It has been shown that opioid analgesics, particularly the mu-opioid partial agonist buprenorphine, have anti-depressant properties in laboratory animal models. In humans, rates of prescription opioid abuse are significantly higher in patients with depression. This suggests that individuals with negative mood states (e.g., depressive states) may respond more positively to opioid drugs. A handful of small studies in in humans have suggested that buprenorphine reduces symptoms of depression in patients who did not respond to standard anti-depressants, and laboratory studies have shown buprenorphine may reduce responses to some types of negative stimuli and enhance responses to positive stimuli. However, a controlled laboratory study assessing potential anti-depressant effects of an opioid medication has never been conducted. In this project, the investigators propose to examine depressive symptomatology as a predictor of subjective mood responses to buprenorphine, using two measures; i) self-reported depressive symptomatology as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and ii) physiological indices of depressive symptomatology as measured by heart rate variability. Reduced heart rate variability has been shown to be associated with depression, and such a physiological measure may allow for the detection of more subtle effects than would a self-report questionnaire alone. Healthy volunteers (N=60) will first complete the BDI and provide baseline measures of heart rate variability. Then they will attend two laboratory sessions, at which they will receive placebo or 0.2mg buprenorphine. The investigators have tested these low doses of buprenorphine in previous studies, and they produce measurable changes in mood and behavior in healthy volunteers. The investigators will collect measures of mood and physiological drug response (pupillometry, heart rate, and blood pressure) at regular intervals throughout each session, and will then examine their baseline indices of depressive symptomatology in relation to responses to the drug. The central hypothesis is that individuals with greater self-reported depressive symptoms and lower heart rate variability will experience the greatest enhancement of mood in response to buprenorphine. It is expected that this work will provide a better understanding of which individuals are most likely to experience positive mood effects in response to opioid drugs, and may therefore be at-risk for developing an opioid use disorder. Furthermore, it may lay the foundation for future research in the development of novel opioid-based treatments for depression.

Design: The study will use a 3-session within-subjects double-blind design in which participants will receive single doses of buprenorphine (0, 0.2 mg sublingual) in randomized order. All screening, orientation, and study session procedures will take place in the Human Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory suite in the L4 wing of 5841 S. Maryland Ave.

Drug and Doses: Investigators will administer placebo, 0.2 mg buprenorphine (Temgesic) via sublingual tablet in counterbalanced order under double-blind conditions. These tablets dissolve within 5-8 minutes. This drug has been approved for treatment of severe pain. The onset of action after sublingual administration is 30 minutes, with a peak plasma concentration at 1/5-2 hours and a half-life of 5 hours. The dose of buprenorphine are very low, and the average maintenance dose for opioid abusers is 8 mg. Doses will be separated by at least 72 hours.