This is an open-label, non-randomized trial that will be conducted at three clinical sites. The subject population will be patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at Thomas Jefferson University, The University of California, San Diego, and Vanderbilt University. Patients will receive a contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) exam the morning prior to embolization, approximately one week post-embolization, and at their one month MRI follow up (scheduled as part of their clinical standard of care).

This trial will consist of up to 210 adults (70 per institution) undergoing transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of HCC split evenly between Thomas Jefferson University, The University of California, San Diego, and Vanderbilt University.

Patients will be identified and consecutively approached from each institution's Hepatology / Transplant Surgery and Interventional Radiology practices (by each site's Hepatology or Interventional Radiology co-investigators). An investigator or research coordinator will explain the study to the patient. The patient will be given time to consider the risks and benefits of the study and to ask questions about participation. A consent form will be reviewed with the patient. A full history and physical examination will be obtained from the patient's referring physician. If the subject is a woman of childbearing potential, she will have a urine pregnancy test prior to each CEUS study (the results of which will be made available to the subject prior to study initiation). In the event a patient presents with a lesion that is expected to be difficult to view on ultrasound (for example, smaller lesions located high on the liver dome), grayscale ultrasound imaging will quickly be performed to ensure the lesion is visible on ultrasound and that the patient is suitable for study inclusion.

Patients will undergo a total of three separate CEUS exams. These exams will consist of the baseline study the morning prior to TACE therapy, a study 1-2 weeks post treatment that will coincide with clinical post-procedure follow-up by the interventional radiologist, and a study approximately one month post treatment when patients return for clinically scheduled CE-CT/MRI follow-up. If the patient fails to show up for the 1-2 week CEUS exam, they will not be excluded from the final ultrasound exam. Procedures and equipment for this trial will be used in accordance with standard clinical protocols and good clinical practices already in place at our hospitals.

The first three cases at each institution (baseline and at least one follow-up) will be performed under the guidance of at least one of the study PIs to ensure standardization amongst all three sites. The ultrasound examinations will be performed by a qualified sonographer. Efforts will be made to have all CEUS scans performed by the same dedicated sonographer, enabling us to evaluate operator dependence. During the ultrasound examination, the patient will be asked to lie in the supine position and a 20-22 gauge cannula will be placed in a superficial vein (preferably an antecubital vein). Ultrasound imaging will be performed using a state of the art Logiq E9 scanner with C1-5-D broad-spectrum convex transducer and a RAB2-5-D broad-spectrum real-time 4D transducer (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI). As part of this study, the investigators have budgeted for the purchase of 3 4D probes (not routinely available in clinical practice) and the installation of GE's ultrasound volumetric and contrast imaging packages that provide 2D and 4D CEUS capabilities. In the event the patient has multiple lesions scheduled for treatment, up to 2 lesions will be imaged independently on CEUS. Patients will first undergo 2D baseline imaging. B-mode measurements and sweeps of the lesion in the transverse and sagittal planes will be performed, followed by standard power Doppler imaging (PDI). Following baseline imaging, patients will receive a bolus IV injection of up to 0.6 ml of Definity, followed by a 10 cc saline flush. Since Definity is currently only approved for echocardiography, the investigators have applied to the FDA for an investigational new drug application for CEUS evaluation of TACE.

All CEUS imaging will be performed using the dual B-mode (used to locate anatomical features) and nonlinear contrast (to identify the ultrasound contrast agent) imaging mode. A low mechanical index (\< 0.1) will be used to minimize microbubble destruction during imaging. The standard nonlinear imaging frequency pairings in the contrast imaging software will be used (transmitting at 2 MHz, receiving at the 4 MHz harmonic), and gain settings will be adjusted to minimize nonlinear signals prior to contrast injection. Additionally, the focal zone will be placed at the approximate depth of the lesion to maximize the generation of nonlinear signals during CEUS. During the first contrast injection, 2D CEUS will be performed using the coded harmonics nonlinear imaging package on the unit. The approximate tumor mid-line will be imaged until homogenous liver enhancement is achieved (approximately 45 seconds post injection), followed by imaging sweeps through the tumor. Sweeps will then be acquired in the sagittal plane, before returning to the original plane. Imaging will be continued until contrast washout is observed (approximately 3-4 minutes), after which data will be digitally stored for later review. A fifteen minute wait period will be observed between injections to allow for complete ultrasound contrast agent clearance. A region of interest encompassing the entire tumor volume and margin will then be selected in 4D mode. Baseline imaging of the tumor will be repeated in 4D mode in grayscale B-mode. A second bolus injection of up to 0.6 ml Definity followed by 10 cc saline flush will again be administered during continuous tumor imaging in 4D, which uses the machine's coded harmonics package. Data will be obtained until contrast washout is observed and then digitally stored in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format for later review.