anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
CYP2C19 genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy after patients develop acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or require percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) reduces the likelihood of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Evidence about the impact of preemptive testing, where genotyping occurs while patients are healthy, is lacking. In patients initiating antiplatelet therapy for ACS or PCI, we compared medical records data from 67 patients who received CYP2C19 genotyping preemptively (results >7 days before need), against medical records data from 67 propensity score-matched patients who received early genotyping (results within 7 days of need). We also examined data from 140 patients who received late genotyping (results >7 days after need). We compared the impact of genotyping approaches on medication selections, specialty visits, MACE and bleeding events over 1 year. Patients with CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles were less likely to be initiated on clopidogrel if they received preemptive rather than early or late genotyping (18.2%, 66.7%, and 73.2% respectively, p = 0.001). No differences were observed by genotyping approach in the number of specialty visits or likelihood of MACE or bleeding events (all p > 0.21). Preemptive genotyping had a strong impact on initial antiplatelet selection and a comparable impact on patient outcomes and healthcare utilization, compared to genotyping ordered after a need for antiplatelet therapy had been identified.
Promethazine with Codeine Oral Solution contains codeine, an opioid agonist, and promethazine, a phenothiazine.

Each 5 mL of Promethazine with Codeine Oral Solution contains 10 mg of codeine phosphate and 6.25 mg of promethazine hydrochloride for oral administration.

Promethazine with Codeine Oral Solution has a pH between 4.8 and 5.4 and contains alcohol 7%.

Promethazine with Codeine Oral Solution also contains the following inactive ingredients: artificial and natural flavors, citric acid, D&C Red 33, FD&C Blue 1, FD&C Yellow 6, glycerin, saccharin sodium, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium propionate, water, and other ingredients. 

Codeine Phosphate

The chemical name for codeine phosphate is 7,8-Didehydro-4, 5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6α-ol phosphate (1:1) (salt) hemihydrate. Codeine is one of the naturally occurring phenanthrene alkaloids of opium derived from the opium poppy, it is classified pharmacologically as a narcotic analgesic. The phosphate salt of codeine occurs as white, needle-shaped crystals or white crystalline powder. Codeine phosphate is freely soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. The molecular weight is 406.37. Its molecular formula is C18H21NO3•H3PO4 • ½ H2O, and it has the following chemical structure.

Promethazine Hydrochloride

The chemical name for promethazine hydrochloride, a phenothiazine derivative, is (±)-10-[2-(Dimethylamino)propyl] phenothiazine monohydrochloride. Promethazine hydrochloride occurs as a white to faint yellow, practically odorless, crystalline powder which slowly oxidizes and turns blue on prolonged exposure to air. It is soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol. The molecular weight is 320.88. Its molecular formula is C17H20N2S•HCl, and it has the following chemical structure
Dogs with a brachycephalic conformation often experience a collection of abnormalities related to their craniofacial conformation, which can lead to a variety of clinical signs such as stertor, exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, and gastrointestinal signs such as regurgitation, among others. This collection of abnormalities is termed brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). With the rise in popularity of several brachycephalic breeds, veterinarians and veterinary surgery specialists are seeing these dogs with increasing frequency for surgical and medical treatment of these clinical signs, leading to an increased interest in developing surgical techniques for dogs with BOAS and evaluating objective methods of determining outcome after surgery. Advances in anesthetic management including standardized protocols and use of local nerve blocks to decrease opiate use may decrease postoperative complications. A variety of new or modified surgical techniques to manage hyperplastic soft palate and stenotic nares, among other BOAS components, have been developed and studied in recent years. Newer studies have also focused on risk factors for development of major complications in the postoperative period and on objective measurements that may help determine which patients will receive the most benefit from BOAS surgery. In this review, the newest studies focused on updates in anesthetic management, surgical techniques, and postoperative care will be discussed. Additionally, updated information on complication rates and outcomes for dogs undergoing surgical management of BOAS will be included.
The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating rhinitis and a preparation method thereof. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from herba hedyotideae, roots of sarmentose pepper, roots and rhizomes of ripqrian greenbrier, radix achyranthis bidentatae, leaves and twigs of fruticose breynia, leaves of Chinese desmos, sheepear inula herb, diverse wormwood herb, all-grass of moldavica dragonhead, dried entire plants of zanthoxylum nitidum(Roxh.) DC.var. tomentosum Huang, twigs and leaves of common claoxylon, radix angelicae pubescentis, scarlet kadsura roots, small centipeda herb, combined spicebush roots, rhizomes of begonia edulis Levl. and camphor. The invention further provides a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating the rhinitis.
BACKGROUND: Microglia-mediated inflammation is a critical factor in the progression of ischemic stroke. Consequently, mitigating excessive microglial activation represents a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic injury. Thymol, a monophenol derived from plant essential oils, exhibits diverse beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, with demonstrated protective effects in various disease models. However, its specific effects on ischemic stroke and microglial inflammation remain unexplored.
METHODS: Rodent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was established to simulate ischemic stroke. TTC staining, modified neurological function score (mNSS), and behavioral tests were used to assess the severity of neurological damage. Then immunofluorescence staining and cytoskeleton analysis were used to determine activation of microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized to induce the inflammatory response of primary microglia in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to exam the expression of inflammatory cytokines. And western blot was used to investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of thymol.
RESULTS: In this study, we found that thymol treatment could ameliorate post-stroke neurological impairment and reduce infarct volume by mitigating microglial activation and pro-inflammatory response (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Mechanically, thymol could inhibit the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), sink serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), thereby suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).
CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that thymol could reduce the microglial inflammation by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately alleviating ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest that thymol is a promising candidate as a neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke.
The present invention discloses a Chinese medicinal composition for treating irritable bowel syndrome and a preparation method thereof. Chinese gall, nutmeg, red ginseng, deglued antler, smoked plum and myrobalan are used as raw materials. The raw materials are extracted respectively by water according to different characteristics of each kind of traditional Chinese medicine. Extracted volatile oil is prepared by the technology of beta-cyclodextrin coating, pulverization into fine powder, etc. A pharmacological experiment proves that the medicine of the present invention can obviously inhibit small intestine movement, resist small intestine movement hyperfunction caused by neostigmine, and resist diarrhea caused by rhubarb, and the present invention promotes the absorption of enteral water increased by mannitol, has an obvious inhibiting effect on the ileum movement of a raising rabbit, has an obvious inhibiting effect on the automatic rhythmicity shrinking of the separation ileum of a guinea pig and obviously resists myenteron spasm caused by acetylcholine, barium chloride and histamine. The present invention has the advantages of strong diarrhea stopping function and high safety.
Abstract of the Disclosure A film forming composition for preparation of a skin surface as a surgical site includes a film forming material and a antimicrobial agent soluble in a fugitive solvent. The composition when applied to the skin surface forms a substantially water insoluble, substantially tack-free flexible film adherent to the skin surface. The film is capable of releasably retaining the antimicrobial agent to substantially inhibit microbial growth on the skin surface. The film releases sufficient antimicrobial agent to substantially eliminate the microorganisms normally present on the skin surface to prepare the surface for the procedure and continues to release the antimicrobial agent during the procedure and subsequent wound healing. A preferred embodiment of the composition includes at least one compound for providing a first color indicative of the skin surface area covered by the composition and develops a second color upon the substantial elimination of the fugitive solvent indicating that the site is ready. A method for use of the composition to prepare a skin surface for a surgical procedure includes providing the composition, observing the first color for indicating the skin area covered and the second color indicating that the fugitive solvent has substantially evaporated. A single use kit for preparing a skin surface for a surgical procedure includes a non-resealable unit container of the film forming composition and an applicator in a non-resealable package.
BACKGROUND: Blindness and vision loss (BVL) is a major global health issue affecting older adults, but its burden in transition countries has received limited attention. Therefore, we aimed to assess the trends in the burden of BVL among older adults between 1990 and 2019 across Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), and predict the burden by 2040.
METHODS: Data on BVL and its related causes were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. We investigated the temporal trends by calculating the average annual percentage change using joinpoint regression analysis. Subsequently, we performed Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling to estimate the burden of BVL and its related causes by 2040.
RESULTS: Most BRICS countries experienced a significant decline (p < 0.05) in age-standardized prevalence rates, and the decreasing trends tend to continue. However, by 2040, the number of BVL cases is expected to increase by approximately 50% across BRICS, with an estimated approximately 192, 170, 25, 17, and 7 million cases in China, India, Russia, Brazil, and South Africa, respectively. The related ranks of BVL causes are also estimated to change in the future, particularly in India.
CONCLUSIONS: The different burdens and trends of BVL across BRICS reflected the different stages of population health transition. Effective eye disease prevention requires appropriate public health interventions. Developing effective health policies and services for older adults is urgently needed in BRICS countries.
Objective: To explore the possible anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms of glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Methods: ApoE-/-mice fed on Western diet were randomly assigned into the model group (n=10) and the canagliflozin group (n=10). C57BL/6J mice fed on normal diet were chosen as the control group (n=10). Mice in the canagliflozin group were gavaged with canagliflozin for 14 weeks. The presence and severity of atherosclerosis were evaluated with HE and oil red O stainings in aortic root section slices. PCR assay was performed to determine the mRNA expression levels of nitric oxide synthase. Hepatic transcriptome analysis and hepatic amino acid detection were conducted using RNA-seq and targeted LC-MS, respectively. Results: HE staining and oil red O staining of the aortic root showed that AS models were successfully established in ApoE-/-mice fed on Western diet for 14 weeks. Canagliflozin alleviated the severity of atherosclerosis in pathology. Hepatic transcriptome analysis indicated that canagliflozin impacted on amino acid metabolism, especially arginine synthesis in ApoE-/-mice. Targeted metabolomics analysis of amino acids showed that canagliflozin reduced hepatic levels of L-serine, L-aspartic acid, tyrosine, L-hydroxyproline, and L-citrulline, but raised the hepatic level of L-arginine. Compared to the model group, the canagliflozin group exhibited higher serum arginine and nitric oxide levels as well as elevated nitric oxide mRNA expression in aortic tissues (P<0.05). Conclusion: Canagliflozin regulated the amino acid metabolism, reduced the levels of glucogenic amino acids,and promoted the synthesis of arginine in atherosclerotic mice.
Carcinogenicity studies with ixabepilone have not been conducted. Ixabepilone did not induce mutations in the microbial mutagenesis (Ames) assay and was not clastogenic in an in vitro cytogenetic assay using primary human lymphocytes. Ixabepilone was clastogenic (induction of micronuclei) in the in vivo rat micronucleus assay at doses ≥0.625 mg/kg/day. 

There were no effects on male or female rat mating or fertility at doses up to 0.2 mg/kg/day in both males and females (approximately 0.1 times the expected human clinical exposure based on AUC). The effect of ixabepilone on human fertility is unknown. However, when rats were given an IV infusion of ixabepilone during breeding and through the first 7 days of gestation, a significant increase in resorptions and pre- and post-implantation loss and a decrease in the number of corpora lutea was observed at 0.2 mg/kg/day. Testicular atrophy or degeneration was observed in 6-month rat and 9-month dog studies when ixabepilone was given every 21 days at intravenous doses of 6.7 mg/kg (40 mg/m 2) in rats (approximately 2.1 times the expected clinical exposure based on AUC) and 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg (10 and 15 mg/m 2) in dogs (approximately 0.2 and 0.4 times the expected clinical exposure based on AUC).
There has been a rapid increase in marijuana use during the 1990s, with the most recent generation often smoking marijuana in the form of 'blunts' as opposed to more traditional routes such as in pipes or in cigarette paper. A blunt is made by removing the tobacco from a cigar and replacing it with marijuana (Golub and Johnson, 1999). The cigar wrapper contains tobacco and nicotine, which may interact with the cardiovascular and subjective effects of the marijuana to produce a different set of effects and risks than cigarette paper. Anecdotally, marijuana smokers report that blunts are more potent than joints, yet there have been no controlled studies addressing whether blunts enhance the subjective-effects and health-related consequences of marijuana use. We are proposing to do a within-subject, placebo-controlled study directly comparing the cardiovascular, subjective and pharmacokinetic effects of marijuana smoked in blunts compared to identical quantities of marijuana smoked in cigarette paper. Research volunteers will be current blunt smokers. Each will participate in six, 4-hour outpatient sessions. After baseline data have been collected (heart rate, blood pressure, mood scales, exhaled carbon monoxide, plasma THC and nicotine levels), participants will take 3 puffs, 5 seconds in duration, from a NIDA marijuana cigarette containing 0.0, 1.8 and 3.6% THC or from a blunt containing an equivalent quantity and strength of marijuana. Participants will be blind to the type of marijuana cigarette smoked. We will measure plasma THC and nicotine, subjective mood ratings, and heart rate and blood pressure repeatedly over the course of 180 minutes following smoking. This study is the first controlled investigation of the consequences of this new method of marijuana smoking; the data obtained may be useful in guiding future development of marijuana pharmacotherapy.
MT-5547 SC dosing regimen 2. Naproxen-matching placebo oral after Week 16.
PURPOSE:To obtain a cell propagation acceleration agent having high safety and useful for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, etc., for the acceleration of cell propagation by utilizing the cell propagation acceleration activity of a substance extracted from the root of Panax ginseng or its cultured product. CONSTITUTION:Root of Panax ginseng or its cultured product is extracted with an alcohol and/or water and the extracted component is fractionated with solvent in an octadecyl column using 32% acetonitrile solution as an elutant. The objective substance is eluted at a retention time corresponding to the retention time of ginsenoside Rb2 + or -5%. The cell propagation acceleration substance and a composition containing the substance is effective for increasing the propagation function of the cell of skin, mucous membrane, etc., having depressed cell propagation function and temporarily increasing the normal cell propagation function. It is relatively stable to heat and organic solvent and has small molecular weight. Accordingly the composition has wide application range. For example, it has high penetrability to the deep part when used as an external agent.
Patients should be instructed to avoid allowing the tip of the dispensing container to contact the eye or surrounding structures.

Patients should also be instructed that ocular solutions can become contaminated by common bacteria known to cause ocular infections. Serious damage to the eye and subsequent loss of vision may result from using contaminated solutions. (See PRECAUTIONS, General.) 

Patients requiring concomitant topical ophthalmic medications should be instructed to administer these at least 5 minutes apart.

Patients with bronchial asthma, a history of bronchial asthma, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinus bradycardia, second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, or cardiac failure should be advised not to take this product (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.)
There is a paucity of patient reported outcome data documenting the impact of PK focused prophylaxis discussions. This prospective, multicentre UK-PK trial will coincide with the initiation of the myPKFiT® device in the context of an enhanced clinical review. This will include a standardised patient education package using a short animated film explaining PK and personalised prophylaxis, followed by modelling of the patient's own PK using the myPKFiT® device and discussing the dosing options with the patient. The aim of the PK educational package is to educate and engage patients and ensure that their treatment regimens meet their individual needs. In addition, the study will capture the prophylaxis dosing strategy agreed upon by patients and the clinical team where treatment decisions are made jointly between patients and the clinical team (concordance). Looking forward, haemophilia clinical care team members need a marker to judge or predict patient engagement with this personalising medicine process. Successful consultation strategies may differ if the team can anticipate how an individual person with haemophilia (PWH) might respond to discussions about potential change. The primary outcome measure is the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) which gauges the knowledge, skills and confidence essential to managing one's own health and healthcare. A PAM score can predict healthcare outcomes including medication adherence, healthcare utilisation and hospital visits. It is hypothesized that a more activated patient will be more receptive to changes in their treatment regimen, education and information about their health condition.

In addition to patient activation, the study will assess a range of patient reported outcomes and psychological factors using validated tools. These will include patients' Haemophilia-related quality of life (HAEMO-QoL-A), beliefs about medicines (BMQ), self-reported adherence (VERITAS-Pro) and activity levels. These tools will provide clear patient reported outcomes for the haemophilia community, with accompanying EQ5D data, enabling robust health economic evaluation.
This paper employs the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to enhance the accuracy of differential diagnosis for febrile diseases, particularly prevalent in tropical regions where misdiagnosis may have severe consequences. The migration of health workers from developing countries has resulted in frontline health workers (FHWs) using inadequate protocols for the diagnosis of complex health conditions. The study introduces an innovative AHP-based Medical Decision Support System (MDSS) incorporating disease risk factors derived from physicians' experiential knowledge to address this challenge. The system's aggregate diagnostic factor index determines the likelihood of febrile illnesses. Compared to existing literature, AHP models with risk factors demonstrate superior prediction accuracy, closely aligning with physicians' suspected diagnoses. The model's accuracy ranges from 85.4% to 96.9% for various diseases, surpassing physicians' predictions for Lassa, Dengue, and Yellow Fevers. The MDSS is recommended for use by FHWs in communities lacking medical experts, facilitating timely and precise diagnoses, efficient application of diagnostic test kits, and reducing overhead expenses for administrators.
The tissue grafting method relates to a tissue graft material, a method of preparing the material, and a method of using the material. The tissue graft material is made from the tunica serosa of the small intestine of a warm-blooded vertebrate, which has been delaminated from the tunica muscularis, tunica submucosa, and the tunica mucosa of the intestinal tissue. The tissue graft material may be perforated by discrete punctures. The tissue graft material is dehydrated by air drying or vacuum drying, sterilized with ethylene oxide, and stored in a hermetically sealed enclosure at room temperature until needed, having an indefinite storage life. When needed, the tissue graft material is rehydrated, cut to match the size of the wound, and applied to the wound. The graft may be overlaid with nylon mesh, or bandaged with an elastic tubular dressing.