Musculoskeletal disorders; It is defined as dysfunctions affecting various parts of the body, including muscles, bones, joints and spinal discs. These dysfunctions are mainly caused by repetitive manual work, lifting heavy loads, standing for long periods and working in fixed or inappropriate postures. Studies have shown that healthcare professionals (especially those working in operating rooms and intensive care units) face various problems related to long-term standing.

A person's body is affected by the conditions of his work area and his actions while standing. Keeping the body in an upright position requires significant muscle effort. Prolonged standing is one of the most common situations that requires muscle effort and causes various health problems. Prolonged standing significantly reduces blood flow to the muscles, accelerating the onset of fatigue in the extremities. It causes pooling of blood in the legs and feet, and pain in the lower extremities, back and neck muscles. When evaluated in terms of cardiovascular system; Carotid arteriosclerosis, leg edema, orthostatic symptoms (dizziness, etc.), changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and venous diseases (chronic venous insufficiency, etc.) can be observed in individuals. In addition, prolonged standing can cause temporary immobility of the joints in the spine, hips, knees and feet. This inactivity can then lead to rheumatic diseases due to degenerative damage to tendons and ligaments. Studies consistently report that the reporting of musculoskeletal disorders due to constant standing, such as low back pain, physical fatigue, myalgia, leg edema, fatigue, is increasing.

It is reported that musculoskeletal disorders cause labor losses and re-employment costs, especially in healthcare personnel, between 27,000-103,000 USD per nurse. The National Health System, the largest employer in the UK; It has a high rate of absenteeism from work due to illness due to musculoskeletal conditions, equivalent to around £400 million and 9.5 million working days per year. According to the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, musculoskeletal disorders cause the highest cost compared to all other disease diagnostic groups. It causes a production loss of 17.2 billion euros and a gross value added loss of 30.4 billion euros per year. 5.43 million euro of these losses and 6.69 million euro of gross value added loss cover the public sector, including the education and health sector. Studies in Europe have shown that approximately 40 million workers are adversely affected by these ailments, accounting for 0.5-2% of the Gross Domestic Product of the European Union. Although musculoskeletal disorders have a high prevalence among communities around the world, healthcare professionals are faced with these problems more. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders has been reported to range from 40% to 90% among nurses worldwide. The prevalence of discomfort in the knees; It has been reported in five studies conducted in Iran, the USA, Switzerland and the Netherlands. According to the results of the random effects model, the prevalence of this disorder was determined as 43.43% (CI 95%: 23.80-63.06). In the ankles and feet, the prevalence was shown to be 57.06%. Study results reveal a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among operating room personnel, especially in the lower back, back, neck, shoulders, ankles, and feet.In a study conducted at Cairo University on 184 operating room nurses, the most affected body parts of nurses in the last 12 years were the waist (76.1%), knees (67.9%), ankles/feet (60.9%) and neck (57.1%).In a study conducted in our country, it was found that 56.8% of musculoskeletal pain was in the back, 51.9% in the low back and 49.4% in the neck region in 162 operating room nurses; it was determined that these were followed by the shoulder (43.2%), foot/ ankle (38.3%) and knee (31.5%) regions, respectively.

According to AORN, operating room nurses encounter a variety of ergonomic stressors in their daily work. Job requirements for OR nurses may include lifting 25 kg on their own or 75 kg with assistance, the ability to work in an environment with unpleasant sights and smells, stressful situations, radiation, infection and hazardous materials. The AORN Workplace Safety Task Force began work in 2005 to identify high-risk ergonomic tasks. One of them is standing for long periods of time. Many OR nurses have to stand for long periods of time, which brings with it the risk of various health problems (eg extremity pain, cardiovascular abnormalities). AORN's Ergonomic Tool 4; ergonomic intervention is required if a staff member has to stand for more than two hours, stand in the same position for more than 30% of the workday, or while wearing a lead apron. In a study conducted in the United Kingdom to investigate the prevalence of pain experienced by 130 surgeons from various subspecialties of surgery, it was reported that the most common pain experienced by surgeons was low back pain, which in approximately 43% was severe enough to force interruption of surgery to relieve symptoms. In the study, foot pain also stands out as the type of pain that surgeons experience during surgery, but it is reported that surgeons have difficulty in finding suitable shoe recommendations.

While many surgeries that could not be performed due to COVID-19 are slowly returning, it is emerging that surgeons and operating room nurses need equipment and practices that support better ergonomics. Since the operating room is one of the most sensitive and valuable parts of hospitals, the operating room personnel should be given due care and appropriate ergonomic conditions should be provided. If measures are not taken to eliminate the discomfort, not only will employee health be adversely affected, but also the workflow in the operating room will be negatively affected. The AORN "Guideline for Safe Patient Transport and Movement 8" recommends the use of anti-fatigue mats in the operating room environment to counter the effects of prolonged standing. Anti-fatigue mat to reduce fatigue caused by prolonged standing on a hard surface. They are ergonomic structures designed for flexible surface. Fatigue-reducing mats can be made from various materials such as rubber, carpet materials, vinyl and wood. Anti-fatigue mats are often used to reduce lower extremity discomforts for workers who stay in the same position for long periods of time. They absorb static shock and reduce foot fatigue. However, it requires caution in the use of mats, as it may cause accidents such as tripping and falling. The use of non-slip mats should be preferred. It provides venous flow by stimulating muscle activation. It is beneficial in increasing foot comfort and safety.Operating room nurses stay up for one to eight hours during most of their shifts. To reduce the effects of the same position and standing for a long time; use of anti-fatigue mats, sit-stand stools, compression stockings, etc. It is recommended to use options. One study subjectively assessed low back pain in a standing position with a normal surface and on an anti-fatigue mat. The findings revealed that the anti-fatigue mat significantly reduced the subjective pain level in the lumbar region among the 15 participants (p \< 0.05). However, it was concluded that the anti-fatigue mat does not objectively significantly alter the gluteus medius muscle activation associated with low back pain. In another study conducted on 127 surgeons; It has been determined that the use of mats reduces the feeling of discomfort in surgeons who experience fatigue, discomfort, stiffness and pain, but there is no significant difference in leg circumference change due to mat use.

In addition to ergonomic conditions, foot bath is one of the economical methods that has a positive effect on pain and fatigue in the lower extremities. Foot bath treatment is a complementary and alternative therapy that is effective in reducing fatigue and stress by stimulating the feet with warm water, accelerating blood circulation and metabolism from the capillaries under the skin, and stimulating the parasympathetic nerves. Foot bathing also has benefits such as reducing heart rate, improving sleep quality and body movement. In one study, keeping the feet of patients in warm water at 38-42 C for 20 minutes was found to be an effective approach to relieve pain. In a study conducted on nursing students in Korea, there was no evidence that footbathing was effective on fatigue levels, but it was determined that footbathing for two weeks had a positive effect on reducing leg edema. In the study on the subject, in the operating room nurses; Foot bathing has been found to reduce leg edema, physical stress and fatigue.

When the studies are examined, it is noteworthy that the studies evaluating the effectiveness of foot bath and anti-fatigue mat use in operating room nursing on fatigue and lower extremity disorders are limited.