A clinical study was completed to determine the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the CyPath® Early Lung Cancer Detection Assay (the "Assay") by comparing sputum specimens from three cohorts of Participants including healthy individuals, individuals at high risk for lung cancer and individuals diagnosed with lung cancer. Results were published in the Journal of Thoracic Oncology- see reference. Research now is planned to optimize the Assay as described below. Therefore, collection and analysis of sputum samples from three cohorts including healthy Participants, high risk Participants and cancer patient Participants are needed to conduct continuing research leading to optimization of the Assay.

This study will be performed at multiple study centers to collect sputum samples from three cohorts including healthy Participants who have no known lung disease, individuals at high risk for lung cancer and individuals at high risk for lung cancer who have been diagnosed with lung cancer. The sputum samples will be collected at the study site or at the Participant's home after explanation of the collection procedure by study staff. Samples will be identified with an identification number blinding the sample identity. However, the cohort classification of the sputum sample will be known by the Researcher as required to conduct the experiments. In the latter phase of the study that requires comparison of results between cohorts, researchers will be blinded to the classification of the sputum sample. Each subject's sputum specimen will be processed in accordance with individual experimental protocol at the laboratory of bioAffinity Technologies, Inc. (BA) located at the University of Texas at San Antonio 1604 main campus in San Antonio, Texas. The BA laboratory will process each sputum sample for use in optimizing the Assay. bioAffinity researchers who will be blinded as to the Participant's identity will perform the experiments that will determine methods to liquefy sputum, select proper fixatives and buffers, determine the efficacy of use of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) in sputum processing and determine the cell count in sputum, as described below. In the latter phase of the study, the analytical results of sputum sample analysis requires that the researchers will be blinded to the classification of the sputum sample. To ensure sample adequacy as it relates to its collection for the deep lung, samples will be analyzed by a cytologist who will perform PAP staining for the presence of macrophages. Macrophages are an indication that the sputum sample is from deep within the lungs. Findings of the experiments and comparative study will not be used in the diagnosis or treatment of Participants.

Later optimization efforts including the comparative study will require that participants in the high-risk cohort undergo low dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans to confirm they do not have lung cancer. LDCT scans will be evaluated by a licensed, independent radiologist who may advise the participant to seek additional medical advice if warranted by LDCT imaging. Participants in the cancer cohort will have undergone LDCT scans identifying them as likely to have lung cancer prior to sample collection. Findings from the CyPath® Early Lung Cancer Detection Assay will not be used in the diagnosis of Participants or subsequent treatment decisions.