Intervention: Victoza
Trial phase: Phase 4
ATC code: A10BJ02
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Sex: All
Age groups: Adult | Older Adult
Healthy volunteers: No
Participants at risk: 28
Group description: 14 participants were randomized to receive Liraglutide and then were cross-overed to receive placebo and 14 participants were randomized to receive Placebo and then were cross-overed to receive Liraglutide
Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects will be men and women between the ages of 18 and 65. The following table list inclusion criteria for each group (lean diabetic and obese diabetic). Subjects must meet either HbA1c or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) criteria.

Lean diabetic:

BMI: 18-25 kg/m2 HbA1c: < 8.9% Fasting plasma glucose: <250 mg/dL Other inclusion criteria: On dietary modification and/or metformin

Obese diabetic:

BMI: >27 kg/m2 HbA1c: < 8.9% Fasting plasma glucose: <250 mg/dL Other inclusion criteria: On dietary modification and/or metformin

Additionally, women participants must use double barrier methods to prevent pregnancy (diaphragm with intravaginal spermicide, cervical cap, male or female condom with spermicide). If a woman suspects that she has become pregnant at any time or does not use one of the contraceptive methods recommended by the investigator, she must notify the study staff. If a woman becomes pregnant, she will be withdrawn from the study. The study staff will follow the progress of her pregnancy and the birth of her child.

Exclusion Criteria:

Uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c>8.9%, or FPG>250 mg/dL)
Women who are breastfeeding, pregnant, or wanting to become pregnant.
Women using IUD
Any change in the dosage of hormonal contraceptive medications (birth control pills, implanon). Subjects should remain on same medication/ same dose during the time of the entire study.
Moderate (creatinine clearance of 30-59 ml/min) and severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min) and end-stage renal disease
Moderate, or severe hepatic impairment
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients in liraglutide
History of diabetic ketoacidosis
Congestive heart failure
Inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, Rheumatoid arthritis etc
Gastroparesis
Pancreatitis
Gallstones- as they may cause increased risk of pancreatitis
Alcohol consumption- the maximum quantity for men is 140g-210g per week. For women, the range is 84g-140g per week or drinking as consuming no more than two drinks a day for men and one for women. Alcohol can cause increased risk of pancreatitis and hypoglycemia.
Untreated thyroid disease like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Subjects taking the following medications: warfarin, steroids (inhaled or systemic due to reduced hypoglycemic effect), and subjects on other hormones (LHRH analogs etc).
Subjects on any oral anti-diabetic agent except metformin
Personal or family history of MEN II or medullary thyroid cancer
Subjects with any type of bioimplant activated by mechanical, electronic, or magnetic means (e.g. cochlear implants, pacemakers, neuron or biostimulators, electronic infusion pumps, etc.)
Subjects with any type of metallic implant that could potentially be displaced or damaged during MRI, such as aneurysm clips, metallic skull plates, surgical implants etc. or metal containing tattoos
Anxiety and/or claustrophobia
Uncontrolled cardiac impairment, circulatory impairment, or inability to perspire (poor thermoregulatory function)
Significant sensory or motor impairment
Epilepsy, particularly photo-sensitive epilepsy, which may place the individual at a higher risk for adverse events during fMRI scanning with visual stimulation
Subjects with neurological problems which may interfere with or complicate testing (e.g. presence of titubation)
Body weight above the limitation of the MRI scanning table (330lbs/150 Kg) or body dimensions that could difficult the performance of the scan.
Subjects who cannot adhere to the experimental protocol for any reason
Anemia with Hgb less than 10
Uncontrolled infectious diseases (e.g. HIV, hepatitis, chronic infections etc)
Any uncontrolled endocrine condition, e.g Cushing's, Acromegaly, etc
Any cancers or lymphoma
Eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia
Severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides >500 mg/dl)
Weight loss surgery or gastrectomy
Any changes in medications that affect brain function, e.g. anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, anti-anxiety, anti-seizure medications, antihypertensives etc (subjects should remain on same medication/ same dose during the time of the entire study).
Irregular periods, defined as cycle length less than 22 days or more than 40 days.
Any change in smoking status.
Vegetarians- as food images presented will include numerous non-vegetarian items and thus will not be appealing as high calorie food items.