Primary liver cancer is the fourth most common malignant tumor and the second most lethal cause of tumor in China, mainly including Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. ICC) and HCC-ICC, among which hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for about 75% of all primary liver cancer, bringing a heavy disease burden to China's health system and society. At present, for patients with unresectable advanced liver cancer, the commonly used treatment options include transcatheter chemoembolization (TACE), systemic therapy and radiotherapy. Since the introduction of the molecular-targeted drug Sorafenib in 2007, a number of clinical studies have shown that sorafenib has benefits for patients with advanced liver cancer in different countries and regions and with different liver disease backgrounds. It has become the standard therapy for advanced HCC and has been recommended for first-line treatment of advanced HCC patients by guidelines of many countries. However, although sorafenib can significantly prolong the overall survival rate, about 53-71% of patients still show stable disease (SD) after treatment. For these patients, further exploration is needed to optimize the treatment.

Oncolytic viruses are a class of viruses that can selectively replicate in tumor cells and then lytic tumor cells. Among them, recombinant human adenovirus TYPE 5 H101 is the world's first commercially available oncolytic drug, which has been approved for the treatment of head and neck tumors in 2003. Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (H101) is a kind of oncolytic adenovirus, which can selectively replicate in tumor cells with deficient tumor suppressor gene p53 by knocking out e1B-55KD gene and partial gene fragment (78.3 \~ 85.8μm) of E3 region of human adenovirus type 5. Based on the data from the head and neck tumor-related clinical trial of recombinant human adenovirus H101, the drug has been approved for the treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China. Based the study found that in recent years, in addition to the head and neck cancer, human recombinant adenovirus type 5 H101 also displayed antitumor effect on liver cancer, and the selective killing effect of the low concentration H101 on liver cancer cell associated with p53 gene mutation, and the high concentration of H101 on liver cancer cell and immortalized the role of normal liver cells is not restricted by cell p53 status. In vitro studies showed that both H101 and sorafenib alone could significantly inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B, and the combined effect of the two drugs was more significant than that of single drug 16. The synergistic mechanism of recombinant adenovirus H101 and sorafenib may be related to the influence of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Sorafenib can block Raf/MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis, while down-regulating the expression level of anti-apoptotic protein McL-1, and further inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Meanwhile, sorafenib can upregulate the expression of Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) on the surface of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to adenovirus, and enhance the oncolytic effect of H101. In addition, H101 combined with sorafenib can also effectively inhibit the expression of VEGF, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells.

Based on the human recombinant adenovirus type 5 show the joint sorafenib synergy and its potential for the curative effect of hepatocellular carcinoma, this research intends to carry out a prospectie, intrusive, single-arm study, further validation of human recombinant adenovirus type 5 joint sorafenib therapy efficacy and safety of primary liver cancer, provides evidence-based medical evidence to support for clinical medication.