Asthma is estimated to affect 5.2 million people in the United Kingdom (UK), half of whom experience severe symptoms at some point in their lives, and 500,000 of whom may be unresponsive to currently available therapies (Asthma UK; "living on a knife edge" 2004). Severe Asthma probably accounts for 80% of asthma-related health expenditure (Chung KF, Eur Res Mon 2003, 23: 313). In this regard it is estimated to directly cost the NHS (National Health Service) £1 billion per year but also poses considerable hidden societal costs through disability, missed schooling and lost work days.

While Severe Asthma is a significant health-economic problem, the availability of effective treatments in clinical practice remains limited. However there is a growing realisation of the heterogeneity of asthma, which is not a single condition, but composed of numerous potential phenotypes (Wenzel S Nat Med 2012 18(5):716-25) some of which may show association to more severe disease status. In this regard recent adoption of unbiased statistical techniques such as cluster analysis has consistently demonstrated presence of severe asthma clusters in both adult and paediatric populations. These clinical phenotypes may show specific pathophysiological associations leading to classification of endotypes. Accompanying this growing understanding of the diverse nature of asthma is the realisation that there are also a diverse range of treatment responses dependent on the underlying nature of an individual's disease. This naturally leads to the concept of personalised therapy regimes for patients with Severe Asthma that better target their individual disease. Omalizumab is the first biological asthma treatment to meet that need in patients with severe allergic asthma. Numerous potential biological agents are in development that show promise in targeting patients with particular disease phenotypes/ endotypes such as mepolizumab, lebrikizumab and dupilimumab.

The organisation of Clinical Services for Severe Asthma is undergoing major change with the initiation of Specialised Commissioning of such Services by NHS England in 2014. A core requirement for Specialist Centres being Commissioned under this process will be the maintenance of accurate clinical disease registers which link to the BTS Difficult Asthma Registry and support collaborative research studies in the future.

The Difficult Asthma Clinics at Southampton and Portsmouth currently care for 1000 and 400 patients with problematic disease respectively. The two asthma services already collaborate as the Wessex Asthma Network to provide education across the Wessex region. Both services in their roles as Commissioned Specialist Clinical Centre for Severe Asthma receive regional referrals from a wide geographical area. We intend to initiate a comprehensively assessed Difficult Asthma Cohort by inviting all patients in our clinics to participate and contribute data gained through their clinical assessment. This would support ongoing contribution to research via the BTS Difficult Asthma Registry. In addition, a real-life clinical characterisation of Difficult Asthma would provide the basis for a better understanding of the nature of that disease relevant to clinical practice. It would also provide opportunity to develop a better endotype defined understanding of Difficult Asthma that facilitates stratified development of more effective treatment strategies. The Cohort will become a resource for future therapeutic studies in Difficult Asthma with Cohort participants being invited to consent separately into those studies based upon their characterisation through the Cohort.