After approval by the local ethics committee we will perform a phase I open-label trial to evaluate safety and preliminary efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Male or female subjects (18-75 year-old) with completed in-patient rehabilitation will be enrolled for screening evaluations at minimum 3 months post-injury. DBS operation will be performed at minimum 3 months post-injury. Primary endpoint will be improvement of locomotion as determined by the 6-Minute walking test.

Secondary endpoints will be electrophysiological/clinical and image based characterization of the mesencephalic locomotor region, questionnaire based/ professional assessments of quality of life, pain, micturition, sleep behavior, cognitive function and psychiatric evaluations (mood, anxiety, impulse control, delusional and affective disorders). The study population will consist of 5 subjects and the study period for each patient is 6 months postoperatively. Briefly, candidate subjects, able to stand with a walker or 2 crutches and with stable neurological condition will have to meet all of the inclusion and none of the exclusion criteria. Subjects will have preoperative examinations (e.g. MRI scans of the head and spine, neuropsychological, psychiatric and sleep status etc.) according to our standard protocols of DBS for movement disorders, especially Parkinson's disease, based on certification criteria of Highly-Specialized-Medicine DBS centers in Switzerland. Neurological assessments for spinal cord injury impairment as defined by study protocol will be performed at the University Hospital Balgrist.

The operation will be performed in the Division of Neurosurgeon by the neurosurgical PI of this study: awake subjects will have their heads fixed in a stereotactic ring with local anesthesia and high resolution head scans will be performed to define the stereotactic space for targeting through anatomical landmarks defined on individual MRI as described in the literature. In contrast to bilateral implantations in Parkinsonian patients, here, a single burr hole will be opened under local anesthesia on the contralateral side of the worse lower extremity of the subject. Microelectrode recordings of single-cells as well as local field potentials will be mapped starting 1 cm prior the MLR target. Four states will be analyzed: resting state, imagination of walking, passive and active lower limb movement. These recordings will help to further determine the places of stimulation as the next step of surgery. Here, slow increases of the stimulation amplitude with a constant frequency of e.g. 50Hz will be applied to determine activation of lower limb muscle activity with electroneuromyographic recordings and detection of possible amelioration of intended active movements. Since the subject is awake, possible side effects will be professionally monitored at each site of stimulation and amplitude. Next, the electrode for recording and stimulation will be exchanged with the standard 8-contact directional DBS electrode for Parkinson's disease patients (1.28 mm in diameter, 1.5mm length of each contact and 0.5 mm spacing in between). All subjects will receive an intraoperative head scan to verify correct placement and accuracy. If refinement is not necessary, the first operative procedure will be regarded as finished and the subject will be transferred to the intermediate care unit overnight to recover from surgery. The surgeon will decide, if the impulse generator will be implanted in the same surgery or delayed. Subjects will undergo regular assessments until discharge and further on in an outpatient setup around day 30 post-surgery, as well as 3 and 6 months afterwards. Rehabilitative postoperative treatment will be assisted by using the recently CE certificated and award winning FLOAT system ("Free Levitation for Overground Active Training") which allows robotic multidirectional relief of body weight and exact gait/posture analysis.