The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in young children remains high (20- 30/1000 child-years) even in high-income settings with routine pneumococcal vaccination, and is associated with a high rate of hospitalisation (around 10/1000 child-years). In low-and middle-income settings, pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children less than 5 years of age. In high-income settings, working mothers of children hospitalised with CAP have been reported to loose on average 4.2 workdays compared with 1.7 workdays for children with CAP managed in primary care. In addition to this economic burden, there is a substantial impact on quality of life for the affected child and the family. Children who are admitted with CAP experience on average 13 nonroutine days with slightly shorter periods of decreased appetite (8.5 days), disordered sleep (4.5 days) and absence from routine out-of-home childcare (7.5 days). Any intervention that ensures rapid clinical stabilization allowing for early hospital discharge without negative impacts on the overall recovery in children hospitalised with CAP would therefore carry substantial socioeconomic benefits.

Only few small trials have addressed the potential impact of oral steroid treatment in CAP during childhood. Nagy et al reported a significant reduction in fever duration and length of stay in children with severe CAP receiving methylprednisolone for 5 days compared with children receiving placebo in a randomised trial with 59 participants. A randomised trial comparing adjunct dexamethasone or methylprednisolone against standard of care (no placebo) planning to enroll 40 participants was being set up but has been withdrawn prior to recruitment (NCT01631916). A placebo-controlled randomised trial of adjunct corticosteroids in CAP complicated by pleural effusion and/or empyema with 56 participants has been completed (NCT01261546), but has not yet reported on its findings. An observational analysis using propensity scores found that adjunct corticosteroids were associated with a shorter hospital stay only in children also receiving beta-agonist therapy, concluding that any benefit might only be seen in children with acute wheezing. All in all, there is a lack of pragmatic randomized controlled trials ( RCT) with sufficient power and high external validity to provide a definitive answer to the question of the effect of adjunct steroids in children hospitalised with CAP.

Infection-related unwanted effects of adjunct steroids are potentially relevant in the context of childhood CAP. A higher proportion of children hospitalised with CAP reaching early clinical stability would only be desirable if this were shown not to be offset by a higher rate of clinically relevant CAP recurrence. A rebound phenomenon after corticosteroid discontinuation has been postulated to explain a higher rate of infection recurrence (19% compared with 9% in placebo group) among adults. Data from a recent individual patient data metaanalysis, however, indicate that an increased risk of CAP recurrence may be rather associated with longer duration of adjunct steroids in adults with CAP. To our knowledge, the question about the effect of adjunct steroid treatment in childhood CAP in relation to a postulated rebound phenomenon measured clinically as CAP recurrence has not been formally addressed in a trial. CAP-specific readmission rates for children are low at around 5%. In bronchiolitis, another acute lower respiratory tract infection for which oral corticosteroid treatment has been investigated, an increased risk of hospital revisits associated with steroid treatment could not be identified in a Cochrane metaanalysis.