An ostomy adversely affects health-related quality of life in a diverse population of cancer survivors. For cancer, ostomies are most commonly placed for rectal cancers, followed by urinary bladder cancer. Ostomies may be needed for other cancers related to bulky or metastatic disease, or in emergencies. In addition, ostomies may be placed on a temporary or a permanent basis. Temporary ostomies may be created in emergencies, such as perforation or obstruction due to tumor, or in planned procedures, as with a low rectal resection for cancer where an ostomy is placed to "protect" a new anastomosis while it heals. Temporary ostomies may become permanent as a result of underlying comorbidities, need for other treatments related to cancer, or poor outcome of anastomosis (leak or stricture). Peri-operative needs are the same regardless of ostomy permanence; survivors should receive clear, systematic, evidence-based ostomy self-management instruction and support.

To cope with the challenges of their diseases, cancer survivors with ostomies should have confirmed levels of self-management skills, as well as strong commitments to self-management. Cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, and self-efficacy/locus of control are essential tools for effective self-management. As in most chronic conditions, this tends to be long-term, complex, and multidimensional. Trial-and-error ostomy self-care, nurse counseling, and community referral have been the primary modes of self-management education and support in the peri-operative period. Clearly, ostomates face many obstacles in coping with their condition, not least of which is medical care that often does not meet their needs for effective information, clinical management, psychological support, and patient activation These obstacles are likely compounded for ostomates living in rural areas. Approximately 14-19% of the US population resides in rural areas. Rural cancer survivors face significant barriers to ongoing care including lack of access to specialists and cancer-specific specialized support, longer travel distances to access follow-up care, and transportation challenges due to financial barriers or lack of a vehicle. Individuals in rural areas travel a median of 51-59 minutes to reach specialized oncology care. Additionally, some studies suggest that rural cancer patients have worse quality of life and mental health than their urban counterparts, and up to a quarter of rural cancer patients have unmet cancer information needs. Telehealth delivery of an ostomy self-management program offers an opportunity to reduce these access disparities among rural ostomates.

Ostomates and their families must engage in ostomy self-management, make behavior changes, and adjust to the consequences of their condition, becoming the principal caretakers and navigators. Preparation of the survivor and unpaid designated caregiver/support person (usually family members) is requisite to assure optimal functioning and HRQOL, as well as to prevent or ameliorate ostomy-related complications and associated health care utilization. Multiple communication issues make it difficult for ostomy survivors to access resources for improving their self-management, and undermine opportunities to improve and sustain HRQOL. These resources include lack of consistent follow-up, travel issues, lack of surgeon focus on ostomy-related problems, and lack of ostomy nurse clinic resources.

Ostomies are associated with multiple HRQOL difficulties. Ongoing problems include pouching care, travel out of the home (especially relevant for rural populations), social interactions, intimacy, and acceptance of/satisfaction with appearance. Studies document persistent challenges including sexuality psychological problems and interference with work, recreation, and sporting activities. However, improved self-efficacy eases the psychological and social burden of ostomies. No reports have been published on the results of a systematic ostomy self-management program to ensure optimal post-operative care, including adaptation, self-management, and ostomy comfort.