Intervention: Rivastigmine
Trial phase: Phase 3
ATC code: N06DA03
SMILES: CCN(C)C(=O)Oc1cccc([C@H](C)N(C)C)c1
Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Participants at risk: 49
Group description: Rivastigmine transdermal patch

Rivastigmine Transdermal Patch: Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Be a male or a female of any race
Be outpatient Veterans residing in the community
Be 19-65 years old at the time of inclusion
Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test at baseline and must practice an acceptable method of birth control during the trial

Satisfy the following diagnostic criteria:

A history of previous head trauma(s) at least 12 months prior to study enrollment as determined by TBI diagnostic assessment
Closed head injury (non-penetrating) based on International Classification of Disease (ICD) 9 CM (Clinical Modification) 10 diagnosis code 854.0 as determined by TBI diagnostic assessment
Meet or exceed the modified American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicines (ACRM) criteria for Mild TBI as determined by TBI diagnostic assessment
Have a deficit in the area of verbal memory
Have subjective memory impairment that was reported to be present from the time of injury or shortly thereafter to be associated with brain injury
Satisfy the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM, 4th edition) for cognitive disorder not otherwise specified, dementia due to TBI, or amnestic disorder due to TBI
Demonstrate willingness to accept randomization
Provide written informed consent to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

Have a medical condition that can interfere with the diagnostic process and the assessment of clinical and mental status, or possibly endanger their health. Such conditions include, but are not limited to endocrinological, neurological (including epilepsy), cardiovascular (including clinically significant bradyarrhythmia, resting heart rate <50 without a pacemaker or treating physician's approval), pulmonary, hematologic, hepatic, and renal conditions, and significant laboratory abnormalities as determined by Study Chair.
Have a current diagnosis of any primary neurodegenerative disorder, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, or DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision) dementia (other than Dementia Due to Head Trauma).
Have suicidal ideations or have been judged to be a significant suicide risk per clinical judgment and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS).
Have a history of DSM-IV-TR substance (drug and/or alcohol) dependence disorder within the last 5 years or a history of a substance abuse disorder within the past 6 months.
Have a DSM-IV-TR lifetime and current psychotic disorder (except lifetime depression with psychotic features), bipolar disorder, or pre-TBI onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Have current PTSD symptoms that can bias or interfere with cognitive and clinical assessments as determined by study site PI.

Have demonstrated suboptimal effort on cognitive testing as defined by:

Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) raw score below 45 on either Trial 2 or the Retention Trial, or
Green's Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) score of 85% on any one of the Immediate Recall, Delayed Recall, or Consistency indices.
Have demonstrated a lack of tolerability to rivastigmine treatment in the past or severe reactions to other cholinesterase inhibitors as determined by the site investigator.
Be taking medications that significantly affect cognitive functioning in TBI population and/or may enhance the beneficial/adverse/toxic effect of rivastigmine or vice versa. These compounds include, but are not limited to, centrally-acting anticholinergic drugs (e.g., atropine), other cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, galantamine), and agents that augment cerebral catecholaminergic function (e.g., psychostimulants, amantadine, memantine, selegiline, levodopa, etc). Subjects receiving modafinil may be considered for inclusion if they have been on a stable dose for a minimum of 3 months, and if all inclusion criteria are met. Treatment of non-exclusionary comorbid psychiatric symptoms with compounds that include, but are not limited to, antidepressants, anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and atypical antipsychotics will be permitted provided that: 1) the site investigator, based on review of medical history, records, and current medications and in consultation with the Study Chair, concludes that the agent(s) are neither cause(s) of nor significant contributor(s) to the potential subject's memory impairment; 2) the dose of the agent(s) has been stable for the 3 months preceding study participation; and 3) the dose of the agent(s) remains stable, where clinically feasible, throughout the study. For medications prescribed for non-exclusionary conditions on as needed basis, particularly when those medications include benzodiazepines, sympathomimetics, antitussive agents or potentially sedating analgesics - every use will be documented by the subject and will not be taken within 24 hours of performing study-related cognitive testing. (Appendix A: Exclusionary Medications).
Have been exposed to other cholinesterase inhibitors in the 30 days prior to randomization.
Have a history of penetrating brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, cerebral neoplasm, major brain surgery, or multiple sclerosis.
Have a significant visual or auditory deficit that may interfere with ability to complete study assessments.
Have a limited ability to speak and read English.
Be participating in another clinical trial with active intervention.