The Vulvar Vestibulitis Clinical Trial (VVCT) is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial to study the clinical efficacy of four medical treatments for vulvar vestibulitis: 1) topical lidocaine, 2) oral desipramine, 3) combined lidocaine and desipramine, and 4) placebo cream and capsules. The duration of study drug will last 12 weeks with post-intervention follow-up at 6 and 12 months. We plan to enroll 128 subjects from the university-based clinical program at the University of Rochester (UR).Primary outcome variable will compare the reported pain of the "Tampon Test" (mean of Weeks -2, -1, and 0), prior to randomization to the reported pain of "Tampon Test" (mean of Weeks 10, 11, and 12). The dependent (primary outcome) variable will be defined as the percent change of mean "Tampon test" pain of Weeks (10, 11, and 12) from Weeks (-2, -1 and 0). The primary analysis of this 2X2 factorial design will involve fitting an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) regression model to the percent change of mean "Tampon test" pain with the two treatment variables as the predictors while adjusting for the covariate age. We will test if the interaction between the two treatments in the ANCOVA model is significant at the .05 level. If the interaction effect is not significant, it will be dropped from the model and the conclusion will be drawn from the model with main effects only. If significant, the model with interactions will be adopted. SAS PROC GLM will be used in the analysis.

In the case of non-significant interaction, the primary analysis will be based on the ANCOVA model with main effects of treatments and adjusting for age. Since there are two treatments under investigation, the primary analysis will use the Bonferroni correction, i.e. will set alpha level of 0.025 (two-sided) to determine statistical significance. The significance of the main effect of each treatment will be assessed by t-tests in the ANCOVA model. The aim of the primary analysis is to determine whether each treatment is superior to placebo, and if both hypotheses hold, the double treatment therapy will be most effective under the additive effect assumption of the ANCOVA model. The ANCOVA model compares all subjects who receive that treatment with all subjects who do not, irrespective of whether they receive the other treatment, after adjusting for the other treatment and age of subject, and is more powerful in finding individual treatment effects in the study.

If interaction between treatments is significant, the ANCOVA model with interaction will estimate the treatment effects for each of the four groups. This model is able to test all 6 contrasts between the four combinations. A hierarchical (gatekeeping) testing strategy to maintain a family-wise error rate will be adopted as the following: the first stage will compare desipramine or lidocaine individually to placebo with multiplicity-adjusted p-values. If a significant difference (one or both null hypotheses rejected) is found for either or both individual agents, then the analysis will proceed to the second-stage of hypothesis which will compare the effects of the active desipramine/active lidocaine treatment to the double placebo. If a significant difference (null hypothesis rejected) is found for combined therapy over placebo based on the multiplicity-adjusted p-value, then the final (tertiary) stage of comparison will be performed comparing combined therapy to individual therapy. In the hierarchical (gatekeeping) testing procedures, inferences in each stage depend on the acceptance or rejection of null hypotheses in all previously stages, and each stage serves as a gatekeeper for the stages later in the sequence. In our strategy for the model with significant interaction effect, if at least one hypothesis has been rejected, then the next stage of hypotheses will be tested, and the family-wise error rate is controlled at the .05 level.

Secondary analyses will include subset analysis, comparison of the double-active treatment group against the others (placebo and the single-treatment groups) on percent change of mean "Tampon test" as well as standardized pain measures such as the Brief Pain Inventory and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. This is to explore if the active desipramine/active lidocaine treatment has more advantages that may not be shown in the ANCOVA model. The secondary analysis is to explore supportive evidence to the primary objective of this trial, and no confirmatory conclusions are needed. In the secondary analysis, confidence intervals and statistical tests are of exploratory nature and no claims are intended.

Primary and secondary outcome variables will be analyzed according to a modified "intention to treat" with "last observation carried forward". The sample analyzed for the primary outcome will include the first three or fewer pre-randomization Tampon Test measures and the last three or fewer post-randomization Tampon Test measures, up to and including study Week 12. The subject sample analyzed for drug safety/side effects will include all subjects who have taken at least one dose of study drug.