Institutional review board was obtained. Children ages 5-18 years old referred to the pediatric urology clinic for primary nocturnal enuresis will be screened for enrollment. Behavioral therapy (limiting evening drinking, double voiding prior to bedtime, bowel habits, social anxiety factors) will be utilized first. Patients who fail will next be offered therapy with a bedwetting alarm device or a TENS unit as an alternative, and those who chose TENS therapy will be included in the study. Patients who have previously tried pharmacologic treatment for nocturnal enuresis, neuromodulation or other alternative therapy for urologic disorders, daytime incontinence symptoms, known "high volume" voiders (determined from history), bedwetting episodes on the average of less than two times per week, medications predisposing to incontinence (eg, Lithium for bipolar disorder), other known voiding or neurologic disorders (eg, overactive bladder, myelomeningocele), secondary etiologies for nocturnal enuresis (eg, cystitis, obstructive sleep apnea, urinary fistulae), and any contraindications to usage of a TENS unit such as having a pacemaker will be excluded. Patients who have previously tried the bedwetting alarm will not be excluded from the study. 128 patients will be chosen for enrollment into the study.

The patients will be randomized into four groups of 32 patients each. Group 1 will be the direct bladder stimulation arm with electrodes placed onto the abdomen in the suprapubic region directly over the bladder. Group 2 will be the distal neural loop arm with electrodes placed onto the bottom of the feet. Group 3 will be the proximal neural loop arm with electrodes placed about 2-3 cm lateral to the midline in the sacral region at the level of S3. Group 4 will be the sham arm with electrodes placed on the scapula. We will aim to recruit 32 patients per group for a total of 128 patients. Detailed explanation of the purpose of the study, along with the risks and benefits of TENS will be given to the patient and caretakers by a provider prior to obtaining informed consent for enrollment into the study. The patients will be provided with a TENS unit and electrode pads and caretakers instructed on how to use the apparatus.

Parents of enrolled patients will fill out nightly voiding diaries, recording nighttime incontinence episodes and subjective "wet sheets" scale per night (dry, damp, wet, soaked) for 30 days prior to randomization into the treatment arms. The TENS sessions will be performed nightly at bedtime for 15 minutes for 30 days. TENS units will be set at a frequency of 10 Hz, and intensity determined in the office by the sensitivity threshold of the patient. Voiding diaries will be kept each night while on TENS therapy, additionally recording which TENS setting was used, duration of therapy each night, and any adverse reactions to the TENS unit or increased symptoms (these patients will be terminated from the study and included as a treatment failure). Diaries will then be kept for 30 days after TENS therapy was completed to assess durability of treatment effects. At voiding diary day 30 (before first TENS treatment), day 60 (after completion of TENS therapy), and day 90 (one month off of TENS), patients and families will fill out the Pediatric Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire (PIN-Q), a validated tool for measuring quality of life in children with bladder dysfunction. Patients will follow up at days 0, 30, 60, 90, and as needed (worsening symptoms, adverse reactions, concerns, and questions regarding usage of TENS). Parents will be called on a weekly basis throughout the study to ensure compliance and address any questions or concerns. The results of mean nightly incontinence episodes, mean "wet sheets" scale score (0-3), and PIN-Q will be measured between time points (baseline, 1 month, 2 months for each group by itself and the groups compared against each other using statistical analysis.