anthonyyazdaniml/gliner-biomed-curated-corpus huggingface dataset:
Lenalidomide, a thalidomide analogue, is an immunomodulatory agent with antiangiogenic and antineoplastic properties. The chemical name is 3-(4-amino-1-oxo 1,3- dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl) piperidine-2,6-dione and it has the following molecular structure:

The molecular formula for lenalidomide is C13H13N3O3, and the gram molecular weight is 259.3.

Lenalidomide is an off white to pale yellow powder. It is slightly soluble in methanol, acetonitrile and 0.1N hydrochloric solution. Lenalidomide has an asymmetric carbon atom and can exist as the optically active forms S(-) and R(+), and is produced as a racemic mixture with a net optical rotation of zero.

Lenalidomide is available in 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg and 25 mg capsules for oral administration. Each capsule contains lenalidomide as the active ingredient and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. The capsule shell for all the strengths contains gelatin and titanium dioxide. The green imprinting ink contains FD&C Blue # 2 Aluminum Lake, ferric oxide yellow, propylene glycol, shellac, strong ammonia solution, and titanium dioxide (2.5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg). The black imprinting ink contains ferrosoferric oxide, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, shellac, and strong ammonia solution (5 mg and 25 mg). The blue imprinting ink contains FD&C Blue# 2 Aluminum Lake, propylene glycol, shellac, and strong ammonia solution (15 mg and 20 mg). The yellow imprinting ink contains ferric oxide yellow, propylene glycol, shellac, and strong ammonia solution (10 mg).
The second one (Phase B) will occur after the Phase A. Nurses will apply OAR according to the protocol. This phase will also lasts 4 weeks.
<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a medicine using Acanthopanax senticosus Harms having high effect on Parkinson's disease and to provide a method for producing the medicine from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms.  <P>SOLUTION: The surface (at least about 5% of cross-section area) of terrestrial stem of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms is roasted and essence is extracted by using warm water at about 60°C for about two nights and two days. The essence is subjected to centrifugation and separated into an extracted solution 1 and a residue 1. The residue 1 is incorporated with three times as much as hot water (about 100°C), extracted for about one night and one day, subjected to centrifugation and separated into an extracted solution 2 and a residue. The extracted solution 1 is mixed with the extracted solution 2, concentrated until the liquid amount is reduced to half to give MASH0312 having prevention effect on Parkinson's disease.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
An oral solid compress composition comprising a magnesium salt is provided. The composition provides a rapid dissolution of the magnesium salt, wherein not less than 75% of the magnesium salt dissolves within 45 minutes after placement in hydrochloric acid (0.1 N, 900 mL) as per USP Method <711>. In a particular embodiment, the magnesium salt is an inorganic salt such as MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2, and others. The composition can be prepared by dry granulation, direct compression or another suitable process. The composition provides a substantially stable dissolution profile for the magnesium salt so that the dissolution profile changes only minimally even after an extended period of storage under pharmaceutically acceptable conditions when packaged in a sealed container-enclosure system. The solid composition may also exclude a cellulose-based composition. The compressed composition can be prepared and stored under anhydrous conditions.
An exogenous pharmaceutical preparation in which a lipid tagged bioactive material is combined with albumin is disclosed. The albumin has a low proportion of lipidic/fatty acid groups (a molar ratio of fatty acid groups to albumin of less than 0.7) and is preferably fatty acid free. The albumin may be naturally extracted such as Human Serum Albumin or recombinantly produced. A range of bioactive substances, such as peptides, proteins or vaccines may be tagged and combined with albumin for human, veterinary or agricultural use. Several antimicrobial peptides are disclosed. Binding to the albumin mediates the biostability of the tagged bioactive material. Due to this stabilisation, the antimicrobial activity of a model lipopeptide is enhanced when combined with substantially fatty acid free-albumin. When bound to albumin, therefore, the model lipopeptide exerts an antimicrobial effect at a lower concentration than the model lipopeptide alone.
PURPOSE: Interest in intramedullary metacarpal fracture fixation (IMFF) with screws is increasing. However, the optimal screw diameter for fracture fixation is not yet established. In theory, larger screws should be more stable, but there is concern about long-term sequelae of larger metacarpal head defects and extensor mechanism injury created during insertion as well as implant cost. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare different diameter screws for IMFF to a popular and more cost-effective alternative of intramedullary wiring.
METHODS: Thirty-two cadaveric metacarpals were used in a transverse metacarpal shaft fracture model. Treatment groups consisted of IMFF with 3.0 × 60 mm, 3.5 x 60 mm, and 4.5 x 60 mm screws as well as 4 1.1-mm intramedullary wires. Cyclic cantilever bending was performed with the metacarpals mounted at 45° to simulate physiologic loading. Cyclical loading at 10, 20, and 30 N was performed to determine fracture displacement, stiffness, and ultimate force.
RESULTS: At 10, 20, and 30 N of cyclical loading, all screw diameters tested provided similar stability as measured by fracture displacement and were superior to the wire group. However, ultimate force under load to failure testing was similar between the 3.5- and 4.5-mm screws and superior to 3.0-mm screws and wires.
CONCLUSIONS: For IMFF, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.5-mm diameter screws provide adequate stability for early active motion and are superior to wires. When comparing the different screw diameters, 3.5- and 4.5-mm diameter screws offer similar construct stability and strength superior to the 3.0-mm diameter screw. Therefore, to minimize metacarpal head morbidity, smaller screw diameters may be preferable.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study suggests that IMFF with screws is biomechanically superior to wires in cantilever bending strength in the transverse fracture model. However, smaller screws may be sufficient to permit early active motion while minimizing metacarpal head morbidity.
The experimental procedure for each athlete includes a 3-week betaine supplementation either 2.5 g or 5 g daily. Betaine will be administered in the form of capsules containing either 0.5 or 1 g betaine. The capsules will be ingested with at least 250 mL of water. Each athlete will ingest 5 betaine capsules a day. On training days the supplements will be taken in the morning (2 capsules), in the evening (2 capsules) and 1.5 hours before training session (1 capsule). On rest days the supplements will be taken in the morning (2 capsules), in the afternoon (1 capsule) and in the evening (2 capsules).
PURPOSE:To provide the titled suppressing agent composed mainly of sugars and proteins existing in a cultured mycelia of fungi belonging to Basidiomycetes such as Cortinellus shiitake cultured in a solid medium rich in xylose component. CONSTITUTION:A basidiomycete (e.g. Cortinellus shiitake, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, Pholiota nameko, Lyophyllum aggregatum, etc.) is inoculated and cultured in a solid medium rich in xylose component (e.g. baggasse, wheat straw, rice straw, stalk and leaf of corn, monocotyledonous plant such as cedar, etc.). After cultivation, the medium is crushed, hydrated, and treated with a carbohydrase, etc. at 40-50 deg.C to promote the partial decomposition of the medium. Finally, the temperature is raised to 60 deg.C to effect the decomposition of the medium and the inactivation of the enzyme, the medium is stirred and mixed, and the extract liquid obtained by the filtration, etc. of the medium is freeze-dried to obtain the cultured mycelia as a brown powder. The objective agent for suppressing the progress of hepatocirrhosis can be obtained by using the powder as a main component.
BACKGROUND: Postoperative hospital length of stay (LOS) is longer in patients with diabetes than in patients without diabetes. Stress hyperglycemia (SH) in patients without a history of diabetes has been associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. The effect of SH on postoperative LOS is uncertain. The aim of this study is to compare postoperative LOS in patients with SH to patients with diabetic hyperglycemia (DH) following noncardiac surgery.
METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study of inpatients with at least two glucose measurements ≥180 mg/dL. Two groups were compared. Patients with SH had no preoperative history of diabetes. Patients were considered to have DH if they had an established preoperative diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or a preoperative hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5%. The primary outcome measure was hospital LOS.
RESULTS: We included 270 patients with postoperative hyperglycemia-82 in the SH group and 188 in the DH group. In a linear regression analysis, hospital LOS was longer in the SH group than in the DH group (10.4 vs 7.3 days; P = .03). Within the SH group, we found no association between LOS and prompt treatment of hyperglycemia within 12 hours (P = .43), insulin dose per day (P = .89), or overall mean glucose (P = .13).
CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative LOS was even longer in patients with SH than in patients with DH, representing a potential target for quality improvement efforts. We did not, however, find evidence that improved treatment of SH was associated with reduction in LOS.
Following cerebellar tumour surgery, children may suffer impairments of spontaneous language. Yet, the language processing deficits underlying these impairments are poorly understood. This study is the first to try to identify these deficits for four levels of language processing in cerebellar tumour survivors. The spontaneous language of twelve patients who underwent cerebellar tumour surgery (age range 3-24 years) was compared against his or her controls using individual case statistics. A distinction was made between patients who experienced postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (pCMS) and those who did not. Time since surgery ranged between 11 months and 12;3 years. In order to identify the impaired language processing levels at each processing level (i.e., lexical, semantic, phonological and/or morphosyntactic) nouns and verbs produced in the spontaneous language samples were rated for psycholinguistic variables (e.g., concreteness). Standard spontaneous language measures (e.g., type-token ratio) were calculated as well. First, inter-individual heterogeneity was observed in the spontaneous language outcomes in both groups. Nine out of twelve patients showed language processing deficits three of whom were diagnosed with pCMS. Results implied impairments across all levels of language processing. In the pCMS-group, the impairments observed were predominantly morphosyntactic and semantic, but the variability in nature of the spontaneous language impairments was larger in the non-pCMS-group. Patients treated with cerebellar tumour surgery may show long-term spontaneous language impairments irrespective of a previous pCMS diagnosis. Individualised and comprehensive postoperative language assessments seem necessary, given the inter-individual heterogeneity in the language outcomes.
Based on the map, an 8-shaped coil was used to stimulate the motor function-related targets. The stimulation intensity was RMT80%, 600 pulses, 50Hz, 40s per target, and the stimulation interval was more than 2 hours. The treatment course lasted for 7 days.
BACKGROUND: Older and frailer patients are increasingly undergoing free or pedicled tissue transfer for lower extremity (LE) limb salvage. This novel study examines the impact of frailty on postoperative outcomes in LE limb salvage patients undergoing free or pedicled tissue transfer.
METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database (2010-2020) was queried for free and pedicled tissue transfer to the LE based on Current Procedural Terminology and the International Classification of Diseases9/10 codes. Demographic and clinical variables were extracted. The five-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) was calculated using functional status, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and hypertension. Patients were stratified by mFI-5 score: no frailty (0), intermediate frailty (1), and high frailty (2 + ). Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed.
RESULTS: In total, 5,196 patients underwent free or pedicled tissue transfer for LE limb salvage. A majority were intermediate (n = 1,977) or high (n = 1,466) frailty. High frailty patients had greater rates of comorbidities-including those not in the mFI-5 score. Higher frailty was associated with more systemic and all-cause complications. On multivariate analysis, the mFI-5 score remained the best predictor of all-cause complications-with high frailty associated with 1.74 increased adjusted odds when compared with no frailty (95% confidence interval: 1.47-2.05).
CONCLUSION: While flap type, age, and diagnosis were independent predictors of outcomes in LE flap reconstruction, frailty (mFI-5) was the strongest predictor on adjusted analysis. This study validates the mFI-5 score for preoperative risk assessment for flap procedures in LE limb salvage. These results highlight the likely importance of prehabilitation and medical optimization prior to limb salvage.
The present invention relates to a vaccine composition stable at normal temperature and a preparation method for the vaccine composition. The vaccine composition of the present invention is characterized in that the mixture of vaccines and other auxiliary materials except core auxiliary materials is fixed to the core auxiliary materials in a microencapsulation mode through airflow spray drying. The vaccine composition of the present invention is preserved for more than one year under the condition of the temperature of 25 DEG C, and the normal antigen potency cab be maintained. The present invention is a group of vaccine compositions stable at normal temperature. The vaccine composition stable at normal temperature of the present invention has the advantages of easy use and no adverse reaction, and simultaneously, the production cost, the transportation cost and the storage cost are saved. The vaccine composition has an obvious economic meaning.
Patients should be informed of the availability of a Medication Guide, and they should be instructed to read it prior to taking GABITRIL. The complete text of the Medication Guide is provided at the end of this labeling.

Suicidal Thinking and Behavior \- Patients, their caregivers, and families should be counseled that AEDs, including GABITRIL, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.

Patients should be advised that GABITRIL may cause dizziness, somnolence, and other symptoms and signs of CNS depression. Accordingly, patients should be advised neither to drive nor to operate other complex machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on GABITRIL to gauge whether or not it affects their mental and/or motor performance adversely. Because of the possible additive depressive effects, caution should also be used when patients are taking other CNS depressants in combination with GABITRIL.

Because teratogenic effects were seen in the offspring of rats exposed to maternally toxic doses of tiagabine and because experience in humans is limited, patients should be advised to notify their physicians if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy.

Because of the possibility that tiagabine may be excreted in breast milk, patients should be advised to notify those providing care to themselves and their children if they intend to breast-feed or are breast-feeding an infant.

Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 (see PRECAUTIONS, Pregnancy).
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death and disability, with myocardial ischemia being the predominant type that poses a significant threat to humans. Reperfusion, an essential therapeutic approach, promptly reinstates blood circulation to the ischemic myocardium and stands as the most efficacious clinical method for myocardial preservation. Nevertheless, the restoration of blood flow associated with this process can potentially induce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), thereby diminishing the effectiveness of reperfusion and impacting patient prognosis. Therefore, it is of great significance to prevent and treat MIRI.
PURPOSE: MIRI is an important factor affecting the prognosis of patients, and there is no specific in-clinic treatment plan. In this review, we have endeavored to summarize its pathological mechanisms and therapeutic drugs to provide more powerful evidence for clinical application.
METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline and Google Scholar with a core focus on the pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic drugs of MIRI.
RESULTS: Accumulated evidence revealed that oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, energy metabolism disorder, ferroptosis, inflammatory reaction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, pyroptosis and autophagy regulation have been shown to participate in the process, and that the occurrence and development of MIRI are related to plenty of signaling pathways. Currently, a range of chemical drugs, natural products, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations have demonstrated the ability to mitigate MIRI by targeting various mechanisms.
CONCLUSIONS: At present, most of the research focuses on animal and cell experiments, and the regulatory mechanisms of each signaling pathway are still unclear. The translation of experimental findings into clinical practice remains incomplete, necessitating further exploration through large-scale, multi-center randomized controlled trials. Given the absence of a specific drug for MIRI, the identification of therapeutic agents to reduce myocardial ischemia is of utmost significance. For the future, it is imperative to enhance our understanding of the pathological mechanism underlying MIRI, continuously investigate and develop novel pharmaceutical agents, expedite the clinical translation of these drugs, and foster innovative approaches that integrate TCM with Western medicine. These efforts will facilitate the emergence of fresh perspectives for the clinical management of MIRI.
Background: Utilizing cannabis as a therapeutic option for chronic pain (CP) has increased significantly. However, data regarding the potential immunomodulatory effects of cannabis in CP patients remain scarce. We aimed at exploring the relationship between cannabis use and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines among a cohort of CP patients. Methods: Adult patients with a CP diagnosis and medical authorization of cannabis were enrolled. Patients completed validated clinical questionnaires and self-reported the effectiveness of cannabis for symptom management. Patients' blood and cannabis samples were analyzed for the presence of four major cannabinoids, two major cannabinoid metabolites, 29 different cytokines/chemokines, and cortisol. The multivariable linear regression model was used to identify cannabis and patient factors associated with immune markers. Results: Fifty-six patients (48±15 years; 64% females) were included, with dried cannabis (53%) being the most common type of cannabis consumed. Seventy percent of products were considered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-dominant. The majority of patients (96%) self-reported effective pain management, and 76% reported a significant decrease in analgesic medication usage (p≤0.001). Compared with males, female patients had higher plasma levels of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid, Δ9-THC, and 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol but lower concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Females had significantly lower eotaxin levels (p=0.04) in comparison to male patients. The regression analysis indicated that high cannabis doses were related to increased levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40 (p=0.02) and IL-6 (p=0.01), whereas female sex was associated with decreased eotaxin (p≤0.01) concentrations. Blood CBD levels were associated with lower vascular endothelial growth factor (p=0.04) concentrations, and THC-COOH was a factor related to decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (p=0.02) and IL-12p70 (p=0.03). Conclusion: This study provides further support for the patient-perceived effectiveness of cannabis in managing CP symptoms and reducing analgesic medication consumption. The results suggest a potential sex difference in metabolizing cannabinoids, and the varying immune marker concentrations may support a possible immunomodulatory effect associated with patient sex and cannabis product type. These preliminary findings provide grounds for further validation using larger, well-designed studies with longer follow-up periods.
FIELD: medicine, immunology. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to modulation of expression of cytokines Th1/Th2 by ribavirin and its analogs in activated T-lymphocytes. Invention involves expression of lymphokines Th1/Th2 in T-cells of patient (human) by ribavirin adding to cells in doses that stimulate expression of one of lymphokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ but inhibit expression of lymphokine Th2 interleukin-4. The advantage of invention involves the development of a method of modulation of lymphokine, i. e. enhancement of response of Th1 in simultaneous reversion of Th2 phenotype and vice versus. EFFECT: improved method of expression modulation. 8 cl, 7 dwg, 2 tbl
This commentary responds to a case about diethylene glycol-contaminated glycerin in cough syrup. Glycerin is a commonly used excipient in medicines to improve texture and taste. Excipients are typically pharmacologically inactive ingredients contained in prescription and over-the-counter drugs that play a critical role in the delivery, effectiveness, and stability of active drug substances. The commentary first canvasses how contaminants enter the excipient supply chains. One way is by misleading labeling or intentional adulteration by manufacturers or suppliers. Another way is by human or systemic error. This commentary then discusses quality control testing and suggests the ethical and clinical importance of increased transparency in excipient supply chains.
Volunteers aged between 18-65 years will receive a bite or bites by sand flies using a watch-like biting chamber placed on the arm. The investigators will initially evaluate the use of biting chambers containing up to 5 sand flies maintained on the arm for 30 minutes, and evaluate the sand fly species Phlebotomus papatasi fed on blood twice in the laboratory prior to human exposure.
The intervention was repeated use of hands-and-knees position during labour. Participants were asked to try it for at least 15 minutes every hour, from randomization until delivery. They were not required to use it for delivery.