Intervention: Zonisamide
Trial phase: Phase 3
ATC code: G01AE10 | N03AX15
SMILES: NS(=O)(=O)Cc1noc2ccccc12
Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 281
Group description: The starting dose in this arm was zonisamide 100mg daily. The dose during the Titration Period (4 weeks) ranged from 100 to 200mg daily. During the Flexible Dosing Period (FDP), the subjects were given doses ranging from 300 to 500mg daily or if they could not tolerate that dose, were allowed one down-titration or were withdrawn. If the subjects remained seizure-free for 26 weeks by the end of FDP (the subject was allowed 3 chances to achieve this), they entered the Maintenance Period (26 weeks), where they remained on the same dose they were taking at the end of the FDP.
Eligibility criteria:
INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Subjects will be eligible for the study if they meet all of the following inclusion criteria:

Male or female subjects, 18 to 75 years of age inclusive.
Subjects with untreated, newly diagnosed epilepsy having at least two well documented, unprovoked, clinically evaluated and classified partial seizures (with or without secondary generalization) or generalized tonic-clonic seizures (without clear focal origin) within 12 months of the Screening Visit, of which at least one seizure occurred within three months of the Screening Visit (> one seizure within a 24 hour period will be counted as one seizure).
Subjects will either have had no previous use of an AED, or treatment with one AED for a maximum duration of two weeks before the Randomization Visit (T1).
Subjects have a documented electroencephalogram (EEG) within 12 months of the Screening Visit, compatible with localization-related epilepsy (to exclude primary generalized epilepsy).
Subjects have a documented computed axial tomography (CAT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan confirming the absence of a progressive neurological lesion within 12 months of the Screening Visit.
Female subjects without childbearing potential (two years post-menopausal, bilateral oophorectomy or tubal ligation, complete hysterectomy) are eligible. Female subjects with childbearing potential must not be pregnant as confirmed by a negative pregnancy test at screening and randomization, must not be lactating and must be using a medically acceptable form of contraception, for the duration of the study and for one month following discontinuation of the study drug. Medically acceptable contraception is defined here as oral contraception pill with at least 50 micrograms ethinylestradiol per intake, contraceptive injections and implants, or intrauterine device in place for at least three months.
Subjects who are able and willing to follow investigational study procedures, maintain a seizure diary, and report AEs.
Subjects who are able and willing to give written informed consent.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Subjects who meet any of the following exclusion criteria will not be eligible for the study:

Subjects have a history of clinical investigations, including EEG data, that are suggestive of idiopathic generalised epilepsy as defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE).
Subjects with a history of absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, or atonic seizures.
Subjects have a history of status epilepticus, and/or non-epileptic seizures (e.g., metabolic, pseudo-seizures).
Subjects have experienced seizures relating to drugs, alcohol, acute medical illness, mental retardation, or subjects with situation-related seizures.
Subjects have progressive encephalopathy or findings consistent with progressive CNS disease or lesion (e.g. infection, demyelination, or tumour).
Subjects have a history of a significant or currently uncontrolled disease that will interfere with the conduct of this study or the assessment of safety and efficacy of the study drug.
Subjects have been previously treated with carbamazepine or zonisamide.
Subjects have received an investigational drug or device in the three months prior to the Screening Visit.
Subjects have a known hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, dibenzazepine derivatives, or tricyclic antidepressants.
Subjects have a history of bone marrow depression, low platelet count or other blood dyscrasia.
Subjects have a history of acute intermittent porphyria.
Subjects have a history of renal disorder (serum creatinine level of > 135 Ã¬mol / l (1.5 mg/dL at the Screening Visit), hepatic disorder or clinically significant abnormal liver function tests; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >2 times the upper normal limit.
Subjects have a body weight of less than 40 kg.
Subjects have a history of progressive malignancy within the previous 5 years (excluding a history of non-metastasized and adequately treated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma).
Subjects have a history of psychiatric illness or mood disorder requiring electro-convulsive or drug therapy within the previous 6 months which is considered uncontrolled; a history of suicide attempt; alcohol or drug abuse; chronic treatment with benzodiazepines or barbiturates.
Subjects are currently taking carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Subjects have a history of pancreatitis, nephrolithiasis or hypercalcuria, clinically significant laboratory or electro-cardiographic abnormalities, or uncontrolled hypertension.
Subjects are currently taking mono-amine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or any other excluded medications.