Falls are a growing public health concern as the proportion of aging adults will continue to increase in the coming years and the prevalence of falls is high. Older adults with PAD have previously demonstrated impaired static balance, higher prevalence of history of stumbling/unsteadiness (41%) and falling (26%), and abnormal balance using computerized dynamic posturography compared to non-PAD controls. Adults with symptomatic PAD also demonstrate LE weakness and gait deficiencies due to impaired muscle power and biomechanics. While still unspecified, muscle weakness and ischemic neuropathy could partially explain the etiology for impaired balance in those with PAD. Other potential associations with increased fall risk in PAD may include claudication, limited physical activity, and poor LE function. Through expansion of disease-specific knowledge related to fall prevention interventions in older adults with PAD, healthcare providers may find that targeted balance screening and interventions to improve balance and strength are essential to disease management and the prevention of disability. The proposed study is innovative as it is the first balance intervention study in PAD and uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. Given the known associations between PAD and balance, in addition to morbidity and mortality associated with falls in the general population of older adults, the contribution of this knowledge is unique in that it will improve understanding of interventional study designs, leading to future revisions in prevention strategies for this sub-group.

Findings from a recent systematic review of fall prevention interventions for community-dwelling older adults with chronic conditions suggest that the stage of intervention development primarily lies within efficacy-based RCTs that focus on internal validity, which limits the generalizability of these intervention effects for varying contexts. Most of these interventional studies did not report detail related to adoption and maintenance, such as recruitment of participants from the target populations and intervention adoption by staff, which are critical to understanding how to implement these interventions in clinical settings. There was also a lack of qualitative research methods use across the studies, which limits the understanding of participants' acceptability and perceived intervention effects. Most of these trials were conducted in controlled research setting environments adjacent to, but not integrated within, clinical practice settings without staff involvement, which impacts the adoption of these programs. While all of the studies in the review included targeted, individuals, and moderately challenging balance exercises (some with additional strength and aerobic training components), the dosing of balance exercises was not sufficient to meet the exercise duration recommendations over the intervention period. Due to the stage of development, it is challenging to evaluate the long-term implementation and public impact of these interventions with delivery performed by clinicians and community partners who have direct contact with this target population. Despite the inextricable relationships between fall risk and PAD, self- management interventions for fall risk and PAD are currently not integrated into PAD treatment. Often, interventions for self-management of chronic conditions and fall prevention are delivered separately. Given the complexity, time, and effort required for PAD self-management programs, a separate stand- alone program for fall prevention exercises is unlikely due to its added burden on patients. Thus, there is a need to explore the feasibility of integrating evidence- based fall prevention exercises into existing PAD programs. Some researchers have investigated the integration of rehabilitation programs and fall prevention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where balance exercises were delivered as part of either outpatient and inpatient pulmonary rehab. Although balance training has not been implemented as a standard treatment for PAD subgroups, there is potential for its addition to established PAD programs. Many older adults with PAD participate in outpatient supervised exercise therapy (SET) walking programs, which are the most effective non-invasive method to mitigate claudication and improve walking function in adults with PAD. In addition to mitigating fall risk, the combined balance training within SET programs also has potential to improve patient outcomes. Balance training could be an adjunct to the SET standard of care, which is designed to improve claudication symptoms and address walking function. Although intermittent treadmill walking is the optimal mode to maximize benefits from exercise training for PAD, it is often contraindicated or refused due to poor balance. As walking demands adequate balance, LE strength, and endurance, individuals with poor postural control may benefit from improving their balance prior to or during the initiation of walking exercise to manage their vascular disease. Thus, the simultaneous learning and mastering of balance exercises to reduce fall risk may enable successful participation in treadmill walking, thus maximizing the benefits gained from SET.