Low back pain is defined as pain and discomfort below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds. It has different characteristics such as aching, burning, stabbing, sharp or dull, well-defined, or vague. Low back pain may have intensity varying from mild to severe . Low back pain (LBP) causes more disability than any other medical condition worldwide Low Back Pain has a significant impact on functional capacity, as pain restricts occupational activities and is a major cause of absenteeism. Chronic low Back pain is defined as chronic when pain remains for more than three months it has different characteristics. Many authors define chronic pain as pain that lasts beyond the expected period of healing. Low back pain is classified and treated according to duration of symptoms, cause, absence or presence of radiculopathy and associated anatomical and radiographic changes. Symptoms persisting for less than 4 weeks is defined as acute low back pain and in sub-acute low back pain symptoms lasts for 4-12 weeks, chronic low back pain lasts for more than 12 weeks. Back pain can also be categorized into specific and nonspecific back pain, Specific back pain has a specific cause for example fracture and infection etc. and nonspecific is of unknown etiology. Non-specific pain is most common type of back pain. The prevalence of low back pain has been reported among many people especially when resulting from work related and occupational activities 75-84% of the general population suffer from low back pain and among them, it is estimated that 5-10% of the people experience LBP resulting in severe morbidity, increased health care costs, sick leaves and individual suffering. Men and women are equally reported to be affected by this condition. Core muscles maintain spinal stability, first group include deep core muscles also called local stabilizing muscles primarily include the transversus abdominis, lumbar multifidus, internal oblique muscle and quadratus lumborum. Second group include shallow core muscles, also known as global stabilizing muscles, including the rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique muscles, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, and hip muscles. The causes of chronic low back pain are complex, several of which are unknown one major cause involves the weakening of the shallow trunk and abdominal muscle, another cause of chronic low back pain is the weakening of deep trunk muscles, such as the lumbar multifidus and transversus abdominis. Patients usually experience pain during lifting it leads to avoidance behavior and cause disability. Less intensive and cost effective non pain contingent rehabilitation therapy could target fear avoidance behavior toward lifting and in restoration of normal function.

In female patients with chronic low back pain, Primary outcome measures were recorded by visual analogue scale (VAS) and oswestry disability index (ODI) .Patterns of improvement suggested that the Non pain Contingent Spinal Rehabilitation approach is more effective than Conventional Physical Therapy in female patients with chronic low back pain. It is feasible to adapt progressive Isoinertial lifting evaluation for determining the lifting capacity, it is a valid and reliable method. Lumbar dynamic strengthening exercises are beneficial in the treatment of chronic nonspecific LBP for reduction of pain, improvement in functional ability, increase range of motion and improve core strength. Exercise intervention programs involving either muscular strength, flexibility or aerobic fitness is beneficial for nonspecific chronic low back pain. Effects of lumbar stabilization exercise on functional disability and lumbar lordosis angle in patients with chronic low back pain in 2015 Lumbar stabilization exercise and conservative program were performed 3 times a week for 6 weeks and he reported that lumbar stabilization exercise is more effective than conservative treatment for improving functional disability and lumbar lordosis angle, and significant decrease in Oswestry disability index score. Comparative effect of core muscles strength training with supine bridging over prone bridging in patients with nonspecific low back pain and concluded that prone bridging exercise is more effective in improvement of functional activities and reducing pain than supine bridging exercise program in nonspecific low back pain. Effectiveness of core stabilization exercises and routine exercise therapy in management of pain in chronic non-specific low back pain" in which he reported that Core stabilization exercise is more effective than routine physical therapy exercise in terms of greater reduction in pain in patients with non-specific low back pain. In 2013 The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of core stabilization exercises in comparison with conventional exercises on pain, functional status in patients with non-specific LBP and they concluded Core stabilization exercises found to be more effective in reducing pain and improving functional status by decreasing disability of patients with non-specific low back pain in comparison with conventional exercises. Progressive Isoinertial Lift Evaluation (PILE) method was developed by Mayer et al.in PILE protocol describes it as lifting of weight in a box from floor to waist (lumbar test) or from floor to shoulder height (cervical test) at a rate of four lifts in a 20 second interval.