ansulev/circl-vulnerability-scores huggingface dataset:
GHSA-2348-ccqj-8p27: Jenkins RQM Plugin allows enumerating credentials IDs due to missing permission check
Jenkins RQM Plugin 2.8 and earlier does not perform a permission check in an HTTP endpoint. This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate credentials IDs of credentials stored in Jenkins. Those can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.
CVSS v3.1: 4.3
CVE-2018-19121: An issue has been found in libIEC61850 v1.3. It is a SEGV in Ethernet_receivePacket in ethernet_bsd.c.
CVSS v3.0: 4.3
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
CVE-2013-1901: PostgreSQL 9.2.x before 9.2.4 and 9.1.x before 9.1.9 does not properly check REPLICATION privileges, which allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended backup restrictions by calling the (1) pg_start_backup or (2) pg_stop_backup functions.
CVSS v2.0: 4
GHSA-83pw-wxhw-r33r: An issue was discovered in Cleo LexiCom 5.5.0.0. Within the AS2 message, the sender can specify a filename. This filename can include path-traversal characters, allowing the file to be written to an arbitrary location on disk.
GHSA-cc7w-h7g4-gq6p: Incorrect privileges management and insufficient path filtering allow to read arbitrary file on the server via the cpdavd attachment download endpoints.
CVSS v3.1: 8.6
CVE-2021-25526: Intent redirection vulnerability in Samsung Blockchain Wallet prior to version 1.3.02.8 allows attacker to execute privileged action.
CVSS v3.1: 4
CVE-2023-4308: User Submitted Posts <= 20230809 - Unauthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting via 'user-submitted-content'
The User Submitted Posts plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the ‘user-submitted-content’ parameter in versions up to, and including, 20230809 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page.
CVSS v3.1: 7.2
GHSA-q26v-q33c-5rjj: Adobe Reader and Acrobat before 11.0.18, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 15.006.30243, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous before 15.020.20039 on Windows and OS X allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2016-6940, CVE-2016-6941, CVE-2016-6942, CVE-2016-6943, CVE-2016-6947, CVE-2016-6948, CVE-2016-6950, CVE-2016-6951, CVE-2016-6954, CVE-2016-6955, CVE-2016-6956, CVE-2016-6959, CVE-2016-6960, CVE-2016-6966, CVE-2016-6970, CVE-2016-6972, CVE-2016-6973, CVE-2016-6974, CVE-2016-6976, CVE-2016-6977, CVE-2016-6978, CVE-2016-6995, CVE-2016-6996, CVE-2016-6997, CVE-2016-6998, CVE-2016-7000, CVE-2016-7001, CVE-2016-7002, CVE-2016-7003, CVE-2016-7004, CVE-2016-7005, CVE-2016-7006, CVE-2016-7007, CVE-2016-7008, CVE-2016-7009, CVE-2016-7010, CVE-2016-7011, CVE-2016-7012, CVE-2016-7013, CVE-2016-7014, CVE-2016-7015, CVE-2016-7016, CVE-2016-7017, CVE-2016-7018, and CVE-2016-7019.
CVSS v3.0: 9.8
GHSA-4jx6-c96p-4mcx: This issue was addressed by enabling hardened runtime. This issue is fixed in macOS Monterey 12.4, iOS 15.5 and iPadOS 15.5, Security Update 2022-005 Catalina, macOS Big Sur 11.6.8. An app with root privileges may be able to access private information.
CVSS v3.1: 4.4
CVE-2012-1012: server/server_stubs.c in the kadmin protocol implementation in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.10 before 1.10.1 does not properly restrict access to (1) SET_STRING and (2) GET_STRINGS operations, which might allow remote authenticated administrators to modify or read string attributes by leveraging the global list privilege.
CVSS v2.0: 5.5
CVE-2009-1434: Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Foswiki before 1.0.5 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users for requests that modify pages, change permissions, or change group memberships, as demonstrated by a URL for a (1) save or (2) view script in the SRC attribute of an IMG element, a related issue to CVE-2009-1339.
CVSS v2.0: 6.8
CVE-2020-14841: Vulnerability in the Oracle WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 10.3.6.0.0, 12.1.3.0.0, 12.2.1.3.0, 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.1.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via IIOP to compromise Oracle WebLogic Server. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle WebLogic Server. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 9.8 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
CVSS v3.1: 9.8
GHSA-wv8j-5p3c-jqrx: In ABB IP GATEWAY 3.39 and prior, some configuration files contain passwords stored in plain-text, which may allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access.
CVSS v3.0: 9.8
CVE-2024-35914: nfsd: Fix error cleanup path in nfsd_rename()
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

nfsd: Fix error cleanup path in nfsd_rename()

Commit a8b0026847b8 ("rename(): avoid a deadlock in the case of parents
having no common ancestor") added an error bail out path. However this
path does not drop the remount protection that has been acquired. Fix
the cleanup path to properly drop the remount protection.
CVSS v3.1: 5.5
CVE-2024-33553: WordPress XStore Core plugin <= 5.3.5 - Unauthenticated PHP Object Injection vulnerability
Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in 8theme XStore Core.This issue affects XStore Core: from n/a through 5.3.5.
CVSS v3.1: 9
GHSA-vj7j-5xgv-7px5: An improper permissions vulnerability was reported in Lenovo Baiying Client that could allow a local authenticated user to execute code with elevated privileges.
CVSS v4.0: 8.5
CVSS v3.1: 7.8
CVE-2014-5691: The Best Phone Security (aka com.rvappstudios.phonesecurity) application for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.
CVSS v2.0: 5.4
CVE-2024-23669: An improper authorization in Fortinet FortiWebManager version 7.2.0 and 7.0.0 through 7.0.4 and 6.3.0 and 6.2.3 through 6.2.4 and 6.0.2 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via HTTP requests or CLI.
CVSS v3.1: 6.4
CVE-2022-28109: Selenium Selenium Grid (formerly Selenium Standalone Server) Fixed in 4.0.0-alpha-7 is affected by: DNS rebinding. The impact is: execute arbitrary code (remote). The component is: WebDriver endpoint of Selenium Grid / Selenium Standalone Server. The attack vector is: Triggered by browsing to to a malicious remote web server. The WebDriver endpoint of Selenium Server (Grid) is vulnerable to DNS rebinding. This can be used to execute arbitrary code on the machine.
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
CVSS v2.0: 6.8
CVE-2025-5446: Linksys RE6500/RE6250/RE6300/RE6350/RE7000/RE9000 RP_checkCredentialsByBBS os command injection
A vulnerability was found in Linksys RE6500, RE6250, RE6300, RE6350, RE7000 and RE9000 1.0.013.001/1.0.04.001/1.0.04.002/1.1.05.003/1.2.07.001. It has been classified as critical. This affects the function RP_checkCredentialsByBBS of the file /goform/RP_checkCredentialsByBBS. The manipulation of the argument pwd leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
CVSS v4.0: 5.3
CVSS v3.1: 6.3
CVSS v3.0: 6.3
CVSS v2.0: 6.5
GHSA-r6h4-5939-8vq9: A vulnerability has been identified in SINAMICS S200 (All versions with serial number beginning with SZVS8, SZVS9, SZVS0 or SZVSN and the FS number is 02). The affected device contains an unlocked bootloader. This security oversight enables attackers to inject malicious code, or install untrusted firmware. The intrinsic security features designed to protect against data manipulation and unauthorized access are compromised when the bootloader is not secured.
CVSS v4.0: 9.5
CVSS v3.1: 9.8
CVE-2016-5225: Blink in Google Chrome prior to 55.0.2883.75 for Mac, Windows and Linux, and 55.0.2883.84 for Android incorrectly handled form actions, which allowed a remote attacker to bypass Content Security Policy via a crafted HTML page.
CVSS v3.0: 4.3
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
CVE-2022-22795: Signiant - Manager+Agents XML External Entity (XXE)
Signiant - Manager+Agents XML External Entity (XXE) - Extract internal files of the affected machine An attacker can read all the system files, the product is running with root on Linux systems and nt/authority on windows systems, which allows him to access and extract any file on the systems, such as passwd, shadow, hosts and so on. By gaining access to these files, attackers can steal sensitive information from the victims machine.
CVSS v3.1: 6.8
CVE-2023-42725: In gpu driver, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local denial of service with System execution privileges needed
CVSS v3.1: 4.4
GHSA-78h5-wgcx-mjqr: Adobe Experience Manager versions 6.5.21 and earlier are affected by a DOM-based Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability that could be exploited to execute arbitrary code in the context of the victim's browser session. By manipulating the DOM environment in the victim's browser, a low privileged attacker can inject malicious scripts that are executed by the victim's browser. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction, typically in the form of following a malicious link.
CVSS v3.1: 5.4
RHSA-2025:19157: Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected Safari crash webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected process crash webkitgtk: A website may be able to access sensor information without user consent webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected Safari crash webkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
CVE-2026-23733: Lobe Chat has Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) issue that may escalate to Remote Code Execution (RCE)
LobeChat is an open source chat application platform. Prior to version 2.0.0-next.180, a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Mermaid artifact renderer allows attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript within the application context. This XSS can be escalated to Remote Code Execution (RCE) by leveraging the exposed `electronAPI` IPC bridge, allowing attackers to run arbitrary system commands on the victim's machine. Version 2.0.0-next.180 patches the issue.
CVSS v3.1: 6.4
GHSA-j7cf-3xhp-j234: A cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in netbox v4.0.3 allows attackers to execute arbitrary web scripts or HTML via a crafted payload injected into the Name parameter at /dcim/power-outlets/add.
CVSS v3.1: 6.1
CVE-2020-7722: Prototype Pollution
All versions of package nodee-utils are vulnerable to Prototype Pollution via the deepSet function.
CVSS v3.1: 9.8
CVE-2011-2673: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in BaserCMS before 1.6.13.2 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
GHSA-q4f5-j672-7h6f: Creative Cloud Desktop Application versions 4.6.1 and earlier have a security bypass vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to denial of service.
CVE-2024-47081: Requests vulnerable to .netrc credentials leak via malicious URLs
Requests is a HTTP library. Due to a URL parsing issue, Requests releases prior to 2.32.4 may leak .netrc credentials to third parties for specific maliciously-crafted URLs. Users should upgrade to version 2.32.4 to receive a fix. For older versions of Requests, use of the .netrc file can be disabled with `trust_env=False` on one's Requests Session.
CVSS v3.1: 5.3
GHSA-554m-7chr-r8gj: A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in PHPGurukul Emergency Ambulance Hiring Portal 1.0. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /index.php. The manipulation of the argument Message leads to sql injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Other parameters might be affected as well.
CVSS v4.0: 5.5
CVSS v3.1: 7.3
CVE-2025-0286: CVE-2025-0286
Various Paragon Software products contain an arbitrary kernel memory write vulnerability within biontdrv.sys that is caused by a failure to properly validate the length of user supplied data, which can allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the victim machine.
CVSS v3.1: 8.4
CVE-2021-33226: Buffer Overflow vulnerability in Saltstack v.3003 and before allows attacker to execute arbitrary code via the func variable in salt/salt/modules/status.py file. NOTE: this is disputed by third parties because an attacker cannot influence the eval input
CVSS v3.1: 9.8
GHSA-m496-4rp5-r5pq: Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in the tr_magnetParse function in libtransmission/magnet.c in Transmission 1.91 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted magnet URL with a large number of (1) tr or (2) ws links.
CVE-2022-29137: Windows Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Windows Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
GHSA-82xw-xp4g-59w8: Vulnerability in the Oracle WebCenter Content product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Content Server).   The supported version that is affected is 14.1.2.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle WebCenter Content.  Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle WebCenter Content, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in  unauthorized creation, deletion or modification access to critical data or all Oracle WebCenter Content accessible data as well as  unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle WebCenter Content accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.7 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts).  CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N).
CVSS v3.1: 8.7
CVE-2026-50232: Lyrion Music Server 9.2.0 Stored XSS via Metadata Tags
Lyrion Music Server 9.2.0 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts through media file metadata tags like GENRE, ARTIST, and ALBUM. Attackers can craft files with XSS payloads in metadata tags that execute in the web interface when users view track information or play files, enabling access to management functions and settings disclosure.
CVSS v4.0: 5.1
CVSS v3.1: 7.2
CVE-2012-1669: Directory traversal vulnerability in index.php in phpMoneyBooks before 1.0.3 allows remote attackers to include and execute arbitrary local files via a .. (dot dot) in the module parameter.
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
CVE-2014-0591: The query_findclosestnsec3 function in query.c in named in ISC BIND 9.6, 9.7, and 9.8 before 9.8.6-P2 and 9.9 before 9.9.4-P2, and 9.6-ESV before 9.6-ESV-R10-P2, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (INSIST assertion failure and daemon exit) via a crafted DNS query to an authoritative nameserver that uses the NSEC3 signing feature.
CVSS v2.0: 2.6
GHSA-hfq5-99r6-6f3w: Multiple vulnerabilities in the web-based management interface of Cisco Small Business RV160, RV160W, RV260, RV260P, and RV260W VPN Routers could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code as the root user on an affected device. These vulnerabilities exist because HTTP requests are not properly validated. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by sending a crafted HTTP request to the web-based management interface of an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to remotely execute arbitrary code on the device.
GHSA-qx5x-44w8-xq89: Vulnerability in the Oracle Advanced Outbound Telephony component of Oracle E-Business Suite (subcomponent: User Interface). Supported versions that are affected are 12.1.1, 12.1.2, 12.1.3, 12.2.3, 12.2.4, 12.2.5 and 12.2.6. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Advanced Outbound Telephony. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle Advanced Outbound Telephony, attacks may significantly impact additional products. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle Advanced Outbound Telephony accessible data as well as unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Advanced Outbound Telephony accessible data. CVSS v3.0 Base Score 8.2 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts).
CVSS v3.0: 8.2
GHSA-6pc7-4x73-wwc6: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:binder: signal epoll threads of self-workIn (e)poll mode, threads often depend on I/O events to determine when
data is ready for consumption. Within binder, a thread may initiate a
command via BINDER_WRITE_READ without a read buffer and then make use
of epoll_wait() or similar to consume any responses afterwards.It is then crucial that epoll threads are signaled via wakeup when they
queue their own work. Otherwise, they risk waiting indefinitely for an
event leaving their work unhandled. What is worse, subsequent commands
won't trigger a wakeup either as the thread has pending work.
CVSS v3.1: 5.5
GHSA-9f95-v5qr-4cqr: The Java Update functionality in Java Runtime Environment (JRE) in Sun Java SE in JDK and JRE 5.0 before Update 22 and JDK and JRE 6 before Update 17, when a non-English version of Windows is used, does not retrieve available new JRE versions, which allows remote attackers to leverage vulnerabilities in older releases of this software, aka Bug Id 6869694.
GHSA-w7pp-35f5-xxjq: AVEVA InTouch 2014 R2 SP1 and prior, InTouch 2017, InTouch 2017 Update 1, and InTouch 2017 Update 2 allow an unauthenticated user to send a specially crafted packet that could overflow the buffer on a locale not using a dot floating point separator. Exploitation could allow remote code execution under the privileges of the InTouch View process.
CVSS v3.0: 9.8
GHSA-8gq9-2x98-w8hf: protobuf-cpp and protobuf-python have potential Denial of Service issue
SummaryA message parsing and memory management vulnerability in ProtocolBuffer’s C++ and Python implementations can trigger an out of memory (OOM) failure when processing a specially crafted message, which could lead to a denial of service (DoS) on services using the libraries.Reporter: [ClusterFuzz](https://google.github.io/clusterfuzz/)Affected versions: All versions of C++ Protobufs (including Python) prior to the versions listed below.Severity & ImpactAs scored by google  
**Medium 5.7** - [CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H](https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1#CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)  
Asscored byt NIST  
**High 7.5** - [CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H](https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1#CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)A small (~500 KB) malicious payload can be constructed which causes the running service to allocate more than 3GB of RAM.Proof of ConceptFor reproduction details, please refer to the unit test that identifies the specific inputs that exercise this parsing weakness.Mitigation / PatchingPlease update to the latest available versions of the following packages:protobuf-cpp (3.18.3, 3.19.5, 3.20.2, 3.21.6)protobuf-python (3.18.3, 3.19.5, 3.20.2, 4.21.6)
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
CVE-2025-5942: Heap Overflow in Netskope Endpoint DLP Driver
Netskope was notified about a potential gap in its agent (NS Client) on Windows systems.  If this gap is successfully exploited, an unprivileged user can trigger a heap overflow in the epdlpdrv.sys driver, leading to a Blue-Screen-of-Death (BSOD). Successful exploitation can also potentially be performed by an unprivileged user whose NS Client is configured to use Endpoint DLP. A successful exploit can result in a denial-of-service for the local machine.
CVSS v4.0: 5.7
CVE-2020-7941: A privilege escalation issue in plone.app.contenttypes in Plone 4.3 through 5.2.1 allows users to PUT (overwrite) some content without needing write permission.
CVSS v3.1: 9.8
CVSS v2.0: 7.5
GHSA-pgj4-g5j4-cmfx: cart2quote/module-quotation-encoded Remote Code Execution via downloadCustomOptionAction
cart2quote/module-quotation-encoded extension may expose a critical security vulnerability by utilizing the unserialize function when processing data from a GET request. This flaw, present in the app/code/community/Ophirah/Qquoteadv/controllers/DownloadController.php and app/code/community/Ophirah/Qquoteadv/Helper/Data.php files, poses a significant risk of Remote Code Execution, especially when custom file options are employed on a product. Attackers exploiting this vulnerability could execute arbitrary code remotely, leading to unauthorized access and potential compromise of sensitive data.
CVSS v3.1: 7
CVE-2022-36500: H3C Magic NX18 Plus NX18PV100R003 was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the function EditWlanMacList.
CVSS v3.1: 7.8
CVE-2007-2293: Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in the process_sdp function in chan_sip.c of the SIP channel T.38 SDP parser in Asterisk before 1.4.3 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long (1) T38FaxRateManagement or (2) T38FaxUdpEC SDP parameter in an SIP message, as demonstrated using SIP INVITE.
CVSS v2.0: 7.6
GHSA-99gr-p997-vr4g: A race problem was found in fs/proc/task_mmu.c in the memory management sub-component in the Linux kernel. This issue may allow a local attacker with user privilege to cause a denial of service.
CVSS v3.1: 4.7
GHSA-r7p5-qh2g-cp2f: The mprotect code (mprotect.c) in Linux 2.6 on Itanium IA64 Montecito processors does not properly maintain cache coherency as required by the architecture, which allows local users to cause a denial of service and possibly corrupt data by modifying PTE protections.
GHSA-g9w7-fcq8-mffw: Uncontrolled search path in some Intel(R) NUC Kit NUC6i7KYK Thunderbolt(TM) 3 Firmware Update Tool installation software before version 46 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via local access.
CVSS v3.1: 6.7
VA-25-304-01: ELOG multiple vulnerabilities
ELOG allows an authenticated user to upload arbitrary HTML files. The HTML content is executed in the context of other users when they open the file. Because ELOG includes usernames and password hashes in certain HTTP requests, an attacker can obtain the target's credentials and replay them or crack the password hash offline. In ELOG 3.1.5-20251014 release, HTML files are rendered as plain text. ELOG allows an authenticated user to modify or overwrite the configuration file, resulting in denial of service. If the execute facility is specifically enabled with the "-x" command line flag, attackers could execute OS commands on the host machine. By default, ELOG is not configured to allow shell commands or self-registration. ELOG allows an authenticated user to modify another user's profile. An attacker can edit a target user's email address, then request a password reset, and take control of the target account. By default, ELOG is not configured to allow self-registration.
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
ICSA-15-064-01A: Siemens SIMATIC HMI Basic, SINUMERIK, and Ruggedcom APE GHOST Vulnerability (Update A)
Heap-based buffer overflow in the __nss_hostname_digits_dots function in glibc 2.2, and other 2.x versions before 2.18, allows context-dependent attackers to execute arbitrary code via vectors related to the (1) gethostbyname or (2) gethostbyname2 function, aka "GHOST."