Parents, researchers, and clinicians have long suspected that inadequate sleep in many children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can exacerbate symptoms of hyperactivity and inattentiveness, leading to further cognitive and behavioral disruptions. Extant sleep studies report that upwards of 50% of children diagnosed with ADHD display behaviors associated with chronic sleep disruption (in comparison to non-diagnosed youth). Although studies have attempted to alleviate sleep difficulties, most intervention studies have used only one treatment modality. This study will incorporate a systematic, multi-method treatment intervention protocol that will combine behavioral and pharmacologic strategies aimed to improve sleep functioning among children with ADHD.

The specific aims of this study are to (a) examine the effects of a structured sleep behavioral/pharmacologic intervention protocol on improved sleep onset and efficiency, and (b) examine how such improvements may alleviate daytime neuropsychological (i.e., response time) and behavioral deficits associated with ADHD. The study will take place at the ADHD Clinic. Twelve children (ages 6-12), following confirmed diagnosis of ADHD and who meet all criteria for evaluation, and who have signed parent/child consent/assent, will be randomly assigned to an immediate treatment or delayed treatment group (6 in each group). Children in the immediate treatment group will receive the sleep intervention protocol, while those in the delayed treatment group will initially only receive all of the sleep, activity, and daytime assessments on the same schedule as the treatment group without any of the treatment methods. They will be offered the same treatment methods as the immediate treatment group at week 5.

The study will occur in separate phases. Phase one will consist of an intake session at the ADHD Clinic to determine eligibility for the study. Phase two will immediately follow (for eligible participants) and will consist of a one-week baseline to gather sleep, neuropsychological functioning and daytime behavior data. Sleep functioning will be measured using both subjective (i.e., parent sleep logs) and objective measures (i.e., actigraphy), while response time will be assessed using a device that measures continuous reaction-time performance. Attention and other ADHD-related behaviors will be collected using parent- and teacher rating scales during baseline. Phase three, which will last 4 weeks, consists of parents of each child in the treatment group coming to the Clinic to learn a specific sequence of interventions, first beginning with behavioral methods, followed by melatonin (if necessary) to improve sleep functioning (80% above baseline). Parents of children in the delayed treatment phase will not come to the Clinic during phase three, but will be contacted for a brief phone interview once per week. They will be asked questions pertaining to any changes in sleep and daytime behaviors. Finally, Phase 4 consists of having all parents return to the ADHD Clinic, where measures administered at the end of Baseline will be repeated. At that time, those in the delayed treatment group may enter the treatment phase. A repeated measure ANOVA using group status (no treatment vs. treatment) across two time points (baseline, post-sleep intervention) will assess changes in sleep and daytime functioning over time. Although a group-by-time interaction will indicate treatment efficacy, this is a small pilot study; the small number of participants in each group likely precludes the power to determine this statistically. Instead, effect sizes and subjective measures will be used to describe and justify, if appropriate, an expansion of this study for a subsequent grant application.