anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
Classic infraclavicular approach of the brachial plexus involves a needle puncture below the clavicle and advancing the needle with a 45-60 degree angle from cephalad to caudad. The aim is to advanced the block needle posterior to the axillary artery and to deposit the local anesthetic at that point, near the posterior cord. A "U" shaped spread around the artery should ensure distribution around all three cords. Ultrasound guidance is highly recommended and neurostimulation is optional.

The retroclavicular approach is a variant to this classical technique. Ultrasound probe is positioned initially below the clavicle in a manner similar to the classic approach but is then rotated in a clockwise fashion (right arm) or counter-clockwise fashion (left arm) for about 25-35 degrees. The puncture site is just behind the clavicle at the most lateral point available. If initial entry point is optimal, needle direction is then parallel to ultrasound probe. The final aim and position of block needle is identical to classical approach. Entry point ensures a parallel alignment of the needle and the ultrasound beam, thus enabling almost perfect visualization of both artery, cords and block needle. This is turn optimizes safety, rapidity of technique, efficiency and efficacy.

It is recognized that regional anesthesia is more difficult to perform in obese patients. Anatomic landmarks are harder to localize in this population and ultrasound guidance is more difficult because of the attenuation of the ultrasound beam by adipose tissue. The complication rate of regional techniques is also reported to be higher in the obese patient population.
The I-THINC program will address aspects of cognition (i.e., reaction time/processing speed, working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, attention, and dual-tasking) while completing common movement patterns utilized in tennis (i.e., lateral shuffle, rapid acceleration/deceleration, and postural stability). The proposed program will take place in the participants training facility. The program will be implemented twice per week for six weeks (12 sessions) with each session lasting 20 minutes. To add variety, there will be two complementary programs (A and B) comprising of four exercises increasing in complexity every two weeks. Each week participants will complete Program A during the first session and Program B during the second session.Exercises will progressively challenge cognitive and physical demand. Exercises were designed to address the most common injuries in tennis.
The nerve stimulator will be connected to the epidural catheter through an adapter, which will be primed with a standard volume of 3 ml of sterile normal saline to allow for effective electrical conduction. The cathode terminal of the stimulator will then be attached to the metal hub of the adapter and the anode terminal will be connected to the electrode placed over the deltoid muscle. All patients will have the trans-catheter electric stimulation test (TCEST) performed with both a 1 ms pulse width and 0.1 ms pulse width and the order of administration will be randomized.
ESD is a newer resection technique that allows en bloc resection for large LSLs. A submucosal injection is also needed but, in this case, different endo-knives are used to achieve the resection instead of diathermic snares. The en bloc resection allows a more precise pathological analysis and the risk of recurrence is lower (\<2%) when margins are tumor-free.
Radiotherapy (RT) forms an integral role in the multi modality management of diffuse gliomas. Radiation is indicated in low-grade gliomas with high-risk features or high-grade gliomas following maximal safe resection. Higher doses of RT can lead to symptomatic radio-necrosis (RN) in approximately 5-15% of patients, typically within the first 2-3 years of RT completion. Development of RN can lead to significant morbidity with new-onset or worsening of pre-existing neurodeficit with substantial implications on quality of life, and in extreme situations, can lead to mortality as well. The pathogenesis of RN is multi factorial, with a complex interplay of vascular-mediated damage and injury to glial cells primarily postulated through the activation of several inflammatory markers like tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Corticosteroids, preferably dexamethasone, form the first line of management of RN, with variable response rates ranging from 25-60%, impacted by several factors like a dose of RT and response evaluation methods (neurological/ radiographic). The response rate in our practice concurs with the reported literature with combined clinical and radiological responses seen in approximately 50% of patients from institutional experience and audit. It is important to note the long-standing use of corticosteroids comes at the cost of complications like hyperglycemia, myopathy, and increased risk of infections precluding prolonged use. Also, a proportion of patients remain refractory to steroids or turn out to be dependent on steroids, where bevacizumab (anti-angiogenic agent) can be used as second-line therapy in appropriately selected patients. However, the major disadvantages of bevacizumab remain intravenous administration requiring regular hospital visits, treatment costs, and concerns for related toxicities like hypertension, and intracranial or extracranial haemorrhage. Other agents like hyperbaric oxygen therapy, pentoxifylline, and tocopherol have been suggested in refractory radionecrosis, with questionable benefits. Sodium-copper-Chlorophyllin is a phytopharmaceutical drug obtained from the green plant pigment chlorophyll. It is a semi-synthetic mixture of sodium copper salts derived from chlorophyll. Chlorophyllin scavenges RT-induced free radicals and reactive oxygen species. It is used as a food colorant and over-the-counter in the USA, Japan, Australia, and China for many years for a variety of health benefits, including prevention of body odor in geriatric patients, enhanced wound healing, antibacterial action, prevention of cancer in the high-risk population exposed to hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1, treatment of fecal incontinence, etc. Studies have shown that Chlorophyllin has immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects in addition to antioxidant and radioprotective properties. It increases the expression of a transcription factor (protein) Nrf2, improving lymphocyte survival and enabling efficient detoxification after RT exposure. Chlorophyllin also delays microtubule polymerization and slows cell division in normal cells.
PURPOSE:An agent for external use useful as a remedy for attack of angina pectoris, etc., absorbable continuously from the skin, obtained by blending nifedipine as an active ingredient with one or more of an alcohol, a ketone, a polyhydric alcohol, an acid amide, a fatty acid, a surface active agent, etc. CONSTITUTION:Nifedipine useful as a remedy for attack of angina pectoris, hypertension, etc., having coronary vasodilating action, as an active ingredient is dissolved in one or more components selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, a ketone, a polyhydric alcohol, its carbonate, an acid amide, a fatty acid, and a surface active agent as a solubilizer. The amount of the solubilizer used is 0.5-50pts.wt., preferably 2-35pts.wt. based on 1pt.wt. nifedipine. In the pharmaceutical manufacturing, nifedipine is dispersed or dissolved in the solubilizer with heating, and the dispersion or the solution is blended with a base, or nifedipine is added to the base which is previously blended with the solubilizer.
There were 33 for Hepatocellular carcinoma between February 2010 to December 2013. All patients were staged according to the tumor-node metastasis (TNM) system and appraised by the hospital tumor board conference. After surgery, an attending physician followed up patients by tumor marker and imaging as standard treatment as well as diagnosed its recurrence. In addition, all recurrence cases had standard treatments till the end of life. The survival was classified as the dates between the operation and the death.
FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves administering chemical irritants. Paste containing 15-18 mg of histidine into receiving cavity as close to tooth-forming organ as possible after making external cortical plate trepanation. Coal tar in celluloid capsule having two holes of 0.2 mm diameter and total mass of 25-30 mg is introduced into the second receiving cavity located 15-20 mm distal with respect to last tooth projection. Inlet openings of the receiving cavities are filled with metal fillings. Then, draining opening is built in cortical layer of a jaw 6-7 mm distal with respect to the second receiving cavity. The irritants are left for 3-6 months. EFFECT: easy implementation; reduced risk of traumatic complications; avoided inflammation. 6 dwg
The invention relates to dried mussel liver nourishing and kidney invigorating bath powder and a production method thereof. The dried mussel liver nourishing and kidney invigorating bath powder comprises a drug powder bag and a perfume bag, wherein the drug powder bag is prepared from the following raw materials by weight: 35-45 parts of dried mussel, 10-16 parts of cissus assamica, 10-16 parts of oryia digyna(l.)hill, 5-8 parts of millingtonia hortensis l. f, 5-8 parts of laggera alata (d. don) sch. -bip. ex oliv, 5-8 parts of spirodela polyrhiza, 5-8 parts of rosa davurica pall, 3-6 parts of annular holostemma, 3-6 parts of dracontomelon duperreanum pierre, 3-6 parts of herb of viola chaerophylloides, and 3-6 parts of peperomia dindygulensis miq, and the perfume bag is prepared from the following raw materials by weight: 10-12 parts of rose, 8-10 parts of rosa chinensis, 6-8 parts of citrus aurantium l, 3-5 parts of lilac, and 3-5 parts of lavender. The main steps of the production method comprise that (1) the drug powder bag production steps comprise: A, raw material pre-treatment, B, soaking, evaporation to achieve a dried state, chopping, and baking-frying, C, filtration liquid extracting, D, centrifugal separation and solution mixing, and E, concentration and drying; (2) a perfume bag is produced; and (3) the drug powder bag and the perfume bag are packaged into a packaging bag so as to prepare the finished product. According to the present invention, after the dried mussel liver nourishing and kidney invigorating bath powder is used for a long time, the effects of liver and kidney invigorating, blood and essence benefiting, kidney warming and yang helping can be provided.
The patent describes the application of Sub-Critical Water Extraction (SWE) to a range of medicinal plants traditionally used in Europe or Asia to produce pharmaceutical extracts. The extraction of the following plants is covered by the scope of this patent:  Rosmarinus officinalis  (rosemary) and related species  Matricaria recutita  (German chamomile) and related species  Cassia angustifolia  (senna) and related species  Valeriana officinalis  (valerian) and related species  Scutellaria baicalensis  (Baikal skullcap) and related species  Schisandra chinensis  (Wuweizu) and related species.  Zingiber 
 officinale  (ginger) and related species.  Astragalus Membranaceus  and related species. It is demonstrated that SWE can produce materials essentially similar, as indicated by chromatographic fingerprint, to extracts produced using conventional solvents with polarity in the range approximately represented by 50% aqueous ethanol through to methanol. Thus as the subcritical water extracts of the herbs as described in this invention are demonstrated to exhibit a composition essentially similar to that of the corresponding methanol or aqueous alcohol extract, then it can be expected that these extracts will exhibit comparable pharmacological activities to these and to the compounds contained therein. In addition to the above claims relating to the extraction of the plant material, as the water solubility of many of the active compounds is low, both oral formulations and topical formulations which improve the bioavailability and hence efficacy of the extracts are included.
Hypercalcemia may occur during doxercalciferol treatment. Acute hypercalcemia may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and seizures and may potentiate the effect of digitalis on the heart [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Chronic hypercalcemia can lead to generalized vascular calcification and other soft-tissue calcification. Severe hypercalcemia may require emergency attention.

Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by concomitant administration of high doses of calcium-containing preparations, thiazide diuretics, or other vitamin D compounds [see Drug Interactions (7)]. In addition, high intake of calcium and phosphate concomitantly with vitamin D compounds may lead to hypercalciuria and hyperphosphatemia. Patients with a history of hypercalcemia prior to initiating therapy may be at increased risk for development of hypercalcemia with doxercalciferol. In these circumstances, frequent serum calcium monitoring and doxercalciferol dose adjustments may be required.

When initiating doxercalciferol or adjusting doxercalciferol dose, measure serum calcium frequently (weekly in patients with CKD on dialysis or every 2 weeks for patients with stage 3 or 4 CKD). Once a maintenance dose has been established, measure serum calcium monthly for 3 months and then every 3 months. If hypercalcemia occurs, reduce the dose or discontinue doxercalciferol until serum calcium is normal [see Dosage and Administration (2)].

Inform patients about the symptoms of elevated calcium (feeling tired, difficulty thinking clearly, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, increased thirst, increased urination and weight loss) and instruct them to report new or worsening symptoms when they occur.
<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To investigate an important molecule present in a suprachiasmatic nucleus as a rhythm center in the deep portion of a brain and adjusting body rhythm, to thereby provide a medicine for body dysrhythmia, and to provide a method for screening the same.  <P>SOLUTION: The invention has clarified that RGS16 specifically expressed in the clock cells of dorsomedial portion of suprachiasmatic nucleus is controlled by the cellular clock and ticks an evident 24 hour rhythm. The RGS16 specifically binds to Gαi, and rhythmically controls adenylic acid cyclase activity. Consequently, the highly morning-specific rhythm of cAMP appears. This causes a sudden increase in morning CRE activity in nuclei through both the passages of PKA system and MEK system. This hastens the transcription timing of the core feedback loop of clock genes controlled by E-box/D-box. A cell or tissue having RGS16, a substance giving an effect to the RGS16, or a substance affected by the RGS16 can be used to screen a medicine for body dysrhythmia.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT
FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves removing fat and connective tissue from milt of fish, homogenization, filtration, centrifugation, precipitate washing with Ringer solution, ultrasonic oscillation treatment. The obtained solution is purified by ion-exchange chromatography, treatment with acetic anhydride at ratio protamine : acetic anhydride = (1:100)-(1:300) followed by isolation of the end product by chromatography. The obtained product is used for heparin inactivation. EFFECT: increased antiheparinic activity. 1 dwg
Human monoclonal antibodies binding to epitopes common to type 1 and 2 HCV are provided, as well as conformationally conserved HCV E2 2a and 2b proteins. Compositions comprising the antibodies find use in diagnosis and therapy. The antibodies recognize conformational epitopes that are conserved across multiple genotypes of HCV. Thus the antibodies have the potential to be useful in the prevention and treatment of the majority of HCV infections. A subset of the antibodies (CBH-2, CBH-5, CBH-7, CBH-8C, CBH-8E, and CBH-11) have the ability to prevent the binding of HCV E2 proteins of multiple genotypes to human CD81, a possible co-receptor for HCV infection. A subset of the antibodies (CBH-2 and CBH-5) have been shown to inhibit the binding of HCV virions (as opposed to purified E2 protein) to human CD81. A further subset of the antibodies (CBH-4D, CBH4B, CBH-8C, and CBH-9) have been shown to prevent HCV envelope mediated fusion using an HCV psuedotype system.
Aspermia has been reported in man. Animal studies suggest that teratogenic effects may occur. See WARNINGS regarding impaired fertility. Animal studies have shown metaphase arrest and degenerative changes in germ cells. Amenorrhea has occurred in some patients treated with the combination consisting of an alkylating agent, procarbazine, prednisone and vinblastine sulfate. Its occurrence was related to the total dose of these four agents used. Recovery of menses was frequent. The same combination of drugs given to male patients produced azoospermia; if spermatogenesis did return, it was not likely to do so with less than two years of unmaintained remission. 

Mutagenicity—Tests in Salmonella typhimurium and with the dominant lethal assay in mice failed to demonstrate mutagenicity. Sperm abnormalities have been noted in mice. Vinblastine sulfate has produced an increase in micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells of mice; however, since vinblastine sulfate inhibits mitotic spindle formation, it cannot be concluded that this is evidence of mutagenicity. Additional studies in mice demonstrated no reduction in fertility of males. Chromosomal translocations did occur in male mice. First-generation male offspring of these mice were not heterozygous translocation carriers. 

In vitro tests using hamster lung cells in culture have produced chromosomal changes, including chromatid breaks and exchanges, whereas tests using another type of hamster cell failed to demonstrate mutation. Breaks and aberrations were not observed on chromosome analysis of marrow cells from patients being treated with this drug. 

It is not clear from the literature how this drug affects synthesis of DNA and RNA. Some believe that there is no interference. Others believe that vinblastine interferes with nucleic acid metabolism but may not do so by direct effect but possibly as the result of biochemical disturbance in some other part of the molecular organization of the cell. No inhibition of RNA synthesis occurred in rat hepatoma cells exposed in culture to noncytotoxic levels of vinblastine. Conflicting results have been noted by others regarding interference with DNA synthesis. 

Carcinogenesis—There is no currently available evidence to indicate that vinblastine sulfate itself has been carcinogenic in humans since the inception of its clinical use in the late 1950’s. Patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease have developed leukemia following radiation therapy and administration of vinblastine sulfate in combination with other chemotherapy including agents known to intercalate with DNA. It is not known to what extent vinblastine sulfate may have contributed to the appearance of leukemia. Available data in rats and mice have failed to demonstrate clearly evidence of carcinogenesis when the animals were treated with the maximum tolerated dose and with one-half that dose for six months. This testing system demonstrated that other agents were clearly carcinogenic, whereas vinblastine sulfate was in the group of drugs causing slightly increased or the same tumor incidence as controls in one study and 1.5 to two-fold increase in tumor incidence over controls in another study.
Injections for an eye tissues which contain a drug covalently bound to PEG. When a drug bound to PEG is injected into an eye tissue (iridociliary body, vitreous body, retina, optic nerve, etc.), the drug can be sustained in the tissue over a long time. Thus, the above injection makes it possible to trea t or prevent various diseases in eye tissues by a single administration. PEG m ay be either in the chain-, star- or branched type. In case of chain-type PEG, a drug is generally bound using hydroxyl groups at both ends. Thus, the bindin g ratio of the drug to PEG is 1:1 or 2:1. In case of star- or branched-type PE G having a plural number of hydroxyl groups, a plural number of drugs can be covalently bound thereto.
BACKGROUND: In response to activated patient communities' catalyzation, two significant efforts by the FDA to expedite treatments have now been in place for multiple decades. In 1983, the United States Congress passed the Orphan Drug Act to provide financial incentives for development of drugs for rare diseases. In 1992, partly in response to the HIV epidemic, the FDA implemented Accelerated Approval (AA) to expedite access to promising new therapies to treat serious conditions with unmet medical need based on surrogate marker efficacy while additional clinical data is confirmed. The uses of these regulatory approaches over time are assessed in this study.
METHODS: The following U.S. FDA CDER published lists were used in this analysis: 1. all orphan designations and approvals; 2. all AA and their details updated through December 31, 2022; new molecular entities (NMEs).
RESULTS: Orphan drug designations and approvals have increased several-fold over the past four decades. The largest increase recently has been in therapies targeting oncological diseases (comprised of both oncology and malignant hematology). Although orphan drug approvals based on NMEs are the minority of orphan drug designations, the count of approved orphan drug NMEs has increased in recent years. The characteristics of orphan drug approvals show notable differences by disease area with rare diseases and medical genetics (49%) having a relatively large fraction of orphan drug approvals with NMEs compared to the oncological diseases (32%). Similar to the use of orphan drug designation, oncological disease therapies have been the largest utilizers of AA. Many therapies targeting these diseases address unmet medical need and can leverage surrogate markers that have previously been used in similar trials. The timings of conversion of AA (confirmed or withdrawn) were assessed and found to be consistent across decades and to have some dependency upon the broad disease area (when assessed by three large groups: HIV conversions were fastest; followed by oncology; followed by all others). By the end of 2022, 98% of the first 105 (approved in 2010 or earlier) AA had been converted to confirmed or withdrawn.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the typical timings for AA to be confirmed or withdrawn has not changed significantly over the decades, the disease areas utilizing orphan drug designation and AA have changed significantly over time. Both programs have had increases in their use for therapies targeting oncological diseases. The re-use of surrogate markers for oncological diseases has been an advantage in a way that may not be scientifically feasible in many other disease areas that have greater differentiation across disease etiology. For non-oncological diseases, applicability of AA is, in part, dependent upon greater focus on characterization and acceptance of novel surrogate markers.