Background: Induction of anesthesia consists with administration of anesthetics followed by endotracheal intubation. During the induction of anesthesia moderate hemodynamic disturbances (either systemic arterial hyper- or hypo-tension) are common due to concurrent autonomic nervous system suppression and from the stress response from endotracheal intubation. Previous studies demonstrate that patients chronically treated with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors have higher incidence of developing hypotension after induction of general anesthesia, which typically, can be restored with small doses of adrenergic drugs such as phenylephrine (100 to 200 mcg) to acceptable blood pressure levels. However, some patients that develop hypotension may be refractory to those medications, which in turn poses a significant challenge in controlling the hemodynamics of patients. The consequence of the severe hypotension could be canceled surgery, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction or even death.

Interestingly, this refractory systemic hypotension does not occur in all anesthetized patients prescribed ACE inhibitors. Notably, easily treatable systemic arterial hypotension after induction of general anesthesia is not a clinical problem. Critical issue arises only if the patient under general anesthesia does not respond to therapeutic doses of adrenergic agonists. Therefore, identifying patients who will demonstrate refractory hypotension after the induction of general anesthesia is a novel idea and has significant clinical implications for peri-operative blood pressure control by anesthesiologists.

Thus, the overall goals of the proposed research will be to use preoperative non-invasive measures of vascular stiffness to predict which patients might be at risk for severe hypotension that is refractory to adrenergic vasoconstrictor medications following induction of general anesthesia in patients chronically treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

Method/Design: The study will be human subject non-randomized observational study. This study will be conducted at day of surgery administration area and main operation room at University of Iowa Hospitals and clinics. Arterial stiffness will be measured at day of surgery administration area prior to the surgery.

Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Aortic Stiffness). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) will be determined by applanation tonometry using the Sphygmocor system by sequentially recording ECG-gated carotid and femoral artery waveforms. Pulse wave signals will be recorded by tonometers positioned at the base of the right common carotid artery and over the right femoral artery. The time (t) between the feet of simultaneously recorded waves will be determined as the mean of 10 consecutive cardiac cycles. PWV is calculated by the system software from the distance between measurement points (D) and the measured time delay (t) as follows: cfPWV = D/Δt (m/s) where D is distance in meters and t is the time interval in seconds.

Prior to induction intravenous fluid administration will be restricted to less than 500 ml. A standardized protocol will be followed which is commonly used by anesthesia providers. Prior to induction of anesthesia, in addition to ASA standard monitors, neuromuscular twitch monitor and Entropy monitor will be attached to the patient. Induction agents will include 1.5mg/kg propofol, 2µg/kg fentanyl, 100mg lidocaine, and 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium of lean body weight. Inhaled anesthetic will be sevoflurane at 0.5 MAC with 5L/min of 100% oxygen starting at mask ventilation till 10 minutes after tracheal intubation. Blood pressure will be measured by a brachial cuff prior to induction and every minute after intubation for 10 minutes. If the systolic pressure drops below 90 mmHg or more than 25% from baseline, the patient will be classified in the study as "Hypotensive." Conversely, if the patient's systolic blood pressure does not drop below 90 mmHg more than 25% from baseline within 10 minutes of intubation, the patient will be classified as "Not Hypotensive." If the patient's systolic blood pressure rises above 25% the baseline value, the anesthesiologist will administer a bolus of 0.5mg/kg of propofol. This bolus will be repeated after the minute blood pressure evaluations until the systolic blood pressure back to the baseline value. These patients will be classified as "Not Hypotensive," but the administration of propofol will be noted. In attempt to bring systolic blood pressure up to above 90 mmHg or more than 25% from baseline in "hypotensive" patients, the anesthetic provider will use 100µg phenylephrine (or 5mg ephedrine if heart rate \< 50bpm) within 10 minutes of intubation. If over 200µg phenylephrine (10mg ephedrine) has been used without a return of the systolic brachial blood pressure \>90 mmHg or more than 25% from baseline, the patient will be classified in the study as "Refractory Hypotensive." The study environment will be ended and the provider can use whatever vasoactive drugs they deem appropriate, including more phenylephrine, ephedrine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, or vasopressin, and/or fluid bolus. The total given doses of each vasopressor medication will be recorded. Anesthetic induction, blood pressure measurements, and medication to correct low and high blood pressure as described above are all part of the patients' standard clinical procedures as performed by the anesthesiologist. The patients who required more than 2 times laryngoscopy, required other than standard anesthetics, or entropy \>70 or \<30, will be exclude from data analysis.