Intervention: Brincidofovir
Trial phase: Phase 2
ATC code: J05AB17
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCCCOP(=O)(O)CO[C@H](CO)Cn1ccc(N)nc1=O
Sex: All
Age groups: Child | Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 20
Group description: Brincidofovir (BCV) for the treatment of adenovirs (AdV) infection in high-risk pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients.

Brincidofovir (BCV) treatment began no later than 100 days post-transplant and was to continue for a maximum of 16 weeks. Brincidofovir (BCV) was discontinued once AdV viremia was confirmed undetectable.

Subjects who did NOT receive concurrent cyclosporine on Day 1:

If ≥48kg body weight, one 100mg oral tablet BIW (or 10mL of 10mg/mL oral suspension if unable to take tablets).
If <48kg body weight, 2mg/kg oral volume of 10mg/mL oral suspension BIW.

Subjects who received cyclosporine on Day 1 (or initiated cyclosporine at any time):

1.4mg/kg (maximum of 70mg) oral volume of 10mg/mL oral suspension BIW.
2mg/kg (maximum of 100mg) oral volume of 10mg/mL oral suspension BIW if discontinued cyclosporine.
Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects were high-risk allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients aged 2 months to <18 years (<26 years in the United States) who met adenovirus (AdV) viremia criteria within 7 days of randomization (Day 1), and all other eligibility criteria. High-risk was defined as having received 1 of the following:

A T cell-depleted graft:

Ex vivo T cell depletion via positive selective (e.g., CD34+ cell) or negative selection (e.g., T cell receptor α/β or CD3+ cell removal by column filtration); or
Serotherapy with ATG (cumulative dose of ≥3 mg/kg rabbit-derived ATG or ≥30 mg/kg of equine-derived ATG) administered within 10 days prior to transplant or at any time post-transplant and prior to Day 1; or
Serotherapy with alemtuzumab administered within 30 days prior to transplant or at any time post-transplant and prior to Day 1; or
A cord blood graft from an unrelated donor with or without T cell depletion, or
A T cell-replete graft from a haploidentical donor with high-dose cyclophosphamide (e.g., cumulative dose of ≥100 mg/kg) administered at any time post-transplant and prior to Day 1.

Subjects must have had qualifying AdV viremia within 100 days of transplant, which was defined as having either:

Confirmed AdV viremia of ≥1000 copies/mL on 2 consecutive AdV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results drawn ≥48 hours apart from the designated central virology laboratory, with the second result being greater than the first; or
A single AdV viremia result of ≥10,000 copies/mL from the designated central virology laboratory Subjects who were previously treated with intravenous (IV) cidofovir (CDV) could have a cumulative exposure to IV CDV of no more than 10 mg/kg within 21 days prior to Day 1.

Written informed consent (and assent, where applicable) to participate in the study was obtained from each subject and his/her legal guardian(s) in accordance with national or local law and institutional practice.

Exclusion Criteria:

Any United States National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Grade 4 diarrhea (i.e., life-threatening consequences with urgent intervention indicated) within 7 days prior to Day 1.
Any CTCAE Grade 2 or 3 diarrhea (i.e., increase of ≥4 stools/day over baseline [pre-transplant] diarrheal output), unless attributed to AdV, within 7 days prior to Day 1.
NIH Stage 4 acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) of the skin (i.e., generalized erythroderma with bullous formation) within 7 days prior to Day 1.
NIH Stage ≥2 acute GVHD of the liver (i.e., bilirubin >3 mg/dL [SI: >51 µmol/L]) within 7 days prior to Day 1.
NIH Stage ≥2 acute GVHD of the gut (i.e., diarrhea >556 mL/m2/day for pediatric patients [or >1000 mL/day for young adults at centers in the United States only], or severe abdominal pain with or without ileus) within 7 days prior to Day 1.
Poor clinical prognosis (including active malignancy or use of vasopressors other than low dose (e.g., ≤5 µg/kg/min) dopamine for renal perfusion within 7 days prior to Day 1.
Requirement for mechanical ventilation within 7 days prior to Day 1 or requirement for sustained oxygen delivery for >24 hours within 7 days prior to Day 1.
Concurrent HIV, active hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus infection.
Specified out of range laboratory results (including alanine aminotransferase >5x the upper limit of normal [ULN], aspartate aminotransferase >5x ULN, total bilirubin >3 mg/dL [SI: >51 µmol/L], or prothrombin time-international normalized ratio >2x ULN) within 7 days prior to Day 1.
Estimated creatinine clearance <30 mL/min or use of renal replacement therapy within 7 days prior to Day 1.
Previous receipt of BCV at any time or receipt of CDV (IV or intravesicular) or letermovir within 48 hours prior to Day 1.
Received any anti-AdV-specific cell-based therapy within 6 weeks prior to Day 1 or previously received an anti-AdV vaccine at any time.

When applicable, female subjects of childbearing potential (i.e., not pre-menarche) were not pregnant or breastfeeding, and if sexually active, agreed to use 2 acceptable forms of contraception, 1 of which must have been a barrier method and the other a highly-effective method of contraception. Male subjects, if sexually active and capable of fathering a child, agreed to use a barrier method of contraception while enrolled in the study and for at least 90 days after the last dose of BCV.