anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
The incidences of adverse reactions associated with the use of local anesthetics may be related to the total dose of local anesthetic administered and are also dependent upon the particular drug used, the route of administration and the physical status of the patient. In a prospective review of 10,440 patients who received lidocaine HCl for spinal anesthesia, the incidences of adverse reactions were reported to be about 3 percent each for positional headaches, hypotension and backache; 2 percent for shivering; and less than 1 percent each for peripheral nerve symptoms, nausea, respiratory inadequacy and double vision. Many of these observations may be related to local anesthetic techniques, with or without a contribution from the local anesthetic.

In the practice of caudal or lumbar epidural block, occasional unintentional penetration of the subarachnoid space by the catheter may occur. Subsequent adverse effects may depend partially on the amount of drug administered subdurally. These may include spinal block of varying magnitude (including total spinal block), hypotension secondary to spinal block, loss of bladder and bowel control, and loss of perineal sensation and sexual function. Persistent motor, sensory and/or autonomic (sphincter control) deficit of some lower spinal segments with slow recovery (several months) or incomplete recovery have been reported in rare instances when caudal or lumbar epidural block has been attempted. Backache and headache have also been noted following use of these anesthetic procedures.

There have been reported cases of permanent injury to extraocular muscles requiring surgical repair following retrobulbar administration.   
  
Hematologic   
Methemoglobinemia.
Embosphere Microspheres (EM) are designed to offer controlled, target embolization. BAE procedure requires 1hour of operating time and one day length of hospital stay. Use the Kit by Merit MedicalCompany.
Week -2 to day 0 single blind one tablet placebo in evening. Double Blind period: Day 1 to Week 12 double blind one tablet 2 mg of eszopiclone in evening. Follow up period consists of two weeks (Weeks 13-14) single blind one tablet placebo in evening, and two weeks (Weeks 15-16) no drug washout.
KEY POINTS: This is the largest analysis of incident automated peritoneal dialysis (PD) prescriptions conducted in the United States to date. There was limited variability of automated PD prescriptions across the first 4 months of therapy. PD prescriptions tailored to meet the dialysis needs and lifestyle of patients may make PD a more attractive choice and increase longevity on PD.
BACKGROUND: Changes in health care policies and recognition of patient benefit have contributed to increases in home-based dialysis, including peritoneal dialysis (PD). Frequent monitoring and early individualization of PD prescriptions are key prerequisites for the delivery of high-quality PD. The present analysis aimed to assess variations in PD prescriptions among incident automated PD (APD) patients who remain on PD for 120+ days.
METHODS: This retrospective analysis examined data from patients within a large dialysis organization that initiated PD with APD between 2015 and 2019. PD prescription data were described by calendar year, timing of PD, and residual renal function categories. Changes in prescriptions from PD initiation (day 1) to day 120 were assessed descriptively.
RESULTS: The cohort included 11,659 patients. The mean age at PD initiation increased from 2015 (56 [15] years) through 2019 (58 [15] years), whereas most other variables demonstrated no clear temporal change. Most patients (86%) had nighttime PD prescribed, with an average of 4.9 (1.3) cycles per day, a mean total treatment volume of 9.3 (2.5) L, and a median daily total dwell time of 7 (6–9.5) hours. Relative to day 1 nighttime prescriptions, there were (1) small increases in the proportion of patients receiving three or fewer cycles per day and those receiving 6+ cycles per day, (2) a 100 ml mean increase in fill volume per exchange, and (3) a mean 0.5 L increase in total nighttime treatment volume at day 120. When changes in nighttime APD prescriptions were examined at the patient level, 49% of patients had day 120 prescriptions that were unchanged from their initial prescription.
CONCLUSIONS: In the largest analysis of incident APD prescriptions conducted in the United States to date, most patients were prescribed nocturnal PD only with limited variability across the first 4 months of therapy.
### PREGNANCY CATEGORY X

[see Contraindications (4.3)]. Based on its mechanism of action, Bicalutamide Tablets may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Bicalutamide Tablets are contraindicated in women, including those who are or may become pregnant. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus. 

While there are no human data on the use of bicalutamide in pregnancy and bicalutamide is not for use in women, it is important to know that maternal use of an androgen receptor inhibitor could affect development of the fetus. 

In animal reproduction studies, male offspring of rats receiving doses of 10 mg/kg/day (approximately 2/3 of clinical exposure at the recommended dose) and above, were observed to have reduced anogenital distance and hypospadias. These pharmacological effects have been observed with other antiandrogens. No other teratogenic effects were observed in rabbits receiving doses up to 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 1/3 of clinical exposure at the recommended dose) or rats receiving doses up to 250 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the clinical exposure at the recommended dose).
The merits of N-unsubstituted indoles and cyclopent[b]indoles as DNA-directed reductive alkylating agents are described. These systems represent a significant departure from N-substituted and pyrrolo[1,2-a] fused systems such as the mitomycins and mitosenes. The cyclopent[b]indole—based aziridinylquinone, when bearing an acetate leaving group, was found to be cytotoxic and displayed significant in vivo activity against syngeneic tumor implants. This particular analogue was unexpectedly superior to the others studied, both in terms of high specificity for the activating enzyme DT-diaphorase and in high % DNA alkylation. Alkylation by a quinone methide intermediate as well as by the aziridinyl group were examined for crosslinking. The possible metabolites of the most active indole species were prepared and found to retain cytotoxicity, strongly suggesting that in vivo activity could also be sustained. The indole systems in the present invention display selectivity for melanoma and for non small cell lung, colon, renal, and prostate cancers when administered in an effective amount. The cancer specificity observed is believed to pertain to differential substrate specificity for DT-diaphorase.
Hemorrhoids are a common and painful condition, with conventional treatments such as endoscopic rubber band ligation (ERBL) and injection sclerotherapy often falling short due to high recurrence rates and significant post-operative pain. A clinical trial by Qu et al introduces a novel approach called endoscopic poli-docanol foam sclerobanding (EFSB). This multicenter randomized trial involved 195 patients with grade II and III internal hemorrhoids and demonstrated that EFSB significantly reduced recurrence rates and post-procedural pain while improving symptom relief and patient satisfaction compared to ERBL. The study's strengths include its robust design, comprehensive outcome evaluation, and patient-centered approach. Despite limitations such as the single-blind design and relatively short follow-up period, the findings suggest that EFSB could enhance clinical practice by offering a more effective and patient-friendly treatment option. Further research is needed to validate these results and explore the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of EFSB.
Methods and compositions are provided for treating metabolic disorders by modulating bile acid levels. Generally, the methods and compositions can modulate bile acid levels, such as serum bile acid levels, to treat a metabolic disorder. In one embodiment, a method of modulating a bile acid level includes measuring a bile acid level and delivering a composition effective to modulate the bile acid level. A method for modulating a bile acid profile includes comparing a bile acid profile to a target profile and delivering a bile acid cocktail to increase bile acid levels. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition for increasing bile acid levels includes a bile acid cocktail effective to increase bile acid levels. The composition is further useful as part of an implantable system.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sargentodoxa cuneata and Patrinia villosa (S&P) are two natural herbal medicine widely used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine, whereas the mode of action needs to be further investigated.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effects and unravel the involved mechanism of S&P extract.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The components of S&P extract were first detected using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effects of S&P extract on the viability and migration ability of macrophages were detected using CCK8, LDH, adhesion and transwell assays. Cytokine release and macrophage phenotype transition were measured using a cytometric bead array and flow cytometry. The potential mechanism was uncovered using an integrative approach combining RNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS-based metabolic analysis. The expression of related proteins was further validated using western blotting.
RESULTS: S&P extract inhibited the proliferation and migration of LPS-induced macrophages, changed the morphology of macrophages, and inhibited the production of NO and the expression of iNOS. Furthermore, the extract inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and the expression of the M1 phenotype markers CD11c and CD16/32, whereas it promoted interleukin-10 (IL-10) production and the expression of the M2 phenotype markers CD206 and arginase 1 (Arg1). RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that the upregulated genes by S&P extract treatment were involved in M2 macrophages: Il10, Ccl17, Ccl22, Cd68. The downregulated genes were involved in M1 macrophages and glycolysis processes: Stat1, Il18, Cd80, Cd86, Nos2, Il6, Pik3ap1, Raf1, Pdhb, etc. Metabolomics results showed that the S&P extract strongly ameliorated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced metabolic disturbances. KEGG analysis indicated that most of these metabolites were involved in glucose metabolism, which is involved in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Glycolysis, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In vitro experiments further confirmed that the extract significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), PI3K and Akt, and the expression of glucose metabolism-related proteins. Adding a FAK inhibitor (defactinib) further inhibited the expression of M1/M2 phenotypic markers and the phosphorylation of FAK, PI3K, and Akt.
CONCLUSIONS: S&P extract can induce M2 polarization and shift macrophages from M1 to M2 tissue repair in LPS-induced inflammation by regulating glucose metabolism and the FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway.
ACI patients in this group only recieve routine treatment for ischemic stroke and are admistrated by 5 cycles extremities ischemia (5-minute blood-pressure cuff inflation using pressure 0 mmHg , followed by 5-minute cuff deflation). All subjects will take BAIPC for 1 week using 'Remote Ischemic Conditioning Equipment' .Intravenous blood collection with anticoagulant and 5ml total blood will be administered at 0d, 1d and 7-10d respectively. The blood samples will be stored for laboratory assay. The blood samples only use in this trial.
This group will consist of up to 10 people who are naïve to natalizumab (haven't received the drug before) and are just beginning therapy. These participants will meet with the study staff at Week 0 (Baseline) prior to their natalizumab infusion. They will then have a follow up appointment every 3 months for the first 12 months of their natalizumab infusions, for a total of 5 visits. Natalizumab concentration and other biomarkers will be measured at each visit.
Stroke is a disease that requires rehabilitation practices beyond traditional medical treatments as an approach to managing diseases and complications over time. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation approaches include techniques such as joint range of motion exercises, muscle strengthening, stretching, balance-coordination exercises, neurophysiological approaches (PNF-Bobath), electrical stimulation, orthotic approaches, and breathing exercises. In stroke, especially the lower and upper extremities are emphasized, but trunk dysfunctions are also common. In stroke individuals, weakened trunk muscles cause postural instability, resulting in trunk control disorder, balance problems, and a decrease in physical activity. Decreased trunk control is also associated with decreased pulmonary function and functional capacity. Core Stabilization Exercises (CSE) have recently become a popular form of therapeutic exercise and also play a key role in functional outcomes in stroke individuals. Gradually progressing from easy to difficult, CSE is seen as a critical component of restoring appropriate kinetic function. It is also an exercise approach that aims to prevent compensatory movements, contribute to the motor relearning of inhibited muscles, and strengthen the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles, which are a component of core stability. The aim of this study; to investigate the effects of core stabilization training applied in addition to traditional physical therapy on respiratory functions, functional capacity, trunk control, and balance in stroke individuals after cerebrovascular accidents.
Nodal status is well known to be the most important prognostic factor for esophageal cancer patients, even if they are treated with neoadjuvant therapy. To establish an optimal postoperative adjuvant strategy for patients, we aimed to more accurately predict the prognosis of patients and systemic recurrence by using clinicopathological factors, including nodal status, in patients with esophageal cancer who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The clinicopathological factors associated with survival and systemic recurrence were investigated in 488 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Overall survival differed according to tumor depth, nodal status, tumor regression, and lymphovascular (LV) invasion. In the multivariate analysis, nodal status and LV invasion were identified as independent prognostic factors (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0008). Nodal status was also identified as an independent factor associated with systemic recurrence, although LV invasion was a borderline factor (P = 0.066). In each pN stage, patients with LV invasion showed significantly worse overall survival than those without LV invasion (pN0: P = 0.036, pN1: P = 0.0044, pN2: P = 0.0194, pN3: P = 0.0054). Patients with LV invasion were also more likely to have systemic, and any recurrence than those without LV invasion in each pN stage. Pathological nodal status and LV invasion were the most important predictors of survival and systemic recurrence in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. This finding could provide useful information about selecting candidates for adjuvant therapy among these patients. Our analysis showed that LV invasion was an independent prognostic factor in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and that combining LV invasion with pathological nodal status makes it possible to stratify the prognosis in those patients.
Neurodevelopmental and mental health issues and reduced exercise capacity are the most frequent long-term morbidities in youth with CHD. These problems worsen with age and play a critical role in reducing the quality of life of patients and their families. The QUALI-NEUROREHAB CHD multicentre, randomized controlled trial seeks to test the efficacy of an innovative home-based neuro-cardiac intervention to improve physical and mental health of children, adolescents and young adults with rare CHD, as assessed by the patients themselves using patient-reported outcomes and standardized assessments. Outcomes relate to changes in scores for health-related quality of life (HRQoL, primary outcome measure), neurodevelopmental and mental health outcomes, and cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters, 12 months post-enrolment, in patients with rare CHD aged 8 to 25 years old. This is a two-arm parallel design study: intervention versus control. Intervention using the neuro-cardiac rehabilitation program will be the active arm. Standard of care will be used for the control group and involves normal cardiology consultations and follow-up without intervention programs on physical activity or neurocognitive training. The intervention group will include 12 weeks of neuro-cardiac training, comprised of at-home adaptive physical exercise, telehealth consultations and computerized neurocognitive training as well in-person individual sessions of intervention reinforcement. We hypothesize an increase in the overall HRQoL score of 6 ± 14 points (over 100). With a 90% power, a bilateral alpha risk of 5%, and potentially 20% of loss to follow-up and/or missing data on the primary outcome, we expect to include 138 patients in each group (N= 276, overall). Analysis will be performed using intent to treat (ITT) approach. We predict significant positive changes in quality of life, mental and physical health scores in patients who will be assigned to the neuro-cardiac intervention (active arm). If this intervention is effective, it can have critical public health implications for the organization and modalities of care for children with rare CHD in Europe. A neuro-cardiac rehabilitation programme tailored to the specific challenges of individuals with rare CHD would improve patient care pathways across major centers in Europe.
The present invention relates to the use of and method for using MnO nanoparticles as MRI Tl contrasting agents which reduces Tl of tissue. More specifically, the present invention is directed to MRI Tl contrasting agent comprising MnO nanoparticle coated with a biocompatible material bound to a biologically active material such as a targeting agent, for example tumor marker etc., and methods for diagnosis and treatment of tumor etc. using said MRI Tl contrasting agent, thereby obtaining more detailed images than the conventional MRI Tl-weighted images. The MRI Tl contrasting agent of the present invention allows a high resolution anotomic imaging by emphasizing Tl contrast images between tissues based on the difference of accumulation of the contarsting agent in tissues. Also, the MRI Tl contrasting agent of the present invention enables to visualize cellular distibution due to its high intracellular uptake. The MRI Tl contrasting agent of the present invention can be used for target-specific diagnosis and treatment of various diseases such as tumor etc. when targeting agents binding to disease- specific biomarkers are conjugated to the surface of nanoparticles.
This research study, is investigating the use of aspirin as a potential chemopreventive agent to reduce risk of colorectal cancer. Within the gastroenterology practice of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), we will conduct a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial to measure the effects of daily low-dose (81 mg/day) and standard-dose (325 mg/day) aspirin on urine, plasma, stool, and tissue biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer.

Aspirin is part of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) family, which are drugs routinely used for their pain-killing (analgesic), fever-reducing (antipyretic), or anti-inflammatory properties. Most NSAIDs are available as over-the-counter formulations. Substantial evidence has conclusively demonstrated that aspirin reduces the risk of colorectal neoplasia, yet there remains uncertainty surrounding its mode of action. Aspirin has already been established to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prospective studies as well as randomized clinical trials demonstrate that aspirin reduces the risk of precancerous polyps and colorectal cancer.
Distal femoral fractures are uncommon in the newborn period, and conventional radiographs can miss the diagnosis in infants born prematurely due to delayed ossification. Hence, modalities like ultrasound may have a role in diagnosis. Herein, we report a male infant born preterm with a swollen knee due to a distal femoral fracture after a non-traumatic Caesarean section. The fracture was not present on the conventional radiograph. Instead, it was detected on a repeat sonogram and healed spontaneously with no complications. This case describes the importance of musculoskeletal radiographic expertise for diagnosis of this uncommon newborn fracture.
Numerous surgical treatment options exist for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Laser enucleation of the prostate (LEP) was introduced in the therapeutic arsenal about twenty years ago, and has become a popular treatment due to its excellent hemostatic properties. Moreover, LEP is associated with less blood loss and shorter hospital stays. One disadvantage however may be the longer learning curve for trainees compared to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), which is the current gold standard for treatment.

It is estimated that a surgeon can safely and efficiently perform holmium LEP after about 50 cases. Simulator-based training has been widely proposed as a training tool for surgeons to learn LEP. Integrating simulators in surgical training allows surgeons to develop skills in LEP without negative consequences on real patients. Simulators range from virtual reality to synthetic bench models, and all face the same challenge of creating a realistic experience that accurately mimics real-life LEP, and helps surgeons develop skills they can transfer to the operating room.

The prostate organ phantom in the present study is composed of hydrogels and uses 3D molds to recreate prostatic tissue and anatomy. This model has successfully been used to practice TURP procedures, however has not yet been validated for LEP training. This observational, prospective and comparative study aims to validate the 3D prostate organ for LEP training. In the setting of a MasterClass, trainees will perform LEP on two 3D models under the supervision of three experts in LEP. The content and face validity of the organ phantoms will be evaluated by the MasterClass participants through a questionnaire. Performance outcomes of trainees will also be collected by visually examining the models and weighing the models pre- and post-operatively. By validating this simulator for LEP training, the investigators hope to elucidate the role of simulators, and specifically the role of a 3D organ phantom, in future training programs.