Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death. The incidence of CRC has remained stable or declined in high-income countries over the past decade, possibly due to a series of screening and prevention measures aimed at people aged 50-70 years. However, there is an increased incidence of rectal cancer in people younger than 50 years of age, which is known as young-onset RC (YO-RC). By 2030, YO-RC is expected to account for 23% of rectal cancers. In America, the proportion of people under 55 years of age newly diagnosed has increased from 11% in 1995 to 20% in 2019, and the incidence of RC in people under 50 years of age has increased by about 2% per year. Due to the early detection of routine physical examination, advances in imaging, improved surgical techniques, and advances in chemoradiotherapy, colorectal cancer mortality is on a downward trend, with overall mortality declining by 57% from 1970 to 2020. Therefore, those who are diagnosed with RC under the age of 50 are also called young-onset rectal cancer (YO-RC). Prognostic analyses of YO-RC have been mixed, with some studies suggesting worse survival outcomes in younger patients, while others have shown no difference between younger and older patients. In view of the difficulty of curing cancer and its complexity, traditional evaluation indicators such as survival time, remission period, treatment-related toxicity and tumor remission rate cannot comprehensively and accurately evaluate the medical outcome of cancer patients. More and more people pay attention to the QOL of patients after treatment, which can comprehensively, objectively and truly evaluate the medical outcome from the perspective of patients. Surgery is the basis of curative treatment for RC. Problems that arise after RC surgery can impair quality of life (QOL), such as fatigue, abdominal pain, changes in bowel function, and decreased sexual function. In addition, postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy can also reduce patients' QOL. It is important to note that YO-RC patients may experience very different psychosocial status (PS) than older patients, with mental health issues such as anxiety and depression being more prominent. At the same time, because YO-RC patients have higher requirements for postoperative QOL, it is necessary to adopt standardized quantitative scales to measure the postoperative situation of this group of people, so that clinicians can provide more effective interventions. Here, we used the questionnaires, developed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), to assess the QOL of patients with CRC. Several standardized psychological and functional scales (previously applied to studies of other post-surgical tumors) were used to assess mental stress, body image anxiety, and work ability in patients after RC surgery. This study is the first to evaluate the five-year QOL and PS in YO-RC patients after surgery using multiple questionnaires. Based on our research results, the QOL and PS of patients can be better predicted, and then timely measures can be taken to help patients improve the QOL and relieve psychological pressure.