Intervention: SODIUM CHLORIDE
Trial phase: Phase 2
ATC code: A12CA01 | B05CB01 | B05XA03 | S01XA03
SMILES: [Cl-].[Na+]
Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 33
Group description: saline: Subjects will be administered 40 IUs of oxytocin nasal spray or matching placebo at 1:15pm. This dose and timing of administration was selected based on previous studies that have used similar doses of oxytocin (Ditzen, et al., 2009; Heinrichs, et al., 2003). Intranasal oxytocin and matching placebo will be compounded by Pitt Street Pharmacy Custom Compounding (Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina). Randomization will be done by a licensed pharmacist who will keep a record of the blind and be available should unblinding be necessary.
Eligibility criteria:
1) General Inclusion / Exclusion Criteria Inclusion Criteria

Subjects must be able to provide informed consent and function at an intellectual level sufficient to allow accurate completion of all assessment instruments.
Subjects must consent to remain abstinent from all drugs of abuse (except nicotine) for a three-day period immediately prior to the CTRC admission. Nicotine dependence can affect HPA function therefore it would be ideal to exclude subjects with nicotine use. Because of the high comorbidity of cocaine and nicotine dependence, this would seriously compromise the feasibility of recruitment. In addition, because of the high comorbidity of alcohol use and cocaine dependence, individuals with alcohol abuse and dependence will be included if they do not require medically supervised detoxification. Due to the high comorbidity of cocaine and marijuana dependence, individuals with marijuana dependence will be included.
Subjects must consent to random assignment.
Subjects must consent to outpatient admission to the CTRC.

Exclusion Criteria

Women who are pregnant, nursing or of childbearing potential and not practicing an effective means of birth control.
Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder as this may impact on the response to the stress test procedure.
Subjects with evidence of or a history of significant hematological, endocrine, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, or neurological disease including diabetes, as these conditions may affect physiological/subjective responses.
Subjects with Addison's disease, Cushing's disease or other diseases of the adrenal cortex likely to affect hormonal/neuroendocrine status.
Subjects with a history of or current psychotic disorder or bipolar affective disorder as these may interfere with subjective measurements.
Subjects with current major depressive disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder as these disorders are associated with characteristic changes in stress response.
Subjects receiving synthetic glucocorticoid therapy, any exogenous steroid therapy, or treatment with other agents that interfere with hormonal measurements within one month of test session.
Subjects taking any psychotropic medications, opiates or opiate antagonists because these may affect test response. Subjects who have been maintained on SSRI's for 8 weeks will not be excluded.
Subjects with any acute illness or fever. Individuals who otherwise meet study criteria will be rescheduled for evaluation for participation.
Subjects who are > 30% over ideal weight or have a BMI greater than 35 will be considered for study participation based on the clinical judgment of study staff.
Subjects who are unwilling or unable to maintain abstinence from alcohol and other drugs of abuse (except nicotine) for three days prior to the stress task procedure.
Subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence (other than alcohol, nicotine, marijuana orcocaine) within the past 60 days.