GHSA-rp9m-7r4c-75qg: fast-jwt: Cache Confusion via cacheKeyBuilder Collisions Can Return Claims From a Different Token (Identity/Authorization Mixup)
_NOTE_: While the library exposes a mechanism which could introduce the vulnerability, this issue is created by developer-supplied code and not by the library itself. We will add a warning and some education for users around the possible issues however since the defaults work we will not be updating the library beyond that for this advisory.ImpactSetting up a custom cacheKeyBuilder method which does not properly create unique keys for different tokens can lead to cache collisions. This could cause tokens to be mis-identified during the verification process leading to:Valid tokens returning claims from different valid tokensUsers being mis-identified as other users based on the wrong tokenThis could result in:User impersonation - UserB receives UserA's identity and permissionsPrivilege escalation - Low-privilege users inherit admin-level accessCross-tenant data access - Users gain access to other tenants' resourcesAuthorization bypass - Security decisions made on wrong user identityAffected ConfigurationsThis vulnerability ONLY affects applications that BOTH:Enable caching using the cache optionUse custom cacheKeyBuilder functions that can produce collisionsVULNERABLE examples:SAFE examples:Not AffectedApplications using **default caching**Applications with **caching disabled**Assessment GuideTo determine if you're affected:Check if caching is enabled: Look for cache: true or cache: <number> in verifier configurationCheck for custom cache key builders: Look for cacheKeyBuilder function in configurationAnalyze collision potential: Review if your cacheKeyBuilder can produce identical keys for different users/tokensIf no custom cacheKeyBuilder: You are NOT affected (default is safe)MitigationsMitigations include:Ensure uniqueness of keys produced in cacheKeyBuilderRemove custom cacheKeyBuilder methodDisable cachingfast-jwt allows enabling a verification cache through the cache option.
The cache key is derived from the token via cacheKeyBuilder.When a custom cacheKeyBuilder produces collisions between different tokens, the verifier may return the cached payload of a previous token instead of validating and returning the payload of the current token.This results in cross-token payload reuse and identity confusion.Two distinct valid JWTs can be verified successfully but mapped to the same cached entry, causing the verifier to return claims belonging to a different token.This affects authentication and authorization decisions when applications trust the returned payload.Affected componentsrc/verifier.jsRelevant logic:cache enabled via createCachecache population via cacheSetlookup based on cacheKeyBuilder(token)cached payload returned without re-verificationImpactIdentity / authorization confusion via cache collision.If two tokens generate the same cache key:token A is verified → payload stored in cachetoken B is verified → cache hit occursverifier returns payload from token A instead of BObserved effect:subject mismatchclaim mismatchauthorization decision performed on wrong identityPotential real-world consequences:user impersonation (logical)privilege confusionincorrect RBAC evaluationgateway / middleware auth inconsistenciesThis is especially dangerous when:cache is enabled (recommended for performance)custom cacheKeyBuilder is usedidentity claims (sub / aud / iss) drive authorizationRoot causeThe verifier assumes the cache key uniquely identifies the token and its claims.However:cacheKeyBuilder is user-controlledcollisions are not detectedcache entries store decoded payloadcached payload is returned without binding validationThis creates a trust boundary break between:token → cache key → cached payloadProof of conceptEnvironment:fast-jwt: 6.1.0Node.js: v24.13.1PoC:const { createSigner, createVerifier } = require('fast-jwt')const sign = createSigner({ key: 'secret' })// Two distinct tokens
const t1 = sign({ sub: 'userA', aud: 'admin' })
const t2 = sign({ sub: 'userB', aud: 'admin' })// Deliberately unsafe cache key builder (collision)
const verify = createVerifier({
  key: 'secret',
  cache: true,
  cacheKeyBuilder: () => 'static-key'
})console.log('verify t1')
const p1 = verify(t1)
console.log('t1 PASS sub=', p1.sub)console.log('verify t2')
const p2 = verify(t2)
console.log('t2 PASS sub=', p2.sub)console.log('verify t2 again')
const p3 = verify(t2)
console.log('t2-again PASS sub=', p3.sub)console.log('verify t1 again')
const p4 = verify(t1)
console.log('t1-again PASS sub=', p4.sub)Observed output:verify t1
t1 PASS sub= userAverify t2
t2 PASS sub= userAverify t2 again
t2-again PASS sub= userAverify t1 again
t1-again PASS sub= userAThe verifier returns payload from userA when verifying userB.Expected behaviorCache must not allow returning claims from a different token.Verification must remain bound to the actual token being validated.Even if cache collisions occur, the verifier should:revalidate signaturere-decode payloador invalidate cache entryWhy this is not “just misuse”This is not merely a user mistake.Reasons:fast-jwt explicitly exposes cacheKeyBuilder as an extension point.The documentation suggests performance tuning via custom key builders.No safeguards exist against collisions.No verification binding is performed between:cached payloadoriginal tokenThe verifier trusts cache output as authoritative identity.This creates a security-sensitive invariant:"cache key uniqueness"which is neither enforced nor validated.Security-critical libraries must assume extension hooks can be misused and implement defensive checks, especially when identity decisions are derived from cached values.Security classificationlogical authorization flawcache confusion vulnerabilityidentity boundary breakClosest CWE:CWE-440 — Expected Behavior ViolationSuggested fix (minimal and safe)Bind cache entries to token integrity.Option A — safest:Store token hash along with payload and verify match before returning cache.Conceptual patch:const tokenHash = hashToken(token)cache.set(key, { tokenHash, payload })...const entry = cache.get(key)if (entry && entry.tokenHash === hashToken(token)) {
  return entry.payload
}Option B — simpler:Disable cache usage when custom cacheKeyBuilder is provided.Option C — defensive:Always re-validate signature when cache hit occurs.NotesDefault cacheKeyBuilder is safe (hash-based).Issue appears when custom builders are used — a documented and supported feature.Impact increases in:API gatewaysauth middlewareRBAC layers relying on payload.sub / payload.audThis vulnerability is independent from:RegExp statefulness issueReDoS claim validation issueIt is a separate flaw in cache design and trust model.PoC did on my computer:
'use strict'const fs = require('node:fs')
const path = require('node:path')
const { createSigner, createVerifier } = require('./src')function nowSec() {
  return Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)
}const sign = createSigner({ key: 'secret' })
const t1 = sign({ sub: 'userA', aud: 'admin', iat: nowSec() })
const t2 = sign({ sub: 'userB', aud: 'admin', iat: nowSec() })function badKeyBuilder() {
  return 'aud=admin'
}const verify = createVerifier({
  key: 'secret',
  cache: true,
  cacheTTL: 60000,
  cacheKeyBuilder: badKeyBuilder
})function run(tok) {
  try {
    const out = verify(tok)
    return { ok: true, sub: out.sub, aud: out.aud }
  } catch (e) {
    return { ok: false, code: e.code || String(e), message: e.message }
  }
}const results = []
results.push({ step: 'verify(t1)', token: 't1', result: run(t1) })
results.push({ step: 'verify(t2)', token: 't2', result: run(t2) })
results.push({ step: 'verify(t2) again', token: 't2', result: run(t2) })
results.push({ step: 'verify(t1) again', token: 't1', result: run(t1) })const evidence = {
  title: 'fast-jwt cache confusion when cacheKeyBuilder collisions occur',
  environment: {
    node: process.version,
    fastJwt: require('./package.json').version
  },
  config: {
    cache: true,
    cacheTTL: 60000,
    cacheKeyBuilder: "returns constant key 'aud=admin' (realistic collision pattern)"
  },
  tokens: {
    t1: { claims: { sub: 'userA', aud: 'admin' }, jwt: t1 },
    t2: { claims: { sub: 'userB', aud: 'admin' }, jwt: t2 }
  },
  observed: results
}const outPath = path.join(process.cwd(), 'evidence-cache-keybuilder-confusion.json')
fs.writeFileSync(outPath, JSON.stringify(evidence, null, 2))
console.log('Wrote evidence to:', outPath)for (const r of results) {
  console.log(r.step, '=>', r.result.ok ? `PASS sub=${r.result.sub}` : `FAIL ${r.result.code}`)
}Output:
PS C:\Users\Franciny Rojas\Desktop\crypto-research\fast-jwt> node poc_cache_keybuilder_confusion_evidence.js
Wrote evidence to: C:\Users\Franciny Rojas\Desktop\crypto-research\fast-jwt\evidence-cache-keybuilder-confusion.json
verify(t1) => PASS sub=userA
verify(t2) => PASS sub=userA
verify(t2) again => PASS sub=userA
verify(t1) again => PASS sub=userA
PS C:\Users\Franciny Rojas\Desktop\crypto-research\fast-jwt>
CVSS v3.1: 9.1