anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
T-2 toxin is a member of class A aspergilloides toxins, one of the most prevalent mycotoxins that contaminate feed and food. Direct ingestion of animals or feed contaminated by T-2 toxin can cause various animal diseases. Butyrate is an organic fatty acid featuring a four-carbon chain, which is commonly found in the form of sodium butyrate (NaB). NaB has several biological functions and pharmacological effects. However, the role of sodium butyrate in alleviating T-2 toxin-induced hepatorenal toxicity has not been explored. In this study, 240 juvenile quails were evenly assigned into 4 groups. The experimental setup comprised four groups: The control group received a standard diet; the toxin group received a diet containing 0.9 mg/kg T-2 toxin; the butyrate group received a diet containing 0.5 g/kg NaB; and the T-2 treatment group received a diet containing both 0.9 mg/kg T-2 toxin and 0.5 g/kg NaB. We evaluated the histopathological changes in the kidney and liver on Days 14 and 28 and explored the molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and expression of nuclear xenobiotic receptors (NXRs). Our results showed that T-2 toxin exposure-induced inflammation in the liver and kidney by activating the oxidative stress pathway and modulating expression of NXRs to regulate related CYP450 isoforms, ultimately leading to histopathological injury in the liver and kidney, whereas sodium butyrate ameliorated this injury. These results offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of sodium butyrate in mitigating T-2 toxin-induced hepatorenal injury in juvenile quails. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The mechanisms of T-2 toxin toxicity have been well described in experimental animals, but studies in birds are limited. With the development of society, the market scale of quails farming has been expanding, and the value of quails meat and eggs is increasing; there is an urgent need to clarify the harm of T-2 toxin to quails and its mechanism.
Hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine have been reported in patients who previously experienced this reaction to anticonvulsants including phenytoin, primidone, and phenobarbital. If such history is present, benefits and risks should be carefully considered and, if carbamazepine is initiated, the signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity should be carefully monitored. 

Patients should be informed that about a third of patients who have had hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine also experience hypersensitivity reactions with oxcarbazepine (Trileptal®).

Anaphylaxis and Angioedema

Rare cases of anaphylaxis and angioedema involving the larynx, glottis, lips, and eyelids have been reported in patients after taking the first or subsequent doses of carbamazepine. Angioedema associated with laryngeal edema can be fatal. If a patient develops any of these reactions after treatment with carbamazepine, the drug should be discontinued and an alternative treatment started. These patients should not be rechallenged with the drug.
OBJECTIVES: This study examined trends in the frequencies and rates of deaths associated with unintentional injuries in sport and recreation in Québec, Canada, for the period January 2006-December 2019.
METHODS: In this descriptive retrospective study, data were extracted from the database of the Bureau du coroner du Québec. Incidence rates were calculated using participation data from the Étude des blessures subies au cours de la pratique d'activités récréatives et sportives au Québec (ÉBARS) and Canadian census population data. Poisson regression was used to investigate changes in death rates over the 14-year period by estimating incidence rate ratios.
RESULTS: There were 1937 unintentional injury deaths and the population-based death rate was 1.72 per 100 000 person-years. The participation-based rate was 1.40 per 100 000 participant-years, considering the 24 matching activities in both ÉBARS' editions. Using both population-based and participation-based denominators, separate analyses consistently showed declining death rates in non-motorised navigation and cycling. Deaths related to all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, swimming, cycling, motorised navigation and non-motorised navigation activities accounted for 80.2% of all deaths. Drowning was documented as a cause of death in 39.3% of all fatalities. Males represented 86.8% of all deaths, with males aged 18-24 years and 65 and over having the highest rates.
CONCLUSION: The death rates of unintentional injury deaths associated with non-motorised navigation and cycling declined, from January 2006 to December 2019. The characteristics and mechanisms of drowning deaths and fatalities that occurred in activities associated with higher death frequencies and rates need to be further investigated.
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain safety cosmetics, unregulated drugs, medicines and foods having high skin-beautifying effect, inhibiting the activity of hyaluronidases, effective to chapped skin or the like by blending solvent extracts of dried flowers of Eriocaulon buergerianum, Rose taiwanensis, dried Centipeda minima. Orthosiphon arisatus, Siegesbeckia orientalis, driedfruits of Nelumbo nicifera, driy roots of Flemingia macrophylla, dried stems of Uncaria rhynchophylla, and dried seeds of Sterculia scaphigera. SOLUTION: The cosmetics, unregulated drugs, medicines and foods are obtained by blending the solvent extracts of the prescribed chinese drugs. Water or hydrophilic organic solvent (e.g.; ethanol, acetone or the like) are used as the solvent for extraction. Various dosage forms of cosmetics, unregulated drugs, medicines and foods, for example lotions, creams, tablets, drinks or the like are prepared by adding the prescribed material to raw materials of the cosmetics, unregulated drugs, medicines and foods, for example liquid oil such as squalane, jojoba oil or the like, solid oil such as bees wax, cetylalcohol or the like, several activators, moisturizing agent such as glycerin, 1,3-bytylene glycol or the like.
FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: invention describes compounds of formula(A) wherein X, Ar, X, Y, R, R, R, Rand N are as defined, above. Said compounds are leukotriene formation inhibitors and/or leukotriene receptor blocking agent. Invention also describers process for preparation of said compounds, pharmaceutical agents thereof and methods of medical treatment with said compounds. Compounds of the formula given above are useful for prophylaxis or medical treatment of asthma, arthritis, psoriasis, unceration and infarct myocardium and related diseases in mammals. EFFECT: improved properties of the title compounds.
The invention provides the preparation method and Traditional Chinese medicine for decreasing blood sugar preparation of a kind of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr extract, the preparation method of the Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr extract is comprised the following steps：Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is extracted with the ethanol that mass fraction is 45%~95%, the extract solution that will be obtained is concentrated or is spray-dried, obtain Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr extract, the temperature of the extraction is 60 DEG C~80 DEG C, and the time of the extraction is 6~15 hours.The hypoglycemic effective percentage of the Chinese medicine preparation that the present invention obtains Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr extract prepared by above-mentioned preparation method with reference to pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary material is higher.Test result indicate that：It is test object with 30 hyperglycemic patients, takes the Chinese medicine preparation of present invention offer after 15 days, its hypoglycemic effective percentage may be up to 93.3%.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and liver cirrhosis are clinical entities that frequently coexist, but glucose-lowering medication options are limited in cirrhotic patients. Sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of glucose-lowering medication that act independently of insulin, by causing glycosuria in the proximal convoluted tubule. In this review, we aimed to briefly present the main data and to provide insight into the pathophysiology and potential usefulness of SGLT2 inhibitors in cirrhotic patients with or without T2DM. SGLT2 inhibitors have been proven useful as antidiabetic treatment in patients with metabolic liver disease, with most robust data from patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), where they also showed improvement in liver function parameters. Moreover, it has been suggested that SGLT2 inhibitors may have effects beyond their antidiabetic action. Accordingly, they have exhibited cardioprotective effects, expanding their indication in patients with heart failure without T2DM. Since decompensated liver cirrhosis and congestive heart failure share common pathophysiological features, namely renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and sympathetic nervous system activation as well as vasopressin secretion, SGLT2 inhibitors could also be beneficial in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, even in the absence of T2DM.
Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg (up to 800 mg) intravenous (IV) once every 4 weeks + weekly oral methotrexate continuing at the patient's pre-study dose for 24 weeks. Patients taking oral corticosteroids remained on their pre-study dose (up to 10 mg/day). Week 24 to Week 52 the dose of tocilizumab and methotrexate remained the same. Based on DAS28 assessments, corticosteroid dose was adjusted and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) added. Week 52 to Week 104, based on the DAS28 assessment, treatment was adjusted to one of four protocol specified treatment regimens: Treatment tapering, Continued treatment, Treatment intensification or Maintenance treatment. After Week 100, patients who discontinued tocilizumab because of remission were retreated with the last effective dose of tocilizumab or blinded methotrexate if a flare occurred.
At injury, participants are given instructions regarding guided activities to consider and how to observe for symptom increase. Focus is on guided activity, not restriction. The intervention consists of 5 phases designed to facilitate an active approach to concussion rehabilitation. Phases are symptom stabilization, impairment reduction, activity integration, recovery acceleration, and sport specific application. Participants complete phase specific activities under direction of a clinical professional, and progress upon meeting specific requirements. Participants are required to spend at least 2 days in Phase 1; subsequent phases are completed on separate days. Once asymptomatic for 24 hours or within 85% of their BSS they begin the enhanced graded exertion progression (Zurich/Berlin protocol).
Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) during ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI) significantly contributes to cardiovascular-related deaths. Although VF has been linked to genetic factors, variations in copy number variation (CNV), a significant source of genetic variation, have remained largely unexplored in this context. To address this knowledge gap, this study performed whole exome sequencing analysis on a cohort of 39 patients with STEAMI who experienced VF, aiming to elucidate the role of CNVs in this pathology. The analysis revealed CNVs in the form of duplications in the PARP2 and TTC5 genes as well as CNVs in the form of deletions in the MUC15 and PPP6R1 genes, which could potentially serve as risk indicators for VF during STEAMI. The analysis also underscores notable CNVs with an average gene copy number equal to or greater than four in DEFB134, FCGR2C, GREM1, PARM1, SCG5, and UNC79 genes. These findings provide further insight into the role of CNVs in VF in the context of STEAMI.
PURPOSE: A superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a preparation method thereof is provided for applying to cosmetic, pharmaceutical or agricultural food compositions having anti-free radical activity. CONSTITUTION: The SOD is prepared by using germinated plant seeds, preferably a seed of plants such as barley, lens bean, pea and soy bean, as a source. The seeds are germinated at 4-50°C, preferably at room temperature, or cool humid or air and preferably in the presence of a stimulant of germination for one or more days. The obtained seeds are grinded, extracted with aqueous solution at room temperature for several minutes to about an hour, and filtered to obtain a filtered solution containing SOD. The SOD can thereafter be conjugated with a hydrogen peroxide-trapping agent, preferably a peroxidase and an enzyme cofactor. The SOD exhibits much higher enzymatic activity when used with other enzyme such as catalase or peroxidase which destroys the product of superoxide dismutation.
A meta-analysis from 54 epidemiological studies reported that there is a slightly increased relative risk (RR=1.24) of having breast cancer diagnosed in women who are currently using combination oral contraceptives compared to never-users. The increased risk gradually disappears during the course of the 10 years after cessation of combination oral-contraceptive use. These studies do not provide evidence for causation. The observed pattern of increased risk of breast cancer diagnosis may be due to earlier detection of breast cancer in combination oral contraceptive users, the biological effects of combination oral contraceptives, or a combination of both. Because breast cancer is rare in women under 40 years of age, the excess number of breast cancer diagnoses in current and recent combination oral contraceptive users is small in relation to the lifetime risk of breast cancer. Breast cancers diagnosed in ever-users tend to be less advanced clinically than the cancers diagnosed in never-users.

Some studies suggest that oral-contraceptive use has been associated with an increase in the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or invasive cervical cancer in some populations of women. However, there continues to be controversy about the extent to which such findings may be due to differences in sexual behavior and other factors.

In spite of many studies of the relationship between oral-contraceptive use and breast and cervical cancers, a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established.
BACKGROUND: Preterm birth (PTB) is a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality. Evidence suggests an increased risk with both maternal underweight and obesity, with some studies suggesting underweight might be a greater factor in spontaneous PTB (SPTB) and that the relationship might vary by parity. Previous studies have largely explored established body mass index (BMI) categories. Our aim was to compare associations of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI with any PTB, SPTB and medically indicated PTB (MPTB) among nulliparous and parous women across populations with differing characteristics, and to identify the optimal BMI with lowest risk for these outcomes.
METHODS: We used three UK datasets, two USA datasets and one each from South Australia, Norway and Denmark, together including just under 29 million pregnancies resulting in a live birth or stillbirth after 24 completed weeks gestation. Fractional polynomial multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of maternal BMI with any PTB, SPTB and MPTB, among nulliparous and parous women separately. The results were combined using a random effects meta-analysis. The estimated BMI at which risk was lowest was calculated via differentiation and a 95% confidence interval (CI) obtained using bootstrapping.
RESULTS: We found non-linear associations between BMI and all three outcomes, across all datasets. The adjusted risk of any PTB and MPTB was elevated at both low and high BMIs, whereas the risk of SPTB was increased at lower levels of BMI but remained low or increased only slightly with higher BMI. In the meta-analysed data, the lowest risk of any PTB was at a BMI of 22.5 kg/m2 (95% CI 21.5, 23.5) among nulliparous women and 25.9 kg/m2 (95% CI 24.1, 31.7) among multiparous women, with values of 20.4 kg/m2 (20.0, 21.1) and 22.2 kg/m2 (21.1, 24.3), respectively, for MPTB; for SPTB, the risk remained roughly largely constant above a BMI of around 25-30 kg/m2 regardless of parity.
CONCLUSIONS: Consistency of findings across different populations, despite differences between them in terms of the time period covered, the BMI distribution, missing data and control for key confounders, suggests that severe under- and overweight may play a role in PTB risk.
INTRODUCTION: Olfactory dysfunction has been included among the early symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Evidence suggests that a relationship exists between the duration of olfaction disorders and the probability of developing severe COVID-19. Given the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to determine the frequency of smell alteration and its association with the severity of COVID-19 in a referral hospital in Peru, which is one of the most affected countries in the Latin American region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was an observational, prospective cohort study that included patients with COVID-19 who were treated at the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins from August to November 2020. To assess the association, the chi-square test of independence or Fisher's exact test was performed. The outcome variable was COVID-19 severity, and the exposure variable was olfactory dysfunction. The first data collection was in the emergency department and the follow-up was via telephone.
RESULTS: A total of 179 patients were included. The mean age was 61.6 ± 15.5 years, and 129 patients (72.1%) were male. Olfactory dysfunction was observed in 43 patients (24%). An inverse association was found between age and olfactory dysfunction (P = .002). No significant association was found between COVID-19 severity level and olfactory alteration (P = .056). However, a direct association was found between COVID-19 severity and age (P = .003), cough (P < .001), and respiratory distress (P = .003).
CONCLUSION: This study did not find any association between the severity of COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction. It showed a low incidence rate of smell alteration compared with studies from other regions. Moreover, smell alteration was associated with younger age.
Chemical compositions and/or mixtures that allow nucleic acid to remain stable at ambient temperatures. The disclosed technology includes a solution and manufacturing methods thereof. The solution includes a chelating agent, a buffering agent, and a salt. The solution is configured to protect RNA and/or an RNA-based vaccine added to the solution and prevents or reduces degradation of the RNA and/or the RNA-based vaccine for a duration of 2 to 180 days over a temperature range of −20 degrees C. to +38 degrees C. The chelating agent can comprise ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The buffering agent can comprise tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS). The salt can comprise NaCl. The solution is configured to preserve an injectable mRNA vaccine added to the solution, and the solution is safe for injection into mammals.
All the participants will receive only 1 dose of PP1M 100 or 150 mg eq. or PP3M 350 or 525 mg eq. The participants will precede from maintenance phase to double-blind phase.
We determined the motor threshold (MT) of the contralateral abductor pollicis brevis muscle as the target muscle by stimulating the left motor cortex. The MT was defined as the stimulus intensity required to produce motor evoked potentials of\> 50 mV peak-to-peak amplitude in five out of ten consecutive trials in the right abductor pollicis brevis. The rTMS was performed over the left F3 on the scalp according to the 10/20 electroencephalography system with an 8-shaped 70-mm coil. The protocol included high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS applied over the left DLPFC at 110% RMT for two sessions per day, over two weeks for a total of 20 sessions. In each session, a total of 2000 pulses were stimulated for 5 seconds, applied at 25-second intervals, and each rTMS session lasted 20 minutes. Patients were given the opportunity to rest for 1-3 hours in between sessions. A total of 4000 pulses were applied to the patients in one day.
Vagifem 10 mcg (estradiol vaginal tablets) are small, white, film-coated tablets containing 10.3 mcg of estradiol hemihydrate equivalent to 10 mcg of estradiol. Vagifem 25 mcg (estradiol vaginal tablets) are small, white, film-coated tablets containing 25.8 mcg of estradiol hemihydrate equivalent to 25 mcg of estradiol. Each tablet of Vagifem 10 mcg and 25 mcg contains the following excipients: hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, maize starch and magnesium stearate. The film coating contains hypromellose and polyethylene glycol. Each Vagifem tablet is 6 mm in diameter and is placed in a disposable applicator. Each tablet-filled applicator is packaged separately in a blister pack. Vagifem tablets are used intravaginally. When the tablet comes in contact with the vaginal mucosa, estradiol is released into the vagina.

Estradiol hemihydrate is a white, almost white or colorless crystalline solid, chemically described as estra-1,3,5 (10)-triene-3,17β-diol. The chemical formula is C18H24O2 • ½ H2O with a molecular weight of 281.4.

The structural formula is:
TMC-CP01 is a treatment based on the VANISH (Virtual Autonomic Neuromodulation Induced Systemic Healing) system and method, which combines existing technologies and therapies into Virtual Reality (VR) to help people learn to auto-regulate the way their body feels. TMC-CP01 is designed specifically for pain management and is tailored for low back pain. The treatment utilizes virtual reality and biofeedback to train patients to auto-regulate themselves and improve their pain over time. By providing patients an accessible and effective alternative pain management tool, patients can avoid opioid use, dependency, and resulting complications due to opioids. Change in daily opioid dose, expressed in morphine equivalents, is the primary outcome. TMC-CP01 uses virtual reality as a platform to enable and optimize biofeedback training and psychological exercises.

Virtual Reality, alone is a proven method for pain management both through distraction and through active pain control mechanisms. Due to its stimulating nature, VR has the power to claim the majority of a user's attention and distract them from other stimuli such as pain. Because it is so visually engaging, VR is a powerful tool for visualization, which can be used to optimize and enhance visualization of biofeedback. VR can also affect users' emotions and perception by providing a sense of presence and psychological engagement. With recent developments in portable head mounted display (HMD) technology, VR has become accessible to people on a much broader and more affordable scale and it represents an ideal platform to develop a non-invasive pain management tool for chronic pain. Biofeedback is at the heart of TMC-CP01 and is the main mechanism by which patients learn to control their physiology. By allowing patients to visualize their physiological processes, patients gain a greater mind-body awareness and can learn to auto-regulate physiological functions that previously seemed out of their control.
The invention provides application of a compound in preparing a medicament for inhibiting stone formation and/or growth, and belongs to the technical field of biological medicines. The compound is a compound shown in a formula I or a formula II, or a salt thereof, or a stereoisomer thereof, or a hydrate thereof, or a solvate thereof, or a prodrug thereof. The specific compounds are salicylic acid, gentisic acid and succinic acid. The research of the invention discovers that salicylic acid, gentisic acid and succinic acid can effectively inhibit the formation and growth of crystals, can be used as crystal inhibitors, and can be used for preparing medicines for inhibiting the formation and growth of stones. The succinic acid has the advantages of optimal effect on stone formation and growth inhibition, good protective effect on kidneys and good safety. The invention provides a new target spot and a treatment scheme for intervening in vivo calculus formation and growth, and has good application prospect.