Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is joint damage, resulting in pain accompanied by varying degrees of functional limitation and reduced quality of life. 20% of adults over 50 and 40% over 80 years report disability from knee pain secondary to osteoarthritis.The majority of patients present to primary care with symptoms of pain and stiffness, which reduces mobility and with associated reduction in quality of life, with many patients not requiring surgery, with their symptoms adequately controlled by non-surgical measures. When patient's symptoms are not controlled by up to 3 months of non-operative treatment they become candidates for assessment for joint surgery. There are a number of surgical (Arthroscopy, Total/Partial Knee Replacement, High Tibial Osteotomy) and non-surgical (including exercise, weight loss, manual therapy, oral medication, injection therapy, splints and braces) options available. The decision to undergo surgery is based on patient symptom pattern, with the type of surgery determined by the pattern of joint damage and the patient's preference. High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO) should be considered primarily for patients with varus mis-alignment in medial unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee as the main indication for the procedure. HTO involves removing or adding bone to realign the limb and offload the knee. It is effective and can provide functional outcomes similar to those seen after joint replacement. HTO is a commonly used surgical procedure and has wide appeal because of the preservation of the knee joint. The principal advantages of opening wedge high tibial osteotomy include maintenance of the bone stock, correction of the deformity close to its origin, and no requirement for a fibular osteotomy. Although it is a good option for young patients with isolated medial compartment OA and varus deformity, it can be done even for older active people over 65. By preserving the patient's own knee anatomy, a successful osteotomy may delay the need for a joint replacement for several years. Another advantage is that there are no restrictions on physical activities after an osteotomy, even high impact exercise.

Contemporary Surgical approaches to HTO can often utilise bone graft substitutes to improve patient outcomes. Bone grafting in open wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an area of clinical research that requires further evaluation. While open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) with medial plate fixation is a proven adequate and safe method for treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee and varus deformity, particularly in young and/or active, it nevertheless creates a gap in the metaphysis of the tibia. To enhance bone healing and increase initial mechanical stability, a high degree HTO may require the application of bone graft/substitute to fill the osteotomy gap. Moreover, HTO has been associated with risk of nonunion, collapse and loss of correction. Autologous bone graft is the "gold standard" to fill the bone defect, but iliac crest graft harvest has risks. The associated complications include pain, thigh hypoesthesia, infection, pelvic bone fracture and discomfort wearing clothes. Allograft is commonly used to avoid the risks of autografting, such as donor side morbidity. However, the use of allograft increases additional risks such as disease transmission, immunologic reactions and slow remodelling. Due to the limited autologous bone availability and the problem of donor-site morbidity, many efforts have been made to find adequate supporting material for augmentation after osteotomy. Hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate or the combination of both are the most commonly used synthetic augments in HTO. However, the most suitable material for filling the opening space in OWHTO has not been conclusively identified. While HTO with and without bone grafting has been assessed as radiologically equivalent, of particular interest to clinicians and patients is the contention around the secondary outcomes (site morbidity and bleeding, chronic pain, patient discomfort long term) which are frequently a challenge in postoperative management of patients. Autologous bone graft would still be the best choice for a lot of applications where bone grafting is needed but there are many disadvantages - the relatively high donor morbidity and the limited amount which can be harvested - which will eventually lead to a very restricted use of it. Allografts do not have these limitations, but in the form of demineralized bone matrix they have very variable osteoinductive properties and can possibly transmit diseases. Synthetic 2nd generation biomaterials have a long and safe history of use but do not provide a compelling alternative to traditional bone grafting. 3rd generation biomaterials as bone graft substitutes, such as HydroxyColl, offer exciting prospects of improved patient clinical outcomes and may provide a viable alternative to autologous bone grafts. Treatment for these patients would be with Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy with medial plate fixation. Over the period of the trial, adverse events will be reported by the study centre and it will be the prominence or absence of these, along with blood inflammatory marker evaluations that will determine the inherent safety of Hydroxycoll compared to the standard of care. At each follow up visit x-rays will be performed and evaluated by a certified radiologist. Site morbidity and bleeding will be clinically assessed. They will report and assess the radiographic images determining if healing has occurred. Along with the clinical assessment, the surgeon or a member of the clinical team will determine extent of healing. Patients will also self-report a number of key pain, mobility and post-operative joint inflammation outcomes.

The study is a single centre randomized blinded study to assess the efficacy and safety of Hydroxycoll bone graft substitute used as a bone graft substitute in Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy with DePuy Synthes TomoFix Medial High Tibial Plate (MHT) fixation (Standard of Care). This study has been designed to last for 52 weeks with follow up visits post surgery, 6 weeks, 12 weeks and a final follow-up at 52 weeks. In case of AEs/SAEs ongoing when the patient has completed the study, the patient will be contacted by phone one month after study completion for follow-up. The study will have 2 arms with 20 subjects per arm, each receiving at the time of surgical intervention either; 1) Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy with medial plate fixation (without bone grafting). 2) Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy with medial plate fixation (with bone grafting) using Hydroxycoll bone graft substitute. An Independent Review Board (IRB) will approve the protocol before the study begins. A clinical monitor selected by SurgaColl will monitor the trial. Any serious adverse events (SAE) will be reported as soon as possible (within 48 hours of awareness) to SurgaColl by the study centre. SurgaColl will communicate the SAE to all relevant authorities.