You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text:

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: 
CROSS REFERENCE TO PRIOR CO-PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/128,155 filed May 19, 2008. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates to the installation of solid or engineered hardwood flooring by driving fasteners, such as staples or cleats, into standard tongue and groove boards. This invention also relates to the use of pneumatic or other impact type tools to install such flooring. Furthermore, this invention relates to the prevention of damage to hardwood flooring caused by excessive force applied by pneumatic or impact type tools. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Prior Art 
         [0005]    Manual and pneumatic fastener tools, such as staplers or nail guns, are commonly used to deliver or drive a staple or cleat to affix tongue and groove hardwood or other flooring to a subfloor. In building construction, hardwood flooring is often used as a final top floor system giving the overall flooring system a more ridged and long life facial covering, as well as improving the appearance and marketability of the building. Hardwood flooring of this type is generally intended to last the entire life of the building and can represent a rather expensive or significant investment. 
         [0006]    The National Wood Flooring Association (NWFA) in conjunction with the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association (NOFMA) and the National Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association (NMFMA) have adopted a standard profile for hardwood flooring boards, which is referred to as a NOFMA standard profile.  FIG. 1  shows a standard profile of a board  2  having a tongue  4  extending from a main exposed section of the board  2  and a groove  6  extending into the opposite edge of the board  2 . The configuration shown in  FIG. 1  is a five (5) inch wide plank board. There are numerous dimensions for NOFMA standard profiles. Of course the tongue  4  of one board will fit within the groove  6  of an abutting and adjacent board. This standard profile also includes a V-notch  8  located along the intersection of juncture of the tongue  4  with the lead main section of board  2 . This V-notch groove is intended to receive a staple or nail, which is driven at an angle though the hardwood flooring board  2  and into the subfloor on which the board  2  rests. The V-notch  8  provides sufficient room for a nail head of the bight or crown of a staple so that the tongue  4  will properly fit within a mating groove  6  so as not to interfere with the tight fit needed in a properly installed hardwood floor. The V-notch groove or bed  8  is most often 6.3 mm below the facial surface of the hardwood board.  FIG. 2  shows the position of a properly inserted staple  10 , which extends at an angle through the hardwood flooring board  2  and into and through the subfloor  12 . 
         [0007]    Hardwood flooring can either be solid wood flooring or engineered wood flooring. A solid wood flooring board is made and shaped from a singular piece of wood flooring material For example, a NOFMA standard solid wood floor which is ¾ inch thick by 3¼ inch wide and of random length is constructed or molded out of a single board of hardwood material that has a rough dimension going into a molder or shaper of approximately 1 inch by 3½ inch wide and of random length. The only difference between different NOFMA standard wood floors is the width. A 2¼ inch NOFMA standard profile is also ¾ inch thick and has the same tongue and groove configuration with the same V-notch bed. 
         [0008]    An engineered wood floor is fabricated from hardwood and soft wood constituents. The layering of these constituents is often done in alternate directions so as to use the tensile strength of the grain and fiber as a truss building block. The top precious layer can vary in thickness for more efficient use of the desired material and for service longevity. The internal layers and components can be formed of less precious materials that often have desirable constructional attributes making the engineered floor more dimensionally stable than the solid hardwood floor. Most engineered wood floors are more costly to build than solid wood floors. However, it has been found that the inertia braking system of the instant invention can be advantageously employed to reduce damage to either solid or engineered hardwood floors. 
         [0009]    Although it is possible to drive a nail or staple to its proper depth, as illustrated by  FIG. 2 , using a general purpose manual or pneumatic stapler or nail gun, it is unfortunately too common for the nail or staple  10  to be driven too far into the hardwood flooring board as demonstrated by  FIG. 3 . General purpose powered fastening tools, such as staplers or nail guns provide no means of inserting a fastener to its proper depth with the proper force. Some have suggested that fastener insertion depth can be controlled using pneumatically activated fastener tools by varying the pressure applied to the pneumatic fastener tool. Commonly the pressure that will be available from an external source, such as a compressor, can range from 100 psi. to 120 psi., and it has been suggested that pneumatically powered fastener tools, such as staplers and nail guns, be operated with input pressures regulated to 90 psi. It has been found that at pressures below 70 psi., fasteners, such as staples, cannot always be fully inserted, resulting in a situation such as shown in  FIG. 4 . Thus recommended pressure is between 70 psi. and 90 psi. and some have suggested that pressure variations within this range will prevent damage to hardwood flooring. However, it has been found that splitting and other damage will occur in this range of pressures, and pressure regulation is not believed to be a complete or even partially reliable method of avoiding damage to hardwood flooring. 
         [0010]    When a staple  10  or other fastener is driven beyond its proper depth, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the hardwood flooring can be damaged. In common situations, the hardwood flooring boards can be splintered when the fastener is inserted to an excessive depth. In other instances, the flooring board may not split at the time of installation, but excessive stress can build up in the wood, that can cause subsequent rupture or splitting, that is not apparent at the time of installation, and only becomes a problem after the stresses promote damage over time due to wear and tear and the exposure to cycles of temperature and moisture. Even though over insertion is a problem, inadequate insertion, such as that shown in  FIG. 4  would prevent two mating boards from mating because of interference by the staple  10  or other fastener. Thus, it is not possible to solve the problem of over insertion by reducing the force applied to the fastener. Even when the magnitude of externally sourced pneumatic pressure is at the lower end of its acceptable range, full insertion of the fastener must still be achieved. 
         [0011]      FIG. 5  illustrates one type of damage that can be caused by an improperly inserted staple  10 . Here three staples have been shot using a conventional pneumatic nail flooring gun with the staple extending beyond the boundaries of the NOFMA regulated V-notch bed  8 . The crown of at least one staple  10  has lodged internally inside a ¾ inch solid wood flooring. The staple has wedged apart the wood causing splitting cracking, and shearing  14  of the expensive wood extending two to five inches on each side of the staple along the plane of the V-notch bed  8  adjacent the staple crown on each of three staples  10 . In addition to the visible split, the overinserted staple has created a pinch down in all of the wood fiber zone below the staple and tongue. The split generated from the wedged staples  10  creates a top surface pucker  16  on the lead main section above the tongue as well as a bottom planar wedge and pinch down so that this damaged board may not properly fit in the mating groove in an adjacent board. When the tongue of the hardwood flooring is over pinched or over stressed insertion of that tongue into the groove of the next adjacent groove will cause the groove edge to elevate upward making the flooring uneven with the connection seams having an over wood-under wood condition that is both visible and can ultimately result in structural problems. This current problem has yet to be solved or resolved and is believed to be responsible every year for significant damage or destruction of solid wood and/or engineered wood flooring components. 
         [0012]    Current pneumatic staple tools shoot a 15.5 gauge staple with a ½″ crown. These prior art guns employ a base plate or base member or foot adapter, whose purpose is to realign the angle, pitch, and altered plane of initial impact, so as to fasten a tongue and groove product at approximately a 45 degree angle to the substrate with staple initially striking on the lead edge of the tongue and groove product approximately 6.3 mm below the plane of the surface. Guns employing these characteristics are the primary means of installing solid hardwood flooring. 
         [0013]      FIG. 6  illustrates a solid hardwood flooring board that has been properly stapled. The staples  10  are now properly aligned in the V-notch bed and properly lie therein without breaking through the wood adjacent the V-notch bed into the inner wood tissue fiber. No splits, swelling or pucker are present in the wood. The apparatus and method of the present invention will reliably result in proper insertion of fasteners, such as staples  10  in the V-notch bed  14  of a solid or engineered hardwood flooring board and will reduce the variability inherent in prior art techniques. 
         [0014]    The problem of properly stapling a wood flooring board is further complicated by the wide variety of wood that is used for flooring and hardwood flooring, either as solid flooring or as engineered hardwood flooring. Among the species of wood that is used for flooring are oak, maple, hickory, pine, walnut, cherry, jatoba, wenge, cumaru and other wood species including domestic exotics and foreign exotics. Species that have been employed for wood flooring range from white pine to Brazillian walnut, which range from 420 to 3684 on the Janka Hardness Scale, which is a recognized standard scale in the wood flooring industry. Other things being equal, in most cases the harder the wood, the more damage that will result from a failure of the staple gun to properly insert a staple. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    An apparatus for attaching wooden flooring boards having a tongue and groove configuration to a subfloor includes a piston driven within a cylinder to drive fasteners into the wooden flooring boards. A magazine containing fasteners sequentially delivers the fasteners, such as staples, into alignment with the piston. At least one inertia braking member is positioned in the cylinder and directly or indirectly engages the piston, prior to completion of a full piston stroke. The inertia braking member absorbs force imparted by the piston and slows insertion of the fastener while fasteners are being sequentially driven into the flooring boards to prevent damage to the flooring due to overinsertion of any fastener. 
         [0016]    A pneumatically driven fastener tool according to this invention have a body including a cylinder. A piston is driven from a retracted to an extended position by the application of pneumatic pressure. A fastener driving blade is mounted on the distal end of the piston. A magazine retains a plurality of fasteners that can be sequentially advanced into alignment with the fastener driving blade when the piston is retracted. An adapter foot aligns the fastener driving blade and a fastener aligned therewith a hardwood flooring board. The pneumatically driven fastener tool also includes at least one inertia braking pad positioned coaxially with the piston between the piston and a front wall of the cylinder. The inertia braking pad or stack of pads has a thickness sufficient to be compressed while the fastener driving blade is driving a fastener into and through a hardwood flooring board to absorb energy so that the travel of the fastener into the hardwood flooring board is slowed during the final portion of the insertion of a fastener into the flooring so as to prevent damage to the hardwood flooring board. 
         [0017]    According to this invention, a method of installing hardwood flooring includes the following steps. A hardwood board is positioned on a subfloor. A fastener is disposed in a fastening tool aligned with the hardwood board at an intersection of a tongue in the board and the lead edge of a main portion of the hardwood board. A force is applied to a driving blade in the fastener tool to drive the fastener aligned with the hardwood board through the hardwood board to attach the hardwood board to the subfloor. Damage to the hardwood flooring board is prevented by braking the inertia of a piston driving the driving blade at the end of the stroke of the piston by compressing at least one inertia braking pad located in the fastening tool between the piston and a tool body in which the piston moves. 
         [0018]    The inertia braking system of this invention has shown improvement in limiting the damage to wood flooring for a number of different commonly used wood species. It is believed that improvement will result for all species regardless of the Janka hardness value of the particular species, although the improvement may not be uniform for different species having a different hardness. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]      FIG. 1  is a section view of a solid hardwood flooring board showing the standard NOFMA profile of this tongue and groove configuration. 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  is a section view of a solid hardwood flooring board showing a fastener, such as a staple, driven into the hardwood board to a proper depth so that the crown of the staple rests within the standard V-notch at the intersection of the tongue with the main portion of the board. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  is a section view similar to that shown in  FIG. 2 , but showing a staple that has been inserted beyond its proper depth. 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  is a view similar to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , but showing incomplete insertion of a staple. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is a three-dimensional view illustrating typical damage that often can result from overinsertion of a fastener, such as a staple, as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a three-dimensional view similar to  FIG. 4 , but showing a properly inserted fastener without damage to the solid hardwood flooring board. 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  is a view of a fastening tool, such as a pneumatically driven stapler having features in accordance with this invention. The tool shown in  FIG. 7  includes a magazine for fasteners, such as staples, but does not include an adapter foot for aligning the tool with the V-notch bed employed in standard hardwood flooring. 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  is also a view of the fastening tool shown in  FIG. 7  with the addition of an adapter foot for aligning the tool with the V-notch bed employed in standard hardwood flooring. The adapter foot and the magazine have been omitted from  FIGS. 9-12  in order to better illustrate other components of this tool. 
           [0027]      FIG. 9  is a view, partially broken away, showing the piston in the cylinder of the tool of  FIGS. 8 and 9 . The bumper and the inertia braking pads have been left out of this view to better illustrate other components of this tool. 
           [0028]      FIG. 10  is a view, similar to  FIG. 9 , but showing the hard rubber bumper employed to prevent impact damage to the tool as the piston is activated. The inertia braking pads have been deleted from this view to better illustrate other components. 
           [0029]      FIG. 11  is a view similar to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , but showing the inertia braking pads. The tool is shown in the partially retracted position in this view. 
           [0030]      FIG. 12  is a view of the tool of  FIG. 11 , but showing the piston in an almost fully extended position The inertia braking pads have been engaged but not yet been compressed in this view, and the hard rubber bumper has also been engaged, but has not yet absorbed an excessive impact force to prevent the fastener tool from being damaged. 
           [0031]      FIG. 13  is an exploded view of a fastener tool in accordance with this invention containing the components also shown in  FIGS. 8-12 . 
           [0032]      FIGS. 14A-14C  are side views of three alternative inertia braking pad. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 15A-15C  are top views of the three alternative inertia braking pads shown in  FIGS. 14A-14C . 
           [0034]      FIGS. 16A-16C  are section views of the three alternative inertia braking pads shown in  FIGS. 15A-15C , taken along the corresponding section lines  16 A- 16 C shown in  FIGS. 15A-15C . 
           [0035]      FIG. 17  is a photograph showing staples inserted by the prior art technique to secure hardwood flooring to a subfloor. 
           [0036]      FIG. 18  is a photograph showing staples inserted using the inertia braking method to secure hardwood flooring to a subfloor. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0037]    The purpose of this invention is to allow all piston thrust energy and drive blade energy in a fastening tool to remain intact and in force as a staple or cleat penetrates the fiber of a hardwood flooring board at the proper angular orientation, piercing through the hardwood flooring fiber, tissue, and grain and protruding from the underneath side. With the energy and force of a fastening tool piston and drive blade remains intact causing staples or cleat pins to pierce the surface of the substrate, and, indeed through the thickness of the substrate, and, if necessary, into a secondary substrate. All of this energy from piston and drive blade is in place until the proper time and point at which energy and force directed by the piston and drive blade of the staple or cleat is absorbed by the inertia braking system described herein, so as to land the staple or cleat in a soft landing with the crown of the staple or the head of the cleat properly positioned in the NOFMA regulated V-notched bed without the crown of the staple or head of the cleat having excessive energy to brake down the wood grain fiber of the v-notch bed. Countersinking the said staple or cleat is thus avoided. Countersinking would split the wood grain of the precious target material and puckers the overall thickness of the said target material. Such splits can often take place without the use of the inertia brake system. Splits weaken the overall grip of the staple or cleat due to the splitting and shining of the wood fiber, however, it also has the adverse effect of overpinching the lead edge of the precious flooring material. In other words, it is overpinched initially, having altered the overall thickness of the lead edge of the hardwood flooring material, as inside that split now lies a 15.5 gauge wedge, otherwise known as a cleat or staple, wedging the two panels of the split apart and generating an internal wood explosion which often exonerates itself through seasonal and moisture atmospheric condition changes. 
         [0038]    It is not part of the proper staple or nailing process to drive the cleat or staple to a different depth depending upon the material employed in the flooring or the substrate. Indifferent of the substrate material or the wood floor material, the key is not the depth of the drive, as it may be required by the flooring installer to us a 1½″ staple or cleat, or a 2″ staple or cleat in order to meet specific installation specifications for a said project. The depth of the drive should only be altered by the length of the staple or cleat component, however the final position of the crown or head should always remain the same. If indeed the crown of the staple or head of the cleat is left short of its landing position, this is also a negative installation issue. Hence, the inertia brake system is designed to leave intact enough energy from the piston and drive blade so as to finalize the delivery of the cleat or staple with a slight degree of force and energy still in tact, so as to snug the head of the cleat, and, or the crown of the staple up tight in the NOFMA regulated v-notch bed, once again without breaking down the base of the V-notch bed. The size of the inertia braking members  40  or the stack of inertia braking pads is not affected by the length of the fastener or the hardness of the wood into which the fasteners are to be inserted. 
         [0039]    In order to really understand a solution to the problem of damaging wood flooring attached used a pneumatic or other impact type fastener tool, it has been necessary to conduct an in depth analysis of the problem. As a result of this analysis, it has been determined that the cleat or staple to be first of all a compressed component, having most of its delivery done by piston drive pin pressing a staple or cleat into position. The rubber bumper that is currently utilized in all of these hardwood flooring pneumatic devices allows for a continuous press and then a sudden and abrupt stop much like unto the concept of the truck striking the cement wall. However, the cleat or staple still has inertia after the sudden stop of the piston by a conventional bumper. The inertia brake system, however, slows down that final thrust and brakes the power of the propellant. 
         [0040]    Proper attachment of each board in a hardwood floor as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 6  can be achieved with a fastening tool  20  as shown in  FIGS. 7-13 . A pneumatic stapler is depicted in  FIGS. 7-13 , and this stapler is intended to be representative of pneumatic or manual fastener tools suitable for properly installing hardwood flooring without the defects shown in  FIGS. 3-5 . Although a properly installed hardwood floor can be achieved by using other pneumatic and manual fastening tools, and problems do not result in every installation, problems have been encountered on an all too frequent basis when conventional fastener tools have been employed to install hardwood flooring. The instant invention has been found to significantly improve the reliability of the installation of hardwood flooring by reducing the frequency of improperly inserted fasteners, such as the staples  10  employed with the representative pneumatic stapler fastening tool  20 . 
         [0041]      FIG. 7  is an exterior view of a fastening tool  20 , that together with standard accessories, and the use of the inertia braking members, bushings or pads  40  will improve the efficiency of this tool  20  when used for installing hardwood flooring. The inertia braking pads  40  are mounted in the interior of the fastening tool  20  and are therefore not visible in  FIG. 7 . Fastening tool  20  includes an outer body  22  to which a magazine  60  is attached. The magazine  60  houses a row of fasteners  10 , which in this case comprise construction staples that are fed into a foot  28  on the front of the tool  20 , and into a slot  48  in the foot  28 . The foot  28  has a slot  48 , that is large enough to receive a driving blade or pin  34 , shown in  FIGS. 9-13 , when the tool is actuated. The driving blade  34  will be propelled and will drive an aligned staple  10  into the V-notch  8  of a hardwood board  2 . The tool  20  also includes a handle  52  that is gripped by an installer and a cap  58  located on the rear of the tool  20 . The fastening tool  20  is attached to an external source of pneumatic pressure, such as a compressor. The fastening tool  20  is then activated by striking the cap  58  with a mallet after the tool has been properly positioned relative to a hardwood flooring board  2 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 8  also shows the exterior of the fastening tool or pneumatic stapler  20 , but an adapter foot  50  has now been mounted on the front of the tool. The adapter foot  50  is keyed so that when the adapter foot  50  is placed on a hardwood flooring board  2  positioned on a subfloor for attachment, the driving blade  34  and a properly positioned staple will be aligned with the V-notch  8  of a standard NOFMA hardwood flooring board. The tool  20  will be aligned so that a staple can be driven at an angle, normally of forty-five degrees, through the board and into the subfloor  12  as shown in  FIG. 2 . After the inertia braking pads have been installed, the installer can operate the new fastening tool  20 , during actual insertion of a fastener, in the same manner that the installer would employ a conventional fastener tool, such as staplers or nail guns. 
         [0043]      FIG. 9  is a view, similar to  FIG. 7 , in which a portion of the exterior housing or body  22  has been cut away to expose the piston  30  and the cylinder  24 . The cylinder  24  is formed within the body  22 , and the piston  30  is dimensioned to slide within cylinder  24 . The piston  30  is mounted on a piston rod  32 , which will be driven toward the front of the tool  20  when the cap  58  is struck with a mallet. A driving blade  34 , which fits within slot  48  on the foot will drive a fastener that is aligned with the driving blade  34 .  FIG. 10  is a view similar to  FIG. 9 , but it shows a bumper  36  that is located at the front of the cylinder  24 . The bumper  36  is cylindrical and has substantially the same diameter as the piston  30 . The bumper  36  is fabricated from a hard rubber or other elastomer and functions to prevent damage when the piston  30  is accelerated toward the front of the tool. At the end of its stroke, the piston  30  strikes the rubber bumper  36  and force that would otherwise impact the foot  28  or other portions of the body  22  or the tool will be dampened. The rubber bumper  36 , or a similar component, is employed with conventional pneumatic fastener tools, and in the preferred embodiment is a different component than the inertia braking pads  40  that will be subsequently described in greater detail. It should be understood that, in light of the description of the inertia braking pads  40  contained herein one of ordinary skill in the art, could modify a conventional bumper member to include both insertion depth control inertia braking functionality without sacrificing the impact protection offered by conventional bumpers. However, the preferred embodiment depicted herein, is still believed to offer the advantages of simplicity. 
         [0044]      FIG. 11  shows a stack of three inertia braking members or pads  40 , that are positioned between the rubber bumper  36  and the end of the cylinder  24  defined by the back face of the foot  28 . The inertia braking pads  40  are cylindrical and in this embodiment have the same diameter as the bumper  36 . Both the inertia braking pads  40  and the bumper  36  have a hole that will permit passage of the driving blade  34 . The inertia braking pads  40  can be fabricated from a foam, such as a closed or open cell polyolefin or other flexible foam or a thermoplastic or a thermoset or a hard rubber or from a semi hard rubber or elastomer or a natural material, such as cork or hevea, and or other materials. The inertia braking pads  40  are most often softer than the bumper  36 , with a different durometer as well as a different elasticity than the bumper  36 . In other words, the inertia braking pads  40  are more compressible than the bumper  36 , and will slow the final delivery of the fastener by gradually slowing the piston  30  and driving blade  34 . The inertia braking pads  40  will also bring the fastener to a controlled, precise final position that will not damage the wood. It is believed that the addition of the new member or members works with the bumper  36  in braking down the energy of the pneumatically driven piston in much the same way as multi layered armor brakes the energy of a projectile. It should be understood, however, that this explanation is merely an attempt to describe one possible explanation of the phenomena that has been observed and is not presented to limit or further define this invention. Future study may result in a more complete understanding of the underlying cause for the improved performance of this invention, and therefore this possible explanation does not limit the scope of the invention described herein. Although the inertia braking pads  40  are located between the bumper  36  and the foot  28  in  FIG. 11 , it should be understood that the inertia braking pads  40  can also be located between the bumper  36  and the piston  30 . Inertia braking pads  40  can also be positioned on opposite sides of the bumper  36 . Although a stack of three inertia braking pads  40  are shown in  FIG. 11 , it should be understood that fewer pads or more pads can be employed if needed, and the number and depth of the pads  40  can be altered.  FIG. 11  shows the piston  30  in a partially retracted position, spaced from the bumper  30 . Comparison of  FIG. 10  with  FIG. 11 , shows however that a smaller gap exits between the piston  30  and the bumper  36  in  FIG. 11  than in  FIG. 10  in which the addition of the inertia braking pads  40  has shifted the bumper toward the piston  30  in the partially retracted position.  FIG. 12  shows the tool  20  with the piston  30  near the extended position at the end of its stroke. At this point the inertia braking pads  40  are about to be placed under compression while the driving blade  34  is driving a staple, through the final portion of insertion through a hardwood board  2  and into the subfloor. The inertia braking pads  40  will compress to a greater degree than the bumper  36 , so that the fasteners will be gradually inserted to their proper depth during the final portion of the insertion stage. 
         [0045]    A representative example of the use of inertia braking pads  40  can employ three foam pads  40  in a stack. Each foam pad has an initial thickness of 2 mm. It has been observed that reliable insertion, without damage to standard NOFMA flooring, of a 15 gauge flooring staple having a standard ½ inch crown can employ three foam pads  40  having this initial or undeformed thickness. It has been observed that each of the three pads  40  are compressed during the piston stroke. It has been observed that the first pad  40 , adjacent to the piston  30  will be compressed to a final thickness of 1 mm. In other words the foam pad will be compressed by 1 mm. The middle pad  40  will also be compressed by the same amount, and will have a minimum thickness of 1 mm. The third pad  40  adjacent to the bumper  36  will only compress by 0.5 mm and will have a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm. The entire stack will be compressed by 2.5 mm and will have a final thickness of 3.5 mm. This example resulted in satisfactory performance for one staple gun. Other staple guns, including others having different factory bumpers, can employ an inertial braking system and inertial breaking pads having different dimensions, densities and characteristics. There does not appear to be a direct correlation between the cumulative pad thickness change during compression and the size of the staple nor the density of the wood flooring component. It is believed that the inertia braking performance of multiple pads in a stack is superior to the inertia braking performance of a single pad. 
         [0046]    It has been found that the combination of new components be it one, two, three, or more with the factory bumper  36  generates success in reaching insertion depth control for hardwood flooring staple  10 . It is believed that this depth control is also directly related to the chain reaction of collision as the piston  30  strikes the bumper  36  that in turn strikes the new member or members  40 , and thus generating the controlled final stop of the piston  30  and the drive blade  34 , and ultimately yielding the proper delivery of each staple  10  into the NOFMA v-notch groove  8  of  FIG. 1 . It is believed that in using a new additional member or members whose density and structure may often vary from that of the factory bumper  36  inserted inside cylinder  24  at or near the foot  28  is the preferred systematic resolution of the damage observed when staples have been inserted using prior art techniques, and most often yields a better and proper delivery and seating of the each staple  10  against the NOFMA v-notch bed  8  identified in  FIG. 1 . Although the precise reason for the improvement realized by employing multiple inertia braking members  40  or employing a stack, including a bumper  36 , is not fully understood, it may be that the vibrations imparted to the individual member in a stack are not transmitted continuously through the stack. Although each member will vibrate as a force is applied, the vibrations applied to the first member in the stack, may not be propagated directly to other members in the stack. As force is applied to subsequent members, each may vibrate, but the separation, even though minute, between members will prevent the stack from vibrating together, and will facilitate proper insertion of the staples into the wood without significant damage. 
         [0047]      FIG. 13  is an exploded view of a fastener tool  20 , such as that shown in  FIGS. 7-12 . The individual components of this tool including the inertial braking pads are identified as follows:
     20  fastener tool     22  tool body     24  cylinder     26  cylinder sleeve     28  foot     30  piston     32  piston rod     34  driving blade     36  bumper     38  return cylinder     40  inertia braking pad     42  pad opening     48  slot     50  adapter foot     52  handle     54  trigger     56  trigger cable     58  cap     60  magazine     62  air intake     
         [0068]    A piston assembly can be inserted into the cylinder  24  located in the tool body  22 . A cylinder sleeve  26  is located in the cylinder  24  and the piston  30  has an outer diameter equal to the inner diameter of the cylinder sleeve  26 . The piston rod  32  and the driving blade  34  are attached to the piston  30 . A return cylinder  38  is also located within the cylinder  24  along with appropriate seals that allow pneumatic pressure to drive the piston from the retracted position to the extended position in which the driving blade  34  will deliver a driving blow to a fastener or staple  10  aligned therewith. Pneumatic pressure will also act to retract the piston. The action of the piston  30  and the manner in which the pneumatic pressure acts to impart motion in opposite directions is conventional in nature and can be the same that is used in prior art pneumatic fastener tools, such as staplers and nail guns. The manner in which the pneumatic pressure acts on the piston  30  is not part of the instant invention and therefore a detailed description would be unnecessary to one of ordinary skill in the art. An external source of pneumatic pressure, such as a compressor, is attached by a hose though the input port  62  on the tool body at the base of the handle  52 . Examples of conventional fastener tools that can be modified by employing the inertia braking system described herein include the Powernail 445FS pneumatic stapler, the Duo-Fast 200-S model, the Bostitch MIIIFS model and the Primatech P-220 model. 
         [0069]    A foot  28 , having a slot, through which the driving blade  34  extends, is attached to the tool body  22  and closes the front of the cylinder  24 . A fastener magazine  60  is attachable to the tool  22  and fasteners, such as staples  10  housed in the magazine can be sequentially advanced in the foot for alignment with the driving blade  34 . A single fastener is advanced during each stroke of the piston  30  and driving blade  34 . An adapter foot  50  is attached to the front of the tool  20  so that the tool can be properly aligned with the hardwood flooring board to be attached to the subfloor. The operator grasps the handle  52  and strikes the cap  58  to activate the piston  30  and initiate each stroke. A trigger  54  is provided as a safety feature. The installer merely grasps the handle  52  to align the adapter foot or base  50  with the V-notch on a board  2  at the proper angle. While depressing the trigger  54 , the installer strikes the cap  58  with a mallet or other tool to drive each fastener into the board  2 , and then moves the tool to the next location at which the next fastener is to be applied. 
         [0070]    The bumper  36  and the inertia braking pads  40  can be inserted into the cylinder  24  before the foot  28  is fastened to the front of the tool body to close the cylinder  24 . If the inertia braking pads  40  need to be changed, that can be easily accomplished by removing the foot  28  to provide access to the cylinder  24 , after which the foot  28  is reattached. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the inertia braking pads  40  have openings or holes  42  that provide clearance for the driving blade  34 . The bumper  36  also has a central opening. 
         [0071]    The precise configuration of inertia braking pads  40  can differ depending upon the type of material that is employed as well as the specific fastener tool in which the inertia braking pads are used.  FIGS. 14A-C ,  15 A-C and  16 A-C show three of the many alternative configurations that may be employed. The thickness of the individual pads can also vary, but a thickness of 3-4 mm. has been found to be effective. The mass of material will be a significant factor in determining the inertia braking performance of the pads, and of course it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the precise dimensions may also affect the operation life of the pads. For example, the pads can be expected to lose some resiliency over their operating life, and the length of the operating life is one significant factor in choosing a specific design. As is especially apparent in the section views  16 B- 16 C a foam material, such as an open or a closed cell polyolefin foam, is one material that has been found to be effective. However, other types of materials known to those of ordinary skill in the art can also be suitable. It is not even necessary that the individual pads be uniform. A laminate of different materials could be employed. As previously discussed, these inertia braking pads could also be combined with the bumper member in certain situations. For example, a laminate subassembly having different sections performing different functions could be employed. A compromise material may also be employed that will provide adequate protection for the fastener tool as well as proper fastener insertion, even if neither function is performed to the same level as would be achieved with separate members. This could allow elimination of the bumper used in conventional fastener tools. 
         [0072]      FIG. 17  is a photograph showing an example of the insertion of staples  10 A- 10 C into hardwood flooring  2  on top of a wood subfloor  12  using the prior art technique. These staples  10  were inserted into a V-notch bed  8  using a conventional fastener tool  20  that did not employ the inertia braking system or include inertia braking pads. Splits  100  emanate from each staple  10 A- 10 C and a virtually continuous split extends along the NOFMA v-notch  8 . A comparison of the staples  10 A- 10 C with the staples  10 D- 10 F in  FIG. 18  shows that the staples  10 A- 10 C are less visible indicating countersinking due to the excessive insertion depth of these staples. It is estimated that only forty percent of each staple crown is visible in this example. 
         [0073]    No splits emanate from staples  10 D- 10 F in  FIG. 18 , which have been inserted using the inertia braking system depicted in the representative embodiment. The metallic surface of staples  10 D- 10 F is clearly visible, especially when compared with staples  10 A- 10 C in  FIG. 17 . The visibility of these metallic staples shows that overinsertion has been avoided and there is no visible countersinking around any of the staples  10 D- 10 F. No splits are evident in the vicinity of any of the staples  10 D- 10 F or along the NOFMA v-notch  8 . 
         [0074]    Although  FIG. 17  does show surface splits  100 , it should be understood that the depth of these splits  100  is not evident. It has been found that the depth of the splits  100  shown in  FIG. 17  can be up to ¼ inch to ½ inch in certain locations. It has been found that significant splits will occur when the crown of the staple significantly penetrates the wood when the staple is over inserted. If the staple crown is pressed and thrust through the fibrous grain tissue of the board and is countersunk into the board, the staple crown forms a wedge. This penetration will generate sufficient energy to form an explosive split which will shear the wood. Such a split will not be confined to the surface nor will it form only a hairline split. It will penetrate deep into the body of the wood. The invention disclosed herein will reduce overpenetration of the staple, and especially the staple crown, and has been found to reduce both the incidence and severity of such splits. 
         [0075]    Other configurations that do not employ a polymeric material might also be employed. For example, wave springs of the appropriate size and material might provide inertia braking. The inertia braking system can also be modified for use in installing decking. Although staples are the common type of fastener with which the inertia braking system is employed, it may also be employed in tools intended for use with cleats to install flooring boards. The inertia braking members could also be modified so that the member or members are attached to the piston instead of being placed in the cylinder. It should therefore be apparent that the instant invention is not limited to the embodiments depicted herein, and the invention is instead defined by claims.

Summary:
An apparatus and method of installing a hardwood floor employs a pneumatic or other impact fastener tool to drive staples, cleats, nails or other fasteners at a prescribed angle into and through the tongue of a solid or engineered hardwood flooring board having a standard profile and into a subfloor. The tool and method employs at least one inertia braking member, such as pads formed of rubber, foam, cork or other materials, that cushion the impact of a driving blade on the fastener and slow the final insertion of the fastener into the wood. Damage to the wood, such as splitting, shearing, pinching or puckering is prevented and overwood-underwood problems that are related to pinching and puckering do not arise. The inertia braking members are positioned inside a cylinder in which the driving piston and blade move and are easily replaceable when worn.