Intervention: Adrabetadex
Trial phase: Phase 1 | Phase 2
SMILES: CC(O)COC[C@H]1O[C@@H]2O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]4[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]5C[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]6[C@H](O)[C@@H](OCC(C)O)[C@@H](O[C@H]7[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]8[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)O[C@@H]8CO)O[C@@H]7CO)O[C@@H]6CO)O[C@@H]5COCC(C)O)O[C@@H]4COCC(C)O)O[C@@H]3CO
Sex: All
Age groups: Child | Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 1
Group description: Participant received dose of 500 mg/kg of intravenous VTS-270 administered over 2 hours monthly for 12 months. Participant also received 900 mg intrathecal VTS-270 therapy monthly for 18 months.
Eligibility criteria:
-INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Age greater than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 60 years old at time of enrollment

Diagnosis of NPC1 based upon one of the following:

A. Two NPC1 mutations

B. Biochemical Positive for NPC (oxysterol/bile acid and sphingomyelinase levels consistent with a diagnosis of NPC) and one NPC1 mutation

NPC1 mutations will be interpreted using standards established for the interpretation of sequence variants [33].
Oxysterol/Bile Acid testing refers to cholestane-3beta,5 ,6beta-triol [7, 8] or 3beta,5alpha,6beta-trihydroxycholanic acid and its glycine conjugate [34].
Evidence of NPC1-related liver disease as defined by one of the following:

A. Abnormal liver chemistries as defined by one of the following:

i. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) greater than or equal to 1.5-times age-appropriate upper limit of normal

ii. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) greater than or equal to 1.25-times age-appropriate upper limit of normal and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 1.25-times age-appropriate upper limit of normal

iii. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) greater than or equal to 1.25-times age-appropriate upper limit of normal and AST/ALT ratio greater than or equal to 2.0 AND Abnormal liver chemistries as defined above at least 8 weeks apart.

B. Abnormal Liver Ultrasound* defined as one of the following:

Intraparenchymal echogenic bands consistent with fibrosis
Abnormal liver echogenicity with AST or ALT above the upper limit of normal.

Hepatomegaly with AST or ALT above the upper limit of normal.

To define hepatomegaly, we will use the suggested limit of normal of the longitudinal dimension of the right lobe of the liver. These values are approximately 2 standard deviations above the mean.

C. Abnormal liver stiffness (FibroScan**) for age.

To define Liver Stiffness Measurement we will use the normal age dependent ranges. Values above the 95th centile will be considered abnormal.

Ability to travel to the NIH Clinical Center repeatedly for evaluation and follow-up.
Willingness to discontinue all non-prescription supplements, except for an age-appropriate multivitamin/mineral supplement.
Stable miglustat dose for 3 months prior to entry into the IV portion of the trial.
Women of reproductive age must be willing to use an effective method of contraception for the duration of the trial if sexually active.
Willingness to participate in all aspects of the IV trial

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Age <3 or > 60 years of age at time of enrollment in the trial.
Subjects who have received any form of parenteral cyclodextrin, an HDAC inhibitor, or an experimental therapy for NPC in the prior six months. Prior Intrathecal VTS-270 treatment is allowed.
History of hypersensitivity reactions to cyclodextrin or components of the formulation.
Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Females of childbearing potential unwilling to utilize a highly effective form of contraception (i.e., barrier method with spermicide, intrauterine device, steroidal contraceptive in conjunction with a barrier method, or abstinence if it is the patient s baseline preference) for the duration of the study and for 30 days after participation.
Any systemic infection at the time of enrollment.
Neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 1,500 per microliter. Subjects with benign cyclic/ethnic neutropenia may be enrolled if not clinically symptomatic.
Thrombocytopenia defined as a platelet count less than 75,000 per microliter.
Established history of a chronic clotting or bleeding disorder.
Use of anticoagulants within 3 months of enrollment
Severe or acute liver disease as defined by one of the following:

A. AST or ALT greater than 10-times age-appropriate upper limit of normal

B. Jaundice or right upper quadrant pain

C. International Normalized Ratio (INR) >1.8

Individuals with AST and ALT greater than 4-times the age-appropriate upper limit of normal will be excluded if they have a positive NIH Clinical Center Viral Markers Hepatitis Screen (HBsAG, anti-HCV and Anti-HAV IgM). This screening test will not be obtained unless AST and ALT are elevated. An equivalent panel from another laboratory may be used if this elevation is noted on screening. Individuals excluded under this criterion may be rescreened after the acute pathology resolves (e.g. Hepatitis A infection).
Presence of anemia defined as two standard deviations below normal for age and gender.
Serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 times the age-appropriate upper limit of normal OR FOR INDIVIDUALS >= 6 years of age an eGRF < 60 mL/min 1.73 m squared
Hematuria on a single urinalysis, as defined by the American Urological Association (AUA) as five or more red blood cells per high-power field on microscopic evaluation of urinary sediment from a properly collected urinalysis specimen. The patient will not be excluded if two subsequent urine specimens are negative for hematuria as defined by the AUA.
Proteinuria (1+ protein on repeat urinalysis) unless evaluated and classified as benign.
Active pulmonary disease, oxygen requirement or clinically significant history of decreased blood oxygen saturation (SaO2 <95% on room air), pulmonary therapy, daily use of a cough assist device or pulmonary vest, requiring active suction, or with a tracheostomy.

Patients with uncontrolled seizures per either of the criteria below.

Unstable frequency, type or duration of seizures. Quantified by a seizure log over one month prior to enrollment.
Subject requiring antiepileptic medication changes (other than dose adjustments for weight) in the month prior to enrollment.
Individuals receiving parenteral nutrition will be excluded.
Patients, who in the opinion of the investigators, are unable to comply with the protocol or have specific health concerns that would potentially increase the risk of participation.

Additional exclusion criteria for intrathecal VTS-270

Neurologically asymptomatic. Determination made by the investigators based on history, neurological exam and consultant input.
Suspected infection of the central nervous system
Spinal deformity that would impact the ability to perform a lumbar puncture
Skin infection in the lumbar region
Prior use of anticoagulants or a bleeding disorder with increased risk of clinical bleeding.
Patients unable to complete a behavioral audiological evaluation including pure-tone threshold assessment (500 Hz to 8000 Hz). In consultation with the medical monitor and audiologists, a sedated ABR may be utilized to monitor ototoxicity if the participant is being sedated to receive IT VTS-270.
Patients, who in the opinion of the investigators, are unable to comply with the protocol or have specific health concerns that would potentially increase the risk of participation.