Determining when a fracture has united can be very difficult. Plain radiographs are easy to obtain but are notoriously inaccurate for determining union. CT scans are more helpful, but are more costly and inconvenient. Artifacts from the metal implants often mask the visibility of the bone structure. In addition, the accuracy of CT scans for determining non-unions is not known. CT scanning will identify a nonunion when a clear persistent fracture line separates the fragments. Unfortunately, the scans often reveal some areas where bone has bridged the fracture, and other areas where the fracture line remains. Ultimately, no one knows the amount of bridging necessary to stop motion between the fragments. Often the best indication of fracture healing is the resolution of pain. However, patients' pain tolerance varies greatly. It is clear that our specialty needs better techniques to determine fracture union. This is particularly important since the market is introducing many new drugs that purport increased rate of fracture healing. If there are no standards to evaluate fracture healing, there is no way to determine drug efficacy.

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is a highly accurate, precise, safe and objective technique that uses radiographs to measure very small displacements and relative motion over time. It has been used successfully for some time to evaluate small changes in the position of prosthetic joints. There is some indication that this technique can also be used to evaluate healing by determining when motion between the fragments stops. A limited number of phantom model RSA in-vitro studies have proven useful for measuring the rigidity of different types of osteosyntheses methods. However, RSA has so far only been applied in a few in-vivo studies to evaluate fracture healing.

Osteosynthesis of distal femur fractures is challenging. Fractures are reduced through a large skin incision and often patients face non-union or union in a varus or valgus deformity after a long convalescence. That said, increased fracture fixation is now achievable through the newly invented locked angle screw plate system. The Synthes product, Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) plate is one example of this new system. The exact time of fracture healing, however, remains uncertain. No RSA in-vivo studies have been published among patients with distal femur fractures - but one RSA in-vitro study on 18 phantom distal femurs demonstrates RSA to be a relatively simple way to collect and analyze the relative motion between fragments fixed with the LISS.8 Given this, it should be possible to evaluate fragment motion in distal femur fractures stabilized using the LISS plate in order to evaluate healing.

At the time of surgery, sets of up to 9 RSA beads will be implanted on sides of the main fractures lines with the use of the inserter instrument and the image intensifier. In AO/OTA type 33A fractures, two sets will be implanted - one in the femoral shaft and one in the distal femoral epiphysis. In AO/OTA type 33C fractures with an extra fracture line through the epiphysis, three sets will be implanted - one in the femoral shaft, one in the main lateral condyle segment and one in the main medial condyle segment. No beads will be planted in comminuted bone fragments. Patients will be evaluated during outpatient follow-up visits standard for this fracture (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery.)

The purpose of this study is to use RSA to evaluate fracture healing in distal femoral fractures osteosynthezed using the LISS.