The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released the WHO guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention23 which recommends a screenand- treat approach for cervical cancer prevention (CECAP), with cryotherapy being the first choice of treatment for women who have a positive screen. Cryotherapy using nitrous oxide (N2O) or carbon dioxide (CO2) to induce cryonecrosis of dysplastic tissues followed by regeneration of normal cervical epithelium is the most common intervention used in LMICs because it is simple and safe enough for mid-level providers such as nurses or midwives to operate, and can be performed without anesthesia or electricity.

CO2 is more often used than N2O due to its wider availability and lower cost. Mid-level providers have been trained successfully to perform cryotherapy safely and with a high degree of acceptability.24,25,26 Adverse effects after cryotherapy are relatively uncommon and generally minor, reported in 1-2% of women. A recent meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cryotherapy found cure rates of 85% and 92%, respectively, in CIN 2 and CIN 3. An alternative to cryotherapy, loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP) has largely supplanted cryotherapy in well-resourced settings, as it provides a surgical specimen for pathologic assessment and can be used on large lesions ineligible for cryotherapy. However, LEEP requires electricity, is more costly, requires a higher level of training and is associated with a higher rate of complications, all of which complicate its routine use in LMICs. While LEEP may be available in national referral centers, WHO recommends cryotherapy in settings where it is not available. Cost, reliability, durability and reparability are all factors that prohibit the scale-up necessary for current cryotherapy methods to match the volume of population-based screening needed to achieve a marked decrease in cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. Each cryotherapy unit costs approximately $2,000, resulting in approximately 80% of the treatment cost of cryotherapy being directly attributed to equipment cost. Additionally, the design involves many custom parts available only through the manufacturers, which are all based in the U.S. or Europe. This prohibits local repairs and limits the life of the product to only one or two years (or even less when spare parts are not available). Cryoguns were initially developed for use with N2O but they can be used with CO2. CO2 is approximately one fifth of the cost of N2O; however CO2, in its various usage, from recreational to medical grade, is less regulated and often of variable purity and concentration-leading to more equipment failures. Last but not least, the design of the equipment makes it inefficient with the use of CO2 gas, increasing cost and missed opportunities while the gas cylinder is being refilled at a central gas supply depot. In most LMICs, this means sending the gas cylinder to the capital city. On average, a single 50lb CO2 tank can treat only 10 to 15 women. The subject of this proposal, CryoPop, is a new technology specifically designed for LMIC settings and more appropriate to support see-and-treat efforts because of its low cost and durability. The CryoPop device is currently expected to cost one tenth of the price of current devices while also using one tenth of the CO2 supply, thereby substantially reducing purchase price coupled with far greater efficiency in the use of CO2, making the CryoPop attractive for further investment. Moreover, this device is designed to have minimum moving components which at the same time are inexpensive to replace and easy to repair in-situ by the providers themselves. Finally, the CryoPop is not tethered to the gas canister during the procedure, adding more safely to the process by not having to be concerned over tank or gas line placement. The goal is to have a device for the frontline where screening is happening and provide the unique opportunity of minimizing if not preventing loss to follow-up of screen-positive women.

This will accelerate access to cervical cancer prevention and treatment services by enabling implementation of SVA to rural, underdeveloped regions, most of which have never had CECAP programs.