You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text:

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a yielding column for use in mines or structures. 
     Yielding columns are used in mines to provide indications of roof movement possibly leading to roof failure, while supporting the roof. A portion of the column is designed to provide a visible indication of yielding at a load somewhat below the ultimate strength of the column. A good column absorbs a lot of strain before it fails. FIG. 6 shows the characteristics of various roof-supporting arrangements. Wood cribs are excellent in this regard, as they have a long, flat stress-strain curve. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is provide a yielding column providing an improved visible indication of load indicative of potential roof failure. 
     Another object is to provide a support having a broad stress-strain curve. 
     These and other objects are attained by a yielding column as described below. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the accompanying drawings, 
     FIG. 1 is a front elevation of a yielding column embodying the invention, partly broken away to show a cross-section thereof on a vertical bisecting plane; 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view thereof, taken on the line  2 — 2  in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a view like FIG. 1, showing the column in its post-yield configuration; 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view thereof, corresponding to FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 5 is a stress-strain diagram for the column under compression; and 
     FIG. 6 is a similar stress-strain diagram of various prior art structures, with a portion of the diagram of FIG. 5 superimposed. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     A yielding column embodying the invention comprises a steel tube  10  having foot and head plates  12 ,  14 . The head plate  14  is welded to a screw pipe  16 . The external threads of the screw pipe engage internal threads on a collar  18 . The collar is circumferentially undercut to the inner diameter of the tube at its bottom, leaving an external circumferential shoulder  20  at the top. The undercut portion has a circumferential groove  21  in its outer surface for receiving a set screw  22  which is received in a threaded hole  24  extending through the wall of the tube near its upper end  26 . The collar shoulder bears against this upper end. The hole  28  at the collar end is for receiving a wrench (not shown). 
     A number of slots  30  are formed in the wall of the tube. Preferably, each slot has a fixed width, except at its rounded ends  32 , and extends entirely through the tube wall. The slots are preferably arranged in two or more circumferential rows “R”, the spacing of slots within each row being uniform and extending around the entire circumference. The row-to-row spacing is preferably uniform as well. Alternating rows are staggered so that the slots are misaligned between adjacent rows, preferably by one-half of the slot-to-slot pitch within a given row. 
     The height “H” and width “W” of the slots may be varied according to the desired predetermined axial load; the geometry shown in the drawings is merely preferred. The drawings show four slots in each row. Each slot has a width about twice the wall thickness “T”, and a height about three times the slot width. The load-supporting pillars  34  remaining between the slots thus have approximately equal height and width, each about three times the wall thickness. The combined load bearing capacity of the pillars is reduced in proportion to the width of the slots. 
     A reinforcing sleeve  36  fits snugly within the tube  10 , to prevent inward buckling and to keep the ends of the tube aligned. It is sufficiently long to span at least the length of all the slots, and short enough not to become a load-bearing member as the column collapses. 
     Under progressive axial load, the pillars deform elastically at first. When the load exceeds a limit determined by their size, material and geometry, the pillars tend to buckle in a direction perpendicular to the wall thickness. They are prevented from buckling inward by the reinforcing sleeve, and thus fold outward, increasingly until their tops and bottoms meet, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The pillar deformation is substantially plastic, and the results are highly visible. Thus an inspector can spot from a distance a column which is overloaded. 
     As one can see in FIG. 5, the column strength declines while one row of pillars are buckling. For this reason, the rows collapse one at a time, producing the undulating stress-strain curve shown. The curve can be extended, up to a point, by providing more rows of slots. 
     The strength of the column is affected by the geometry of the pillars. Taller, or more slender, columns tend to buckle under less load. There is no minimum slot width: the invention works with slots (slits) having little or no width. Any number of slots may be provided, up to a maximum where the pillar width is less than the tube wall thickness and the pillars would tend to buckle sideways. If the pillars are too short, they will yield in pure (plastic) compression, which is hard to see, and they would not in that case absorb as much strain, so I prefer that the pillar height be at least three times the wall thickness. The slots need not have uniform width. “Slots” should be understood to include other aperture shapes, including circular holes. The ends of the slots need not be rounded, as shown, but rounding is preferred to prevent stress concentration at the ends of the slots. Also, while the column need not necessarily be round in cross-section, that is my preference. “Tube” should be understod to include non-circular tubes. Furthermore, it is possible that the invention may be applied to tubes having non-uniform wall thickness. 
     The metal chosen should have sufficient ductility that the pillars can bend to the degree shown in FIG. 3 without breaking. A preferred material is 1010 carbon steel. 
     While I have described the utility of the invention as for mine supports, the invention may find use in other applications, such as supporting portions of buildings. I intend not to limit this invention to mine use only. 
     Since the invention is subject to modifications and variations, it is intended that the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as only illustrative of the invention defined by the following claims.

Summary:
A yielding column for support mine roofs or the like includes a tube provided with one or more circumferential rows of slots which provide a preferred locus for buckling. A reinforcing sleeve within the tube prevents inward buckling, so that the buckled portions are easily seen.