anurajms/meta_analysis huggingface dataset:
primary outcome:
Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour
Serious maternal outcome (defined as death, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, admission to intensive care unit).Birth less than 48 hours after trial entry.Serious infant outcome (defined as death or chronic lung disease [need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days of life or later], grade three or four intraventricular haemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, major neurosensory disability (defined as any of legal blindness, sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids, moderate or severe cerebral palsy, or developmental delay/intellectual impairment [defined as developmental quotient (DQ) or intelligence quotient (IQ) less than 2 standard deviations below mean])).Perinatal mortality (stillbirth defines as a birth not showing signs of life defined by any gestational age and birthweight in the trials and neonatal death up to 28 days).Very preterm birth (before completion of 34 weeks of gestation).
primary outcome:
Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth
serious maternal outcome (defined as death, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, admission to intensive care unit);birth less than 48 hours after trial entry;serious infant outcome (defined as death or chronic lung disease [need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days of life or later], grade three or four intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), major neurosensory disability (defined as any of legal blindness, sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids, moderate or severe cerebral palsy, or developmental delay/intellectual impairment [defined as developmental quotient (DQ) or intelligence quotient (IQ) less than 2 standard deviations below mean]);perinatal mortality (stillbirth defined as a birth not showing signs of life defined by any gestational age and birthweight in the trials and neonatal death up to 28 days);very preterm birth (before completion of 34 weeks of gestation).
primary outcome:
Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta
Maternal mortality.Manual removal of the placenta.Severe postpartum haemorrhage (defined as clinically estimated blood loss greater than or equal to 1000 mL).Blood transfusion.Need to add other therapeutic uterotonic.
primary outcome:
Nitric oxide donors for treating preterm labour
Primary maternal and neonatal outcomes were not reported.
primary outcome:
Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation
Perinatal mortality (only includes deaths between fetal viability (24 weeks' gestation) and the end of the 7th day after delivery, or as defined by trial authors).                       Neonatal infection/sepsis (proven neonatal infection with positive blood culture within 48 hours or more after birth, or culture proven neonatal pneumonia or meningitis).           ·                         Maternal mortality.                      Serious maternal morbidity (including septicaemia, admission to intensive care unit, organ failure, major postpartum haemorrhage, hysterectomy).
primary outcome:
Indwelling bladder catheterisation as part of intraoperative and postoperative care for caesarean section
 Urinary tract infection (UTI) (catheter‐related/non‐catheter‐related/not specified)Intraoprative bladder injury
primary outcome:
Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes
Reduction in serious neonatal morbidity and mortality.No perinatal deaths were reported in either study included in this comparison (Guinn 1998b; Wenstrom 1997b).The Guinn 1998b study reported that no cases of intraventricular haemorrhage occurred. There was no clear evidence that respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) differed by treatment received (Analysis 1.1). Pooled data from the Guinn 1998b and Wenstrom 1997b trials showed a risk ratio (RR) of 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23 to 2.93, data for 79 infants) of RDS for terbutaline pump versus saline placebo pump.No perinatal deaths were reported in any of the studies included in this comparison. We identified no clear difference in RDS (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.16 to 6.20, one study, 30 infants) for the terbutaline pump compared with oral terbutaline (Analysis 2.1).
primary outcome:
Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes
Perinatal mortality (intrauterine fetal demise and neonatal death).[Intrauterine fetal demise (fetal demise after 20 weeks' gestation and prior to delivery); neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life)]When comparing the tocolytic group to the no tocolytic group, there was no significant difference in perinatal mortality (risk ratio (RR) 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 3.29; seven trials of 402 women; Analysis 1.1).There was no difference in perinatal mortality in pregnancies of women treated with indomethacin versus those not treated with indomethacin (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.06 to 13.25; Analysis 2.1).There was no significant difference in perinatal mortality between those who received betamimetics versus those who did not (RR 2.46; 95% CI 0.90 to 6.74; four trials of 199 women; Analysis 3.1)There were insufficient data to assess our primary outcome.There was no difference in perinatal mortality for women treated with tocolysis prophylactically compared with women that had no tocolysis treatment (RR 1.53; 95% CI 0.42 to 5.59; three trials of 137 women; Analysis 5.1).There was no difference in perinatal mortality in the group that received antibiotics versus those that did not (RR 1.91; 95% CI 0.39 to 9.44; two trials of 71 women; Analysis 6.1)There was no significant difference in perinatal mortality (RR 2.39; 95% CI 0.50 to 11.55; two studies of 95 women; Analysis 7.1).
primary outcome:
Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage
Maternal mortality.Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple‐organ failure).Admission to intensive care.Hysterectomy (provided it is not part of the intervention under investigation).
primary outcome:
Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy
Caesarean section (all cases and for fetal distress)Perinatal death or serious perinatal morbidity (e.g., growth restriction; seizures; birth asphyxia defined by trialists; neonatal encephalopathy; disability in childhood)Maternal death or serious maternal morbidity (e.g., uterine rupture; admission to intensive care unit; septicaemia; postpartum haemorrhage and need for blood transfusion)
primary outcome:
Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis
Incidence of mortality due to aspiration pneumonitis.Incidence of morbidity due to aspiration pneumonitis.Low intragastric pH below 2.5, measured after induction of anaesthesia.Increase of intragastric volume to more than 0.4 mL/kg, measured after induction of anaesthesia.
primary outcome:
Hyaluronidase for reducing perineal trauma
Incidence of perineal trauma.Incidence of episiotomy.Perineal pain.
primary outcome:
Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour
Birth within 48 hours of treatment.Perinatal death (at seven days).Respiratory distress syndrome.Chronic lung disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia as defined by oxygen dependency at 28 days or 36 weeks postmenstrual age, or both.Severe neuroradiological abnormality, for example, cystic periventricular leukomalacia (softening of the brain near the ventricles because brain tissue in this area has died) or grade III to IV periventricular haemorrhage, or both.Abnormal long‐term neurodevelopmental status at more than 12 months corrected age (defined as moderate to severe developmental delay and/or cerebral palsy, and/or sensory impairment, for example, blind and deaf).Neonatal length of hospital stay.
primary outcome:
Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour
Very preterm birth (before completion of 34 weeks of gestation).Low birthweight (less than 2500 g and less than 1500 g).
primary outcome:
Interventions for the treatment of twin‐twin transfusion syndrome
No significant differences were found in overall death (risk ratio (RR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 1.47, adjusted for clustering) Analysis 1.1, between amnioreduction and septostomy.Neurodevelopmental delay was not reported in this study.No significant differences were found for overall death (average RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.55 to 1.38 adjusted for clustering) Analysis 2.1. Substantial heterogeneity was apparent in Analysis 2.1, and so a random‐effects analysis was performed (Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.08; Chi² = 3.13, df = 1 (P = 0.08); I² = 68% Analysis 2.1). It should be noted that these two trials appear to have opposite directions of effect.For the outcome neurodevelopmental delay, more babies were alive without neurological abnormality at the age of six years in the laser group than the amnioreduction groups (RR 1.57; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.34 adjusted for clustering), Analysis 2.2. There was no significant difference in the babies alive with major neurological abnormality treated by laser coagulation or amnioreduction at six years (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.34 to 2.77 adjusted for clustering), Analysis 2.3.
primary outcome:
Amnioinfusion for meconium‐stained liquor in labour
1. Meconium aspiration syndrome
2. Perinatal death or serious morbidity (post hoc)
3. Maternal death or serious morbidity (post hoc)There was no significant reduction in meconium aspiration syndrome (11 studies, 3374 women; average risk ratio (RR) 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 1.06; Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.56; Chi² = 20.08, df = 9 (P = 0.02); I² = 55%), Analysis 1.1, nor in perinatal deaths (seven studies, 2762 women; RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.29 to 3.45), Analysis 1.15, nor the combined outcome perinatal death or severe morbidity (one study, 1975 women; RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.47), Analysis 1.2. Analgesia use recorded in one trial and first stage of labour duration in two, were not significantly different between groups. The incidence of puerperal infection was not statistically different between the groups in these studies.In the amnioinfusion group there was a reduction in meconium aspiration syndrome (three studies, 1144 women; average RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.52; Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.39; Chi² = 2.94, df = 2 (P = 0.23); I² = 32%), Analysis 1.1, and perinatal mortality (three studies, 1151 women; RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.53), Analysis 1.15.
primary outcome:
Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth
Death or serious maternal morbidity (defined by trial authors)Death or serious infant morbidity (defined by trial authors)
primary outcome:
Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury
anal incontinence symptoms (which include one or more of the following symptoms: faecal urgency; flatus incontinence; faecal incontinence);perineal pain;dyspareunia;quality of life assessment.
primary outcome:
Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing
Incidence of non‐reactive cardiotocographyTesting time for fetal wellbeing
primary outcome:
Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing
Reactive cardiotocographyPalpated or visualised movements
primary outcome:
Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes
Maternal death.Serious maternal morbidity:septicaemia;need for intensive care;organ failure, need for ventilation;need for hysterectomy.Perinatal death or death before discharge from hospital.Perinatal morbidity:neonatal infection including pneumonia;necrotising enterocolitis;oxygen treatment greater than 36 weeks' postconceptual age;major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound prior to discharge.
primary outcome:
Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent‐infant relationships
Infant growth and development;infant crying;infant sleeping;infant preventive care (e.g., infant positioning, infant car seat use, smoke detector use, infant vaccination).
primary outcome:
Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period
Blood loss of 1000 mL or more over the period of observation (as determined by the trial investigator)Maternal death or severe morbidity (e.g., major surgery, organ failure, hyperpyrexia, intensive care unit admission, hysterectomy, compression sutures, artery ligations, or as defined by trial authors)
primary outcome:
Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Preterm birthBirth within 48 hours of treatmentStillbirthDeath prior to discharge among liveborn infantsAny neurological disability at paediatric follow‐up (impairment of vision, hearing, intelligence or cerebral palsy)
primary outcome:
Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
(1) Very preterm birth less than 32 weeks gestation.
(2) Perinatal or infant mortality or any neurological disability at long‐term paediatric follow‐up at two years of age (vision impairment, sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids, cerebral palsy or developmental delay/intellectual impairment).
primary outcome:
Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage
MiscarriagePerinatal deathPreterm birth (less than 34 weeks of gestation)
primary outcome:
Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
Maternal death or severe morbidity (e.g. ruptured uterus, admission to intensive care unit, septicaemia, organ failure).Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate (FHR) changes.Perinatal death (stillbirth and neonatal death).
primary outcome:
Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low‐risk women
CSMaternal satisfaction (measured quantitatively using validated questionnaires)
primary outcome:
Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons
There were very little data relating to the three main (primary) outcomes considered in this review. There was no significant difference between planned immediate caesarean section and planned vaginal delivery with respect to birth injury to infant (risk ratio (RR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 5.62; one trial, 38 women, (Analysis 1.1)) or birth asphyxia (RR 1.63, 95% CI 0.84 to 3.14; one trial, 12 women, (Analysis 1.2 )). The only cases of birth trauma were a laceration of the buttock in a baby who was delivered electively by caesarean section (Viegas 1985) and mild bruising in another allocated to the expectant group and delivered vaginally (Penn 1996).There were no data reported on maternal admissions admission to intensive care. However, there were significantly more cases of major maternal postpartum complications (wound dehiscence, deep vein thrombosis, endotoxic shock and puerperal sepsis) in the group allocated to planned immediate caesarean section compared with the group randomised to vaginal delivery (RR 7.21, 95% CI 1.37 to 38.08; four trials, 116 women, (Analysis 2.2)).
primary outcome:
Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour
caesarean section (average risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63 to 1.25, five studies, 3103 women, (T2 = 0.07, Chi2 P = 0.05, I2 = 57%), Analysis 1.1);operative vaginal birth (average RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.10, five studies, 3103 women, Analysis 1.2);Apgar scores less than seven at five minutes (average RR 1.43, 95% CI 0.77 to 2.68, four studies, 2902 infants, Analysis 1.4).caesarean sections (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.16, one study, 328 women, Analysis 2.1);operative vaginal births (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.35, one study, 328 women, Analysis 2.2).caesarean section (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.15, two studies, 2514 women, Analysis 7.1);operative vaginal birth (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.10, two studies, 2514 women, Analysis 7.2);Apgar scores less than seven at five minutes (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.63, two studies (although only one was estimable), 2514 infants, Analysis 7.4).caesarean section (average RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.53, two studies, 261 women, random‐effects (T2 = 0.74, Chi2 P = 0.03, I2 = 79%), Analysis 10.1);operative vaginal birth (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.71, two studies, 261 women, Analysis 10.2);Apgar scores less than seven at five minutes (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.13 to 70.83, one study, 60 infants, Analysis 10.4).
primary outcome:
Relaxin for preventing preterm birth
Birth within 48 hours of treatmentBirth within seven days of treatmentPerinatal mortality (fetal death and neonatal death up to 28 days)Serious neonatal adverse outcome composite (as defined by study authors, such as the Neonatal Adverse Outcome Indicator (NAOI) described in Lain 2012)
primary outcome:
Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care
Caesarean section rate.
primary outcome:
Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour
Uterine ruptureHyperstimulationApgar score less than seven at five minutesUmbilical artery pHAdmission of newborn to neonatal intensive care unit
primary outcome:
Transabdominal amnioinfusion for improving fetal outcomes after oligohydramnios secondary to preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before 26 weeks
Perinatal mortality, defined as intrauterine death, intrapartum death or neonatal death in the first 28 days of life.
primary outcome:
Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth
Perinatal mortalityPreterm birth (less than 34 weeks' gestation)Major neurodevelopmental handicap at childhood follow‐up
primary outcome:
Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean
permanent: where there is an ongoing adverse impact;severe: where there has been risk of death and significant costs in terms of time, emotional distress and resources: (e.g. uterine rupture or dehiscence);major: where there has been no risk of death but significant costs in terms of time, emotional distress and resources; (e.g. blood transfusions, admission to neonatal intensive care);non‐major: no risk of death and minor costs (e.g. blood transfusions);unclear: where impact is unable to be determined from data available (e.g. Apgar score less than seven at five minutes).
primary outcome:
Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour
Two authors of labour induction reviews (Justus Hofmeyr and Zarko Alfirevic) prespecified clinically relevant outcomes for trials of methods of cervical ripening/labour induction. They resolved differences by discussion.Five primary outcomes were chosen as being most representative of the clinically important measures of effectiveness and complications:
(1) vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours (or period specified by trial authors);
(2) uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate (FHR) changes;
(3) caesarean section;
(4) serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death (e.g. seizures, birth asphyxia defined by trialists, neonatal encephalopathy, disability in childhood);
(5) serious maternal morbidity or death (e.g. uterine rupture, admission to intensive care unit, septicaemia).Perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality are composite outcomes. This is not an ideal solution because some components are clearly less severe than others. It is possible for one intervention to cause more deaths but less severe morbidity. However, in the context of labour induction at term this is unlikely. All these events will be rare, and a modest change in their incidence will be easier to detect if composite outcomes are presented. The incidence of individual components are explored as secondary outcomes (see below).There was no evidence of differences in caesarean section rates between the two interventions in the two trials reporting this outcome (risk ratio (RR) 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 4.55), (Analysis 1.1).There were no other data presented on neonatal or maternal mortality or morbidity.
primary outcome:
Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction
Perinatal mortalityPreterm birth (less than 34 weeks' gestation)Major neurodevelopmental handicap at childhood follow‐up
primary outcome:
Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth
Change in body weight (kg), defined as body weight at the end minus body weight at the beginning of study (negative change implies postpartum weight loss);percentage of women who returned to prepregnancy weight or lost weight retained after childbirth;percentage of women who achieved healthy weight, according to WHO 1998 definitions (based on BMI classification) or weight loss of clinical significance (reduction of 5% of initial body weight).
primary outcome:
Enemas during labour
No significant differences were found in neonatal umbilical infection rates (two RCTs ; 592 women; risk ratio (RR) 3.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 19.82; I² 0%; Analysis 1.5). However, these results should be interpreted with caution as one of the studies (Drayton 1984) did not report time of follow‐up of participants and did not describe the means to assess infections.No significant differences were found for any other primary outcomes.
primary outcome:
Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum
Maternal satisfaction with support during pregnancy and the first six months postpartum (as defined by trial authors).Maternal anxiety (measures as defined by trial authors, e.g. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale).
primary outcome:
Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity
Maternal death
primary outcome:
High‐dose versus low‐dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour
Perinatal mortality rate (as defined by trial authors)Neonatal mortality rateCaesarean section rateWomen's satisfaction (measured quantitatively using validated questionnaires)Length of labour
primary outcome:
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes
The outcome measures chosen in this review were based on those factors that were likely to be seen as clinically relevant in terms of an outcome changing clinical practice.Primary outcomes  Secondary outcomes  MaternalNeonatal
primary outcome:
Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries
Caesarean sectionInstrumental delivery (forceps and vacuum)
primary outcome:
Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour
We chose four primary outcomes as being most representative of the clinically important measures of effectiveness and complications. Subgroup analyses were limited to these:(a) uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate (FHR) changes necessitating intervention (such as fetal blood sampling, stopping the oxytocin infusion or emergency operative delivery);
(b) caesarean section;
(c) serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death (e.g. seizures, birth asphyxia defined by trialists, neonatal encephalopathy, disability in childhood);
(d) serious maternal morbidity or death (e.g. uterine rupture, admission to intensive care unit, septicaemia).Cheewawattana 1991 and Illia 1996 are both examples of double blinded randomised studies comparing the use of oxytocin with placebo. Read 1981 was a small unblinded randomised study comparing standard administration of oxytocin with ambulation. Overall, eight caesarean sections were performed in the intervention group and 10 caesarean sections in the control group (risk ratio (RR) 0.84; 95% confidence Interval (CI) 0.36 to 1.96) (Analysis 1.1).Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes necessitating intervention was reported in two studies involving 472 women (Bidgood 1987; Hinshaw 2008), and a significant increase in the experimental group was noted (RR 2.51; 95% CI 1.04 to 6.05) (Analysis 2.1). All five studies reported on caesarean sections; there was no significant difference between the number of women requiring caesarean section in the experimental group and the control group (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.19) (Analysis 2.2). A single perinatal death, unrelated to delivery, was reported in each arm by Hinshaw 2008. The only other study to report on perinatal deaths was Hemminki 1985, where there were no deaths in either group (Analysis 2.3).
primary outcome:
Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death
normal grief reactions including depressed mood and anxiety;pathological grief reactions, including post‐traumatic stress and complicated grief;satisfaction with care.
primary outcome:
Intravenous fluids for reducing the duration of labour in low risk nulliparous women
The outcomes were divided into maternal and fetal outcomes.
primary outcome:
Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour
(1) Length of first stage of labour (minutes);
(2) caesarean section;
(3) maternal satisfaction with childbirth experience;
(4) low Apgar score (less than seven at five minutes or less than four at one minute).
primary outcome:
Antispasmodics for labour
Duration of labour.Rate of cervical dilatation.Pain relief.Type of delivery (rate of normal vertex deliveries).
primary outcome:
Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns
purulent or malodorous discharge from the umbilical stump;periumbilical erythema;oedema;tenderness.ecchymoses, violaceous discolorations;bullae;peau d'orange appearance (the skin looks like orange peel);crepitus;petechiae;progression of cellulitis despite antimicrobial therapy (Gallagher 2010).
primary outcome:
Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth
The study included 385 pregnant women with a short cervix of 25 mm or less between 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy. The use of cervical pessary (192 women) was associated with a statistically significantly decrease in the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation compared with expectant management (22% versus 59%; respectively, risk ratio (RR) 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 0.49), Analysis 1.1.
primary outcome:
Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization
These outcome measures will be applied to all the comparisons, if the trial data allow it.
primary outcome:
Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications
Air embolisms.Maternal hypotension as defined by trial author.Maternal hypertension as defined by trial authors.
primary outcome:
Anti‐D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Development of a positive Kleihauer Betke test (a test that detects fetal cells in the maternal blood).Development of RhD alloimmunisation in a subsequent pregnancy.
primary outcome:
Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy
Women's satisfactionIncidence of VTE
primary outcome:
Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth
Decisional conflict (using the Decisional Conflict Scale (O'Connor 1995))Information needs met (as defined by the study authors)Proportion and type of post‐mortem investigations performed
primary outcome:
Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women
Symptom improvement reported by womenSymptom improvement by clinical assessmentContinued breastfeedingResolution of infection as confirmed by laboratory test
primary outcome:
Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus
Outcome measures considered for this review encompass measures of effectiveness and safety for the women and their infants/children.
primary outcome:
Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes
The primary outcome of this review was perinatal mortality, defined as intrauterine deaths plus newborn deaths in the first week of life.
primary outcome:
Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy
Pre‐eclampsia, fetal growth, perinatal morbidity and mortality and childhood development. Outcomes included if clinically meaningful; reasonable measures taken to minimise observer bias; data available for analysis according to original allocation, irrespective of protocol violations; data available in format suitable for analysis.
primary outcome:
Behavioural interventions delivered through interactive social media for health behaviour change, health outcomes, and health equity in the adult population
Health behaviours included alcohol consumption, breastfeeding, dietary changes, physical activity, medication adherence, illicit drug use, sexual behaviours, smoking, and seeking and using health services.Body functions as defined by the WHO ICF (WHO 2002) such as body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, lung function, or asthma episodes.Psychological health included measures of depression, stress, coping, and other measures.Well‐being included measures of quality of life.Adverse effects included any reported adverse outcomes or unintended consequences associated with interactive social media interventions, such as online harassment and privacy concerns related to discussing or otherwise revealing health issues or health status online, and ethical issues pertaining to participants' privacy.
primary outcome:
Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations
Major outcomes of interest are direct measures of health status and lifestyle factors when evidence indicates that these have an effect on those direct measures. Studies are included when data on mortality (e.g. all‐cause death within period of study, probability of survival) and morbidity (e.g. quality of life measures, incidence rates, measures of symptoms and functionality) and health behavior change measures show that interventions directly affected levels of health risk or health protection (e.g. measures of physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, dietary change). Of particular interest are measures of change in health disparities among predominant populations and ethnic and racial minority populations.
primary outcome:
Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children
Child nutritional status as measured by anthropometry: weight‐for‐age (underweight), weight‐for‐height (wasting), height‐for‐age (stunting).
primary outcome:
Antibiotics prior to or at the time of embryo transfer in ART
Live birth rate or ongoing pregnancy per woman randomizedLive birth was defined as delivery of a live fetus after 20 completed weeks of gestationOngoing pregnancy was defined as evidence of a gestational sac with fetal heart motion at 12 weeks, confirmed with ultrasound.
primary outcome:
In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility
Live birth rate (LBR) per woman. Live birth is defined as the delivery of a live foetus after 22 completed weeks of gestation (Zegers‐Hochschild 2017). Twins and multiple births are reported as a single live birth event in accordance with Core Outcome Measures for Infertility Trials (COMMIT) (Duffy 2020). LBR per woman is defined as the number of live births for each randomly assigned woman over a particular period of time.
primary outcome:
Timed intercourse for couples trying to conceive
Live birth or ongoing pregnancyDelivery of a live fetus after 22 completed weeks of gestation. We counted multiple live births (twins or triplets) as one live birth event.Ongoing pregnancy was evidence of a gestational sac with fetal heart motion at 12 weeks, confirmed with ultrasound.Adverse eventsThis included acceptability of the method, stress, mood levels, depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction caused by the intervention, as measured by validated scales.If studies reported more than one scale, preference was given to the most commonly used validated scale.If studies reported measuring adverse event data at more than one time point, preference was given to data from the longest and most frequently used time points.
primary outcome:
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection versus conventional in vitro fertilisation in couples with males presenting with normal total sperm count and motility
Multiple pregnancy rate per coupleMultiple pregnancy defined as presence of more than one sac at early pregnancy ultrasound six to eight weeks gestation.Ectopic pregnancyA pregnancy outside the uterine cavity, diagnosed by ultrasound, surgical visualisation or histopathology.StillbirthThe death of a fetus prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother after 20 completed weeks of gestational age. The death is determined by the fact that, after such separation, the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation or definite movement of voluntary muscles.Pre‐EclampsiaPrematurity
primary outcome:
Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease
Patient‐reported ability to have intercourseQuality of lifeTreatment‐related adverse effects
primary outcome:
Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception
We identified two key domains related to primary outcomes: safety and effectiveness. We planned to capture effectiveness by pregnancy rates, specifically the number of pregnancies divided by the total number of individuals receiving LNG‐IUDs when presenting for EC, compared with the same pregnancy rate in the Cu‐IUD or oral EC comparison group. We measured safety by rates of failed insertions.
primary outcome:
Follicular flushing during oocyte retrieval in assisted reproductive techniques
Live birth rate per woman randomised, with live birth defined as per the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) as "the complete expulsion or extraction from a woman of a product of fertilization, after 22 completed weeks of gestational age; which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as heart beat, umbilical cord pulsation or definite movement of voluntary muscles, irrespective of whether the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached. A birth weight of 500 grams or more can be used if gestational age is unknown" (Zegers‐Hochschild 2017)Miscarriage rate per woman randomised, defined per ICMART as the "spontaneous loss of an intra‐uterine pregnancy prior to 22 completed weeks of gestational age" (Zegers‐Hochschild 2017)
primary outcome:
Endometrial injury for pregnancy following sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination
Live birth/ongoing pregnancy per woman randomised. Our definition for live birth was the delivery of live foetus(es) after 20 weeks' gestation. Delivery of singletons, twins, or other multiple pregnancies counted as one live birth. If studies did not report live birth, when possible, we pooled ongoing pregnancy data (defined as pregnancies with live foetuses surpassing 12 weeks of pregnancy) with live birth data from other studies, and this was subject to sensitivity analysesPain experienced during the procedure (e.g. expressed on the 10‐cm visual analogue scale (VAS) and the 11‐point Likert scale)
primary outcome:
Luteal phase support for women trying to conceive by intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse
Live birth and ongoing pregnancy per womanLive birth was defined as delivery of a live foetus after 20 completed weeks of gestational age; ongoing pregnancy was defined as evidence of a gestational sac with foetal heart motion at 12 weeks, confirmed by ultrasonography. We used ongoing pregnancy as a surrogate for live birth in cases where studies did not report live birth but reported ongoing pregnancy.Miscarriage per clinical pregnancy/per womanDefined as the spontaneous loss of a clinical pregnancy before 20 completed weeks of gestational age (18 weeks after fertilisation), or, if gestational age was unknown, the loss of an embryo/foetus weighing less than 400 grams.
primary outcome:
Cleavage‐stage versus blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology
Live birth rate per couple or woman (number of live births after week 20 of pregnancy per couple or woman) following fresh transferCumulative pregnancy rate (cCPR) per couple or woman (from both fresh and thawed cycles deriving from a single egg collection procedure)
primary outcome:
Growth hormone for in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Live birth rate per woman randomised: number of women achieving a live birth divided by the number of women randomised
primary outcome:
Oxytocin antagonists for assisted reproduction
1. Live birth rate per woman or couple randomised (the delivery of a live foetus after 24 completed weeks of gestational age)2. Miscarriage rate per woman or couple randomised (the loss of the pregnancy before 24 completed weeks of gestational age)
primary outcome:
Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men
Live birthAdverse events
primary outcome:
Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI)
Live birth rate per woman
primary outcome:
Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors for premature ejaculation in adult men
Participant perception of change with treatment.Participant satisfaction with intercourse.Study withdrawal due to adverse events.
primary outcome:
Fresh versus frozen embryo transfers in assisted reproduction
Effectiveness: cumulative live birth rate per randomised woman. That is, the rate of live birth following the transfer of all (fresh or cryopreserved) embryos within the time horizon of the follow‐up defined by the authors of the original studySafety: OHSS per randomised woman
primary outcome:
Endometrial preparation for women undergoing embryo transfer with frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes
Live birth rate (number of births of one or more living infants per number of women randomised) (Zegers‐Hochschild 2006)
primary outcome:
Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (abnormal number of chromosomes) in in vitro fertilisation
Cumulative live birth rate per woman, defined as the birth of a living child after 20 weeks of gestation, after one IVF cycle, including the results of cryopreserved thawed embryo transfers.
primary outcome:
Hyaluronic acid in embryo transfer media for assisted reproductive technologies
Live birth rate per randomly assigned womanMiscarriage rate per randomly assigned woman: defined as spontaneous loss of clinical pregnancy before 20 weeks' gestation
primary outcome:
Number of embryos for transfer following in vitro fertilisation or intra‐cytoplasmic sperm injection
(1) Effectiveness: live birth rate per woman or couple, or cumulative live birth rate per woman or couple (in trials with multiple transfers or multiple cycles).We defined live birth as delivery of a live foetus after 20 completed weeks of gestational age (duration of pregnancy). We counted the delivery of single, twin, or multiple pregnancies as one live birth. Cumulative live birth rate reflects the number of live births following fresh and frozen embryo transfers after a single ART treatment leading to oocyte collection, or (where stated) after multiple ART cycles. It is calculated by dividing the total number of live births in each group by the total number of women randomised in each group. One ART cycle is defined as a single treatment leading to oocyte collection and a fresh embryo transfer or a frozen embryo transfer (where fresh embryo transfer was not performed).(2) Safety: multiple pregnancy rate per woman or couple. The demonstration of more than one sac with a fetal pole on ultrasound scan defines a multiple pregnancy.
primary outcome:
Fluid and pharmacological agents for adhesion prevention after gynaecological surgery
1. Pelvic pain (improvement, worsening, no change in pain at second‐look laparoscopy (SLL)), independent of the method used to assess pelvic pain2. Live birth rate, as defined by the individual study
primary outcome:
Barrier agents for adhesion prevention after gynaecological surgery
Pelvic pain (improvement/worsening/no change in pain at second‐look laparoscopy (SLL)), as measured by validated pain scales, for example, visual analogue pain scale (VAS) scores, the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), a pain improvement rating scale, general pain experience, or a gynaecological pain questionnaireLive birth rate
primary outcome:
Intra‐uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility
Live birth rate per couple: all cycles. Live birth is defined as delivery of a live foetus after 20 completed weeks of gestational age;Multiple pregnancy rate per couple. Multiple pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound, with or without selective reduction, were recorded.
primary outcome:
Regular (ICSI) versus ultra‐high magnification (IMSI) sperm selection for assisted reproduction
Live birth. However, we used ongoing pregnancy, defined as a clinical pregnancy that is less likely to result in a miscarriage (i.e. those with fetal heartbeat beyond 10 to 16 weeks of gestational age) as a surrogate in case live birth was not reported.Miscarriage per allocated couple and per pregnancy
primary outcome:
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling for ovulation induction in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome
Live birth (defined as delivery of a live fetus after 20 completed weeks of gestation)Multiple pregnancy
primary outcome:
Surgical treatment of fibroids for subfertility
1. Live birth rate (LBR), defined as the number of live births per woman2. Preterm delivery rate (PDR) per woman1.1 Live birth rate: not reported.1.2 Preterm delivery rate: not reported.2.1 Live birth rate: we are uncertain whether laparoscopic myomectomy improves live birth rate compared to myomectomy at laparotomy or mini‐laparotomy (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.50; participants = 177; studies = 2; I2 = 0%; very low‐quality evidence). This evidence suggests that the birth rate in those receiving myomectomy by laparotomy or mini‐laparotomy is assumed to be 36%, compared to between 19% and 46% for those receiving laparoscopic myomectomy. (Analysis 2.1: see Figure 4).2.2 Preterm delivery rate: we are uncertain whether laparoscopic myomectomy reduces preterm delivery rate compared to myomectomy at laparotomy or mini‐laparotomy (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.11 to 4.29; participants = 177; studies = 2; I2 = 0%; very low‐quality evidence). This evidence suggests that the preterm delivery rate in those receiving myomectomy by laparotomy or mini‐laparotomy is assumed to be 3%, compared to between 0% and 13% for those receiving laparoscopic myomectomy. (Analysis 2.2: see Figure 5).
primary outcome:
Granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor administration for subfertile women undergoing assisted reproduction
Effectiveness: live‐birth rate or ongoing pregnancy rate per woman randomised. We defined 'live birth' as delivery of a live foetus after 20 completed weeks of gestation (duration of pregnancy). We counted the delivery of single, twin, or multiple pregnancies as one live birth. We used ongoing pregnancy, defined as a viable pregnancy of 12 or more weeks of gestation, instead of live birth in cases where studies did not report live birth but reported ongoing pregnancy.Adverse events: miscarriage rate per woman randomised defined as the spontaneous loss of a clinical pregnancy that occurs before 20 completed weeks of gestation.
primary outcome:
Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination
Live birth rate (LBR) per couple. Live birth is defined as delivery of a live fetus after 20 completed weeks of gestation.Clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) per couple defined as evidence of a gestational sac, confirmed by ultrasound.
primary outcome:
Temperature of embryo culture for assisted reproduction
Live birth, defined as delivery of a live foetus after 20 completed weeks of gestational ageMiscarriage (per woman), defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks,
primary outcome:
Interventions for unexplained infertility: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
The primary effectiveness outcome was a composite of cumulative live birth or ongoing pregnancy per woman randomised. Live birth was defined as the birth of a living child after 24 weeks of gestation. Ongoing pregnancy was defined as at least one registered embryonic heartbeat on ultrasound at 12 weeks' gestation and was used in the analysis only when live birth was not reported. Cumulative refers to multiple attempts to achieve a live birth (i.e. multiple cycles of treatments). In IVF, cumulative refers to fresh embryo transfer followed by frozen embryo transfer cycles when applicableThe primary safety outcome was multiple pregnancy per woman randomised (defined as at least two registered embryonic heartbeats on ultrasound)
primary outcome:
Time‐lapse systems for embryo incubation and assessment in assisted reproduction
Live‐birth or ongoing pregnancy rateMiscarriage and stillbirthCumulative live birth or ongoing pregnancy rate
primary outcome:
Strategies to improve adherence and continuation of shorter‐term hormonal methods of contraception
Continuation or discontinuation of contraceptive method (as defined by individual trials).Rates of discontinuation due to adverse events ‐ overall rate, and rate for specific adverse events as defined by individual trials.Adherence to method use, as indicated by missed pills (among pill users) and on‐time/late injections (among injectable users), consistent patch and ring use, or as defined by individual trials.
primary outcome:
Interventions using social networking sites to promote contraception in women of reproductive age
Contraception use (for at least three months postintervention), which included:initiation of a new method;increased uptake of more effective methods;improved adherence to a method; andboth increased uptake and improved adherence.
primary outcome:
Interventions for emergency contraception
Observed number of pregnancies (all women), including number of ectopic pregnancies (if reported)
primary outcome:
Inositol for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Live birth or ongoing pregnancy: we reported live birth by preference, but if data were unavailable, we reported ongoing pregnancy. Live birth is defined as delivery of a live foetus after 20 completed weeks of gestation, and ongoing pregnancy as evidence of a gestational sac with foetal heart motion at 12 weeks, confirmed by ultrasoundAny adverse event (including miscarriage, multiple birth, ectopic pregnancy, foetal abnormalities, drug side effects, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome) as reported by trial investigators. We subgrouped these events according to the type of adverse event reported
primary outcome:
Hysteroscopy for treating subfertility associated with suspected major uterine cavity abnormalities
Effectiveness: live birth, defined as a delivery of a live foetus after 20 completed weeks of gestational age that resulted in at least one live baby born. The delivery of a singleton, twin or multiple pregnancy was counted as one live birth.Adverse events: hysteroscopy complications, defined as any complication due to hysteroscopy.
primary outcome:
Penile rehabilitation for postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction
Self‐reported potency.Erectile function.Serious adverse events.
primary outcome:
Intrauterine administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for subfertile women undergoing assisted reproduction
Live birth (delivery of a live foetus after 24 completed weeks of gestation) rate per woman or couple randomisedMiscarriage (loss of pregnancy before 24 completed weeks of gestation) rate per woman or couple randomised
primary outcome:
Vasodilators for women undergoing fertility treatment
Live birth or ongoing pregnancyVasodilator side effects: hypotension, headache, tachycardia, or other effects related to vasodilators, as defined by primary study authors
primary outcome:
Pain relief for women undergoing oocyte retrieval for assisted reproduction
Intraoperative pain score, defined as pain reported during or immediately after oocyte retrieval as measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS), a Likert scale, or another defined numerical or non‐numerical scalePostoperative pain score, defined as pain reported at some time (minutes or hours) after oocyte retrieval as measured on a VAS, a Likert scale, or another defined numerical or non‐numerical scale
primary outcome:
Application of seminal plasma to female genital tract prior to embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology cycles (IVF, ICSI and frozen embryo transfer)
1. Live birth rate per randomised woman, defined as delivery of a live fetus after 20 completed weeks of gestation.2. Miscarriage rate per randomised woman, defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation.