anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
Tizanidine hydrochloride is a central alpha2-adrenergic agonist. Tizanidine HCl (tizanidine) is a white to off-white, fine crystalline powder, which is odorless or with a faint characteristic odor. Tizanidine is slightly soluble in water and methanol; solubility in water decreases as the pH increases. Its chemical name is 5-chloro-4-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole hydrochloride. Tizanidine’s molecular formula is C9H8ClN5S-HCl, its molecular weight is 290.2 and its structural formula is:

Tizanidine Tablets, USP are supplied as 2, and 4 mg tablets for oral administration. Tizanidine Tablets, USP are composed of the active ingredient, tizanidine hydrochloride (2.288 mg equivalent to 2 mg tizanidine base, and 4.576 mg equivalent to 4 mg tizanidine base), and the inactive ingredients, anhydrous lactose, colloidal silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose and stearic acid.

Dissolution Test 2
OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to better understand the genetic architecture and pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD). We hypothesized that a fraction of iPD patients may harbor a combination of common variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes ultimately resulting in neurodegeneration.
METHODS: We used mitochondria-specific polygenic risk scores (mitoPRSs) and created pathway-specific mitoPRSs using genotype data from different iPD case-control datasets worldwide, including the Luxembourg Parkinson's Study (412 iPD patients and 576 healthy controls) and COURAGE-PD cohorts (7,270 iPD cases and 6,819 healthy controls). Cellular models from individuals stratified according to the most significant mitoPRS were subsequently used to characterize different aspects of mitochondrial function.
RESULTS: Common variants in genes regulating Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS-PRS) were significantly associated with a higher PD risk in independent cohorts (Luxembourg Parkinson's Study odds ratio, OR = 1.31[1.14-1.50], p-value = 5.4e-04; COURAGE-PD OR = 1.23[1.18-1.27], p-value = 1.5e-29). Functional analyses in fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neuronal progenitors revealed significant differences in mitochondrial respiration between iPD patients with high or low OXPHOS-PRS (p-values < 0.05). Clinically, iPD patients with high OXPHOS-PRS have a significantly earlier age at disease onset compared to low-risk patients (false discovery rate [FDR]-adj p-value = 0.015), similar to prototypic monogenic forms of PD. Finally, iPD patients with high OXPHOS-PRS responded more effectively to treatment with mitochondrially active ursodeoxycholic acid.
INTERPRETATION: OXPHOS-PRS may provide a precision medicine tool to stratify iPD patients into a pathogenic subgroup genetically defined by specific mitochondrial impairment, making these individuals eligible for future intelligent clinical trial designs. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:133-149.
BACKGROUND: Viremia is a critical factor in understanding the pathogenesis of dengue infection, but limited data exist on viremia kinetics. This study aimed to investigate the kinetics of viremia and its effects on subsequent platelet count, severe dengue, and plasma leakage.
METHODS: We pooled data from three studies conducted in Vietnam between 2000 and 2016, involving 2340 dengue patients with daily viremia measurements and platelet counts after symptom onset. Viremia kinetics were assessed using a random effects model that accounted for left-censored data. The effects of viremia on subsequent platelet count and clinical outcomes were examined using a landmark approach with a random effects model and logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations, respectively. The rate of viremia decline was derived from the model of viremia kinetics. Its effect on the clinical outcomes was assessed by logistic regression models.
RESULTS: Viremia levels rapidly decreased following symptom onset, with variations observed depending on the infecting serotype. DENV-1 exhibited the highest mean viremia levels during the first 5-6 days, while DENV-4 demonstrated the shortest clearance time. Higher viremia levels were associated with decreased subsequent platelet counts from day 6 onwards. Elevated viremia levels on each illness day increased the risk of developing severe dengue and plasma leakage. However, the effect size decreased with later illness days. A more rapid decline in viremia is associated with a reduced risk of the clinical outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides comprehensive insights into viremia kinetics and its effect on subsequent platelet count and clinical outcomes in dengue patients. Our findings underscore the importance of measuring viremia levels during the early febrile phase for dengue studies and support the use of viremia kinetics as outcome for phase-2 dengue therapeutic trials.
FUNDING: Wellcome Trust and European Union Seventh Framework Programme.
Obesity and related comorbidities heighten risks for complications in kidney transplant settings. While pre-transplant patients often have access to nutrition counseling and health support, literature is limited on patients' perceptions of weight and motivation to lose weight prior to transplantation. We conducted a survey among ≥18-year-old patients on the kidney transplant waitlist at a single center. Questions addressed weight perception, motivation for weight loss, available resources, and engagement in physical activity. Medical records provided demographic and clinical data. Statistical tests analyzed quantitative data, while free-text responses were thematically grouped and described. Of 1055 patients, 291 responded and were matched with demographic data. Perceived weight changes correlated with actual changes in body mass index (BMI) (<24.9) were more receptive to weight center resources (<30 kg/m2) are most interested in weight loss resources and demonstrate motivation. Furthermore, pre-transplant nutrition counseling correlates with healthier behaviors. Integrating patients' perspectives enhances pre-transplant protocols by encouraging active involvement in health decisions.
Inverse probability weighting (IPW) is frequently used to reduce or minimize the observed confounding in observational studies. IPW creates a pseudo-sample by weighting each individual by the inverse of the conditional probability of receiving the treatment level that he/she has actually received. In the pseudo-sample there is no variation among the multiple individuals generated by weighting the same individual in the original sample. This would reduce the variability of the data and therefore bias the variance estimate in the target population. Conventional variance estimation methods for IPW estimators generally ignore this underestimation and tend to produce biased estimates of variance. We here propose a more reasonable method that incorporates this source of variability by using parametric bootstrapping based on intra-stratum variability estimates. This approach firstly uses propensity score stratification and intra-stratum standard deviation to approximate the variability among multiple individuals generated based on a single individual whose propensity score falls within the corresponding stratum. The parametric bootstrapping is then used to incorporate the target variability by re-generating outcomes after adding a random error term to the original data. The performance of the proposed method is compared with three existing methods including the naïve model-based variance estimator, the nonparametric bootstrap variance estimator, and the robust variance estimator in the simulation section. An example of patients with sarcopenia is used to illustrate the implementation of the proposed approach. According to the results, the proposed approach has desirable statistical properties and can be easily implemented using the provided R code.
A process has been provided to produce semi-synthetic statins defined as Formula I. It is known that certain mevalonate derivatives are active as hypercholesterolemic agents, which function by limiting cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. These mevalonate derivatives are natural occurring fungal metabolites lovastatin and compactin. The process provides for the precursor lovastatin contaminated with dihydrolovastatin to be converted to simvastatin. The naturally occurring compound lovastatin and compactin possess a 2-methylbutyrate side chain in the 8-position of the hexahydronaphtalene ring system. Analogs with a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate moiety in this position, such as simvastatin, appeared to be more effective inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase.  There are two possible routes for the introduction of an extra a-methyl group in the 8-acyl side chain which are:  1. direct alkylation of the 2 methylbutyrate side chain 2. removal of the 2-methylbutyrate side chain and introduction of a 2,2-dimethyl butyrate chain. The constituents of Formula I are as follows: R1 and R2 selected from H, OH, C1-10alkyl and C6-14aryl and C6-14arylC1-3alkyl; R3 is R9-C=O or hydrogen; R9, R4 and R5 are: 1. C1-15 alkyl 2. C3-15cycloalkyl 3. C2-15 alkenyl 4. C2-15alkynyl 5. Phenyl 6. PhenylC1-6alkyl R9 may also be halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy and C6-14aryl R4 and R5 may also be 5, 6 or 7 membered heterocycle moiety such as pyrrolidine, piperidine or a homopiperidine R6 and R7 are selected from: 1. dioxane moiety 2. cyclic sulfate 3. cyclic phosphate
Test meal \[bagel with butter (20 g) and apple juice (240 ml) with added sugar (24 g)\] The meal was a total of 640 kcal (100 g carbohydrate, 21 g fat, 10 g protein. 9 grams of soluble viscous fiber from psyllium husk (36 g, Metamucil powder, Procter\&Gamble, Cincinnati, OH) was mixed with the apple juice. Participants remained seated in the laboratory with minimal activity for the four hours following test meal consumption. One week later participants were given 5 minutes to transition to the treadmill following consumption of the test meal and began walking on a motorized treadmill at their calculated preferred walking speed for 15 minutes (experimental). Afterwards participants remained seated in the laboratory with minimal activity for the remainder of the four hours following test meal consumption. One week later the test meal was consumed, and participants remained seated in the laboratory with minimal activity for the four hours following test meal consumption (placebo).
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a tablet containing tocopherol succinate and excellent in oral administration touch by treating the tocopherol succinate by a specific means. SOLUTION: This tablet contains tocopherol succinate. The tablet preferably contains the tocopherol succinate having particle diameters of <=250 μm in an amount of >=99%. The tablet is obtained by grinding the tocopherol succinate, mixing the ground product with a preparation auxiliary and subsequently tableting the mixture. The tocopherol succinate includes natural type tocopherol succinate and synthetic type tocopherol succinate. The tocopherol also includes α, β, γ, and δ types, and further contains d-isomer, 1-isomer and d1-isomer.
Participants will receive KM110329 for eight weeks. Participants will take 2 tablets by mouth with water two times a day after meals.
Forty-one patients (18 male and 23 female) between the ages of 6 and 54 with a diagnosis of Wilson's disease and who were intolerant of d-penicillamine were treated in two separate studies with trientine hydrochloride. The dosage varied from 450 to 2400 mg per day. The average dosage required to achieve an optimal clinical response varied between 1000 mg and 2000 mg per day. The mean duration of trientine hydrochloride therapy was 48.7 months (range 2 to 164 months). Thirty-four of the 41 patients improved, 4 had no change in clinical global response, 2 were lost to follow-up and one showed deterioration in clinical condition. One of the patients who improved while on therapy with trientine hydrochloride experienced a recurrence of the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus which had appeared originally during therapy with penicillamine. Therapy with trientine hydrochloride was discontinued. No other adverse reactions, except iron deficiency, were noted among any of these 41 patients.

One investigator treated 13 patients with trientine hydrochloride following their development of intolerance to d-penicillamine. Retrospectively, he compared these patients to an additional group of 12 patients with Wilson's disease who were both tolerant of and controlled with d-penicillamine therapy, but who failed to continue any copper chelation therapy. The mean age at onset of disease of the latter group was 12 years as compared to 21 years for the former group. The trientine hydrochloride group received d-penicillamine for an average of 4 years as compared to an average of 10 years for the non-treated group.

Various laboratory parameters showed changes in favor of the patients treated with trientine hydrochloride. Free and total serum copper, SGOT, and serum bilirubin all showed mean increases over baseline in the untreated group which were significantly larger than with the patients treated with trientine hydrochloride. In the 13 patients treated with trientine hydrochloride, previous symptoms and signs relating to d-penicillamine intolerance disappeared in 8 patients, improved in 4 patients, and remained unchanged in one patient. The neurological status in the trientine hydrochloride group was unchanged or improved over baseline, whereas in the untreated group, 6 patients remained unchanged and 6 worsened. Kayser-Fleischer rings improved significantly during trientine hydrochloride treatment.

The clinical outcome of the two groups also differed markedly. Of the 13 patients on therapy with trientine hydrochloride (mean duration of therapy 4.1 years; range 1 to 13 years), all were alive at the data cutoff date, and in the non-treated group (mean years with no therapy 2.7 years; range 3 months to 9 years), 9 of the 12 died of hepatic disease.
Anhedonia and avolition are emotions frequently endorsed by individuals with stress related disorders. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) activation can induce negative emotions and recent clinical evidence suggests that KOR antagonism can alleviate anhedonia in a transdiagnostic cohort of patients. However, the behavioral consequences of KOR activation and antagonism in modulating motivation, as assessed by schedule-controlled behavioral performance without preexisting conditions (stress or substance use), have not been formally assessed. To address this gap in the literature, this report utilized male and female Sprague Dawley rats to (1) evaluate the impact of the selective KOR agonist U50,488, on the performance of animals responding for sucrose pellets under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule and (2) determine the effects of the short-acting KOR antagonist LY2444296 alone and on U50,488 mediated reductions in PR performance. Overall, U50,488 5 mg/kg significantly reduced the breakpoint and number of rewards obtained by animals. This occurred in the absence of motor impairment and independent of evidence for satiation. LY2444296 did not alter PR performance when administered alone but effectively blocked the deficits induced by U50,488. To further delineate the behavioral alterations that underlie these reductions in responding, a more detailed analysis was conducted on PR performance in the first 15 min of the session, the period of time when animals obtained the most reinforcers. During this period, U50,488 increased the length of the post-reinforcement pause and reduced the running rate on PR schedules. These changes in behavior produced by acute activation of KORs are consistent with a reduction of effort-related motivation in rodents. These data contribute to the understanding of how KORs modulate motivation, which is critical to future efforts to evaluate performance in the context of stress and assess how KOR antagonists alleviate anhedonic behaviors associated with stress.
The present invention relates to a cassia seed functional food and a preparation method thereof. The cassia seed functional food is a dietetic food developed in view of patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and obesity by using the characteristic of isogenous medicine and eating of cassia seed. The cassia seed functional food is made of the following components by weight percentage: 25 to 35% of cassia seed, 20 to 24% of raw hawthorn, 2 to 6% of chrysanthemum flowers, 2 to 6% of licorice roots, 18 to 22% of peach kernels and 18 to 22% of jujube seed. The preparation method of the present invention comprises the following steps: effective components are extracted, extraction solution is concentrated, and concentrated solution is used for preparing powder, granules, oral liquid and tablets so as to obtain the products. The formula of the cassia seed functional food adopts the raw materials with the characteristic of isogenous medicine and eating; the cassia seed functional food is suitable to prevent hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease for common people, and can be used as an auxiliary therapy food for patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. The products produced by mixing the raw materials are made into oral liquid, spray drying powder, granules and buccal tablets by preparing and filling the concentrated solution; the present invention fully extracts the effective components in cassia seed with the extraction rate of 0.25% with the help of modern traditional Chinese medicine extraction technology.
Experimental headache model open a unike opportunity to study the pathophysiological mechanisms behind headache in general and migrane in particular. Previous studies have used various techniques to study the cerebral haemodynamics as a basis for the headache pathophysiology. We wish to use a 3-Tesa MRI so study the cerebral haemodynamics after application of various pharmacological substances.

The most used experimental headache model is the glyceryl trinitrate model (GTN). Where infusion of the NO donor GTN induces headache and changes in the cerebral arteries. On the other hand injection of Diamox (Acetazolamide) apparently causes increase of the cerebral blod flow with out dilation of the arteries. We wish to study the precise effect of GTN and diamox on the cerebral haemodynamics such as Cerebral blod flow (CBF) and Cerebral blod volume (CBV) via a 3-Tesla MRI.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence, rate, and pattern of progression of myopic maculopathy in eyes operated with macular buckle (MB) for myopic traction maculopathy versus a control group without surgery to find out whether the progression varies due to the MB's indentation and to evaluate possible MB-related pigmentary changes or atrophy.
METHODS: Eyes operated with MB with two good quality fundus images: one preoperative or early postoperative image and a second image at least 12 months apart; the control group comprised the contralateral eyes. Demographics, axial length, follow-up, stage of myopic traction maculopathy, and myopic maculopathy were reported. Progression results of groups and subgroups (mid- and long-term follow-up) were reported and compared.
RESULTS: Overall, 116 eyes of 66 patients were included. Progression was found in 29 eyes (41.4%) and 23 eyes (50%) in the MB group and control group, respectively. The progression rate was 73 per 1,000 eye-years and 88.9 per 1,000 eye-years in the MB group and the control group, respectively. Axial length was found to predict progression (odds ratio [OR], 2.59; P = 0.02).
CONCLUSION: Progression of myopic maculopathy was similar in both groups and was mildly greater in the control group. No MB-related pigmentary changes or atrophy was detected.
The invention discloses tea soap powder and use thereof. The tea soap powder is the powder of tea tree oil cake, is obtained by crushing the tea tree oil cake to fineness of 40 meshes, and contains 2 to 5 percent of tea seed husk chips with fineness of more than 80 meshes. The novel use of the tea soap powder is an application as a detergent, a dermatophyte killing agent and a hair loss preventing agent. The tea soap powder can be used instead of soap, washing powder and a detergent. Oil cake left by the oil extraction of camellia seeds is only used as a fertilizer at present, and the environment-friendly, safe and efficient new use of the oil cake for washing is provided by the invention. The tea soap powder is expected to change the dependence of a user on a chemical detergent, turn the user from paralyzed nerves and consciousness to rationality, gradually reduce and even avoid the use of the chemical detergent and better maintain the health of the user when being popularized and used.
Lumbar stabilisation exercise (LSE) group will perform eight weeks exercise intervention for two sessions in a week. Each session took about 45 minutes to complete. The total exercise sessions were 16 sessions. LSE group will be focused on strengthening the deep trunk stabilising muscles (i.e., transverse abdominal, internal oblique and lumbar multifidus) and control pelvis muscles.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diagnostic testing for coronary artery disease frequently involves functional stress testing where imaging is often coupled with electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. While decision-making is straightforward when both functional testing and ECG are either positive or negative, interpretation is challenging and prognostic importance uncertain with positive ECG and negative imaging since imaging is considered more sensitive. Prior studies have demonstrated mixed results. We sought to perform a meta-analysis of published studies to determine the significance of this particular type of discordant stress test result.
METHODS AND RESULTS: PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies reporting results of functional imaging (pharmacological exercise echocardiography or SPECT) and ECG analysis, along with the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at patient follow-up. Studies were stratified based on functional imaging modality used. Primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death or myocardial infarction, and secondary outcome was the need for coronary revascularization. Random effects model was used to calculate risk ratios (RR), and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the Higgins I2 value. Nine studies with a total of 23,715 patients were included. Primary end point was more common with discordant results with exercise stress echocardiography (RR 1.33, 95% confidence intervals [1.08-1.63]) or pharmacological SPECT (RR 6.53 95% CI [2.31-18.48]).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the discordant exercise stress echocardiography and pharmacological SPECT groups were more likely to suffer the primary end point than those with a normal stress test. Discordant results should be interpreted carefully in the clinical context, given their prognostic impact based on the stress modality used.