text: // Copyright © 2013 Steve Francia <spf@spf13.com>.
  //
  // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  // You may obtain a copy of the License at
  // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  //
  // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  // limitations under the License.
  
  // Package cobra is a commander providing a simple interface to create powerful modern CLI interfaces.
  // In addition to providing an interface, Cobra simultaneously provides a controller to organize your application code.
  package cobra
  
  import (
  	"bytes"
  	"context"
  	"fmt"
  	"io"
  	"os"
  	"path/filepath"
  	"sort"
  	"strings"
  
  	flag "github.com/spf13/pflag"
  )
  
  // FParseErrWhitelist configures Flag parse errors to be ignored
  type FParseErrWhitelist flag.ParseErrorsWhitelist
  
  // Command is just that, a command for your application.
  // E.g.  'go run ...' - 'run' is the command. Cobra requires
  // you to define the usage and description as part of your command
  // definition to ensure usability.
  type Command struct {
  	// Use is the one-line usage message.
  	Use string
  
  	// Aliases is an array of aliases that can be used instead of the first word in Use.
  	Aliases []string
  
  	// SuggestFor is an array of command names for which this command will be suggested -
  	// similar to aliases but only suggests.
  	SuggestFor []string
  
  	// Short is the short description shown in the 'help' output.
  	Short string
  
  	// Long is the long message shown in the 'help <this-command>' output.
  	Long string
  
  	// Example is examples of how to use the command.
  	Example string
  
  	// ValidArgs is list of all valid non-flag arguments that are accepted in bash completions
  	ValidArgs []string
  	// ValidArgsFunction is an optional function that provides valid non-flag arguments for bash completion.
  	// It is a dynamic version of using ValidArgs.
  	// Only one of ValidArgs and ValidArgsFunction can be used for a command.
  	ValidArgsFunction func(cmd *Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, ShellCompDirective)
  
  	// Expected arguments
  	Args PositionalArgs
  
  	// ArgAliases is List of aliases for ValidArgs.
  	// These are not suggested to the user in the bash completion,
  	// but accepted if entered manually.
  	ArgAliases []string
  
  	// BashCompletionFunction is custom functions used by the bash autocompletion generator.
  	BashCompletionFunction string
  
  	// Deprecated defines, if this command is deprecated and should print this string when used.
  	Deprecated string
  
  	// Hidden defines, if this command is hidden and should NOT show up in the list of available commands.
  	Hidden bool
  
  	// Annotations are key/value pairs that can be used by applications to identify or
  	// group commands.
  	Annotations map[string]string
  
  	// Version defines the version for this command. If this value is non-empty and the command does not
  	// define a "version" flag, a "version" boolean flag will be added to the command and, if specified,
  	// will print content of the "Version" variable. A shorthand "v" flag will also be added if the
  	// command does not define one.
  	Version string
  
  	// The *Run functions are executed in the following order:
  	//   * PersistentPreRun()
  	//   * PreRun()
  	//   * Run()
  	//   * PostRun()
  	//   * PersistentPostRun()
  	// All functions get the same args, the arguments after the command name.
  	//
  	// PersistentPreRun: children of this command will inherit and execute.
  	PersistentPreRun func(cmd *Command, args []string)
  	// PersistentPreRunE: PersistentPreRun but returns an error.
  	PersistentPreRunE func(cmd *Command, args []string) error
  	// PreRun: children of this command will not inherit.
  	PreRun func(cmd *Command, args []string)
  	// PreRunE: PreRun but returns an error.
  	PreRunE func(cmd *Command, args []string) error
  	// Run: Typically the actual work function. Most commands will only implement this.
  	Run func(cmd *Command, args []string)
  	// RunE: Run but returns an error.
  	RunE func(cmd *Command, args []string) error
  	// PostRun: run after the Run command.
  	PostRun func(cmd *Command, args []string)
  	// PostRunE: PostRun but returns an error.
  	PostRunE func(cmd *Command, args []string) error
  	// PersistentPostRun: children of this command will inherit and execute after PostRun.
  	PersistentPostRun func(cmd *Command, args []string)
  	// PersistentPostRunE: PersistentPostRun but returns an error.
  	PersistentPostRunE func(cmd *Command, args []string) error
  
  	// SilenceErrors is an option to quiet errors down stream.
  	SilenceErrors bool
  
  	// SilenceUsage is an option to silence usage when an error occurs.
  	SilenceUsage bool
  
  	// DisableFlagParsing disables the flag parsing.
  	// If this is true all flags will be passed to the command as arguments.
  	DisableFlagParsing bool
  
  	// DisableAutoGenTag defines, if gen tag ("Auto generated by spf13/cobra...")
  	// will be printed by generating docs for this command.
  	DisableAutoGenTag bool
  
  	// DisableFlagsInUseLine will disable the addition of [flags] to the usage
  	// line of a command when printing help or generating docs
  	DisableFlagsInUseLine bool
  
  	// DisableSuggestions disables the suggestions based on Levenshtein distance
  	// that go along with 'unknown command' messages.
  	DisableSuggestions bool
  	// SuggestionsMinimumDistance defines minimum levenshtein distance to display suggestions.
  	// Must be > 0.
  	SuggestionsMinimumDistance int
  
  	// TraverseChildren parses flags on all parents before executing child command.
  	TraverseChildren bool
  
  	// FParseErrWhitelist flag parse errors to be ignored
  	FParseErrWhitelist FParseErrWhitelist
  
  	ctx context.Context
  
  	// commands is the list of commands supported by this program.
  	commands []*Command
  	// parent is a parent command for this command.
  	parent *Command
  	// Max lengths of commands' string lengths for use in padding.
  	commandsMaxUseLen         int
  	commandsMaxCommandPathLen int
  	commandsMaxNameLen        int
  	// commandsAreSorted defines, if command slice are sorted or not.
  	commandsAreSorted bool
  	// commandCalledAs is the name or alias value used to call this command.
  	commandCalledAs struct {
  		name   string
  		called bool
  	}
  
  	// args is actual args parsed from flags.
  	args []string
  	// flagErrorBuf contains all error messages from pflag.
  	flagErrorBuf *bytes.Buffer
  	// flags is full set of flags.
  	flags *flag.FlagSet
  	// pflags contains persistent flags.
  	pflags *flag.FlagSet
  	// lflags contains local flags.
  	lflags *flag.FlagSet
  	// iflags contains inherited flags.
  	iflags *flag.FlagSet
  	// parentsPflags is all persistent flags of cmd's parents.
  	parentsPflags *flag.FlagSet
  	// globNormFunc is the global normalization function
  	// that we can use on every pflag set and children commands
  	globNormFunc func(f *flag.FlagSet, name string) flag.NormalizedName
  
  	// usageFunc is usage func defined by user.
  	usageFunc func(*Command) error
  	// usageTemplate is usage template defined by user.
  	usageTemplate string
  	// flagErrorFunc is func defined by user and it's called when the parsing of
  	// flags returns an error.
  	flagErrorFunc func(*Command, error) error
  	// helpTemplate is help template defined by user.
  	helpTemplate string
  	// helpFunc is help func defined by user.
  	helpFunc func(*Command, []string)
  	// helpCommand is command with usage 'help'. If it's not defined by user,
  	// cobra uses default help command.
  	helpCommand *Command
  	// versionTemplate is the version template defined by user.
  	versionTemplate string
  
  	// inReader is a reader defined by the user that replaces stdin
  	inReader io.Reader
  	// outWriter is a writer defined by the user that replaces stdout
  	outWriter io.Writer
  	// errWriter is a writer defined by the user that replaces stderr
  	errWriter io.Writer
  }
  
  // Context returns underlying command context. If command wasn't
  // executed with ExecuteContext Context returns Background context.
  func (c *Command) Context() context.Context {
  	return c.ctx
  }
  
  // SetArgs sets arguments for the command. It is set to os.Args[1:] by default, if desired, can be overridden
  // particularly useful when testing.
  func (c *Command) SetArgs(a []string) {
  	c.args = a
  }
  
  // SetOutput sets the destination for usage and error messages.
  // If output is nil, os.Stderr is used.
  // Deprecated: Use SetOut and/or SetErr instead
  func (c *Command) SetOutput(output io.Writer) {
  	c.outWriter = output
  	c.errWriter = output
  }
  
  // SetOut sets the destination for usage messages.
  // If newOut is nil, os.Stdout is used.
  func (c *Command) SetOut(newOut io.Writer) {
  	c.outWriter = newOut
  }
  
  // SetErr sets the destination for error messages.
  // If newErr is nil, os.Stderr is used.
  func (c *Command) SetErr(newErr io.Writer) {
  	c.errWriter = newErr
  }
  
  // SetIn sets the source for input data
  // If newIn is nil, os.Stdin is used.
  func (c *Command) SetIn(newIn io.Reader) {
  	c.inReader = newIn
  }
  
  // SetUsageFunc sets usage function. Usage can be defined by application.
  func (c *Command) SetUsageFunc(f func(*Command) error) {
  	c.usageFunc = f
  }
  
  // SetUsageTemplate sets usage template. Can be defined by Application.
  func (c *Command) SetUsageTemplate(s string) {
  	c.usageTemplate = s
  }
  
  // SetFlagErrorFunc sets a function to generate an error when flag parsing
  // fails.
  func (c *Command) SetFlagErrorFunc(f func(*Command, error) error) {
  	c.flagErrorFunc = f
  }
  
  // SetHelpFunc sets help function. Can be defined by Application.
  func (c *Command) SetHelpFunc(f func(*Command, []string)) {
  	c.helpFunc = f
  }
  
  // SetHelpCommand sets help command.
  func (c *Command) SetHelpCommand(cmd *Command) {
  	c.helpCommand = cmd
  }
  
  // SetHelpTemplate sets help template to be used. Application can use it to set custom template.
  func (c *Command) SetHelpTemplate(s string) {
  	c.helpTemplate = s
  }
  
  // SetVersionTemplate sets version template to be used. Application can use it to set custom template.
  func (c *Command) SetVersionTemplate(s string) {
  	c.versionTemplate = s
  }
  
  // SetGlobalNormalizationFunc sets a normalization function to all flag sets and also to child commands.
  // The user should not have a cyclic dependency on commands.
  func (c *Command) SetGlobalNormalizationFunc(n func(f *flag.FlagSet, name string) flag.NormalizedName) {
  	c.Flags().SetNormalizeFunc(n)
  	c.PersistentFlags().SetNormalizeFunc(n)
  	c.globNormFunc = n
  
  	for _, command := range c.commands {
  		command.SetGlobalNormalizationFunc(n)
  	}
  }
  
  // OutOrStdout returns output to stdout.
  func (c *Command) OutOrStdout() io.Writer {
  	return c.getOut(os.Stdout)
  }
  
  // OutOrStderr returns output to stderr
  func (c *Command) OutOrStderr() io.Writer {
  	return c.getOut(os.Stderr)
  }
  
  // ErrOrStderr returns output to stderr
  func (c *Command) ErrOrStderr() io.Writer {
  	return c.getErr(os.Stderr)
  }
  
  // InOrStdin returns input to stdin
  func (c *Command) InOrStdin() io.Reader {
  	return c.getIn(os.Stdin)
  }
  
  func (c *Command) getOut(def io.Writer) io.Writer {
  	if c.outWriter != nil {
  		return c.outWriter
  	}
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.parent.getOut(def)
  	}
  	return def
  }
  
  func (c *Command) getErr(def io.Writer) io.Writer {
  	if c.errWriter != nil {
  		return c.errWriter
  	}
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.parent.getErr(def)
  	}
  	return def
  }
  
  func (c *Command) getIn(def io.Reader) io.Reader {
  	if c.inReader != nil {
  		return c.inReader
  	}
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.parent.getIn(def)
  	}
  	return def
  }
  
  // UsageFunc returns either the function set by SetUsageFunc for this command
  // or a parent, or it returns a default usage function.
  func (c *Command) UsageFunc() (f func(*Command) error) {
  	if c.usageFunc != nil {
  		return c.usageFunc
  	}
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.Parent().UsageFunc()
  	}
  	return func(c *Command) error {
  		c.mergePersistentFlags()
  		err := tmpl(c.OutOrStderr(), c.UsageTemplate(), c)
  		if err != nil {
  			c.Println(err)
  		}
  		return err
  	}
  }
  
  // Usage puts out the usage for the command.
  // Used when a user provides invalid input.
  // Can be defined by user by overriding UsageFunc.
  func (c *Command) Usage() error {
  	return c.UsageFunc()(c)
  }
  
  // HelpFunc returns either the function set by SetHelpFunc for this command
  // or a parent, or it returns a function with default help behavior.
  func (c *Command) HelpFunc() func(*Command, []string) {
  	if c.helpFunc != nil {
  		return c.helpFunc
  	}
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.Parent().HelpFunc()
  	}
  	return func(c *Command, a []string) {
  		c.mergePersistentFlags()
  		// The help should be sent to stdout
  		// See https://github.com/spf13/cobra/issues/1002
  		err := tmpl(c.OutOrStdout(), c.HelpTemplate(), c)
  		if err != nil {
  			c.Println(err)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  // Help puts out the help for the command.
  // Used when a user calls help [command].
  // Can be defined by user by overriding HelpFunc.
  func (c *Command) Help() error {
  	c.HelpFunc()(c, []string{})
  	return nil
  }
  
  // UsageString returns usage string.
  func (c *Command) UsageString() string {
  	// Storing normal writers
  	tmpOutput := c.outWriter
  	tmpErr := c.errWriter
  
  	bb := new(bytes.Buffer)
  	c.outWriter = bb
  	c.errWriter = bb
  
  	c.Usage()
  
  	// Setting things back to normal
  	c.outWriter = tmpOutput
  	c.errWriter = tmpErr
  
  	return bb.String()
  }
  
  // FlagErrorFunc returns either the function set by SetFlagErrorFunc for this
  // command or a parent, or it returns a function which returns the original
  // error.
  func (c *Command) FlagErrorFunc() (f func(*Command, error) error) {
  	if c.flagErrorFunc != nil {
  		return c.flagErrorFunc
  	}
  
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.parent.FlagErrorFunc()
  	}
  	return func(c *Command, err error) error {
  		return err
  	}
  }
  
  var minUsagePadding = 25
  
  // UsagePadding return padding for the usage.
  func (c *Command) UsagePadding() int {
  	if c.parent == nil || minUsagePadding > c.parent.commandsMaxUseLen {
  		return minUsagePadding
  	}
  	return c.parent.commandsMaxUseLen
  }
  
  var minCommandPathPadding = 11
  
  // CommandPathPadding return padding for the command path.
  func (c *Command) CommandPathPadding() int {
  	if c.parent == nil || minCommandPathPadding > c.parent.commandsMaxCommandPathLen {
  		return minCommandPathPadding
  	}
  	return c.parent.commandsMaxCommandPathLen
  }
  
  var minNamePadding = 11
  
  // NamePadding returns padding for the name.
  func (c *Command) NamePadding() int {
  	if c.parent == nil || minNamePadding > c.parent.commandsMaxNameLen {
  		return minNamePadding
  	}
  	return c.parent.commandsMaxNameLen
  }
  
  // UsageTemplate returns usage template for the command.
  func (c *Command) UsageTemplate() string {
  	if c.usageTemplate != "" {
  		return c.usageTemplate
  	}
  
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.parent.UsageTemplate()
  	}
  	return `Usage:{{if .Runnable}}
    {{.UseLine}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableSubCommands}}
    {{.CommandPath}} [command]{{end}}{{if gt (len .Aliases) 0}}
  
  Aliases:
    {{.NameAndAliases}}{{end}}{{if .HasExample}}
  
  Examples:
  {{.Example}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableSubCommands}}
  
  Available Commands:{{range .Commands}}{{if (or .IsAvailableCommand (eq .Name "help"))}}
    {{rpad .Name .NamePadding }} {{.Short}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableLocalFlags}}
  
  Flags:
  {{.LocalFlags.FlagUsages | trimTrailingWhitespaces}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableInheritedFlags}}
  
  Global Flags:
  {{.InheritedFlags.FlagUsages | trimTrailingWhitespaces}}{{end}}{{if .HasHelpSubCommands}}
  
  Additional help topics:{{range .Commands}}{{if .IsAdditionalHelpTopicCommand}}
    {{rpad .CommandPath .CommandPathPadding}} {{.Short}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableSubCommands}}
  
  Use "{{.CommandPath}} [command] --help" for more information about a command.{{end}}
  `
  }
  
  // HelpTemplate return help template for the command.
  func (c *Command) HelpTemplate() string {
  	if c.helpTemplate != "" {
  		return c.helpTemplate
  	}
  
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.parent.HelpTemplate()
  	}
  	return `{{with (or .Long .Short)}}{{. | trimTrailingWhitespaces}}
  
  {{end}}{{if or .Runnable .HasSubCommands}}{{.UsageString}}{{end}}`
  }
  
  // VersionTemplate return version template for the command.
  func (c *Command) VersionTemplate() string {
  	if c.versionTemplate != "" {
  		return c.versionTemplate
  	}
  
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.parent.VersionTemplate()
  	}
  	return `{{with .Name}}{{printf "%s " .}}{{end}}{{printf "version %s" .Version}}
  `
  }
  
  func hasNoOptDefVal(name string, fs *flag.FlagSet) bool {
  	flag := fs.Lookup(name)
  	if flag == nil {
  		return false
  	}
  	return flag.NoOptDefVal != ""
  }
  
  func shortHasNoOptDefVal(name string, fs *flag.FlagSet) bool {
  	if len(name) == 0 {
  		return false
  	}
  
  	flag := fs.ShorthandLookup(name[:1])
  	if flag == nil {
  		return false
  	}
  	return flag.NoOptDefVal != ""
  }
  
  func stripFlags(args []string, c *Command) []string {
  	if len(args) == 0 {
  		return args
  	}
  	c.mergePersistentFlags()
  
  	commands := []string{}
  	flags := c.Flags()
  
  Loop:
  	for len(args) > 0 {
  		s := args[0]
  		args = args[1:]
  		switch {
  		case s == "--":
  			// "--" terminates the flags
  			break Loop
  		case strings.HasPrefix(s, "--") && !strings.Contains(s, "=") && !hasNoOptDefVal(s[2:], flags):
  			// If '--flag arg' then
  			// delete arg from args.
  			fallthrough // (do the same as below)
  		case strings.HasPrefix(s, "-") && !strings.Contains(s, "=") && len(s) == 2 && !shortHasNoOptDefVal(s[1:], flags):
  			// If '-f arg' then
  			// delete 'arg' from args or break the loop if len(args) <= 1.
  			if len(args) <= 1 {
  				break Loop
  			} else {
  				args = args[1:]
  				continue
  			}
  		case s != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(s, "-"):
  			commands = append(commands, s)
  		}
  	}
  
  	return commands
  }
  
  // argsMinusFirstX removes only the first x from args.  Otherwise, commands that look like
  // openshift admin policy add-role-to-user admin my-user, lose the admin argument (arg[4]).
  func argsMinusFirstX(args []string, x string) []string {
  	for i, y := range args {
  		if x == y {
  			ret := []string{}
  			ret = append(ret, args[:i]...)
  			ret = append(ret, args[i+1:]...)
  			return ret
  		}
  	}
  	return args
  }
  
  func isFlagArg(arg string) bool {
  	return ((len(arg) >= 3 && arg[1] == '-') ||
  		(len(arg) >= 2 && arg[0] == '-' && arg[1] != '-'))
  }
  
  // Find the target command given the args and command tree
  // Meant to be run on the highest node. Only searches down.
  func (c *Command) Find(args []string) (*Command, []string, error) {
  	var innerfind func(*Command, []string) (*Command, []string)
  
  	innerfind = func(c *Command, innerArgs []string) (*Command, []string) {
  		argsWOflags := stripFlags(innerArgs, c)
  		if len(argsWOflags) == 0 {
  			return c, innerArgs
  		}
  		nextSubCmd := argsWOflags[0]
  
  		cmd := c.findNext(nextSubCmd)
  		if cmd != nil {
  			return innerfind(cmd, argsMinusFirstX(innerArgs, nextSubCmd))
  		}
  		return c, innerArgs
  	}
  
  	commandFound, a := innerfind(c, args)
  	if commandFound.Args == nil {
  		return commandFound, a, legacyArgs(commandFound, stripFlags(a, commandFound))
  	}
  	return commandFound, a, nil
  }
  
  func (c *Command) findSuggestions(arg string) string {
  	if c.DisableSuggestions {
  		return ""
  	}
  	if c.SuggestionsMinimumDistance <= 0 {
  		c.SuggestionsMinimumDistance = 2
  	}
  	suggestionsString := ""
  	if suggestions := c.SuggestionsFor(arg); len(suggestions) > 0 {
  		suggestionsString += "\n\nDid you mean this?\n"
  		for _, s := range suggestions {
  			suggestionsString += fmt.Sprintf("\t%v\n", s)
  		}
  	}
  	return suggestionsString
  }
  
  func (c *Command) findNext(next string) *Command {
  	matches := make([]*Command, 0)
  	for _, cmd := range c.commands {
  		if cmd.Name() == next || cmd.HasAlias(next) {
  			cmd.commandCalledAs.name = next
  			return cmd
  		}
  		if EnablePrefixMatching && cmd.hasNameOrAliasPrefix(next) {
  			matches = append(matches, cmd)
  		}
  	}
  
  	if len(matches) == 1 {
  		return matches[0]
  	}
  
  	return nil
  }
  
  // Traverse the command tree to find the command, and parse args for
  // each parent.
  func (c *Command) Traverse(args []string) (*Command, []string, error) {
  	flags := []string{}
  	inFlag := false
  
  	for i, arg := range args {
  		switch {
  		// A long flag with a space separated value
  		case strings.HasPrefix(arg, "--") && !strings.Contains(arg, "="):
  			// TODO: this isn't quite right, we should really check ahead for 'true' or 'false'
  			inFlag = !hasNoOptDefVal(arg[2:], c.Flags())
  			flags = append(flags, arg)
  			continue
  		// A short flag with a space separated value
  		case strings.HasPrefix(arg, "-") && !strings.Contains(arg, "=") && len(arg) == 2 && !shortHasNoOptDefVal(arg[1:], c.Flags()):
  			inFlag = true
  			flags = append(flags, arg)
  			continue
  		// The value for a flag
  		case inFlag:
  			inFlag = false
  			flags = append(flags, arg)
  			continue
  		// A flag without a value, or with an `=` separated value
  		case isFlagArg(arg):
  			flags = append(flags, arg)
  			continue
  		}
  
  		cmd := c.findNext(arg)
  		if cmd == nil {
  			return c, args, nil
  		}
  
  		if err := c.ParseFlags(flags); err != nil {
  			return nil, args, err
  		}
  		return cmd.Traverse(args[i+1:])
  	}
  	return c, args, nil
  }
  
  // SuggestionsFor provides suggestions for the typedName.
  func (c *Command) SuggestionsFor(typedName string) []string {
  	suggestions := []string{}
  	for _, cmd := range c.commands {
  		if cmd.IsAvailableCommand() {
  			levenshteinDistance := ld(typedName, cmd.Name(), true)
  			suggestByLevenshtein := levenshteinDistance <= c.SuggestionsMinimumDistance
  			suggestByPrefix := strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(cmd.Name()), strings.ToLower(typedName))
  			if suggestByLevenshtein || suggestByPrefix {
  				suggestions = append(suggestions, cmd.Name())
  			}
  			for _, explicitSuggestion := range cmd.SuggestFor {
  				if strings.EqualFold(typedName, explicitSuggestion) {
  					suggestions = append(suggestions, cmd.Name())
  				}
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	return suggestions
  }
  
  // VisitParents visits all parents of the command and invokes fn on each parent.
  func (c *Command) VisitParents(fn func(*Command)) {
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		fn(c.Parent())
  		c.Parent().VisitParents(fn)
  	}
  }
  
  // Root finds root command.
  func (c *Command) Root() *Command {
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.Parent().Root()
  	}
  	return c
  }
  
  // ArgsLenAtDash will return the length of c.Flags().Args at the moment
  // when a -- was found during args parsing.
  func (c *Command) ArgsLenAtDash() int {
  	return c.Flags().ArgsLenAtDash()
  }
  
  func (c *Command) execute(a []string) (err error) {
  	if c == nil {
  		return fmt.Errorf("Called Execute() on a nil Command")
  	}
  
  	if len(c.Deprecated) > 0 {
  		c.Printf("Command %q is deprecated, %s\n", c.Name(), c.Deprecated)
  	}
  
  	// initialize help and version flag at the last point possible to allow for user
  	// overriding
  	c.InitDefaultHelpFlag()
  	c.InitDefaultVersionFlag()
  
  	err = c.ParseFlags(a)
  	if err != nil {
  		return c.FlagErrorFunc()(c, err)
  	}
  
  	// If help is called, regardless of other flags, return we want help.
  	// Also say we need help if the command isn't runnable.
  	helpVal, err := c.Flags().GetBool("help")
  	if err != nil {
  		// should be impossible to get here as we always declare a help
  		// flag in InitDefaultHelpFlag()
  		c.Println("\"help\" flag declared as non-bool. Please correct your code")
  		return err
  	}
  
  	if helpVal {
  		return flag.ErrHelp
  	}
  
  	// for back-compat, only add version flag behavior if version is defined
  	if c.Version != "" {
  		versionVal, err := c.Flags().GetBool("version")
  		if err != nil {
  			c.Println("\"version\" flag declared as non-bool. Please correct your code")
  			return err
  		}
  		if versionVal {
  			err := tmpl(c.OutOrStdout(), c.VersionTemplate(), c)
  			if err != nil {
  				c.Println(err)
  			}
  			return err
  		}
  	}
  
  	if !c.Runnable() {
  		return flag.ErrHelp
  	}
  
  	c.preRun()
  
  	argWoFlags := c.Flags().Args()
  	if c.DisableFlagParsing {
  		argWoFlags = a
  	}
  
  	if err := c.ValidateArgs(argWoFlags); err != nil {
  		return err
  	}
  
  	for p := c; p != nil; p = p.Parent() {
  		if p.PersistentPreRunE != nil {
  			if err := p.PersistentPreRunE(c, argWoFlags); err != nil {
  				return err
  			}
  			break
  		} else if p.PersistentPreRun != nil {
  			p.PersistentPreRun(c, argWoFlags)
  			break
  		}
  	}
  	if c.PreRunE != nil {
  		if err := c.PreRunE(c, argWoFlags); err != nil {
  			return err
  		}
  	} else if c.PreRun != nil {
  		c.PreRun(c, argWoFlags)
  	}
  
  	if err := c.validateRequiredFlags(); err != nil {
  		return err
  	}
  	if c.RunE != nil {
  		if err := c.RunE(c, argWoFlags); err != nil {
  			return err
  		}
  	} else {
  		c.Run(c, argWoFlags)
  	}
  	if c.PostRunE != nil {
  		if err := c.PostRunE(c, argWoFlags); err != nil {
  			return err
  		}
  	} else if c.PostRun != nil {
  		c.PostRun(c, argWoFlags)
  	}
  	for p := c; p != nil; p = p.Parent() {
  		if p.PersistentPostRunE != nil {
  			if err := p.PersistentPostRunE(c, argWoFlags); err != nil {
  				return err
  			}
  			break
  		} else if p.PersistentPostRun != nil {
  			p.PersistentPostRun(c, argWoFlags)
  			break
  		}
  	}
  
  	return nil
  }
  
  func (c *Command) preRun() {
  	for _, x := range initializers {
  		x()
  	}
  }
  
  // ExecuteContext is the same as Execute(), but sets the ctx on the command.
  // Retrieve ctx by calling cmd.Context() inside your *Run lifecycle functions.
  func (c *Command) ExecuteContext(ctx context.Context) error {
  	c.ctx = ctx
  	return c.Execute()
  }
  
  // Execute uses the args (os.Args[1:] by default)
  // and run through the command tree finding appropriate matches
  // for commands and then corresponding flags.
  func (c *Command) Execute() error {
  	_, err := c.ExecuteC()
  	return err
  }
  
  // ExecuteC executes the command.
  func (c *Command) ExecuteC() (cmd *Command, err error) {
  	if c.ctx == nil {
  		c.ctx = context.Background()
  	}
  
  	// Regardless of what command execute is called on, run on Root only
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.Root().ExecuteC()
  	}
  
  	// windows hook
  	if preExecHookFn != nil {
  		preExecHookFn(c)
  	}
  
  	// initialize help as the last point possible to allow for user
  	// overriding
  	c.InitDefaultHelpCmd()
  
  	args := c.args
  
  	// Workaround FAIL with "go test -v" or "cobra.test -test.v", see #155
  	if c.args == nil && filepath.Base(os.Args[0]) != "cobra.test" {
  		args = os.Args[1:]
  	}
  
  	// initialize the hidden command to be used for bash completion
  	c.initCompleteCmd(args)
  
  	var flags []string
  	if c.TraverseChildren {
  		cmd, flags, err = c.Traverse(args)
  	} else {
  		cmd, flags, err = c.Find(args)
  	}
  	if err != nil {
  		// If found parse to a subcommand and then failed, talk about the subcommand
  		if cmd != nil {
  			c = cmd
  		}
  		if !c.SilenceErrors {
  			c.Println("Error:", err.Error())
  			c.Printf("Run '%v --help' for usage.\n", c.CommandPath())
  		}
  		return c, err
  	}
  
  	cmd.commandCalledAs.called = true
  	if cmd.commandCalledAs.name == "" {
  		cmd.commandCalledAs.name = cmd.Name()
  	}
  
  	// We have to pass global context to children command
  	// if context is present on the parent command.
  	if cmd.ctx == nil {
  		cmd.ctx = c.ctx
  	}
  
  	err = cmd.execute(flags)
  	if err != nil {
  		// Always show help if requested, even if SilenceErrors is in
  		// effect
  		if err == flag.ErrHelp {
  			cmd.HelpFunc()(cmd, args)
  			return cmd, nil
  		}
  
  		// If root command has SilentErrors flagged,
  		// all subcommands should respect it
  		if !cmd.SilenceErrors && !c.SilenceErrors {
  			c.Println("Error:", err.Error())
  		}
  
  		// If root command has SilentUsage flagged,
  		// all subcommands should respect it
  		if !cmd.SilenceUsage && !c.SilenceUsage {
  			c.Println(cmd.UsageString())
  		}
  	}
  	return cmd, err
  }
  
  func (c *Command) ValidateArgs(args []string) error {
  	if c.Args == nil {
  		return nil
  	}
  	return c.Args(c, args)
  }
  
  func (c *Command) validateRequiredFlags() error {
  	flags := c.Flags()
  	missingFlagNames := []string{}
  	flags.VisitAll(func(pflag *flag.Flag) {
  		requiredAnnotation, found := pflag.Annotations[BashCompOneRequiredFlag]
  		if !found {
  			return
  		}
  		if (requiredAnnotation[0] == "true") && !pflag.Changed {
  			missingFlagNames = append(missingFlagNames, pflag.Name)
  		}
  	})
  
  	if len(missingFlagNames) > 0 {
  		return fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) "%s" not set`, strings.Join(missingFlagNames, `", "`))
  	}
  	return nil
  }
  
  // InitDefaultHelpFlag adds default help flag to c.
  // It is called automatically by executing the c or by calling help and usage.
  // If c already has help flag, it will do nothing.
  func (c *Command) InitDefaultHelpFlag() {
  	c.mergePersistentFlags()
  	if c.Flags().Lookup("help") == nil {
  		usage := "help for "
  		if c.Name() == "" {
  			usage += "this command"
  		} else {
  			usage += c.Name()
  		}
  		c.Flags().BoolP("help", "h", false, usage)
  	}
  }
  
  // InitDefaultVersionFlag adds default version flag to c.
  // It is called automatically by executing the c.
  // If c already has a version flag, it will do nothing.
  // If c.Version is empty, it will do nothing.
  func (c *Command) InitDefaultVersionFlag() {
  	if c.Version == "" {
  		return
  	}
  
  	c.mergePersistentFlags()
  	if c.Flags().Lookup("version") == nil {
  		usage := "version for "
  		if c.Name() == "" {
  			usage += "this command"
  		} else {
  			usage += c.Name()
  		}
  		if c.Flags().ShorthandLookup("v") == nil {
  			c.Flags().BoolP("version", "v", false, usage)
  		} else {
  			c.Flags().Bool("version", false, usage)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  // InitDefaultHelpCmd adds default help command to c.
  // It is called automatically by executing the c or by calling help and usage.
  // If c already has help command or c has no subcommands, it will do nothing.
  func (c *Command) InitDefaultHelpCmd() {
  	if !c.HasSubCommands() {
  		return
  	}
  
  	if c.helpCommand == nil {
  		c.helpCommand = &Command{
  			Use:   "help [command]",
  			Short: "Help about any command",
  			Long: `Help provides help for any command in the application.
  Simply type ` + c.Name() + ` help [path to command] for full details.`,
  
  			Run: func(c *Command, args []string) {
  				cmd, _, e := c.Root().Find(args)
  				if cmd == nil || e != nil {
  					c.Printf("Unknown help topic %#q\n", args)
  					c.Root().Usage()
  				} else {
  					cmd.InitDefaultHelpFlag() // make possible 'help' flag to be shown
  					cmd.Help()
  				}
  			},
  		}
  	}
  	c.RemoveCommand(c.helpCommand)
  	c.AddCommand(c.helpCommand)
  }
  
  // ResetCommands delete parent, subcommand and help command from c.
  func (c *Command) ResetCommands() {
  	c.parent = nil
  	c.commands = nil
  	c.helpCommand = nil
  	c.parentsPflags = nil
  }
  
  // Sorts commands by their names.
  type commandSorterByName []*Command
  
  func (c commandSorterByName) Len() int           { return len(c) }
  func (c commandSorterByName) Swap(i, j int)      { c[i], c[j] = c[j], c[i] }
  func (c commandSorterByName) Less(i, j int) bool { return c[i].Name() < c[j].Name() }
  
  // Commands returns a sorted slice of child commands.
  func (c *Command) Commands() []*Command {
  	// do not sort commands if it already sorted or sorting was disabled
  	if EnableCommandSorting && !c.commandsAreSorted {
  		sort.Sort(commandSorterByName(c.commands))
  		c.commandsAreSorted = true
  	}
  	return c.commands
  }
  
  // AddCommand adds one or more commands to this parent command.
  func (c *Command) AddCommand(cmds ...*Command) {
  	for i, x := range cmds {
  		if cmds[i] == c {
  			panic("Command can't be a child of itself")
  		}
  		cmds[i].parent = c
  		// update max lengths
  		usageLen := len(x.Use)
  		if usageLen > c.commandsMaxUseLen {
  			c.commandsMaxUseLen = usageLen
  		}
  		commandPathLen := len(x.CommandPath())
  		if commandPathLen > c.commandsMaxCommandPathLen {
  			c.commandsMaxCommandPathLen = commandPathLen
  		}
  		nameLen := len(x.Name())
  		if nameLen > c.commandsMaxNameLen {
  			c.commandsMaxNameLen = nameLen
  		}
  		// If global normalization function exists, update all children
  		if c.globNormFunc != nil {
  			x.SetGlobalNormalizationFunc(c.globNormFunc)
  		}
  		c.commands = append(c.commands, x)
  		c.commandsAreSorted = false
  	}
  }
  
  // RemoveCommand removes one or more commands from a parent command.
  func (c *Command) RemoveCommand(cmds ...*Command) {
  	commands := []*Command{}
  main:
  	for _, command := range c.commands {
  		for _, cmd := range cmds {
  			if command == cmd {
  				command.parent = nil
  				continue main
  			}
  		}
  		commands = append(commands, command)
  	}
  	c.commands = commands
  	// recompute all lengths
  	c.commandsMaxUseLen = 0
  	c.commandsMaxCommandPathLen = 0
  	c.commandsMaxNameLen = 0
  	for _, command := range c.commands {
  		usageLen := len(command.Use)
  		if usageLen > c.commandsMaxUseLen {
  			c.commandsMaxUseLen = usageLen
  		}
  		commandPathLen := len(command.CommandPath())
  		if commandPathLen > c.commandsMaxCommandPathLen {
  			c.commandsMaxCommandPathLen = commandPathLen
  		}
  		nameLen := len(command.Name())
  		if nameLen > c.commandsMaxNameLen {
  			c.commandsMaxNameLen = nameLen
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  // Print is a convenience method to Print to the defined output, fallback to Stderr if not set.
  func (c *Command) Print(i ...interface{}) {
  	fmt.Fprint(c.OutOrStderr(), i...)
  }
  
  // Println is a convenience method to Println to the defined output, fallback to Stderr if not set.
  func (c *Command) Println(i ...interface{}) {
  	c.Print(fmt.Sprintln(i...))
  }
  
  // Printf is a convenience method to Printf to the defined output, fallback to Stderr if not set.
  func (c *Command) Printf(format string, i ...interface{}) {
  	c.Print(fmt.Sprintf(format, i...))
  }
  
  // PrintErr is a convenience method to Print to the defined Err output, fallback to Stderr if not set.
  func (c *Command) PrintErr(i ...interface{}) {
  	fmt.Fprint(c.ErrOrStderr(), i...)
  }
  
  // PrintErrln is a convenience method to Println to the defined Err output, fallback to Stderr if not set.
  func (c *Command) PrintErrln(i ...interface{}) {
  	c.Print(fmt.Sprintln(i...))
  }
  
  // PrintErrf is a convenience method to Printf to the defined Err output, fallback to Stderr if not set.
  func (c *Command) PrintErrf(format string, i ...interface{}) {
  	c.Print(fmt.Sprintf(format, i...))
  }
  
  // CommandPath returns the full path to this command.
  func (c *Command) CommandPath() string {
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		return c.Parent().CommandPath() + " " + c.Name()
  	}
  	return c.Name()
  }
  
  // UseLine puts out the full usage for a given command (including parents).
  func (c *Command) UseLine() string {
  	var useline string
  	if c.HasParent() {
  		useline = c.parent.CommandPath() + " " + c.Use
  	} else {
  		useline = c.Use
  	}
  	if c.DisableFlagsInUseLine {
  		return useline
  	}
  	if c.HasAvailableFlags() && !strings.Contains(useline, "[flags]") {
  		useline += " [flags]"
  	}
  	return useline
  }
  
  // DebugFlags used to determine which flags have been assigned to which commands
  // and which persist.
  func (c *Command) DebugFlags() {
  	c.Println("DebugFlags called on", c.Name())
  	var debugflags func(*Command)
  
  	debugflags = func(x *Command) {
  		if x.HasFlags() || x.HasPersistentFlags() {
  			c.Println(x.Name())
  		}
  		if x.HasFlags() {
  			x.flags.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
  				if x.HasPersistentFlags() && x.persistentFlag(f.Name) != nil {
  					c.Println("  -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, "  [LP]")
  				} else {
  					c.Println("  -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, "  [L]")
  				}
  			})
  		}
  		if x.HasPersistentFlags() {
  			x.pflags.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
  				if x.HasFlags() {
  					if x.flags.Lookup(f.Name) == nil {
  						c.Println("  -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, "  [P]")
  					}
  				} else {
  					c.Println("  -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, "  [P]")
  				}
  			})
  		}
  		c.Println(x.flagErrorBuf)
  		if x.HasSubCommands() {
  			for _, y := range x.commands {
  				debugflags(y)
  			}
  		}
  	}
  
  	debugflags(c)
  }
  
  // Name returns the command's name: the first word in the use line.
  func (c *Command) Name() string {
  	name := c.Use
  	i := strings.Index(name, " ")
  	if i >= 0 {
  		name = name[:i]
  	}
  	return name
  }
  
  // HasAlias determines if a given string is an alias of the command.
  func (c *Command) HasAlias(s string) bool {
  	for _, a := range c.Aliases {
  		if a == s {
  			return true
  		}
  	}
  	return false
  }
  
  // CalledAs returns the command name or alias that was used to invoke
  // this command or an empty string if the command has not been called.
  func (c *Command) CalledAs() string {
  	if c.commandCalledAs.called {
  		return c.commandCalledAs.name
  	}
  	return ""
  }
  
  // hasNameOrAliasPrefix returns true if the Name or any of aliases start
  // with prefix
  func (c *Command) hasNameOrAliasPrefix(prefix string) bool {
  	if strings.HasPrefix(c.Name(), prefix) {
  		c.commandCalledAs.name = c.Name()
  		return true
  	}
  	for _, alias := range c.Aliases {
  		if strings.HasPrefix(alias, prefix) {
  			c.commandCalledAs.name = alias
  			return true
  		}
  	}
  	return false
  }
  
  // NameAndAliases returns a list of the command name and all aliases
  func (c *Command) NameAndAliases() string {
  	return strings.Join(append([]string{c.Name()}, c.Aliases...), ", ")
  }
  
  // HasExample determines if the command has example.
  func (c *Command) HasExample() bool {
  	return len(c.Example) > 0
  }
  
  // Runnable determines if the command is itself runnable.
  func (c *Command) Runnable() bool {
  	return c.Run != nil || c.RunE != nil
  }
  
  // HasSubCommands determines if the command has children commands.
  func (c *Command) HasSubCommands() bool {
  	return len(c.commands) > 0
  }
  
  // IsAvailableCommand determines if a command is available as a non-help command
  // (this includes all non deprecated/hidden commands).
  func (c *Command) IsAvailableCommand() bool {
  	if len(c.Deprecated) != 0 || c.Hidden {
  		return false
  	}
  
  	if c.HasParent() && c.Parent().helpCommand == c {
  		return false
  	}
  
  	if c.Runnable() || c.HasAvailableSubCommands() {
  		return true
  	}
  
  	return false
  }
  
  // IsAdditionalHelpTopicCommand determines if a command is an additional
  // help topic command; additional help topic command is determined by the
  // fact that it is NOT runnable/hidden/deprecated, and has no sub commands that
  // are runnable/hidden/deprecated.
  // Concrete example: https://github.com/spf13/cobra/issues/393#issuecomment-282741924.
  func (c *Command) IsAdditionalHelpTopicCommand() bool {
  	// if a command is runnable, deprecated, or hidden it is not a 'help' command
  	if c.Runnable() || len(c.Deprecated) != 0 || c.Hidden {
  		return false
  	}
  
  	// if any non-help sub commands are found, the command is not a 'help' command
  	for _, sub := range c.commands {
  		if !sub.IsAdditionalHelpTopicCommand() {
  			return false
  		}
  	}
  
  	// the command either has no sub commands, or no non-help sub commands
  	return true
  }
  
  // HasHelpSubCommands determines if a command has any available 'help' sub commands
  // that need to be shown in the usage/help default template under 'additional help
  // topics'.
  func (c *Command) HasHelpSubCommands() bool {
  	// return true on the first found available 'help' sub command
  	for _, sub := range c.commands {
  		if sub.IsAdditionalHelpTopicCommand() {
  			return true
  		}
  	}
  
  	// the command either has no sub commands, or no available 'help' sub commands
  	return false
  }
  
  // HasAvailableSubCommands determines if a command has available sub commands that
  // need to be shown in the usage/help default template under 'available commands'.
  func (c *Command) HasAvailableSubCommands() bool {
  	// return true on the first found available (non deprecated/help/hidden)
  	// sub command
  	for _, sub := range c.commands {
  		if sub.IsAvailableCommand() {
  			return true
  		}
  	}
  
  	// the command either has no sub commands, or no available (non deprecated/help/hidden)
  	// sub commands
  	return false
  }
  
  // HasParent determines if the command is a child command.
  func (c *Command) HasParent() bool {
  	return c.parent != nil
  }
  
  // GlobalNormalizationFunc returns the global normalization function or nil if it doesn't exist.
  func (c *Command) GlobalNormalizationFunc() func(f *flag.FlagSet, name string) flag.NormalizedName {
  	return c.globNormFunc
  }
  
  // Flags returns the complete FlagSet that applies
  // to this command (local and persistent declared here and by all parents).
  func (c *Command) Flags() *flag.FlagSet {
  	if c.flags == nil {
  		c.flags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  		if c.flagErrorBuf == nil {
  			c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
  		}
  		c.flags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
  	}
  
  	return c.flags
  }
  
  // LocalNonPersistentFlags are flags specific to this command which will NOT persist to subcommands.
  func (c *Command) LocalNonPersistentFlags() *flag.FlagSet {
  	persistentFlags := c.PersistentFlags()
  
  	out := flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  	c.LocalFlags().VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
  		if persistentFlags.Lookup(f.Name) == nil {
  			out.AddFlag(f)
  		}
  	})
  	return out
  }
  
  // LocalFlags returns the local FlagSet specifically set in the current command.
  func (c *Command) LocalFlags() *flag.FlagSet {
  	c.mergePersistentFlags()
  
  	if c.lflags == nil {
  		c.lflags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  		if c.flagErrorBuf == nil {
  			c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
  		}
  		c.lflags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
  	}
  	c.lflags.SortFlags = c.Flags().SortFlags
  	if c.globNormFunc != nil {
  		c.lflags.SetNormalizeFunc(c.globNormFunc)
  	}
  
  	addToLocal := func(f *flag.Flag) {
  		if c.lflags.Lookup(f.Name) == nil && c.parentsPflags.Lookup(f.Name) == nil {
  			c.lflags.AddFlag(f)
  		}
  	}
  	c.Flags().VisitAll(addToLocal)
  	c.PersistentFlags().VisitAll(addToLocal)
  	return c.lflags
  }
  
  // InheritedFlags returns all flags which were inherited from parent commands.
  func (c *Command) InheritedFlags() *flag.FlagSet {
  	c.mergePersistentFlags()
  
  	if c.iflags == nil {
  		c.iflags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  		if c.flagErrorBuf == nil {
  			c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
  		}
  		c.iflags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
  	}
  
  	local := c.LocalFlags()
  	if c.globNormFunc != nil {
  		c.iflags.SetNormalizeFunc(c.globNormFunc)
  	}
  
  	c.parentsPflags.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
  		if c.iflags.Lookup(f.Name) == nil && local.Lookup(f.Name) == nil {
  			c.iflags.AddFlag(f)
  		}
  	})
  	return c.iflags
  }
  
  // NonInheritedFlags returns all flags which were not inherited from parent commands.
  func (c *Command) NonInheritedFlags() *flag.FlagSet {
  	return c.LocalFlags()
  }
  
  // PersistentFlags returns the persistent FlagSet specifically set in the current command.
  func (c *Command) PersistentFlags() *flag.FlagSet {
  	if c.pflags == nil {
  		c.pflags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  		if c.flagErrorBuf == nil {
  			c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
  		}
  		c.pflags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
  	}
  	return c.pflags
  }
  
  // ResetFlags deletes all flags from command.
  func (c *Command) ResetFlags() {
  	c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
  	c.flagErrorBuf.Reset()
  	c.flags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  	c.flags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
  	c.pflags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  	c.pflags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
  
  	c.lflags = nil
  	c.iflags = nil
  	c.parentsPflags = nil
  }
  
  // HasFlags checks if the command contains any flags (local plus persistent from the entire structure).
  func (c *Command) HasFlags() bool {
  	return c.Flags().HasFlags()
  }
  
  // HasPersistentFlags checks if the command contains persistent flags.
  func (c *Command) HasPersistentFlags() bool {
  	return c.PersistentFlags().HasFlags()
  }
  
  // HasLocalFlags checks if the command has flags specifically declared locally.
  func (c *Command) HasLocalFlags() bool {
  	return c.LocalFlags().HasFlags()
  }
  
  // HasInheritedFlags checks if the command has flags inherited from its parent command.
  func (c *Command) HasInheritedFlags() bool {
  	return c.InheritedFlags().HasFlags()
  }
  
  // HasAvailableFlags checks if the command contains any flags (local plus persistent from the entire
  // structure) which are not hidden or deprecated.
  func (c *Command) HasAvailableFlags() bool {
  	return c.Flags().HasAvailableFlags()
  }
  
  // HasAvailablePersistentFlags checks if the command contains persistent flags which are not hidden or deprecated.
  func (c *Command) HasAvailablePersistentFlags() bool {
  	return c.PersistentFlags().HasAvailableFlags()
  }
  
  // HasAvailableLocalFlags checks if the command has flags specifically declared locally which are not hidden
  // or deprecated.
  func (c *Command) HasAvailableLocalFlags() bool {
  	return c.LocalFlags().HasAvailableFlags()
  }
  
  // HasAvailableInheritedFlags checks if the command has flags inherited from its parent command which are
  // not hidden or deprecated.
  func (c *Command) HasAvailableInheritedFlags() bool {
  	return c.InheritedFlags().HasAvailableFlags()
  }
  
  // Flag climbs up the command tree looking for matching flag.
  func (c *Command) Flag(name string) (flag *flag.Flag) {
  	flag = c.Flags().Lookup(name)
  
  	if flag == nil {
  		flag = c.persistentFlag(name)
  	}
  
  	return
  }
  
  // Recursively find matching persistent flag.
  func (c *Command) persistentFlag(name string) (flag *flag.Flag) {
  	if c.HasPersistentFlags() {
  		flag = c.PersistentFlags().Lookup(name)
  	}
  
  	if flag == nil {
  		c.updateParentsPflags()
  		flag = c.parentsPflags.Lookup(name)
  	}
  	return
  }
  
  // ParseFlags parses persistent flag tree and local flags.
  func (c *Command) ParseFlags(args []string) error {
  	if c.DisableFlagParsing {
  		return nil
  	}
  
  	if c.flagErrorBuf == nil {
  		c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
  	}
  	beforeErrorBufLen := c.flagErrorBuf.Len()
  	c.mergePersistentFlags()
  
  	// do it here after merging all flags and just before parse
  	c.Flags().ParseErrorsWhitelist = flag.ParseErrorsWhitelist(c.FParseErrWhitelist)
  
  	err := c.Flags().Parse(args)
  	// Print warnings if they occurred (e.g. deprecated flag messages).
  	if c.flagErrorBuf.Len()-beforeErrorBufLen > 0 && err == nil {
  		c.Print(c.flagErrorBuf.String())
  	}
  
  	return err
  }
  
  // Parent returns a commands parent command.
  func (c *Command) Parent() *Command {
  	return c.parent
  }
  
  // mergePersistentFlags merges c.PersistentFlags() to c.Flags()
  // and adds missing persistent flags of all parents.
  func (c *Command) mergePersistentFlags() {
  	c.updateParentsPflags()
  	c.Flags().AddFlagSet(c.PersistentFlags())
  	c.Flags().AddFlagSet(c.parentsPflags)
  }
  
  // updateParentsPflags updates c.parentsPflags by adding
  // new persistent flags of all parents.
  // If c.parentsPflags == nil, it makes new.
  func (c *Command) updateParentsPflags() {
  	if c.parentsPflags == nil {
  		c.parentsPflags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
  		c.parentsPflags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
  		c.parentsPflags.SortFlags = false
  	}
  
  	if c.globNormFunc != nil {
  		c.parentsPflags.SetNormalizeFunc(c.globNormFunc)
  	}
  
  	c.Root().PersistentFlags().AddFlagSet(flag.CommandLine)
  
  	c.VisitParents(func(parent *Command) {
  		c.parentsPflags.AddFlagSet(parent.PersistentFlags())
  	})
  }
  