Research Plan: Background, Specific Aims and Rationale Background Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal genetic disorder in Caucasians, affects over 80,000 patients worldwide. Its incidence is calculated as occurring in one out of every 2,500 living newborns. Advances in the care of CF patients have been associated with impressive increases in survival during the last 30 years. The mean life expectancy for patients now diagnosed by newborn screening approaches 40 years and approximately 47% of Italian patients are 18 years of age or older. This striking result is mainly due to better treatment of bacterial lung infections, the main cause of pulmonary deterioration and early death of the patients. To be efficacious early diagnose and treatment are of fundamental importance this is why patients are routinely visited and tested several times during the year. Tests include also the collection of blood samples to detect and monitor infections and general health conditions. This means that after the diagnose of CF, children undergo at least 1 blood sample per year among other sample collections as sputum or throat swabs. Antibiotic intravenous treatment is not uncommon in these patients and involves the positioning of peripheral venous catheters (pvc), midlines or central venous access. As shown in previous studies it is common for children with CF to display distress and behavioural problems during invasive procedures. Like other children with chronic diseases children with CF have a lower threshold of pain compared to non-chronic patients as shown by data published by this research group. In fact there is a common belief among nurses and healthcare professionals that children, subject to repeated procedures, feel less pain because of a higher pain threshold compared to children who only sporadically visit the hospital. This misconception may lead professionals to lower their attention for the prevention and treatment of pain in children with chronic diseases. The purpose of the study of Bisogni was to compare the pain perceived and the behavioural distress shown during a standardized venipuncture by children with chronic diseases who have already been exposed to venipuncture, with those of a group of children who have never had any previous experience of venipuncture before. The results show that chronic children reported a median pain score of 8 on the Wong numeric scale, while non-chronic children reported a median pain score of 2. The results were statistically significant indicating that children subject to continue venipuncture procedures have a lower pain threshold than children of the same sex and age who experience venipuncture for the first time. This findings show that in daily clinical practice it is always necessary to promote effective and validated techniques to support patients for the reduction of pain and distress especially in chronic children who will need lifelong treatments and where anticipatory distress is very common. In fact nearly all patients with CF experience anticipatory pain. Anticipatory anxiety may be explained as a condition which precedes an event or an action where one thinks of the painful experience even before the actual painful stimuli occur. This leads children to live with high concern and fear the periodic hospital visits leading them to react in fight, flight or freeze mode and with their acute stress response affecting also parents and nurses behaviour. Different pharmacological and non pharmacological methods are already widely used during needle related procedures to try to lower pain and distress.

Specific Aims and Rationale The primary aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of VR as a distraction technique during the procedure of venipuncture for blood tests in children with CF in regards to anticipatory distress and pain. The parent ratings of their child's fear and pain and the nurse ratings of children's distress and cooperation will also be assessed.

Distraction has been shown to be an effective non pharmacological technique and is often defined as a strategy-whether cognitive or behavioral- that draws a child's attention away from noxious pain stimuli. Kleiber and Harper draw further distinctions and define distraction as a cognitive coping strategy that passively redirects the subject's attention or actively involves the subject with a task. Despite its widespread use, "there is no universally accepted theory to explain the function of distraction".

VR puts the patient in a different dimension allowing him to immerge into a different dimension shutting out what is going on around him. Patients will be able to choose among an age appropriate choice of VR apps. VR is believed to hold an advantage over other distraction techniques by virtue of its cocoon-like equipment and its engaging and immersive nature. Set in an enclosed headset, VR provides the opportunity for a mental escape by strategically drawing individuals into an alternative world. By controlling their perceptual environment, patients can redirect multiple senses from a hospital environment to one involving positive and entertaining activities.

The application of VR in the medical field has been shown to be successful already 15 years ago. VR has found its use during the medication of burns and in patients undergoing cancer treatments whereas so far few studies have been published to assess its efficacy in reducing needle related pain and distress in children and none in children with CF.

Koller in her review concludes that VR is a complex and costly method that holds promise as an effective intervention. However today the costs of such devices are more affordable starting from 6 euro for a cardboard device and up to 80 Euro for more sophisticated headsets, making this technique easily implemented. Several authors have called for larger sample sizes and more heterogeneous participants to determine how VR can be used most effectively.