anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this research study is to characterize the types of sensations that can be produced by stimulating the spinal nerves in upper-limb amputees, as well as the effects of that stimulation on phantom limb pain. The study involves a medical procedure to temporarily place one to three stimulation electrodes in the space near the spinal cord. This medical procedure will be performed under local anesthesia, and will take approximately one to two hours. Afterwards, the electrodes will be connected to an external stimulator and a series of experiments will be performed to characterize the types of sensations generated by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and spinal nerves, as well as to measure the effect of stimulation on phantom limb sensations and phantom limb pain. Over the course of less than 30 days, there will be up to 20 of these experimental sessions. At the end of the final experimental session, the stimulation electrodes will be removed by gently pulling on them.

The investigators are inviting participants to consider participating in this research because they have an upper-limb amputation. Participants must be between the ages of 18 and 70 and at least one year post-amputation. Participants must be willing to travel to the University of Pittsburgh at least twice per week for 30 days.

Participants cannot have any serious diseases or disorders that affect your ability to participate in this study. Women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during the study cannot be included. The investigators will ask females of child-bearing potential to undergo a urine pregnancy test prior to any procedures (such as MRI, x-ray, fluoroscopy) that may disrupt the healthy development of an unborn child. If participants are currently taking any medications that thin their blood, participants will not be eligible for this study. Participants will have to meet other criteria to be eligible, which will be reviewed with participants upon their consent. The investigators will screen up to 15 people and expect that up to 10 individuals will complete this study.
Acute overdosage with methadone can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal-muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). In severe overdosage, particularly by the intravenous route, apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and death may occur.

Methadone overdosage is associated with rhabdomyolysis. Seek medical attention, especially if abuse/misuse results in prolonged immobilization. Acute toxic leukoencephalopathy has been reported after methadone overdose, often weeks after apparent recovery from the initial intoxication. Hearing loss has been reported after methadone overdose, in some cases permanent.
PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature and report the outcomes of various surgical treatments for reverse Hill-Sachs lesions (RHSL) in the setting of posterior shoulder instability.
METHODS: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. All studies assessing outcomes of surgical treatment of RHSL from inception to January 2023 were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies reporting outcomes, minimum mean 1-year follow-up, and minimum Level IV evidence. Outcomes were assessed using Forest plots with random effects models using R software.
RESULTS: A total of 29 studies consisting of 291 patients were included with a mean age of 42 years (range 16-88 years), 87% male gender, and mean follow-up of 4.5 years. The mean size of impacted or affected cartilage was 35%, and time from injury to surgery was mean 15 weeks. Nearly all studies were Level IV evidence, and quality of studies was low. Random effect models were performed, and data are presented as range. A low incidence of instability was noted for all surgical techniques with good patient-reported outcome measures. Most studies reported outcomes of the modified McLaughlin procedure (13 studies, 126 patients) with overall Constant-Murley Score of 65 to 92. Trends were seen towards better Constant-Murley Score and external rotation with a shorter delay between injury, and when arthroscopic and joint preserving treatments were performed.
CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review showed low rates of instability recurrence, reproducible range of motion, and favorable patient-reported outcome measures were reported following all treatments for RHSLs with posterior instability. There was a significant association between better outcomes and a shorter delay between injury and surgery. The level of evidence is limited, given the small and retrospective studies which can be explained by the rarity of these injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV; systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
Patients randomized into this group will receive a dietary menu plan that contains anti-inflammatory foods/nutrients that have been shown to be effective in the management of IBD in previous studies. The main aim of this diet will be to increase dietary intakes of prebiotics/probiotics, omega 3 fatty acids, fiber (soluble), antioxidants and decrease dietary intake of red and processed meat.
Additives may be incompatible. Consult with pharmacist, if available. When introducing additives, use aseptic technique, mix thoroughly and do not store.

The presence of calcium limits their compatibility with certain drugs that form precipitates of calcium salts, and also prohibits their simultaneous infusion through the same administration set as blood because of the likelihood of coagulation.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. See PRECAUTIONS.
Honor killing is a murder carried out to protect the family's reputation by actions that are perceived as shameful. Usually, honor killing occurs to preserve family's honor, which has been violated by adulteries, premarital pregnancies, or inappropriate relationships. In Southern Italy, the culture of honor is quite strong especially among the local criminal organizations. Honor crimes by Italian Mafia are intended to have an admonitory significance, and they can be carried out following a macabre ritual of "incaprettamento." The aim is to humiliate the victim treating him like an animal, a bonded young goat where the victim is secured by a rope passing behind the back from the upper to lower extremities. In this case study, the honor homicide was perpetrated against the lover of a butcher's wife by sharp weapon, followed by a postmortem atypical incaprettamento of the corpse. The wrists and ankles were tied together by ropes, and the extremities were fixed to the abdomen with a string. The body was also wrapped in a plastic tape after penile amputation. According to killer's confession, the mutilation and the incaprettamento were expressions of revenge and contempt for the victim to restore the honor lost.
More than ever before, people are eating more calories from food than what they are burning off through exercise and other activities, and this imbalance is causing the rising rates of obesity and diabetes in the US and throughout the world. The different types of body fat are central players in this process. The white fat stores excess calories coming from food, while brown fat - also known as brown adipose tissue, or BAT - consumes the energy from food to generate heat. This important process in BAT is achieved through the action of a special protein found only in BAT, called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Scientists used to believe that BAT was important only in small animals and human infants, but it was recently discovered by us and others that in response to mild cold exposure, adult human BAT (hBAT) consumes more glucose by weight than any other tissue. In addition, human BAT may also combat weight gain by becoming more active in the setting of increased food consumption. This phenomenon has already been demonstrated in mice and rats, and its presence suggests that activation of human BAT could be used as a safe treatment for obesity and metabolic disease. Finally, emerging evidence indicates that human BAT may be an endocrine organ, which means that it releases hormones into the blood and regulates other organs of the body as well, including skeletal muscle, liver, and the insulin-releasing pancreatic Beta-cell. If we are going to understand how hBAT functions in the body physiology and use its calorie-burning ability to treat illnesses of metabolism such as diabetes, we will need to approach the challenge using several different methods. One key reason is that BAT is not easy to find in the body, and the cells that make it up are different depending on where they are and what the body needs. Brown fat is composed of at least two known types of distinct cells, termed "constitutive"/brown and "inducible"/beige; and there are also white fat cells in varying proportions. Given that there is currently no known way to estimate the amount of brown fat in the body from a simple blood test, our lab group has successfully relied on collecting small amounts of fat from the site of surgery in patients who are already undergoing clinically indicated procedures. Information obtained from these fat tissues has addressed questions related to (a) how brown fat cells develop from immature stem cells; (b) what genes are active; and (c) how many calories the brown fat can burn. These earlier studies have also provided the preliminary cells necessary for establishing long-lasting human brown and white cells that can be grown indefinitely in the laboratory. Despite this progress, much remains unknown about the functional differences between brown and beige fat cells and how these could affect metabolism in humans of different age, sex, and genetic backgrounds, as well as the changes seen in the brown fat cells in different illnesses. The goal of this study is to address these and related questions.
PURPOSE: Patients seen by infectious disease (ID) specialists are more complex compared to patients treated by other subspecialities according to Tonelli et al. (2018). However, larger studies on the complexity of patients related to the involvement of ID consultation services are missing.
METHODS: Data of patients being treated in 2015 and 2019 in four different German university hospitals was retrospectively collected. Data were collected from the hospitals' software system and included whether the patients received an ID consultation as well as patient clinical complexity level (PCCL), case mix index (CMI) and length of stay (LOS) as a measurement for the patients' complexity. Furthermore, a comparison of patients with distinct infectious diseases treated with or without an ID consultation was initiated.
RESULTS: In total, 215.915 patients were included in the study, 3% (n = 6311) of those were seen by an ID consultant. Patients receiving ID consultations had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher PCCL (median 4 vs. 0), CMI (median 3,8 vs. 1,1) and deviation of the expected mean LOS (median 7 days vs. 0 days) than patients in the control group. No differences among hospitals or between years were observed. Comparing patients with distinct infectious diseases treated with or without an ID consultation, the differences were confirmed throughout the groups.
CONCLUSION: Patients receiving ID consultations are highly complex, frequently need further treatment after discharge and have a high economic impact. Thus, ID specialists should be clinically trained in a broad spectrum of diseases and treating these complex patients should be sufficiently remunerated.
In rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys, inhibition of FGF23 signaling by burosumab-twza increased serum phosphate and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D. Ectopic mineralization in multiple tissues and organs was observed at doses of burosumab-twza that resulted in supra-physiologic serum phosphate levels. In a study in wild type (WT) and hypophosphatemic Hyp mice, a murine model of XLH, ectopic mineralization was markedly less in Hyp mice.

In adult cynomolgus monkeys, burosumab-twza increased bone turnover, mineral content and/or mineral density and cortical thickness at 9- to 16-fold human exposure at the MRHD of 2 mg/kg every 2 weeks. Adverse effects on bone, including reductions in bone mineral density, bone mineralization and bone strength were observed in adult male monkeys at 9- to 11-fold human exposure at the MRHD of 2 mg/kg every 2 weeks.

In juvenile cynomolgus monkeys, burosumab-twza increased bone turnover, mineral content and/or mineral density and/or cortical thickness at 0.2- to 2-fold clinical pediatric exposure. Bone mineralization was decreased in a male monkey at 2-fold pediatric exposure but there was no effect on bone strength. Burosumab-twza did not affect bone development in juvenile monkeys at doses up to 2-fold pediatric exposure.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating disorder characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite extensive research, the exact cause of IBD remains unknown, hampering the development of effective therapies. However, emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia, a condition resulting from inadequate oxygen supply, plays a crucial role in intestinal inflammation and tissue damage in IBD. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), transcription factors that regulate the cellular response to low oxygen levels, have gained attention for their involvement in modulating inflammatory processes and maintaining tissue homeostasis. The two most studied HIFs, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, have been implicated in the development and progression of IBD. Toxicological factors encompass a wide range of environmental and endogenous agents, including dietary components, microbial metabolites, and pollutants. These factors can profoundly influence the hypoxic microenvironment within the gut, thereby exacerbating the course of IBD and fostering the progression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. This review explores the regulation of hypoxia signaling at the molecular, microenvironmental, and environmental levels, investigating the intricate interplay between toxicological factors and hypoxic signaling in the context of IBD, focusing on its most concerning outcomes: intestinal fibrosis and colorectal cancer.
Immediately following delivery of the fetus the uterus will be externalized in the usual fashion and the body of the uterus cephalad to the hysterotomy incision will be wrapped in sterile surgical towels saturated in sterile, iced normal saline. These towels will come from a sterile cooling pot set to 30 degrees Fahrenheit. Iced saline-soaked towels will be kept in place for a minimum of 5 minutes and replaced at the discretion of the attending obstetrician until the hysterotomy is closed and the uterus is replaced into the patient's abdomen.
This email mentions the cost-saving benefits of enrollment by participants who met their 2018 goals. It also includes the message that registration can be completed quickly (in less than five minutes). Finally, it also includes reward incentive information, wherein registering by a March deadline provides qualified recipients with the potential to win prizes. This information is contained in all other emails.
Patients with AA (with at least 2 patches of alopecia involving the scalp), AT or AU will be treated with tofacitinib ointment for a maximum of 6 months. During treatment, patients will be evaluated every 4 weeks and effectiveness of the medication will be measured by changes in hair growth.
The experimental group will receive usual care plus the COPE intervention. This group will receive 3 individual intervention sessions. During the first intervention visit at the cancer center, the COPE group will be taught the COPE intervention in a session focusing on the patient's self-identified most bothersome symptom. Role modeling and additional instruction will be provided via video, and patients will receive the Home Care Guide for Cancer and a copy of the video to take home. Three subsequent visits with the patient during regularly scheduled clinic visits will reinforce the principles of COPE and the use of the Home Care Guide, and will help patients apply this approach to managing other symptoms. In addition they will get 2 phone calls encouraging them to apply COPE.
INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounts for 545 million people living with chronic respiratory disorders and is the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. COPD is a progressive disease, characterized by episodes of acute worsening of symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, and sputum production.
AREAS COVERED: Airway inflammation is a prominent feature of COPD. Chronic airway inflammation results in airway structural remodeling and emphysema. Persistent airway inflammation is a treatable trait of COPD and plays a significant role in disease development and progression. In this review, the authors summarize the current and emerging biomarkers that reveal the heterogeneity of airway inflammation subtypes, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic response in COPD.
EXPERT OPINION: Airway inflammation can be broadly categorized as eosinophilic (type 2 inflammation) and non-eosinophilic (non-type 2 inflammation) in COPD. Currently, blood eosinophil counts are incorporated in clinical practice guidelines to identify COPD patients who are at a higher risk of exacerbations and lung function decline, and who are likely to respond to inhaled corticosteroids. As new therapeutics are being developed for the chronic management of COPD, it is essential to identify biomarkers that will predict treatment response.
The study is based on the results of five consecutive trials performed by the ALL-REZ BFM study group since 1983. Thus the study meets the criteria of evidence-based therapy, which has been developed over nearly 20 years. Multi-agent chemotherapy in short intensive courses, which are separated by treatment-free intervals, has proved to be a successful form of induction and consolidation therapy. It is followed by preventative (or therapeutic) cranial irradiation and continuation therapy. A number of risk factors, particularly the time of relapse, site of relapse, and the ALL immunophenotype, allow the stratification of patients into a group that has an acceptable prognosis after treatment with chemotherapy alone and a second group that has a high risk of subsequent recurrence following the achievement of a second remission. The latter group requires further intensification of consolidation therapy by allogenic stem cell transplantation (SCT). To date, the indication for SCT has remained unclear for a large and heterogeneous group of patients with an intermediate prognosis. During the precursor study ALL-REZ BFM 96, however, the amount of minimal residual disease (MRD) determined quantitatively with clonal molecular markers after the second induction therapy element was shown to be a highly significant predictor of relapse-free survival.

The primary objective of study ALL-REZ BFM 2002 is the randomized comparison of a lower dosed and less intensive, but continuous consolidation therapy with conventional therapy administered in treatment blocks. Outcome measures are the reduction of MRD, event-free and overall survival, and the toxicity associated with each treatment strategy.

The secondary objectives include an improvement of the prognosis in the intermediate risk group using the stratification in treatment arms with and without allogenic SCT based on the MRD result after the second treatment element of induction therapy. An additional aim is to improve the remission induction rate in all groups by increasing the treatment intensity during induction. This is achieved by shortening the intervals between treatment blocks in keeping with the principles of guiding therapy as defined in the protocol. A series of biological companion studies aims to advance our understanding of the disorder and to establish novel prognostic factors that will allow a risk-adapted therapy.
Colistimethate for Injection, USP is a sterile parenteral antibiotic product which, when reconstituted (see Reconstitution), is suitable for intramuscular or intravenous administration. The color of the reconstituted solution is colorless to light yellow.

Each vial contains colistimethate sodium or pentasodium colistinmethanesulfonate (150 mg colistin base activity) as a white to slightly yellow lyophilized cake. The sodium content is approximately 0.07 mg (0.003 mEq) of sodium per milligram of Colistin.

Colistimethate sodium is a polypeptide antibiotic with an approximate molecular weight of 1,750. The molecular formula is C58H105N16Na5O28S5 and the structural formula is represented below: 

pentasodium colistinmethanesulfonate (colistimethate sodium) Dbu is 2, 4-diaminobutanoic acid, R is 5-methylheptyl in colistin A and 5-methylhexyl in colistin B
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major public health issue with a worldwide prevalence of 30%-32%. In animal models, voluntary exercise may be an alternative to forced physical activity, avoiding stress, potential injuries, and being logistically simpler. Here, we assessed voluntary exercise (Vex) in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks to induce MASLD. We quantified workload (speed and distance) using exercise wheels and evaluated energy expenditure using calorimetric cages. MASLD progression was assessed using circulating and hepatic biochemical and gene markers of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The animals ran an average of 301 km during the study period, with the average daily distance peaking at 4937 m/day during Weeks 3-4 before decreasing to 757 m/day by the end of the study. Rats exposed to Vex showed no improvement in any of the MASLD-associated features, such as steatosis, inflammation, or fibrosis. Rats exposed to Vex exhibited a higher total energy expenditure during the night phase (+0.35 kcal/h; p = 0.003) without resulting in any effect on body composition. We conclude that, in our experimental conditions, Vex failed to prevent MASLD progression in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks.
BACKGROUND: Resection and strictureplasty are the two surgical modalities used in the management of Crohn's disease (CD). The objective of this study was to compare morbidity and clinical recurrence between patients who underwent strictureplasty and patients who underwent resection.
METHODS: Patients with CD who underwent strictureplasty between January 2012 and December 2022 were enrolled. The patients were well matched with patients who underwent resection without strictureplasty. Patient- and disease-specific characteristics, postoperative morbidity, and clinical recurrence were also analyzed.
RESULTS: A total of 118 patients who underwent a total of 192 strictureplasties were well matched to 118 patients who underwent resection. The strictureplasty group exhibited significantly less blood loss (30 ml versus 50 ml, p < 0.001) and stoma creation (2.5% versus 16.9%, p < 0.001). No significant difference was found regarding postoperative complications or length of postoperative stay. At the end of the follow-up, the overall rate of clinical recurrence was 39.4%, and no difference was observed between the two groups. Postoperative prophylactic use of biologics (odds ratio = 0.2, p < 0.001) was the only protective factor against recurrence.
CONCLUSION: Strictureplasty does not increase the risk of complications or recurrence compared with resection. It represents a viable alternative to resection in selected patients, and as such, it should have a broader scope of indications and greater acceptance among surgeons.