anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
A method and device for producing crystalline active ingredient particles. The active ingredient is crystallized from a supersaturated solution on the surface of particles of the active ingredient. A suspension of active ingredient particles is subjected to wet grinding in a supersaturated solution of the active ingredient in a first module. At least a part of the suspension is fed from the first module into the second module where it is cooled and simultaneously subjected to ultrasound. The suspension is fed back into the first module after cooling and being subjected to ultrasound. Active ingredient solution and optionally antisolvent are added to the suspension and active ingredient particles and liquid phase are extracted. A relative supersaturation of the active ingredient in the liquid phase of the suspension, relative to the entire liquid phase, is ≦90%, and the extracted active ingredient particles comprise a mean particle size of 10-500 μm.
Human Data

The human data supporting the use of sodium thiosulfate for cyanide poisoning consists primarily of published case reports. There are no randomized controlled clinical trials. Nearly all the human data describing the use of sodium thiosulfate report its use in conjunction with sodium nitrite. Dosing recommendations for humans have been based on theoretical calculations of antidote detoxifying potential, extrapolation from animal experiments, and a small number of human case reports.

There have been no human studies to prospectively and systematically evaluate the safety of sodium thiosulfate or sodium nitrite in humans. Available human safety information is based largely on anecdotal case reports and case series of limited scope.

Animal Data (Cyanide Poisoning)

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SODIUM THIOSULFATE AND SODIUM NITRITE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE CYANIDE POISONING HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED IN HUMANS IN ADEQUATE AND WELL-CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS BECAUSE INDUCING THE CONDITION IN HUMANS TO STUDY THE DRUG'S EFFICACY IS NOT ETHICAL.

Due to the extreme toxicity of cyanide, experimental evaluation of treatment efficacy has predominantly been completed in animal models. The efficacy of sodium thiosulfate treatment alone to counteract the toxicity of cyanide was initially reported in 1895 by Lang. The efficacy of amyl nitrite treatment in cyanide poisoning of the dog model was first reported in 1888 by Pedigo. Further studies in the dog model, which demonstrated the utility of sodium nitrite as a therapeutic intervention, were reported in 1929 by Mladoveanu and Gheorghiu. However, Hugs and Chen et al. independently reported upon the superior efficacy of the combination of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate in 1932-1933. Treatment consisted of intravenously administered 22.5 mg/kg (half the lethal dose) sodium nitrite or 1 g/kg sodium thiosulfate alone or in sequence immediately after subcutaneous injection of sodium cyanide into dogs over a range of doses. Subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg sodium nitrite and/or 0.5 g/kg sodium thiosulfate were administered when clinical signs or symptoms of poisoning persisted or reappeared. Either therapy administered alone increased the dose of sodium cyanide required to cause death, and when administered together, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate resulted in a synergistic effect in raising the lethal dose of sodium cyanide. The combined therapy appeared to have reduced efficacy when therapy was delayed until signs of poisoning (e.g. convulsions) appeared; however, other investigators have reported survival in dogs that were administered antidotal treatment after respiratory arrest had occurred.

Animal studies conducted in other species (e.g., rat, guinea pig, sheep, pigeon and cat) have also supported a synergistic effect of intravenous sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.

While intravenous injection of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate was effective in reversing the effects of lethal doses of cyanide in dogs, intramuscular injection of sodium nitrite, with or without sodium thiosulfate, was found not to be effective in the same setting.
BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects around 250 million people worldwide, causing approximately 887,000 deaths annually, primarily owing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current approved treatments for chronic HBV infection, such as interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogs, have certain limitations as they cannot completely eradicate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Considering that HBV replication relies on host transcription factors, focusing on host factors in the HBV genome may provide insights into new therapeutic targets against HBV. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying viral persistence and hepatocyte pathogenesis, along with the associated host factors, is crucial. In this study, we investigated novel therapeutic targets for HBV infection by identifying gene and pathway networks involved in HBV replication in primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Importantly, our study utilized cultured primary hepatocytes, allowing transcriptomic profiling in a biologically relevant context and enabling the investigation of early HBV-mediated effects.
METHODS: PHHs were infected with HBV virion particles derived from HepAD38 cells at 80 HBV genome equivalents per cell (Geq/cell). For transcriptomic sequencing, PHHs were harvested 1, 2-, 3-, 5-, and 7 days post-infection (dpi). After preparing the libraries, clustering and sequencing were conducted to generate RNA-sequencing data. This data was processed using Bioinformatics tools and software to analyze DEGs and obtain statistically significant results. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was performed to validate the RNA-sequencing results, ensuring consistent findings.
RESULTS: We observed significant alterations in the expression patterns of 149 genes from days 1 to 7 following HBV infection (R2 > 0.7, q < 0.05). Functional analysis of these genes identified RNA-binding proteins involved in mRNA metabolism and the regulation of alternative splicing during HBV infection. Results from qRT-PCR experiments and the analysis of two validation datasets suggest that RBM14 and RPL28 may serve as potential biomarkers for HBV-associated HCC.
CONCLUSIONS: Transcriptome analysis of gene expression changes during HBV infection in PHHs provided valuable insights into chronic HBV infection. Additionally, understanding the functional involvement of host factor networks in the molecular mechanisms of HBV replication and transcription may facilitate the development of novel strategies for HBV treatment.
A system and method designed to revolutionize disease treatment by harnessing the power of virtual reality to simulate potent neuroimmunology waves, effectively targeting illnesses and disabilities. Powered by an AI system incorporating deepfake technology coupled with VR, our solution maximizes the effectiveness of visualization towards healing. Moreover our solution dynamically refines over time, integrating feedback from diverse health monitoring devices, user input, and past outcomes. Beyond medical applications, our approach extends to empowering individuals through visualization, enabling them to envision achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. Furthermore, our platform provides vital mental health support, offering personalized visual narratives to combat depression and related challenges. With collaboration from esteemed professionals and ongoing refinement, the invention aims to catalyze positive change on a global scale, enhancing mental well-being for all.
Carcinogenesis: Carcinogenicity studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats and CD-1 mice. Buprenorphine was administered in the diet at doses of 0.6, 5.5 and 56 mg/kg/day for 27 months in rats. These doses were approximately equivalent to 5.7, 52 and 534 times the recommended human dose (1.2 mg) on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. Statistically significant dose-related increases in testicular interstitial (Leydig’s) cell tumors occurred, according to the trend test adjusted for survival. Pairwise comparison of the high dose against control failed to show statistical significance. In the mouse study, buprenorphine was administered in the diet at doses of 8, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day for 86 weeks.

The high dose was approximately equivalent to 477 times the recommended human dose (1.2 mg) on a mg/m2 basis. Buprenorphine was not carcinogenic in mice.

Mutagenesis: Buprenorphine was studied in a series of tests. Results were negative in Chinese hamster bone marrow and spermatogonia cells, and negative in mouse lymphoma L5178Y assay. Results were equivocal in the Ames test: negative in studies in two laboratories, but positive in frame shift mutation at high dose (5 mg/plate) in a third study.

Impairment of Fertility: Reproduction studies of buprenorphine in rats demonstrated no evidence of impaired fertility at daily oral doses up to 80 mg/kg (approximately 763 times the recommended human daily dose of 1.2 mg on a mg/m2 basis) or up to 5 mg/kg I.M. or S.C. (approximately 48 times the recommended human daily dose of 1.2 mg on a mg/m2 basis).
Subjects recruited will be block assigned to one of the three doses of morphine. Sampling will be done for 4 hrs to determine the key pharmacokinetic parameters.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A functional cure and therapeutic end point of chronic HBV infection is defined as the clearance of HBsAg from serum. Little is known about the long-term durability of HBsAg loss in the Alaskan Native population.
APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of Alaska Native patients with chronic HBV-monoinfection from January 1982 through December 2019. The original group in this cohort was identified during a 1982 to 1987 population-based screening for 3 HBV serologic markers in 53,000 Alaska Native persons. With close to 32,000 years of follow-up, we assessed the frequency and duration of HBsAg seroclearance (HBsAg-negative for > 6 mo). We examined factors associated with HBsAg clearance and followed persons for a median of 13.1 years afterward to assess the durability of HBsAg clearance. Among 1079 persons with an average length of follow-up of 33 years, 260 (24%) cleared HBsAg at a constant rate of 0.82% per person/per year. Of the 260 persons who cleared, 249 (96%) remained HBsAg-negative, while 11 persons had ≥ 2 transient HBsAg-positive results in subsequent follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Of the patients with chronic HBV monoinfection, 0.82% of people per year achieved a functional cure. HBsAg seroclearance was durable for treated and nontreated patients and lasted, on average, over 13 years without seroreversion.
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject preparation excellent in stability and highly suppressed in skin irritancy while having potent inhibitory effect against overall microbes, by including phenoxyethanol and bisabolol. SOLUTION: This preparation contains (A) pref. 0.05-3.0 wt.% of phenoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monophenyl ether) which is formed by addition reaction of phenol to ethylene oxide in an alkali solution followed by distillation and (B) pref. 0.01-3.0 wt.% of bisabolol, one sesquiterpene alcohols, found in the essential oil of chamomile flower or lavender oil of France origin. Besides, it is preferable that this preparation contain an ultraviolet light absorber (e.g. p-aminobenzoic acid) and/or sequestering agent (e.g. alanine) and/or moisturizer (e.g. polyethylene glycol).
Subjects will receive a standard risk assessment only for coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Standard risk factors are reviewed by a provider at a risk counseling visit with the subject.
Illusory causation is a phenomenon in which people mistakenly perceive a causal relationship between a cue and outcome even though the contingency between them is actually zero. Illusory causation studies typically use a unidirectional causal rating scale, where one endpoint refers to no relationship and the other to a strongly positive causal relationship. This procedure may bias mean causal ratings in a positive direction, either by censoring negative ratings or by discouraging participants from giving the normative rating of zero which is at the bottom extreme of the scale. To test this possibility, we ran two experiments that directly compared the magnitude of causal illusions when assessed with a unidirectional (zero-positive) versus a bidirectional (negative-zero-positive) rating scale. Experiment 1 used high cue and outcome densities (both 75%), whereas Experiment 2 used neutral cue and outcome densities (both 50%). Across both experiments, we observed a larger illusory causation effect in the unidirectional group compared with the bidirectional group, despite both groups experiencing the same training trials. The causal illusions in Experiment 2 were observed despite participants accurately learning the conditional probabilities of the outcome occurring in both the presence and absence of the cue, suggesting that the illusion is driven by the inability to accurately integrate conditional probabilities to infer causal relationships. Our results indicate that although illusory causation is a genuine phenomenon that is observable with either a undirectional or a bidirectional rating scale, its magnitude may be overestimated when unidirectional rating scales are used.
PURPOSE: The definitive treatment for chronic suppurative otitis media is surgery. Surgical technique and procedure varies according to individual case findings and pathology and may require mastoidectomies in which the canal wall is preserved or lowered to eradicate disease from mastoid air cells. Surgical treatment of chronic middle ear disease carries a risk of damage to the inner ear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the noise produced by the tour system following chronic ear surgery causes sensorineural hearing loss, a condition for which not many studies have been published in the literature.
METHODS: The study consisted of a total of 49 patients with type I, type II and type III canal wall preservation and 62 patients with tympanoplasty with canal wall preservation and lowering. Bone and air thresholds were compared before and after middle ear surgery. Changes in bone and air thresholds were compared according to the type of tympanoplasty.
RESULTS: In the ICW-I, ICW-II and ICW-III tympanoplasties, and in the ICW and CWD tympanoplasties, the preoperative and postoperative values of the opposite ear hearing measurements were performed, and did not differ according to the type of surgery. There is no correlation drilling duration and hearing for the opposite ear.
CONCLUSION: The prevention of postoperative sensorineural hearing loss depends on multiple factors, and assessing the magnitude of hearing loss in relation to these factors is important in determining the success of the surgery.
The indigenous community in Malaysia also known as Orang Asli have preserved their unique cultural identity in the face of rapid national development and modernization efforts. Over the years, poverty alleviation has become a central pillar of Malaysia development. In this review, seroprevalence report from the Orang Asli and their health status about neglected tropical diseases were collated and analyzed. The review will show the potential areas of research for future development. Specifically, the review will cover a 12-year period preceding the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, offering critical insights into the community health landscape. In depth discussion on the unique impact of the pandemic covering healthcare access, socioeconomic dynamics and community resilience. Analysis revealed the burden of parasitism is high in the community and the sustainability of certain basic access such as clean water and education remains a challenge. Different approaches to improve future intervention strategies were also discussed. The review can contribute to essential knowledge for policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers interested in enhancing the well-being of the Orang Asli community.
The treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has undergone significant transformations in recent years. The introduction of novel combination therapies involving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immune checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in improved oncological outcomes compared to traditional TKI monotherapy. In this evolving paradigm, the pivotal role of the multidisciplinary tumor board is underscored, particularly in shaping the therapeutic trajectory for patients eligible for locoregional interventions like cytoreductive nephrectomy and metastasectomy. In cases where systemic treatment is deemed appropriate, the absence of direct comparisons among the various combination therapies complicates the selection of a first-line approach. The clinician is faced with the challenge of making decisions based on patient-specific factors such as performance status, risk classification according to the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium, comorbidities, and disease characteristics, including the number and location of metastases and tumor histology. Considering these concerns, we propose, as a member of a Tuscany Interdisciplinary Uro-Oncologic Group, an algorithm to streamline the decision-making process for mRCC patients, offering guidance to clinicians in their day-to-day clinical practice.
Elderly patients, compared to younger patients, are at greater risk for NSAID-associated serious cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and/or renal adverse reactions. If the anticipated benefit for the elderly patient outweighs these potential risks, start dosing at the low end of the dosing range, and monitor patients for adverse effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, 5.16)].

The clinical trials primarily enrolled patients less than 65 years of age. Of the 1022 patients in clinical studies of ibuprofen and famotidine tablet, 18% (249 patients) were 65 years of age or older. Efficacy results in patients who are greater than or equal to 65 years of age are summarized in the CLINICAL STUDIES section [see Clinical Studies (14)].

Famotidine is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection and adjusting dose interval, and it may be useful to monitor renal function [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].
PURPOSE: To compare the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) to the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) in an elderly population who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and to identify predictors of postoperative complications in this population.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving patients 60 years and older who underwent PCNL at our Institution between 2009 and 2020. Postoperative complications were considered up to 30 days after surgery. Both CDC and CCI were calculated to assess patient outcomes. Length of stay (LOS) and admission to the emergency room (ER) were used as surrogates of postoperative complications.
RESULTS: We included 244 patients with a median age of 65 [63-69] years. 15.6% presented postoperative complications, and 2.5% multiple complications. LOS had a correlation coefficient of 0.29 (p < 0.001) and ER admissions had a coefficient of 0.27 (p < 0.001) with both CDC and CCI. Cost of hospitalization based on CDC underestimated CCI-based cost of hospitalization in 0.8% (p = 0.049). Higher American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status (p = 0.02), Charlson Comorbidity Index (p = 0.008), Guy's classification (p = 0.005), and history of urinary tract infection (UTI, p = 0.047) exhibited significant correlations with postoperative complications.
CONCLUSION: Both CDC and CCI equally correlate with LOS and ER admissions following PCNL in elderly patients. However, CDC underestimates cost of hospitalization in comparison to CCI. We found higher ASA physical status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Guy's classification, and history of UTI as predictors of postoperative complications after this procedure in this population.
BACKGROUND: When the work load of the respiratory muscles increases and/or their capacity decreases in individuals with COPD, respiratory muscle activation increases to maintain gas exchange and respiratory mechanics, and perception of dyspnea occurs. The present study aimed to compare diaphragm and accessory respiratory muscle activation during normal breathing, pursed-lip breathing, and breathing control in different dyspnea relief positions, supine and side lying.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used. Sixteen individuals with COPD age between 40-75 y were included. Pulmonary function was evaluated by spirometry, muscle activation by surface electromyography, and dyspnea by the modified Borg scale. Muscle activation was measured in the diaphragm, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and parasternal muscles. The evaluation was made in the dyspnea relief positions (sitting leaning forward, sitting leaning forward at a table, leaning forward with back against a wall, standing leaning forward, and high lying), seated erect, supine, and side lying.
RESULTS: There were significant differences between the 8 positions (P < .001). There was no significant difference in muscle activation between sitting leaning forward and sitting leaning forward at a table position with analyzing post hoc test results (P > .99 for each muscle). However, muscle activation was lower in these 2 positions than in the other positions (P < .001 for each muscle). Muscle activation was greater in the supine position than in the other positions (P < .001 for each muscle). No difference was observed in muscle activation between the seated erect, leaning forward with back against a wall, standing leaning forward, high-lying, or side-lying positions (P > .05 for each muscle with a minimum P value of .09).
CONCLUSIONS: The use of sitting leaning forward and sitting leaning forward at a table positions together with breathing control may help people with COPD to achieve more effective dyspnea relief and greater energy efficiency.
FIELD: dermatology. SUBSTANCE: cream may be used in civil engineering, industry and at home. It contains ascorbic acid, whey proteins, oil of tea tree, polyvidon, iodine, cacao butter, Vaseline oil and distilled water. The ingredients are taken in determined quantitative ratio. The cream has bactericidal and fungicidal action. EFFECT: increased efficiency of prophylaxis and treatment of occupational dermatosis. 1 cl
Disclosed are systems and methods for processing medical data. The systems and methods may include processing medical data via one or more computers. The method, executed via the systems may include receiving patient encounter data describing a patient encounter with a healthcare organization. In addition, one or more user defined rules may be received. Once the patient encounter data is received, one or more provider codes may be extracted from the patient encounter data. The method may also include determining that the one or more provider codes satisfies the one or more user defined rules. When the one or more provider codes satisfies the one or more user defined rules, the one or more provider codes may be forwarded to an automated billing system for subsequent billing-related processing.
NSAIDs, including meclofenamate sodium, can cause serious skin adverse reactions such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. NSAIDs can also cause fixed drug eruption (FDE). FDE may present as a more severe variant knows as generalized bullous fixed drug eruption (GBFDE), which can be life-threatening. These serious events may occur without warning. Inform patients about the signs and symptoms of serious skin reactions, and to discontinue the use of meclofenamate sodium capsules at the first appearance of skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity. Meclofenamate sodium capsules are contraindicated in patients with previous serious skin reactions to NSAIDs (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).