Its a prospective double-blinded controlled trial. All participants gave a written informed consent. One hundred and twenty healthy women, ASA II, with singleton pregnancies at term scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia are targeted for the study. They are randomized to receive either epinephrine or ephedrine. Upon arrival in the operating room, parturient was placed in the supine position with 15° left lateral tilt with routine monitoring (HR, non-invasive BP, pulse oximetry, electrocardiography). Baseline BP and HR were computed as the mean of three consecutive BP and HR readings respectively at 1-minute intervals. Study participants will receive a standard spinal anesthetic consisting of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (2 mL) plus sufentanil (5 µg) at L3-4 vertebral interspace.

Group A (for adrenaline group): received a prophylactic intravenous (i.v) bolus of Epinephrine 0.15µg/Kg at time of SA. In this group, rescue boluses of Epinephrine 0.15µg/Kg, were given if maternal BP decreased more than 20% from the baseline value.

Group E (for ephedrine group): received a prophylactic i.v bolus of Ephedrine 0.1mg/Kg at time of SA. In this group, rescue boluses of Ephedrine 0.1mg/Kg, were given if maternal BP decreased more than 20% from the baseline value. Once the spinal injection was performed a rapid intravenous (i.v.) coload with 15mL/Kg of isotonic saline solution was started through a 16 G i.v. cannula (by turning the i.v. infusion to maximum and using a pressure bag inflated to 150 mmHg). A prophylactic bolus of vasopressor was administered at the end of spinal injection. After performing anesthesia, the parturient was immediately replaced in the supine position with a 15° left lateral table tilt until delivery of the infant. Prior to surgical incision, the spinal sensory level will be tested to the bilateral T6-T4 dermatomal level. Sensory block level was checked by cold-hot test and the Modified Bromage Scale was used for the assessment of motor block. The surgery was allowed when the sensory block level reached D4. Both the patient and the researcher's assistant (who will collect data) will be blinded as to the administered Epinephrine or Ephedrine bolus. Supplemental oxygen will be given only when the pulse oximeter reading decreased below 95%. After delivery, 5 IU of oxytocin diluted in 20 ml of isotonic saline solution were slowly injected over 1 minute. Then an i.v infusion was given (10 IU/500ml of isotonic saline solution at a flow rate of 28 drops/min).

Heart rate (beats/min), systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) will be recorded every 1 min after spinal injection until the end of surgery. The incidence of hypotension (defined as a reduction in SBP of \>20% from baseline determined just before the administration of spinal anesthesia) will be recorded. Reactive hypertension (defined as a rise of SBP \>20% of baseline) will also be recorded. Bradycardia (defined as HR \<50 beats/min) will be recorded. Tachycardia (defined as a HR \>140 beats/min) will also be recorded. Umbilical blood samples will be obtained by clamping it on both sides and a gas analysis will be performed to determine fetal pH, HCO3-, base excess and lactates. Furthermore, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes after delivery will be recorded by the attending pediatrician, who will be unaware of the vasopressor used. The study will end when cesarean section is completed and the patient is transferred to the post-operative care unit.