ansulev/circl-vulnerability-scores huggingface dataset:
CVE-2018-9848: In Gxlcms QY v1.0.0713, the upload function in Lib\Lib\Action\Admin\UploadAction.class.php allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code by first using an Admin-Admin-Configsave request to change the config[upload_class] value from jpg,gif,png,jpeg to jpg,gif,png,jpeg,php and then making an Admin-Upload-Upload request.
CVSS v3.0: 9.8
CVSS v2.0: 7.5
GHSA-qr83-834m-693r: Directory traversal vulnerability in Task Manager in Invision Power Board (IP.Board) 2.0.1 allows limited remote attackers to include files via a ..  (dot dot) in the "Task PHP File To Run" field.
CVE-2025-48316: WordPress Responsive Mobile-Friendly Tooltip plugin <= 1.6.6 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in ItayXD Responsive Mobile-Friendly Tooltip responsive-mobile-friendly-tooltip allows Stored XSS.This issue affects Responsive Mobile-Friendly Tooltip: from n/a through <= 1.6.6.
CVSS v3.1: 6.5
CVE-2024-0974: Social Media Widget < 4.0.9 - Admin+ Stored XSS
The Social Media Widget WordPress plugin before 4.0.9 does not sanitise and escape some of its settings, which could allow high privilege users such as admin to perform Stored Cross-Site Scripting attacks even when the unfiltered_html capability is disallowed (for example in multisite setup)
CVSS v3.1: 4.8
GHSA-rjgc-mwc5-8g7j: There is an Out-of-bounds read vulnerability in V-Server (v4.0.19.0 and earlier) and V-Server Lite (v4.0.19.0 and earlier). If a user opens a specially crafted file, information may be disclosed and/or arbitrary code may be executed.
CVSS v3.1: 7.8
CVE-2025-30992: WordPress Puca theme <= 2.6.33 - Local File Inclusion Vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in thembay Puca puca allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Puca: from n/a through <= 2.6.33.
CVSS v3.1: 8.1
CVE-2020-18890: Rmote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in puppyCMS v5.1 due to insecure permissions, which could let a remote malicious user getshell via /admin/functions.php.
CVSS v3.1: 9.8
CVSS v2.0: 7.5
GHSA-rc57-p94g-3jpv: NanoMQ v0.22.10 was discovered to contain a heap overflow which allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted CONNECT message.
CVSS v3.1: 6.5
CVE-2025-49852: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in ControlID iDSecure On-premises
ControlID iDSecure On-premises versions 4.7.48.0 and prior are vulnerable to a server-side request forgery vulnerability which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to retrieve information from other servers.
CVSS v4.0: 8.7
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
GHSA-hv8q-qqrh-ccgj: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in Spartac Feedpress Generator allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects Feedpress Generator: from n/a through 1.2.1.
CVSS v3.1: 7.1
GHSA-8g45-4cc8-cgmh: On specific devices, there is a possible bypass of configuration integrity due to improperly used crypto. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android kernelAndroid ID: A-201078231References: N/A
CVSS v3.1: 7.8
CVE-2011-3320: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Web Administrator component in GE Intelligent Platforms Proficy Historian 4.x and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified parameters.
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
CVE-2014-5444: Geary before 0.6.3 does not present the user with a warning when a TLS certificate error is detected, which makes it easier for remote attackers to conduct man-in-the-middle attacks via a crafted certificate.
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
CVE-2022-26831: Windows Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Denial of Service Vulnerability
Windows Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Denial of Service Vulnerability
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
GHSA-4ffq-6g62-j4v4: Cross-Site Request Forgery in the Jenkins Claim plugin
Jenkins Claim Plugin 2.18.1 and earlier does not require POST requests for the form submission endpoint assigning claims, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.This vulnerability allows attackers to change claims.Jenkins Claim Plugin 2.18.2 requires POST requests for the affected HTTP endpoint.
CVSS v3.1: 4.3
CVE-2008-1180: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in dana-na/auth/rdremediate.cgi in Juniper Networks Secure Access 2000 5.5 R1 build 11711 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the delivery_mode parameter.
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
GHSA-3rrq-fwhx-9wq4: Race condition, use-after-free in the Graphics: WebRender component. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 149, Firefox ESR < 115.34, and Firefox ESR < 140.9.
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
GHSA-52r5-crc5-6473: An issue pertaining to CWE-319: Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information was discovered in Nexusoft NexusInterface v3.2.0-beta.2.
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
GHSA-w7cq-6hf5-43rh: The Top Sites feature in Apple Safari before 9.1 mishandles cookie storage, which makes it easier for remote web servers to track users via unspecified vectors.
CVSS v3.0: 4.3
GHSA-p2fc-jrv5-w4xq: Insufficient validation of untrusted input in Media in Google Chrome prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to perform UI spoofing via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)
CVSS v3.1: 8.3
CVE-2026-40789: WordPress Amelia plugin <= 2.2 - Sensitive Data Exposure vulnerability
Unauthenticated Sensitive Data Exposure in Amelia <= 2.2 versions.
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
CVE-2018-6121: Insufficient validation of input in Blink in Google Chrome prior to 66.0.3359.170 allowed a remote attacker to perform privilege escalation via a crafted HTML page.
CVSS v3.0: 8.8
CVSS v2.0: 6.8
CVE-2026-10163: Edimax BR-6478AC POST Request formUSBAccount buffer overflow
A vulnerability has been found in Edimax BR-6478AC 1.23. This issue affects the function formUSBAccount of the file /goform/formUSBAccount of the component POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument UserName/Password leads to buffer overflow. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
CVSS v4.0: 8.7
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
CVSS v3.0: 8.8
CVSS v2.0: 9
CVE-2025-13062: Supreme Modules Lite <= 2.5.62 - Authenticated (Author+) Arbitrary File Upload via JSON Upload Bypass
The Supreme Modules Lite plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file upload in all versions up to, and including, 2.5.62. This is due to insufficient file type validation detecting JSON files, allowing double extension files to bypass sanitization while being accepted as a valid JSON file. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with author-level access and above, to upload arbitrary files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible.
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
CVE-2020-14231: A vulnerability in the input parameter handling of HCL Client Application Access v9 could potentially be exploited by an authenticated attacker resulting in a stack buffer overflow. This could allow the attacker to crash the program or inject code into the system which would execute with the privileges of the currently logged in user.
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
CVSS v2.0: 6.5
CVE-2014-8101: The RandR extension in XFree86 4.2.0, X.Org X Window System (aka X11 or X) X11R6.7, and X.Org Server (aka xserver and xorg-server) before 1.16.3 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read or write) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted length or index value to the (1) SProcRRQueryVersion, (2) SProcRRGetScreenInfo, (3) SProcRRSelectInput, or (4) SProcRRConfigureOutputProperty function.
CVSS v2.0: 6.5
GHSA-w862-39x5-q88x: In Libgcrypt 1.8.4, the C implementation of AES is vulnerable to a flush-and-reload side-channel attack because physical addresses are available to other processes. (The C implementation is used on platforms where an assembly-language implementation is unavailable.)
CVSS v3.1: 5.9
GHSA-c2r3-hccf-qqvp: The Sharable Password Protected Posts before version 1.1.1 allows access to password protected posts by providing a secret key in a GET parameter. However, the key is exposed by the REST API.
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
GHSA-c4r5-fxqw-vh93: Ruby LSP has arbitrary code execution through branch setting
**Summary**The `rubyLsp.branch` VS Code workspace setting was interpolated without sanitization into a generated Gemfile, allowing arbitrary Ruby code execution when a user opens a project containing a malicious `.vscode/settings.json`.Other editors that support workspace setting that get automatically applied upon opening the editor and trusting the workspace are also impacted since the server is the component that performs the interpolation.**Details**The `branch` CLI argument passed to the `ruby-lsp` server was interpolated in the generated `.ruby-lsp/Gemfile` without sanitization. Editors that allow defining settings saved at the workspace level (e.g.: `.vscode/settings.json`) that gets automatically applied open the possibility to craft a malicious repository that once opened and trusted in the editor would run arbitrary code.**Impact**Code execution with the privileges of the user who opens the malicious project. Ruby LSP assumes workspace code is trusted and so opening the editor on an untrusted workspace can lead to executing potentially dangerous code.**Remediation**The `rubyLsp.branch` setting has been removed entirely. VS Code extensions auto-update by default, so most users will receive the fix without action. Users who have disabled auto-updates should update to extension version >= 0.10.2.The `branch` CLI flag was also entirely removed from the `ruby-lsp` gem. For users that don't add `ruby-lsp` to their Gemfiles, the server should auto-update. Users with the `ruby-lsp` in the Gemfile and locked to a specific version should update to >= 0.26.9.
CVSS v4.0: 7.1
CVE-2026-43007: accel/qaic: Handle DBC deactivation if the owner went away
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

accel/qaic: Handle DBC deactivation if the owner went away

When a DBC is released, the device sends a QAIC_TRANS_DEACTIVATE_FROM_DEV
transaction to the host over the QAIC_CONTROL MHI channel. QAIC handles
this by calling decode_deactivate() to release the resources allocated for
that DBC. Since that handling is done in the qaic_manage_ioctl() context,
if the user goes away before receiving and handling the deactivation, the
host will be out-of-sync with the DBCs available for use, and the DBC
resources will not be freed unless the device is removed. If another user
loads and requests to activate a network, then the device assigns the same
DBC to that network, QAIC will "indefinitely" wait for dbc->in_use = false,
leading the user process to hang.

As a solution to this, handle QAIC_TRANS_DEACTIVATE_FROM_DEV transactions
that are received after the user has gone away.
CVSS v3.1: 7.8
GHSA-qvrj-fg3r-j3rj: A flaw has been found in Scada-LTS up to 2.7.8.1. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /reports.shtm of the component Reports Module. This manipulation of the argument Colour causes cross site scripting. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
CVSS v4.0: 1.9
CVSS v3.1: 2.4
CVE-2020-1656: Junos OS: When a DHCPv6 Relay-Agent is configured upon receipt of a specific DHCPv6 client message, Remote Code Execution may occur.
The DHCPv6 Relay-Agent service, part of the Juniper Enhanced jdhcpd daemon shipped with Juniper Networks Junos OS has an Improper Input Validation vulnerability which will result in a Denial of Service (DoS) condition when a DHCPv6 client sends a specific DHPCv6 message allowing an attacker to potentially perform a Remote Code Execution (RCE) attack on the target device. Continuous receipt of the specific DHCPv6 client message will result in an extended Denial of Service (DoS) condition. If adjacent devices are also configured to relay DHCP packets, and are not affected by this issue and simply transparently forward unprocessed client DHCPv6 messages, then the attack vector can be a Network-based attack, instead of an Adjacent-device attack. No other DHCP services are affected. Receipt of the packet without configuration of the DHCPv6 Relay-Agent service, will not result in exploitability of this issue. This issue affects Juniper Networks Junos OS: 12.3 versions prior to 12.3R12-S15; 12.3X48 versions prior to 12.3X48-D95; 14.1X53 versions prior to 14.1X53-D53; 15.1 versions prior to 15.1R7-S6; 15.1X49 versions prior to 15.1X49-D200; 15.1X53 versions prior to 15.1X53-D593; 16.1 versions prior to 16.1R7-S7; 16.2 versions prior to 16.2R2-S11; 17.1 versions prior to 17.1R2-S11, 17.1R3-S2; 17.2 versions prior to 17.2R3-S3; 17.2X75 versions prior to 17.2X75-D44; 17.3 versions prior to 17.3R3-S7; 17.4 versions prior to 17.4R2-S9, 17.4R3; 18.1 versions prior to 18.1R3-S9; 18.2 versions prior to 18.2R2-S6, 18.2R3-S2; 18.2X75 versions prior to 18.2X75-D12, 18.2X75-D33, 18.2X75-D435, 18.2X75-D60; 18.3 versions prior to 18.3R1-S7, 18.3R2-S3, 18.3R3-S1; 18.4 versions prior to 18.4R1-S5, 18.4R2-S3, 18.4R3; 19.1 versions prior to 19.1R1-S4, 19.1R2; 19.2 versions prior to 19.2R1-S3, 19.2R2; 19.3 versions prior to 19.3R2.
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
GHSA-wpvj-hjcr-h3p2: CakePHP: View::element() is missing a path containment check
Impact`View::_getElementFileName()` does not check that the resolved element path is within the application/plugin view template paths. When element names are created with specifically crafted user-supplied data this weakness can be leveraged to include other PHP files on the server.PatchesPatched releases are available in 5.3.6, 5.2.13, 5.1.7, 4.6.4, and 4.5.11.WorkaroundsIf developers are not using user-supplied data in element names, no action is required.
CVSS v4.0: 6.3
PYSEC-2024-112: An arbitrary file read vulnerability exists in gaizhenbiao/chuanhuchatgpt version 20240628 due to insufficient validation when loading prompt template files. An attacker can read any file that matches specific criteria using an absolute path. The file must not have a .json extension and, except for the first line, every other line must contain commas. This vulnerability allows reading parts of format-compliant files, including code and log files, which may contain highly sensitive information such as account credentials.
CVSS v3.1: 7.5
CVE-2007-1763: The ATI kernel driver (atikmdag.sys) in Microsoft Windows Vista allows user-assisted remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted JPG image, as demonstrated by a slideshow, possibly due to a buffer overflow.
CVSS v2.0: 7.1
CVE-2021-37966: Inappropriate implementation in Compositing in Google Chrome on Android prior to 94.0.4606.54 allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of the Omnibox (URL bar) via a crafted HTML page.
CVSS v3.1: 4.3
CVSS v2.0: 4.3
GHSA-6wrx-6f22-3628: IBM PowerVM Hypervisor FW1010 could allow a privileged user to gain access to another VM due to assigning duplicate WWPNs. IBM X-Force ID: 210162.
CVE-2015-1496: Motorola Scanner SDK uses weak permissions for (1) CoreScanner.exe, (2) rsmdriverproviderservice.exe, and (3) ScannerService.exe, which allows local users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors.
CVSS v2.0: 7.2
CVE-2025-61784: LLaMA Factory's Chat API has Critical SSRF and LFI Vulnerabilities
LLaMA-Factory is a tuning library for large language models. Prior to version 0.9.4, a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in the chat API allows any authenticated user to force the server to make arbitrary HTTP requests to internal and external networks. This can lead to the exposure of sensitive internal services, reconnaissance of the internal network, or interaction with third-party services. The same mechanism also allows for a Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerability, enabling users to read arbitrary files from the server's filesystem. The vulnerability exists in the `_process_request` function within `src/llamafactory/api/chat.py.` This function is responsible for processing incoming multimodal content, including images, videos, and audio provided via URLs. The function checks if the provided URL is a base64 data URI or a local file path (`os.path.isfile`). If neither is true, it falls back to treating the URL as a web URI and makes a direct HTTP GET request using `requests.get(url, stream=True).raw` without any validation or sanitization of the URL. Version 0.9.4 fixes the underlying issue.
CVSS v3.1: 7.6
GHSA-x6x8-jpgv-4ggp: An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the admin.cgi MVPN_trial_init functionality of peplink Surf SOHO HW1 v6.3.5 (in QEMU). A specially crafted HTTP request can lead to command execution. An attacker can make an authenticated HTTP request to trigger this vulnerability.
CVSS v3.1: 7.2
GHSA-3fvg-4v2m-98jf: JWS and JWT signature validation vulnerability with special characters
ImpactJsrsasign supports JWS(JSON Web Signatures) and JWT(JSON Web Token) validation. However JWS or JWT signature with non Base64URL encoding special characters or number escaped characters may be validated as valid by mistake.For example, even if a string of non Base64URL encoding characters such as `!@$%` or `\11` is inserted into a valid JWS or JWT signature value string, it will still be a valid JWS or JWT signature by mistake.When jsrsasign's JWS or JWT validation is used in OpenID connect or OAuth2, this vulnerability will affect to authentication or authorization.By our internal assessment, CVSS 3.1 score will be 8.6.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:NPatchesUsers validate JWS or JWT signatures should upgrade to 10.5.25.WorkaroundsValidate JWS or JWT signature if it has Base64URL and dot safe string before
executing JWS.verify() or JWS.verifyJWT() method.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThanks to Adi Malyanker and Or David for this vulnerability report. Also thanks for [Snyk security team](https://snyk.io/) for this coordination.Referenceshttps://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/releases/tag/10.5.25
https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/security/advisories/GHSA-3fvg-4v2m-98jf kjur's advisories
https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-3fvg-4v2m-98jf github advisories
https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-25898
https://kjur.github.io/jsrsasign/api/symbols/KJUR.jws.JWS.html#.verifyJWT
https://kjur.github.io/jsrsasign/api/symbols/KJUR.jws.JWS.html#.verify
https://kjur.github.io/jsrsasign/api/symbols/global__.html#.isBase64URLDot
https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/wiki/Tutorial-for-JWS-verification
https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/wiki/Tutorial-for-JWT-verification
https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-JSRSASIGN-2869122
CVSS v3.1: 8.6
GHSA-7pp4-qxpv-rc2r: Kaspersky Virus Removal Tool (KVRT) prior to 15.0.23.0 was vulnerable to arbitrary file corruption that could provide an attacker with the opportunity to eliminate content of any file in the system.
GHSA-g87h-69rq-h324: Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 12.3, macOS Mojave 10.14.5, tvOS 12.3, Safari 12.1.1, iTunes for Windows 12.9.5, iCloud for Windows 7.12. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution.
GHSA-vc2j-hvfp-9qwr: The WP Custom Cursors WordPress plugin before 3.0.1 does not have CSRF check in place when deleting cursors, which could allow attackers to made a logged in admin delete arbitrary cursors via a CSRF attack.
CVSS v3.1: 4.3
GHSA-3c4w-p6cr-wgq6: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:mm/slub: actually fix freelist pointer vs redzoningIt turns out that SLUB redzoning ("slub_debug=Z") checks from
s->object_size rather than from s->inuse (which is normally bumped to
make room for the freelist pointer), so a cache created with an object
size less than 24 would have the freelist pointer written beyond
s->object_size, causing the redzone to be corrupted by the freelist
pointer.  This was very visible with "slub_debug=ZF":BUG test (Tainted: G    B            ): Right Redzone overwrittenINFO: 0xffff957ead1c05de-0xffff957ead1c05df @offset=1502. First byte 0x1a instead of 0xbb
  INFO: Slab 0xffffef3950b47000 objects=170 used=170 fp=0x0000000000000000 flags=0x8000000000000200
  INFO: Object 0xffff957ead1c05d8 @offset=1496 fp=0xffff957ead1c0620Redzone  (____ptrval____): bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb               ........
  Object   (____ptrval____): 00 00 00 00 00 f6 f4 a5               ........
  Redzone  (____ptrval____): 40 1d e8 1a aa                        @....
  Padding  (____ptrval____): 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00               ........Adjust the offset to stay within s->object_size.(Note that no caches of in this size range are known to exist in the
kernel currently.)
CVSS v3.1: 5.5
CVE-2017-0388: An elevation of privilege vulnerability in the External Storage Provider could enable a local secondary user to read data from an external storage SD card inserted by the primary user. This issue is rated as High because it is a general bypass for operating system protections that isolate application data from other applications. Product: Android. Versions: 6.0, 6.0.1, 7.0, 7.1. Android ID: A-32523490.
CVSS v3.0: 5.5
CVSS v2.0: 2.1
GHSA-63r5-mg44-92qx: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in apps/web/vs_diag.cgi in the DAAP extension in Banshee 1.4.2 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the server parameter, which is not properly handled in an error message.
GHSA-px2h-xv8p-wffv: Stack-based buffer overflow in the Symantec.FaxViewerControl.1 ActiveX control in WinFax\DCCFAXVW.DLL in Symantec WinFax Pro 10.03 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long argument to the AppendFax method.
GHSA-wm52-4cc3-xxgg: A command injection vulnerability exists in the com.webos.service.connectionmanager/tv/setVlanStaticAddress endpoint on webOS versions 5 and 6. A series of specially crafted requests can lead to command execution as the dbus user. An attacker can make authenticated requests to trigger this vulnerability.Full versions and TV models affected:webOS 5.5.0 - 04.50.51 running on OLED55CXPUAwebOS 6.3.3-442 (kisscurl-kinglake) - 03.36.50 running on OLED48C1PUB
CVSS v3.1: 9.1
GHSA-cj5p-4f7c-6w3g: A NULL pointer dereference exists in curl 7.21.0 to and including curl 7.58.0 in the LDAP code that allows an attacker to cause a denial of service
CVSS v3.0: 7.5
GHSA-qqxj-h4qq-r77g: phpscheduleit Booked Scheduler 2.7.5 allows arbitrary file upload via the Favicon field, leading to execution of arbitrary Web/custom-favicon.php PHP code, because Presenters/Admin/ManageThemePresenter.php does not ensure an image file extension.
CVSS v3.1: 8.8
GHSA-fh98-wqgq-wr3p: An issue in VPL Jail System up to v4.0.2 allows attackers to execute a directory traversal via a crafted request to a public endpoint.
CVSS v3.1: 9.8
GHSA-9584-r35w-wg7w: This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Foxit PhantomPDF 9.7.1.29511. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the handling of U3D objects embedded in a PDF. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-10190.
CVE-2022-1523: Fuji Electric D300win Write-what-where condition
Fuji Electric D300win prior to version 3.7.1.17 is vulnerable to a write-what-where condition, which could allow an attacker to overwrite program memory to manipulate the flow of information.
CVSS v3.1: 6.1