour, and psychiatric disturbances in dementia
All relevant, randomized controlled trials were included in which light therapy, at any intensity and duration, was compared with a control group for the effect of improving cognition, ADLs, sleep, challenging behaviour, and psychiatric symptoms associated with dementia (as well as institutionalization rates or cost of care). Included were people with dementia of any type and degree of severity.
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Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing mono‐preparations of Echinacea with placebo.
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Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children
Randomised controlled trials of psychological or educational interventions, or both, used to assist children and their carers in managing atopic eczema.
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Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients
We included all randomized controlled trials and quasi‐randomized trials that compared music interventions and standard care with standard care alone for persons with confirmed CHD.
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Electromagnetic fields for treating osteoarthritis
Randomised controlled trials of electromagnetic fields in osteoarthritis, with four or more weeks treatment duration. We included papers in any language.
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Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms
Studies were included if they were randomised, included perimenopausal or postmenopausal participants with vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes or night sweats), lasted at least 12 weeks and provided interventions such as foods or supplements with high levels of phytoestrogens (not combined with other herbal treatments). Trials that included women who had breast cancer or a history of breast cancer were excluded.
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Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk
Randomised studies with no more than 20% loss to follow‐up, lasting at least three months and involving healthy adults comparing dietary advice with no advice or minimal advice. Trials involving children, trials to reduce weight or those involving supplementation were excluded.
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Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adults
We included trials if they were randomised controlled trials (RCT) of CrP supplementation in people who were overweight or obese. We excluded studies including children, pregnant women or individuals with serious medical conditions.
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Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We included both adults and children with a diagnosis of asthma. In separate analyses we considered trials with a diagnosis of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (or exercise‐induced asthma). We included trials comparing vitamin C supplementation with placebo, or vitamin C supplementation with no supplementation. We included trials where the asthma management of both treatment and control groups provided similar background therapy. The primary focus of the review is on daily vitamin C supplementation to prevent exacerbations and improve HRQL. The short‐term use of vitamin C at the time of exacerbations or for cold symptoms in people with asthma are outside the scope of this review.
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Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections
Double‐blind, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of P. sidoides preparations in ARIs compared to placebo or any other treatment. Complete resolution of all symptoms was defined as the primary outcome; in addition, we examined resolution of predefined key symptoms.
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'Third wave' cognitive and behavioural therapies versus treatment as usual for depression
Randomised controlled trials that compared third wave CBT therapies with control conditions for acute depression in adults.
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Chinese herbal medicine for diabetic peripheral neuropathy
We included randomised controlled trials of Chinese herbal medicine (with a minimum of four weeks treatment duration) for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy compared with placebo, no intervention, or conventional interventions. Trials of herbal medicine plus a conventional drug versus the drug alone were also included.
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Dance therapy for schizophrenia
We included one randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing dance therapy and related approaches with standard care or other psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia.
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Interventions for replacing missing teeth: hyperbaric oxygen therapy for irradiated patients who require dental implants
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of HBO therapy for irradiated patients requiring dental implants.
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Chinese herbal medicine for atopic eczema
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in children and adults with eczema comparing CHM to placebo; no intervention; active controls, including acupuncture; or conventional medicines.
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Acupuncture and assisted reproductive technology
Randomised controlled trials of acupuncture for couples who were undergoing ART, comparing acupuncture treatment alone or acupuncture with concurrent ART versus no treatment, placebo or sham acupuncture plus ART for the treatment of primary and secondary infertility. Women with medical illness that was deemed to contraindicate ART or acupuncture were excluded.
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Respiratory muscle training for cervical spinal cord injury
All randomised controlled trials that involved an intervention described as RMT versus a control group using an alternative intervention, placebo, usual care, or no intervention for people with cervical SCI were considered for inclusion.
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Homocysteine lowering interventions for peripheral arterial disease and bypass grafts
Randomised trials in which participants with PAD and hyperhomocysteinaemia were allocated to either homocysteine lowering therapy or no treatment, including participants before and after surgical or radiological interventions.
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Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke‐Korsakoff Syndrome in people who abuse alcohol
Any randomised trials comparing thiamine with alternative interventions or comparing different thiamine regimens (varying in formulation, dose or duration of administration).
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Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
All published, unpublished and ongoing randomised controlled trials comparing uterine massage alone or in addition to uterotonics before or after delivery of the placenta, or both, with non‐massage.
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Alginate dressings for healing diabetic foot ulcers
Published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that have compared the effects on ulcer healing of alginate dressings with alternative wound dressings or no dressing in the treatment of foot ulcers in people with diabetes.
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Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication
Randomised controlled trials of Ginkgo biloba extract, irrespective of dosage, versus placebo in people with IC.
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Music interventions for preoperative anxiety
We included all randomized and quasi‐randomized trials that compared music interventions and standard care with standard care alone for reducing preoperative anxiety in surgical patients.
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Xiongshao for restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary heart disease
All randomised controlled trials comparing Xiongshao capsule alone/plus conventional western medicine with the same conventional western medicine alone/plus placebo in participants with CHD who met the recognised diagnostic criteria and had successfully undergone a PCI procedure were included.
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Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Randomised controlled trials of magnesium therapy given to women after threatened preterm labour.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for improving function after stroke
We included randomised controlled trials comparing rTMS therapy with sham therapy or no therapy. We excluded trials that reported only laboratory parameters.
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Acupuncture for treating fibromyalgia
Randomised and quasi‐randomised studies evaluating any type of invasive acupuncture for fibromyalgia diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, and reporting any main outcome: pain, physical function, fatigue, sleep, total well‐being, stiffness and adverse events.
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The medical use of cannabis for reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS
The review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any cannabis intervention, in any form, and administered by any route, in adults with HIV or AIDS, compared with placebo or with a known effective treatment, and conducted in a hospital, outpatient clinic, or home care setting. Quasi‐randomised studies using any form of cannabis as an intervention in patients with HIV or AIDS were also included.
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Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials evaluating any described method of antenatal digital perineal massage undertaken for at least the last four weeks of pregnancy.
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Garlic for peripheral arterial occlusive disease
Randomised trials of garlic therapy in patients with lower limb atherosclerosis were included. The main outcomes were objective measures of progression of underlying atherosclerosis (e.g. ankle pressure measurements, treadmill testing) and subjective measures (e.g. symptom progression).
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Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema
All randomised controlled, parallel, or cross‐over trials investigating oral intake of evening primrose oil or borage oil for eczema.
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Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing traditional Chinese medicinal herbs with placebo, no treatment or conventional medicine normally used in preventing and treating uncomplicated influenza.
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Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis
Randomised trials comparing active topical treatments against placebo or against vitamin D analogues (used alone or in combination) in people with chronic plaque psoriasis.
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Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus
Adults (18 years and over) complaining of tinnitus or adults with a primary complaint of cerebral insufficiency, where tinnitus forms part of the syndrome.
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Nutritional interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV
Randomised controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of macronutrient interventions compared with no nutritional supplements or placebo in the management of adults and children infected with HIV.
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Multinutrient fortification of human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge
Randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials that compared feeding preterm infants following hospital discharge with multinutrient fortified breast milk compared with unfortified human breast milk.
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Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease
Trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised with appropriate control group, 2) intention to reduce or modify fat or cholesterol intake (excluding exclusively omega‐3 fat interventions), 3) not multi factorial, 4) adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease, 5) intervention at least six months, 6) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available.
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Chinese medicinal herbs for acute bronchitis
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Chinese medicinal herbs with placebo, antibiotics or other Western medicines for the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis.
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Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age
Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials with either individual or cluster randomisation. Participants were children under the age of 12 years at the time of intervention with no specific health problems. The intervention assessed was intermittent iron supplementation compared with a placebo, no intervention or daily supplementation.
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Omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
All randomised controlled trials of omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation compared to placebo in individuals with ASD.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus
Randomised controlled trials of rTMS versus sham rTMS.
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Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia
Randomized, double‐blind studies, in which extracts of Ginkgo biloba at any strength and over any period were compared with placebo for their effects on people with acquired cognitive impairment, including dementia, of any degree of severity.
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Massage and touch for dementia
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which a massage or touch intervention was given to persons suffering from dementia of any type, compared with other treatments or no treatment, and in which effect parameters included measures of behavioural problems, caregiver burden, emotional distress or cognitive abilities, were eligible for inclusion. Furthermore, we employed a set of minimal methodological quality criteria as a selection filter.
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Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants
We included RCTs and cluster‐RCTs addressing HL either as a concept or its components (access, understand, appraise, apply health information).
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Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and affected people
This review assessed the effects of interventions, evaluated in randomised and quasi‐randomised trials, intended to enhance interpersonal communication about EoL care between patients expected to die within 12 months, their family members and carers, and health practitioners involved in their care. Patients of any age from birth, in any setting or care context (e.g. acute catastrophic injury, chronic illness), and all health professionals involved in their care were eligible. All communication interventions were eligible, as long as they included interpersonal interaction(s) between patients and family members or carers and health professionals. Interventions could be simple or complex, with one or more communication aims (e.g. to inform, skill, engage, support). Effects were sought on outcomes for patients, family and carers, health professionals and health systems, including adverse (unintended) effects.To ensure this review's focus was maintained on interpersonal communication in the last 12 months of life,  we excluded studies that addressed specific decisions, shared or otherwise, and the tools involved in such decision‐making. We also excluded studies focused on advance care planning (ACP) reporting ACP uptake or completion as the primary outcome. Finally, we excluded studies of communication skills training for health professionals unless patient outcomes were reported as primary outcomes.
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Interventions to enable communication for adult patients requiring an artificial airway with or without mechanical ventilator support
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, cluster‐RCTs, controlled non‐randomised parallel group, and before‐after studies evaluating communication aids used in adults with an artificial airway.
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Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
RCTs included adults with COPD diagnosed by established criteria (e.g. Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease). Interventions included change to pharmacological treatment regimens, adherence aids, education, behavioural or psychological interventions (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy), communication or follow‐up by a health professional (e.g. telephone, text message or face‐to‐face), multi‐component interventions, and interventions to improve inhaler technique.
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Adult patient access to electronic health records
Randomised controlled trials and cluster‐randomised trials of EHR access with or without additional functionalities for adults with any medical condition.
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Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster‐RCTs (C‐RCTs), and non‐randomised controlled trials (quasi‐RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of interventions delivered to students in undergraduate or graduate‐entry medical programmes. We included studies of interventions aiming to improve medical students’ interpersonal communication during medical consultations. Included interventions targeted communication skills associated with empathy, relationship building, gathering information, and explanation and planning, as well as specific communication tasks such as listening, appropriate structure, and question style.
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Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving sexual and reproductive health
We included randomised controlled trials of TCC via MD to improve sexual and reproductive health behaviour, health service use, and health and well‐being. Eligible comparators were standard care or no intervention, non‐digital TCC, and digital non‐targeted communication.
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Interventions for improving medication‐taking ability and adherence in older adults prescribed multiple medications
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs, and cluster‐RCTs. Eligible studies tested interventions aimed at improving medication‐taking ability and/or medication adherence among people aged ≥ 65 years (or of mean/median age > 65 years), living in the community or being discharged from hospital back into the community, and taking four or more regular prescription medications (or with group mean/median of more than four medications). Interventions targeting carers of older people who met these criteria were also included.
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Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial support for informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (including cluster‐RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs. We excluded cross‐over trials because of the high risk of carry‐over effects from one intervention to another.
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Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and planned to include quasi‐RCTs, comparing information or education interventions presented to participants versus no information or education interventions, or comparing information or education interventions as part of a complex intervention versus a complex intervention without information or education. We included participants who were adult ICU patients, or their carers; these included relatives and non‐relatives, including significant representatives of patients.
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E‐learning for health professionals
Randomised trials assessing the effectiveness of e‐learning versus traditional learning for health professionals. We excluded non‐randomised trials and trials involving undergraduate health professionals.
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Different communication strategies for disclosing a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders
We planned to include all relevant RCTs that included adults with schizophrenia or related disorders, including schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder and delusional disorder. The trials would have investigated the effects of communication strategy or strategies that helped clinicians deliver information specifically about a diagnosis of schizophrenia (which can also include communication regarding the treatment options available and prognosis).
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Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper respiratory tract infections in primary care
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients (or parents of child patients) with acute URTIs, that compared written patient information delivered immediately before or during prescribing, with no information. RCTs needed to have measured our primary outcome (antibiotic use) to be included.
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Time‐limited home‐care reablement services for maintaining and improving the functional independence of older adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster randomised or quasi‐randomised trials of time‐limited reablement services for older adults (aged 65 years or more) delivered in their home; and incorporated a usual home‐care or wait‐list control group.
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Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in primary care
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (individual level or cluster‐randomised), which evaluated the effectiveness of interventions that promote shared decision making (as the focus or a component of the intervention) about antibiotic prescribing for ARIs in primary care.
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Training and supportive programs for palliative care volunteers in community settings
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐randomised controlled trials, controlled before‐and‐after (CBA) studies and interrupted time series (ITS) studies of all formal training and support programs for palliative care volunteers. Programs or strategies in included studies were classified according to any stated or implied purpose: that is, whether they intended to build skills for the volunteer's role, to enhance their coping, or to maintain service standards.
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Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness
All relevant randomised studies comparing virtual reality with standard care for those with serious mental illnesses. We defined virtual reality as a computerised real‐time technology using graphics, sound and other sensory input, which creates the interactive computer‐mediated world as a therapeutic tool.
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Culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus
We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of culturally appropriate health education for people over 16 years of age with type 2 diabetes mellitus from named ethnic minority groups residing in upper‐middle‐income or high‐income countries.
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Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness
Relevant randomised controlled trials involving adults with serious mental illness, comparing any ICT‐based prompt or combination of prompts by automatic or semi‐automatic system compared with standard care.
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Audio‐visual presentation of information for informed consent for participation in clinical trials
We included randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing audio‐visual information alone, or in conjunction with standard forms of information provision (such as written or verbal information), with standard forms of information provision or placebo audio‐visual information, in the informed consent process for clinical trials. Trials involved individuals or their guardians asked to consider participating in a real or hypothetical clinical study. (In the earlier version of this review we only included studies evaluating informed consent interventions for real studies).
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Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing mobile phone messaging as reminders for healthcare appointments. We only included studies in which it was possible to assess effects of mobile phone messaging independent of other technologies or interventions.
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Face‐to‐face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity
Randomised trials that compared face‐to‐face versus remote and web 2.0 PA interventions for community dwelling adults. We included studies if they compared an intervention that was principally delivered face‐to‐face to an intervention that had principally remote and web 2.0 methods. To assess behavioural change over time, the included studies had a minimum of 12 months follow‐up from the start of the intervention to the final results. We excluded studies that had more than a 20% loss to follow‐up if they did not apply an intention‐to‐treat analysis.
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Face‐to‐face interventions for promoting physical activity
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared face‐to‐face PA interventions for community dwelling adults with a placebo or no or minimal intervention control group. We included studies if the principal component of the intervention was delivered using face‐to‐face methods. To assess behavioural change over time the included studies had a minimum of 12 months follow‐up from the start of the intervention to the final results. We excluded studies that had more than a 20% loss to follow‐up if they did not apply an intention‐to‐treat analysis.
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Single versus multiple visits for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth
We included randomised controlled trials and quasi‐randomised controlled trials in people needing RoCT comparing completion of RoCT in a single visit compared to RoCT over two or more visits.
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Oral care measures for preventing nursing home‐acquired pneumonia
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of oral care measures (brushing, swabbing, denture cleaning mouthrinse, or combination) in residents of any age in nursing homes and other long‐term care facilities.
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Periodontal therapy for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with periodontitis
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared active periodontal therapy to no periodontal treatment or a different periodontal treatment. We included studies of participants with a diagnosis of chronic periodontitis, either with CVD (secondary prevention studies) or without CVD (primary prevention studies).
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Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket)
We included randomised controlled trials of adults over 18 years of age who were having permanent teeth extracted or who had developed dry socket postextraction. We included studies with any type of local intervention used for the prevention or treatment of dry socket, compared to a different local intervention, placebo or no treatment. We excluded studies reporting on systemic use of antibiotics or the use of surgical techniques because these interventions are evaluated in separate Cochrane Reviews.
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Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental healthcare providers
We included randomised controlled trials and excluded laboratory‐based studies. Study participants were dental patients undergoing AGPs. Studies compared any preprocedural mouth rinse used to reduce contaminated aerosols versus placebo, no mouth rinse or another mouth rinse. Our primary outcome was incidence of infection of dental healthcare providers and secondary outcomes were reduction in the level of contamination of the dental operatory environment, cost, change in mouth microbiota, adverse events, and acceptability and feasibility of the intervention.
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Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) lasting at least three months that evaluated full‐mouth scaling and root planing within 24 hours, with or without adjunctive use of an antiseptic, compared to conventional quadrant SRP (control). Participants had a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis according to the International Classification of Periodontal Diseases from 1999. A new periodontitis classification was launched in 2018; however, we used the 1999 classification for inclusion or exclusion of studies, as most studies used it. We excluded studies of people with systemic disorders, taking antibiotics or with the older diagnosis of 'aggressive periodontitis'.
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Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus
We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and a diagnosis of periodontitis that compared subgingival instrumentation (sometimes with surgical treatment or adjunctive antimicrobial therapy or both) to no active intervention or 'usual care' (oral hygiene instruction, education or support interventions, and/or supragingival scaling (also known as PMPR, professional mechanical plaque removal)). To be included, the RCTs had to have lasted at least 3 months and have measured HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin).
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Interventions for treating cavitated or dentine carious lesions
We included randomised clinical trials comparing different levels of carious tissue removal, as listed above, against each other, placebo, or no treatment. Participants had permanent or primary teeth (or both), and vital pulps (i.e. no irreversible pulpitis/pulp necrosis), and carious lesions conventionally considered to need a restoration (i.e. cavitated lesions, or non‐ or micro‐cavitated lesions radiographically extending into dentine). The primary outcome was failure, a composite measure of pulp exposure, endodontic therapy, tooth extraction, and restorative complications (including resealing of sealed lesions).
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Laser therapy for dentinal hypersensitivity
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which in‐office lasers were compared to placebo or no treatment on patients aged above 12 years with tooth hypersensitivity.
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Interventions for replacing missing teeth: alveolar ridge preservation techniques for dental implant site development
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of ARP techniques with at least six months of follow‐up. Outcome measures were: changes in the bucco‐lingual/palatal width of alveolar ridge, changes in the vertical height of the alveolar ridge, complications, the need for additional augmentation prior to implant placement, aesthetic outcomes, implant failure rates, peri‐implant marginal bone level changes, changes in probing depths and clinical attachment levels at teeth adjacent to the extraction site, and complications of future prosthodontic rehabilitation.
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Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which involved individuals with clinically diagnosed untreated periodontitis. Trials compared SRP with systemic antibiotics versus SRP alone/placebo, or with other systemic antibiotics.
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Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies
We considered randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of any local or systemic corticosteroid treatment compared with a placebo, a calcineurin inhibitor, another corticosteroid, any other local or systemic (or both) drug, or the same corticosteroid plus an adjunctive treatment.
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Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental treatment
Parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions used to increase acceptance of dental LA in children and adolescents under the age of 18 years.
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Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and some types of non‐randomised studies (NRS) (non‐RCTs, controlled before‐after studies, interrupted time series studies and repeated measures studies) that evaluated oral hygiene interventions targeted at people with ID or their carers, or both. We used the definition of ID in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD‐10). We defined oral hygiene as the mechanical removal of plaque. We excluded studies that evaluated chemical removal of plaque, or mechanical and chemical removal of plaque combined.
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Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis
Randomised controlled trials which compared pain relief with systemic antibiotics and analgesics, against placebo and analgesics in the acute preoperative phase of irreversible pulpitis.
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Routine scale and polish for periodontal health in adults
Randomised controlled trials of routine scale and polish treatments, with or without oral hygiene instruction, in healthy dentate adults without severe periodontitis. We excluded split‐mouth trials.
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Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults
We included in our review randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which involved adults who were 18 years and above, and compared dentist‐dispensed or over‐the‐counter tooth whitening (bleaching) products with placebo or other comparable products.Quasi‐randomised trials, combination of in‐office and home‐based treatments, and home‐based products having physical removal of stains were excluded.
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Atraumatic restorative treatment versus conventional restorative treatment for managing dental caries
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with at least six months' follow‐up that compared the effects of ART with a conventional restorative approach using the same or different restorative dental materials to treat caries lesions.
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Metal‐free materials for fixed prosthodontic restorations
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which the clinical performance of metal‐free fixed prosthodontic restorations was compared with metal‐ceramic (MC) or other conventional restorations in adult patients requiring prosthodontic treatment. RCTs in which the clinical performance of different kinds of metal‐free systems were compared among themselves were also considered.
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Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) relating to pain control during orthodontic treatment. Pain could be measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS) or categorical scale.