anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
* The safety and efficacy of STIOLTO RESPIMAT in patients with asthma have not been established. STIOLTO RESPIMAT is not indicated for the treatment of asthma [see Contraindications (4)].
  * Use of long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists (LABA) as monotherapy [without inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)] for asthma is associated with an increased risk of asthma-related death. Available data from controlled clinical trials also suggest that use of LABA as monotherapy increases the risk of asthma-related hospitalization in pediatric and adolescent patients. These findings are considered a class effect of LABA monotherapy. When LABA are used in fixed-dose combination with ICS, data from large clinical trials do not show a significant increase in the risk of serious asthma-related events (hospitalizations, intubations, death) compared with ICS alone.
  * A 28-week, placebo-controlled US study comparing the safety of another LABA (salmeterol) with placebo, each added to usual asthma therapy, showed an increase in asthma-related deaths in patients receiving salmeterol (13/13,176 in patients treated with salmeterol vs. 3/13,179 in patients treated with placebo; RR 4.37, 95% CI 1.25, 15.34). The increased risk of asthma-related death is considered a class effect of LABA, including olodaterol, one of the active ingredients in STIOLTO RESPIMAT. 
  * No study adequate to determine whether the rate of asthma-related death is increased in patients treated with STIOLTO RESPIMAT has been conducted.
  * Available data do not suggest an increased risk of death with use of LABA in patients with COPD.
Iron will be given orally in the form of tablets. A supplement of 18 mg will be taken daily for 12 weeks. Ferrous bisglycinate has a bioavailability 2-4x greater than ferrous sulfate.
As an uncontrolled inflammatory response to infection, sepsis and sepsis induced organ dysfunction are great threats to the lives of septic patients. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of sepsis is complex and multifactorial, which still needs to be elucidated. Pyroptosis is a newly discovered atypical form of inflammatory programmed cell death, which depends on the Caspase-1 dependent classical pathway or the non-classical Caspase-11 (mouse) or Caspase-4/5 (human) dependent pathway. Many studies have shown that pyroptosis is related to sepsis. The Gasdermin proteins are the key molecules in the membrane pores formation in pyroptosis. After cut by inflammatory caspase, the Gasdermin N-terminal fragments with perforation activity are released to cause pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of sepsis induced organ dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis, the key role of pyroptosis in sepsis and sepsis induced organ dysfunction, with the aim to bring new diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets to improve sepsis clinical treatments.
Chronic constipation is a common disease that can impair the quality of life, with a prevalence of 14% globally and 16.5% in South Korea. Straining, hard stools, the sensation of incomplete evacuation, the sensation of anorectal blockage, and manual maneuvers to facilitate defecation are the related symptoms of chronic constipation. On the other hand, medications commonly referred to as laxatives are the essentials of treatment for constipation compared to non-pharmacological treatment, such as lifestyle modifications, biofeedback, or surgery. Unfortunately, there is still an unmet need to determine if pharmacological treatment for constipation is being administered appropriately. Therefore, there are many disadvantages as to whether the indications and side effects of laxatives are adequately considered and prescribed as the primary treatment modality for constipation in a real clinical situation in Korea. Laxatives are generally recommended as the next step for patients in whom organic causes have been excluded and have not responded to initial non-pharmacologic therapies such as dietary fiber intake and exercise. Laxatives can be classified as bulk-forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and other novel laxatives. On the other hand, there are distinct mechanisms underlying constipation, and appropriate administration is the most decisive. Therefore, the present investigators prepared this review to discuss appropriate pharmacological strategies for chronic constipation in Korea. Moreover, this paper also includes suggestions for appropriate pharmacological treatment options for special patient populations.
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a devastating autoimmune illness with a wide range of clinical symptoms, including vascular abnormalities, inflammation, and persistent and progressive fibrosis. The disease's complicated pathophysiology makes it difficult to develop effective therapies, necessitating research into novel therapeutic options. Molecular hybridization is a strategy that can be used to develop new drugs that act on two or multiple targets and represents an interesting option to be explored for the treatment of complex diseases. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a hybrid mutual prodrug of ibuprofen and acetaminophen (IBPA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from SSc patients, and in an in vivo model of SSc induced in BALB/c mice by intradermal injections of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for 6 weeks. The mice were treated at the same time with daily intraperitoneal injections of IBPA (40 mg/kg). Pulmonary and skin fibrosis as well as immune responses were evaluated. IBPA significantly decreased the release of cytokines in PBMC culture supernatants from SSc patients after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin-M (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF and IFN-γ).In HOCl-induced SSc, IBPA treatment prevented dermal and pulmonary fibrosis, in addition to reducing CD4 + T and B cells activation and reversing the M2 polarization of macrophages in spleen cells, and inhibiting IFN-γ secretion in splenocyte cultures. These results show the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of IBPA in SSc and highlight the therapeutic potential of this mutual prodrug, providing support for future studies.
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is known as a hallmark of cerebral ischaemia‒reperfusion injury and it exacerbates the pathologic progression of ischaemic brain damage. Vialinin A, derived from a Chinese edible mushroom, possesses multiple pharmacological activities in cancer, Kawasaki disease, asthma and pathological scarring. Notably, vialinin A is an inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 4 (USP4) that shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. However, the precise effect of vialinin A in ischaemic stroke, as well as its underlying mechanisms, remains largely unexplored.
PURPOSE: The present research focuses on the impacts of vialinin A on oxidative stress and explores the underlying mechanisms involved while also examining its potentiality as a therapeutic candidate for ischaemic stroke.
METHODS: Mouse ischaemic stroke was conducted by MCAO surgery. Vialinin A was administered via lateral ventricular injection at a dose of 2 mg/kg after reperfusion. Subsequent experiments were meticulously conducted at the appropriate time points. Stroke outcomes were evaluated by TTC staining, neurological score, Nissl staining and behavioural analysis. Co-IP assays were operated to examine the protein-protein interactions. Immunoblot analysis, qRT-PCR, and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to further investigate its underlying mechanisms.
RESULTS: In this study, we initially showed that administration of vialinin A alleviated cerebral ischaemia‒reperfusion injury-induced neurological deficits and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, vialinin A, which is an antioxidant, reduced oxidative stress injury, promoted the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and increased the protein degradation of Keap1. The substantial neuroprotective effects of vialinin A against ischaemic stroke were compromised by the overexpression of USP4. Mechanistically, vialinin A inhibited the deubiquitinating enzymatic activity of USP4, leading to enhanced ubiquitination of Keap1 and subsequently promoting its degradation. This cascade caused the activation of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response, culminating in a reduction of neuronal apoptosis and the amelioration of neurological dysfunction following ischaemic stroke.
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that inhibition of USP4 to activate Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway may represent a mechanism by which vialinin A conferred protection against cerebral ischaemia‒reperfusion injury and sheds light on its promising prospects as a therapeutic intervention for ischaemic stroke.
The recommended starting dosage is 1 mg taken 3 times a day. For patients who may not tolerate the hypotensive effect of Adempas, consider a starting dose of 0.5 mg taken three times a day. If systolic blood pressure remains greater than 95 mmHg and the patient has no signs or symptoms of hypotension, up-titrate the dose by 0.5 mg taken three times a day. Dose increases should be no sooner than 2 weeks apart. The dose can be increased to the highest tolerated dosage, up to a maximum of 2.5 mg taken three times a day. If at any time, the patient has symptoms of hypotension, decrease the dosage by 0.5 mg taken three times a day. 

### Crushed Tablets

For patients who are unable to swallow whole tablets, Adempas may be crushed and mixed with water or soft foods (such as applesauce) immediately before administration [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Standard therapies for acute treatment of PCP involve either SMX/TMP or pentamidine isetionate. Although both treatments are equally effective, side effects prevent completion of therapy in 11-55 percent of patients.

Patients are randomized into one of two treatment groups to receive either (1) 566C80 for 21 days, or (2) SMX/TMP for 21 days. Patients will be stratified according to severity of PCP. Group A will be those with an arterial-alveolar (A-a) DO2 \< 35 mm Hg. Group B will have an A-a DO2 of 35-45 mm Hg., and will also be required to receive therapy with Corticosteroids. All doses are taken with food. During the 21 days of treatment, patients are examined clinically for adverse effects and have hematology (blood-related) and clinical chemistry studies conducted a minimum of 2 times weekly. More frequent monitoring may be required at the discretion of the investigator. To evaluate the effectiveness of study medication, the clinical status of each patient is evaluated 2 to 3 times per week (e.g., dyspnea score, cough score, chest tightness/pain score, vital signs). Also, on days 7 and 21 of treatment, an arterial blood gas measurement and chest X-ray are performed. Patients who experience severe toxicities will be discontinued from the study and placed on alternative therapy. Patients will also be removed from study if they show significant clinical deterioration within the first 7 days of therapy or if there is no improvement after 10 days of therapy. This study involves a double placebo with one group randomized to receive oral 566C80 and placebo tablets which look like SMX/TMP while the other group will receive SMX/TMP and placebo tablets looking like 566C80.
The active ingredient of PROAIR RESPICLICK inhalation powder is albuterol sulfate, a racemic salt of albuterol. Albuterol sulfate is a beta2-adrenergic agonist. It has the chemical name α1-[(tert-butylamino) methyl]-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-α,α'-diol sulfate (2:1) (salt), and the following chemical structure:

The molecular weight of albuterol sulfate is 576.7, and the empirical formula is (C13H21NO3)2•H2SO4. Albuterol sulfate is a white to off-white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Albuterol sulfate is the official U.S. Adopted Name in the United States, and salbutamol sulfate is the recommended World Health Organization international nonproprietary name.

PROAIR RESPICLICK is an inhalation-driven, multi-dose inhalation powder (dry powder inhaler) for oral inhalation only. It contains a formulation blend of albuterol sulfate with alpha-lactose monohydrate. Each actuation provides a metered dose of 2.6 mg of the formulation containing 117 mcg of albuterol sulfate (equivalent to 97 mcg of albuterol base) and lactose from the device reservoir. Under standardized in vitro test conditions with fixed flow rates ranging from 58 to 71 L/min, and with a total air volume of 2 L, the PROAIR RESPICLICK inhaler delivers 108 mcg of albuterol sulfate (equivalent to 90 mcg of albuterol base) with lactose from the mouthpiece. The actual amount of drug delivered to the lung will depend on patient factors, such as inspiratory flow profile. In a study that investigated the peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR) in asthma (n=27, ages 12 to 17 years old and n=50, ages 18 to 45 years old) and COPD (n=50, over 50 years old) patients, the mean PIFR achieved by subjects was >60 L/min (range = 31 to 110 L/min.), indicating that patients would be able to achieve the required inspiratory flow to operate the MDPI device correctly. The inhaler is provided for 200 actuations (inhalations).
Remifentanil will be infused intraoperatively at 0.2 ㎍/㎏/min. patients who are in this group will be infused propofol intraoperatively.
Mothers in the control group will express milk without any intervention. The works will continue for 4 days. Saliva cortisol test and mother-baby attachment scale will be applied on the first day and the last day.
A consecutive sample of 350 patients will be collected. After informed consent, data will be abstracted from the patient's record including day and time of delivery, method of delivery, parity, gestational age, meconium presence, heart rate abnormality and induction methods. For CD, the following data will be collected: decision-to-delivery time, Partogram adherence, time of each FSST, Apgar score, date and time of delivery and Comorbidities such as: Hypertension-spectrum disorders, Malaria, Postpartum Hemorrhage, Macrosomia, History of CD, Diabetes, Sickle Cell, and HIV status.
Ingenol mebutate gel 0.015%, once daily for 3 consecutive days for the first treatment course. At 8 weeks after treatment initiation, subjects who present with existing AKs or newly emergent AKs in the treatment area will receive one more treatment course of ingenol mebutate gel 0.015%, daily for 3 consecutive days.
PURPOSE:To provide a cosmetic for hair or skin, compounded with an esterified product of diglycerol and an aliphatic saturated dibasic acid, free from the corrosion of comb and rim of eyeglasses because of its inertness to celluloid, having excellent hair-dressing capability and free from stickiness. CONSTITUTION:The objective cosmetic is produced by compounding an esterified product of diglycerol and an aliphatic saturated dibasic acid (preferably succinic acid or adipic acid). Since the esterified product has >=6 OH groups in a molecule, it has extremely high hydrophilic property and is miscible with 0-100% hydrated alcohol at an arbitrary ratio. Accordingly, a hair cosmetic having high water-content can be produced therefrom. A homogeneous and transparent esterified product can be produced by adding a surfactant (e.g. Na salt or K salt of stearic acid or adipic acid, etc.) in the production of the ester.
MRI plays an important role in the evaluation of kidney allografts for vascular complications as well as parenchymal insults. Transplant renal artery stenosis, the most common vascular complication of kidney transplant, can be evaluated by MRA using gadolinium and nongadolinium contrast agents as well as by unenhanced MRA techniques. Parenchymal injury occurs through a variety of pathways, including graft rejection, acute tubular injury, BK polyomavirus infection, drug-induced interstitial nephritis, and pyelonephritis. Investigational MRI techniques have sought to differentiate among these causes of dysfunction as well as to assess the degree of interstitial fibrosis or tubular atrophy (IFTA)-the common end pathway for all of these processes-which is currently evaluated by invasively obtained core biopsies. Some of these MRI sequences have shown promise in not only assessing the cause of parenchymal injury but also assessing IFTA noninvasively. This review describes current clinically used MRI techniques and previews promising investigational MRI techniques for assessing complications of kidney grafts.
BACKGROUND: Patient registries and databases are essential tools for advancing clinical research in the area of rare diseases, as well as for enhancing patient care and healthcare planning. The primary aim of this study is a landscape analysis of available European data sources amenable to machine learning (ML) and their usability for Rare Diseases screening, in terms of findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable(FAIR), legal, and business considerations. Second, recommendations will be proposed to provide a better understanding of the health data ecosystem.
METHODS: In the period of March 2022 to December 2022, a cross-sectional study using a semi-structured questionnaire was conducted among potential respondents, identified as main contact person of a health-related databases. The design of the self-completed questionnaire survey instrument was based on information drawn from relevant scientific publications, quantitative and qualitative research, and scoping review on challenges in mapping European rare disease (RD) databases. To determine database characteristics associated with the adherence to the FAIR principles, legal and business aspects of database management Bayesian models were fitted.
RESULTS: In total, 330 unique replies were processed and analyzed, reflecting the same number of distinct databases (no duplicates included). In terms of geographical scope, we observed 24.2% (n = 80) national, 10.0% (n = 33) regional, 8.8% (n = 29) European, and 5.5% (n = 18) international registries coordinated in Europe. Over 80.0% (n = 269) of the databases were still active, with approximately 60.0% (n = 191) established after the year 2000 and 71.0% last collected new data in 2022. Regarding their geographical scope, European registries were associated with the highest overall FAIR adherence, while registries with regional and "other" geographical scope were ranked at the bottom of the list with the lowest proportion. Responders' willingness to share data as a contribution to the goals of the Screen4Care project was evaluated at the end of the survey. This question was completed by 108 respondents; however, only 18 of them (16.7%) expressed a direct willingness to contribute to the project by sharing their databases. Among them, an equal split between pro-bono and paid services was observed.
CONCLUSIONS: The most important results of our study demonstrate not enough sufficient FAIR principles adherence and low willingness of the EU health databases to share patient information, combined with some legislation incapacities, resulting in barriers to the secondary use of data.
The invention discloses a long-acting nanometer composite peptide resistant to II-type diabetes and a preparing method and application of the long-acting nanometer composite peptide. Nano-selenium serves as a carrier, chitosan performs a connection function, and accordingly covalent binding of active polypeptides and nano-selenium particles is achieved. The prepared nanometer composite peptide has the functions of carrying, protecting and slowly releasing therapeutic polypeptides and effectively prolonging the half-life period of the therapeutic polypeptides in the physiological environment. Effective dosage of the peptide with a therapeutic effect can be obviously lower than dosage of the therapeutic polypeptides which are used separately, and the biological functions of medicine slow releasing and long-acting treatment can be performed. The defect that when used separately, the therapeutic polypeptides are prone to being quickly metabolized and removed in the body due to the fact that the molecular weight of the therapeutic polypeptides is small is overcome, and the half-life period and bioavailability of the small-molecule therapeutic polypeptides in the body can be effectively improved. The nanometer composite peptide can be used for preparing medicines for treating the following diseases of diabetes and hyperglycemia. The preparing method is high in efficiency and low in cost and the application prospect is wide.
<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reveal the relation between NKT cells and IL-18 in the cytokine network, and to provide a new therapeutic drug for immunological diseases, a therapeutic kit for immunological diseases and a method for controlling IgE production based on the relation.  <P>SOLUTION: The natural killer T cells (NKT cells) stimulated by interleukin 18 (IL-18) is used as the therapeutic drug for immunological diseases. For stimulating the NKT cells, interleukin 2 (IL-2) may be used in combination with IL-18. Furthermore, a drug that inhibits stimulation of the NKT cells by IL-18 in vivo may be used. This enables positive or negative control of IgE production involving the NKT cells, so that the drug can be used for treating various immunological diseases.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Children born preterm have an increased risk for brain-based disabilities, including cerebral palsy (CP), with lower gestational age (GA) incurring higher vulnerability. The rate of CP in very preterm children born before 29 weeks' GA is 6.1%.The 2017 international recommendations for Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in CP provides an evidence-based approach for prompt referral to targeted services to optimize child outcomes. Early diagnosis and intervention during the optimal window of brain plasticity has the potential to improve developmental functioning. Best practice guidelines also exist on how to convey an early diagnosis of CP in a compassionate way, as poor communication can affect parental mental health. The Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network (CNFUN) has partnered with the parent-led Canadian Premature Babies Foundation (CPBF) and key stakeholders to adapt these clinical practice guidelines to the Canadian context (CPG-CP). These CPG-CP promote the use of the General Movement Assessment (GMA) and the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) for identification of early signs of CP. The CPG-CP also propose clinical care pathways and an approach for communicating findings. The overall goal of the CPG-CP is to improve clinicians' ability to accurately recognize the earliest signs of CP that warrant immediate actions (as opposed to a wait-and-see approach). Using a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial design, the investigators will assess whether the implementation strategy is successful in increasing the uptake of the CPG-CP by CNFUN programs. Concurrently, the investigators will test the effectiveness of implementing the CPG-CP in detecting early signs of CP at a younger age in preterm infants born \<29 weeks' GA. The investigators will secondarily compare whether using both the GMA and HINE is more performant than the HINE alone in identifying early signs of CP. Finally, the investigators will examine whether developmental functioning at 18-24 months corrected age (CA) improves after CPG-CP implementation.

This proposal aims to reduce the gap in care related to the early identification of CP in children born very preterm across Canada. Using a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study design, the investigators will implement the CPG-CP in the real-world setting of CNFUN sites, to improve clinicians' ability to detect the early signs of CP in very preterm infants. Early diagnosis enables the initiation of targeted interventions and engagement of support services. Harnessing neuroplasticity through early and specific therapy can improve children's overall development and functioning. The effectiveness of the CPG-CP on improving clinical outcomes relies on a successful implementation process that considers the interplay between inner (i.e., within neonatal follow-up programs), outer (e.g., local health care system), and individual patient and clinician characteristics.