Low back pain (LBP) is increasingly becoming one of the main health concerns nowadays. It affects daily life and work routine and leads to medical consultations. The prevalence of NSLBP is approximately 10 to 25% in young and middle-aged individuals. Even though degenerative changes are minimal in this age group, more physical activities consequently make this group vulnerable to various physical strains. Approximately 10% of LBP cases have an identifiable pathology, while the remaining 90% are non-specific LBP (NSLBP), reflecting LBP of unknown underlying pathology, characterized by pain, muscle tension, and stiffness between 12th rib and inferior gluteal fold. Based on duration, LBP can be categorized as acute (less than six weeks), sub-acute (six to twelve weeks), and chronic (more than twelve weeks). Common symptom is the pain that gets worse with activity and relieved by rest. There are different methods for LBP treatment like surgery, oral medication, injection at lumbar region, psychotherapy, chiropractic and physiotherapy. Physiotherapy modalities and techniques like electrotherapy, low level laser, ultrasound, massage, shortwave, traction, superficial heat, spinal manipulation and exercise therapy are used to treat such cases. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) has emerged as a popular tool for treatment of musculoskeletal disorders such as lateral epicondylitis, painful shoulder syndrome and plantar fasciitis. The two primary types of shock waves are the Focused Extracorporeal Shock Wave (fESW) and the Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave (rESW). They differ in terms of the manner and extent of the acoustic energy propagation, the shape of the beam and its physical properties. Maitland mobilization techniques are thought to benefit patients with lumbar mechanical pain through the stimulation of joint mechanoreceptors.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTS was conducted in 2020 to check the effectiveness and safety of extracorporeal shockwave treatment on low back pain. Multiple electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane's library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan Fang Data were searched until December, 2019 to identify studies assessing the effectiveness and safety of EPSW for LBP. The main outcome was pain intensity which was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS) and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS).Functional status, quality of life and psychological outcomes were also measured using oswestry disability index (ODI). Findings of all these studies concluded that the use of focused ESWT is effective in alleviating pain and improving general functional state of patients with low back pain. The effectiveness of Maitland spinal mobilization therapy in the treatment of non-specific low back pain. It was a prospective study that involved ninety (90) subjects who completed the recommended four-week program. All subjects were given spinal mobilization therapy using Maitland method. The conclusions of this study indicated that manual therapy is a consideration in treatment of non-specific LBP and as an alternative to conventional treatment methods.

The effects of shockwave therapy and Maitland lumbar mobilizations have been seen to be the effective approaches in the treatment of mechanical or non-specific low back pain. But these treatment approaches have seen independently in treating low back pain. But there is no literature available that compares the effect of both techniques. So to see the comparative effects of these two techniques will be the main goal of this study.