An estimated 235,760 people will be newly diagnosed with lung cancer in 2021 and over 130,000 people will die as a result. Computed tomography (CT) screening has demonstrated reduced lung cancer mortality, and is now recommended for adults aged 50 to 80 years with a 20-pack-year smoking history who are current smoker or have quit within 15 years. Along with the early identification of at-risk pulmonary nodules, screening programs also have the ability to direct patients into pathways for protocolized follow-up. Despite defined eligibility requirements, lung cancer screening (LCS) is underutilized, with less than 10% of eligible patients undergoing screening. Screening is particularly challenging in minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, who face an increased risk of death due to lung cancer. Of over 50,000 patients enrolled in the National Lung Screening Trial, for example, only 4.5% of participants identified as Black and 1.7% identified as Hispanic.

Outside of screening programs, lung nodules are commonly detected incidentally on imaging done for other reasons. Each year, more than 1.5 million patients are diagnosed with an incidental pulmonary nodule. Of these, 5-9% are estimated to represent cancers, higher than the malignancy rate noted in lung cancer screening programs. Guidelines exist for the follow-up of IPNs, however compliance is often poor. IPNs may be overlooked in the context of the other illnesses for which imaging is obtained. Tests may also be ordered by providers without continuity of care, as occurs in the emergency department (ED). Patients may thus be unaware of incidental findings or receive inadequate direction for follow-up when there is no clear chain of responsibility. Racially disparate populations are specifically at risk and often face barriers to accessing primary care providers (PCPs), leading to increased use of the ED. In one study, a higher proportion of Black and Hispanic patients (38.3% and 28.1%, respectively) had initial imaging identifying an IPN performed in the ED compared to White patients (10.7%), who were more likely to have outpatient scans.

Previous studies indicate that only 38% of patients receive guideline concordant care once diagnosed with an IPN. Lung cancer was diagnosed in 8% of these patients undergoing such care compared to only 1% in those who received less intensive evaluation. Similarly, the median time to diagnosis of a lung cancer was 1.3 months in the guideline concordant care group versus 12 months in the less intensive evaluation patients, again underscoring the importance of appropriate mechanisms of follow-up. The consequences of a missed nodule are clear.

Data suggest that racial and ethnic disparities exist in the follow-up of IPNs. In a study of 1,562 patients with an IPN requiring follow-up at a tertiary care center, only 49.1% of Hispanic patients and 55.1% of Black patients were notified of IPNs compared to 79.5% of White patients. Similarly, non-White patients had significantly lower rates of ordering and adherence to follow-up imaging and had an increased odds of delaying follow-up. While this discrepancy in care has been identified, few solutions exist to bridge the gap and underrepresented patients remain at higher risk of delayed diagnosis until advanced stages of disease.

Further compounding the difficulty in managing underserved patients with IPNs is the lack of programs for formalized follow-up, specifically in urban areas. In an advisory board meeting of major medical centers within New York City, only one formal nodule evaluation program associated with a center's ED was identified. New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell identified 539 patients with IPNs over a two-year period. After radiologic review, chest radiologists referred 289 patients for further consultation and of these 142 (26.3% of original population) were referred for evaluation by a pulmonologist or oncologist. While the results of this investigation and rates of cancer diagnoses are currently being tabulated, the large proportion of patients referred for concerning findings is quite notable.

Within New York City, the Montefiore Health System is uniquely positioned to conduct clinical research and bridge health care disparities by engaging underserved and underrepresented communities. The health system is comprised of 11 hospitals in the Bronx, Westchester, and the Hudson Valley in New York. The main campuses include two high volume EDs, including one of the five busiest in the country, and serve a diverse population of nearly 1.5 million residents in the Bronx. Previous data from Montefiore have demonstrated that of 855 primary lung cancers diagnosed between 2013 and 2016, only 417 (55%) were found in patients with an in-network PCP, illustrating the need for a better support system and for a systematic approach to identify and guide these patients. Furthermore, of the 175 of these patients who were eligible for LCS, only 33 had completed screening. Among screened patients, 64% were diagnosed with stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer, compared to only 29% of the lung cancers found outside of screening. In this latter group, 46% were diagnosed with metastatic disease. This demonstrates not only the value of screening in this at-risk population, but also emphasizes the need for prompt follow-up of incidentally detected lung abnormalities. A large proportion of this population in whom lung cancers were identified outside of screening was comprised of Black (46%) and Hispanic (34%) patients with a median per capita income of only approximately $20,000.12. The evaluation and implementation of a nodule detection program may thus extend care and improve the potential for survival in patients with reduced access to health care, where the ED may function as the primary care hub.