End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major and growing healthcare problem associated with substantial costs. By the end of 2010 the global patient population requiring chronic renal replacement therapy (RRT) exceeds 2 million, of which approximately 90% relies on hemodialysis (HD). The number of patients dependent on RRT are expected to annually increase with 8%. Based on this figure, it is expected that in 2030, 7.3 million ESRD patients need HD treatment. To facilitate adequate HD therapy a reliable vascular access (VA) is mandatory and can be provided by either creation of an autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF), a prosthetic arteriovenous graft (AVG) or a central venous catheter (CVC). Guidelines by the National Kidney Foundation (NKF K/DOQI Guidelines), the Vascular Access Society (Good Nephrological Practice Guidelines) and the European Dialysis and Transplant Association (European Best Practice Guidelines on vascular access) advocate the implementation of an all-autologous fistula policy to maximize the use of AVF over AVG and CVC because AVF have the best long-term patency, fewer complications and require less interventions once fully maturated. Although the implementation of preoperative ultrasonography examination for vessel assessment has reduced the number of early AVF failure by improving the selection of the most suitable vessels and site for AVF creation, short- and long-term AVF dysfunction remains the major cause of morbidity and hospitalisation in HD patients, and is therefore the major limitation for HD treatment. This dysfunction is usually associated with non-maturation of the newly created AVF or the formation of neo-intimal hyperplasia (NIH) which potentially results in decreased access flow and eventual fistula thrombosis in up to 50% of AVFs. On the other hand, the low resistance vascular traject via the AVF may lead to impeded perfusion of the extremity distally of the AV anastomosis resulting in hand ischemia (HAIDI = Hemodialysis Access Induced Distal Ischemia), while an abundant AVF flow may lead to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, both with potentially severe consequences. These high-flow complications occur in approximately 20% of fistulae. Numerous studies have investigated alternative preoperative mapping tools and criteria for reduction of AVF related complications. However, current clinical use of these individual tools and parameters does not take into account their potential interplay at a systemic level. Therefore one might consider that multiple prognostic parameters within a single patient are likely more valuable to improve outcome and therefore it is obvious to tailor the type of AVF to the individual patient. A possible solution to deal with multiple independent prognostic factors is implementation of a predictive patient-specific computational tool that relates geometrical, mechanical and hemodynamical parameters by means of physical laws. As a result, the computational tool takes the complex interplay between different prognostic parameters into consideration and accounts for individual differences in anatomy, physiology, demography and hemodynamics. Such an innovative computational tool opens new opportunities. By predicting postoperative flow abovementioned deleterious events can possibly be prevented. High-flow (\>1500ml/min) and low-flow (\<600ml/min) vascular access can then be predicted and consequently be rejected and a more suitable AVF-configuration chosen.

Consequently, simulation of outcome after AVF creation is at hand. Recently, the feasibility of VA computational simulation has been investigated and proven in the ARCH FP7 ICT-224390 project (ARCH; patient-specific image-based computational modeling for improvement of short- and long- term outcome of vascular access in patients on hemodialysis therapy). Within this technological and clinical study, longitudinal collection of cardiovascular data was performed with the intention to develop, calibrate and validate patient-specific modelling tools for surgical planning and assistance in the management of complications arising from AVF creation. Given the difficult and heterogeneous patient population, the study protocol was designed in such way that pre- and postoperative imaging could be performed strictly, aiming at complete datasets of structural, functional and demographical data. Although the computational simulation model has been validated in a small patient group, larger randomized observational patient studies, aiming at evaluating the potential beneficial effect of the use of computational tools in reducing AVF-related clinical problems, are needed.