The study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial comparing three different doses of TXA (5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 15mg/kg) in decreasing blood loss during and after total knee and total hip arthroplasty. Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty will be analyzed separately, in sub-group analysis. The primary endpoint will be the change in hemoglobin from baseline to the first post-operative day (POD#1).

Patients will initially be identified by their orthopedic surgeon if they meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They will be informed about the study and provided with the consent form in the office, which they will be able to review further prior to the date of surgery. If the patient wishes to participate, formal written consent will be completed by one of the study investigators or a member of the regional anesthesia team. Patients will then be randomized to one of three groups. The anesthesia team responsible for the subject patient's care will receive two twenty milliliter syringes of medication. The syringe labeled "Study medication #1" will be administered intravenously over 20 minutes beginning at the start of surgical skin preparation, and the syringe labeled "Study medication #2" will be administered over 20 minutes beginning at the start of surgical wound closure. The syringes for group 1 (low-dose TXA) will each contain 5mg/kg TXA, diluted to 20 milliliters with saline. The syringes for group 2 (moderate-dose TXA) will each contain 10mg/kg TXA, diluted to 20 milliliters with saline. The syringes for group 3 (high-dose TXA) will each contain 15mg/kg TXA, diluted to 20 milliliters with saline. The anesthesia team will document the total intra-operative estimated blood loss as well as the amount of blood in the suction canister at the end of the surgery (as calculated by volume in the suction bucket minus volume of irrigation used).

The intraoperative course will be standardized for all patients included in the study. For total knee arthroplasty patients, the anesthesia will consist of a long-acting femoral or adductor canal peripheral nerve block, followed by a standardized spinal anesthetic using 15mg of plain isobaric bupivacaine. For total hip arthroplasty patients, the anesthesia will consist of a standardized spinal anesthetic using 15mg of plain isobaric bupivacaine. In those patients for whom spinal anesthesia is contraindicated or refused, general anesthesia will be performed and these patients will be excluded from the study. All patients initially enrolled, but excluded secondary to administration of a general anesthetic will be analyzed via an intention-to-treat method. Administration of intravenous crystalloid solutions will be per the discretion of the anesthesia team participating in the intra-operative portion of each patient's care, and will be documented for purposes of this study by the anesthesia team.

On PODs #0, #1 and #2, all patients will undergo standard post-operative blood work which includes a complete blood count. When working with physical therapy on POD#1 and POD#2, assessment of ability to sit, stand, and walk (yes/no) will be recorded. Assessment of pain scores via a VAS (0-10 scale, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst 05/26/2016 pain) will be recorded on POD#1 and POD#2. Assessment of subjective sense of overall wellbeing (a 0-10 scale, with 0 being the worst patients have ever felt, and 10 representing pre-operative baseline) will be recorded on POD #1 and #2. Patients will also be monitored via clinical exam for incidence of seizure, transient ischemic attack, stroke, myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolus in the first 48 post-operatively.