BKvirus associated nephropathy (BKvAN) is a major complication in kidney transplantation. Due to BKvirus (BKv) intra-graft replication, BKvAN affects nearly 10% of patients and causes graft loss in more than 50% of cases. Without current antiviral therapy, the treatment consists of minimizing immunosuppression, secondarily exposing the patient to a graft rejection risk. Impaired BKv specific T cell response plays a crucial role in the BKvAN pathophysiology. Several teams, including ours, have demonstrated a profound impairment of BKv specific T cell response during BKvAN. Immunovirological monitoring allows an individual assessment of viral reactivation risk based on the anti-viral immune response. Our group has developed the NEPHROVIR method. This non-invasive biological method allows the identification of BKvAN risk level. The aim of this work is to evaluate, by the NEPHROVIR method, the risk to develop a BKvAN with renal impairment in kidney transplant recipients with sustained BKv viremia.

The investigators propose the BKVIR study. This is a prospective multicentric study involving 100 kidney transplant recipients with sustained BKv viremia. Four kidney transplant centers (APHP hospitals) will participate to the study. To ensure sustained BKv viremia, only kidney transplant recipients with a confirmed plasma BKv viral load ≥ 103 copies/ml on 2 consecutive blood BKv PCR values for a duration ≥ 1 month will be eligible for the study. The investigators wish to correlate the occurrence of BKvAN with the results of the NEPHROVIR method. The primary endpoint will be the occurrence of histologically proven BKvAN associated with renal impairment within 12 months of the initial NEPHROVIR assessment. Secondary endpoints of this work are multiple, including the evaluation of the reconstitution delay of BKv specific T cell response; as well as the evaluation of the NEPHROVIR method prognosis on BKv infection and renal graft function. The expected duration of the research is 48 months. The inclusion period will be 24 months. The duration of patient follow-up will be 24 months post-inclusion. The NEPHROVIR method will be performed in the included patients at 4 distinct points: at D0 of inclusion, at 3 months, at 6 months and 12 months of inclusion. The NEPHROVIR method requires an additional and minimal collection of human body product (17 ml of whole blood) from a peripheral venous blood sample. Statistical analyses will be performed at the end of the follow-up period for all patients. All confidence intervals will be calculated at the 5% first-species risk and the results of the statistical tests will be given at the 5% two-sided threshold. The statistical analysis will be performed by the biostatisticien at the Clinical Research Unit Paris Saclay, using SAS® software or R software in the last version at the time of the analyses. The aim of this work is to evaluate the NEPHROVIR method as an innovative immunovirological surveillance method for predicting the risk of BKvAN occurrence. The characterization of individual BKvAN risk level could help in the individualized follow-up and management of immunosuppression in patients. The long-term objective would be to diagnose very early, or even anticipate, the occurrence of BKvAN and to allow early readjustment of the immunosuppressive treatment.