The Transitional Pain Service (TPS) is a novel perioperative surgical home approach that consists of comprehensive nurse care coordination before, during and for at least 6-months after surgery for Veterans at risk for chronic opioid use (COU). This program is specifically focused on 1) reducing suffering from pain and improving functional recovery after surgery; 2) preventing the development of new COU after surgery; and 3) assisting patients already on chronic opioids to taper and completely transition off narcotics during their recovery from surgery. Veterans on chronic opioids, or those identified to be at risk for persistent opioid use after surgery, are enrolled into TPS where a personalized pain management plan is developed and followed until opioid tapering is complete, or until a warm handoff can be made to their VA Primary Care Provider (PCP) to ensure continuity of care. Each Veteran's individualized pain management plan can be viewed on a SharePoint health information technology dashboard that provides clinical decision support to all VA health care providers (i.e., TPS nurse care coordinators, surgeons, VA PCPs, etc.) who provide care before and after surgery (Figure 1). Pain management and opioid use for all patients enrolled into TPS is assessed at baseline and after surgery using morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD), and patient-reported outcomes using measures from the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) for pain intensity (PROMIS 3a), pain interference (PROMIS 6b), and a pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) score. The TPS approach utilizes numerous evidence-based strategies that can be applied during the preoperative and postoperative period as a means to reduce opioid use and prevent CPSP among Veterans undergoing surgery at non-VA community hospitals. This includes individually tailored programs for preoperative education or pain management planning; referral for non-pharmacologic modalities such as cognitive based intervention; as well as a coordinated approach to post-discharge instructions and transitions of care. Each of these individual strategies by themselves has been shown to have an effect on improving postoperative pain management, and each is supported by current professional guidelines for the management of postoperative pain.

For Aim 1, the investigators will use claims data for opioid prescriptions submitted by non-VA surgeons across nationwide hospitals captured using the Program Integrity Tools (PIT) system for Office of Community Care data (2018-2020), and compare to pharmacy claims data for opioids prescribed to Veterans who underwent orthopedic surgery at VAMC. A risk-adjusted analysis will help determine whether non-VA surgeons are prescribing a higher quantity of opioids after surgery than VA providers. For Aim 2, the investigators will randomize Veterans from two VA medical centers who are referred for orthopedic surgery using Community Care to a transitional pain service with regular follow-up telehealth visits after surgery versus standard care. For Aim 3, the investigators will perform a qualitative study to determine what components of the telehealth TPS intervention have the greatest impact on reducing opioid use and increasing tapering after surgery at non-VA hospitals, and how often are these interventions being used as part of standard post-operative care? Semi-structured interviews will be conducted among Veterans who underwent orthopedic joint surgery at non-VA hospitals, both with and without the telehealth TPS intervention, to examined post-operative opioid usage and identify specific factors that facilitated or impeded opioid tapering.