Intervention: Moxifloxacin
Trial phase: Phase 3
ATC code: J01MA14 | S01AE07
SMILES: [H][C@@]12CCCN[C@]1([H])CN(c1c(F)cc3c(=O)c(C(=O)O)cn(C4CC4)c3c1OC)C2
Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 426
Group description: Moxifloxacin (Avelox, BAY 12-8039) 400 mg intravenous (IV) once daily followed by Moxifloxacin 400 mg oral tablets once daily for a minimum of 7 days and a maximum of 21 days. Oral phase was not always mandatory.
Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Written informed consent

Men or women of 18 years and above with a diagnosis of bacterial skin and skin structure infection that requires

Hospitalization and
Initial parenteral therapy for at least 48 hours and

Meets at least one of the following criteria:

Involvement of deep soft tissue (e.g. fascial, muscle layers)
Requirement for a significant surgical intervention including surgical drainage, drainage procedure guided by imaging and/or debridement
Association with a significant underlying disease that may complicate response to treatment. An underlying disease is considered significant if it includes any of the following conditions that are present at the time of presentation: cancer (except basal- or squamous-cell cancer of the skin), cardiac (i.e., congestive heart disease), diabetes mellitus, hepatic (i.e., cirrhosis or another form of chronic liver disease), immunologic, renal disease, respiratory, transplantation or vascular disease
Duration of infection < 21 days

Diagnosis of one of the following skin and skin structure infections that requires hospitalization and initial parenteral antibiotic therapy for at least 48 hours:

Major abscess(es) associated with extensive cellulitis, which requires antibiotic therapy in addition to surgical incision and drainage
Diabetic foot infection of mild to severe intensity (perfusion, extent/size, depth/tissue loss, infection and sensation (PEDIS) grade 2-4) in the presence or absence of osteomyelitis. Subjects with osteomyelitis may only be enrolled if the infected bone is completely removed by surgery and if residual infection requiring antibiotics is still present following surgery

Wound infection including: post surgical (surgical incision), post-traumatic, human bite/clenched fist and animal bite wound and wound associated with injection drug abuse:

Infections must have occurred within 30 days of a surgical procedure, trauma, animal bite, or human bite, and involve the skin and skin structures at the site of the incision, trauma, or bite

In addition, post-surgical/trauma wound infections must meet the following criteria:

Involvement of deep soft tissues (e.g. fascial and muscle layers) of the incision/trauma

At least one of the following criteria:

Purulent drainage from the deep incision/trauma
Identification of an infecting organism from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue from incision/trauma

At least one of the following signs and symptoms:

Localized pain or tenderness
Fever (see below) AND the incision (in case of post-surgical wound infections) is deliberately opened by a surgeon, unless the culture is negative
Abscess or other evidence of infection involving the deep incision/trauma, found on direct examination, during reoperation/operation (in case of trauma), or by histologic or radiologic examination
Diagnosis of a deep incisional/post-trauma Skin Structure Infections (SSI) by a surgeon or attending physician
Bite wounds/clenched fist infections and wounds associated with injection drug abuse must meet the criteria defining a Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (cSSSI)

Infected ischemic ulcers with at least one of the following conditions:

Peripheral vascular disease
Conditions pre-disposing to pressure sores such as paraplegia, peripheral neuropathy

Presence of at least 3 of the following signs or symptoms:

Purulent drainage or discharge
Erythema extending > 1 cm from the wound edge
Fluctuance
Pain or tenderness to palpation
Swelling or induration

Fever, defined as body temperature

> 37.5°C (axillary)
> 38°C (orally)
> 38.5°C (tympanically) or

> 39°C (rectally)

OR
Elevated total peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count > 12,000/mm3 or
>15 % immature neutrophils (bands) regardless of total peripheral WBC count
C reactive protein (CRP) >20 mg/L
Specimen obtained for culture from infected area by needle aspiration of obviously purulent material or by tissue biopsy or by curettage of the surface of ulcer within 48 hours prior to the initiation of study drug therapy
Duration of treatment of the skin/skin structure infection is anticipated to be at least 7 days.
Surgical drainage or debridement of infected wounds or abscesses, if necessary, have to have been completed <= 48 hours after the initiation of study drug therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

Women, who are pregnant or lactating, or in whom pregnancy can not be excluded (Note: a urine pregnancy test has to be performed for all women of childbearing potential before randomization to the study drug)

The following skin and skin structure infections:

Necrotizing fasciitis including Fourniers gangrene, ecthyma gangrenosum, streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis and clostridial necrotizing fasciitis
Burn wound infections
Secondary infections of a chronic skin disease (e.g. atopic dermatitis)
Infection of prosthetic materials (e.g. subcutaneous tissue infection related to a central venous catheter or permanent cardiac pacemaker battery pack). Subjects with removal of a prosthetic device involved in an infection should not be included
Infections where a surgical procedure alone is definitive therapy
Subjects with uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections including folliculitis and furunculosis, carbunculosis, simple abscesses and superficial cellulitis
Known hypersensitivity to quinolones and/or any type of beta-lactam antibiotic drugs or any of the excipients
Previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction associated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
Severe, life threatening disease with a life expectancy of less than 2 months

Immunosuppression including:

Known neutropenia (neutrophil count < 1000/µL)
Known lymphopenia with absolute CD4+ T cell count < 200/mm3
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining event and/or concomitant therapy with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
Chronic treatment (>/= 2 weeks) with known immunosuppressant therapy (including treatment with > 15 mg/day of systemic prednisone or equivalent)
Any other congenital or acquired immune defect or immunosuppression
Known severe hepatic insufficiency (Child Pugh C) or transaminases increase > 5 fold upper limit of normal (ULN)
Known renal impairment with a baseline measured or calculated serum creatinine clearance < 40 mL/min
Known prolongation of the QT interval or concomitant use of drugs reported to increase the QT interval (e.g. Class IA or Class III antiarrhythmics [eg., quinidine, procainamide, amiodarone, sotalol], neuroleptics [e.g. haloperidol], tricyclic antidepressive agents, certain antimicrobials [e.g. pentamidine, halofantrine], certain antihistaminics [e.g. terfenadine], and other [cisapride, vincamine IV, depridil, diphemanil])
Uncorrected hypokalemia
Clinically relevant bradycardia
Clinically relevant heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (i.e., below 40%)
Previous history of symptomatic arrhythmias
Previous history of tendon disease/disorder with quinolones
Known or suspected concomitant bacterial infection requiring additional systemic antibacterial treatment, e.g. underlying septic arthritis
Requiring therapy with probenecid
Treatment with a systemic or topical antibacterial agent for > 24 hours in the previous 7 days preceding study entry unless the subject showed no response or had worsening of clinical signs and symptoms despite 3 or more days of prior therapy and a culture obtained at the time of subject enrollment showed persistence of a pathogen which is susceptible to the study drugs. The prior antimicrobial therapy must not have been a fluoroquinolone or a beta lactam/beta lactamase combination
Infection known to be due to a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Epidermidis (MRSE) or Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) as the single isolated pathogen
Previous enrolment in this study
Participation in any clinical investigational drug study within 4 weeks of screening
Previous history of seizure disorders