Three randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multi-center, phase 3 studies were conducted to evaluate tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. One (Pediatric) study included 351 patients 2 to 15 years of age, and the other two (Adult) studies included a total of 632 patients 15 to 79 years of age. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the patients were women and 27% were black. At baseline, 58% of the patients had severe disease and the mean body surface area (BSA) affected was 46%. Over 80% of patients had atopic dermatitis affecting the face and/or neck region. In these studies, patients applied either tacrolimus ointment 0.03%, tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, or vehicle ointment twice daily to 10% to 100% of their BSA for up to 12 weeks.

In the pediatric study, a significantly greater (p < 0.001) percentage of patients achieved at least 90% improvement based on the physician’s global evaluation of clinical response (the pre-defined primary efficacy endpoint) in the tacrolimus ointment 0.03% treatment group compared to the vehicle treatment group, but there was insufficient evidence that tacrolimus ointment 0.1% provided more efficacy than tacrolimus ointment 0.03%.

In both adult studies, a significantly greater (p < 0.001) percentage of patients achieved at least 90% improvement based on the physician’s global evaluation of clinical response in the tacrolimus ointment 0.03% and tacrolimus ointment 0.1% treatment groups compared to the vehicle treatment group. There was evidence that tacrolimus ointment 0.1% may provide more efficacy than tacrolimus ointment 0.03%. The difference in efficacy between tacrolimus ointment 0.1% and 0.03% was particularly evident in adult patients with severe disease at baseline, adults with extensive BSA involvement, and black adults. Response rates for each treatment group are shown below by age groups. Because the two adult studies were identically designed, the results from these studies were pooled in this table.   


A statistically significant difference in the percentage of adult patients with ≥ 90% improvement was achieved by week 1 for those treated with tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, and by week 3 for those treated with tacrolimus ointment 0.03%. A statistically significant difference in the percentage of pediatric patients with ≥ 90% improvement was achieved by week 2 for those treated with tacrolimus ointment 0.03%.

In adult patients who had achieved ≥ 90% improvement at the end of treatment, 35% of those treated with tacrolimus ointment 0.03% and 41% of those treated with tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, regressed from this state of improvement at 2 weeks after end-of-treatment. In pediatric patients who had achieved ≥ 90% improvement, 54% of those treated with tacrolimus ointment 0.03% regressed from this state of improvement at 2 weeks after end-of-treatment. Because patients were not followed for longer than 2 weeks after end-of-treatment, it is not known how many additional patients regressed at periods longer than 2 weeks after cessation of therapy.

In both tacrolimus ointment treatment groups in adults and in the tacrolimus ointment 0.03% treatment group in pediatric patients, a significantly greater improvement compared to vehicle (p < 0.001) was observed in the secondary efficacy endpoints of percent body surface area involved, patient evaluation of pruritus, erythema, edema, excoriation, oozing, scaling, and lichenification. The following two graphs depict the time course of improvement in the percent body surface area affected in adult and in pediatric patients as a result of treatment.

The following two graphs depict the time course of improvement in erythema in adult and in pediatric patients as a result of treatment.   


The time course of improvement in the remaining secondary efficacy variables was similar to that of erythema, with improvement in lichenification slightly slower.