anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
Benzyl alcohol as a preservative in Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection has been associated with toxicity in newborns. Data are unavailable on the toxicity of other preservatives in this age group. 

There is no evidence to suggest that the small amount of benzyl alcohol contained in phytonadione injectable emulsion, USP, when used as recommended, is associated with toxicity. 

An immediate coagulant effect should not be expected after administration of phytonadione. It takes a minimum of 1 to 2 hours for measurable improvement in the prothrombin time. Whole blood or component therapy may also be necessary if bleeding is severe. 

Phytonadione will not counteract the anticoagulant action of heparin. 

When Phytonadione is used to correct excessive anticoagulant-induced hypoprothrombinemia, anticoagulant therapy still being indicated, the patient is again faced with the clotting hazards existing prior to starting the anticoagulant therapy. Phytonadione is not a clotting agent, but overzealous therapy with phytonadione injectable emulsion may restore conditions which originally permitted thromboembolic phenomena.

Dosage should be kept as low as possible, and prothrombin time should be checked regularly as clinical conditions indicate.Repeated large doses of Vitamin K are not warranted in liver disease if the response to initial use of the vitamin is unsatisfactory. Failure to respond to Vitamin K may indicate that the condition being treated is inherently unresponsive to Vitamin K. Benzyl alcohol has been reported to be associated with a fatal “Gasping Syndrome” in premature infants. WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic.

Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they required large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum. Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
Males affected by 47,XXY non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome. Subgroups according to pubertal stage: pre-pubertal, pubertal and adults. Subgroups according to gonadal status: eugonadal, hypogonadal and receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT).
The long-term safety, efficacy, and outcomes of low-intensity anticoagulation for mechanical heart valves remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of low-intensity anticoagulation therapy after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with a mechanical prosthesis. This retrospective cohort study consulted medical records and conducted a questionnaire to investigate 519 patients who underwent single AVR with the St. Jude Medical bileaflet valve and were in sinus rhythm. All patients were followed up with an international normalized ratio (INR) target of 1.6-2.5, and their INR values were checked throughout the follow-up period. The survival rate, incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), and risk factors for cardiac death and MACCE were investigated. The total follow-up was 9793 patient-years, and the follow-up periods were 19.9 (standard deviation [SD]: 7.9) years. The mean INR was 2.03 (SD: 0.54). Survival rates from cardiac death were 93.6% in 20 years and 85.2% in 30 years. Advanced age ≥ 70 years was the only significant risk factor for cardiac death and MACCE, and the INR < 2.0 was not significant risk factor for MACCE including thromboembolism or bleeding events. Low-intensity anticoagulation with an INR of 1.6-2.5 for patients with sinus rhythm after AVR with a bileaflet mechanical valve is safe and effective, even over 30 years.
BACKGROUND: The current definition of severe malaria in non-endemic areas follows WHO criteria, which mainly target children in malaria-endemic areas, potentially misclassifying cases in non-endemic regions. We assessed the performance of a modified severe malaria classification criteria within our patient cohort.
METHODS: A cohort study of patients managed for malaria in a non-endemic setting (2005-2023) was analyzed. We classified patients into severe malaria (SM) using WHO 2013 criteria except for hyperparasitemia, where 2 % threshold was applied. Patients with SM were distinguished as very severe malaria (VSM) when presenting at least one of the following conditions: parasitemia >10 %, pulmonary edema, impaired consciousness, seizures, renal failure, metabolic acidosis or hyperlactatemia, shock or hypoglycemia. In patients with SM and no criteria for VSM, less severe malaria (LSM) was defined by: 2-10 % parasitemia, hyperbilirubinemia, prostration, anemia or minor bleeding. The primary composite outcome was death or the need for a life-saving intervention, as analyzed in the three comparative groups. Secondary outcome was the prevalence of co-infections.
RESULTS: Among 506 patients with malaria, 176 (34.8 %) presented with SM. A total of 37 (7.3 %) patients developed a life-threatening condition, namely death (n = 4) and/or the need for life-saving interventions (n = 34). All fatalities and 33 out of the 34 life-saving interventions occurred in the VSM group. Patients in LSM group did not develop any life-threatening conditions. As to co-infections, 28 (5.5 %) patients had a community-acquired co-infection, with no differences between groups (p = 0.763).
CONCLUSIONS: Severity criteria definitions would benefit from a review when assessing patients with malaria in non-endemic areas. Within the spectrum of SM, patients reclassified as LSM have a low risk of developing a life-threatening condition and present low co-infection incidence and could benefit from management out of intensive care units and a restrictive use of empirical antibiotics.
Moderate-strong CYP3A4 or Pgp inhibitors and inducers alter direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) pharmacokinetics. Whether the presence of a DOAC drug-drug interaction (DDI) prompts in- hospital changes in management remains unknown. We identified all hospitalized patients at our institution who were admitted with a clinically relevant DOAC DDI from 01/2021 to 06/2021. Clinically relevant DOAC DDIs were defined as those listed in the prescribing information or FDA CYP3A4/Pgp inhibitors clinical indexes. We assessed the prevalence of DOAC DDIs and categorized their management as: drug stopped, drug held, or drug continued. For drugs that were continued we assessed whether the dose of the DOAC or interacting drug was increased, decreased or unchanged during the admission. We ascertained the number of DOAC DDIs that prompted an automated prescribing alert in our electronic health record (EHR). Finally, we conducted a logistic regression model to compare users of DOACs with DDI who had their regimen adjusted versus those without adjustments, focusing on outcomes of rehospitalization and death, adjusting for age and gender. Among 3,725 hospitalizations with a DOAC admission order, 197 (5%) had a clinically relevant DOAC DDI. The DOAC and the interacting drug were continued at discharge for 124 (63%) hospitalizations. The most frequent adjustments were stopping the interacting drug (73%) and stopping the DOAC (15%). Only 7 (4%) of DOAC DDIs prompted an EHR alert. The adjusted odds ratios for rehospitalizations and death, respectively, among patients whose regimens were adjusted compared to those whose were not, were 1.29 (95% CI, 0.67 to 2.48; P = 0.44) and 1.88 (95% CI, 0.91 to 3.89; P = 0.09). Clinically relevant DDIs with DOACs occur infrequently among hospitalized patients and usually are managed without stopping the DOAC. The clinical impact of such DDIs and subsequent adjustments on thrombotic and hemorrhagic outcomes requires further investigation.
School children (age 6 to 6.5) will receive their supplement 5 days a week in the morning before school starts. They will either receive the supplement at school or at the community health center depending on the preference of the villagers after recruitment. Young children (age 24 to 30 months) will receive the supplement 5 days a week in the morning at the community health center, distributed by community health workers.
As part of the national 2012 PREPS call for proposals, a multidisciplinary research team was set up to design and develop methods in order to evaluate the efficiency and the performance of health data information systems. This team is composed of physicians and researchers in medical informatics, hospital information systems, biostatistics, process analysis and management in healthcare, ergonomics and usability. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical and organizational impacts of the use of a new source of information brought by the pharmaceutical record, promoted by the national committee of pharmacists. This record is opened and filled for each patient by the pharmacist. It contains all the medication sold (prescribed by physician and OTC) by the patient. This record is used by almost all the private pharmacists. The French Health Ministry was looking for an evaluation of this new source of information by hospital physicians in order to be applied by any healthcare institution or organization wishing to evaluate the added value of its investments or recommendations (example: ARS (French Regional Health Agency), DGOS (French Directorate General of Health Services), etc.) in the information system.
BACKGROUND: Frailty is of increasing interest in trials, either as a target of intervention, as an outcome or as a potential treatment modifier. However, frailty measurement is often highly variable. This scoping review assessed how frailty is quantified in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), in what context and for what purposes.
METHODS: We searched five electronic databases for RCTs in which frailty was measured among trial participants. We extracted data on intervention type, the frailty measure used and the purpose for which frailty was assessed. We then compared these data according to reasons for frailty assessment.
RESULTS: We identified 415 RCTs assessing frailty across a range of interventions. Frailty was used to define the target population (166 trials), as an outcome (156 trials), as an effect modifier examining interaction of frailty on treatment effect (61 trials), as a purely descriptive characteristic (42 trials) or as a prognostic marker examining the impact of frailty on future health outcome (78 trials). The trials used 28 different measures of frailty (plus 29 additional trial-specific measures). The frailty phenotype model was the most common overall (164 trials), for defining the target population (90/166 trials) and as an outcome (81/156 trials). The cumulative deficit model frailty index was also frequently used (102 trials) and was most common among trials assessing treatment effect modification (21/61 trials).
CONCLUSION: Frailty measurement in RCTs is highly variable. Understanding the properties of respective frailty measures and how these relate to frailty as encountered in clinical practice is a priority to ensure that trial findings can inform healthcare delivery for people living with frailty.
The 5-10% of breast cancers (BC) are hereditary, and BRCA1/2 are causative in 25% of those inherited. It was aimed to examine the BRCA1/2 genotype-BC phenotype relationship. In 170 female patients with BC, BRCA1/2 genes were investigated using Next Generation Sequencing. Demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients and correlations of pedigree analysis with BRCA1/2 mutation status were analysed. BRCA1/2 carriage was found to be 9.4%. When the patients were grouped as ≤ 40 and > 40 according to the age at diagnosis of BC, the tumour grade was higher in the ≤ 40 groups. In the study, BRCA1/2 carriage and tumour grade were higher in patients with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). The risk of TNBC was 5.560 times higher in BRCA1/2 carriers than in non-carriers. There is a significant relationship between BRCA1/2 carrier and BC hormone receptor negativity, tumour grade, and BC diagnosis age.
The high-protein supplements contains 47.3% protein, 39.4% carbohydrates, 13.3% lipids. A dose containing 20.8 g protein and diluted to a volume of 200 mL will be administered (187 Kcal).
Gadavist (gadobutrol) injection is a paramagnetic macrocyclic contrast agent administered for magnetic resonance imaging. The chemical name for gadobutrol is 10–[(1SR,2RS)–2,3–dihydroxy–1–hydroxymethylpropyl]–1,4,7,10–tetraazacyclododecane–1,4,7–triacetic acid, gadolinium complex. Gadobutrol has a molecular formula of C18H31GdN4O9 and a molecular weight of 604.72.

Gadavist is a sterile, clear, colorless to pale yellow solution containing 604.72 mg (1.0 mmol) of gadobutrol per mL as the active ingredient with 0.513 mg of calcobutrol sodium, 1.211 mg of trometamol, hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment) and water for injection. Gadavist contains no preservatives. 

The main physicochemical properties of Gadavist (1 mmol/mL solution for injection) are listed below:

The thermodynamic stability constants for gadobutrol (log Ktherm and log Kcond at pH 7.4) are 21.8 and 15.3, respectively.
A method for observing the morphology of a biological tissue is disclosed. The method involves administering a combination of fluorescent dyes into the biological tissue. The combination of fluorescent dyes includes two or more fluorescent dyes selected from a group consisting of: patent blue V, isosulfan blue, toluidine blue, hypericin, indocyanine green, MVAC, and doxorubicin. The method further involves using a microscopic imaging system to form an image of the biological tissue. The microscopic imaging system forms the image based on a contrast resulting from the combination of fluorescent dyes. A concentration of the first fluorescent dye depends on an administration route. A fluorescence of the combination of fluorescence dyes reveals the morphology of the biological tissue at a cellular scale. The fluorescence is observed by means of one of: ex vivo microscopy and in vivo microscopy.
BACKGROUND: Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgical procedure with significant variability in hospitalization costs. Traditional cost analysis methods often overlook the distribution of costs across patient demographics and clinical factors. This study employs a quantile regression model to explore the determinants of hospitalization costs for adult inguinal hernia surgery, providing a detailed understanding of cost variations across different quantiles.
METHODS: We analyzed data from adult patients who underwent inguinal hernia surgery at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from January 2015 to June 2023. The study included patient demographics, hernia-related information, surgery-related details, and cost-related data. A quantile regression model was used to assess the impact of various factors on hospitalization costs at different quantiles (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%). Data were processed using StataSE 15.0 software.
RESULTS: Our study included 16,602 patients, predominantly male (91.86%) and Han Chinese (96.48%), with the 51-64 years age group being the largest (26.80%). The quantile regression analysis revealed significant cost variations across different quantiles. Younger patients incurred higher costs, with age coefficients ranging from -40.541 at the 90th quantile to -3.082 at the 10th quantile. Uninsured patients faced higher costs, with coefficients from 214.747 at the 80th quantile to 501.78 at the 10th quantile. Longer hospital stays correlated with increased costs, with coefficients from 342.15 at the 80th quantile to 405.613 at the 90th quantile. Patients hospitalized multiple times (≥3) had lower costs, with coefficients from -767.353 at the 40th quantile to -311.575 at the 80th quantile. Comorbidities significantly raised costs, with coefficients for three or more comorbidities ranging from 806.122 at the 80th quantile to 1,456.02 at the 40th quantile. Laparoscopic surgery was more expensive than open surgery, with coefficients from 1,834.206 at the 80th quantile to 2,805.281 at the 10th quantile. Bilateral surgeries and the use of biological mesh also resulted in higher costs, with coefficients for bilateral surgeries ranging from 1,067.708 at the 10th quantile to 2,871.126 at the 90th quantile and for biological mesh from 3,221.216 at the 40th quantile to 6,117.598 at the 90th quantile.
CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization costs for inguinal hernia surgery are influenced by multiple factors, with significant variations across different patient groups. Strategies to control costs should be tailored to address the specific needs of patients, optimize surgical methods, and improve perioperative care. Future research should extend these findings across different healthcare settings and consider the latest advancements in medical technology and policy changes.
The toxic effect of oxidized-heme, also known as hemin, is implicated in developing adverse clinical outcome in various hematolytic diseases. To simulate and reconstruct the molecular events associated with hemin exposure on circulating monocytes, we employed a THP-1 cell line based in vitro model. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses were subsequently applied. Hemin-treated THP-1 produced ROS in a dose-dependent manner which resulted in 10-30 % of cell death primarily through apoptosis. Surviving cells induced autophagy which too was ROS-dependent, as revealed by application of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Hemin-mediated autophagy promoted differentiation of CD14+ THP-1 cells into CD11b+ macrophages. Application of 3-methyladenine, reinforced that differentiation of THP-1 was an autophagy-dependent process. It was revealed that despite a higher polarization towards M2-macrophage, synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines namely TNF-α, IL-1A, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-17A predominated. IL-6, a pleiotropic cytokine, was also elevated. It may thus be surmised that hemin-induced pro-inflammatory response in THP-1 is downstream to ROS-dependent autophagy and monocyte differentiation. This finding is translationally meaningful as hemin is already approved by FDA for amelioration of acute porphyria and is actively considered as a therapeutic agent for other diseases. This study underscores the need of further research untangling the reciprocal regulation of inflammatory signaling and autophagy under oxidative stress.
Study participants who are randomized into the intervention group will be fitted with a portable commercially available surface FES device and instructed in its use by a study investigator. Participants will be directed to use the FES 30 minutes a day for the first week, one hour a day during the next week, 90 minutes a day during the third week, and then a minimum of 2 hours per day or 10 hours per week for the next three months at home.
This invention relates to the field of chemical pharmaceutical industry, namely, to pharmaceutical formulations for preparation of prolonged release tablets, in particular, tablets for sublingual application, and to methods of preparation of such formulations. Pharmaceutical formulation comprises 96.0 to 99.8% wt. of the pharmaceutical drug microcapsules, 0.1 to 1% wt. of lubricant, and 0.1 to 3% wt. of water, each microcapsule comprising 96.0 to 99.2% wt. of the pharmaceutical drug and 0.8 to 4% wt. of film-forming substance. Dispersant is also introduced into formulation in the amount of 0.1 to 10% wt. of the total mixture obtained. Method of preparation of the pharmaceutical formulation comprises preparation of microcapsules by deposition of coating of film-forming substance on non-agglomerated particles of pharmaceutical drug, and addition of lubricant and dispersant. In the course of preparation of the microcapsules and/or their intermediate storage moisture content in the coating is brought to concentration not more than 0.5% wt., and prior to addition of lubricant and dispersant microcapsules are moistened to water content of 0.1 to 3% wt. After introduction of lubricant, dispersant is added in the form of fine fraction of said pharmaceutical drug.
This study investigated the role of arousal and effort costs in the cognitive benefits of alternating between sitting and standing postures using a sit-stand desk, while measuring executive functions, self-reports, physiology, and neural activity in a 2-h laboratory session aimed to induce mental fatigue. Two sessions were conducted with a one-week gap, during which participants alternated between sitting and standing postures each 20-min block in one session and remained seated in the other. In each block, inhibition, switching, and updating were assessed. We examined effects of time-on-task, acute (local) effects of standing versus sitting posture, and cumulative (global) effects of a standing posture that generalize to the subsequent block in which participants sit. Results (N = 43) confirmed that time-on-task increased mental fatigue and decreased arousal. Standing (versus sitting) led to acute increases in arousal levels, including self-reports, alpha oscillations, and cardiac responses. Standing also decreased physiological and perceived effort costs. Standing enhanced processing speed in the flanker task, attributable to shortened nondecision time and speeded evidence accumulation processes. No significant effects were observed on higher-level executive functions. Alternating postures also increased heart rate variability cumulatively over time. Exploratory mediation analyses indicated that the positive impact of acute posture on enhanced drift rate was mediated by self-reported arousal, whereas decreased nondecision time was mediated by reductions in alpha power. In conclusion, alternating between sitting and standing postures can enhance arousal, decrease effort costs, and improve specific cognitive and physiological outcomes.
Table 1 enumerates treatment-emergent adverse events for the placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in children and adolescents with ADHD at flexible dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release doses of 5 to 30 mg/day. The table includes only those events that occurred in 5% or more of patients treated with dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release and for which the incidence in patients treated with dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release was at least twice the incidence in placebo-treated patients. The prescriber should be aware that these figures cannot be used to predict the incidence of adverse events in the course of usual medical practice where patient characteristics and other factors differ from those which prevailed in the clinical trials. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigations involving different treatments, uses, and investigators. The cited figures, however, do provide the prescribing physician with some basis for estimating the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the adverse event incidence rate in the population studied.

Table 2 below enumerates the incidence of dose-related adverse events that occurred during a fixed-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release up to 30mg/day versus placebo in children and adolescents with ADHD.