The study is a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial that includes one screening visit (Visit 1; day -7) and two test visits (Visits 2 and 3; days 0 and 7) which are separated by a washout period of 4-7 days. At Visit 1 (day -7), subjects will provide informed consent and undergo screening assessments including evaluations of medical history, prior/current medication/supplement use, inclusion and exclusion criteria, height, body weight, BMI, vital signs, and Vein Access Scale. A fasting capillary blood glucose will be assessed for eligibility purposes and an in-clinic urine pregnancy test (all women) will also be obtained. Subjects will then be dispensed a 24-h Diet Record with instructions to record intake the day prior to Visit 2 (day 0). At Visit 2 (day 0), subjects will arrive at the clinic fasted (10-14 h, water only, anchored to the t = -15 min blood draw), to undergo clinic visit procedures. Adverse events (AE) will be assessed and subjects will be queried about test day instructions compliance. Additionally, the 24-h Diet Record will be collected and reviewed. Eligible subjects will be randomly assigned to a randomization sequence and will undergo the glycemic and insulinemic response test with blood glucose concentrations assessed via capillary measurement and insulin concentrations assessed via venous measurement. Blood samples (capillary and venous) will be obtained at t = -15 and -5 ± 5 min. Subjects will consume the study product in its entirety within 10 min at t = 0 min with 8 oz of water. Capillary and venous blood samples will be obtained at t = 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 ± 5 min, where t = 0 min is the start of study product consumption, to assess glucose and insulin concentrations. Subjects will be provided one-8 oz bottle of water to consume at t = 0 to 60 min and one-8 oz bottle of water to consume at t = 61 to 120 min. Water consumption will be recorded and replicated at the subsequent test visits. AEs will be assessed and subjects will be dispensed a blank/new 24-h Diet Record to record all food and beverage consumed the day prior to Visit 3, day 7; as well as a copy of the completed 24-h Diet Record (from day -1) with instructions to replicate the same food and beverage intake as closely as possible the day prior to the next test visit (Visit 3, day 7). Test day instructions will also be provided. At Visit 3 (day 7), subjects will return to the clinic for clinic visit procedures. AEs will be assessed and subjects will be queried about test day instructions compliance. The 24-h Diet Record will be collected and study staff will review the 24-h Diet Record to compare food and beverage consumption to the day -1 Diet Record for consistency. Subjects will then crossover to the next study product in their test sequence and repeat the glycemic/insulinemic response test described above for Visit 2. At the conclusion of the glycemic/insulinemic response test, AEs will be assessed.

An evaluable sample size of 19 is required to observe a statistically significant difference between active and control products (α = 0.05 (2- tailed); power = 80%) assuming that the glucose response of the Cargill active product is 61% of that of the control product and standard deviation is 65% of the mean value (standard deviation estimation is based on a recently completed proprietary study conducted by Biofortis on baked products containing different amounts of fiber). To account for possible attrition, a total of 22 subjects will be enrolled. Each subject will consume a single serving of the control or active product. These consumption events will be separated by at least 4 days.

All statistical analyses will be conducted using Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) for Windows (version 9.4, Cary, NC) and/or R 3.3.1 (R Core Team 2016). The data will be analyzed for the modified intent-to-treat population, which will include all subjects who complete the test condition and the reference product. Assessment for outliers, as per the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, will also be conducted. All decisions regarding subject population and data inclusion will be documented prior to database lock. Descriptive statistics \[number of subjects, mean, standard deviation, standard error of the mean (SEM), median, interquartile limits, minimum and maximum or frequency counts\] will be presented for subject demographics and anthropometric measurements collected at screening/baseline. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) 0-120 min will be calculated as outlined in ISO 26642:2010(E) for each subject. Descriptive statistics (i.e. number of subjects, minimum and maximum, median, inter-quartile limits, mean, SEM, and standard deviation) will be presented for all the continuous outcomes for each test group. All tests of significance, unless otherwise stated, will be performed at alpha=0.05, two sided. A repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be used to assess differences between test groups for the primary and secondary outcome variables with the exception of the comparisons between groups for glucose and insulin concentrations at each time point. Initial repeated measures ANCOVA models will contain terms for test group, test sequence, and test period, with test group specified as a repeated effect and subject nested within sequence. Models will be reduced using a backward selection method until only significant terms or test group remains in the model. Appropriate least squares mean values and corresponding SEM will be derived from the final model for each test group. Assumption of normality of residuals will be investigated at the 5% level with the Shapiro-Wilk test (Shapiro 1965). If the normality assumption is not satisfied, then an analysis based on ranks will be performed. Average blood glucose response curve, as described in ISO 26642:2010(E), and time curve plots of the observed glucose and insulin concentration per time point per test product will be presented. Glucose concentrations will be provided in mg/dL and insulin concentrations will be provided at μIU/mL.