anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
Novel positively-charged prodrugs in a general formula (1) 'structure 1' of acetylsalicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid analogues are designed and synthesized. The compounds of the general formula (1) 'structure 1' can be prepared by reacting functional derivatives (for example acid halides or mixed anhydrides) of acetylsalicylic acid or acetylsalicylic acid analogues with suitable alcohols, thiols or amines. The positively-charged amino groups of the pro-drugs not only substantially increase the solubility of the drugs, but also bond to negative charges at the phosphate terminal of biological membranes and push prodrug molecules into the cellular fluid. Experiment results suggest that the prodrug diethylaminoethyl acetylsalicylate-acetate has a human skin penetration speed faster than that of acetylsalicylic acid by nearly 400 times, and faster than that of ethyl acetylsalicylate by nearly 100 times. In plasma, 80% of the prodrug can change back to the drug in a few minutes. The prodrugs can be used medicinally in treating any aspirin-treatable diseases of human or animals and be administered not only orally, but also transdermally for any kind of medical treatments and avoid most of the side effects of acetylsalicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid analogues, most notably side effects such as dyspepsia, gastroduodenal bleeding, gastric ulcerations and gastritis. A controlled transdermal administration systems of the prodrug enables acetylsalicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid analogues in the blood to reach constantly optimal therapeutic blood levels to increase curative effect and reduce the side effects of acetylsalicylic acid.
The present invention provides a kusnezoff monkshood root methyl element microcapsule which contains physic liquor and capsule material, wherein the physic liquor contains the effective dose of active ingredients of kusnezoff monkshood root methyl elements. The present invention is characterized in that each granule of physic liquor contains 0.001 to 0.05 mg of kusnezoff monkshood root methyl element according to the weight. The kusnezoff monkshood root methyl elements are firstly prepared into microcapsules; the microcapsule is added with medicinal auxiliary material or edible auxiliary material; a preparation which is medically acceptable is prepared by a preparing method in the prior art; therefore, a product has the advantages of little stimulation, strong dependence and good mouth feel. The product has a certain function of delay release. Accordingly, the deficient technical problems that because kusnezoff monkshood root methyl elements and other kinds of medical auxiliary material or edible auxiliary material are directly prepared into a preparation which is medically acceptable in the prior art, the stimulation for the intestine and the stomach is serious, the dependence is poor, the mouth feel is poor, etc. are solved. Through lots of scientific research and tests, the present invention proves that a mode that kusnezoff monkshood root methyl element medicine is microencapsulated is an effective method of enhancing the target performance of the medicine, and delaying and changing adverse reactions, such as the stimulation of the medicine for the gstrointestinal tract, etc.
For the first 8 weeks of the study this group will not receive any intervention. After the second measurement is completed they will get the possibility to participate in a hatha yoga course as well. Further they will participate in the pre- as well as the post-tests around the same time as the Yoga-Intervention group.
RESONANCE-II trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled phase III study which was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different cycles of SOX as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. All patients with eligibility will be registered, pre-enrolled and receive three cycles of SOX. Then, tumor response evaluation will be carried out according to the Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1. Those who achieve stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD)will be excluded. Patients achieving complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) will be enrolled and assigned into either group A (six cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with SOX) for another three cycles of SOX followed by D2 surgery and group B (three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with SOX) for D2 surgery. The primary endpoint is the rate of pathological complete response (pCR%) and the secondary endpoints are R0 resection rate, three-year disease-free survival (3-y DFS), five-year overall survival (5-y OS) and safety.
Following the 6-month, 16-session, DPP core program, 15-minute group telephone calls will be implemented. Social-support sessions occur once-per-month from months 7 to 12, and every-two-months from months 13 to 24.
An agent exhibiting anti-stress, anxiolytic and anti-depression activity, and a composition based thereon. The invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical science, and specifically to chemical compounds based on lithium salts, and particularly to substances exhibiting anti-stress, anxiolytic and anti-depression activity and may be used in medicine, veterinary science, and the pharmaceutical industry. The invention discloses the use of lithium ascorbate as an agent exhibiting anti-stress, anxiolytic and anti-depression activity. The claimed composition exhibiting anti-stress, anxiolytic and anti-depression activity and including lithium salt, contains pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine mononitrate, and, as the lithium salt, lithium ascorbate. The use of lithium ascorbate as an agent exhibiting anti-stress, anxiolytic and anti-depression activity and a composition based thereon allows for adding to the assortment of agents used for said purpose. The claimed agents have low toxicity and are highly effective.
Prazosin hydrochloride USP, a quinazoline derivative, is the first of a new chemical class of antihypertensives. It is the hydrochloride salt of 1-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy 2-quinazolinyl)-4-(2-furoyl) piperazine and its structural formula is:

Molecular Formula: C19H21N5O4•HCl 

It is white to tan powder, slightly soluble in water, in methanol, in dimethyl formamide, in dimethyl acetamide, very slightly soluble in alcohol, practically insoluble in isotonic saline, in chloroform and in acetone and has a molecular weight of 419.86. Each capsule, for oral administration, contains prazosin hydrochloride, USP equivalent (as the polyhydrate) to 1 mg, 2 mg or 5 mg of prazosin. 

Inert ingredients in the formulations are: colloidal silicon dioxide, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium lauryl sulfate. The hard gelatin capsules contain gelatin and titanium dioxide. In addition, the 2 mg empty gelatin capsules contain FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Red No. 3 and FD&C Blue No. 1; and the 5 mg empty gelatin capsules contain FD&C Red 3 and FD&C Blue No. 1.

The imprinting ink also contains Black Iron Oxide, Potassium Hydroxide, Shellac.

FDA approved dissolution test specifications differ from USP.
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome resulting from left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, leading to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in medical treatment, the prognosis of HF patients remains unsatisfactory, with high rehospitalization rates and substantial economic burdens. The heart, a high-energy-consuming organ, relies heavily on ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by impaired energy production, oxidative stress, and disrupted calcium homeostasis, plays a crucial role in HF pathogenesis. Additionally, inflammation contributes significantly to HF progression, with elevated levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines observed in patients. The interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation involves shared risk factors, signaling pathways, and potential therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms linking mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in HF, including the roles of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium dysregulation, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release in triggering inflammatory responses. Understanding these complex interactions offers insights into novel therapeutic approaches for improving mitochondrial function and relieving oxidative stress and inflammation. Targeted interventions that address the mitochondria-inflammation axis hold promise for enhancing cardiac function and outcomes in HF patients.
Nowadays, a pathological increase in the permeability of the intestinal barrier (the so-called leaky gut) is increasingly being diagnosed. This condition can be caused by various factors, mainly from the external environment. Damage to the intestinal barrier entails a number of adverse phenomena: dysbiosis, translocation of microorganisms deep into the intestinal tissue, immune response, development of chronic inflammation. These phenomena can ultimately lead to a vicious cycle that promotes the development of inflammation and further damage to the barrier. Activated immune cells in mucosal tissues with broken barriers can migrate to other organs and negatively affect their functioning. Damaged intestinal barrier can facilitate the development of local diseases such as irritable bowel disease, inflammatory bowel disease or celiac disease, but also the development of systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, hepatitis, and lupus erythematosus, neurodegenerative or psychiatric conditions, or metabolic diseases such as diabetes or obesity. However, it must be emphasized that the causal links between a leaky gut barrier and the onset of certain diseases often remain unclear and require in-depth research. In light of recent research, it becomes crucial to prevent damage to the intestinal barrier, as well as to develop therapies for the barrier when it is damaged. This paper presents the current state of knowledge on the causes, health consequences and attempts to treat excessive permeability of the intestinal barrier.
The present invention relates to a toe assistance device mounted between toes to protect a toe, to prevent an athlete′s foot, and to remove a smell. According to the present invention, the toe assistance device comprises: a plurality of absorption toe inserting portions formed to have a curved surface to be mounted between toes, and having a porous vent hole to absorb a smell or moisture between toes; a toe mounting portion having a porous second vent hole to absorb a smell or moisture of the lower side of a toe for integrally connecting the lower end of the absorption toe inserting portion; and an insertion space portion having a space to ventilate inwardly through a vent hole inside the absorption toe inserting portion. According to the present invention, the absorption toe inserting portion and the toe mounting portion made of paper having a porous vent hole, or a non-woven fabric, and a fiber material are included to prevent a smell in advance by absorbing a smell or moisture generated from a toe. In addition, inhabitation of an athlete′s foot fungus can be prevented by moisture absorption. As the toe assistance device is made of disposable paper, or a non-woven fabric, and a fiber material, a user can use the assistance device conveniently and inexpensively for single use. As an absorption fabric in which an antibacterial material and a deodorizing material are embedded inside the absorption inserting portion to prevent a smell of a foot in advance. As an athlete′s foot fungus is antibacterial or sterilized, an athlete′s foot can be prevented. As a plurality of toe health assistance devices are connected to each other by a cutting portion, the toe assistance device can be conveniently packed or handled.
Clinical studies of stavudine did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients. Greater sensitivity of some older individuals to the effects of stavudine cannot be ruled out. 

In a monotherapy Expanded Access Program for patients with advanced HIV-1 infection, peripheral neuropathy or peripheral neuropathic symptoms were observed in 15 of 40 (38%) elderly patients receiving 40 mg twice daily and 8 of 51 (16%) elderly patients receiving 20 mg twice daily. Of the approximately 12,000 patients enrolled in the Expanded Access Program, peripheral neuropathy or peripheral neuropathic symptoms developed in 30% of patients receiving 40 mg twice daily and 25% of patients receiving 20 mg twice daily. Elderly patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. 

Stavudine is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, it may be useful to monitor renal function. Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
Background and Purpose: The continuous accumulation of M2 macrophages may potentially contribute to the development of kidney fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was to analyze the infiltration of M2 macrophages in uremic patients and to seek new strategies to slow down the progression of renal fibrosis. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search for expression data pertaining to uremic samples within the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, encompassing the time frame from 2010 to 2022. Control and uremic differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Immune cell infiltration was investigated by CIBERSORT and modules associated with M2 macrophage infiltration were identified by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Consistent genes were identified using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and selection and visualization of the most relevant features (SVM-RFE) methods to search for overlapping genes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were examined for the diagnostic value of candidate genes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) examined the expression levels of candidate genes obtained from uremic patients in M2 macrophage. Results: A total of 1298 DEGs were identified within the GSE37171 dataset. Significant enrichment of DEGs was observed in 20 biological processes (BP), 19 cellular components (CC), 6 molecular functions (MF), and 70 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. CIBERSORT analysis observed a significant increase in B-cell memory, dendritic cell activation, M0, M1, M2, and plasma cell numbers in uremic samples. We identified the 10 most interrelated genes. In particular, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and zinc finger and BTB structural domain 2 (ZBTB2) were adversely associated with the infiltration of M2 macrophages. Importantly, the expression levels of APC and ZBTB2 were far lower in M2 macrophages from uremic patients than those in healthy individuals. Conclusion: The development of renal fibrosis may be the result of M2 macrophage infiltration promoted by APC and ZBTB2.
A targeted drug delivery system which has specificity for hepatobiliary receptors, which are the specialized metabolic cells of the liver. Hereinafter, this will be referred to as a Hepatocyte Directed Vesicle, or abbreviated as HDV. This preferred directed delivery system utilizes a bipolar lipid for the majority of its vesicle membrane structure. The targeting material, which is only a minor constituent of a targeted vesicle system, has a specificity for hepatobiliary receptors of the liver. The Hepatocyte Directed Vesicle is then attracted to the receptor, and the vesicle releases its pharmacological cargo. This disclosure specifies that the attachment of the targeting material, or molecule, to the vesicle is preferably done by first providing a connector molecule, having a portion inserted into the wall of the vesicle, by reason of being lipophilic, and a portion which is hydrophilic and is projected from the vesicle wall. The target, and connector molecules, are tied together to extend or project the target molecule a distance from the vesicle wall. Any chemical molecule capable of circulating in the bloodstream of a warm-blooded animal and attracted to the hepatobiliary receptors will serve as a target substance for this invention.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. It is characterized by short and recurrent episodes of vertigo, trigged by specific head movements that displace otoconia within the semicircular canals. The movement of dislodge otoconia from the utricle cause abnormal positional endolymphatic currents. Primary treatment involves reposition maneuvers aimed at moving the displaced otoconia out the affected canal, therefore correct identification of the affected canal is essential for the diagnosis. The posterior semicircular canal (PSC) is the most frequently affected due to its spatial orientation and the force of gravity. Recent technological advances have allowed for better assessment of positional nystagmus during diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers, revealing various possible scenarios of PSC involvement. Regarding the PSC, otoconia may be found in different parts of the canal, and not just in the expected location, floating in the long arm of the canal. The understanding of these variants is crucial, as the prognosis and the disease progression differ in such cases. This review aims to describe the six possible variants of PSC involvement described so far.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of treating abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) sacs with polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) devices during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), using a technique to fully treat the target lumen after endograft placement (aortic flow volume minus the endograft volume). SMP devices self-expand in the sac to form a porous scaffold that supports thrombosis throughout its structure.
METHODS: Two identical prospective, multicenter, single-arm studies were conducted in New Zealand and the Netherlands. The study population was adult candidates for elective EVAR of an infrarenal AAA (diameter of ≥55 mm in men and ≥50 mm in women). Key exclusion criteria were an inability to adequately seal a common iliac artery aneurysm, patent sac feeding vessels of >4 mm, and a target lumen volume of <20 mL or >135 mL. Target lumen volumes were estimated by subtracting endograft volumes from preprocedural imaging-based flow lumen volumes. SMP devices were delivered immediately after endograft deployment via a 6F sheath jailed in a bowed position in the sac. The primary efficacy end point was technical success, defined as filling the actual target lumen volume with fully expanded SMP at the completion of the procedure. Secondary efficacy outcome measures during follow-up were the change in sac volume and diameter, rate of type II endoleak and type I or III endoleaks, and the rate of open repair and related reinterventions, with data collection at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year (to date). Baseline sac volumes and diameters for change in sac size analyses were determined from 30-day imaging studies. Baseline and follow-up volumes were normalized by subtraction of the endograft volume.
RESULTS: Of 34 patients treated with SMP devices and followed per protocol, 33 patients were evaluable at 1 year. Preprocedural aneurysm volume was 181.4 mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 150.7-212.1 mL) and preprocedural aneurysm diameter was 60.8 mm (95% CI, 57.8-63.9 mm). The target lumen volume was 56.3 mL (95% CI, 46.9-65.8 mL). Technical success was 100% and the ratio of SMP fully expanded volume to estimated target lumen volume was 1.4 ± 0.3. Baseline normalized sac volume and diameter were 140.7 mL (95% CI, 126.6-154.9 mL) and 61.0 mm (95% CI, 59.7-62.3 mm). The adjusted mean percentage change in normalized volume at 1 year was -28.8% (95% CI, -35.3 to -22.3%; P < .001). The adjusted mean change in sac diameter at 1 year was -5.9 mm (95% CI, -7.5 to -4.4 mm; P < .001). At 1 year, 81.8% of patients (95% CI, 64.5%-93.0%) achieved a ≥10% decrease in normalized volume and 57.6% of patients (95% CI, 39.2%-74.5%) achieved a ≥5 mm decrease in diameter. No device- or study procedure-related major adverse events occurred through 1 year after the procedure.
CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of AAA sacs with SMP devices during EVAR resulted in significant sac volume and diameter regression at 1 year with an acceptable safety profile in this prospective study.
BACKGROUND: The Draft Mental Health Bill proposes removal of both intellectual disability and autism from Section 3 of the Mental Health Act for England and Wales (MHA). This would lead to people with intellectual disability (PwID) and/or autism could not be detained beyond 28 days, in the absence of diagnosed co-occurring mental illness.
AIM: To obtain views of psychiatrists working with PwID in England and Wales regarding the proposed MHA changes. This study focusses specifically on the impact on PwID.
METHODS: A cross-sectional online mixed methodology survey of Likert and free-text response questions was developed, to ascertain perceptions of proposed legislative changes to the MHA. A non-discriminatory exponential snowballing technique leading to non-probability sampling was used to disseminate the survey. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Fisher's exact tests. Thematic analysis was conducted on free text responses.
RESULTS: A total of 82 psychiatrists (33%) from approximately 250 eligible completed the survey. Nearly two-thirds (64%) reported good awareness of the proposed changes, with over half (55%) reporting disagreement with the changes. Psychiatrists working in inpatient settings for PwID reported increased awareness of the changes, less agreement with the reforms, and increased expectations of the reforms having negative unintended consequences, compared to their peers working exclusively in the community. Consultants reported greater disagreement with the changes compared to their non-consultant peers. Qualitative analysis identified five main themes: impact on diagnosis and treatment, seeking alternative options, introducing inequities, resources, and meeting holistic care goals through the Care, Education and Treatment Reviews (CETR) process.
CONCLUSION: Psychiatrists working with PwID report widespread disagreement with the proposed changes to the MHA for PwID, with greater levels of disagreement among those working in inpatient services. Caution with respect to the proposed changes, and monitoring of the impact of the changes if implemented, is advised.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of 12-week treatment with three different daily doses of Divigel for vasomotor symptoms in 495 postmenopausal women (86.5 percent White; 10.1 percent Black) between 34 and 89 years of age (mean age 54.6) who had at least 50 moderate to severe hot flushes per week at baseline (2-week period prior to treatment). Women applied placebo, Divigel 0.25 grams (0.25 mg estradiol), Divigel 0.5 grams (0.5 mg estradiol) or Divigel 1.0 gram (1.0 mg estradiol) once daily to the thigh. Reductions in both the median daily frequency and the median daily severity of moderate to severe hot flushes were statistically significant for the 0.5 grams per day and the 1.0 gram per day Divigel doses when compared to placebo at week 4. Statistically significant reductions in both the median daily frequency and the median daily severity of moderate to severe hot flushes for the Divigel 0.25 grams per day dose when compared to placebo were delayed to week 7. There were statistically significant reductions in median daily frequency and severity of hot flushes for all three Divigel doses (0.25 grams per day, 0.5 grams per day and 1.0 gram per day) compared to placebo at week 12. See Table 3 for results.