Pre-anesthetic Management: This research will be initiated after receiving an approval from the Institution Review Board, and an informed written consent will be obtained from each patient. Forty patients in the age range 18-65 years and presenting for elective orthopedic or gynecological procedures will be recruited. Both male and female patients will be considered. Only patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, II and III will be included. Patients who are pregnant and those with uncontrolled hypertension with BP above 180/100, unstable angina, chronic obstructive lung disease requiring oxygen therapy at home, and end-stage liver and kidney diseases will be excluded. In addition, orthopedic surgery that needs the patient in prone position will not be eligible for this investigation. Patients who have a medication allergy to propofol and food allergy to egg and soy, since egg lecithin and soy milk are constituents of propofol preparation, will be excluded. In order to have a complete data collection, only surgical procedures scheduled to last more than three hours will be considered for this study.

Anesthetic Management: Routine anesthetic care, such as intravenous line placement and American Society of Anesthesiologists' standard monitoring, will be applied to all patients. In addition, a non-invasive Bispectral Index (BIS) sensor will be placed on patient's forehead and connected to its monitor. Midazolam (25mcg/kg) and fentanyl (1mcg/kg) will be administered to establish preanesthetic sedation and analgesia, respectively. Lidocaine 40mg will be given to attenuate propofol-induced injection pain. Thereafter, Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) will be induced with propofol (2mg/kg), and tracheal intubation facilitated with a neuromuscular blocking agent chosen by the attending anesthesiologist. The skeletal muscle relaxation will be maintained as needed for the surgical procedure. The TIVA will be maintained with propofol infusion, for approximately half-hour, at 160mcg/kg/min with minor adjustment, as needed, to maintain patient's vital signs within ± 20% of the baseline. Once a steady state is established, propofol infusion rate will be reduced to 140mcg/kg/min and maintained for approximately 15-30 min, following which the infusion rate will be increased to 180mcg/kg/min and maintained for the same period of time. Thereafter, the propofol infusion rate will be returned to 160mcg/kg/min. This exercise will be repeated at 120mcg/kg/min and 200mcg/kg/min if patient's vital signs permit. In addition, remifentanil at an infusion rate of 0.02 - 0.2mcg/kg/min will be administered to provide surgical analgesia during the general anesthetic period. The infusion rate of remifentanil will be tailored to the demands of the surgical stimulation. During the study period, the attending anesthesiologist will have the option to deviate from the study protocol and adjust the propofol infusion rate, as needed, to maintain patient's vital signs within ± 20% of the baseline if such a need arises. An independent observer will continuously monitor the BIS values at all time frames. Following the study period needed to collect the required data, the attending anesthesiologist will have the option to continue general anesthesia with either TIVA or with the traditional inhalational anesthetic. The reversal of the neuromuscular blockade and subsequent tracheal extubation, at the conclusion of surgery, will be performed using the customary criteria employed in anesthetic practice. In addition, the routine protocols used for surgical infection prevention and attenuation of postoperative pain and vomiting will be followed.