You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text:

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention is directed to the gripping of tubulars in the oil and gas well drilling industry, such as oil well piping and casing which can include rotating tubulars, holding tubulars fixed against rotation, and holding tubulars in a position, e.g. in a vertical position. In particular aspects, this invention relates to securely gripping an oil field tubular without significantly marking or damaging the tubular. 
         [0003]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0004]    A variety of oil field apparatuses and devices are used to grip tubular members, in some cases while torque is being applied to a tubular member. For example, a variety of apparatuses use grippers (e.g. dies, gripping elements, and gripping members) to grip tubulars (such as casing, tubing, and pipe) including slips, elevators, spiders, clamps, tongs, backups and “chrome tools” used for gripping and/or rotating tubular members. 
         [0005]    Power tongs in general have jaws which grip a tubular member. In several instances these jaws have a die member which is a sub-component of the jaw that contacts the tubular member. These dies can have ridges or teeth that contact and can cut into a tubular. In certain instances, there are five to eight teeth per linear inch formed across the gripping surface of a die which can bite into a tubular and prevent slippage between the tubular and the jaws when torque loads are applied to the tongs or the tubular. 
         [0006]    Other apparatuses grip a tubular and hold the tubular in position, e.g. in position against vertical movement. The tubular can be part of a tubing, casing or drill string formed with a series of tubulars suspended above and/or in a wellbore. These apparatuses include, e.g., conventional slips, elevators, spiders, and safety clamps. Some slips and safety clamps use the weight of the tubular and/or string, and, in some cases, an external preload, to force gripping surfaces into contact with the tubular. In some cases, a gripping member of a slip has a gripping surface or gripping die on one face and an inclined plane on an opposite face. A slip holder, bowl or similar structure has a second and supplementary inclined surface positioned around the tubular with sufficient space between the tubular and slip bowl for the gripping member to be partially inserted between the slip bowl and tubular. Movement of the gripping member&#39;s inclined surface along the slip bowl&#39;s inclined surface moves the gripping surface to engage the tubular. In certain instances, the die or gripping surface of known slips is similar to that of tong jaw dies and the gripping surface has a series of steel teeth which bite into a tubular. 
         [0007]    The teeth of known dies and gripping surfaces can leave deep indentations or gouges in the surface of the tubular which can adversely affect the structural integrity of the tubular member by causing a weak point in the metal which can render the tubular unsuitable for further use or can lead to premature failure of the tubular at a future date. 
         [0008]    Die teeth made from carbon steel can introduce iron onto the surface of certain tubulars, e.g. a corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) tubular. Iron in a bite mark can act as a catalyst, causing a premature, rapid corrosion failure in the CRA tubular. This is also true for certain CWOR, completion and workover riser system tubulars. 
         [0009]    Since many CRA materials such as stainless steel are work hardened materials, the malleability of the material can decrease after the material is mechanically stressed. Bite marks or indentations in stainless steel tubulars can produce localized “cold working” in the tubular so that points at which the marks are made are then less malleable than the other parts, creating weak points. Teeth in a uniform pattern can inflict bite marks which create a major stress riser which is more detrimental than a few individual random marks of similar depth, creating more damaging internal stresses in the tubular than a non-uniform pattern of bite marks. 
         [0010]    In certain known systems, dies with smooth metal (e.g. aluminum) surfaces are used to engage a tubular. Such dies rely on a frictional grip and often employ significantly greater clamping forces than dies with teeth which can increase the risk that clamping forces damage a tubular. Also such aluminum surfaces can have an insufficiently high coefficient of friction to prevent slippage between the dies and the tubular at high torque loads or high vertical loads. To deal with this slippage, dies with fabric or screen in combination with an aluminum surface have been used. A carbide screen is placed between the tubular and the dies before the dies close upon the tubular. With the carbide screen, a substantially higher coefficient of friction can be developed between the dies and the tubular, but the screen is re-positioned between the tubular and die surface each time the dies grip and then release a tubular. In certain systems, instead of a separate screen, grit-faced (e.g. carbide or diamond) dies are used. 
         [0011]    Many known dies have a fixed curvature which corresponds to the outer curvature of a tubular to be gripped or to a portion of this outer curvature. Depending on the outer curvature of the tubular to be gripped, these dies can have an uncertain gripping point(s) or grip center. A die whose gripping surface contacts a large portion of a relatively large tubular may contact only a minimal portion of a smaller tubular. It is also possible that minimal contact is achieved with much larger tubulars. 
         [0012]    The prior art discloses a variety of tubular grippers; for example, and not by way of limitation, the following U.S. patent application and U.S. patents present exemplary systems and components thereof: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,649,777; 5,291,808; 4,576,067; 7,036,397; 6,378,399; 7,204,173; 5,221,099; 7,231,984; 5,451,084; and 6,332,377—these applications and these patents all incorporated fully herein for all purposes. 
         [0013]    The present inventors have recognized the need for a non-marking gripping die and methods of its use which provides a certain grip area or grip center. The present inventors have recognized the need for such a gripping die which does not damage a gripped tubular. The present inventors have recognized the need for a gripping die whose grip area is adjustable in use. The present inventors have recognized the need for a gripping die which can be used without manually placing a carbide cloth, screen or fabric adjacent the die. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The present invention, in certain aspects, discloses a gripping die for gripping oilfield tubulars which has a gripper which contacts a tubular to be gripped and is made of conformable material that then conforms to the tubular&#39;s curvature in proportion to the grip force applied to the die. Thus, in certain aspects, the die matches the tubular&#39;s outer curvature through deflection and/or compression set rather than being initially manufactured with a fixed die curvature corresponding to the curvature of a particular tubular. 
         [0015]    In certain aspects, such a gripper or die element has a shape that includes edges that are positioned so that they do not contact a tubular with an edge; e.g., but not limited to, edges of a convex portion of a gripper. 
         [0016]    In certain aspects, such a die is partially or totally loaded internally with a gripping grit (e.g. granular tungsten carbide) to provide multiple tiny contact points to facilitate gripping of a tubular and/or coated externally with such grit. 
         [0017]    In certain aspects, such a die includes a metal backing to which the conformable gripper (e.g., but not limited to polyurethane) is bonded. 
         [0018]    In certain aspects, an elastomeric gripper according to the present invention is pillow-shaped or “loaf” shaped, with a top that bulges outward (convex); or a top (a top that contacts a tubular or a top with a portion that contacts a tubular surface) that sags inward (concave); or a top convex in two directions and concave in two directions. 
         [0019]    The present invention discloses methods for gripping a tubular, in one aspect to hold the tubular and in other aspects to facilitate rotation of the tubular, the method including: applying a gripping apparatus to a tubular having a tubular shape, the gripping apparatus being a conformable gripper; grippingly contacting the tubular with the conformable gripper, the conformable gripper having a gripper shape; and upon contact of the conformable gripper with the tubular, the gripper shape conforming to the tubular shape. 
         [0020]    The present invention discloses grippers for gripping a tubular, in one aspect to facilitate rotation of the tubular, the gripper including: a body; the body having conformable material having an initial body shape; and the conformable material able to change the initial body shape upon contacting a tubular with the body, the tubular having a tubular shape, the conformable material able to conform to the tubular shape of the tubular to facilitate gripping of the tubular with the gripper. 
         [0021]    Accordingly, the present invention includes features and advantages which are believed to enable it to advance oilfield tubular gripping technology. Characteristics and advantages of the present invention described above and additional features and benefits will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and referring to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0022]    Certain embodiments of this invention are not limited to any particular individual feature disclosed here, but include combinations of them distinguished from the prior art in their structures, functions, and/or results achieved. Features of the invention have been broadly described so that the detailed descriptions that follow may be better understood, and in order that the contributions of this invention to the arts may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional aspects of the invention described below and which may be included in the subject matter of the claims to this invention. Those skilled in the art who have the benefit of this invention, its teachings, and suggestions will appreciate that the conceptions of this disclosure may be used as a creative basis for designing other structures, methods and systems for carrying out and practicing the present invention. The claims of this invention are to be read to include any legally equivalent devices or methods which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
         [0023]    What follows are some of, but not all, the objects of this invention. In addition to the specific objects stated below for at least certain embodiments of the invention, there are other objects and purposes which will be readily apparent to one of skill in this art who has the benefit of this invention&#39;s teachings and disclosures. It is, therefore, an object of at least certain preferred embodiments of the present invention to provide: 
         [0024]    New, useful, unique, efficient, non-obvious tubular grippers and methods of their use; 
         [0025]    Such systems and methods which employ a gripping die with a conformable gripper; 
         [0026]    Such systems and methods with an elastomeric gripper with a tubular contact area whose shape is conformable to the shape of a tubular being gripped; 
         [0027]    Such dies with a convex top shape, “loaf” shape, a “pillow” shape, a shape concave on four sides or a shape with four concave portions, a shape convex on four sides or with four convex portions, or a shape with two concave sides, a shape with two concave portions and convex on two sides, or with two convex portions; and 
         [0028]    Tongs, tong jaws, slips, spiders, elevators, and wedge elements with conformable grippers or conformable die elements and methods of their use. 
         [0029]    The present invention recognizes and addresses the problems and needs in this area and provides a solution to those problems and a satisfactory meeting of those needs in its various possible embodiments and equivalents thereof. To one of skill in this art who has the benefits of this invention&#39;s realizations, teachings, disclosures, and suggestions, other purposes and advantages will be appreciated from the following description of certain preferred embodiments, given for the purpose of disclosure, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The detail in these descriptions is not intended to thwart this patent&#39;s object to claim this invention no matter how others may later attempt to disguise it by variations in form, changes, or additions of further improvements. 
         [0030]    The Abstract that is part hereof is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and scientists, engineers, researchers, and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent terms or legal terms of phraseology to determine quickly from a cursory inspection or review the nature and general area of the disclosure of this invention. The Abstract is neither intended to define the invention, which is done by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting of the scope of the invention in any way. 
         [0031]    It will be understood that the various embodiments of the present invention may include one, some, or all of the disclosed, described, and/or enumerated improvements and/or technical advantages and/or elements in claims to this invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0032]    A more particular description of embodiments of the invention briefly summarized above may be had by references to the embodiments which are shown in the drawings which form a part of this specification. These drawings illustrate certain preferred embodiments and are not to be used to improperly limit the scope of the invention which may have other equally effective or legally equivalent embodiments. 
           [0033]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 1A  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 1B  is a side view of the gripping element of  FIG. 1A . 
           [0036]      FIG. 1C  is a central lengthwise cross-section view of the gripping element of  FIG. 1A . 
           [0037]      FIG. 1D  is a central widthwise cross-section view of the gripping element of  FIG. 1A . 
           [0038]      FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0039]      FIG. 2B  is an exploded view of the gripping element of  FIG. 2A . 
           [0040]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0041]      FIG. 3A  is an end view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0042]      FIG. 3B  is a side view of the gripping element of  FIG. 3A . 
           [0043]      FIG. 3C  is a perspective view of the gripping element of  FIG. 3A . 
           [0044]      FIG. 4A  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0045]      FIG. 4B  is an exploded view of the gripping element of  FIG. 4A . 
           [0046]      FIG. 4C  is a side view of the gripping element of  FIG. 4A . 
           [0047]      FIG. 4D  is an end view of the part of  FIG. 4C . 
           [0048]      FIG. 5A  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0049]      FIG. 5B  is an exploded view of the gripping element of  FIG. 5A . 
           [0050]      FIG. 5C  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 5D  is a top view of the gripping element of  FIG. 5C . 
           [0052]      FIG. 5E  is an end view of the gripping element of  FIG. 5C . 
           [0053]      FIG. 6A  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0054]      FIG. 6B  is a central lengthwise cross-section view of the gripping element of  FIG. 6A . 
           [0055]      FIG. 6C  is a top view of the gripping element of  FIG. 6A . 
           [0056]      FIG. 6D  is a central widthwise cross-section view of the gripping element of  FIG. 6A . 
           [0057]      FIG. 6E  is a perspective view of a gripping element according to the present invention. 
           [0058]      FIG. 6F  is a side view of a gripping element of  FIG. 6E . 
           [0059]      FIG. 6G  is an end view of a gripping element of  FIG. 6E . 
           [0060]      FIG. 6H  is a top view of a gripping element of  FIG. 6E . 
           [0061]      FIG. 7A  is a top view, cutaway, of a tong according to the present invention. 
           [0062]      FIG. 7B  is a perspective view of a jaw of the tong of  FIG. 7A . 
           [0063]      FIG. 7C  is a top view of parts of the jaw of  FIG. 7B . 
           [0064]      FIG. 8A  is a cross-section view of a bridge plug apparatus according to the present invention. 
           [0065]      FIG. 8B  is a perspective view of a slip of the apparatus of  FIG. 8A . 
           [0066]      FIG. 9  is a top view cutaway, of a spinner according to the present invention. 
           [0067]      FIG. 10  is a side cross-section view of an elevator according to the present invention and a rig slip system according to the present invention. 
           [0068]      FIG. 11  is a side view, partially in cross-section, of a wedge support according to the present invention. 
           [0069]      FIG. 12  is a side view in cross-section of a slip apparatus according to the present invention. 
           [0070]      FIG. 13A  is a top view of a slip apparatus according to the present invention. 
           [0071]      FIG. 13B  is a top view of a die of the apparatus of  FIG. 13A . 
           [0072]      FIG. 14  is a side cross-section view of a wedge support according to the present invention. 
           [0073]      FIG. 15  is a side cross-section view of a slip apparatus according to the present invention. 
           [0074]      FIG. 16  is a side cross-section view of a spider according to the present invention. 
           [0075]      FIG. 17A  is a perspective view of a hoisting jaw apparatus according to the present invention with die elements according to the present invention. 
           [0076]      FIG. 17B  is a perspective view of the apparatus of  FIG. 17A  with some outer parts removed. 
           [0077]      FIG. 17C  is an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus of  FIG. 17A . 
       
    
    
       [0078]    Presently preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in the above-identified figures and described in detail below. It should be understood that the appended drawings and description herein are of preferred embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention or the appended claims. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In showing and describing the preferred embodiments, like or identical reference numerals are used to identify common or similar elements. The figures are not necessarily to scale and certain features and certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or in schematic in the interest of clarity and conciseness. 
         [0079]    As used herein and throughout all the various portions (and headings) of this patent, the terms “invention”, “present invention” and variations thereof mean one or more embodiment, and are not intended to mean the claimed invention of any particular appended claim(s) or all of the appended claims. Accordingly, the subject or topic of each such reference is not automatically or necessarily part of, or required by, any particular claim(s) merely because of such reference. So long as they are not mutually exclusive or contradictory any aspect or feature or combination of aspects or features of any embodiment disclosed herein may be used in any other embodiment disclosed herein. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0080]      FIG. 1  shows a gripper, gripping element or die  10  which has a body  12  (as any body of any embodiment according to the present invention) made from a conformable material, e.g. any elastomeric material (e.g. polyurethane or nitrile). The body  12  has two bevelled top edges  14  and a plurality of top projections  16  which, in one aspect, are generally conical. Optionally, the body  12  is bonded to a metal (e.g. steel, stainless steel, aluminum, or bronze) backing  18 . Any die or gripper according to the present invention may have such a backing and/or one or more of the projections  16 . Optionally, the bevelled edges  14  are deleted. 
         [0081]      FIGS. 1A-1D  show a die  10   a  (like the die  10 ) which has an optional metal backing  18   a  bonded to a body  12   a  with optional edges  14   a  and three top projections  16   a . “Top” generally refers to the portion of a gripper which will initially contact a tubular; but any gripper according to the present invention and any part of any gripper can be used as a contact surface. 
         [0082]    Optionally, as is true of any die element and conformable gripper according to the present invention, the body  12   a  of the die element  10   a  may have dispersed therein an amount of small (e.g. largest dimension 2 mm) particles  19  of grit (e.g. silicon carbide, tungsten carbide or diamond) e.g., but not limited to,  36  grit silicon carbide, loaded 20% to 70% by weight, and, in one aspect, at about 50% by weight of the body  62 . Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 1D , and as may be true for any gripper herein, a coat  19   a  of gripping grit may be applied to a top surface. In certain aspects, the body  12   a  (and any gripper herein) is made of polyurethane with a hardness of 70 Shore D. It is within the scope of certain embodiments of the present invention to use polyurethane of a hardness of at least 40 Shore D and, in certain aspects, a polyurethane of a hardness no more than 80 Shore D. 
         [0083]    It is within the scope of the present invention to load the body of a gripper with grit to at least 30% of the total weight and, in certain aspects, to a grit level of no more than 90% of the weight. It is within the scope of the present invention to load only the near-surface area of a gripper or only down to a certain level (e.g., in one particular aspect, down to 0.25 inches from the surface) instead of loading the entire volume. In one aspect the near-surface area has no grit. In one aspect a gripper is made of polyurethane with a hardness of 70 Shore D and is loaded with grit at 50% by weight. 
         [0084]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show a die element  20  according to the present invention which has a body  22  with an inner recess  24 . A conformable gripper  26  has a base  27  and a pillow-shaped top  28 . The base  27  is sized and configured to be received in and held in the recess  24 . Optionally, the top of the gripper  26  is flat, concave on all sides, or with two concave sides and two convex sides rather than pillow shaped. 
         [0085]    The gripper  26  is held in the recess  24  with glue or adhesive, a friction fit and/or the gripper is cast together with the body  22 . The pillow-shaped top  28  includes lower end edges  28   a ,  28   b  and a relatively higher top area  28   c . A bottom  22   a  of the body  22  is wider—as viewed in FIG.  2 A—than a top  22   b.    
         [0086]      FIG. 3  shows a conformable die element  30  according to the present invention made of conformable material which has a body  32  and bevelled edges  34 . A conical projection  36  is located at the center of a top  38  of the body  32 . A bottom  32   a  of the body  32  is wider—as viewed in FIG.  3 —than a top  32   b.    
         [0087]      FIGS. 3A-3C  show a die element  30   a  (like the die element  30 ) which has a body  32   a  with optional bevelled edges  34   a  and a top projection  36   a . As shown in  FIG. 3A  the body  32   a  has a trapezoidal shape. 
         [0088]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  show a conformable die element  40  according to the present invention with a body  42  having a recess  44  which receives and holds a conformable gripper  46 . A bottom  42   a  of the body  42  is wider—as viewed in FIG.  4 A—than a top  42   b.    
         [0089]    The gripper  46  has a raised upper surface  47  with a high point at  48 . The conformable gripper  46  is received and held in the recess  44  with a friction fit and/or with an adhesive. 
         [0090]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  show a die element  50  with a body  52  having dovetail recesses  54  in an upper part  52   b . The upper part  52   b  is narrower than a lower part  52   a  of the body  52  as viewed in  FIG. 5A . Correspondingly shaped dovetail projections  57  of a conformable gripper  56  are received and held in the recesses  54 . Any gripper in any embodiment according to the present invention can be attached to a body this way. An adhesive may be used to facilitate holding of the projections  57  in the recesses  54  and/or they can be cast together with an activator. Optionally the body  52  is used a gripper itself. Optionally, the gripper  56  is used with the side with the projections  57  as the contact area for contacting a tubular. 
         [0091]    The gripper  56  has a concave top surface  58  (concave on two ends) but, optionally, it can have a top surface like any of the die elements disclosed herein (e.g., but not limited to, those of  FIGS. 1 ,  2 A,  3 ,  4 A and  6 A). 
         [0092]      FIGS. 5C-5E  show a gripper  50   a  with a body  52   a , a curved top surface  53   a , and a plurality of projections  54   a  projecting out from the body  52   a . Optionally (as described in more detail below) the body  52   a  may be coated with gripping grit and/or have gripping grit dispersed therein (and this is true for any gripper according to the present invention). Optionally, any part of projection of a gripper according to the present invention can be coated with gripping grit, made substantially from gripping grit or have gripping grit dispersed therein, e.g. like the grit  57   a  shown in  FIG. 5E  (as may be true for any part or projection of any gripper according to the present invention). 
         [0093]      FIGS. 6A-6D  show a conformable die element  60  according to the present invention which has a body  62  made of conformable material. The body  62  has a top  66  with convexly-curved shape. In both length and width, the middle of the body  62  is higher than the ends (or sides). Optionally, a die element according to the present invention (any disclosed herein) is convex only in length or only in width and either flat on two sides or concave on two sides (e.g. convex in length and concave in width, or vice-versa). 
         [0094]    Optionally, the body  62  is bonded to a backing  68 . 
         [0095]      FIGS. 6E-6H  show a conformable die element  60   a  with a body  62   a , sides  63   a , ends  64   a , top convex portions  65   a , top concave portions  66   a , and an optional backing  68   a . The conformable die element  60   a  is made of conformable material. 
         [0096]    The sides  63   a  and the ends  64   b  are sloped slightly inwardly (e.g., as may be true for any side of any die element according to the present invention, at an angle between 10 degrees and 45 degrees and, in one particular aspect, at about 15 degrees). 
         [0097]    A body made of polyurethane or urethane body (e.g. any body of any embodiment herein, e.g. a body  12 ,  22 ,  42 , or  52 ) may be of the same hardness as that of the grippers (e.g. grippers  26 ,  46 ,  56 ). 
         [0098]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  show a power tong  70  according to the present invention (which is similar to power tongs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,291,808 but which has grippers according to the present invention). The tong  70  has a housing  71 , a rotary  72  driven by a drive mechanism with a motor M (shown schematically) and rollers r, and jaws  74  which close upon and grip oil field tubular member T. Each jaw  74  has a gripper element  76  according to the present invention. Each gripper element  76  has a generally concave shaped removable conformable die  79  held in place by a retaining screw  76   a . Each die  79  has a conformable body  78  and, optionally, has a series of projections held in recesses  76   b . Each die body  78  is made of conformable material, e.g. elastomeric material (any disclosed herein for any die element or gripper according to the present invention). 
         [0099]    It is within the scope of the present invention for any die of any tong jaw to have a conformable gripper according to the present invention. 
         [0100]      FIG. 8A  illustrates gripper elements according to the present invention used in conjunction with a bridge plug BP which is designed to be inserted into casing or tubing such as tubular TB and then activated in order to block the flow of fluid through tubular. The bridge plug BP has a plug body  81  with an upper section  83   a  and a lower section  83   b . The upper section attaches to a work string W which allows the bridge plug PB to be lowered down a well bore and to be positioned at the desired depth of placement. Lower section  83   b  forms a head portion with shoulders  83   c  against which a rubber packing element  84  rests. Positioned above the packing element  84  is a lower expansion cone  86  and above the cone  86  is an upper expansion cone  87 . Both the upper and lower expansion cones have inclined surfaces  86   s  and  87   s , respectively. It is to be understood that both the expansion cones and the packing element are annular shaped and extend continuously around the plug body as a single element. 
         [0101]    Positioned between the expansion cones are a series of slips  88 . Each slip  88  is an arcuate segment positioned around the plug body  81 . An opposing pair of such arcuate segments is seen in the slips  88 . In the bridge plug there are six slips  88 , but alternate embodiments could employ fewer or more slips  88 . Each slip  88  has a body  88   b  with inclined surfaces  88   i  at each end of the body  81 . The body  81  has an outer surface  81   o  and a slip ring channel  81   r . Slip retaining rings  88   r  rest in a ring channel  81   r  and encircle the plurality of slips  88 . A slip spring  81   t  is positioned between slip retaining ring  88   r  and each ring channel  81   r  biases the slips  88  away from the inner surface of the tubular TB. The inclined surfaces of the slips  88  correspond to and travel along inclined surfaces  86   s  and  87   s  of the upper and lower cones. Each slip  88  has a conformable member  88   m  covering the outer surface of the slips which can engage the inner surface IS of the tubular TB. The member  88   m  may be like any die or gripper disclosed herein according to the present invention. 
         [0102]    A setting piston  80   p  is formed by an arcuate element extending continuously around plug body  81  and, in one aspect, is formed integrally on the upper cone section  87 . A variable volume fluid cavity  80   c  is formed between the setting piston  80  and the plug body  81  which communicates with fluid channel  80   d  which runs through upper section of the plug body  81  and allows fluid to be transmitted from the work string, through plug body  81  to the fluid cavity  80   c . Conventional seals such a O-rings  80   v  form a fluid tight seal between the setting piston and the plug body  81 . 
         [0103]    In operation, the bridge plug  80  is positioned on a work string and lowered down the wellbore to the depth at which it is desired to plug the tubing or casing. While the bridge plug is being lowered down the wellbore, it is in an unactivated position ( FIG. 8A ). After the bridge plug is lowered to the desired depth, it is activated by pumping pressurized fluid through the work string into the channel  80   d  to the fluid cavity  80   c  which then moves the setting piston  80   p  downward forcing the upper expansion cone  87  downward causing incline surfaces on the upper and lower expansion cones to slide along the inclined surfaces  88   i  of slips  88 . This movement forces the lower expansion cone  86  against the rubber packing element  84 , causing it to expand against the inner surface of the tubular TB and thereby sealing or plugging the tubular. Simultaneously, the movement of inclined surfaces of the upper and lower expansion cones  86  and  87  along inclined surfaces  88   i  of slips  88  causes the slips  88  to overcome the tension in the slip spring  88   t  and move toward and eventually engage the inner surface of the tubular TB. 
         [0104]    It is within the scope of the present invention to use slips  88  of conformable material with devices similar to bridge plugs, such as packers used for production, isolation, testing and stimulation. Packers are structurally similar to bridge plugs except that packers contain one or more internal passages to allow a regulated flow of fluid through the packer or to accommodate instrument wires or control lines which must pass through the packer. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are also bridge plugs and packers that are activated by means other than the hydraulic mechanism described above. The slips according to the present invention are equally suitable for use in bridge plugs or packers which are activated by mechanical means, wirelines, electric wirelines or other conventional methods used to operate the downhole tools typically found in the drilling industry. A bridge plug not according to the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,036,397, FIG. 4. 
         [0105]    A pipe spinner  90  according to the present invention is shown in  FIG. 9  which is like the pipe spinner shown in FIG. 14 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,036,397 (a spinner without the benefit of the present invention). The pipe spinner  90  has a spinner body  91  and two pinch roller arms  93  which form the throat  97 . The pinch roller arms  93  are pivotally mounted by pivot shafts  93   p . Rear rollers  93   r  are mounted on the rear ends of the arms  93  and pinch rollers  93   t  are mounted on the front ends. Mounted between the rear rollers  93   r  and the pinch rollers  93   t  are drive rollers  95  which rotate on the pivot shafts  93   p . The spinner body  91  contains a motor  92  which supplies torque to a motor sprocket  92   s . A drive chain  92   d  (only half of which is shown) interconnects the drive rollers  95 , the motor sprocket  92   s , and any idler sprocket  95   i  so that torque may be transferred from the motor  92  to the drive rollers  95 . The pinch rollers (and thus throat  97 ) are opened and closed on a tubular TL by operation of a roller wedge  90   w  which in turn is connected to an hydraulic cylinder  91 . 
         [0106]    The pipe spinner  90  has a conformable gripper  94  according to the present invention on each drive roller  95 . This gripper is either pure conformable material, e.g. elastomer or conformable material, e.g. elastomer, with grit therein (any grit described above and at any volume level and at any location in the gripper as described above). 
         [0107]    Any drive roller of any spinner or tong may, according to the present invention, have a gripper according to the present invention. 
         [0108]      FIG. 10  shows a slip system  100  according to the present invention and an elevator  110  according to the present invention for use in a drilling rig structure (not shown) other than a rig floor RF which has an opening OP through which a string of tubulars ST extends into a wellbore below the rig structure. A tubular  102  being gripper by the slip system  100  is shown, but the string ST includes a plurality of tubulars. During the normal operations of inserting or removing tubulars from a wellbore, it is necessary to grip a tubular like the tubulars  102  in order to lift or lower it and the attached drill string. The slip system  100  includes a slip bowl  117 , slip assemblies  118 , elevator bowl  112 , elevator slip assemblies  113 , and slip die inserts  115 . The slip bowl  117  has an annular configuration which encircles the circumference of the tubular  102 . The slip bowl  117  can be formed of two semi-circular rings placed around the tubular  102  rather than having to position a unitary ring over an end of the tubular. The slip bowl  117  is secured to the rig floor RF. The tubular  102 , as shown in  FIG. 10 , may freely move in the slip bowl. 
         [0109]    The downward movement of the tubular  102  is stopped when the slip assemblies  118  are inserted in a space between slip bowl  117  and tubular  102 . While only two slip assemblies  118  are shown, it will be understood that additional slip assemblies could be spaced around the entire perimeter of the tubular  102 . In one aspect, the slip assemblies  118  are generally wedge shaped with a first inclined surface  122  which is designed to have an angle which is the supplement of the angle of a second inclined surface  123  formed on the slip bowl  117 . The slip assemblies  118  have conformable dies  115  according to the present invention. 
         [0110]    An elevator bowl  112  of the elevator  110  includes elevator slip assemblies  113 . The elevator bowl  112  slip assemblies are identical to the slip assemblies  118 , but the elevator bowl  112  is not fixed to the rig floor RF. The elevator bowl  112  has brackets  114  or similar devices which allow the elevator bowl  112  to be lifted. Lifting bails  104  engage the brackets  114 . The lifting bails  104  are in turn attached to drawworks or another lifting mechanism (not shown) used on the drilling rig. 
         [0111]    The slip assemblies  113  and  118  include dies  113   d  and  118   d  each with a conformable gripper  113   e  and  118   e , respectively These grippers may be made of any conformable material and may be any die or gripper disclosed herein. 
         [0112]    In raising and lowering the tubular  102 , the slip assemblies  118  and elevator slip assemblies  113  are used in an alternating grip and release sequence. When it is desired to raise tubular  102 , the slip bowl  117  is positioned around the tubular  102  and the slip assemblies  118  are positioned to grip tubular  102 . The drilling machinery or the like which is suspending the tubular  102  and its attached drill string is relaxed. When the tubular  102  is allowed to move downward, the slip assemblies  118  firmly grip the tubular  102 . The elevator bowl  112  is then positioned around the tubular  102  and the elevator slip assemblies  113  are positioned between the tubular  102  and the elevator bowl  112 . When the lifting bails  104  apply a lifting force to the elevator bowl  112 , the elevator slip assemblies  113  are securely wedged against and grip the tubular  102 . As the lifting force on the elevator bowl  112  continues and raises the tubular  102 , the slip assemblies  118  slide upward and cease to grip the tubular  102 , releasing the slip assemblies  118  and allowing workers to manually remove the slip assemblies  118  from the slip bowl  117  or, where a hydraulic system is employed, allowing the hydraulic cylinder assemblies to raise the slip assemblies  118  high enough along the inclined surface  123  to prevent interference between the slip assemblies  118  and the rising tubular  102 . Typically, the elevator bowl  112  lifts the tubular  102  to a desired height such as the next tubular connecting joint in the drill string being above the slip bowl  117 . The slip assemblies  118  are then inserted into the slip bowl  117  and set. Thereafter, the lifting force on the elevator bowl  112  is slowly released so that the tubular  102  is allowed to begin downward movement. The downward movement of tubular  102  is quickly arrested as the slip assemblies once again place a large radial load on the tubular  102 . At this point, the tubular  102  can be broken out and set aside before the elevator bowl  112  is then lowered to a position just above slip assemblies  118  in preparation for another lift sequence. The process is repeated until the desired length of drill string has been raised above the level of the rig floor RF. 
         [0113]    Typically, slips and elevators described above are used in conjunction with tubulars which have a coupling or upset connection  105  ( FIG. 10 ). If for any reason the slip dies of the slip assemblies  118  or elevator slip assemblies  113  fail to grip the tubular  102  and the tubular  102  begins to slide through the elevator, the slip assembly  100  stops its downward descent. 
         [0114]      FIG. 11  shows a wedge support  110  according to the present invention which has a body  112  with an annular converging seat  112   s  for supporting a tubular member TM (e.g. pipe, casing, or tubing). A plurality of wedge segments  114  (or “slip” apparatuses) are spaced apart around the seat  112   s.    
         [0115]    Each wedge segment  114  has a conformable gripper  115  according to the present invention optionally with a backing  119 . The gripper  115  is connected to the body  118  and, if present, the backing  119  is connected to the body  118 . The body  118  has a converging surface  118   c  corresponding to the surface of the seal  112   s . A downward load on the tubular member TM indicated by the arrow AR causes a wedging engagement of the surface  118   c  against the seat  112   s , compressing the gripper  115  against the tubular member TM. 
         [0116]    Optionally, the gripper  115  (as may be true of any gripper herein) has one or a plurality (a plurality is shown in  FIG. 11 ) of recesses  117  which can facilitate conforming of the gripper  115  to the exterior surface of the tubular member TM. 
         [0117]      FIG. 12  shows a slip apparatus  120  according to the present invention with a body  121 , a handle  122 , and an insertable-removable conformable gripper  123  according to the present invention. The gripper  123  may be any conformable gripper according to the present invention, with or without internal gripping grit. The body  121  has an inclined surface  125  for wedging engagement with a support body (e.g. like the surface  118   c ,  FIG. 11 ). 
         [0118]      FIG. 13A  shows a slip apparatus  130  according to the present invention with a body  131  like the slip apparatus of  FIG. 12 ; but with a plurality of spaced-apart conformable grippers  132  according to the present invention. Each gripper  132  has a body  133  held in a corresponding recess  134  of the body  131 . Each gripper  132  has a front section  135  which projects beyond the body  133  and which has two angled edges  136 . 
         [0119]    As shown, the front sections  135  contact each other; but it is within the scope of the present invention for the front sections  135  to be spaced-apart. 
         [0120]      FIG. 14  shows a slip apparatus  140  according to the present invention for use in a support SP (like the wedge support of  FIG. 11 ). The apparatus  140  has a body  141  with a seat surface  142  for wedging engagement with a corresponding seat  143  of the support SP. 
         [0121]    A conformable gripper  146  according to the present invention for gripping a tubular TL has an optional backing  147  and is held in a corresponding recess  148  of a body  141 . Rear edges  144   a ,  144   b  of the gripper  146  are spaced apart from the body  141 . The gripper  146  has a plurality of segments  145  which contact each other along lines  145   l . A plurality of holes  145   h  extend through the gripper  145 . These holes  145   h  serve to define a portion of each segment  145 . Any gripper according to the present invention may have one or more holes  145   h.    
         [0122]      FIG. 15  shows a slip apparatus  150  (or wedge element) with a body  151  having a recess  152  for holding a conformable gripper  154  according to the present invention. The gripper  154  made of conformable material includes a plurality of spaced-apart projections  156  and, optionally, a backing  158 . Each projection  156  has a curved front surface  159 . 
         [0123]      FIG. 16  shows a spider  160  according to the present invention. A pipe PP is gripped by slips  162 . Each slip  162  has a body  163  and a conformable gripper  166  according to the present invention connected (in one aspect, adhered) to the body  163 . The grippers  166  can be any gripper disclosed herein. The spider  160  has a body  161  with an annular converging seat  167  and each slip  162  has a seat surface  168  corresponding to the seal  167 . 
         [0124]      FIGS. 17A-17C  illustrate a hoisting jaw apparatus  170  according to the present invention, e.g., but not limited to, a hoisting jaw apparatus for a racking system. In one operation a racker stabs a threaded pipe, detects set-down, and the hoisting jaw apparatus  170  (with conformable dies  180  according to the present invention) opens. The racker exerts a constant upward force during spin-in, through rollers  172  made of conformable material (e.g. as the material of any die element disclosed herein), to limit the weight of the pipe put onto the threads. As the pipe is spun (e.g. by a spinner or spinning wrench), the rollers  172  spin about the pipe while continuing to support the weight of the pipe vertically. 
         [0125]    During spin-out, a similar operation is involved, except the racker pulls up with a constant upward force slightly higher than the weight of the pipe, thereby allowing the pipe to be lifted as the threads advance, ending with a small “stand jump” to clear the threads and keep them from bumping. The rollers  172  are passive rollers which are loaded parallel to the axis of roller pins  174 , rather than tangentially as in certain powered rollers. 
         [0126]    Each die  180  is releasably connected to a die holder  182  which is releasably connected to a side plate  176 . The pins  174  pass through a hole  172   b  in a body  172   a  of each roller to rotatably mount the rollers  172  to a body  178  of the hoisting jaw  170 . 
         [0127]    The present invention, therefore, provides in some, but not in necessarily all, embodiments methods for gripping a tubular, in one aspect to facilitate rotation of the tubular, the method including: applying a gripping apparatus to a tubular having a tubular shape, the gripping apparatus comprising a conformable gripper; grippingly contacting the tubular with the conformable gripper, the conformable gripper having a gripper shape; and upon contact of the conformable gripper with the tubular, the gripper shape conforming to the tubular shape. Such methods may have one or some, in any possible combination, of the following: wherein the top of the conformable gripper has edges, the method further including contacting the tubular with the conformable gripper so that the edges of the top do not contact the tubular; wherein the gripper apparatus is one of a tong apparatus, a bridge plug, a hoisting jaw, a packer, a pipe spinner, and an elevator; wherein the conformable gripper has a top with a top shape which is initially one of a concave shape and a convex shape; wherein the conformable gripper has gripping grit therein; and/or wherein the conformable gripper has a body made of conformable material and a metal backing bonded to the body. 
         [0128]    The present invention, therefore, provides in some, but not in necessarily all, embodiments a gripper for gripping a tubular, in one aspect to facilitate rotation of the tubular, the gripper including: a body; the body having conformable material having an initial body shape; and the conformable material able to change the initial body shape upon contacting a tubular with the body, the tubular having a tubular shape, the conformable material able to conform to the tubular shape of the tubular to facilitate gripping of the tubular with the gripper; wherein the conformable gripper initial body shape includes a top with a shape which is one of a concave shape, a convex shape, and a pillow shape; the initial body shape including a top with a concave portion and a convex portion; wherein the initial body shape has a generally rectangular base and a convex top; wherein the initial body shape has a generally rectangular base and a convex top; the initial body shape is generally rectangular with a top with two spaced-apart end portions and two spaced-apart side portions, each of the two spaced-apart end portions is convex, and each of the two spaced-apart side portions is concave; the initial body shape has a generally rectangular base, a top, and at least one projection projecting from the top; the body including an amount of gripping grit; the gripping grit is dispersed throughout the body; the gripping grit is within 0.25 inches of a top of the body; the gripping grit is present by weight as about 50% of the weight of the body; the gripping grit is coated on a top of the body; the body having a plurality of spaced-apart projections projecting from the body for contacting a tubular; wherein the projections are made of conformable material; wherein the projections include gripping grit dispersed in the conformable material; wherein the body is made of polyurethane with a hardness of at least 40 Shore D; and/or wherein the body is about 50% by weight gripping grit and about 50% by weight polyurethane with a hardness of 70 Shore D. 
         [0129]    The present invention, therefore, provides in some, but not in necessarily all, embodiments a gripper for gripping a tubular, the gripper including: a body; the body having conformable material having an initial body shape; and the conformable material able to change the initial body shape upon contacting a tubular with the body, the tubular having a tubular shape, the conformable material able to conform to the tubular shape of the tubular upon contact of the tubular with the gripper. 
         [0130]    The present invention, therefore, provides in some, but not in necessarily all, embodiments an apparatus for gripping a tubular to facilitate rotation of the tubular, the apparatus including: a housing; gripping apparatus movably connected to the housing; the gripping apparatus including a plurality of spaced-apart conformable grippers; and movement apparatus for moving the plurality of spaced-apart conformable grippers into gripping contact with a tubular to be rotated. Such an apparatus, in certain aspects, is one of a wrench, a tong, and a pipe spinner. 
         [0131]    In conclusion, therefore, it is seen that the present invention and the embodiments disclosed herein and those covered by the appended claims are well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends set forth. Certain changes can be made in the subject matter without departing from the spirit and the scope of this invention. It is realized that changes are possible within the scope of this invention and it is further intended that each element or step recited in any of the following claims is to be understood as referring to the step literally and/or to all equivalent elements or steps. The following claims are intended to cover the invention as broadly as legally possible in whatever form it may be utilized. The invention claimed herein is new and novel in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 102 and satisfies the conditions for patentability in § 102. The invention claimed herein is not obvious in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 103 and satisfies the conditions for patentability in § 103. This specification and the claims that follow are in accordance with all of the requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 112. The inventors may rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the scope of their invention and of the claims that follow as they may pertain to apparatus not materially departing from, but outside of, the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. All patents and applications identified herein are incorporated fully herein for all purposes. What follows are some of the claims for some of the embodiments and aspects of the present invention, but these claims are not necessarily meant to be a complete listing of nor exhaustive of every possible aspect and embodiment of the invention. It is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 for any limitations of any of the claims herein, except for those in which the claim expressly uses the words ‘means for’ together with an associated function. In this patent document, the word “comprising” is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are including, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements.

Summary:
A gripper is disclosed for gripping a tubular, e.g. to facilitate rotation of the tubular, the gripper including a body, the body having conformable material having an initial body shape, and the conformable material able to change the initial body shape upon contacting a tubular with the body, the tubular having a tubular shape, the conformable material able to conform to the tubular shape of the tubular to facilitate gripping of the tubular with the gripper. This abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure and is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims,  37  C.F.R.  1.72 (b).