This is a prospective, cross-sectional study. All recruited glaucoma patients and healthy subjects will be underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including measurement of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), a slit-lamp examination, gonioscopy, funduscopy, biometry using the IOL Master (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA), and standard automated perimetry (SAP). Central corneal thickness (CCT) will be measured using ultrasonic pachymetry (Pachmate; DGH Technology, Exton, PA, USA). Keratometry will be measured with an Auto Kerato-Refractometer (ARK-510A; NIDEK, Hiroshi, Japan). All of the patients will be also examined using red-free RNFL photographs and optic disc stereoscopic photographs. Two different OCT exam will be performed to measure macular GCIPLT and macular vessel density, spectral domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and swept source optic coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), respectively.

\<Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Imaging\> The macular angiographic images will be obtained using a swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) device (DRI OCT Atlantis; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). SS-OCT uses infrared light, wavelength of 1050 nm which is longer than conventional SD-OCT, at 100,000 A-scans per second. This longer infrared light source has advantages of deep signal penetration through the retina and choroid. Its axial and transversal resolution is 7 and 20 μm in tissue, respectively. Volumetric OCT scans were taken from 6 × 6 mm cubes. Each cube consists of 320 clusters of 4 repeated B-scans centered on the fovea. Moving objects (mostly blood flows) are detected by measuring intensity fluctuations from these repeatedly scanned OCT images. This methodology is termed as OCTARA (OCT Angiography Ratio Analysis) algorithm where calculations are based on a ratio between the intensity values across points within one scan, and identical points in the repeated scans. OCTARA provides relative sensitivity advantage of the order of 10 \~ 50 times for medium to low blood flow. Automated segmentation was performed by OCT software to separate each layer of the retina. The en-face images of the superficial capillary network were derived from an en-face slab, ranged from the internal limiting membrane (ILM) to the inner border of the inner nuclear layer (INL).

The investigators developed a custom windows software with Microsoft Visual studio 2012 and C# language with a dot net library. This software calculates the sectoral average vessel density exactly matching to the GCIPL sectors. It requires two image files, superficial vascular layer image and color vessel density map, exported from OCTA instrument. Once after two image files were loaded, fovea is automatically detected but in case software fails, user can manually set foveal location. Then, it calculates mean sectoral vessel density between two ellipsoidal boundaries, outer boundary 4800 x 3000 µm and inner boundary 1200 x 1000 µm (width x height) centered on fovea. This diameter of inner and outer ellipse and angle of sectorization is exactly matched to the GCIPL sectorization. The mean vessel density was calculated from color density map. First, custom software scans all pixel colors within the sectoral boundary. Then, each pixel colors are converted to the vessel density values according to the manufacturer's guide. Finally, it takes average of all vessel density values. This mean vessel density is a unitless value ranged from 0 to 100.

\<Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging\> The Cirrus SD-OCT instrument (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Software version 6.0) will be used to measure macular GCIPLT. After pupil dilation using 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine, a single macular scan (200 × 200 macular cube scan protocol) of each eye was acquired. The GCA algorithm automatically segmented the GCIPL and RNFL and calculated the thickness of the macular GCIPL and RNFL within a 14.13 mm2 elliptical annulus area centered on the fovea. The inner and outer ellipsoidal boundary is exactly matched to the sectoral vessel density calculated by our custom software. Average, minimum, and six sectoral (superotemporal, superior, superonasal, inferonasal, inferior, and inferotemporal) GCIPLT values were obtained. For quality control, the investigators set the minimum signal strength of all included SD-OCT scans to 6.0.