1. A. Our proposed work lies on the premise that: (1) preventing visual field (VF) damage will preserve functionality and quality of life (QoL); (2) small degrees of VF improvement are possible in eyes with ganglion cells (GC) damage (using glaucoma as a model), and therapies yielding such improvements may provide long-term neuroprotection; (3) retinal vascular parameters and neuroprotective agents (BDNF) contribute to GC damage, and therapies that improve these parameters (i.e., exercise) can prevent the onset or worsen of VF damage; and (4) QoL can be improved in patients with GC damage independent of the severity of VF damage. Based on this premise, the investigators propose to establish if exercise can create measurable improvements in GC function (Aim 1) and improve retinal vascular parameters and levels of neuroprotective factors (BDNF; Aim 2), which would suggest it may be useful in protecting against further GC damage, preserving the quality of life. Finally, the investigators also propose that exercise can improve elements of QoL independent of vision changes (Aim 3).
2. Background Several studies provided evidence that sedentary lifestyles contribute significantly to the development of a significant risk of age-related disease and complications. The investigator's previous work on 141 older adults with manifest Glaucoma and glaucoma suspects has shown slower VF loss rates with moderate-vigorous physical activity (PA) and non-sedentary activities. 2.6 hours of increased PA and additional 5000 daily steps have shown a decrease in the VF loss up to 10% in the treated group of glaucoma patients with more steps (+0.007 decibel (dB)/year/1000 daily steps, P \< 0.001), moderate to vigorous activity (+0.003 decibel (dB) /year/10 more minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity per day, P \< 0.001), and more non-sedentary activity (+0.007 decibel (dB) /year/30 more minutes of non-sedentary time per day, P = 0.005). Another study demonstrated a strong association between decreased activity fragmentation with the severity of VF damage reflecting lower physiologic functions; each 5- decibel (dB) decrement in (integrated visual field) IVF sensitivity was associated with 16.3 fewer active minutes/day (P \< 0.05). There is a strong need to establish the association between ocular physiology and PA; Therefore, more mechanistic approaches demonstrating the vascular physiology related to improved visual functions and neuroprotection in Glaucoma are needed. More practical methods for effective therapy and long-term randomized controlled trials are required to prove a cause-effect relationship.
3. Study design, including the sequence and timing of study procedures This study is designed as a single-center prospective study in which all subjects are evaluated over consecutive 12-week usual activity (control) and exercise (intervention) periods. This design was chosen over: (1) a cross-over design, which would be challenged by some participants assigned initially to exercise and continuing to exercise after crossing over into usual activity, or (2) a comparison of exercise and waitlist-control groups. (3) 20 normally sighted control participants aged 21 years or above will be included for pilot testing. The idea behind including the younger age group is to test the study procedure's validity and give insight into the project's true scope. Also, there is less data on how these age groups may respond to interventions being studied. The latter would require a much larger sample size (necessitating a multicenter study where the proposed imaging would not be available) due to greater across-subject vs. within-subject variability, particularly in ERG testing. Notably, ERG testing is a particularly important study outcome as it objectively measures GC function to confirm that improvements in the primary outcome measure (VF sensitivity) are not due to improved attention, cognition, or reaction speed. The investigators also include both a control (no eye disease) and glaucoma (model disease of GC damage) group, as (1) changes in GC function may occur from the recovery of damaged but alive GCs (neuro recovery) or improvement in GC function regardless of the level of damage (neuro enhancement) - a distinction that can be made only by the inclusion of normal controls; (2) improvement in physiological parameters (especially blood flow) in the control group will serve as a positive control given that improvements in retinal blood flow have been seen with a high-speed circuit resistance training program in older adults without eye disease, and (3) comparisons of exercise-related changes in the control and glaucoma groups will confirm that the putative physiological benefits of exercise are not lost in eyes with GC damage from glaucoma.

Participants will perform 6 study visits in which the participants will be evaluated by: (1) Visual fields (VFs), (2) Electroretinogram (ERG), (3) Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), (4) Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), (5) Visible light optical coherence tomography (VisOCT), (6) QoL using the Glaucoma computer adaptive test (GlauCAT™) and (7) fitness testing via the physical working capacity (PWC) test. Visits will occur in clustered pairs before and after the usual activity and after the exercise. During the exercise program, participants will complete three 75' exercise sessions weekly in remote groups, connected to each other and the instructor via zoom link.

The investigators will recruit 75 glaucoma patients, and 75 normally sighted controls aged 21 to 80 from the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute to have 60 subjects in each group who pass initial entry screening and 50 in each group completing all study procedures. Glaucoma subjects will be diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma based on clinical exams, Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, and VF testing. Evidence of glaucoma should be present in both eyes, with one eye demonstrating a mean deviation (MD) between -5 and -15 decibel (dB). Controls will be recruited from home cohabitants (spouses/partners) of patients visiting the Wilmer Eye Institute, patients seen for routine eye care (general eye exam, refraction), and, if necessary, community volunteers. Controls will be required to have normal visual acuity (VA) (20/40 or better) and contrast sensitivity (logCS\>1.50) in each eye and no self-reported ocular conditions other than mild cataract, dry eye, refractive error, or other non-visually significant conditions (ocular allergies, pinguecula, etc.).

In both groups, individuals will be excluded with a history of any of the following in either eye: diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, uveitis, retinal artery or vein occlusion, central serous retinopathy, amblyopia, or other conditions resulting in a corrected VA worse than 20/40; controls will also be excluded if the participants have a history of glaucoma, suspect glaucoma, or ocular hypertension. Other exclusion criteria are uncontrolled blood pressure Systolic blood pressure (SBP)\>160 or Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) \>100), incisional surgery (ocular or non-ocular) in the past 6 months, comorbidities making exercise program impossible, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI) \<18 or \>42 kg/m2, or pregnancy. Patients reporting moderate/vigorous activity for more than 90 minutes/week will also be ineligible. Suitability for exercise will be determined using the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire Plus (PARQ+). Study recruitment will occur at the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, either the East Baltimore campus clinic, or 2 of the busiest satellite clinics - Green Spring Station and Columbia, located 12 and 24 miles from the East Baltimore campus. At least 3 of the 6 study visits will occur at the Wilmer Eye Institute East Baltimore Campus, where the Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and visible light optical coherence tomography (Vis OCT) machines are located. The remaining study visits can be conducted at the Columbia or Green Spring Station clinics if more convenient for the patient. The exercise intervention will occur remotely over Zoom, with the exercise physiologist located in the participant's home or office and the study participant located in the participant's home.