anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic options in oncology keep on expanding. Nonetheless, older adults are underrepresented in clinical trials and those enrolled often have a better health status than their average peers, resulting in a lack of representative evidence for this heterogenous population. The inclusion of older patients and a uniform categorization of "frailty" is becoming increasingly urgent. Standardized tools could contribute to the quality and comparability of clinical trials and facilitate clinical decisions. The aim of this literature review was to elaborate an overview of the use of geriatric evaluation (GE) methods in clinical cancer research.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a literature review of the PubMed database. Clinical pharmacotherapy studies that applied or evaluated a clearly defined system for the GE of oncological patients were included. Data retrieved encompassed the applied GE method(s), cancer type(s), and pharmacotherapy investigated, the number of included patients, study type, year of publication, as well as the primary purpose of the GE. The GEs used most frequently were depicted in more depth.
RESULTS: In this literature review, 103 publications were selected for inclusion. The biggest proportion of studies (36%, n = 34) used clearly defined, but not previously validated, GE methods (study-specific GE). Standardized GE methods encountered in at least five publications were the G8 screening test (applied in 18% of included studies, n = 17), the Balducci score (7%, n = 7), and a geriatric assessment based on Hurria (5%, n = 5). The primary purpose of GE was predominantly an appraisal of its potential role in pharmacotherapy optimization. The GE also served as baseline and outcome measure, inclusion/exclusion criterion, factor for stratified randomization, and to determine treatment allocation.
DISCUSSION: The wide range of GE methods used across studies make direct comparisons difficult, and many methods are poorly characterized and/or not previously validated. The further inclusion of representative older patients in clinical trials combined with the use of a standardized GE could help clinicians in the decision-making process.
Epinephrine injection, USP auto-injector (referred to throughout as epinephrine auto-injector) contains 1.1 mL epinephrine injection, USP (1 mg/mL), from which one dose of either 0.15 mg (0.15 mL) or 0.3 mg (0.3 mL) each is available for use by injection. The dose is administered by auto-injection after the patient prepares and fires epinephrine auto-injector as directed. The remaining volume is not available for use and should be discarded. See PATIENT DIRECTIONS FOR USE on the accompanying Patient Information Leaflet.

This single, available dose of epinephrine injection, USP contains either 0.15 mg or 0.3 mg l-epinephrine, sodium chloride, chlorobutanol and sodium bisulfite, all sealed under nitrogen.

Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. Its naturally occurring l-isomer, which is twenty times as active as the d-isomer, is obtained in pure form by separation from the synthetically produced racemate.

Chemically, epinephrine is 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethanol with the following structure:

Epinephrine deteriorates rapidly on exposure to air or light, turning pink from oxidation to adrenochrome and brown from the formation of melanin. Epinephrine solutions that show evidence of discoloration should be discarded.

Epinephrine auto-injector contains no latex.
At Week 0 participants will start open-label tocilizumab and open-label MTX for 24 weeks. At Week 24, participants achieving a good/moderate European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) disease response will be randomized to the MTX Tapering group or MTX Maintenance group. In this arm participants will continue to be administered a stable dose of MTX in a double-blind fashion between Week 24 and Week 56. Participants will also continue to receive open-label tocilizumab between Week 24 and Week 56. From Week 56 to Week 72 participants will receive tocilizumab monotherapy.
One tablet (1 g) twice daily for adults and children over 12 years of age. One-half tablet or one tablet (0.5 or 1 g) twice daily for children 6 to 12 years of age.

The antibacterial activity of Methenamine Hippurate Tablets is greater in acid urine. Therefore, restriction of alkalinizing foods and medications is desirable. If necessary, as indicated by urinary pH and clinical response, supplemental acidification of the urine may be instituted. The efficacy of therapy should be monitored by repeated urine cultures.
PURPOSE:The titled composition which is effective for normalizing liver function and has no side effects, containing an extract of leaves of ginkgo as an active ingredient. CONSTITUTION:A composition for normalizing liver function, containing an extract of leaves of ginkgo as an active ingredient. The extract can be obtained by extracting leaves of ginkgo with an organic solvent (e.g. acetone) miscible with water at about 40-100 deg.C, after the extraction, separating an extracted solution from the leaves of ginkgo, extracting the extracted solution with an organic solvent (e.g. chloroform) immiscible with water and removing the solvent. The extract contains various active ingredients including flavonoids contained in the leaves of ginkgo, liver function shown by GPT and GOT is gradually normalized by taking the extract continuously and no side effect is observed at all even by taking the extract for a long period.
Individuals in the Monitoring only group will be required to put down a 200$ deposit but will earn it back non-contingently by attending the weekly study meetings. They will be monitored using the Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring device, but will not be required to meet any Alcohol reduction goals to earn their deposit back.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Whether maintaining optimal remnant cholesterol (RC) levels later in life may improve metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) outcomes remained ambiguous. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between RC and MASLD in the elderly Chinese population.
METHODS: A total of 131,868 subjects aged ≥ 65 years were included in this study. The association of RC with MASLD, and severity of MASLD was analyzed by logistic regression. In addition, stratified analysis was conducted to test the potential interaction.
RESULTS: MASLD prevalence and RC concentration decreased with age. After adjustment for possible confounders, the odds ratio of MASLD at the highest quartile of RC compared to the lowest quartile was 1.587(95% CI: 1.524-1.652), and this effect remained in MASLD with liver fibrosis. Stratified analysis showed a more prominent effect on the MASLD in males, those aged 65-69 years, those without central obesity, those with diabetes, and normal level of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Pfor interaction<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly subset of the Chinese population, higher RC levels achieved a significant risk effect against MASLD. More RC monitoring should be given to older for the prevention and intervention of MASLD.
Immunotherapy has become a primary and secondary treatment for gastric cancer (GC) patients with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), and is used in both perioperative and advanced stages. The tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) is crucial for immunotherapy efficacy, yet the impact of MMR status on TiME remains understudied. We employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze 33 fresh tissue samples from 25 patients, which included 10 normal tissues, 6 dMMR tumor tissues, and 17 pMMR tumor tissues, aiming to characterize the cellular and molecular components of the TiME. The proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) group displayed a significantly higher prevalence of a specific GC cell type, termed GC2, characterized by increased hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenic activities compared to the dMMR group. GC2 cells overexpressed BEX3 and GPC3, and they significantly correlated with poorer survival. The pMMR group also showed increased infiltration of SPP1 + macrophages and FAP + fibroblasts, exhibiting strong hypoxic and pro-angiogenic features. Furthermore, a higher proportion of E2 endothelial cells, involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and showing heightened VEGF pathway, HIF pathway, and angiogenesis activity, were identified in pMMR patients. Intercellular communication analyses revealed that GC2 cells, SPP1 + macrophages, FAP + fibroblasts, and E2 endothelial cells interact through VEGF, SPP1, and MIF signals, forming a TiME characterized by hypoxia, pro-angiogenesis, and ECM remodeling. This study uncovered TiME heterogeneity among GC patients with different MMR states, highlighting that the pMMR TiME is distinguished by hypoxia, pro-angiogenesis, and ECM remodeling, driven by the presence of GC2 cells, SPP1 + macrophages, FAP + fibroblasts, and E2 endothelial cells. These findings are pivotal for developing targeted immunotherapies for GC patients with pMMR.
If the TDF-FTC IVR is determined as safe, study participants will be asked to replace them with "Triple" (TDF-FTC-MVC) IVRs for 7 days. There will be follow-up visit between removal of a dual IVR and replacing it with a triple IVR.
Given the likelihood that some patients exposed chronically to antipsychotics will develop tardive dyskinesia, it is advised that all patients in whom chronic use is contemplated be given, if possible, full information about this risk. The decision to inform patients and/or their guardians must obviously take into account the clinical circumstances and the competency of the patient to understand the information provided.

To lessen the likelihood of adverse reactions related to cumulative drug effect, patients with a history of long-term therapy with prochlorperazine and/or other antipsychotics should be evaluated periodically to decide whether the maintenance dosage could be lowered or drug therapy discontinued.

Children with acute illnesses (e.g., chickenpox, CNS infections, measles, gastroenteritis) or dehydration seem to be much more susceptible to neuromuscular reactions, particularly dystonias, than are adults. In such patients, the drug should be used only under close supervision.

Drugs which lower the seizure threshold, including phenothiazine derivatives, should not be used with metrizamide. As with other phenothiazine derivatives, prochlorperazine should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography, should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure, and should not be used for the control of nausea and vomiting occurring either prior to myelography with metrizamide or postprocedure.

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of prochlorperazine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether elderly subjects respond differently from younger subjects. Geriatric patients are more sensitive to the side effects of antipsychotics, including prochlorperazine. These adverse events include hypotension, anticholinergic effects (such as urinary retention, constipation, and confusion), and neuromuscular reactions (such as parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia) (see PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS). Also, postmarketing safety experience suggests that the incidence of agranulocytosis may be higher in geriatric patients compared to younger individuals who received prochlorperazine. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
PURPOSE:To provide the titled film-forming material having excellent film- forming properties and adhesion to hard tissues of an organism such as inorg. etc., by blending a polymer having carboxyl (anhydride) and hydrophobic groups with Ca(OH)2. CONSTITUTION:A vinyl monomer (a) having carboxyl (anhydride) group and carboxylic ester group attached to neighboring carbon atoms respectively (e.g., maleic anhydride) is copolymerized with 40-90mol% of a vinyl monomer (b) having a hydrophobic group (e.g., styrene) in the presence of a polymn. initiator (e.g., benzoyl peroxide). If desired, the product is hydrolyzed to obtain a polymer (A) having carboxyl (anhydride) and hydrophobic groups, an acid value of 30-700 and an MW of 1,000-100,000. If desired, 1pt.wt. component A is dissolved or suspended in 1-100pts.wt. org. solvent (e.g., ethanol). The component A is blended with Ca (OH)2 in an amount of 0.1-5.0mol per mol of the carboxyl group of the component A or 1/2mol of anhydride group thereof. The components A and B are separately stored and blended with each other when used.
Participants randomized to this group will receive a 4-month, Internet-delivered weight loss program followed by an 8-month, Internet-delivered weight loss maintenance program. All individuals will be taught behavioral strategies for changing diet and physical activity behaviors via video lessons. Some participants in this group will also be selected to receive a brief period (i.e., once/week for 3 weeks) of phone coaching starting at week 5. The first coaching call will be approximately 45 minutes in duration and remaining calls with be 10-15 minutes. Coaches will problem solve with participants and help them develop an individualized meal plan.
Cellular senescence, a stress-induced stable proliferation arrest associated with an inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is a cause of aging. In senescent cells, cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCFs) activate SASP via the anti-viral cGAS/STING pathway. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein organizes PML nuclear bodies (NBs), which are also involved in senescence and anti-viral immunity. The HIRA histone H3.3 chaperone localizes to PML NBs in senescent cells. Here, we show that HIRA and PML are essential for SASP expression, tightly linked to HIRA's localization to PML NBs. Inactivation of HIRA does not directly block expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) target genes. Instead, an H3.3-independent HIRA function activates SASP through a CCF-cGAS-STING-TBK1-NF-κB pathway. HIRA physically interacts with p62/SQSTM1, an autophagy regulator and negative SASP regulator. HIRA and p62 co-localize in PML NBs, linked to their antagonistic regulation of SASP, with PML NBs controlling their spatial configuration. These results outline a role for HIRA and PML in the regulation of SASP.
An antigenic preparation is claimed for use in the treatment or prevention of Helicobacter infection comprising an at least partially purified preparation of at least one Helicobacter antigen consisting of: a) an antigen with a molecular weight of 13kDa and corresponding to the sequence of clone C3.5 (SEQ. ID NO: 2); b) an antigen with a molecular weight of 36kDa and corresponding to the sequence of clone E2.5 (SEQ. ID NO: 4); c) an antigen with a molecular weight of 50kDa and corresponding to the sequence of clone G3.8 (SEQ. ID NO: 6); d) an antigen with a molecular weight of 29kDa and corresponding the sequence of clone H5.1(SEQ. ID NO: 8) or e) immunogenic fragments of any of the above antigens which are capable of eliciting a specific protective immune response in a mammalian host. The composition is preferably in vaccine form. Also claimed are the isolated Helicobacter antigen as defined above, a nucleic acid molecule encoding it, antibody specific for the above antigen and a vector containing the above antigen.
Participants will receive CD19-targeting CAR T cells. Participants who do not meet assignment rules for Cohorts A, B, or C will be followed after CAR T cell infusion in Cohort D.
INTRODUCTION: Proximal femur simple bone cysts (SBCs) are rare in children, but with a risk of pathological fractures and the associated poor outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the functional and radiographic outcomes of children with proximal femur SBCs.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: 38 children with proximal femur SBCs treated surgically at our department, West China hospital, were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether pathological fractures presented before treatment. The non-fracture group received treatment of open curettage, cavity electrocauterization, bone grafting, and fixation (proximal femoral plate, intramedullary nail or Kirschner wire). The pathological fracture group received the same procedures of curettage, electrocauterization, grafting, and fixation. Autogenous iliac bone grafting was done in all cases, and the artificial bone was used as a supplementary based on the size of the cavity. Postoperatively, all patients underwent hip spica or similar orthosis immobilization for six weeks and received the same rehabilitation program after the removal of hip spica. Patients were evaluated by two independent observers, including the functional results based on the Ratliff's criteria, avascular necrosis, healing rate based on the Neer scoring system, coxa vara, and premature physeal arrest. We described the good outcome in Ratliff's criteria as "Satisfactory results", and fair and poor outcomes as "Unsatisfactory results." Grade 1 and grade 2 Neer results were termed as failures in treatment, and grades 3 and 4 were considered successes and healing.
RESULTS: 38 patients with 38 hips (18 on the left side and 20 on the right side) were evaluated, including 9 females and 29 males, with a mean age of 9.0±2.6 years old (range, 5 to 14 years). There was no significant difference between these two groups in the baseline data of gender, age, side, grafting, staging, and fixation methods. The rate of unsatisfactory functional results in the pathological fractures group was 56.3% (9/16), significantly higher than that in patients without fracture (22.7%, 5/22. p= 0.047). There was also a significant difference in avascular necrosis of the femoral head between the pathological fractures group (7/16) and the group without fracture (2/22, p=0.021). Thirty cases presented with healing, including 13 in the fractures group and 17 in the non-fracture group (p=1.000), and eight cases were graded as failures (2 cases of grade 1 and 6 cases of grade 2). There were also no significant differences between these two groups in premature physeal arrest (2 in fracture group and 1 in non-fracture group, P=0.562), and Coxa vara (3 in the fracture group and 0 in non-fracture group, P=0.066).
CONCLUSIONS: Pathological fracture significantly increases the risk of unsatisfactory functional results and avascular necrosis of the femoral head in patients with femoral neck SBCs. Prophylactic treatment and fixation of SBCs in weight bearing proximal femur region is better to manage without complications than managing with pathological fractures.
No carcinogenicity studies have been performed with levocetirizine. However, evaluation of cetirizine carcinogenicity studies are relevant for determination of the carcinogenic potential of levocetirizine. In a 2-year carcinogenicity study, in rats, cetirizine was not carcinogenic at dietary doses up to 20 mg/kg (approximately 15 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in adults, approximately 10 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in children 6 to 11 years of age and approximately 15 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in children 6 months to 5 years of age on a mg/m 2 basis). In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in mice, cetirizine caused an increased incidence of benign hepatic tumors in males at a dietary dose of 16 mg/kg (approximately 6 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in adults, approximately 4 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in children 6 to 11 years of age, and approximately 6 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in children 6 months to 5 years of age on a mg/m2 basis). No increased incidence of benign tumors was observed at a dietary dose of 4 mg/kg (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in adults, equivalent to the maximum recommended daily oral dose in children 6 to 11 years of age and approximately 2 times the maximum recommended daily oral dose in children 6 months to 5 years of age on a mg/m2 basis). The clinical significance of these findings during long-term use of levocetirizine dihydrochloride is not known.

Levocetirizine was not mutagenic in the Ames test, and not clastogenic in the human lymphocyte assay, the mouse lymphoma assay, and in vivo micronucleus test in mice.

In a fertility and general reproductive performance study in mice, cetirizine did not impair fertility at an oral dose of 64 mg/kg (approximately 25 times the recommended daily oral dose in adults on a mg/m 2 basis).
DULERA: DULERA contains both mometasone furoate and formoterol fumarate; therefore, the mechanisms of actions described below for the individual components apply to DULERA. These drugs represent two different classes of medications (a synthetic corticosteroid and a selective long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist) that have different effects on clinical, physiological, and inflammatory indices of asthma.

Mometasone furoate: Mometasone furoate is a corticosteroid demonstrating potent anti-inflammatory activity. The precise mechanism of corticosteroid action on asthma is not known. Inflammation is an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Corticosteroids have been shown to have a wide range of inhibitory effects on multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) and mediators (e.g., histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and cytokines) involved in inflammation and in the asthmatic response. These anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids may contribute to their efficacy in asthma.

Mometasone furoate has been shown in vitro to exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor, which is approximately 12 times that of dexamethasone, 7 times that of triamcinolone acetonide, 5 times that of budesonide, and 1.5 times that of fluticasone. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.

Formoterol fumarate: Formoterol fumarate is a long-acting selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist (beta2-agonist). Inhaled formoterol fumarate acts locally in the lung as a bronchodilator. In vitro studies have shown that formoterol has more than 200-fold greater agonist activity at beta2-receptors than at beta1-receptors. Although beta2-receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and beta1-receptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, there are also beta2-receptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenergic receptors. The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but they raise the possibility that even highly selective beta2-agonists may have cardiac effects.

The pharmacologic effects of beta2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs, including formoterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.

In vitro tests show that formoterol is an inhibitor of the release of mast cell mediators, such as histamine and leukotrienes, from the human lung. Formoterol also inhibits histamine-induced plasma albumin extravasation in anesthetized guinea pigs and inhibits allergen-induced eosinophil influx in dogs with airway hyper-responsiveness. The relevance of these in vitro and animal findings to humans is unknown.