Pregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in individuals exposed to COMPLERA during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.

Risk Summary

Available data from the APR show no increase in the overall risk of major birth defects with first trimester exposure for emtricitabine (FTC), rilpivirine (RPV), or tenofovir (TDF) compared with the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in a U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) (see Data). In a clinical trial, total rilpivirine exposures were generally lower during pregnancy compared to the postpartum period [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. The rate of miscarriage for individual drugs is not reported in the APR. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15–20%. 

Based on the experience of HIV-1-infected pregnant individuals who completed a clinical trial through the postpartum period with an RPV-based regimen, no dose adjustments are required for pregnant patients who are already on a stable RPV-containing regimen prior to pregnancy and who are virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies per mL). Lower exposures of RPV were observed during pregnancy, therefore viral load should be monitored closely [see Data and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

In animal studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed when the components of COMPLERA were administered separately during the period of organogenesis at exposures up to 60 and 120 times (mice and rabbits, respectively, FTC) and 15 and 70 times (rats and rabbits, respectively; RPV) the exposure of these components in COMPLERA and at 14 and 19 times (rats and rabbits, respectively) the human dose of TDF based on body surface area comparisons (see Data). Likewise, no adverse developmental effects were seen when FTC was administered to mice and RPV was administered to rats through lactation at exposures up to approximately 60 and 63 times, respectively, the exposure at the recommended daily dose of these components in COMPLERA. No adverse effects were observed in the offspring of rats when TDF was administered through lactation at tenofovir exposures of approximately 14 times the exposure at the recommended daily dosage of COMPLERA.

Data

Human Data

Prospective reports from the APR of overall major birth defects in pregnancies exposed to drug components of COMPLERA are compared with a U.S. background major birth defect rate. Methodological limitations of the APR include the use of MACDP as the external comparator group. Limitations of using an external comparator include differences in methodology and populations, as well as confounding due to the underlying disease.

Emtricitabine: Based on prospective reports to the APR of exposures to FTC-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 2,750 exposed in the first trimester and over 1,200 exposed in the second/third trimester), there was no increase in overall major birth defects with FTC compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of major birth defects in live births was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.9% to 3.1%) with first trimester exposure to FTC-containing regimens and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.5% to 3.3%) with the second/third trimester exposure to FTC-containing regimens.

Rilpivirine: RPV in combination with a background regimen was evaluated in a clinical trial of 19 HIV-1 infected pregnant subjects on an RPV-based regimen during the second and third trimesters and postpartum. Each of the subjects were on an RPV-based regimen at the time of enrollment. Twelve subjects completed the trial through the postpartum period (6–12 weeks after delivery) and pregnancy outcomes are missing for six subjects. The exposure (C0h and AUC) of total RPV was approximately 30 to 40% lower during pregnancy compared with postpartum (6 to 12 weeks). The protein binding of RPV was similar (>99%) during second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum period [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. One subject discontinued the trial following fetal death at 25 weeks gestation due to suspected premature rupture of membranes. Among the 12 subjects who were virologically suppressed at baseline (less than 50 copies/mL), virologic response was preserved in 10 subjects (83.3%) through the third trimester visit and in 9 subjects (75%) through the 6–12 week postpartum visit. Virologic outcomes during the third trimester visit were missing for two subjects who were withdrawn (one subject was nonadherent to the study drug and one subject withdrew consent). Among the 10 infants with available HIV test results, all were negative for HIV-1 at the time of delivery and up to 16 weeks postpartum (all 10 infants received prophylactic treatment with zidovudine). RPV was well tolerated during pregnancy and postpartum. There were no new safety findings compared with the known safety profile of RPV in HIV–1-infected adults.

Based on prospective reports to the APR of exposures to RPV-containing regimens during pregnancy (including over 290 exposed during first trimester and over 160 exposed in the second/third trimester), there was no significant increase in overall risk of major birth defects with RPV compared to the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of major birth defects in live births was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2% to 2.9%) and 1.2% (95% CI: 0.2% to 4.4%) following first and second/third trimester exposure, respectively, to RPV-containing regimens.

Tenofovir DF: Based on prospective reports to the APR of exposures to TDF-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 3,500 exposed in the first trimester and over 1,500 exposed in the second/third trimester), there was no increase in overall risk of major birth defects compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of major birth defects in live births was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8% to 2.9%) with first trimester exposure to TDF-containing regimens, and 2.2% (95% CI: 1.6% to 3.1%) with the second/third trimester exposure to TDF-containing regimens.

Animal Data

Emtricitabine: FTC was administered orally to pregnant mice (at 0, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg/day), and rabbits (at 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 6 through 15, and 7 through 19, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with FTC in mice at exposures (AUC) approximately 60 times higher and in rabbits at approximately 120 times higher than human exposures at the recommended daily dose. In a pre/postnatal development study in mice, FTC was administered orally at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg/day; no significant adverse effects directly related to drug were observed in the offspring exposed daily from before birth (in utero) through sexual maturity at daily exposures (AUC) of approximately 60 times higher than human exposures at the recommended daily dose. 

Rilpivirine: RPV was administered orally to pregnant rats (40, 120, or 400 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 6 through 17, and 6 through 19, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with RPV in rats and rabbits at exposures 15 (rats) and 70 (rabbits) times higher than the exposure in humans at the recommended dose of 25 mg once daily. In a pre/postnatal development study with RPV, where rats were administered up to 400 mg/kg/day through lactation, no significant adverse effects directly related to drug were noted in the offspring.

Tenofovir DF: TDF was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 50, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 7 through 17, and 6 through 18, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with TDF in rats at doses up to 14 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons and in rabbits at doses up to 19 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons. In a pre/postnatal development study in rats, TDF was administered orally through lactation at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day; no adverse effects were observed in the offspring at tenofovir exposures of approximately 2.7 times higher than human exposures at the recommended daily dose of COMPLERA.