This study examines how skin-to-skin contact between father and newborn affects the attachment relationship. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at a regional teaching hospital and a maternity clinic in northern Taiwan. The study recruited 83 first-time fathers aged 20 years or older. By block randomization, participants were allocated to an experimental (n=41) or a control group (n=42). With the exception of skin-to-skin contact (SSC), participants from each group received the same standard care. Both groups also received an Early Childcare for Fathers nursing pamphlet. During the first three days postpartum, the intervention group members were provided a daily SSC intervention with their respective infants. Each intervention session lasted at least 15 minutes in length. The outcome measure was the Paternal Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ).

Four field experts of clinical obstetrics and pediatrics validated the developed father-neonate SSC intervention. A description of the intervention used in this study is as follows:

The researchers facilitated initial SSC between intervention-group participants and their infants within 24 hours of birthing under conditions that did not adversely affect spontaneous mother-infant SSC nor interfere with the early initiation of breastfeeding. Because it is standard practice to discharge vaginal-birth mothers on the third postpartum day, this study implemented the intervention during the first three postpartum days for both vaginal and cesarean birth cases.

Meanwhile, intervention-group participants were provided with the nursing pamphlet, Early Childcare for Fathers, and briefed on its contents at hospital admission. Upon delivery, each newborn infant received immediate SSC with the mother and was then provided neonatal nursing before being placed temporarily into an incubator for observation. After the infant was confirmed as being in a "quiet alert" state, defined as eyes open and bright, breathing normal, and sensitive and responsive to stimuli, a researcher led the father into the nursery, helped him hold his infant, and facilitated initial SSC. Immediately afterward, the researcher - in accordance with each participant's expressed preference - either withdrew from the room or observed the infant from an appropriate distance. Two further father-infant SSC sessions were held on day 2 and day 3, respectively, in either the nursery or maternity ward. The sessions took place in a secluded section of the nursery or ward about two hours after one of the daily feedings and only after the infant had been bathed, towel dried, and fitted with a diaper. The session space included a comfortable armchair, a footrest, a partition screen, a pillow, and a towel or blanket. The ambient temperature was held at a constant 25\~27°C.

Prior to touching their infant, participants wore a loose-fitting, front-button shirt or hospital smock and washed their hands. They then sat in the provided armchair and exposed their chest. A pillow and footrest were also made available for use. After the researcher confirmed the safety of all preparations, participants were given their infant to hold. The infant was cradled on the participant's chest in a fetal position, with the head held upwards either vertically or at a 30\~60° angle. The exposed back of the infant was then covered by a blanket or clothing. The participant supported the infant with his hands placed on the infant's shoulder and back. Next, he made eye contact with the infant. Touch and soft voice contact commenced only after the infant was appropriately relaxed, as indicated by relaxed eyebrows, forehead, and chin muscles; slightly curled hands; a comfortably curled body position; and calm smile.18 Previous studies found that infants feel most at ease within 15 minutes of SSC with their parents and that verbal and non-verbal communication typically commences within this time period as well.16, 20 Thus, the researchers defined the minimum duration of SSC sessions as 15 minutes, with sessions longer than this duration allowed to continue until either consciously ended by the father or interrupted by other infant-care priorities.

After receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval for this study in November 2012, a random allocation computer program generated a random stratified allocation table that was used to direct participant recruitment.23 Upon hospital admission, participants in both the intervention and control groups received the Early Childcare for Fathers nursing pamphlet in order to promote understanding of early infant care and complete the pretest PAQ instrument. Afterward, intervention-group participants were orally briefed on pamphlet contents and shown how to successfully perform father-infant SSC. These participants subsequently engaged in at least one \>15-minute SSC session with their infant on each of the first three postpartum days. On the other hand, control-group participants received only standard nursing care after receiving the pamphlet. After the 3-day study period, all participants completed and submitted the demographic survey form and post-test PAQ.