Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlarged prostate from smooth muscle and glandular hyperplasia that results in lower urinary tract symptoms due to bladder outlet obstruction. It is seen in 8% of men in the fourth decade with increased prevalence to up to 90% of men in the ninth decade (1). Patients typically present with groups of symptoms referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of which may include urgency, frequency, nocturia, incomplete bladder emptying, and weak urinary stream (2). LUTS is mainly categorized into irritative, obstructive, and mixed types. This has a variable impact on patients' quality of life by interfering with sleep, activities of daily living, anxiety, mobility, leisure, and effect on sexual activities (3). The risk factors for developing BPH include African American race, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, high levels of alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity (4).

Patients with LUTs are evaluated with a complete history and physical to rule out causes other than BPH and bladder dysfunction such as excess fluid and caffeine intake, and use of medications including diuretics and antihistamine. Patients are further evaluated with screening tools such as the American Urologic Association Symptom Index (AUASI) or the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) to determine the severity of LUTS secondary to BPH. IPSS is an 8 question screening tool that assesses the quality of life in addition to 7 questions in AUASI (4). Each question is scored from 0 to 5 and a minimum change of 3 points is considered a clinically important difference (5). Patients with AUASI score of less than 8 are considered to have mild or no symptoms and are managed with watchful waiting (6). Moderate or severe symptoms are considered in patients with AUASI score of 8 or greater than 8 and are managed with pharmacologic treatment including alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, antimuscarinic agents, and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Additionally, international index of erectile function (IIEF) is used to further assess quality of life. For patients who have failed medical management, experience side effects from medications, or not interested in medical therapy are offered minimally invasive surgical treatment such as microwave ablation, surgical treatment including open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and interventional radiology procedure, prostate artery embolization.

Prostate artery embolization (PAE) is a safe and effective minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure in which intraprostatic vessels are embolized to shrink the size of the prostate gland. Preprocedural assessment includes IPSS, the international index of erectile function (IIEF-5) to asses pre-existing erectile dysfunction (7), postvoid residual (PVR) to objectively assess the degree of bladder outlet obstruction, cross-sectional imaging of the prostate gland, and screening for prostate cancer (8). The current indication for PAE is patients with moderate or severe LUTS from BPH who have not responded to medications or find medication side effects to be intolerable. Patients are excluded from the procedure in other causes of LUTS such as prostate cancer, neurogenic bladder prostatitis, urethral strictures. Clinical trials are underway that demonstrate the efficacy of the procedure and define indications and contraindications. Meta-analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in IPSS of 12.9, 15, 15, and 20.4 points from baseline at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, respectively (9). Additionally, statistically significant improvement in the quality of life and PVR were noted at 1, 3, 6, 12 months. An overall incidence of a compilation was 32.9% (9), the majority of which were classified as minor per SIR guidelines. Rectalgia, dysuria, and transient urinary retention were the most frequent minor complications of PAE. A few major complications related to PAE were severe urinary tract infection and bladder ischemia