Intervention: Apremilast
Trial phase: Phase 2
ATC code: L04AA32
SMILES: CCOc1cc([C@@H](CS(C)(=O)=O)N2C(=O)c3cccc(NC(C)=O)c3C2=O)ccc1OC
Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 19
Group description: 30 mg twice a day for 12 weeks, 4 weeks follow up

Apremilast: 10mg twice a day, dose was titrated by 20mg every 2 days until the maximum dose 30mg twice a day for 12weeks
Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Written informed consent to participate in this trial

Diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis as defined by the modified New York criteria (1984) as follows:

a history of inflammatory back pain;
limitation of motion of the lumbar spine in both the sagittal and frontal planes;
limited chest expansion, relative to standard values for age and sex;
definite radiographic / imaging evidence of sacroiliitis and/or spinal inflammation
Patients must have daily spinal pain and stiffness for at least 2 weeks prior to randomization. This is defined by having a score of >1 on questions #2 and #5 of the BASDAI score for the 2 weeks prior to randomization.
Patients receiving NSAIDS and/or COX-2 inhibitors must be on stable doses for at least 2 weeks prior to randomization.
Age >18 years
Male and female patients, who are not surgically sterile or postmenopausal, must use reliable methods of birth control for the duration of the study. Males must agree to use barrier contraception for 3 months following the end of the trial.
Women of childbearing potential, not surgically sterile or postmenopausal, must have a negative serum beta HCG.

Exclusion Criteria:

Use of DMARDs (methotrexate, d-penicillamine, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, or gold) within 8 weeks of randomization.
Use of systemic corticosteroids within 4 weeks of randomization
Use of intravenous or intra-articular corticosteroids within 4 weeks of randomization
Use of TNF alpha blockers (eg, infliximab, adalimumab) or etanercept as follows:

Compound PK Exclusion period Etanercept T ½ = 102 hrs = 4.25 days 4 weeks Adalimumab T ½ 2 wks; 5 half lives 10 weeks 10 weeks Infliximab T ½ 7.7-9.5 d 12 weeks 8 weeks after maintenance dose median infx conc 0.5-6 mcg/ml

Therapy with an investigational agent within 30 days of randomization or 5 half-lives (pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic), which ever is longer
Known HIV or hepatitis B or C infection

Exclusion of tuberculosis (TB)

History of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (any subspecies) within 3 years prior to the screening visit. Infections that occurred > 3 years prior to entry must have been effectively treated.
History of incompletely treated latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (as indicated by a positive Purified Protein Derivative [PPD] skin test)
Clinically significant abnormality on chest x-ray (CXR) if mantoux >5mm or ELISPOT positive
History of other rheumatic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.)
Pregnant or nursing women
Any condition, in the investigator's opinion, which places the patient at an undue risk by participating in the study.
Contraindication to MRI and other MRI exclusions following local centre guidelines (Appendix H)
An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of < 60 ml/min (because of the small risk of nephrogenic sclerosing fibrosis with gadolinium intravenous contrast), if patient is to have MRI with gadolinium contrast .
Claustrophobia
Hemoglobin < 9 g/dL
White blood cell (WBC) count < 3000 /μL (≥ 3.0 X 109/L) and ≥ 14,000/μL (≥ 20 X 109/L)
Neutrophils < 1500 /μL (< 1.5 X 109/L)
Platelets < 100,000 /μL (< 100 X 109/L)
Serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL (> 132.6 μmol/L)
Total bilirubin > 2.0 mg/dL
Aspartate transaminase (AST [serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, SGOT]) and alanine transaminase (ALT [serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase, SGPT]) > 1.5x upper limit of normal (ULN)