Intervention: Clofarabine
Trial phase: Phase 2
ATC code: L01BB06
SMILES: [H][C@]1(F)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1n1cnc2c(N)nc(Cl)nc21
Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 8
Group description: Patients were treated with Clofarabine 10 mg/m2 daily x 5 days per cycle. Cycles were intended on being every 28 days but this was flexible due to the bone marrow neding to recover from each cycle before strting the next one. Neulasta was given on day 5 of each cycle. Patients were treated until disease progression, or intolerable toxicities.
Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Patients with MDS of any risk group who have, just immediately prior to being entered into this study, already received at least six cycles of 5-azacytidine and have failed, either due to no response or to disease relapse despite being still on 5-azacytidine, or patients whose MDS has progressed while on 5-azacytidine, irrespective of the number of cycles the patient has received. We have specifically chosen to be very stringent about our patient population in order to address our question of whether clofarabine can be used to salvage patients who have failed 5-azacytidine with only a small patient population, i.e. 10 patients in each cohort.
ECOG Performance status of 0 - 2
Recombinant erythropoietin is allowed, if the patients are already receiving erythropoietin. G-CSF can be given during the neutropenic stage following therapy since this would not affect evaluation of response because the response will be made based on CBC and bone marrow changes upon recovery from clofarabine.
Patients must have been at least four weeks after the last course of 5-azacytidine
Age over 18 years

Have adequate renal and hepatic functions as indicated by the following laboratory values:

Serum creatinine 1.0 mg/dL; if serum creatinine 1.0 mg/dL, then the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) must be 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 as calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation where Predicted GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) = 186 x (Serum Creatinine)-1.154 x (age in years)-0.023 x (0.742 if patient is female) x (1.212 if patient is black)
Serum bilirubin ≤1.5 mg/dL × upper limit of normal (ULN)
Aspartate transaminase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT) 2.5 × ULN
Alkaline phosphatase 2.5 × ULN
Capable of understanding the investigational nature, potential risks and benefits of the study, and able to provide signed informed consent.
Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 2 weeks prior to enrollment.
Male and female patients must use an effective contraceptive method during the study and for a minimum of 6 months after study treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

Nursing or pregnant women
Prior clofarabine therapy
Life expectancy of less than 3 months due to other intercurrent illness.
Current concomitant chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy other than as specified in the protocol.
Use of investigational agents within 30 days or any anticancer therapy within 4 weeks before study entry with the exception of hydroxyurea. The patient must have recovered from all acute toxicities from any previous therapy.
Have any other severe concurrent disease, or have a history of serious organ dysfunction or disease involving the heart, kidney, liver, or other organ system that may place the patient at undue risk to undergo treatment.
Patients with a systemic fungal, bacterial, viral, or other infection not controlled (defined as exhibiting ongoing signs/symptoms related to the infection and without improvement, despite appropriate antibiotics or other treatment).
Any significant concurrent disease, illness, or psychiatric disorder that would compromise patient safety or compliance, interfere with consent, study participation, follow up, or interpretation of study results.