anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
Eplerenone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor and blocks the binding of aldosterone, a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS). Aldosterone synthesis, which occurs primarily in the adrenal gland, is modulated by multiple factors, including angiotensin II and non-RAAS mediators such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and potassium. Aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors in both epithelial (e.g., kidney) and nonepithelial (e.g., heart, blood vessels, and brain) tissues and increases blood pressure through induction of sodium reabsorption and possibly other mechanisms.

Eplerenone has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone circulating levels do not overcome the effects of eplerenone.  
  
Eplerenone selectively binds to human mineralocorticoid receptors relative to its binding to recombinant human glucocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors.
A controlled release preparation containing at least one kind of a pharmaceutically active ingredient, a male piece and a female piece, the pieces fitting together to enclose the active substance therein, wherein the male piece is made from a material that gels in the intestinal juice, is disclosed. In a preferable mode, the male piece contains an ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride copolymer and a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer. In a preferable mode, the female piece is made from a water insoluble polymer. In a preferable mode, the dosage form is a tablet or a capsule. The controlled release preparation of the present invention does not at all release a drug in the region having a low pH, such as in the stomach, but only in the region having a pH relatively near the neutral range, such as in the small bowel and the large bowel, the plug gradually gels from the upper surface and, after a given time when a part of the male piece (plug) having the least thickness gels and has become permeable, concurrently releases the drug in a short time in a pulse manner. Consequently, the drug can act effectively at a local site in the lower part of the small bowel, the large bowel and the like, and a drug can be delivered to the lower part of the small bowel or the large bowel without undergoing decomposition of peptides and proteins.
Obesity has received considerable attention in general medicine and nephrology over the last few years. This condition increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which are the main risk factors for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney damage caused by obesity can be explained by many mechanisms, such as sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems activation, mechanical stress, hormonal unbalance, as well as inflammatory cytokines production. Even though creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations in obese individuals have been validated (Salazar-Corcoran and CKD-MCQ), changes in body weight after bariatric surgery (BS) leads to changes in creatininemia, affecting its reliability. Thus, an average between creatine and cystatin-based GFR equations would be more appropriate in this setting. Bariatric surgery can reverse diabetes mellitus and improve hypertension, which are the main causes of CKD. Conclusion: GFR can be affected by obesity and BS, and its value should be cautiously evaluated in this setting.
DWI-MRI seems effective in pre-treatment prediction of treatment outcome. Tumor hypoxia mediates chemoradiation resistance, leading to selection of aggressive tumor cell clones with the capacity to evade tumor microenvironment by increased anaerobic glycolysis and angiogenesis. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which indirectly measures tissue density, can be used to determine the likelihood of tumor response to treatment. High ADC before treatment has shown to predict an unfavorable response. Tumors with low ADC values on presentation generally respond better to treatment. An increased ADC in patients during and after nCRT could be used to predict early pathologic response i.e. discrimination of "responders and non-responders" to nCRT.
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain an excellent anticarious agent comprising an extract from Salacia reticulata and capable of inhibiting the sticking of an insoluble glucan to the tooth surfaces and activity of a glucosyltransferase which is a glucan synthase. SOLUTION: This anticarious agent comprises an extract from Salacia reticulata. A solvent used for extracting the Salacia reticulata is preferably pure water or an organic solvent (e.g. methanol, ethyl acetate or acetone). The extract is prepared by drying, e.g. a site of the Salacia reticulata, then adding water thereto, extracting the Salacia reticulata under heating for 2-4 hr, subsequently filtering the extract, as necessary, removing the solvent at <=50 deg.C under a reduced pressure and concentrating or drying the resultant extract. The anticarious agent can be used as a denstifrice, a mouthwash, etc., by mixing thereof with farnesol, sodium phosphate, etc. The concentration of the anticarious agent applied is preferably so that the amount of the extract dried powder is 0.01-1% based on the whole anticarious agent.
This invention deals with dental abstract restorations which are formed from glass-ceramic materials. In this invention the dental restorations may be formed by pressing. The resulting dental restorations have superior optical esthetic and strength properties. The invention includes dental restorations which are formed from particular lithium-disilicate glass-ceramics. In addition to forming dental restorations by pressing, the dental restorations may be milled. After forming the dental restorations are altered by applying one or more layers of a porcelain material to said dental restorations, and fusing said layers.
* ACTEMRA for subcutaneous injection is not intended for intravenous drip infusion.
  * Assess suitability of patient for subcutaneous home use and instruct patients to inform a healthcare professional before administering the next dose if they experience any symptoms of allergic reaction. Patients should seek immediate medical attention if they develop symptoms of serious allergic reactions. ACTEMRA subcutaneous injection is intended for use under the guidance of a healthcare practitioner. After proper training in subcutaneous injection technique, a patient may self-inject ACTEMRA or the patient's caregiver may administer ACTEMRA if a healthcare practitioner determines that it is appropriate. PJIA and SJIA patients may self-inject with the ACTEMRA prefilled syringe or ACTPen® autoinjector, or the patient's caregiver may administer ACTEMRA if both the healthcare practitioner and the parent/legal guardian determines it is appropriate [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Patients, or patient caregivers, should be instructed to follow the directions provided in the Instructions for Use (IFU) for additional details on medication administration.
  * Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Do not use ACTEMRA prefilled syringes (PFS) or prefilled ACTPen® autoinjectors exhibiting particulate matter, cloudiness, or discoloration. ACTEMRA for subcutaneous administration should be clear and colorless to pale yellow. Do not use if any part of the PFS or ACTPen® autoinjector appears to be damaged.
  * Patients using ACTEMRA for subcutaneous administration should be instructed to inject the full amount in the syringe (0.9 mL) or full amount in the ACTPen® autoinjector (0.9 mL), which provides 162 mg of ACTEMRA, according to the directions provided in the IFU.
  * Injection sites should be rotated with each injection and should never be given into moles, scars, or areas where the skin is tender, bruised, red, hard, or not intact.
An inactivated vaccine against skeletal abnormalities resembling rickets and osteoporosis, and against degeneration of the femur caused by avian reovirus (by itself or tog. with other poultry viruses) is new. Esp. the vaccine also protects against diarrhoea and growth inhibition caused by reoviruses. Pref. the vaccine is derived from the virus strain LZ 671 and may be combined with a vaccine against Newcastle disease. The strain LZ 671 (pasteur Institute no, 1092) is new. Vaccines are given to female birds shortly (esp. 10-20 weeks) before laying so that the young are protected by transfer of maternal immunity. In combined vaccines there is no loss of immunological response for either components, and the total vol. of vaccine injected can be reduced (so lessening local reactions and amt. of chemical auxiliaries introduced).
The following adverse effects were observed in clinical trials at a frequency of less than 1% of 538 patients: dizziness, fever, flush, headache, hypotension, changes in liver enzymes, joint pain, nausea, sweating, and weakness. These adverse effects were transient. Also in clinical trials, there was one reported case of bradycardia and one case of decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin.

Pentetreotide is derived from octreotide which is used as a therapeutic agent to control symptoms from certain tumors. The usual dose for Indium In 111 Pentetreotide Injection is approximately 5 to 20 times less than for octreotide and is subtherapeutic. The following adverse reactions have been associated with octreotide in 3% to 10% of patients: nausea, injection site pain, diarrhea, abdominal pain/discomfort, loose stools, and vomiting. Hypertension and hyper- and hypoglycemia have also been reported with the use of octreotide.  


The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Octreoscan. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.  


Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity reactions, predominantly rash, pruritus, less frequently angioedema or features of anaphylaxis.
WLE will be performed as per standard of care but will also include Intraoperative LightPath® Imaging with 68Ga-RM2. Group 2 scans will acquire LightPath® images of both intact and incised cancer specimens with varying parameters to optimise imaging.
Early dysbiosis in the gut microbiota may contribute to the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP), however, a comprehensive understanding of the gut microbiome, potential pathobionts, and host metabolome in individuals with AP remains elusive. Hence, we employed fecal whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing in 82 AP patients and 115 matched healthy controls, complemented by untargeted serum metabolome and lipidome profiling in a subset of participants. Analyses of the gut microbiome in AP patients revealed reduced diversity, disrupted microbial functions, and altered abundance of 77 species, influenced by both etiology and severity. AP-enriched species, mostly potential pathobionts, correlated positively with host liver function and serum lipid indicators. Conversely, many AP-depleted species were short-chain fatty acid producers. Gut microflora changes were accompanied by shifts in the serum metabolome and lipidome. Specifically, certain gut species, like enriched Bilophila wadsworthia and depleted Bifidobacterium spp., appeared to contribute to elevated triglyceride levels in biliary or hyperlipidemic AP patients. Through culturing and whole-genome sequencing of bacterial isolates, we identified virulence factors and clinically relevant antibiotic resistance in patient-derived strains, suggesting a predisposition to opportunistic infections. Finally, our study demonstrated that gavage of specific pathobionts could exacerbate pancreatitis in a caerulein-treated mouse model. In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis sheds light on the gut microbiome and serum metabolome in AP, elucidating the role of pathobionts in disease progression. These insights offer valuable perspectives for etiologic diagnosis, prevention, and intervention in AP and related conditions.
PURPOSE:To obtain a calcium phosphate-based self-hardenable compsn. or cement ensuring high mechanical strength and excellent in affinity to a living body and to shorten the time required to harden the compsn. or cement. CONSTITUTION:This calcium phosphate-based self-hardenable compsn. consists of powder consisting of tetracalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenphosphate anhydride or calcium hydrogenphosphate dihydrate in such a blending ratio as to form hydroxyapatite by a hydration hardening reaction, a dil.aq. phosphoric acid soln. and magnesium fluoride.
The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse a series of patients with posterior mandibular atrophy rehabilitated with custom-made subperiosteal implants. The study included patients with severe posterior mandibular atrophy who had undergone rehabilitation with subperiosteal implants between September 2018 and August 2022 in the Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit of the University Hospital of Sassari. Complications and the success rate were reviewed. Data from 30 implants placed in 17 patients were included and analysed. There were no major complications during the surgeries. The main postoperative sequela was oedema, which was reported as moderate by most patients and had completely regressed within 10 days of surgery. No partial or complete exposures, infections, or loss of the implants were detected during follow-up (average follow-up 22.5 months). Control computed tomography scans, performed at 6 months and then annually in all cases, did not show significant bone loss below the abutments, displacement of the implants, or loss or loosening of the osteosynthesis screws. Subperiosteal implants may represent a safe and reliable technique for the rehabilitation of severe atrophy of the posterior mandible. Prospective studies with a long follow-up will be needed to establish the long-term results of this type of implant-prosthetic rehabilitation.
This is a Phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study with three study groups. This study will be conducted in 25 HIV negative subjects, 17 of whom will have Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) and 8 of whom will not have LTBI at study enrollment. The investigational product is H56:IC31 (AERAS-456) at a dose of 15 ug of H56 antigen with IC31 500 nmol KLK (15/500), and a dose of 50 ug of H56 antigen with IC31 500 nmol KLK (50/500). The vaccine is administered by intramuscular (IM) injection.

Subjects will be assigned to a study group based on LTBI status at enrollment and time of completion of screening. Subjects without LTBI will be assigned to Group 1. Subjects with LTBI will be sequentially assigned to Groups 2 and 3 based on the order in which they complete screening. All subjects will receive a first dose of study vaccine on Study Day 0, a second dose of study vaccine on Study Day 56, and a third dose of study vaccine on Study Day 112. Enrollment of subjects into Group 2 will begin only after a review of safety data from the 14-day period after initial vaccination of all subjects in Group 1. Likewise, enrollment of subjects into Group 3 will begin only after the corresponding review of safety data from Group 2.

The total duration of study follow-up for all subjects is 210 days. Study groups 1-2 will enroll 8 subjects each and study group 3 will enroll 9 subjects. This study is planned at a single clinical site in South Africa. The sizes specified for each study group were selected because they are judged to be adequate for preliminary safety and immunogenicity evaluations for a Phase I study rather than for statistical reasons.
BACKGROUND: Several types of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been approved for use in adolescent girls in China. These vaccines are regulated as non-National Immunisation Program vaccines and are optional and generally fully self-paid by vaccinees.
OBJECTIVE: To assess parents' demand for HPV vaccination by eliciting their willingness-to-pay for their adolescent daughters to be vaccinated against HPV and to examine the determinants of demand for HPV vaccination in China.
METHODS: A contingent valuation survey was conducted across three cities in Shandong Province in eastern China. We selected 11 junior middle schools with different socioeconomic features and randomly selected 6 classes in each school, and questionnaires were distributed to all girls aged 12-16 in the 66 classes for their parents to complete. A payment card approach was used to elicit parental willingness-to-pay for HPV vaccination for their daughters. We also collected a wide array of socioeconomic and psychological variables and interval regressions were applied to examine the determinants of parental willingness-to-pay.
RESULTS: A total of 1074 eligible parents who completed valid questions were included in analyses. Over 85% of parents believed HPV vaccines were, in general, necessary and beneficiary. However, only around 10% believed that their daughters would be infected by HPV. About 8% of parents would not accept HPV vaccine even if the vaccine were free mainly due to concerns about the potential side effects and vaccine safety and quality issues, and 27.37% would only accept the vaccine if it were free. The median willingness-to-pay was 300 CNY (42 USD). Several factors were positively correlated with higher willingness-to-pay: income, urban residence (relative to rural residence), mothers (relative to fathers), parents' beliefs about vaccine benefits, whether they should make decisions for their daughters, and whether their daughters would be susceptible to HPV. Though education-level was not significantly correlated with willingness-to-pay in the main regressions, a subgroup analysis revealed interesting dynamics in the relation between education and willingness-to-pay across different income-levels.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a large gap between parents' willingness-to-pay and the market price of HPV vaccine for girls in China. Parents generally believed the HPV vaccines were beneficial and necessary but when asked for their daughters, most parents did not believe their daughters would be infected by HPV despite the high prevalence in China. Future focus should be on ensuring the provision of accurate health information about HPV prevalence, vaccine quality, and safety to promote vaccine uptake, and promotional efforts tailored to different income groups might yield better effects. Government involvement in negotiating more widely acceptable and affordable prices or subsidising may be necessary for protecting high-risk population groups.
Initial descriptions of the COVID-19 pandemic have focused on its acute severe manifestations. After several months, data have emerged about the mild disease and Post-COVID syndrome. The diminished senses of smell (or hyposmia/anosmia) and taste (or hypogeusia/ageusia) have been commonly reported in the pandemic. Hyposmia/anosmia and hypogeusia/ageusia have also been reported with previous coronaviruses. In late March, the professional society of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) in the United Kingdom (UK) published an advisory on evidence from South Korea, China, and Italy that signiﬁcant number of COVID-19 positive patients also lost smell and/or taste. Based also on several other reports which reported that 66-88% of patients have lost smell and/or taste due to COVID-19 infection, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and World Health Organization (WHO) have added anosmia and ageusia to the list of symptoms of COVID-19. The prognosis of such deficits seems variable. Some reported recovery within few weeks; while many reported persistence of deficits for several months or even more than a year after the onset of the condition. Furthermore, some patients developed respiratory symptoms later after anosmia while others remained asymptomatic. The exact mechanisms for these deficits are still under research. In animal models, the investigators found that coronaviruses could impair the olfactory neuroepithelium through the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) in the sustentacular cells or damage the receptors. Treatment trials of post-COVID anosmia included the application of nasal corticosteroids, regular snifﬁng of different odors and strong scents, and treatment with antioxidants and vitamins or interventions as olfactory training. However, none was therapeutically effective. Previous preclinical and clinical studies have shown that treatment with neurotrophic polypeptides can promote neurological recovery for many neurodegenerative and acquired nervous system diseases due to different causes. As the olfactory neurons are capable of regeneration, the researchers propose that treating patients with prolonged post-COVID anosmia or ageusia using cerebrolysin, a drug of neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties may promote recovery of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions. Cerebrolysin is a mixture of peptides purified from brains, including (and not limited to) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF).
Patients over 65 years are not at an increased risk of developing adverse effects solely because of age. However, dosage should be adjusted in the presence of renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2)]. 

In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. 

Piperacillin and tazobactam for injection contains 54 mg (2.35 mEq) of sodium per gram of piperacillin in the combination product. At the usual recommended doses, patients would receive between 648 and 864 mg/day (28.2 and 37.6 mEq) of sodium. The geriatric population may respond with a blunted natriuresis to salt loading. This may be clinically important with regard to such diseases as congestive heart failure. 

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.