anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
A computerized system and method for viewing a set of voxel data on a display device attached to a computer is disclosed. In one embodiment of the invention, the computerized system has a number of different components. A retrieve data set component retrieves the set of voxel data, the set of voxel data having already been acquired in accordance with acquisition parameters of a protocol. A protocol selector component selects the protocol in accordance with the set of voxel data retrieved, the protocol including preset adjustments for the volume-rendering of the data. An image gallery component displays one or more images of the set of voxel data in accordance with the preset adjustments of the protocol. An examination viewer component permits the changing of the preset adjustments of the protocol as to a particular image selected. within the image gallery component. A report generator and viewer component generates a report based on snap shots of images taken within the examination viewer component. A print and post component prints the generated report to a printer operatively coupled to the computer, and/or posts the report as an HTML file to a web browser for retrieval over the Internet or an intranet.
Diazepam is subject to Schedule IV control under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Abuse and dependence of benzodiazepines have been reported. Addiction-prone individuals (such as drug addicts or alcoholics) should be under careful surveillance when receiving diazepam or other psychotropic agents because of the predisposition of such patients to habituation and dependence. Once physical dependence to benzodiazepines has developed, termination of treatment will be accompanied by withdrawal symptoms. The risk is more pronounced in patients on long-term therapy.

Withdrawal symptoms, similar in character to those noted with barbiturates and alcohol have occurred following abrupt discontinuance of diazepam. These withdrawal symptoms may consist of tremor, abdominal and muscle cramps, vomiting, sweating, headache, muscle pain, extreme anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion and irritability. In severe cases, the following symptoms may occur: derealization, depersonalization, hyperacusis, numbness and tingling of the extremities, hypersensitivity to light, noise and physical contact, hallucinations or epileptic seizures. The more severe withdrawal symptoms have usually been limited to those patients who had received excessive doses over an extended period of time. Generally milder withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and insomnia) have been reported following abrupt discontinuance of benzodiazepines taken continuously at therapeutic levels for several months. Consequently, after extended therapy, abrupt discontinuation should generally be avoided and a gradual dosage tapering schedule followed.

Chronic use (even at therapeutic doses) may lead to the development of physical dependence: discontinuation of the therapy may result in withdrawal or rebound phenomena.

Rebound Anxiety

A transient syndrome whereby the symptoms that led to treatment with diazepam recur in an enhanced form. This may occur upon discontinuation of treatment. It may be accompanied by other reactions including mood changes, anxiety, and restlessness.

Since the risk of withdrawal phenomena and rebound phenomena is greater after abrupt discontinuation of treatment, it is recommended that the dosage be decreased gradually.
BACKGROUND: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin that widely found in the environment and mouldy foods. AFB1 initially targets the intestine, and AFB1-induced intestinal injury cannot be ignored. Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA), a predominant species of Lactobacillus, plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small lipid membrane vesicles, are widely involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the mechanism by which Lactobacillus amylovorus-QC1H-derived EVs (LA.EVs) protect against AFB1-induced intestinal injury remains unclear.
RESULTS: In our study, a new strain named Lactobacillus amylovorus-QC1H (LA-QC1H) was isolated from pig faeces. Then, EVs derived from LA-QC1H were extracted via ultracentrifugation. Our results showed that LA.EVs significantly alleviated AFB1-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, decreasing intestinal permeability and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins. Moreover, 16 S rRNA analysis revealed that LA.EVs modulated AFB1-induced gut dysbiosis in mice. However, LA.EVs did not exert beneficial effects in antibiotic-treated mice. LA.EVs treatment increased intestinal levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and activated intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/interleukin-22 (IL-22) signalling in AFB1-exposed mice. Inhibition of intestinal AHR signalling markedly weakened the protective effect of LA.EVs in AFB1-exposed mice.
CONCLUSIONS: LA.EVs alleviated AFB1-induced intestinal injury by modulating the gut microbiota, activating the intestinal AHR/IL-22 signalling, reducing the inflammatory response and promoting intestinal barrier repair in mice.
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive decline frequently occurs in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the clinical methods to predict the onset of cognitive changes are limited. Given preliminary evidence of the link between gait and cognition, the purpose of this study was to determine if dual task (DT) gait was related to declines in cognition over two years in PD.
METHODS: A retrospective two-year longitudinal study of 48 individuals with PD using data from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative of the Michael J. Fox Foundation. The following data were extracted at baseline: spatiotemporal gait (during single and DT), demographics (age, sex), PD disease duration (time since diagnosis), motor function (Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)), and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)), with MoCA scores also extracted after two years.
RESULTS: A binomial logistic regression was conducted, with all covariates (above) in block 1 and DT effect (DTE) of gait characteristics in block 2 entered in a stepwise fashion. The final model was statistically significant (χ2(6) = 23.20, p < 0.001) and correctly classified 78.7 % of participants by cognitive status after two years. Only DTE of arm swing asymmetry (ASA) (p = 0.030) was included in block 2 such that a 1 % decline in DTE resulted in 1.6 % increased odds of cognitive decline.
CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with greater change in arm swing asymmetry from single to DT gait may be more likely to experience a decline in cognition within two years. These results suggested that reduced automaticity or poor utilization of attentional resources may be indicative of subtle changes in cognition and indicate that DT paradigms may hold promise as a marker of future cognitive decline.
In 2 clinical trials evaluating twice-daily treatment with SEREVENT DISKUS 50 mcg (N = 336) compared with placebo (N = 366) in patients with chronic bronchitis with airflow limitation, with or without emphysema, improvements in pulmonary function endpoints were greater with salmeterol 50 mcg than with placebo. Treatment with SEREVENT DISKUS did not result in significant improvements in secondary endpoints assessing COPD symptoms in either clinical trial. Both trials were randomized, double-blind, parallel-group studies of 24 weeks’ duration and were identical in design, patient entrance criteria, and overall conduct. 

Figure 3 displays the integrated 2-hour postdose FEV1 results from the 2 clinical trials. The percent change in FEV1 refers to the change from baseline, defined as the predose value on Treatment Day 1. To account for patient withdrawals during the study, Endpoint (last evaluable FEV1) data are provided. Patients receiving SEREVENT DISKUS 50 mcg had significantly greater improvements in 2-hour postdose FEV1 at Endpoint (216 mL, 20%) compared with placebo (43 mL, 5%). Improvement was apparent on the first day of treatment and maintained throughout the 24 weeks of treatment. 

Figure 3. Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Postdose FEV1 Integrated Data From 2 Trials of Patients With Chronic Bronchitis and Airflow Limitation

Onset of Action and Duration of Effect: The onset of action and duration of effect of SEREVENT DISKUS were evaluated in a subset of patients (n = 87) from 1 of the 2 clinical trials discussed above. Following the first 50-mcg dose, significant improvement in pulmonary function (mean FEV1 increase of 12% or more and at least 200 mL) occurred at 2 hours. The mean time to peak bronchodilator effect was 4.75 hours. As seen in Figure 4, evidence of bronchodilatation was seen throughout the 12-hour period. Figure 4 also demonstrates that the bronchodilating effect after 12 weeks of treatment was similar to that observed after the first dose. The mean time to peak bronchodilator effect after 12 weeks of treatment was 3.27 hours. 

Figure 4. Serial 12-Hour FEV1 on the First Day and at Week 12 of Treatment
NEW MATERIAL:The compound of formula [R1 and R2 are (organic group- substituted) ammine; these two ammine groups may be linked with each other via a bivalent organic group; R3 is bile acid residue]. EXAMPLE:Cyclohexane-1,2-diammineplatinum (II) bischoleate. USE:A carcinostatic agent and an antimicrobial agent. PREPARATION:A cis-dichloro-substituted or unsubstituted diammineplatinum (II) is nitrated preferably with silver nitrate to obtain a diaquo compound of nitrate. The diaquo compound is made to react with a compound of formula R3-M (M is alkali metal). The alkali metal M is preferably sodium.
All patients with symptomatic oral lesions of cGVHD were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were patients with 12 years or less of age, history of allergy to any of the studied medications and patients already under other topical treatment for oral lesions of cGVHD. Patients were randomly assigned between two study groups: one group rinsed with a solution of clobetasol propionate 0.05% associated to nystatin 100,000 UI/mL; and another group rinsed with a solution of dexamethasone 0.1 mg/ml associated to nystatin 100,000 UI/mL. Patients were instructed to use the solution 3 times a day, during 1 minute, for 28 days. Clinical exams were performed at baseline and after 28 days. Patients were evaluated by an oral medicine expert, previously calibrated for evaluation of oral cGVHD lesions. Oral lesions of cGVHD were diagnosed according to NIH 2005 criteria, and graded according to the modified oral mucositis rating scale. Evaluation of the symptoms of the oral mucosa and of xerostomia were performed through visual analogue scale. Samples for fungal culture were obtained before and after the topical treatment. Results were submitted to a descriptive analysis. Chi-square was used for the comparison of categorical variables. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used for the comparison of measurable data inter and intra-groups, respectively. Significance level was set at 5%.
Diabetic nephropathy is one of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. DN is a multifactorial disorder that occurs in one third of patients with long standing DM. DN is one of the most serious complications that being a major contributing factor to end-stage renal disease and death in diabetic patients. The earliest clinical indication of DN is the appearance of microalbuminuria. Detection of diabetic nephropathy as early as possible, is the best chance of delaying progression to ESRD. Thus, screening for microalbuminuria is recommended annually immediately after a diagnosis of diabetes. Transcription factor 7-like 2 is a highly variable transcription factor, which is a key component of the Wnt-signaling pathway and plays a role in the regulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism is more associated with T2DM which mediated by decreased insulin secretion associated with defects in insulin processing, reduced effects of glucagon-like peptide-1, increased hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance. The mutant TT genotype and the T allele frequency was associated with diabetic patients who developed nephropathy. Advanced glycation end products are generated by the non-enzymatic reaction of amino groups in DNA and proteins with reducing sugars. AGEs accumulate in glomerular basement membrane. The AGEs-RAGE interaction is a causative factor for DN through activating a series of intracellular signal-cascade pathways which induce the generation of further signalling factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor B, nuclear factor-κβ. Those signalling factors cause mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis.
This is a "usual care" group. Patients in this arm will receive the standard pre-drug initiation training and 4 week clinic follow up visit.
Neointimal hyperplasia causes the failure of coronary artery bypass grafting. Our previous studies have found that endothelial dysfunction is 1 candidate for triggering neointimal hyperplasia, but which factors are involved in this process is unclear. Glutathione S-transferase α4 (GSTA4) plays an important role in metabolizing 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a highly reactive lipid peroxidation product, which causes endothelial dysfunction or death. Here, we investigated the role of GSTA4 in neointima formation after arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) with or without high-fat diet (HFD). Compared with normal diet, HFD caused endothelial dysfunction and increased neointima formation, concomitantly accompanied by downregulated expression of GSTA4 at the mRNA and protein levels. In vitro, overexpression of GSTA4 attenuated 4-HNE-induced endothelial dysfunction and knockdown of GSTA4 aggravated endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, silencing GSTA4 expression facilitated the activation of 4-HNE-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway alleviated 4-HNE-induced endothelial dysfunction. In addition, compared with wild-type mice, mice with knockout of endothelial-specific GSTA4 (GSTA4 endothelial cell KO) exhibited exacerbated vascular endothelial dysfunction and increased neointima formation caused by HFD. Together, these results demonstrate the critical role of GSTA4 in protecting the function of endothelial cells and in alleviating hyperlipidemia-induced vascular neointimal hyperplasia in arteriovenous grafts.
BACKGROUND: Plastic bag suffocation may represent a very complex enigma for the forensic pathologist. The aim of this work is to highlight how the resolution of plastic bag suffocation cases is possible through the use of various forensic investigations, including psychological one (psychological autopsy) and toxicological examinations, in order to be able to define the manner of death.
CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old man was found by his daughter lying on the bed, with his head inside a plastic bag knotted around his neck. The daughter claimed to have immediately removed the bag, but the father was already dead. An autopsy was performed. The clinical history of the victim was analysed in search of reason that could lead to suicide. The statements of the people on the death scene were examined. Results were compared with the scientific literature: a literature review was performed on the search engine Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar using the keywords "plastic bag suffocation" and "death". The autopsy showed no typical signs of asphyxial death. Toxicological examinations revealed benzodiazepines in the urine. Investigations revealed that the victim had been suffering from severe depression.
CONCLUSIONS: The literature review confirmed that the most used wrapper is the supermarket shopping bag. We emphasize that plastic bag suffocation is a very quick event that does not leave any evident sign: this rapidity does not allow to appreciate the typical elements of asphyxiated death (petechiae, cyanosis). It seems that the fatal mechanism is a cardio-inhibitory, rather than a hypoxic process.
Patients who are randomized into this arm will receive the standard of care (outlined above). Additionally, patients will also receive a smoking education/counseling session. Patients will receive 10-30 minutes of guided discussion regarding the risks and benefits with regards to smoking and the healing of their traumatic injuries. The smoking educators, who will be trained in accordance with the guidelines provided by MdQuit.org will utilize motivational interviewing techniques to enhance interest in quitting. Patients will receive a description of the quitline, and the quitlined will be the recommended resource. If patients elect to enroll in the quitline, they will be consented using the standardized quitline protocols.
Proinflammatory cytokines are crucial contributors to neuroinflammation in the development of chronic pain. Here, we identified il16, which encodes interleukin-16 (IL-16), as a differentially expressed gene in spinal dorsal horn of a complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) inflammatory pain model in mice by RNA sequencing. We further investigated whether and how IL-16 regulates pain transmission in the spinal cord and contributes to the development of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed elevated IL-16 transcript levels in the spinal dorsal horn after CFA injection. This increase was further confirmed by qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Knockdown of IL-16 by intrathecal injection of IL-16 siRNA not only attenuated CFA-induced mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity, but also inhibited enhanced c-fos expression and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn in male mice injected with CFA. Moreover, exogenous IL-16 induced nociceptive responses and increased c-fos expression and glial activation in spinal dorsal horn. This effect was largely impaired when CD4, the binding receptor for IL-16, was inhibited. In addition, CD4 expression was upregulated in the spinal dorsal horn after CFA injection and CD4 was present in microglia and in contact with astrocytes and activated spinal neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that enhanced IL-16-CD4 signaling triggers pain and activates microglia and astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn, thus contributing to inflammatory pain. IL-16 may serve as a promising target for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
DNA vaccination has induced immune responses in animals to a number of viral, bacterial, and parasite derived antigens. Early clinical experiences with HIV DNA vaccines in humans indicate: 1) the tolerability and short-term safety of DNA at doses up to 5000 mcg in humans are excellent; and 2) there is potential for immunogenicity.

The pGA2/JS2 DNA vaccine is part of a planned prime/boost regimen of a DNA vaccine prime followed by a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine boost. In studies in monkeys, a combination of a DNA vaccine and an MVA vaccine protected the monkeys against disease caused by a monkey virus similar to HIV. The current study is an initial investigation of the safety and immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine given alone. The pGA2/JS2 DNA vaccine expresses gag, protease, reverse transcriptase, env, tat, vpu, and rev.

Participants are randomized to 1 of 2 groups. People in Group A receive either 2 injections of a lower dose (300 mcg) of the DNA plasmid vaccine or the placebo control. People in Group B receive either 2 injections of a higher dose (3000 mcg) of the DNA plasmid vaccine or the control. Group B will be enrolled only if the vaccine is found to be safe and well-tolerated during the initial 2-week evaluation of all participants in Group A. Participants receive vaccinations administered at Months 0 and 2. All vaccinations are administered by intramuscular (IM) injection in an outpatient setting. Participants have about 10 clinic visits during this study, including the screening and injection visits. Participants give blood and urine samples at study visits. They are tested for HIV before entering the study and 4 more times during the study. Women who can become pregnant may undergo up to 3 pregnancy tests during the study period.
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological engineering, in particular to a preparation method of agrocybe intracellular polysaccharide with immunity-enhancing activity. The agrocybe intracellular polysaccharide is white powder, and is obtained by the homogenate, hot water extraction, centrifugation, supernatant concentration, ethanol precipitation, protein removal, bleaching, dialysis and freeze-drying of wet mycelium prepared from agrocybe aegerita through deep fermentation. The agrocybe aegerita mycelium contains 17 amino acids, the total amount is 16.441g/100g dry weight of mycelium, and the necessary total amount of amino acid is 6.787g/100g dry weight of mycelium and accounts for 41.28 percent of the total amount of amino acid, and the content of glutamate and aspartate is the highest. The agrocybe aegerita mycelium contains quite high proportion of Ca, Fe, Zn and other trace elements that human body is easy to lack, and contains low content of harmful heavy metal elements. The main monosaccharide that the polysaccharide contains is glucose, and the content of polysaccharide is 63.4 percent as measured through a phenol-sulfuric acid method. The preparation method has immunity-enhancing activity, can be applied in preparing health products with immunity enhancing and anti-fatigue functions.
There have been no clinical studies or reports in literature to evaluate the interaction of rectally administered diazepam with other drugs. As with all drugs, the potential for interaction by a variety of mechanisms is a possibility.

Effect of Concomitant Use of Benzodiazepines and Opioids: The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids increases the risk of respiratory depression because of actions at different receptor sites in the CNS that control respiration. Benzodiazepines interact at GABAA sites, and opioids interact primarily at mu receptors. When benzodiazepines and opioids are combined, the potential for benzodiazepines to significantly worsen opioid-related respiratory depression exists. Limit dosage and duration of concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids, and follow patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation.

Other Psychotropic Agents or Other CNS Depressants: If diazepam rectal gel is to be combined with other psychotropic agents or other CNS depressants, careful consideration should be given to the pharmacology of the agents to be employed particularly with known compounds which may potentiate the action of diazepam, such as phenothiazines, narcotics, barbiturates, MAO inhibitors and other antidepressants.

Cimetidine: The clearance of diazepam and certain other benzodiazepines can be delayed in association with cimetidine administration. The clinical significance of this is unclear.

Valproate: Valproate may potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of diazepam.

Effect of Other Drugs on Diazepam Metabolism: In vitro studies using human liver preparations suggest that CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 are the principal isozymes involved in the initial oxidative metabolism of diazepam. Therefore, potential interactions may occur when diazepam is given concurrently with agents that affect CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activity. Potential inhibitors of CYP2C19 (e.g., cimetidine, quinidine, and tranylcypromine) and CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, troleandomycin, and clotrimazole) could decrease the rate of diazepam elimination, while inducers of CYP2C19 (e.g., rifampin) and CYP3A4 (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, dexamethasone and phenobarbital) could increase the rate of elimination of diazepam.

Effect of Diazepam on the Metabolism of Other Drugs: There are no reports as to which isozymes could be inhibited or induced by diazepam. But, based on the fact that diazepam is a substrate for CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, it is possible that diazepam may interfere with the metabolism of drugs which are substrates for CYP2C19, (e.g. omeprazole, propranolol, and imipramine) and CYP3A4 (e.g. cyclosporine, paclitaxel, terfenadine, theophylline, and warfarin) leading to a potential drug-drug interaction.