Tau protein has been identified as one of the key pathological features of Tau protein diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Tau protein targeting PET imaging can detect the amount and distribution of Tau protein deposition in human body. It has significant research and application value in diagnosis and evaluation for Tau protein diseases. Previous studies have shown that Tau radiotracer can detect Tau pathology in early stage of AD, and Tau signal increases as the disease progresses. In addition, Tau binding may be associated with increased cognitive impairment in AD subjects. \[18F\] APN-1607 is a newly developed PET imaging agent targeting to Tau protein, which has high affinity with Tau protein in brain tissue of AD patients, high selectivity for Aβ protein, MAO-A and MAO-B, and no non-specific uptake in normal brain tissue. Toxicological studies show that intravenous injection of \[18F\] APN-1607 with dosage less than 20μg is safe. Its clinical research has been initiated in the United States, Japan and Taiwan.

Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) is a membrane protein in presynaptic envelope. SV2 is an important component of normal synaptic function and plays an important role in neurotransmitter release. Three isomers of SV2 are known, of which SV2A is the only subtype distributed throughout the brain. Studies have shown that synaptic loss in hippocampus and cerebral cortex is closely related to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, PET imaging and quantification of SV2A signal may be an excellent representative of synaptic density in vivo, which can be used to measure the brain level of SV2A in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or other neurological and psychiatric diseases, and potentially as a biomarker of synaptic density in neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers have reported the development and evaluation of 18F labeled tracers for SV2A protein imaging. The best candidate \[18F\] MNI-1126 has shown excellent in vivo binding properties in preliminary studies in non-human primates. These preliminary in vivo pre-clinical evaluations suggest that \[18F\] MNI-1126 exhibits excellent quality as a F-18 labeled PET tracer for multicenter SV2A imaging trials.

The greatest advantage of PET imaging technology is that it can visualize the structure or function of tissues and organs which could not be observed in vivo without trauma. Visual observation of the distribution of radioactivity concentration in PET images can qualitatively distinguish the positive and negative cases. Standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) can be used to semi-quantitatively analyze the abnormal uptake of a region of interest in patients for clinical and daily work. However, in the development of new molecular targeting markers, in order to make better use of the information in images to obtain the parameters and contents of molecular markers such as distribution, miss targeting or not, condition for blood-brain barrier passage ,and stability, a complete set of quantitative and repetitive detection and analysis methods should be applied. It includes detection of radioactivity in arterial blood, detection of metabolites of molecular markers, dynamic modeling of PET, repeated measurement and analysis, and so on.

Measuring radioactive activity of arterial blood is a method to obtain the input parameters of molecular targeted markers in the brain by detecting the radioactivity of per unit volume in arterial blood at multiple time points. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) can be used to detect the metabolites of molecular markers with radioactivity, which can be used to calibrate the total radioactivity of arterial blood samples and obtain the concentration of free molecular targeted markers in arterial plasma. On the basis of acquiring the input parameters of brain molecular targeting markers, the dynamic behavior of a given PET tracer can be described by establishing a dynamic model of radiotracer and estimating the relevant parameters. The required data can be obtained under the minimum possible traumatic conditions, and then the parameters related to physiological, biochemical or metabolic processes can be quantitatively estimated. Then through repeated measurements of brain molecular targeting markers, that is, multiple scans of the same molecular marker and the same patient at different time points, the results of the two scans can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed and compared, and the pharmacokinetics of the markers in the brain, the properties of binding targets and the stability between batches can be further obtained. However, because of the intolerance of patients and other factors in the study of arterial blood radioactivity detection and repeated measurement for radioactive markers, although it is a mature PET-related research technology around the world, it has not been effectively carried out in China.

In this study, we will introduce a complete quantitative and repetitive analysis method for the first time in China to evaluate the cross-sectional imaging of Tau protein tracer \[18F\]APN-1607 and SV2a tracer \[18F\] MNI-1126 in patients with Tau protein-related diseases and normal controls. Subsequently, the longitudinal changes of Tau protein deposition and synaptic density in the brain of patients with Tau protein-related diseases will be explored through the evaluation of longitudinal clinical symptoms and follow-up of two kinds of tracer (\[18F\]APN1607 and \[18F\]MNI1126) imaging in patients with Tau protein-related diseases and normal controls, so as to provide support for the design of clinical trials using imaging biomarkers in the future.