Compassion-based interventions (CBIs) have become popular in the last \~30 years, either as standalone interventions or adjuncts to other treatments. Compassion focused therapy (CFT) is a CBI that was originally designed to be an adjunct to other interventions (e.g., individual psychotherapy). The focus on increasing compassion (especially self-compassion) grew out of the recognition that self-compassion has a strong positive relationship with well-being and a mirroring negative relationship with psychopathology (i.e., depression and anxiety). Indeed, six identified CBIs have been subjected to rigorous testing in RCTs, finding a medium effect on average (d = 0.55) across outcomes (e.g., depression, distress, well-being). CFT is "the most evaluated, and is the most appropriate for use in clinical populations" of all CBIs. CFT's evidence basis is expansive, prompting researchers to compose a review of its benefits for different populations and presenting problems (e.g., psychotic-spectrum disorders, people wanting to quit smoking). Researchers called for large-scale and high-quality trials having larger samples to further evaluate CFT. In particular, they call for this research to clarify equivocal results on important outcomes (i.e., some nonsignificant reductions of self-criticism). They also called for the inclusion of comparison groups stating that the next step was demonstrate that it produces comparable effects to other evidence-based interventions. A limitation noted by researchers was the existing CFT research includes a range of session length (i.e., as low as one and up to 16 weeks) and strategies (e.g., using cognitive restructuring, letter-writing, client-chosen practice with audio recordings) which varied widely between research groups. Furthermore, a portion of the evidence basis for CFT involves its combination with other third-wave psychotherapeutic interventions (i.e., acceptance and commitment therapy). Taken together, CFT has been adapted in multiple ways and its quality of evidence needs to be expanded, strengthening measurement and research designs as well as employing a standardized protocol that can be replicated with fidelity at multiple settings. The above limitations in existing CFT research prompted an open trial testing the effectiveness and feasibility of a standardized CFT protocol created by Paul Gilbert for group therapy at BYU's CAPS. The intent was to refine the CFT protocol so that it could be used in randomized trials, such as the one proposed in the present study. The production and empirical refinement of the CFT protocol by the BYU CAPS open trial directly addresses a serious problem in existing CFT trials that use incomparable treatment protocols. The investigators' CFT protocol was designed to be delivered in a group format. The investigators' BYU lab (http://cgrp.byu.edu) has a long tradition of making an empirical case for equivalence of group and individual treatments when delivered with fidelity. Indeed, three recent papers by the investigators provide compelling evidence for format equivalence using findings from both highly controlled randomized clinical trials and daily practice. Prior to the open trial, CFT had been delivered using a group treatment format, but its use with clinical populations is embryonic. Thus, the investigators' goal is to integrate CFT treatment as a group intervention targeting college counseling center clients to provide a rigorous empirical test of CFT theory. The investigators intend to do this by comparing CFT to treatment-as-usual groups for various presenting problems (e.g., depression and anxiety, eating disorders and sexual concerns) over the course of group treatment. Doing so will answer the call for higher-quality evidence and evaluate if (a) the theory-specified path of self-criticism to shame is present in treatment groups, and (b) this path can be mediated by CFT using the model.

Aims:

1. To assess the effects of CFT with a college counseling center population by measuring self-criticism (including self-reassurance and self-hate), compassion (i.e., for self, others, and from others), fears of compassion, shame, guilt and psychiatric distress to replicate the open trial outcomes.
2. To assess differences in effectiveness due to measurement source. In the open trial, investigators used measures created by Paul Gilbert (a founder of CFT) and those developed by independent researchers. This study replicates the process used in the open trial and the investigators do so again to ascertain if there is a measurement bias.
3. To assess the differential effectiveness of CFT groups compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU) groups run in Brigham Young University's (BYU) Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS). CFT group protocols have been developed for clients presenting with: (a) general distress-mood disorders, (2) anxiety disorders, (3) eating disorders, and (4) challenges reconciling intersecting identities of faith and/or sexuality. CAPS currently offers evidence-based groups for each of these populations (e.g., general process, anxiety, eating, and intersecting identities, respectively). The investigators will compare members in groups that are randomly assigned to parallel CFT or TAU groups on compassion and general distress measures.
4. To assess the effect of mediation between reducing the fears of compassion, increases in compassion and the final outcome of reducing self-criticism and shame. This effect has been reported in the CFT literature; however, the previous analyses did not adequately report parameters (e.g., the unmediated effect) making interpretation incomplete.