INTRODUCTION Healthcare seeks to decrease postoperative pain to ensure better and faster postoperative mobilization.1 Postoperative pain pathways identify populations at risk for 30-day readmissions and emergency department visits that are not due to post discharge complications.2 Chronic pain is acknowledged as a disease per se, and addressing pain control expectations before discharge could reduce surgical readmissions.3 However, despite advances in perioperative protocols, pain remains a very frequent clinical symptom seen by orthopedic surgeons and a major reason for patients to seek medical assistance. Moreover, pain management after orthopedic procedures remains suboptimal for many patients.4 For instance, 37% of orthopedic patients reported their pain to be severe at its highest intensity, where postoperative pain remains a problem that requires consensus and joint efforts.5 Several modalities are available to alleviate the postoperative period, which range from nerve blocks to the use of various classes of drugs. Opioids have been widely used for pain relief. However, this class of drug is associated with a wide range of side effects, including a potential for developing drug dependence and addiction. On the other hand, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have been used widely for pain relief. NSAIDs are widely available as compared to opioids. NSAIDs also have several side effects, but a study has proven NSAIDs to be safe for controlling acute postoperative pain if they are used appropriately.6 Several studies have compared the different drugs belonging to the NSAID class in terms of their efficacy as postoperative analgesia. A study found no difference in pain and satisfaction between two groups of patients receiving either IV ketorolac or IV Ibuprofen as part of postoperative analgesia following urogynecological surgeries.7 However, patients who underwent laparotomies had less pain with Keterolac.8 In another study carried out on patients undergoing knee arthroscopies, preemptive use of Ibuprofen 800 mg was associated with less postoperative pain.9 Uribe et al. compared the postoperative analgesic effects of ibuprofen and ketorolac and discovered a difference in rescue analgesic use (55% vs. 83.9%), time to first rescue analgesic use (77.62 ± 33.03 vs. 55.78 ± 35.37 hours), and analgesic requirement in PACU (5.53 ± 5.89 vs. 19.92 ± 15.63 mg, p value 0.05).10 Postoperative pain is one of the principal concerns of surgeons and anesthesiologists, which leads to prolonged hospitalization and an increased analgesic requirement. Both factors expose the patient to hospital acquired infection and the untoward side effects of analgesics. As a result, a balanced or multimodal analgesia with adjuvant medications is required. It is important that, as anesthesiologists, we understand the effective method for pain suppression during orthopedic procedures. Therefore, this study is aimed at filling this knowledge gap. Data from this study would add information and serve as a baseline for the development of management guidelines for pain management.

METHODS AND MATERIALS After obtaining approval from the Ethical Committee / Institutional Review Board (IRB) (document no. 156/05/21), patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries were enrolled in the Department of Anesthesiology and Orthopedics at the Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The sample size for this randomized controlled trial (RCT) was 100 patients (50 patients in each group), which was calculated from a previous study by taking the frequencies of rescue analgesic use as (55% vs. 83.9%). 11 The power of the test was 90% with a 5% level of significance. The research lasted six months, from August 1, 2021, to January 31, 2022. All patients gave their informed written consent. The patients of either gender with an age range of 40-80 years and an ASA grade of 2 who were undergoing orthopedic surgeries for fractures of the radius, ulna, and wrist were included in the study. Patients with a history of adverse reactions to ibuprofen or ketorolac, a history of epilepsy, bronchial asthma, coronary artery disease, renal or hepatic impairments, or use of antiarrhythmic or analgesic medications in the last seven days were excluded. Age, gender, obesity (BMI \> 27 kg/m2), history of smoking (10 or more cigarettes per day for at least 5 years or 5 or more cigarettes per day for at least 10 years), diabetes, and hypertension were registered before pre-operative evaluation of the patients to assess their fitness for anesthesia. The patients were labeled as diabetics when they were on anti-diabetic medication for at least 6 months or when there was lab evidence of HBA1c \>6.5%, fasting blood sugar of \>126 mg/dL, or a random blood sugar level of \>200 mg/dL. Patients were classified as hypertensive if they had been taking anti-hypertensive medication for at least 6 months or if clinical evidence of blood pressure greater than 140/90 was found on at least two separate occasions at least two hours apart. All patients were randomly divided into two equal groups (A and B) by using the sealed envelope technique. All surgeries were done under standard general anesthesia. Patients were induced with propofol (2 mg/kg) and premedicated with fentanyl. Endotracheal intubation was facilitated by the muscle relaxant atracurium 0.5 mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with 50% O2, 50% air, 1 MAC isoflurane, and atracurium. The patients were mechanically ventilated to keep ETCO2 between 35 and 40 mmHg. In Group A, patients received an intravenous injection of 800 mg of Ibuprofen, while intravenous ketorolac (30 mg) was given to patients in Group B, approximately 30 minutes before the skin closure. All patients were extubated and transferred to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). The durations of the surgical procedure and anesthesia were documented. Another anesthesiologist on duty was deputed for follow-up with the patients. The patients were kept blind to the type of analgesic drug they received. The postoperative pain was measured by VAS at 3, 6, and 12 hours postoperatively. The VAS ranged from 0 to 10, with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing the maximum bearable pain. When the VAS score was \> 4, the injection Tramadol 30 mg was given intravenously as a rescue analgesic. The frequency of patients requiring rescue analgesia, the time to start rescue analgesia, and the total dose of drug during the 12-hour postoperative period were noted in each group.

Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed by IBM, SPSS Version 20 registered for Microsoft Windows. The mean, standard deviation, and frequency/percentages were calculated for quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Chi square and independent sample t-tests were used to compare postoperative analgesic parameters between both groups. The p value of \<0.05 was taken as statistically significant.