Conjunctival melanoma is a potentially lethal neoplasm, with an average 10-year mortality rate of 30%, and 15-year mortality rate of 45%. This condition occurs mainly in the white population, with rare reports in black and other non-white populations. Recent studies have indicated that like cutaneous melanoma, the incidence of conjunctival melanoma is increasing.

Conjunctival Malignant Melanoma (MM) is also currently diagnosed based upon clinical grounds, through observation of the growth of the suspected lesions over regular intervals of time. Unfortunately simple slit lamp examination is currently the only clinical diagnostic visual instrument available in medical practice, and the early diagnosis of MM by slit-lamp examination is still rather poor. Further the diagnosis of invasive conjunctival MM is currently established by conjunctival excisional biopsy and defined by the invasion of the underlying substantia propria of the conjunctiva by atypical tumor cells, especially when there is loss of the maturation. Regarding the management of malignant melanoma, unfortunately the extensive horizontal and even vertical growth of this neoplasm does not always lend itself to simple excision leading to exenteration. As a vision-sparing alternative, local excision with cryotherapy has become the treatment of choice. Long-term follow-up has shown that local recurrences are common. More recently, topical chemotherapy with mitomycin C (MMC) has been used to treat cases with extensive PAM with atypia , because the pigmented margin is used as a guide for most conservative treatments, the tumor's edge may be missed.

Recurrent conjunctival MM often presents as an amelanotic mass and may be mistaken for pyogenic granuloma in a patient who has had multiple previous excisions of conjunctival MM, even though the original tumor may have been pigmented. Because of the lack of pigment, these tumors can remain unrecognized and progressively enlarge, especially if the patient has had previous surgery and conjunctival scarring. In addition, the tumor margins of recurrent amelanotic conjunctival MM may be indistinct. These factors can lead to delayed recognition and the unnecessary need for exenteration. Despite these radical procedures, which usually lead to loss of vision or the eye, these patients have been shown to have a poor survival rate, suggesting that metastasis has already occurred at the time of treatment. This confirms that the extent of the disease at diagnosis is the most important factor to determine the outcome. Recurrence of conjunctival MM is reported at 26% at 5 years and, 51% at 10 years.

MM of the conjunctival represents one of the greatest challenges in early or preventive detection. Whereas surgical excision in early stages of tumor development is almost always curative, delayed recognition puts the patient at risk of destructive growth and death once the tumor has progressed to competence for metastasis. Accurate diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva such as nevi, primary, and secondary acquired melanosis and MM present a challenge to both the ophthalmologist and the pathologist. It is not possible clinically to distinguish between PAM with and without atypia. The ability to detect early MM remains of paramount importance in our efforts to curtail deaths related to this malignancy. The implementation and utilization of in vivo imaging technologies in clinical practice would enhance our ability to detect MM while this cancer is in its early stages and curable. Further, accurate assessment of therapeutic tumor response is critical for evaluation of chemotherapy results in patients, and in clinical trials. Tumor response is also a guide for the clinician and patient or study. Early, accurate prediction of non-response would allow an early change to second-line treatment, thus sparing patient's unnecessary toxicity, psychological morbidity and delay of initiation of effective treatment. These are very few variables that investigators, as clinicians, can control regarding the management of conjunctival MM. However, early detection, technique and time of surgery may ultimate after tumor recurrence, need for orbital exenteration, tumor metastasis, and patient death. This non-invasive imaging technique that is now available for clinical studies might help in early detecting and preventing above mentioned problems.