Remaking Recess (RR) will include 112 elementary school personnel (e.g., playground staff, classroom aides, teachers); and 152 children with ASD/NDD ages 5-12 (2-5 per school).

RR targets school staff on the recess yard who supervise all students, including those with ASD/NDD. Training in RR will be remote, with all schools receiving a 60-90 minute didactic training during district professional development days which has been successful in previous studies. Active coaching (via remote methods, most likely zoom) will occur weekly with staff at school for 10-12 sessions during RR implementation with enrolled students. In prior studies, various school personnel (e.g., teachers, counselors, bus attendants, noontime aides, classroom assistants, and one-to-one paraprofessionals) have served as intervention agents.

There will be 3 assessment time points. At entry, the teachers/school staff will fill out Demographic, Implementation Climate Scale, Teacher perceptions, Clinical Global Impression (CGI-I), Social Network survey, and fidelity forms. The Staff Diary will be completed on an ongoing basis coinciding with coaching sessions. At the midpoint of the study (midpoint of school year) and at exit (end of the school year), they will fill out Implementation Climate Scale, Teacher perceptions, Clinical Global Impression (CGI-S, CGI-I), Social Network survey, and fidelity forms. The Social Network survey will be completed once in the following school year.

All participants in RR will be randomized to receive UNITED, exploratory implementation strategy, or implementation as usual (IAU). UNITED is premised on the idea that successful implementation in organizations like schools and early intervention systems requires a team-based approach, in which the team is thoughtfully assembled, develops a plan for implementation, assigns roles and responsibilities, and carefully tracks and supports implementation and sustainment in all its stages. To address these requirements, the research team combined two well-tested strategies. The first is social network analysis (SNA) through which we will systematically identify members of the team who will implement each intervention. The second is TeamSTEPPS (Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety), an evidence-based set of teamwork tools that optimizes target population outcomes by improving communication and teamwork skills. The research staff will approach the school leaders (2 at maximum) and explain Remaking Recess. After the school leaders agree to participate in the study, they will complete a site agreement to participate and then fill out the Social Network Assessment (SNA) to provide names, roles, and emails of staff at the agency that have significant roles in the school that relate to the Remaking Recess intervention. The research staff will then email these school personnel the SNA as well. After receiving the completed SNA assessments, the research team will randomize each organization to UNITED vs Implementation as Usual (IAU). The research team will use the data from these assessments to assess both arms of the study. Additionally, for those randomized to UNITED, Dr. Elizabeth McGhee Hassrick at Drexel University and her team, will provide the research sites the top 2-5 school personnel identified by the SNA as key for intervention implementation support. This team will be invited to participate in the UNITED implementation team. If they agree, they will complete a School Personnel Consent (UNITED/IAU) before beginning any UNITED training. For both UNITED and IAU schools, the school personnel that will be implementing Remaking Recess will fill out the Remaking Recess School Personnel Consent (Implementor) before beginning any study procedures.