anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Action: Chloroquine, a 4-aminoquinoline, is an anti-protozoal agent. The precise mechanism by which chloroquine exhibits activity is not known. Chloroquine, may exert its effect against Plasmodium species by concentrating in the acid vesicles of the parasite and by inhibiting polymerization of heme. It can also inhibit certain enzymes by its interaction with DNA.

Activity in Vitro and in Clinical Infections: Chloroquine is active against the erythrocytic forms of susceptible strains of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax. Chloroquine is not active against the gametocytes and the exoerythrocytic forms including the hypnozoite stage (P. vivax and P. ovale) of the Plasmodium parasites.

In vitro studies with Chloroquine demonstrated that it is active against the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica.   


Drug Resistance: Resistance of Plasmodium parasites to chloroquine is widespread (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE, Limitations of Use in Malaria and WARNINGS).

Plasmodium parasites exhibiting reduced susceptibility to hydroxychloroquine also show reduced susceptibility to chloroquine.  


Patients in whom chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine have failed to prevent or cure clinical malaria or parasitemia, or patients who acquired malaria in a geographic area where chloroquine resistance is known to occur should be treated with another form of antimalarial therapy (see WARNINGS and INDICATIONS AND USAGE, Limitations of Use).
Participants randomized to NTLA-2002 (2 dose levels), will receive a single dose of NTLA-2002 on Day 1 and will then be followed for 104 weeks. Primary observation period is 16 weeks.
The alveolar cleft is a maxillary bone defect resulting from incomplete fusion of the medial nasal process (MNP) and maxillary process (MXP) during embryonic development. Alveoloplasty may be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary depending on the age of the patient. Literature defines primary when the alveoloplasty is performed at the same time as soft tissue repair. If performed at the age of 8 to 9 years before the eruption of the permanent canine, it is classified as secondary; it is classified as late secondary or tertiary if performed in the elderly. For patients with cleft lip and palate, secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) of the cleft alveolar ridge is performed when the patient has mixed dentition; SABG is a procedure that aims to create a bony bridge that restores dental arch continuity, repair the oronasal fistula, provide support to the structure of the alar base, facilitate subsequent orthodontic treatment, and promote tooth eruption. Autologous bone grafting is the gold standard for treating alveolar clefts, with the iliac crest bone being the most widely accepted donor site. Other materials such as growth factors, combinations of improved scaffolds and cell treatment/growth factors, biocomposites, and hemostatic agents can be used to regenerate bone and have been the subjects of intensive research.
OBJECTIVES: The association between the amount of physical activity and the brain structure in patients with stroke is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the structural characteristics of the brain in patients with chronic stroke engaging in varying levels of physical activity.
METHODS: This study included 10 healthy participants and 10 patients with stroke. Structural images were obtained, and the physical activity of patients with stroke was measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Additionally, the brain structure was assessed using voxel-based morphometry for gray and white matter volumes. The analysis software used were Statistical Parametric Mapping 12 and MATLAB version R2020a. The differences in brain structure between healthy participants and stroke patients were investigated. The brain regions associated with the amount of physical activity were analyzed.
RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the gray matter volume of the contralesional cerebellum and ipsilesional thalamus in stroke patients when compared with healthy participants (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Patients with stroke showed a positive correlation between physical activity and the volume of the ipsilesional precentral gyrus and ipsilesional entorhinal area (p < 0.001, uncorrected).
CONCLUSIONS: The amount of physical activity in patients with chronic hemiplegic stroke is associated with brain gray matter mass.
The invention discloses applications of WSB-1 protein in preparing drugs for treating osteosarcoma or products for diagnosing osteosarcoma and predicting osteosarcoma metastasis. The amino acid sequence of the WSB-1 protein is shown as SEQ ID No:1. The drugs for treating osteosarcoma comprise double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) capable of inhibiting expression of WSB-1 gene through RNA interference, or protein for inhibiting the activity of the WSB-1 protein, or a small-molecular compound for inhibiting the functions of the WSB-1 protein. The products for diagnosing osteosarcoma and predicting the osteosarcoma metastasis include products for diagnosing osteosarcoma and predicting the osteosarcoma metastasis through RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), real-time quantitative PCR, immunodetection, in-situ hybridization or a gene chip. By applying the WSB-1 protein, the accuracy for diagnosing osteosarcoma and predicting the osteosarcoma metastasis can be improved, so that the osteosarcoma diagnosis is more accurate and faster. The WSB-1 protein provides a new therapeutic target and a new effective drug for preventing and treating the osteosarcoma.
The study was planned as a prospective case control study. The study will be conducted on 100 Behçet's patients aged 18-70 years who were diagnosed with Behçet's disease according to the International Behçet's diagnostic criteria and 100 healthy controls similar in age and gender who applied to Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine Dermatology outpatient clinic between June 2023 and September 2024. Routine clinical evaluations of all patients will be performed. Demographic characteristics (age, gender), clinical features of the disease and medications used will be recorded. Patients will be included in the study after the relevant department consultations for system involvement. Skin and mucous membrane findings seen in the last 1 month will be recorded. Blood samples will be taken from all participants and analysed in the Genetics laboratory of our hospital. DNA isolation will be performed with DNA isolation kit from peripheral blood in EDTA tube taken from patients during routine examinations. DNA samples will be stored at -20 degrees Celsius until the time of the study. After collecting the targeted number of samples, Factor II G20210A, Factor V Leiden G1691A, MTHFR (Methylene Tetra Hydro Folate Reductase) C677T, MTHFR A1298C, Factor XIII V34L, PAI (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) 4G/5G SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) analyses will be performed with the thrombophilia panel kit. This analysis will be performed by fragment analysis method on the ABI 3130 Genetic analyser device in the Medical Genetics Laboratory. Firstly, PCR study will be performed with the thrombophilia panel kit, the plate with patient DNA will be loaded into the capillary electrophoresis device and the analyses will be interpreted and finalised with GeneMapper software.
An assay for ADP is described in which the ADP is detected by means of an ADP-binding protein. A direct assay format may be used in which labelled ADP is generated from a labelled precursor. The signal generated by the labelled ADP is detected when the ADP is bound to the ADP-binding protein. Alternatively, in a preferred embodiment, an indirect assay format may be used in which a competitor of ADP is present. The competitor of ADP or the ADP-binding protein is labelled. A signal is generated when the competitor binds to the ADP-binding protein, and the signal is reduced in the presence of ADP. If ATP is present in the sample, the assay may also include a step of modifying the ATP such that it cannot bind to the ADP-binding protein.
Behçet' s disease (BD) is a complex, inflammatory multisystem disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of oral ulcers, genital ulcers, cutaneous lesions, and inflammatory ocular finding. The vascular inflammatory change is known to be the main histopathology. There is no sensitive or specific laboratory test or pathologic findings , the diagnosis relies heavily on mucocutaneous manifestations and other clinical findings.

In the previous studies,In order to diagnose and monitor disease activity in BD, many cytokines and biomarkers have been identified such as increased blood levels of neopterin, a1-antitrypsin, a2- macroglobulin were correlated with disease activity. Some markers including interleukin-6, -interleukin1b, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), thrombomodulin, E-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor, antilysozyme(5), serum endocan, serum growth differentiation factor (GDF-15), serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and homocysteine had been considered as inflammatory indicators in BD, However, they are not routinely used in clinical practice as they are not simple or easily derived. Limitations of these markers also include the reflection of short-term inflammatory activity and low discrimination ability with other superimposed inflammatory conditions.

Currently, the platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), and similar parameters (red blood cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which can be calculated from the peripheral blood easily, have been demonstrated as a new expression of the systemic inflammatory indicators that can aid in the diagnosis and assessment of disease severity in many diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis,rheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,and psoriatic Arthritis.nevertheless, only a few studies have investigated RDW, NLR, PLR, or MPV values in patients with BD, none of which have evaluated the role of LMR in BD, not even the relationships between LMR, PLR levels, and disease activity in patients with BD. The mean size of the thrombocytes have been reported on the blood count as mean platelet volume (MPV). MPV is indirectly associated with the activity of platelets. Large platelets are more active than small ones by means of metabolic and enzymatic function. In addition, they also have a higher potential of thrombogenicity. LMR is an easy-to-calculate indicator that can be calculated by leukocyte subgroup of complete blood count. Also, it has been reported that LMR ratio might have prognostic importance for some diseases. Therefore, to better understand these serum inflammatory parameters in BD and to gain deeper insight into the roles of LMR, MPV, NLR and PLR in BD, a prospective study to assess them all together in BD Will conducted
INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) in the novel light-emitting diode endoscopic system for polyp detection has not been examined. We aimed to evaluate the noninferiority of the additional 30-second (Add-30-s) observation of the right-sided colon (cecum/ascending colon) with TXI compared with narrow band imaging (NBI) for detecting missed polyps.
METHODS: We enrolled 381 patients ≥40 years old who underwent colonoscopy from September 2021 to June 2022 in 3 institutions and randomly assigned them to either the TXI or NBI groups. The right-sided colon was first observed with white light imaging in both groups. Second, after reinsertion from hepatic flexure to the cecum, the right-sided colon was observed with Add-30-s observation of either TXI or NBI. The primary endpoint was to examine the noninferiority of TXI to NBI using the mean number of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions per patient. The secondary ones were to examine adenoma detection rate, adenoma and sessile serrated lesions detection rates, and polyp detection rates in both groups.
RESULTS: The TXI and NBI groups consisted of 177 and 181 patients, respectively, and the noninferiorities of the mean number of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions per patients in the second observation were significant (TXI 0.29 [51/177] vs NBI 0.30 [54/181], P < 0.01). The change in adenoma detection rate, adenoma and sessile serrated lesions detection rate, and polyp detection rate for the right-sided colon between the TXI and NBI groups were not different (10.2%/10.5% [ P = 0.81], 13.0%/12.7% [ P = 0.71], and 15.3%/13.8% [ P = 0.71]), respectively.
DISCUSSION: Regarding Add-30-s observation of the right-sided colon, TXI was noninferior to NBI.
Patients receive cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg IV on days -6 and -5. Patients also undergo total body irradiation (TBI) twice daily on days -4 to -1 for a total of 1320 cGY..
Haemonchus contortus is known for its high pathogenicity in sheep, and the uncontrolled use of anthelmintics resulted in the emergence of multiple drug-resistant populations. Breeding sheep for gastrointestinal nematode resistance is a sustainable alternative to reduce dependence of anthelmintic drugs, and differences in the degree of resistance between breeds have been reported. Here we compare two sheep breeds (Santa Ines and Ile de France), concerning the differences in innate and adaptive immune response involved in the resistance against H. contortus infection. Immunohistochemical analyses of the abomasum were conducted in naïve Santa Ines (n = 14) and Ile de France (n = 12) lambs randomized into four groups: infected Santa Ines (n = 8), non-infected control Santa Ines (n = 6), infected Ile de France (n = 8), and non-infected control Ile de France (n = 4). The infected lambs were initially infected with H. contortus infective larvae at 14 days of age, and multiple infections were conducted every second day until they reached 66 days of age. There was a significant effect (P < 0.001) of the infection with increase in numbers of CD3+ T; CD79α+ B; GATA3+ Th2/ILC2; POU2F3+ tuft cells; FOXP3+ T reg; and IgE + cells in the fundus of the abomasal mucosa in both Santa Ines and Ile de France lambs. Nevertheless, the infected Santa Ines lambs presented the highest averages for CD79α+ B; GATA3+ Th2/ILC; IgE + cells; and POU2F3+ tuft cells and there was a significant association of the breed and infection status with regards to POU2F3+ tuft cells, with the highest mean in the infected Santa Ines group. The infected Santa Ines group had three lambs with high degree of resistance and five lambs that showed a moderate infection. Our results suggest a mechanism of synergistic coordination between different immune-cell types in promoting resistance of suckling lambs under H. contortus infection.
Despite breakthroughs of immunotherapy synergistically combined with blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, several patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) experience non-response or followed relapse. Organized lymphoid aggregates, termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), are found to be associated with improved response to immunotherapy. Here, we explore the landscapes of TLSs in tumour tissues from a real-world retrospective study. Our investigation showed that with a median follow-up of 11.2 months, the ORR was 28.6% (18/63, 95% CI 17.9-41.3) and the median PFS was 6.1 (95% CI 5.5-6.6) months in NSCLC patients treated with PD-1 blockade combined with anlotinib. By multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) analysis, spatially, more TLSs and high CD20+ B-cell ratio in TLSs were associated with higher ORR. High density of intratumoral CD8+ T cells showed better ORR and PFS. The numbers of CD8+ T cells with a distance within 20 μm and 20-50 μm between tumour cells were higher in responders than non-responders. But responders had significantly higher TLSs within 20 μm rather than within 20-50 μm of tumour cells than non-responders. The inflamed immunophenotyping occupied higher proportions in responders and was associated with better PFS. Besides, tumour cells in non-responders were found more temporal cell-in-cell structures than responders, which could protect inner cells from T-cell attacks. Taken together, landscape of TLSs and proximity architecture may imply superior responses to PD-1 blockade combined with anlotinib for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to analyze the genetic outcomes of fetuses with nuchal translucency (NT) > 95th centile, and determine whether prenatal genetic counseling, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) or non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) are truly beneficial for the outcomes of fetuses with increased NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 535 pregnant women were included in this study, with a fetal NT > 95th centile at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation from January 2017 to December 2020. 324 pregnant women with fetal NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile combined with other risk factors and NT > 99th centile received prenatal diagnostic karyotype analysis and CMA, and 211 pregnant women with fetal isolated increased NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile were selected to carry out NIPT.
RESULTS: A total of 211 pregnant women who underwent NIPT were included in the study, NIPT results showed that 8 high-risk cases were confirmed by prenatal diagnosis. Overall, the detection rate of NIPT was 3.79%. A total of 324 pregnant women with fetal NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile, along with other risk factors, and those with fetal NT > 99th centile, received karyotype analysis and CMA for prenatal diagnosis. Among them, a total of 73 genetic abnormalities were detected, including 45 cases of chromosomal aneuploidy, 7 cases of structural abnormalities, and 21 cases of copy number variations (CNVs) with a size of less than 10 Mb. In addition, the 73 women with genetic abnormalities are divided into three groups based on the NT measurement (Group 1: Fetuses with NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile, Group 2: Fetuses with NT > 99th centile, and Group 3: Fetuses with NT > 99th centile). 13.11% (8/61) of pathogenic genetic abnormalities (6 chromosomal aneuploidy, 1 structural abnormality, and 1 likely pathogenic CNV) will be missed if genetic counseling and prenatal genetic testing were not conducted in fetuses with increased NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile combined with other risks. Pathogenic CNVs were the most common abnormalities in group 3, and one likely pathogenic CNV was detected in group 1 and group 3, respectively, and a total of 14 CNVs of unknown clinical significance (VOUS) were detected.
CONCLUSIONS: Through this study, we demonstrated that the critical value of NT > 95th centile for invasive detection or NIPT. Invasive testing combined with CMA may be recommended for fetuses with NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile and with other risks. But when isolated NT > 95th centile and below 99th centile, NIPT would be appropriate.
This study aims to investigate the effects of intraoral cold water spray on thirst, frequency of oral care and postoperative period pain at surgical incision site in patients having abdominal surgery. The study was carried out as a randomized controlled trial, registered under Clinical Trial Number: NCT05940818. The study involved 110 participants, divided equally into two groups (n = 55): the experimental group and the control group. Data were collected using patient information form, NRS, Intensive Care Oral Care Frequency Assessment Scale (ICOCFAS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The severity of thirst at 1st, 8th, 16th h of post-operative period (p < 0.01) and the frequency of oral care application at 16th h were statistically significantly decreased in the experimental group when compared to the control group (p < 0.01).There wasn't statistically significant difference between the patients in the experimental and control groups in terms of pain at surgical incision site (p > 0.05). The patient's thirst and need for frequent oral care in the postoperative period were reduced by the application of a cold water spray. In patients undergoing abdominal surgery, the use of cold water spray application may be recommended to reduce thirst and the need for frequency of oral care application.
* Prior to administration, LEQEMBI must be diluted in 250 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.   

  * Use aseptic technique when preparing the LEQEMBI diluted solution for intravenous infusion.   

  * Calculate the dose (mg), the total volume (mL) of LEQEMBI solution required, and the number of vials needed based on the patient’s actual body weight and the recommended dose of 10 mg/kg. Each vial contains a LEQEMBI concentration of 100 mg/mL.  

  * Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Check that the LEQEMBI solution is clear to opalescent and colorless to pale yellow. Do not use if opaque particles, discoloration, or other foreign particles are present.   

  * Remove the flip-off cap from the vial. Insert the sterile syringe needle into the vial through the center of the rubber stopper.   

  * Withdraw the required volume of LEQEMBI from the vial(s) and add to an infusion bag containing 250 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.  

  * Each vial is for one-time use only. Discard any unused portion.  

  * Gently invert the infusion bag containing the LEQEMBI diluted solution to mix completely. Do not shake.   

  * After dilution, immediate use is recommended [see Description (11)]. If not administered immediately, store LEQEMBI refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for up to 4 hours, or at room temperature up to 30°C (86°F) for up to 4 hours. Do not freeze.
This is a longitudinal-experimental study. The data collection and analysis are in a single-blind manner. The study will be undertaken in the Department Orthopaedics of En Chu Kong hospital (approximate 500-bed regional teaching hospital). All patients who meet the inclusion criteria are admitted for primary total knee arthroplasty and assigned to control group or intervention group randomly. The 44 patients in the control group received routine guidance of " Rehabilitation and precautions for artificial knee replacement ". In addition to the routine guidance, the 44 patients in the intervention group received educations of " hiking poles exercise " on the day before surgery and before discharge, as well as a follow-up call at least once a week after discharge.
Inflammation and pain are intertwined responses to injury, infection, or chronic diseases. While acute inflammation is essential in determining pain resolution and opioid analgesia, maladaptive processes occurring during resolution can lead to the transition to chronic pain. Here we found that inflammation activates the cytosolic DNA-sensing protein stimulator of IFN genes (STING) in dorsal root ganglion nociceptors. Neuronal activation of STING promotes signaling through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and triggers an IFN-β response that mediates pain resolution. Notably, we found that mice expressing a nociceptor-specific gain-of-function mutation in STING exhibited an IFN gene signature that reduced nociceptor excitability and inflammatory hyperalgesia through a KChIP1-Kv4.3 regulation. Our findings reveal a role of IFN-regulated genes and KChIP1 downstream of STING in the resolution of inflammatory pain.