Pharmacodynamics in Men with Primary or Hypogonadal Osteoporosis and Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

Effects on Mineral Metabolism — Teriparatide affects calcium and phosphorus metabolism in a pattern consistent with the known actions of endogenous PTH (e.g., increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphorus). 

Serum Calcium Concentrations — When teriparatide 20 mcg was administered once daily, the serum calcium concentration increased transiently, beginning approximately 2 hours after dosing and reaching a maximum concentration between 4 and 6 hours (median increase, 0.4 mg/dL). The serum calcium concentration began to decline approximately 6 hours after dosing and returned to baseline by 16 to 24 hours after each dose. 

In a clinical study of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, the median peak serum calcium concentration measured 4 to 6 hours after dosing with teriparatide injection (20 mcg subcutaneous once daily) was 9.68 mg/dL at 12 months. The peak serum calcium remained below 11 mg/dL in >99% of women at each visit. Sustained hypercalcemia was not observed. 

In this study, 11.1% of women treated with teriparatide injection had at least 1 serum calcium value above the upper limit of normal (ULN) (10.6 mg/dL) compared with 1.5% of women treated with placebo. The percentage of women treated with teriparatide injection whose serum calcium was above the ULN on consecutive 4- to 6-hour post-dose measurements was 3% compared with 0.2% of women treated with placebo. In these women, calcium supplements and/or teriparatide injection doses were reduced. The timing of these dose reductions was at the discretion of the investigator. Teriparatide injection dose adjustments were made at varying intervals after the first observation of increased serum calcium (median 21 weeks). During these intervals, there was no evidence of progressive increases in serum calcium. 

In a clinical study of men with either primary or hypogonadal osteoporosis, the effects on serum calcium were similar to those observed in postmenopausal women. The median peak serum calcium concentration measured 4 to 6 hours after dosing with teriparatide injection was 9.44 mg/dL at 12 months. The peak serum calcium remained below 11 mg/dL in 98% of men at each visit. Sustained hypercalcemia was not observed. In this study, 6% of men treated with teriparatide injection daily had at least 1 serum calcium value above the ULN (10.6 mg/dL) compared with none of the men treated with placebo. The percentage of men treated with teriparatide injection whose serum calcium was above the ULN on consecutive measurements was 1.3% (2 men) compared with none of the men treated with placebo. Calcium supplementation was reduced in these men [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. 

In a clinical study of women previously treated for 18 to 39 months with raloxifene (n=26) or alendronate (n=33), mean serum calcium >12 hours after teriparatide injection treatment was increased by 0.36 to 0.56 mg/dL, after 1 to 6 months of teriparatide injection treatment compared with baseline. Of the women pretreated with raloxifene, 3 (11.5%) had a serum calcium >11 mg/dL, and of those pretreated with alendronate, 3 (9.1%) had a serum calcium >11.mg/dL. The highest serum calcium reported was 12.5 mg/dL. None of the women had symptoms of hypercalcemia. There were no placebo controls in this study. 

In the study of patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, the effects of teriparatide injection on serum calcium were similar to those observed in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis not taking glucocorticoids.

Urinary Calcium Excretion — In a clinical study of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who received 1000 mg of supplemental calcium and at least 400 IU of vitamin D, daily teriparatide injection increased urinary calcium excretion. The median urinary excretion of calcium was 190 mg/day at 6 months and 170 mg/day at 12 months. These levels were 30 mg/day and 12 mg/day higher, respectively, than in women treated with placebo. The incidence of hypercalciuria (>300 mg/day) was similar in the women treated with teriparatide injection or placebo. 

In a clinical study of men with either primary or hypogonadal osteoporosis who received 1000 mg of supplemental calcium and at least 400 IU of vitamin D, daily teriparatide injection had inconsistent effects on urinary calcium excretion. The median urinary excretion of calcium was 220 mg/day at 1 month and 210 mg/day at 6 months. These levels were 20 mg/day higher and 8 mg/day lower, respectively, than in men treated with placebo. The incidence of hypercalciuria (>300 mg/day) was similar in the men treated with teriparatide injection or placebo.

Phosphorus and Vitamin D — In single-dose studies, teriparatide produced transient phosphaturia and mild transient reductions in serum phosphorus concentration. However, hypophosphatemia (<2.4 mg/dL) was not observed in clinical trials with teriparatide injection. 

In clinical trials of daily teriparatide injection, the median serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was increased at 12 months by 19% in women and 14% in men, compared with baseline. In the placebo group, this concentration decreased by 2% in women and increased by 5% in men. The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration at 12 months was decreased by 19% in women and 10% in men compared with baseline. In the placebo group, this concentration was unchanged in women and increased by 1% in men. 

In the study of patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, the effects of teriparatide injection on serum phosphorus were similar to those observed in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis not taking glucocorticoids. 

Effects on Markers of Bone Turnover — Daily administration of teriparatide injection to men and postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in clinical studies stimulated bone formation, as shown by increases in the formation markers serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) and procollagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP). Data on biochemical markers of bone turnover were available for the first 12 months of treatment. Peak concentrations of PICP at 1 month of treatment were approximately 41% above baseline, followed by a decline to near-baseline values by 12 months. BSAP concentrations increased by 1 month of treatment and continued to rise more slowly from 6 through 12 months. The maximum increases of BSAP were 45% above baseline in women and 23% in men. After discontinuation of therapy, BSAP concentrations returned toward baseline. The increases in formation markers were accompanied by secondary increases in the markers of bone resorption: urinary N-telopeptide (NTX) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), consistent with the physiological coupling of bone formation and resorption in skeletal remodeling. Changes in BSAP, NTX, and DPD were lower in men than in women, possibly because of lower systemic exposure to teriparatide in men. 

In the study of patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, the effects of teriparatide injection on serum markers of bone turnover were similar to those observed in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis not taking glucocorticoids.