Depressive symptoms are associated with heightened risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD), significant public health costs, and mortality rates equal to MDD . Individuals experiencing impairment due to depressive symptomatology most frequently report their depressive symptoms to a primary care physician . Despite conflicting data regarding efficacy, PCPs typically prescribe antidepressant medication for the treatment of subthreshold depression and have few other resources at their disposal . The current lack of evidence-based resources available to PCPs for treating depressive symptoms results in a number of negative outcomes for patients including: 1) the majority not receiving appropriate treatment , 2) a decreased likelihood of reporting depressive symptoms again in the future , and 3) heightened mortality risk. As the most likely initial contact for patients with elevated depressive symptoms, PCPs are in a unique position to provide interventions for depression .

Mobile technologies offer an ideal strategy to meet widespread treatment needs. Mobile technologies broadly, and mobile phones more specifically, have dramatically increased in both affordability and ubiquity, with current estimates suggesting that there are over 3.2 billion unique mobile users worldwide . Moreover, the vast majority of physicians report using mobile apps in their clinical practice . Despite these factors supporting the use of mobile apps in clinical practice, there are currently no mobile apps for depressive symptoms available to PCPs that are both evidence-based and simple enough to be recommended to their patients.

One treatment that is particularly amenable to a mobile platform and to referral by PCPs is Behavioral Activation. Across studies, BA is effective for reducing depressive symptoms among individuals with subthreshold depression as well as individuals with MDD and meets the criteria to be established as an empirically support treatment . Moreover, numerous research studies support the superiority of BA as a treatment component to competitor treatments, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). The cornerstone of BA is regular self-monitoring to 1) examine already occurring daily activities and 2) facilitate incorporation of new activities consistent with individualized values and goals across life areas. Empirical evidence indicates that mobile customization of BA would work as intended to facilitate reduction of depressive symptomatology, while also addressing the unmet need for evidence-based and easily disseminable resources for use by PCPs with their patients with depressive symptomatology. Moreover, as BA has an evidence-base for smoking cessation, a mobile customization of BA may also hold promise for promoting smoking cessation.

With STTR funding from NIMH, our team is currently completing the development of a self-help BA mobile application named Moodivate for referral by PCPs to their patients with elevated depressive symptoms. App development will be complete by March, 2016 in preparation for a small clinical trial at MUSC. The closest competitor apps for Moodivate are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)-based mobile applications. The most popular CBT-based mobile applications include iCouch CBT, Live Happy, MoodPanda, and MoodKit. Of this group of CBT-based mobile applications, MoodKit most closely adheres to standard CBT. As clinical trials of standard BATD frequently compare BATD to CBT, an appropriate analogue of this line of work is to compare Moodivate, a BATD based mobile app, to MoodKit, a CBT based mobile app. Although MoodKit appears to adhere to CBT, no clinical trials to date have been completed examining utilization of MoodKit among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms or among individuals referred by a PCP.

In the current study, we will conduct a small-scale randomized clinical trial with 60 adults with elevated depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) \> 14; above the "minimal depression" range on the measure) referred from physicians in the Department of Family Medicine (Drs. Vanessa Diaz and Marty Player) at MUSC. Participants will be randomized to one of three conditions: 1) Moodivate, 2) a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-based mobile application (MoodKit), or 3) Treatment As Usual (TAU). The purpose of this step is to examine Moodivate treatment feasibility, acceptability, adherence, and change in depressive symptoms associated with Moodivate as compared to MoodKit and TAU. Considering that BA also has an evidence base for smoking cessation, within this group of 60 participants, we plan to recruit 10 participants who are current smokers who will receive Moodivate. Although this will be a small sample of smokers receiving the BA mobile therapy, we believe collecting pilot data examining utilization of Moodivate among a group of smokers will provide valuable insight into the feasibility of utilizing a BA mobile app to promote smoking cessation.