anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
###  Mechanism of Action

The prime action of β-adrenergic drugs is to stimulate adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cAMP thus formed mediates the cellular responses. In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that albuterol has a preferential effect on β 2-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. While it is recognized that β 2-adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, recent data indicated that 10% to 50% of the β-receptors in the human heart may be β 2-receptors. The precise function of these receptors, however, is not yet established. Albuterol has been shown in most controlled clinical trials to have more effect on the respiratory tract, in the form of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, than isoproterenol at comparable doses while producing fewer cardiovascular effects. Controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other β-adrenergic agonist drugs, can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients. 

###  Pharmacokinetics

Albuterol sulfate is longer acting than isoproterenol in most patients by any route of administration, because it is not a substrate for the cellular uptake processes for catecholamine nor for the metabolism of catechol-O-methyl transferase. Instead the drug is conjugatively metabolized to albuterol 4'- O-sulfate. 

###  Animal Pharmacology/Toxicology

Intravenous studies in rats with albuterol sulfate have demonstrated that albuterol crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches brain concentrations amounting to approximately 5% of plasma concentrations. In structures outside of the blood-brain barrier (pineal and pituitary glands), albuterol concentrations were found to be 100 times those found in whole brain.

Studies in laboratory animals (minipigs, rodents, and dogs) have demonstrated the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death (with histological evidence of myocardial necrosis) when beta-agonists and methyl-xanthines are administered concurrently. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.
Overexpression of eIF4E occurs in greater than 50% of BC, where it has been associated with clinical progression, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. eIF4E protein expression is not elevated in stroma or in benign tissue. A major focus in the future management of BC is to develop novel targeted therapeutics, with associated biomarkers of clinical value. It is possible that targeting a central regulator that can control multiple pathways might be more effective than targeting a single downstream molecule. In our preclinical studies, we have demonstrated that ribavirin inhibits proliferation of BC cell lines at clinically achievable concentrations by inhibiting its target, eIF4E. This trial addresses the important clinical issue of the lack of treatment for poor prognosis BC, characterized by overexpression of eIF4E. We will explore the use of eIF4E as therapeutic target and a predictive marker. We will determine whether targeting eIF4E with ribavirin, a commercially approved, inexpensive, oral therapeutic compound with a favourable toxicity profile, may present a novel treatment option for patients with aggressive, metastatic disease.
The invention discloses a polypyrrole-type polymer drug carrier micelle. Pyrrolidone is subjected to an atom transfer radical polymerization reaction to obtain poly pyrrolidone. S-benzyl-L-cysteine carboxylic acid anhydride is subjected to a ring-opening polymerization reaction to obtain poly-S-benzyl-L-cysteine. The poly-S-benzyl-L-cysteine is grafted to doxorubicin through a hydrazone bond. The poly pyrrolidone is bonded to the poly-S-benzyl-L-cysteine in a manner of click chemistry to obtain a block copolymer. The block copolymer is respectively dissolved in tetrahydrofuran to obtain a solution. The solution is transferred to a dialysis bag for carrying out a dialysis process through pure water to obtain a dialysate which is filtered through a filter membrane. A freeze drying process is carried out to the filtered solution to obtain a drug carrier micelle. The drug carrier micelle has a core-shell double-layer structure with an external layer being hydrophilic poly pyrrolidone and an internal layer being drug molecule wrapping layer. The drug carrier micelle has advantages of belonging to nano particles and enabling a targeting transmission of a drug to cancer cells and a pH-sensitive releasing process in the cancer cells to be achieved. The drug carrier micelle is large in drug carrying capacity and good in stability. A targeting function of the drug carrier micelle can effectively reduce toxic and side effects of drugs on normal tissues and organs.
Participants with advanced Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) known to be DDR deficiency biomarker-positive (incl. ATM mutation) and/or positive for ATM loss. Participants must have progressed on treatment with an anti-PD-1/L1 mAb administered either as monotherapy, or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors or other therapies.
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a new compound, capable of manifesting excellent antiemetic actions based on strong antagonistic actions on serotonin S3 and dopamine D2 receptors, having low toxicity and useful as an antiemetic agent. SOLUTION: This (R)-5-bromo-N-(1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepin-6- yl)-2-methoxy-6-methylamino-3-pyridinecarboxamide represented by formula I or its acid addition salt. The compound is obtained by reacting, e.g. a compound represented by formula II with (R)-6-amino-1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1 H-1,4-diazepine represented by formula III. The compound represented by formula II is prepared by starting from, e.g. 2,6-difluoropyridine and the compound represented by formula III is a new substance and is obtained from, e.g. N'- methyl-N-(3-methylbenzyl)ethylenediamine. Furthermore, the reaction is preferably carried out by using 1mol compound represented by formula II and 1-1.5mol compound represented by formula III.
Mepilex Border PostOp AG dressing impregnated with silver ions. Dressing will be in use for 7 days or removed earlier if patient is discharged before end of 7 days post0operative time period.
Two 10\^5 PFU doses of rHPIV3cp45 vaccine given as nose drops to healthy infants and children aged 6 to 36 months of age. The two doses are given 4 to 10 weeks apart.
We will recruit 100 patients older than 50 years with diagnosis of COPD and/or CHF. COPD is defined by presence of fixed airflow obstruction (post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC less than 70%) according to Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. Each patient will be characterized by medical history and physical examination. Patients with a diagnosis of COPD must have: 1) had a history of chronic respiratory symptoms, i.e., cough and sputum and/or breathlessness and only occasional wheezing (SGRQ and MMRC Questionnaire); 2) they had to be smokers or ex-smokers with more than 10 pack-years, and 3) a documented absence of a history of variable airflow obstruction and/or diagnosis of asthma. Each patient will perform pulmonary function tests, including reversibility to inhaled bronchodilator (400 µg albuterol); arterial blood gases, and routine blood tests. In addition, each patient will undergo regular PA/LL chest x-ray. The diagnosis of CHF is established according to the criteria of European Society of Cardiology. At time of entry in the study, all patients will be in clinically stable condition (ie, no changes in medication dosage or frequency, and no exacerbations of disease or hospital admissions in the preceding 6 weeks). Clinical and biological follow-up of these patients will be prospectively followed for 2 years, from 2009 to 2011.
After giving their written informed consent, the participants will be summoned to perform the first assessment prior to surgery. Once participants will be discharged from hospital, approximately 3-5 days following the surgery, will be summoned to perform the second assessment. Those who will fulfil the selection criteria will be randomly allocated into two groups by an independent physical therapist. The experimental group will receive Early Physical Therapy plus neural mobilization and the control group will receive Early Physical Therapy. The same physical therapist will carry out all interventions for both groups. The physical therapist who will carry out the randomization process as well as the one who will perform the interventions will be the only two study members aware of group allocation. A third independent and blinded physical therapist will perform the assessments for all participants. Both physical therapists have more than fifteen years' experience in the treatment of breast cancer side effects. The ULNT1 will be perform to detect mechanosenstiviy-induced pain at presurgical and postsurgical assessments. The test sequence and the criteria will be followed to identify a positive test will reproduce from de study of de la Rosa.

In both groups, those women who will develop axillary web syndrome symptoms will receive an approach that aim at improving vascular tissue flexibility. If secondary lymphoedema will diagnose then complex decongestive physiotherapy will carry out.
Before dose adjustment, oral darunavir suspension (100 mg/mL): 20 mg per kg body weight twice daily for children weighing between 10 and \<20 kg. After dose adjustment, 25 mg per kg body weight twice daily if weight less than 15 kg, and fixed dose of 375 mg twice daily if weight more than or equal to 15 kg. Before dose adjustment, oral ritonavir solution (80 mg/mL): 3 mg per kg body weight twice daily and after dose adjustment fixed dose of 50 mg twice daily if weight more than or equal to 15 kg.
Extended 5-day BID regimen of artemether-lumefantrine, given over 6 days (Study Days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) so that sampling will begin in the morning of day 5. These participants are HIV-infected and stabilized on EFV-based ART.
Point-of-care medical analyzers, such as blood-gas analyzers, indicate a wide range of medical conditions and such analyses have, thus, found widespread use in medical practice. However, such point-of-care medical analyzers require frequent reagent replenishment. Organising for the replacement of reagents may be difficult, and is often undesirable to store large amount of reagent at a particular point-of-care. Accordingly, the present application describes an apparatus for generating predicted consumable state data of a point-of-care medical analyzer, comprising an input unit and a processing unit. The input unit is configured to receive initial consumable state data of a point-of-care medical analyzer defining an initial amount of a point-of-care medical analyzer consumable present in the point-of-care medical analyzer, and an analyzer identifier at a first time index. The input unit is configured to receive a second time index. The processing unit is configured to generate predicted consumable state data defining an amount of the point-of-care medical analyzer consumable predicted to be present in the point-of-care medical analyzer at the second time index using a predicted consumable depletion model selected using at least the analyzer identifier and the initial consumable state data. The predicted consumable depletion model comprises (i) a consumable model of the point-of-care medical analyzer defining a consumable depletion rate of the point-of-care medical analyzer consumable in the point-of-care medical analyzer for a test, and (ii) a point-of-care medical analyzer use model defining an occurrence rate of the test. The predicted consumable state data is generated by the processing unit based on an aggregation of the initial amount of a point-of-care medical analyzer consumable present in the point-of-care medical analyzer, and the outputs of at least the consumable model and the point-of-care medical analyzer use model between the first time index and the second time index.
BACKGROUND: Combined suprascapular and axillary nerve block could be an analgesic option for shoulder pain control. The current description of this technique requires performing the block procedures at two different sites without consideration for catheter placement. We hypothesized that a single site injection to the interfascial plane between the infraspinatus and teres minor would result in an injectate spread to the suprascapular and axillary nerves.
METHODS: We performed 10 injections with this approach using 25 mL dye solution in 10 shoulders of five unembalmed cadavers. Also, we described three case reports, two single-injection cases and one catheter-placement case, using this approach in patients with acute postsurgical pain and chronic pain in their shoulder region.
RESULTS: In cadaveric evaluations, dye spreading to the suprascapular nerves on the infraspinatus fossa and the spinoglenoid notch cephalad and axillary nerves in the quadrilateral space caudally were observed in all injections. In addition, the most posterolateral part of the joint capsule was stained in 8 out of 10 injections. There was no dye spreading on the nerves to the subscapularis or lateral pectoral nerves. Clinically successful analgesia with no adverse events was achieved in all three cases.
CONCLUSION: Our anatomical and clinical observations demonstrated that an injection to the interfascial plane between the infraspinatus and teres minor consistently achieved injectate spreading to both suprascapular and axillary nerves, which innervate the glenohumeral joint.
Invention relates preparation of cosmetic formulations to be used alone and in other cosmetic and pharmaceutical products in cosmetology and dermatology and in methods of skin care treatments aimed to anti-aging effect and correction of skin defects. The variations of nanocomposite formulations are offered: Nanocomposite formulation for rejuvenation and correction of dermal defects is characterized in that aqueous titanium or silicon dioxide suspension contains nanoparticles sized to max. 200 nm, DNA-sodium salt solution and a dissolved isotonazing agent selected from the group containing NaCI solution, glucose solution, etc., additional ingredients selected from a group comprising peptides, lipids, proteins and other cosmetically approvable ingredients. Nanocomposite formulation for rejuvenation and correction of dermal defects is characterized in that aqueous titanium or silicon dioxide suspension contains nanoparticles sized to max. 200 nm, DNA-sodium salt solution, hyaluronic acid solution and a dissolved isotonazing agent selected from the group containing NaCI solution, glucose solution, additional ingredients selected from a group comprising peptides, lipids, proteins and other cosmetically approvable ingredients. Nanocomposite formulation for rejuvenation and correction of skin defects characterized in that aqueous titanium or silicon dioxide suspension contains nanoparticles sized to max. 200 nm, DNA-sodium salt solution, hyaluronic acid solution, collagen solution and a dissolved isotonazing agent selected from the group containing NaCI solution, glucose solution, etc., additional ingredients selected from a group containing peptides, lipids, proteins and other cosmetically approvable ingredients.
Cadmium (Cd) is recognized as being linked to several liver diseases. Currently, due to the limited spectrum of drugs available for the treatment of Cd intoxication, developing and designing antidotes with superior detoxification capacity and revealing their underlying mechanisms remains a major challenge. Therefore, we developed the first next-generation probiotic E. coli 1917-pSK18a-MT that delivers metallothionein (MT) to overcome Cd-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice by utilizing bacterial surface display technology. The results demonstrate that E. coli 1917-pSK18a-MT could efficiently express MT without altering the growth and probiotic properties of the strain. Moreover, we found that E. coli 1917-pSK18a-MT ameliorated Cd contamination-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver fibrosis by decreasing the expression of aminotransferases along with inflammatory factors. Activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway also further illustrated the hepatoprotective effects of the engineered bacteria. Finally, we showed that E. coli 1917-pSK18a-MT improved the colonic barrier function impaired by Cd induction and ameliorated intestinal flora dysbiosis in Cd-poisoned mice by increasing the relative abundance of the Verrucomicrobiota. These data revealed that the combination of E. coli 1917 and MT both alleviated Cd-induced liver injury to a greater extent and restored the integrity of colonic epithelial tissues and bacterial dysbiosis.
Patients undergoing elective nefrectomy were enrolled. Patients divided into two groups with a sealed envelope technique to ESP+ pca morphine group or iv analgesic + pca morphine group. All patients will premedicated. then esp will applied to one group before surgery at the preoperative care unit by the same anesthesiologist. The other group will receive intravenous tramadol 1 mg/kg + NSAID 1 ampule + parol 10 mg/ kg + ondansetron 4 mg bolus. İntravenous morphine pca with a concentration of 0.5 mg/cc were applied. And administered 1 mg boluses every 15 minutes lock time and 4 hour limit as 4 mg arranged. An anesthesia nurse who is responsible of all pcas' in the hospital was recorded the variables of these patients in the service
In today's interconnected world, the spread of information is closely linked to infectious disease dynamics. Public awareness plays a crucial role, as individual vaccination decisions significantly impact collective efforts to combat emerging health threats. This study explores disease transmission within a framework integrating social connections, information sharing, and individual vaccination decisions. We introduce a behaviour-prevalence model on an adaptive multiplex network, where the physical layer (Layer-II) captures disease transmission under vaccination. In contrast, the virtual layer (Layer-I) represents adaptive social contacts and the flow of information, shaping vaccination decisions within a socially influenced environment. We derive analytical expressions for the epidemic threshold using the microscopic Markov Chain Method (MMCM). Simulation results highlight that adaptive social contacts lead to a higher epidemic threshold than non-adaptive networks. Additionally, network characteristics, such as the power-law exponent in scale-free networks, significantly impact infection spread within populations. Our results reveal that changes in perceived infection risk and an individual's sensitivity to non-vaccinated neighbour's status strongly influence vaccine uptake across populations. These insights can guide public health officials in developing targeted vaccination programs that address the evolving dynamics of social connections, information dissemination, and vaccination choice in the digital era.
Alterations in anion balance potential, along with the involvement of cation-chloride cotransporters, play pivotal roles in the development of hyperalgesia after peripheral nerve injury. Chloride voltage-gated channel seven (CLCN7) is the predominant member of the CLC protein family. Investigations on CLCN7 have focused primarily on its involvement in osteosclerosis and lysosomal storage disorders; nevertheless, its contribution to neuropathic pain has not been determined. In this investigation, we noted high expression of CLCN7 in neurons situated within the spinal dorsal horns and dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CLCN7 was predominantly distributed among IB4-positive and CGRP-positive neurons. Furthermore, the expression of CLCN7 was observed to be mainly reduced in neurons within the spinal dorsal horns and in small- and medium-sized neurons located in the DRGs of spared nerve injury mice. Knockdown of CLCN7 via siRNA in the DRGs resulted in increased mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in naïve mice. Furthermore, the excitability of cultured DRG neurons in vitro was augmented upon treatment with CLCN7 siRNA. These findings suggested that CLCN7 downregulation following SNI was crucial for the manifestation of mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, highlighting potential targeting strategies for treating neuropathic pain.
Craniopharyngioma is a tumor of benign histology, although it can cause serious sequelae due to its location and growth in the sellar and suprasellar region. It is characterized by being aggressive due to its ability to invade locally, and by its high recurrence rate. Histologically, two distinct tumors have been acknowledged, which were previously considered subtypes. The adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma is the most frequent in children and is caused by an activating mutation of the CTNNB1 gene, which codes for a mutant form of β-catenin. Whereas, papillary craniopharyngioma develops almost exclusively in adults, and it is associated with mutations in the BRAF oncogene and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. The symptoms of both of these tumor types are secondary to hormonal deficits, hydrocephalus or visual disturbances. Treatment should be performed in centers with experience in them, achieving a balance between a wide resection and protection of hypothalamic function. Radiotherapy has proven to reduce tumor recurrence, with a current focus on the development of medical treatments based on molecular targets.
Patients with infantile-onset Pompe disease should have a cross-reactive immunologic material (CRIM) assessment early in their disease course and be managed by a clinical specialist knowledgeable in immune tolerance induction in Pompe disease to optimize treatment. Immune tolerance induction administered prior to and in conjunction with initiation of LUMIZYME has been reported to aide tolerability of LUMIZYME in CRIM-negative patients. CRIM status has been shown to be associated with immunogenicity and patients' responses to enzyme replacement therapies. CRIM-negative infants with infantile-onset Pompe disease treated with LUMIZYME have shown poorer clinical response in the presence of high sustained IgG antibody titers and positive inhibitory antibodies compared to CRIM-positive infants [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

In clinical studies, the majority of patients developed IgG antibodies to LUMIZYME, typically within 3 months of treatment. There is evidence to suggest that some patients who develop high and sustained IgG antibody titers, including CRIM-negative patients (i.e., patients in whom no endogenous GAA protein was detected by Western blot analysis and/or predicted based on the genotype), may experience reduced clinical LUMIZYME treatment efficacy, such as loss of motor function, ventilator dependence, or death.