In the past forty years, the prevalence of obesity in adults has doubled, and nearly two thirds of Canadian adults are currently overweight or obese (Kenneth and Eggleton,2016). The incidence of diabetes, heart disease, stroke and certain cancers has also increased correspondingly (Xavier P. 2010). Obesity not only leads to other chronic diseases but also decreases life expectancy and puts a strain on the health care system (Tremmel 2017). Therefore, it is important to find strategies to minimize obesity and type-2 diabetes. Postprandial glycemia (PPG) has been identified to be one of the implications of risk factor of metabolic diseases such as obesity (Black 2012). To better help identify foods that increase satiety and decrease PPG, Health Canada released a draft guidance document to validate health food claims related to "reduction of post-prandial glycaemic response" (Health Canada 2013).

Regular consumption of dairy products correlates with improved body composition and lower incidences of obesity and type 2 diabetes in both observational and long-term clinical studies (Hirahatake et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2018; Murphy et al. 2013; Soedamah-Muthu and de Goede 2018). Within typical dietary patterns, high-fat dairy consumption is inversely associated with the risk of obesity or overweight (Kratz et al. 2013; Rautiainen et al. 2016). Frequent cheese consumption was associated with lower BMI in a 10 year follow-up study (Guo et al. 2018). The hypothesis that these associations between dairy and obesity and chronic metabolic diseases can be attributed to lasting metabolic effects of dairy when consumed with high glycemic carbohydrate or as a between meal snack is supported by short term studies. A recent meta-analysis of clinical trials concluded that, dairy products when consumed alone result in significant decreases in appetite and later energy intake (Onvani et al. 2017). Other recent studies have shown that milk consumed with a high glyemic breakfast cereal significantly reduced PPG as well as appetite in both young (Kung et al. 2018; Law et al. 2017a) and older adults (Law et al. 2017b). Among dairy products, semi solid and solid dairy products such as cheese and yogurt consumed with carbohydrates increased satiety and lowered PPG more than milk or soy beverages (Law et al. 2017b). PPG and appetite were significantly reduced following single serving amounts, of skim-milk, full fat milk, yogurt and cheese when consumed alone (Vien et al. 2019). Appetite measured over three hours was reduced after dairy consumption compared to a water control, particularly skim milk reducing appetite more than full fat milk, yogurt or cheese. Over 120 minutes, PPG was the lowest after cheese (Vien et al. 2019).

This data suggests that dairy consumed immediately before a meal will affect satiety and glycemic responses to a later meal, but the response will depend on the type of dairy product consumed. The updated Canada's Food Guide promotes the consumption of plant-based protein and a shift away from consuming dairy products as plant-based products may provide more fibre and less saturated fat (Canada Food Guide 2019). As a result, many plant based dairy substitutes have appeared in the marketplace. However, these new products, in addition to being of low protein quality, my lack the physiological functionality of dairy in metabolic regulation.