anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, empagliflozin, a component of GLYXAMBI, significantly increases the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening event, beyond the background rate. In placebo-controlled trials of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the risk of ketoacidosis was markedly increased in patients who received sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors compared to patients who received placebo and fatal ketoacidosis has occurred with empagliflozin. GLYXAMBI is not indicated for glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and pancreatic disorders (e.g., history of pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery) are also risk factors for ketoacidosis. There have been postmarketing reports of fatal events of ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using SGLT2 inhibitors, including GLYXAMBI.

Precipitating conditions for diabetic ketoacidosis or other ketoacidosis include under-insulinization due to insulin dose reduction or missed insulin doses, acute febrile illness, reduced caloric intake, ketogenic diet, surgery, volume depletion, and alcohol abuse.

Signs and symptoms are consistent with dehydration and severe metabolic acidosis and include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, generalized malaise, and shortness of breath. Blood glucose levels at presentation may be below those typically expected for diabetic ketoacidosis (e.g., less than 250 mg/dL). Ketoacidosis and glucosuria may persist longer than typically expected. Urinary glucose excretion persists for 3 days after discontinuing GLYXAMBI [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]; however, there have been postmarketing reports of ketoacidosis and/or glucosuria lasting greater than 6 days and some up to 2 weeks after discontinuation of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Consider ketone monitoring in patients at risk for ketoacidosis if indicated by the clinical situation. Assess for ketoacidosis regardless of presenting blood glucose levels in patients who present with signs and symptoms consistent with severe metabolic acidosis. If ketoacidosis is suspected, discontinue GLYXAMBI, promptly evaluate, and treat ketoacidosis, if confirmed. Monitor patients for resolution of ketoacidosis before restarting GLYXAMBI.

Withhold GLYXAMBI, if possible, in temporary clinical situations that could predispose patients to ketoacidosis. Resume GLYXAMBI when the patient is clinically stable and has resumed oral intake [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

Educate all patients on the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis and instruct patients to discontinue GLYXAMBI and seek medical attention immediately if signs and symptoms occur.
Exercises were performed in a private pool owned by the local MS society twice in a week for 8 weeks. Pool depth was 120 cm 30-31°C. The three phases of each exercise; eccentric (or loading) phase, the amortization phase, and the concentric (or unloading) phase included.
<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide compositions containing novel proteins and methods of using those compositions for the diagnosis and treatment of immune related diseases.  <P>SOLUTION: Immune related diseases can be treated by suppressing or enhancing the immune response. Molecules that enhance the immune response stimulate or potentiate the immune response to an antigen. Molecules which stimulate the immune response can be used therapeutically where enhancement of the immune response would be beneficial. Alternatively, molecules that suppress the immune response attenuate or reduce the immune response to an antigen (e.g., neutralizing antibodies) can be used therapeutically where attenuation of the immune response would be beneficial (e.g., inflammation). Accordingly, PRO polypeptides, agonists and antagonists thereof are also useful to prepare medicines and medicaments for the treatment of immune-related and inflammatory diseases. Such medicines and medicaments comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a PRO polypeptide, agonist or antagonist thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT
Sotret must not be used by female patients who are or may become pregnant. There is an extremely high risk that severe birth defects will result if pregnancy occurs while taking isotretinoin capsules in any amount, even for short periods of time. Potentially any fetus exposed during pregnancy can be affected. There are no accurate means of determining whether an exposed fetus has been affected.

Birth defects which have been documented following isotretinoin exposure include abnormalities of the face, eyes, ears, skull, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and thymus and parathyroid glands. Cases of IQ scores less than 85 with or without other abnormalities have been reported. There is an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, and premature births have been reported.

Documented external abnormalities include: skull abnormality; ear abnormalities (including anotia, micropinna, small or absent external auditory canals); eye abnormalities (including microphthalmia); facial dysmorphia; cleft palate. Documented internal abnormalities include: CNS abnormalities (including cerebral abnormalities, cerebellar malformation, hydrocephalus, microcephaly, cranial nerve deficit); cardiovascular abnormalities; thymus gland abnormality; parathyroid hormone deficiency. In some cases death has occurred with certain of the abnormalities previously noted.

If pregnancy does occur during treatment of a female patient who is taking isotretinoin capsules, isotretinoin capsules must be discontinued immediately and she should be referred to an Obstetrician-Gynecologist experienced in reproductive toxicity for further evaluation and counseling.

Special Prescribing Requirements

Because of isotretinoin’s teratogenicity and to minimize fetal exposure, Sotret is approved for marketing only under a special restricted distribution program approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This program is called iPLEDGE™. Sotret must only be prescribed by prescribers who are registered and activated with the iPLEDGE program. Sotret capsules must only be dispensed by a pharmacy registered and activated with iPLEDGE, and must only be dispensed to patients who are registered and meet all the requirements of iPLEDGE (see PRECAUTIONS).

Table 1 Monthly Required iPLEDGE Interactions
As with the management of all overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug ingestion should be considered.

When treating overdose, practitioners should bear in mind that there is a prolonged release of dexmethylphenidate from Focalin XR.

Treatment consists of appropriate supportive measures. The patient must be protected against self-injury and against external stimuli that would aggravate overstimulation already present. Gastric contents may be evacuated by gastric lavage as indicated. Before performing gastric lavage, control agitation and seizures if present and protect the airway. Other measures to detoxify the gut include administration of activated charcoal and a cathartic. Intensive care must be provided to maintain adequate circulation and respiratory exchange; external cooling procedures may be required for hyperpyrexia. 

Efficacy of peritoneal dialysis for Focalin overdosage has not been established.
Participants will be scanned using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and PET. All participants will receive two PET scans, 4 weeks apart.
A preparation for use in contact with the teeth is made by mixing an at least slightly water-soluble salt having in its chemical formula an element of an atomic number from 21 to 71 inclusive and classified under Group III of the Periodic Table, with a flavouring material, a cleaning agent and other compatible ingredient or ingredients, and/or an least slightly water-soluble salt containing fluorine.  Specified Group III elements are yttrium, cerium, gallium, indium, lanthanum, "diolymium" or samarium.  Specified flavouring materials are salt, sugar, saccharine, vanillin, peppermint, spearmint, cinnamon and clove. The preferred fluorine-containing salts are sodium fluoride, ammonium bifluoride, potassium fluosilicate, sodium fluoborate and sodium or ammonium fluogalliate.  Specified detergents are sodium lauryl sulphate, the sodium salt of the coconut fatty acid monoester of 1, 2-dihydroxypropene-3-sulphuric acid, the oleic acid ester of the sodium salt of isethionic acid, the potassium salt of the oleic acid amide of N-methyl taurine, the sodium salt of the lauryl alcohol ester of sulpho acetic acid, the sodium salt of the sulpho acetamide of amine ethyl laurate, the potassium salt of the sulphuric acid derived from the condensation product of benzene and a chlorinated kerosene fraction, the monolanyl ether of 1, 2-dihydroxypropene-3-sodium sulphonate, the monolauryl ether of the sodium salt of isethionic acid, alkyl mercaptan polyglycol ethers and alkyl phenol polyglycol ethers.  Other additions include abrasives such as calcium sulphate or pumice, dyes, glycerine, ethyl alcohol and gum tragacanth.  Examples describe the preparation of a toothpaste, a liquid dentrifice, a mouth wash and a preparation for topical application.  Chewing preparations are also referred to.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 60-70% of the population with dementia. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a diagnostic entity defined as an intermediate stage between subjective cognitive decline and dementia, and about 10-15% of people annually convert to AD. We aimed to investigate the most robust model and modality combination by combining multi-modality image features based on demographic characteristics in six machine learning models. A total of 196 subjects were enrolled from four hospitals and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. During the four-year follow-up period, 47 (24%) patients progressed from MCI to AD. Volumes of the regions of interest, white matter hyperintensity, and regional Standardized Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) were analyzed using T1, T2-weighted-Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (T2-FLAIR) MRIs, and amyloid PET (αPET), along with automatically provided hippocampal occupancy scores (HOC) and Fazekas scales. As a result of testing the robustness of the model, the GBM model was the most stable, and in modality combination, model performance was further improved in the absence of T2-FLAIR image features. Our study predicts the probability of AD conversion in MCI patients, which is expected to be useful information for clinician's early diagnosis and treatment plan design.
The integrity of the genetic material in human cells is continuously challenged by environmental agents and endogenous stresses. Among these, environmental carcinogens are pivotal in initiating complex DNA lesions that can lead to malignant transformations if not properly repaired. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular dynamics of DNA repair mechanisms and their interplay with various environmental carcinogens, providing a comprehensive overview of how these interactions contribute to cancer initiation and progression. We examine key DNA repair pathways including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair and their regulatory networks, highlighting how defects in these pathways can exacerbate carcinogen-induced damage. Further, we discuss how understanding these molecular interactions offers novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies. This includes leveraging synthetic lethality concepts and designing targeted therapies that exploit specific DNA repair vulnerabilities in cancer cells. By integrating recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, and oncology, this review aims to illuminate the complex landscape of DNA repair and carcinogen-induced carcinogenesis, setting the stage for future research and therapeutic innovations.
This arm of the study will contain half the study population after randomization. The participants in this arm will receive placebo for 6 weeks. They will undergo a one-week "taper" and a two week "washout" period and then crossover to milnacipran for 6 weeks.
Clinical illness (CI) scoring using visual observation is the most widely applied method of detecting respiratory disease in cattle but has limited effectiveness in practice. In contrast, body-mounted sensor technology effectively facilitates disease detection. To evaluate whether a combination of movement behavior and CI scoring is effective for disease detection, cattle were vaccinated to induce a temporary inflammatory immune response. Cattle were evaluated before and after vaccination to identify the CI variables that are most indicative of sick cattle. Respiratory rate (H2 = 43.08, P < 0.0001), nasal discharge (H2 = 8.35, P = 0.015), and ocular discharge (H2 = 16.38, P = 0.0003) increased after vaccination, and rumen fill decreased (H2 = 20.10, P < 0.0001). Locomotor activity was measured via leg-mounted sensors for the four days preceding and seven days following vaccination. A statistical model that included temperature, steps, lying time, respiratory rate, rumen fill, head position, and excess saliva was developed to distinguish between scores from before and after vaccination with a sensitivity of 0.898 and specificity of 0.915. Several clinical illness signs were difficult to measure in practice. Binoculars were required for scoring respiratory rate and eye-related metrics, and cattle had to be fitted with colored collars for individual identification. Scoring each animal took up to three minutes in a small research pen; therefore, technologies that can automate both behavior monitoring and identification of clinical illness signs are key to improving capacity for BRD detection and treatment.
<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a compound for regulating the activity of an endothelin (ET) peptide, and to provide a formulation for administering the compound to mammals referring to the fact that a vascular endothelium releases various vasoactive materials such as endothelin (ET), etc., which is a vasoconstrictive peptide originating from endothelium.  <P>SOLUTION: Thienyl-, furyl- and pyrrolyl-sulfonamides; pharmaceutically permissible salts of sulfonamides; formulations of the salts and the sulfonamides; and methods for modulating or altering the activity of the peptides of the family of endothelin using the formulations and sulfonamides are provided. In particular, formulations of sodium salts of N-(isooxazolyl)thienylsulfonamides, N-(isooxazolyl)furylsulfonamides and N-(isooxazolyl)pyrrolylsulfonamides are provided. A method for preparing an alkali metal salt of hydrophobic sulfonamides is provided. The method includes a step of dissolving a free sulfonamide in an organic solvent in the presence of a saturated alkali metal salt solution and a step of recovering the formed sulfonamide salt from the organic solvent.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
The invention relates to activatable novel particles which can be used in the health sector. The invention more particularly relates to composite particles which can generate free radicals or heat when excited by X-rays. The invention also relates to the uses thereof in human health. The inventive particles comprise an inorganic-based, and optionally organic-based, nucleus and can be activated in vivo in order to mark or affect cells, tissue or organs. The invention further relates to methods for the production of said particles, and pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions containing them. ® KIPO & WIPO 2007
Liraglutide is an acylated human Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with 97% amino acid sequence homology to endogenous human GLP-1(7-37). GLP-1(7-37) represents <20% of total circulating endogenous GLP-1. Like GLP-1(7-37), liraglutide activates the GLP-1 receptor, a membrane-bound cell-surface receptor coupled to adenylyl cyclase by the stimulatory G-protein, Gs, in pancreatic beta cells. Liraglutide increases intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) leading to insulin release in the presence of elevated glucose concentrations. This insulin secretion subsides as blood glucose concentrations decrease and approach euglycemia. Liraglutide also decreases glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. The mechanism of blood glucose lowering also involves a delay in gastric emptying.

GLP-1(7-37) has a half-life of 1.5-2 minutes due to degradation by the ubiquitous endogenous enzymes, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and neutral endopeptidases (NEP). Unlike native GLP-1, liraglutide is stable against metabolic degradation by both peptidases and has a plasma half-life of 13 hours after subcutaneous administration. The pharmacokinetic profile of liraglutide, which makes it suitable for once daily administration, is a result of self-association that delays absorption, plasma protein binding and stability against metabolic degradation by DPP-IV and NEP.
Patients in the control group were treated with oral escitalopram oxalate (manufacturer: Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; approval No.: Guo Yao Zhun Zi H20080788). The initial dose was 5mg/d, for 7 consecutive days. The dose was increased to 10 mg/d according to the tolerance of the patients for another 7 consecutive days, and then to 20 mg/d according to the patient's condition and tolerance for 8 weeks.
Rats and mice treated with amlodipine maleate in the diet for up to two years, at concentrations calculated to provide daily dosage levels of 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 amlodipine mg/kg/day, showed no evidence of a carcinogenic effect of the drug. For the mouse, the highest dose was, on a mg/m 2basis, similar to the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg amlodipine/day. 3For the rat, the highest dose was, on a mg/m 2basis, about twice the maximum recommended human dose. 3

Mutagenicity studies conducted with amlodipine maleate revealed no drug related effects at either the gene or chromosome level.

There was no effect on the fertility of rats treated orally with amlodipine maleate (males for 64 days and females for 14 days prior to mating) at doses up to 10 mg amlodipine/kg/day (8 times the maximum recommended human dose 3of 10 mg/day on a mg/m 2basis). 3Based on patient weight of 50 kg
Surgeries conducted by Dr. Konda or Dr. Leucht will be done using the device technique, surgeries completed by Dr. Egol or Dr. Tejwani will be done without the device, "free hand" technique. Each arm of the study will contain 29 patients. Patients who consent to participation will be enrolled in the study and placed in the correct arm based on who their surgeon is. Demographic and injury data will be collected. Intra-operatively, control patients will receive the SOC procedure. Device arm patients will have the distal targeting device used in their procedure, but the implant, will not be different than SOC.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to review and analyze the medical literature for cases of prenatal and/or postnatally diagnosed bilateral renal agenesis (BRA) and create a comprehensive summary of the genetic etiologies known to be associated with this condition.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted as a scoping review employing Online Mendeliain Inheritance in Man, PubMed, and Cochrane to identify cases of BRA with known underlying genetic (chromosomal vs. single gene) etiologies and those described in syndromes without any known genetic etiology. The cases were further categorized as isolated versus non-isolated, describing additional findings reported prenatally, postnatally, and postmortem. Inheritance pattern was also documented when appropriate in addition to the reported timing of diagnosis and sex.
RESULTS: We identified six cytogenetic abnormalities and 21 genes responsible for 20 single gene disorders associated with BRA. Five genes have been reported to associate with BRA without other renal anomalies; sixteen others associate with both BRA as well as unilateral renal agenesis. Six clinically recognized syndromes/associations were identified with an unknown underlying genetic etiology. Genetic etiologies of BRA are often phenotypically expressed as other urogenital anomalies as well as complex multi-system syndromes.
CONCLUSION: Multiple genetic etiologies of BRA have been described, including cytogenetic abnormalities and monogenic syndromes. The current era of the utilization of exome and genome-wide sequencing is likely to significantly expand our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of BRA.
The patients who received TAPA block for postoperative analgesia are named as a Group I ( n=45). The TAPA block is performed at the rib margin where the 9th and 10th ribs meet. A linear transducer is placed at the costochondral angle in the sagittal plane. It is carried out by injecting 20 ml of Bupivacaine %0.200 between the upper and lower surface of the chondrium. All patients receive IV PCA with morphine 0.5 mg/ml.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy will be delivered to Intervention group. The intervention group will be further divided into 3 groups (8 depressed mothers in each group). IPT is 12-16 week treatment, contains a supportive element, an educational element, parenting element and an interpersonal relationship element. Its goals include helping mothers feel supportive, empowered and confident about their parenting abilities, which will directly influence in reducing their depressive symptoms as well as resolution of interpersonal conflicts. Groups will assist people who have become withdrawn, isolated and disconnected. Intervention will be delivered by trained clinical psychologists.
PURPOSE: To perform a Delphi consensus for on-field and pitch-side assessment of sports-related concussion (SRC).
METHODS: Open-ended questions in rounds 1 and 2 were answered. The results of the first 2 rounds were used to develop a Likert-style questionnaire for round 3. If agreement at round 3 was ≤80% for an item, if panel members were outside consensus, or there were >30% neither agree/disagree responses, the results were carried forward into round 4. The level of agreement and consensus was defined as 90%.
RESULTS: Loss of consciousness (LOC) or suspected LOC, motor incoordination/ataxia, balance disturbance, confusion/disorientation, memory disturbance/amnesia, blurred vision/light sensitivity, irritability, slurred speech, slow reaction time, lying motionless, dizziness, headaches/pressure in the head, falling to the ground with no protective action, slow to get up after a hit, dazed look, and posturing/seizures were clinical signs of SRC and indicate removal from play. Video assessment is helpful but should not replace clinical judgment. LOC/unresponsiveness, signs of cervical spine injury, suspicion of other fractures (skull/maxillo-facial), seizures, Glasgow Coma Scale score <14 and abnormal neurologic examination findings are indications for hospitalization. Return to play should only be considered when no clinical signs of SRC are present. Every suspected concussion should be referred to an experienced physician.
CONCLUSIONS: Consensus was achieved for 85% of the clinical signs indicating concussion. On-field and pitch-side assessment should include the observation of the mechanism, a clinical examination, and cervical spine assessment. Of the 19 signs and red flags requiring removal from play, consensus was reached for 74%. Normal clinical examination and HIA with no signs of concussion allow return to play. Video assessment should be mandatory for professional games but should not replace clinical decision-making. Sports Concussion Assessment Tool, Glasgow Coma Scale, vestibular/ocular motor screening, Head Injury Assessment Criteria 1, and Maddocks questions are useful tools. Guidelines are helpful for non-health professionals.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, expert opinion.