Many questions remain regarding optimal treatments for juvenile drug court. To address this gap, the investigators will compare two treatments delivered in a drug court setting: Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) and adolescent group therapy (AGT). This 5-year study will employ a fully randomized (2 conditions) by 5 assessment points (baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months following baseline), repeated measures intent-to-treat design with multiple dependent variables. Adolescents who have been accepted into the Miami Juvenile Drug Court (MJDC) will be randomized to receive one of two treatments: MDFT (n = 57) or AGT (n = 55). The substance abuse treatments will be equivalent in terms of therapeutic dosage, and all youth with receive the same drug court program with wtreatment received being the only difference (family vs non-family treatment). In order to maximize the ecological validity of the study, both treatments will be delivered by community-based drug abuse counselors. MDFT will be delivered by providers at Jackson Memorial Hospital's Adolescent Substance Abuse Program and AGT by providers at a separate facility, Here's Help.

Aim 1. Acceptability and Effectiveness. The study will address the comparative acceptability and effectiveness of the two drug court programs in ways that are consistent with recommendations from the juvenile drug court literature to consider multi-domain and multiple perspectives of program goals and outcomes. First, effectiveness will be assessed in terms of the differential rates at which youth in MDFT and AGT graduate from drug court, a primary goal of the drug court program. Juvenile offending substance abusers and their families are notoriously difficult to engage and retain in any type of treatment program, yet family-based interventions have demonstrated impressive retention rates with these populations. Thus an important aspect of the proposed effectiveness evaluation will be the extent to which the MDFT intervention improves drug court program completion rates. Our second perspective on effectiveness involves an examination of the rates of change in a number of critical domains, including reductions in substance use, arrests, and delinquent behaviors, as well as improvements in school/vocational performance over a 2-year period. With these multidimensional outcome assessments the investigators will be able to explore different dimensions and trajectories of recovery following drug court participation. This is consistent with the aims of juvenile drug courts not only to reduce drug use and delinquency but also to increase adolescents' prosocial skills and behaviors. The investigators are also interested in examining multiple perspectives on the relative acceptability of MDFT to drug court staff, teens, and families, as recommended by drug court researchers.

Aim 2. Drug Court Program Mechanisms. While the few existing studies of key drug court factors have focused mainly on the structural and judicial aspects of drug court programs, almost nothing is known about the treatment processes affecting drug court outcomes, or the mechanisms of clinical and judicial component impact. Clearly, an important next step in this specialty is to delineate the treatment processes and ingredients that maximize outcomes in drug court, particularly in relation to the application of evidence-based therapy models within drug court programs. Examination of change mechanisms is now recognized as an essential feature of state-of-the-art drug abuse intervention research. Among those process variables considered important in mediating drug treatment outcomes are the therapeutic alliance that is formed between provider and client , and the extent to which a positive collaborative relationship develops among all drug court team members, including the judge. Research on family-based interventions supports the contention that family-based treatments exert their effects through the reduction of family risk and the facilitation of protective processes, and family functioning has been found to play a primary role in helping teens achieve and maintain recovery after substance abuse treatment. In sum, given that the quest to improve drug court program development, implementation, and outcomes rests in large part on the clarification of the programs' mechanisms of action, drug court researchers have turned their attention to analyses linking within-program processes to outcomes. The proposed study will do likewise.