Intervention: Deferasirox
Trial phase: Phase 2
ATC code: V03AC03
SMILES: O=C(O)c1ccc(-n2nc(-c3ccccc3O)nc2-c2ccccc2O)cc1
Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 1
Group description: All patients are already on commercial deferasirox before entering the study.
Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Written informed consent obtained prior to any other study procedure,
Males or females ≥ 18 years of age,
MDS according to WHO criteria lasting ≥ 14 weeks at the time of screening, IPSS score <1.5 (low and intermediate-1 risk patients) at the time of screening using the IPSS score of 1997
Treatment with deferasirox:
Only for the responder group: Treatment with deferasirox for prevention or treatment of IOL for at least 14 weeks before screening.
Only for the non-responder group: Treatment with deferasirox for at least 9 months for prevention or treatment of IOL before screening to exclude patients with a late hematological response.
Only for responder-group: Patient with hematological response defined according to the IWG criteria of 2006 which must last at least 8 weeks, confirmed by the scientific advisory committee. In case a hematological response is identified retrospectively, the confirmation will be based on the last available blood result showing hematological response according to the IWG criteria of 2006. In this case, an archived bone marrow sample at the moment of response has to be available in order to be eligible. This archived bone marrow had to be taken at the moment when hematological response was present for at least 8 weeks and was still ongoing at the moment of sampling, according to the IWG criteria of 2006 in order to be eligible. When a bone marrow sample was taken after the hematological response had already disappeared, the sample is not eligible for further analysis.
Only for non-responder group: confirmation by the scientific advisory committee that patient is eligible based on matched-pairing and confirmation of no hematological response. Minimal requirements for matched pairing include age, sex, IPSS score, hemoglobin level, transfusion need at baseline, treatment duration with deferasirox and time since MDS diagnosis. Pairing can be extended according to level of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, serum ferritin level at baseline, comorbidities and transfusion history. More details about pairing are described in the protocol. In case a non-responder is identified retrospectively and an archival bone marrow is available at that documented time of non-response, this can be used for further analysis. In that case, an interval of 4 weeks between blood sampling for documentation of non-response and bone marrow sampling is allowed.
Bone marrow aspirate/RNA taken at the time of MDS diagnosis (at baseline) retrievable from patient's hospital. This should be checked by the treating hematologist/oncologist before referring the patient for potential inclusion to the study. This aspirate/RNA has to be preserved under the right circumstances in order to ensure the quality of the RNA. The sample most be frozen viably, meaning controlled rate freezing and addition of a protector dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO and preserved in -80°C. Preservation of cells that are lysed in a lysis buffer upon arrival in the lab, and stored at -20°C until RNA-extraction are also useful for this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

Known concomitant presence of anemia due to iron, B12 or folate deficiencies, auto-immune or hereditary hemolysis, gastro-intestinal bleeding or medication induced anemia at the time of screening,
Known infection with viral hepatitis B (HBV) or viral hepatitis C (HCV) defined as the presence in blood of HBV antigens in absence of HB antibodies, or presence of HCV antibodies at the time of screening,
Known history of positivity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or western blot at the time of screening,
Patient participating in another clinical trial or receiving any investigational drug at the time of screening within 1 month prior to study inclusion
History of other malignancy within the last five years, with the exception of basal skin carcinoma or cervical carcinoma in situ or completely resected colonic polyps carcinoma in situ
Concomitant treatment with other drugs known or suspected to elicit hematological response. (azacitidine, hematopoietic growth factors, granulocyte colony stimulating factors, valproate, lenalidomide, thalidomide, ATG, cyclosporine, arsenic trioxide).When patients are still receiving red blood cell transfusions, patients are still eligible for study inclusion as long as they meet the IWG criteria of 2006
Female patients who are pregnant or breast feeding