Although patching treatment results in improved visual acuity for most amblyopic children, some fail to achieve normal visual acuity after months or years of treatment. Even among children who do achieve normal visual acuity with amblyopia treatment, the risk for recurrence of amblyopia is high. Patching treatment is based on the premise that amblyopia is a monocular disorder that can be treated by forcing use of the amblyopic eye. However, recent studies have elucidated a clear link between binocular dysfunction and the complex constellation of deficits that characterizes amblyopia, including visual acuity, vernier acuity, fixation instability, fusional suppression, and risk for residual and recurrent amblyopia. The association of binocular dysfunction and the myriad of monocular and binocular deficits in amblyopia has led us to hypothesize that amblyopia is a monocular consequence of a primary binocular obstacle to normal visual development.

Although binocular interaction does not normally occur in amblyopia, weak, noisy signals from the amblyopic eye can contribute to binocular vision if suppression by the fellow eye is reduced by signal attenuation, such as reduced stimulus contrast. In small cohorts of amblyopic adults and schoolchildren, repeated practice with a binocular Falling Blocks iPod game with reduced fellow eye contrast yielded modest visual acuity improvement after just 1-5 weeks (Hess et al 2010, 2012, 2014; Knox et al 2011; Li et al 2012). Recently, we showed that the same binocular game app approach(reduced fellow eye contrast) could be adapted for home use by amblyopic children on a larger iPad display (Li et al 2014; Birch et al 2014). These games also were effective in improving visual acuity, and the visual acuity gains were maintained for at least 6 months (Li et al 2014a, 2014b). The major limitation of both sets of studies was that the games were not very interesting and quickly became tedious to play day after day. To overcome this limitation, we propose to evaluate a new, more engaging binocular iPad adventure game to determine whether practice with a binocular iPad games app, with reduced fellow eye contrast, can improve visual acuity and reduce interocular suppression in children with amblyopia.One group of participants will include 56 children with anisometropic, strabismic, or combined mechanism amblyopia, age 4-10 years. The participants will be randomly assigned to patch 2 hours daily patching (standard-of-care treatment) or to play the iPad game app 1 hour per day 5 days per week for 2 weeks. Half of the children will have had no prior treatment for amblyopia and the other half will have had prior amblyopia treatment; these two subgroups will be randomized separately. A blocked randomization order will be provided in sealed envelopes by our consultant statistician. A second group of participants will include 40 children with deprivation amblyopia due to cataract. The participants will be randomly assigned to continue their patching regimen (if any) or to continue their current patching regimen and also play the iPad game app 1 hour per day 5 days per week for 4 weeks. iPads with the game app are loaned to the family for the duration of the study, Vision will be tested at baseline and at 2 weeks for the primary outcome of change in visual acuity (for strabismic, anisometropic, and combined mechanism amblyopia) or at baseline and 4 weeks (for deprivation amblyopia). At the primary outcome visit, the patching group will be crossed over to play the iPad game app 1 hour per day 5 days per week and return for a secondary outcome at 4 weeks (for strabismic, anisometropic, and combined mechanism amblyopia) or 8 weeks (for deprivation amblyopia). Families will have the option to discontinue or to continue with the game app for up to 8 weeks, with testing every 4 weeks.