text: /*
   * turbostat -- show CPU frequency and C-state residency
   * on modern Intel turbo-capable processors.
   *
   * Copyright (c) 2013 Intel Corporation.
   * Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
   *
   * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   * under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
   * version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
   *
   * This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
   * more details.
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
   * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
   * 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
   */
  
  #define _GNU_SOURCE
  #include MSRHEADER
  #include <stdarg.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <err.h>
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <sys/types.h>
  #include <sys/wait.h>
  #include <sys/stat.h>
  #include <sys/resource.h>
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <signal.h>
  #include <sys/time.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <getopt.h>
  #include <dirent.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <ctype.h>
  #include <sched.h>
  #include <cpuid.h>
  #include <linux/capability.h>
  #include <errno.h>
  
  char *proc_stat = "/proc/stat";
  unsigned int interval_sec = 5;
  unsigned int debug;
  unsigned int rapl_joules;
  unsigned int summary_only;
  unsigned int dump_only;
  unsigned int skip_c0;
  unsigned int skip_c1;
  unsigned int do_nhm_cstates;
  unsigned int do_snb_cstates;
  unsigned int do_pc2;
  unsigned int do_pc3;
  unsigned int do_pc6;
  unsigned int do_pc7;
  unsigned int do_c8_c9_c10;
  unsigned int do_slm_cstates;
  unsigned int use_c1_residency_msr;
  unsigned int has_aperf;
  unsigned int has_epb;
  unsigned int units = 1000000;	/* MHz etc */
  unsigned int genuine_intel;
  unsigned int has_invariant_tsc;
  unsigned int do_nhm_platform_info;
  unsigned int do_nhm_turbo_ratio_limit;
  unsigned int do_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit;
  unsigned int extra_msr_offset32;
  unsigned int extra_msr_offset64;
  unsigned int extra_delta_offset32;
  unsigned int extra_delta_offset64;
  int do_smi;
  double bclk;
  unsigned int show_pkg;
  unsigned int show_core;
  unsigned int show_cpu;
  unsigned int show_pkg_only;
  unsigned int show_core_only;
  char *output_buffer, *outp;
  unsigned int do_rapl;
  unsigned int do_dts;
  unsigned int do_ptm;
  unsigned int tcc_activation_temp;
  unsigned int tcc_activation_temp_override;
  double rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units;
  double rapl_joule_counter_range;
  unsigned int do_core_perf_limit_reasons;
  unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
  unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
  
  #define RAPL_PKG		(1 << 0)
  					/* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
  					/* 0x611 MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
  #define RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS	(1 << 1)
  					/* 0x613 MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
  #define RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO	(1 << 2)
  					/* 0x614 MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO */
  
  #define RAPL_DRAM		(1 << 3)
  					/* 0x618 MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT */
  					/* 0x619 MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
  					/* 0x61c MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO */
  #define RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS	(1 << 4)
  					/* 0x61b MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
  
  #define RAPL_CORES		(1 << 5)
  					/* 0x638 MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT */
  					/* 0x639 MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
  #define RAPL_CORE_POLICY	(1 << 6)
  					/* 0x63a MSR_PP0_POLICY */
  
  
  #define RAPL_GFX		(1 << 7)
  					/* 0x640 MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT */
  					/* 0x641 MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
  					/* 0x642 MSR_PP1_POLICY */
  #define	TJMAX_DEFAULT	100
  
  #define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
  
  int aperf_mperf_unstable;
  int backwards_count;
  char *progname;
  
  cpu_set_t *cpu_present_set, *cpu_affinity_set;
  size_t cpu_present_setsize, cpu_affinity_setsize;
  
  struct thread_data {
  	unsigned long long tsc;
  	unsigned long long aperf;
  	unsigned long long mperf;
  	unsigned long long c1;
  	unsigned long long extra_msr64;
  	unsigned long long extra_delta64;
  	unsigned long long extra_msr32;
  	unsigned long long extra_delta32;
  	unsigned int smi_count;
  	unsigned int cpu_id;
  	unsigned int flags;
  #define CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE	0x2
  #define CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE	0x4
  } *thread_even, *thread_odd;
  
  struct core_data {
  	unsigned long long c3;
  	unsigned long long c6;
  	unsigned long long c7;
  	unsigned int core_temp_c;
  	unsigned int core_id;
  } *core_even, *core_odd;
  
  struct pkg_data {
  	unsigned long long pc2;
  	unsigned long long pc3;
  	unsigned long long pc6;
  	unsigned long long pc7;
  	unsigned long long pc8;
  	unsigned long long pc9;
  	unsigned long long pc10;
  	unsigned int package_id;
  	unsigned int energy_pkg;	/* MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
  	unsigned int energy_dram;	/* MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
  	unsigned int energy_cores;	/* MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
  	unsigned int energy_gfx;	/* MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
  	unsigned int rapl_pkg_perf_status;	/* MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
  	unsigned int rapl_dram_perf_status;	/* MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
  	unsigned int pkg_temp_c;
  
  } *package_even, *package_odd;
  
  #define ODD_COUNTERS thread_odd, core_odd, package_odd
  #define EVEN_COUNTERS thread_even, core_even, package_even
  
  #define GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no) \
  	(thread_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg * \
  		topo.num_threads_per_core + \
  		(core_no) * topo.num_threads_per_core + (thread_no))
  #define GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no) \
  	(core_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg + (core_no))
  #define GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no) (pkg_base + pkg_no)
  
  struct system_summary {
  	struct thread_data threads;
  	struct core_data cores;
  	struct pkg_data packages;
  } sum, average;
  
  
  struct topo_params {
  	int num_packages;
  	int num_cpus;
  	int num_cores;
  	int max_cpu_num;
  	int num_cores_per_pkg;
  	int num_threads_per_core;
  } topo;
  
  struct timeval tv_even, tv_odd, tv_delta;
  
  void setup_all_buffers(void);
  
  int cpu_is_not_present(int cpu)
  {
  	return !CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
  }
  /*
   * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
   * skip non-present cpus
   */
  
  int for_all_cpus(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *, struct pkg_data *),
  	struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base)
  {
  	int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;
  
  	for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
  		for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
  			for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
  				topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
  				struct thread_data *t;
  				struct core_data *c;
  				struct pkg_data *p;
  
  				t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);
  
  				if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
  					continue;
  
  				c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
  				p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
  
  				retval = func(t, c, p);
  				if (retval)
  					return retval;
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  int cpu_migrate(int cpu)
  {
  	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
  	CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
  	if (sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set) == -1)
  		return -1;
  	else
  		return 0;
  }
  
  int get_msr(int cpu, off_t offset, unsigned long long *msr)
  {
  	ssize_t retval;
  	char pathname[32];
  	int fd;
  
  	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
  	fd = open(pathname, O_RDONLY);
  	if (fd < 0)
  		err(-1, "%s open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr, or run as root", pathname);
  
  	retval = pread(fd, msr, sizeof *msr, offset);
  	close(fd);
  
  	if (retval != sizeof *msr)
  		err(-1, "%s offset 0x%llx read failed", pathname, (unsigned long long)offset);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * Example Format w/ field column widths:
   *
   *  Package    Core     CPU Avg_MHz Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz     SMI   %Busy CPU_%c1 CPU_%c3 CPU_%c6 CPU_%c7 CoreTmp  PkgTmp Pkg%pc2 Pkg%pc3 Pkg%pc6 Pkg%pc7 PkgWatt CorWatt GFXWatt
   * 123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678
   */
  
  void print_header(void)
  {
  	if (show_pkg)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Package");
  	if (show_core)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "    Core");
  	if (show_cpu)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "     CPU");
  	if (has_aperf)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Avg_MHz");
  	if (has_aperf)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "   %%Busy");
  	if (has_aperf)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Bzy_MHz");
  	outp += sprintf(outp, " TSC_MHz");
  	if (do_smi)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "     SMI");
  	if (extra_delta_offset32)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  count 0x%03X", extra_delta_offset32);
  	if (extra_delta_offset64)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  COUNT 0x%03X", extra_delta_offset64);
  	if (extra_msr_offset32)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "   MSR 0x%03X", extra_msr_offset32);
  	if (extra_msr_offset64)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "           MSR 0x%03X", extra_msr_offset64);
  	if (do_nhm_cstates)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c1");
  	if (do_nhm_cstates && !do_slm_cstates)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c3");
  	if (do_nhm_cstates)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c6");
  	if (do_snb_cstates)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c7");
  
  	if (do_dts)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " CoreTmp");
  	if (do_ptm)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  PkgTmp");
  
  	if (do_pc2)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc2");
  	if (do_pc3)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc3");
  	if (do_pc6)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc6");
  	if (do_pc7)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc7");
  	if (do_c8_c9_c10) {
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc8");
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc9");
  		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pk%%pc10");
  	}
  
  	if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, " PkgWatt");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, " CorWatt");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, " GFXWatt");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, " RAMWatt");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   PKG_%%");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   RAM_%%");
  	} else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   Pkg_J");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   Cor_J");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   GFX_J");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   RAM_W");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   PKG_%%");
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "   RAM_%%");
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "   time");
  
  	}
  	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
  }
  
  int dump_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
  	struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	outp += sprintf(outp, "t %p, c %p, p %p\n", t, c, p);
  
  	if (t) {
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU: %d flags 0x%x\n",
  			t->cpu_id, t->flags);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "TSC: %016llX\n", t->tsc);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "aperf: %016llX\n", t->aperf);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "mperf: %016llX\n", t->mperf);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "c1: %016llX\n", t->c1);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
  			extra_delta_offset32, t->extra_delta32);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %016llX\n",
  			extra_delta_offset64, t->extra_delta64);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
  			extra_msr_offset32, t->extra_msr32);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %016llX\n",
  			extra_msr_offset64, t->extra_msr64);
  		if (do_smi)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "SMI: %08X\n", t->smi_count);
  	}
  
  	if (c) {
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "core: %d\n", c->core_id);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "c3: %016llX\n", c->c3);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "c6: %016llX\n", c->c6);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "c7: %016llX\n", c->c7);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "DTS: %dC\n", c->core_temp_c);
  	}
  
  	if (p) {
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "package: %d\n", p->package_id);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc2: %016llX\n", p->pc2);
  		if (do_pc3)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc3: %016llX\n", p->pc3);
  		if (do_pc6)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc6: %016llX\n", p->pc6);
  		if (do_pc7)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc7: %016llX\n", p->pc7);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc8: %016llX\n", p->pc8);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc9: %016llX\n", p->pc9);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc10: %016llX\n", p->pc10);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules PKG: %0X\n", p->energy_pkg);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules COR: %0X\n", p->energy_cores);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules GFX: %0X\n", p->energy_gfx);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules RAM: %0X\n", p->energy_dram);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle PKG: %0X\n",
  			p->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle RAM: %0X\n",
  			p->rapl_dram_perf_status);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "PTM: %dC\n", p->pkg_temp_c);
  	}
  
  	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * column formatting convention & formats
   */
  int format_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
  	struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	double interval_float;
  	char *fmt8;
  
  	 /* if showing only 1st thread in core and this isn't one, bail out */
  	if (show_core_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
  		return 0;
  
  	 /* if showing only 1st thread in pkg and this isn't one, bail out */
  	if (show_pkg_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		return 0;
  
  	interval_float = tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0;
  
  	/* topo columns, print blanks on 1st (average) line */
  	if (t == &average.threads) {
  		if (show_pkg)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
  		if (show_core)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
  		if (show_cpu)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
  	} else {
  		if (show_pkg) {
  			if (p)
  				outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", p->package_id);
  			else
  				outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
  		}
  		if (show_core) {
  			if (c)
  				outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", c->core_id);
  			else
  				outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
  		}
  		if (show_cpu)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", t->cpu_id);
  	}
  
  	/* Avg_MHz */
  	if (has_aperf)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.0f",
  			1.0 / units * t->aperf / interval_float);
  
  	/* %Busy */
  	if (has_aperf) {
  		if (!skip_c0)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * t->mperf/t->tsc);
  		else
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "********");
  	}
  
  	/* Bzy_MHz */
  	if (has_aperf)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.0f",
  			1.0 * t->tsc / units * t->aperf / t->mperf / interval_float);
  
  	/* TSC_MHz */
  	outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.0f", 1.0 * t->tsc/units/interval_float);
  
  	/* SMI */
  	if (do_smi)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", t->smi_count);
  
  	/* delta */
  	if (extra_delta_offset32)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  %11llu", t->extra_delta32);
  
  	/* DELTA */
  	if (extra_delta_offset64)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  %11llu", t->extra_delta64);
  	/* msr */
  	if (extra_msr_offset32)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  0x%08llx", t->extra_msr32);
  
  	/* MSR */
  	if (extra_msr_offset64)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "  0x%016llx", t->extra_msr64);
  
  	if (do_nhm_cstates) {
  		if (!skip_c1)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * t->c1/t->tsc);
  		else
  			outp += sprintf(outp, "********");
  	}
  
  	/* print per-core data only for 1st thread in core */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
  		goto done;
  
  	if (do_nhm_cstates && !do_slm_cstates)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * c->c3/t->tsc);
  	if (do_nhm_cstates)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * c->c6/t->tsc);
  	if (do_snb_cstates)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * c->c7/t->tsc);
  
  	if (do_dts)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", c->core_temp_c);
  
  	/* print per-package data only for 1st core in package */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		goto done;
  
  	if (do_ptm)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", p->pkg_temp_c);
  
  	if (do_pc2)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc2/t->tsc);
  	if (do_pc3)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc3/t->tsc);
  	if (do_pc6)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc6/t->tsc);
  	if (do_pc7)
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc7/t->tsc);
  	if (do_c8_c9_c10) {
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc8/t->tsc);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc9/t->tsc);
  		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc10/t->tsc);
  	}
  
  	/*
   	 * If measurement interval exceeds minimum RAPL Joule Counter range,
   	 * indicate that results are suspect by printing "**" in fraction place.
   	 */
  	if (interval_float < rapl_joule_counter_range)
  		fmt8 = "%8.2f";
  	else
  		fmt8 = " %6.0f**";
  
  	if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_dram * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_pkg_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_dram_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
  	} else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
  					p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
  					p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
  					p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
  					p->energy_dram * rapl_energy_units);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_pkg_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
  		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
  			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_dram_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
  
  		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, interval_float);
  	}
  done:
  	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  void flush_stdout()
  {
  	fputs(output_buffer, stdout);
  	fflush(stdout);
  	outp = output_buffer;
  }
  void flush_stderr()
  {
  	fputs(output_buffer, stderr);
  	outp = output_buffer;
  }
  void format_all_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	static int printed;
  
  	if (!printed || !summary_only)
  		print_header();
  
  	if (topo.num_cpus > 1)
  		format_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores,
  			&average.packages);
  
  	printed = 1;
  
  	if (summary_only)
  		return;
  
  	for_all_cpus(format_counters, t, c, p);
  }
  
  #define DELTA_WRAP32(new, old)			\
  	if (new > old) {			\
  		old = new - old;		\
  	} else {				\
  		old = 0x100000000 + new - old;	\
  	}
  
  void
  delta_package(struct pkg_data *new, struct pkg_data *old)
  {
  	old->pc2 = new->pc2 - old->pc2;
  	if (do_pc3)
  		old->pc3 = new->pc3 - old->pc3;
  	if (do_pc6)
  		old->pc6 = new->pc6 - old->pc6;
  	if (do_pc7)
  		old->pc7 = new->pc7 - old->pc7;
  	old->pc8 = new->pc8 - old->pc8;
  	old->pc9 = new->pc9 - old->pc9;
  	old->pc10 = new->pc10 - old->pc10;
  	old->pkg_temp_c = new->pkg_temp_c;
  
  	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_pkg, old->energy_pkg);
  	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_cores, old->energy_cores);
  	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_gfx, old->energy_gfx);
  	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_dram, old->energy_dram);
  	DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_pkg_perf_status, old->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
  	DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_dram_perf_status, old->rapl_dram_perf_status);
  }
  
  void
  delta_core(struct core_data *new, struct core_data *old)
  {
  	old->c3 = new->c3 - old->c3;
  	old->c6 = new->c6 - old->c6;
  	old->c7 = new->c7 - old->c7;
  	old->core_temp_c = new->core_temp_c;
  }
  
  /*
   * old = new - old
   */
  void
  delta_thread(struct thread_data *new, struct thread_data *old,
  	struct core_data *core_delta)
  {
  	old->tsc = new->tsc - old->tsc;
  
  	/* check for TSC < 1 Mcycles over interval */
  	if (old->tsc < (1000 * 1000))
  		errx(-3, "Insanely slow TSC rate, TSC stops in idle?\n"
  		     "You can disable all c-states by booting with \"idle=poll\"\n"
  		     "or just the deep ones with \"processor.max_cstate=1\"");
  
  	old->c1 = new->c1 - old->c1;
  
  	if (has_aperf) {
  		if ((new->aperf > old->aperf) && (new->mperf > old->mperf)) {
  			old->aperf = new->aperf - old->aperf;
  			old->mperf = new->mperf - old->mperf;
  		} else {
  
  			if (!aperf_mperf_unstable) {
  				fprintf(stderr, "%s: APERF or MPERF went backwards *\n", progname);
  				fprintf(stderr, "* Frequency results do not cover entire interval *\n");
  				fprintf(stderr, "* fix this by running Linux-2.6.30 or later *\n");
  
  				aperf_mperf_unstable = 1;
  			}
  			/*
  			 * mperf delta is likely a huge "positive" number
  			 * can not use it for calculating c0 time
  			 */
  			skip_c0 = 1;
  			skip_c1 = 1;
  		}
  	}
  
  
  	if (use_c1_residency_msr) {
  		/*
  		 * Some models have a dedicated C1 residency MSR,
  		 * which should be more accurate than the derivation below.
  		 */
  	} else {
  		/*
  		 * As counter collection is not atomic,
  		 * it is possible for mperf's non-halted cycles + idle states
  		 * to exceed TSC's all cycles: show c1 = 0% in that case.
  		 */
  		if ((old->mperf + core_delta->c3 + core_delta->c6 + core_delta->c7) > old->tsc)
  			old->c1 = 0;
  		else {
  			/* normal case, derive c1 */
  			old->c1 = old->tsc - old->mperf - core_delta->c3
  				- core_delta->c6 - core_delta->c7;
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (old->mperf == 0) {
  		if (debug > 1) fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d MPERF 0!\n", old->cpu_id);
  		old->mperf = 1;	/* divide by 0 protection */
  	}
  
  	old->extra_delta32 = new->extra_delta32 - old->extra_delta32;
  	old->extra_delta32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;
  
  	old->extra_delta64 = new->extra_delta64 - old->extra_delta64;
  
  	/*
  	 * Extra MSR is just a snapshot, simply copy latest w/o subtracting
  	 */
  	old->extra_msr32 = new->extra_msr32;
  	old->extra_msr64 = new->extra_msr64;
  
  	if (do_smi)
  		old->smi_count = new->smi_count - old->smi_count;
  }
  
  int delta_cpu(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
  	struct pkg_data *p, struct thread_data *t2,
  	struct core_data *c2, struct pkg_data *p2)
  {
  	/* calculate core delta only for 1st thread in core */
  	if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)
  		delta_core(c, c2);
  
  	/* always calculate thread delta */
  	delta_thread(t, t2, c2);	/* c2 is core delta */
  
  	/* calculate package delta only for 1st core in package */
  	if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)
  		delta_package(p, p2);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  void clear_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	t->tsc = 0;
  	t->aperf = 0;
  	t->mperf = 0;
  	t->c1 = 0;
  
  	t->smi_count = 0;
  	t->extra_delta32 = 0;
  	t->extra_delta64 = 0;
  
  	/* tells format_counters to dump all fields from this set */
  	t->flags = CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE | CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
  
  	c->c3 = 0;
  	c->c6 = 0;
  	c->c7 = 0;
  	c->core_temp_c = 0;
  
  	p->pc2 = 0;
  	if (do_pc3)
  		p->pc3 = 0;
  	if (do_pc6)
  		p->pc6 = 0;
  	if (do_pc7)
  		p->pc7 = 0;
  	p->pc8 = 0;
  	p->pc9 = 0;
  	p->pc10 = 0;
  
  	p->energy_pkg = 0;
  	p->energy_dram = 0;
  	p->energy_cores = 0;
  	p->energy_gfx = 0;
  	p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = 0;
  	p->rapl_dram_perf_status = 0;
  	p->pkg_temp_c = 0;
  }
  int sum_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
  	struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	average.threads.tsc += t->tsc;
  	average.threads.aperf += t->aperf;
  	average.threads.mperf += t->mperf;
  	average.threads.c1 += t->c1;
  
  	average.threads.extra_delta32 += t->extra_delta32;
  	average.threads.extra_delta64 += t->extra_delta64;
  
  	/* sum per-core values only for 1st thread in core */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
  		return 0;
  
  	average.cores.c3 += c->c3;
  	average.cores.c6 += c->c6;
  	average.cores.c7 += c->c7;
  
  	average.cores.core_temp_c = MAX(average.cores.core_temp_c, c->core_temp_c);
  
  	/* sum per-pkg values only for 1st core in pkg */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		return 0;
  
  	average.packages.pc2 += p->pc2;
  	if (do_pc3)
  		average.packages.pc3 += p->pc3;
  	if (do_pc6)
  		average.packages.pc6 += p->pc6;
  	if (do_pc7)
  		average.packages.pc7 += p->pc7;
  	average.packages.pc8 += p->pc8;
  	average.packages.pc9 += p->pc9;
  	average.packages.pc10 += p->pc10;
  
  	average.packages.energy_pkg += p->energy_pkg;
  	average.packages.energy_dram += p->energy_dram;
  	average.packages.energy_cores += p->energy_cores;
  	average.packages.energy_gfx += p->energy_gfx;
  
  	average.packages.pkg_temp_c = MAX(average.packages.pkg_temp_c, p->pkg_temp_c);
  
  	average.packages.rapl_pkg_perf_status += p->rapl_pkg_perf_status;
  	average.packages.rapl_dram_perf_status += p->rapl_dram_perf_status;
  	return 0;
  }
  /*
   * sum the counters for all cpus in the system
   * compute the weighted average
   */
  void compute_average(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
  	struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	clear_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);
  
  	for_all_cpus(sum_counters, t, c, p);
  
  	average.threads.tsc /= topo.num_cpus;
  	average.threads.aperf /= topo.num_cpus;
  	average.threads.mperf /= topo.num_cpus;
  	average.threads.c1 /= topo.num_cpus;
  
  	average.threads.extra_delta32 /= topo.num_cpus;
  	average.threads.extra_delta32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;
  
  	average.threads.extra_delta64 /= topo.num_cpus;
  
  	average.cores.c3 /= topo.num_cores;
  	average.cores.c6 /= topo.num_cores;
  	average.cores.c7 /= topo.num_cores;
  
  	average.packages.pc2 /= topo.num_packages;
  	if (do_pc3)
  		average.packages.pc3 /= topo.num_packages;
  	if (do_pc6)
  		average.packages.pc6 /= topo.num_packages;
  	if (do_pc7)
  		average.packages.pc7 /= topo.num_packages;
  
  	average.packages.pc8 /= topo.num_packages;
  	average.packages.pc9 /= topo.num_packages;
  	average.packages.pc10 /= topo.num_packages;
  }
  
  static unsigned long long rdtsc(void)
  {
  	unsigned int low, high;
  
  	asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (low), "=d" (high));
  
  	return low | ((unsigned long long)high) << 32;
  }
  
  
  /*
   * get_counters(...)
   * migrate to cpu
   * acquire and record local counters for that cpu
   */
  int get_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	int cpu = t->cpu_id;
  	unsigned long long msr;
  
  	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	t->tsc = rdtsc();	/* we are running on local CPU of interest */
  
  	if (has_aperf) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
  			return -3;
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_MPERF, &t->mperf))
  			return -4;
  	}
  
  	if (do_smi) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_SMI_COUNT, &msr))
  			return -5;
  		t->smi_count = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  	if (extra_delta_offset32) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_delta_offset32, &msr))
  			return -5;
  		t->extra_delta32 = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  
  	if (extra_delta_offset64)
  		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_delta_offset64, &t->extra_delta64))
  			return -5;
  
  	if (extra_msr_offset32) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_msr_offset32, &msr))
  			return -5;
  		t->extra_msr32 = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  
  	if (extra_msr_offset64)
  		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_msr_offset64, &t->extra_msr64))
  			return -5;
  
  	if (use_c1_residency_msr) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C1_RES, &t->c1))
  			return -6;
  	}
  
  	/* collect core counters only for 1st thread in core */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
  		return 0;
  
  	if (do_nhm_cstates && !do_slm_cstates) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY, &c->c3))
  			return -6;
  	}
  
  	if (do_nhm_cstates) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
  			return -7;
  	}
  
  	if (do_snb_cstates)
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY, &c->c7))
  			return -8;
  
  	if (do_dts) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -9;
  		c->core_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
  	}
  
  
  	/* collect package counters only for 1st core in package */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		return 0;
  
  	if (do_pc3)
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY, &p->pc3))
  			return -9;
  	if (do_pc6)
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
  			return -10;
  	if (do_pc2)
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY, &p->pc2))
  			return -11;
  	if (do_pc7)
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY, &p->pc7))
  			return -12;
  	if (do_c8_c9_c10) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY, &p->pc8))
  			return -13;
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY, &p->pc9))
  			return -13;
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY, &p->pc10))
  			return -13;
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -13;
  		p->energy_pkg = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -14;
  		p->energy_cores = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -15;
  		p->energy_dram = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -16;
  		p->energy_gfx = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -16;
  		p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -16;
  		p->rapl_dram_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
  	}
  	if (do_ptm) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
  			return -17;
  		p->pkg_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL decoding for pkg_cstate_limit:
   * If you change the values, note they are used both in comparisons
   * (>= PCL__7) and to index pkg_cstate_limit_strings[].
   */
  
  #define PCLUKN 0 /* Unknown */
  #define PCLRSV 1 /* Reserved */
  #define PCL__0 2 /* PC0 */
  #define PCL__1 3 /* PC1 */
  #define PCL__2 4 /* PC2 */
  #define PCL__3 5 /* PC3 */
  #define PCL__4 6 /* PC4 */
  #define PCL__6 7 /* PC6 */
  #define PCL_6N 8 /* PC6 No Retention */
  #define PCL_6R 9 /* PC6 Retention */
  #define PCL__7 10 /* PC7 */
  #define PCL_7S 11 /* PC7 Shrink */
  #define PCLUNL 12 /* Unlimited */
  
  int pkg_cstate_limit = PCLUKN;
  char *pkg_cstate_limit_strings[] = { "reserved", "unknown", "pc0", "pc1", "pc2",
  	"pc3", "pc4", "pc6", "pc6n", "pc6r", "pc7", "pc7s", "unlimited"};
  
  int nhm_pkg_cstate_limits[8] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL};
  int snb_pkg_cstate_limits[8] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCLRSV, PCLUNL};
  int hsw_pkg_cstate_limits[8] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCLRSV, PCLUNL};
  int slv_pkg_cstate_limits[8] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__4, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7};
  int amt_pkg_cstate_limits[8] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCL__2, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7};
  int phi_pkg_cstate_limits[8] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL};
  
  void print_verbose_header(void)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	unsigned int ratio;
  
  	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
  		return;
  
  	get_msr(0, MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);
  
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
  	fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max efficiency\n",
  		ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
  	fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz TSC frequency\n",
  		ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	get_msr(0, MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL, &msr);
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x%08llx (C1E auto-promotion: %sabled)\n",
  		msr, msr & 0x2 ? "EN" : "DIS");
  
  	if (!do_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit)
  		goto print_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits;
  
  	get_msr(0, MSR_IVT_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
  
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_IVT_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 16 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 15 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 14 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 13 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 12 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 11 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 10 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 9 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  print_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits:
  	get_msr(0, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
  
  #define SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 27)
  #define SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 28)
  
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL: 0x%08llx", msr);
  
  	fprintf(stderr, " (%s%s%s%s%slocked: pkg-cstate-limit=%d: %s)\n",
  		(msr & SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C3, " : "",
  		(msr & SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C1, " : "",
  		(msr & NHM_C3_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C3, " : "",
  		(msr & NHM_C1_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C1, " : "",
  		(msr & (1 << 15)) ? "" : "UN",
  		(unsigned int)msr & 7,
  		pkg_cstate_limit_strings[pkg_cstate_limit]);
  
  	if (!do_nhm_turbo_ratio_limit)
  		return;
  
  	get_msr(0, MSR_NHM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
  
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_NHM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 8 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 7 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 6 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 5 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 4 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 3 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 2 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
  	if (ratio)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 1 active cores\n",
  			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
  
  }
  
  void free_all_buffers(void)
  {
  	CPU_FREE(cpu_present_set);
  	cpu_present_set = NULL;
  	cpu_present_set = 0;
  
  	CPU_FREE(cpu_affinity_set);
  	cpu_affinity_set = NULL;
  	cpu_affinity_setsize = 0;
  
  	free(thread_even);
  	free(core_even);
  	free(package_even);
  
  	thread_even = NULL;
  	core_even = NULL;
  	package_even = NULL;
  
  	free(thread_odd);
  	free(core_odd);
  	free(package_odd);
  
  	thread_odd = NULL;
  	core_odd = NULL;
  	package_odd = NULL;
  
  	free(output_buffer);
  	output_buffer = NULL;
  	outp = NULL;
  }
  
  /*
   * Open a file, and exit on failure
   */
  FILE *fopen_or_die(const char *path, const char *mode)
  {
  	FILE *filep = fopen(path, "r");
  	if (!filep)
  		err(1, "%s: open failed", path);
  	return filep;
  }
  
  /*
   * Parse a file containing a single int.
   */
  int parse_int_file(const char *fmt, ...)
  {
  	va_list args;
  	char path[PATH_MAX];
  	FILE *filep;
  	int value;
  
  	va_start(args, fmt);
  	vsnprintf(path, sizeof(path), fmt, args);
  	va_end(args);
  	filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
  	if (fscanf(filep, "%d", &value) != 1)
  		err(1, "%s: failed to parse number from file", path);
  	fclose(filep);
  	return value;
  }
  
  /*
   * cpu_is_first_sibling_in_core(cpu)
   * return 1 if given CPU is 1st HT sibling in the core
   */
  int cpu_is_first_sibling_in_core(int cpu)
  {
  	return cpu == parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list", cpu);
  }
  
  /*
   * cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu)
   * return 1 if given CPU is 1st core in package
   */
  int cpu_is_first_core_in_package(int cpu)
  {
  	return cpu == parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_siblings_list", cpu);
  }
  
  int get_physical_package_id(int cpu)
  {
  	return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id", cpu);
  }
  
  int get_core_id(int cpu)
  {
  	return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_id", cpu);
  }
  
  int get_num_ht_siblings(int cpu)
  {
  	char path[80];
  	FILE *filep;
  	int sib1, sib2;
  	int matches;
  	char character;
  
  	sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list", cpu);
  	filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
  	/*
  	 * file format:
  	 * if a pair of number with a character between: 2 siblings (eg. 1-2, or 1,4)
  	 * otherwinse 1 sibling (self).
  	 */
  	matches = fscanf(filep, "%d%c%d\n", &sib1, &character, &sib2);
  
  	fclose(filep);
  
  	if (matches == 3)
  		return 2;
  	else
  		return 1;
  }
  
  /*
   * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
   * skip non-present cpus
   */
  
  int for_all_cpus_2(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
  	struct pkg_data *, struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
  	struct pkg_data *), struct thread_data *thread_base,
  	struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base,
  	struct thread_data *thread_base2, struct core_data *core_base2,
  	struct pkg_data *pkg_base2)
  {
  	int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;
  
  	for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
  		for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
  			for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
  				topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
  				struct thread_data *t, *t2;
  				struct core_data *c, *c2;
  				struct pkg_data *p, *p2;
  
  				t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);
  
  				if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
  					continue;
  
  				t2 = GET_THREAD(thread_base2, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);
  
  				c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
  				c2 = GET_CORE(core_base2, core_no, pkg_no);
  
  				p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
  				p2 = GET_PKG(pkg_base2, pkg_no);
  
  				retval = func(t, c, p, t2, c2, p2);
  				if (retval)
  					return retval;
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * run func(cpu) on every cpu in /proc/stat
   * return max_cpu number
   */
  int for_all_proc_cpus(int (func)(int))
  {
  	FILE *fp;
  	int cpu_num;
  	int retval;
  
  	fp = fopen_or_die(proc_stat, "r");
  
  	retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n");
  	if (retval != 0)
  		err(1, "%s: failed to parse format", proc_stat);
  
  	while (1) {
  		retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu%u %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n", &cpu_num);
  		if (retval != 1)
  			break;
  
  		retval = func(cpu_num);
  		if (retval) {
  			fclose(fp);
  			return(retval);
  		}
  	}
  	fclose(fp);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  void re_initialize(void)
  {
  	free_all_buffers();
  	setup_all_buffers();
  	printf("turbostat: re-initialized with num_cpus %d\n", topo.num_cpus);
  }
  
  
  /*
   * count_cpus()
   * remember the last one seen, it will be the max
   */
  int count_cpus(int cpu)
  {
  	if (topo.max_cpu_num < cpu)
  		topo.max_cpu_num = cpu;
  
  	topo.num_cpus += 1;
  	return 0;
  }
  int mark_cpu_present(int cpu)
  {
  	CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  void turbostat_loop()
  {
  	int retval;
  	int restarted = 0;
  
  restart:
  	restarted++;
  
  	retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
  	if (retval < -1) {
  		exit(retval);
  	} else if (retval == -1) {
  		if (restarted > 1) {
  			exit(retval);
  		}
  		re_initialize();
  		goto restart;
  	}
  	restarted = 0;
  	gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
  
  	while (1) {
  		if (for_all_proc_cpus(cpu_is_not_present)) {
  			re_initialize();
  			goto restart;
  		}
  		sleep(interval_sec);
  		retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
  		if (retval < -1) {
  			exit(retval);
  		} else if (retval == -1) {
  			re_initialize();
  			goto restart;
  		}
  		gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
  		timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
  		for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS);
  		compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
  		format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
  		flush_stdout();
  		sleep(interval_sec);
  		retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
  		if (retval < -1) {
  			exit(retval);
  		} else if (retval == -1) {
  			re_initialize();
  			goto restart;
  		}
  		gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
  		timersub(&tv_even, &tv_odd, &tv_delta);
  		for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, EVEN_COUNTERS, ODD_COUNTERS);
  		compute_average(ODD_COUNTERS);
  		format_all_counters(ODD_COUNTERS);
  		flush_stdout();
  	}
  }
  
  void check_dev_msr()
  {
  	struct stat sb;
  
  	if (stat("/dev/cpu/0/msr", &sb))
  		err(-5, "no /dev/cpu/0/msr, Try \"# modprobe msr\" ");
  }
  
  void check_permissions()
  {
  	struct __user_cap_header_struct cap_header_data;
  	cap_user_header_t cap_header = &cap_header_data;
  	struct __user_cap_data_struct cap_data_data;
  	cap_user_data_t cap_data = &cap_data_data;
  	extern int capget(cap_user_header_t hdrp, cap_user_data_t datap);
  	int do_exit = 0;
  
  	/* check for CAP_SYS_RAWIO */
  	cap_header->pid = getpid();
  	cap_header->version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION;
  	if (capget(cap_header, cap_data) < 0)
  		err(-6, "capget(2) failed");
  
  	if ((cap_data->effective & (1 << CAP_SYS_RAWIO)) == 0) {
  		do_exit++;
  		warnx("capget(CAP_SYS_RAWIO) failed,"
  			" try \"# setcap cap_sys_rawio=ep %s\"", progname);
  	}
  
  	/* test file permissions */
  	if (euidaccess("/dev/cpu/0/msr", R_OK)) {
  		do_exit++;
  		warn("/dev/cpu/0/msr open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr");
  	}
  
  	/* if all else fails, thell them to be root */
  	if (do_exit)
  		if (getuid() != 0)
  			warnx("... or simply run as root");
  
  	if (do_exit)
  		exit(-6);
  }
  
  /*
   * NHM adds support for additional MSRs:
   *
   * MSR_SMI_COUNT                   0x00000034
   *
   * MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO           0x000000ce
   * MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL     0x000000e2
   *
   * MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY            0x000003f8
   * MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY            0x000003f9
   * MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY           0x000003fc
   * MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY           0x000003fd
   *
   * Side effect:
   * sets global pkg_cstate_limit to decode MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL
   */
  int probe_nhm_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	int *pkg_cstate_limits;
  
  	if (!genuine_intel)
  		return 0;
  
  	if (family != 6)
  		return 0;
  
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x1A:	/* Core i7, Xeon 5500 series - Bloomfield, Gainstown NHM-EP */
  	case 0x1E:	/* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Clarksfield, Lynnfield, Jasper Forest */
  	case 0x1F:	/* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Nehalem */
  	case 0x25:	/* Westmere Client - Clarkdale, Arrandale */
  	case 0x2C:	/* Westmere EP - Gulftown */
  	case 0x2E:	/* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
  	case 0x2F:	/* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
  		pkg_cstate_limits = nhm_pkg_cstate_limits;
  		break;
  	case 0x2A:	/* SNB */
  	case 0x2D:	/* SNB Xeon */
  	case 0x3A:	/* IVB */
  	case 0x3E:	/* IVB Xeon */
  		pkg_cstate_limits = snb_pkg_cstate_limits;
  		break;
  	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x3F:	/* HSX */
  	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
  	case 0x47:	/* BDW */
  	case 0x4F:	/* BDX */
  	case 0x56:	/* BDX-DE */
  		pkg_cstate_limits = hsw_pkg_cstate_limits;
  		break;
  	case 0x37:	/* BYT */
  	case 0x4D:	/* AVN */
  		pkg_cstate_limits = slv_pkg_cstate_limits;
  		break;
  	case 0x4C:	/* AMT */
  		pkg_cstate_limits = amt_pkg_cstate_limits;
  		break;
  	case 0x57:	/* PHI */
  		pkg_cstate_limits = phi_pkg_cstate_limits;
  		break;
  	default:
  		return 0;
  	}
  	get_msr(0, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
  
  	pkg_cstate_limit = pkg_cstate_limits[msr & 0x7];
  
  	return 1;
  }
  int has_nhm_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	switch (model) {
  	/* Nehalem compatible, but do not include turbo-ratio limit support */
  	case 0x2E:	/* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
  	case 0x2F:	/* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
  		return 0;
  	default:
  		return 1;
  	}
  }
  int has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	if (!genuine_intel)
  		return 0;
  
  	if (family != 6)
  		return 0;
  
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x3E:	/* IVB Xeon */
  		return 1;
  	default:
  		return 0;
  	}
  }
  
  /*
   * print_epb()
   * Decode the ENERGY_PERF_BIAS MSR
   */
  int print_epb(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	char *epb_string;
  	int cpu;
  
  	if (!has_epb)
  		return 0;
  
  	cpu = t->cpu_id;
  
  	/* EPB is per-package */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		return 0;
  
  	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS, &msr))
  		return 0;
  
  	switch (msr & 0x7) {
  	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_PERFORMANCE:
  		epb_string = "performance";
  		break;
  	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_NORMAL:
  		epb_string = "balanced";
  		break;
  	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_POWERSAVE:
  		epb_string = "powersave";
  		break;
  	default:
  		epb_string = "custom";
  		break;
  	}
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x%08llx (%s)\n", cpu, msr, epb_string);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * print_perf_limit()
   */
  int print_perf_limit(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	int cpu;
  
  	cpu = t->cpu_id;
  
  	/* per-package */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		return 0;
  
  	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (do_core_perf_limit_reasons) {
  		get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
  		fprintf(stderr, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
  			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 2) ? "bit2, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 5) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 9) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 12) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 13) ? "Transitions, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 14) ? "bit14, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 15) ? "bit15, " : "");
  		fprintf(stderr, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
  			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 18) ? "bit18, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 21) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 25) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 28) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 29) ? "Transitions, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 30) ? "bit30, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 31) ? "bit31, " : "");
  
  	}
  	if (do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons) {
  		get_msr(cpu, MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
  		fprintf(stderr, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
  			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 9) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
  		fprintf(stderr, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
  			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 25) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
  	}
  	if (do_ring_perf_limit_reasons) {
  		get_msr(cpu, MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
  		fprintf(stderr, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s)",
  			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
  		fprintf(stderr, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
  			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
  			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  #define	RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY	0x7FFF	/* 15 bit power granularity */
  #define	RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY	0x3F /* 6 bit time granularity */
  
  double get_tdp(model)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO)
  		if (!get_msr(0, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
  			return ((msr >> 0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units;
  
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x37:
  	case 0x4D:
  		return 30.0;
  	default:
  		return 135.0;
  	}
  }
  
  
  /*
   * rapl_probe()
   *
   * sets do_rapl, rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units
   */
  void rapl_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	unsigned int time_unit;
  	double tdp;
  
  	if (!genuine_intel)
  		return;
  
  	if (family != 6)
  		return;
  
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x2A:
  	case 0x3A:
  	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
  	case 0x47:	/* BDW */
  		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_GFX | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
  		break;
  	case 0x3F:	/* HSX */
  	case 0x4F:	/* BDX */
  	case 0x56:	/* BDX-DE */
  		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
  		break;
  	case 0x2D:
  	case 0x3E:
  		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
  		break;
  	case 0x37:	/* BYT */
  	case 0x4D:	/* AVN */
  		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES ;
  		break;
  	default:
  		return;
  	}
  
  	/* units on package 0, verify later other packages match */
  	if (get_msr(0, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
  		return;
  
  	rapl_power_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr & 0xF));
  	if (model == 0x37)
  		rapl_energy_units = 1.0 * (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F)) / 1000000;
  	else
  		rapl_energy_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F));
  
  	time_unit = msr >> 16 & 0xF;
  	if (time_unit == 0)
  		time_unit = 0xA;
  
  	rapl_time_units = 1.0 / (1 << (time_unit));
  
  	tdp = get_tdp(model);
  
  	rapl_joule_counter_range = 0xFFFFFFFF * rapl_energy_units / tdp;
  	if (debug)
  		fprintf(stderr, "RAPL: %.0f sec. Joule Counter Range, at %.0f Watts\n", rapl_joule_counter_range, tdp);
  
  	return;
  }
  
  void perf_limit_reasons_probe(family, model)
  {
  	if (!genuine_intel)
  		return;
  
  	if (family != 6)
  		return;
  
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
  		do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
  	case 0x3F:	/* HSX */
  		do_core_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
  		do_ring_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
  	default:
  		return;
  	}
  }
  
  int print_thermal(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	unsigned int dts;
  	int cpu;
  
  	if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
  		return 0;
  
  	cpu = t->cpu_id;
  
  	/* DTS is per-core, no need to print for each thread */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)) 
  		return 0;
  
  	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (do_ptm && (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
  			return 0;
  
  		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
  			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts);
  
  #ifdef	THERM_DEBUG
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
  			return 0;
  
  		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
  		dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
  			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
  #endif
  	}
  
  
  	if (do_dts) {
  		unsigned int resolution;
  
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
  			return 0;
  
  		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
  		resolution = (msr >> 27) & 0xF;
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C +/- %d)\n",
  			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, resolution);
  
  #ifdef THERM_DEBUG
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
  			return 0;
  
  		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
  		dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
  			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
  #endif
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  	
  void print_power_limit_msr(int cpu, unsigned long long msr, char *label)
  {
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: %s: %sabled (%f Watts, %f sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
  		cpu, label,
  		((msr >> 15) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
  		((msr >> 0) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
  		(1.0 + (((msr >> 22) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 17) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
  		(((msr >> 16) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS"));
  
  	return;
  }
  
  int print_rapl(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	int cpu;
  
  	if (!do_rapl)
  		return 0;
  
  	/* RAPL counters are per package, so print only for 1st thread/package */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		return 0;
  
  	cpu = t->cpu_id;
  	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
  		return -1;
  
  	if (debug) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x%08llx "
  			"(%f Watts, %f Joules, %f sec.)\n", cpu, msr,
  			rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units);
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO) {
  
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
                  	return -5;
  
  
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
  			cpu, msr,
  			((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
  			((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
  			((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
  			((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);
  
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
  
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
  			return -9;
  
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
  			cpu, msr, (msr >> 63) & 1 ? "": "UN");
  
  		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "PKG Limit #1");
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: PKG Limit #2: %sabled (%f Watts, %f* sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
  			cpu,
  			((msr >> 47) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
  			((msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
  			(1.0 + (((msr >> 54) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 49) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
  			((msr >> 48) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS");
  	}
  
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO, &msr))
                  	return -6;
  
  
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO,: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
  			cpu, msr,
  			((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
  			((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
  			((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
  			((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);
  
  
  		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
  			return -9;
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
  				cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "": "UN");
  
  		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "DRAM Limit");
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORE_POLICY) {
  		if (debug) {
  			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POLICY, &msr))
  				return -7;
  
  			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);
  		}
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES) {
  		if (debug) {
  
  			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
  				return -9;
  			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
  					cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "": "UN");
  			print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "Cores Limit");
  		}
  	}
  	if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
  		if (debug) {
  			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POLICY, &msr))
  				return -8;
  
  			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);
  
  			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
  				return -9;
  			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
  					cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "": "UN");
  			print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "GFX Limit");
  		}
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * SNB adds support for additional MSRs:
   *
   * MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY            0x000003fa
   * MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY           0x000003fe
   * MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY            0x0000060d
   */
  
  int has_snb_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	if (!genuine_intel)
  		return 0;
  
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x2A:
  	case 0x2D:
  	case 0x3A:	/* IVB */
  	case 0x3E:	/* IVB Xeon */
  	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x3F:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
  	case 0x47:	/* BDW */
  	case 0x4F:	/* BDX */
  	case 0x56:	/* BDX-DE */
  		return 1;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * HSW adds support for additional MSRs:
   *
   * MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY            0x00000630
   * MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY            0x00000631
   * MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY           0x00000632
   */
  int has_hsw_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	if (!genuine_intel)
  		return 0;
  
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
  	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
  		return 1;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  
  int is_slm(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	if (!genuine_intel)
  		return 0;
  	switch (model) {
  	case 0x37:	/* BYT */
  	case 0x4D:	/* AVN */
  		return 1;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  #define SLM_BCLK_FREQS 5
  double slm_freq_table[SLM_BCLK_FREQS] = { 83.3, 100.0, 133.3, 116.7, 80.0};
  
  double slm_bclk(void)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr = 3;
  	unsigned int i;
  	double freq;
  
  	if (get_msr(0, MSR_FSB_FREQ, &msr))
  		fprintf(stderr, "SLM BCLK: unknown\n");
  
  	i = msr & 0xf;
  	if (i >= SLM_BCLK_FREQS) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "SLM BCLK[%d] invalid\n", i);
  		msr = 3;
  	}
  	freq = slm_freq_table[i];
  
  	fprintf(stderr, "SLM BCLK: %.1f Mhz\n", freq);
  
  	return freq;
  }
  
  double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
  {
  	if (has_snb_msrs(family, model))
  		return 100.00;
  	else if (is_slm(family, model))
  		return slm_bclk();
  	else
  		return 133.33;
  }
  
  /*
   * MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET indicates the temperature where
   * the Thermal Control Circuit (TCC) activates.
   * This is usually equal to tjMax.
   *
   * Older processors do not have this MSR, so there we guess,
   * but also allow cmdline over-ride with -T.
   *
   * Several MSR temperature values are in units of degrees-C
   * below this value, including the Digital Thermal Sensor (DTS),
   * Package Thermal Management Sensor (PTM), and thermal event thresholds.
   */
  int set_temperature_target(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
  {
  	unsigned long long msr;
  	unsigned int target_c_local;
  	int cpu;
  
  	/* tcc_activation_temp is used only for dts or ptm */
  	if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
  		return 0;
  
  	/* this is a per-package concept */
  	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
  		return 0;
  
  	cpu = t->cpu_id;
  	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (tcc_activation_temp_override != 0) {
  		tcc_activation_temp = tcc_activation_temp_override;
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: Using cmdline TCC Target (%d C)\n",
  			cpu, tcc_activation_temp);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	/* Temperature Target MSR is Nehalem and newer only */
  	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
  		goto guess;
  
  	if (get_msr(0, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET, &msr))
  		goto guess;
  
  	target_c_local = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
  
  	if (debug)
  		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
  			cpu, msr, target_c_local);
  
  	if (!target_c_local)
  		goto guess;
  
  	tcc_activation_temp = target_c_local;
  
  	return 0;
  
  guess:
  	tcc_activation_temp = TJMAX_DEFAULT;
  	fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: Guessing tjMax %d C, Please use -T to specify\n",
  		cpu, tcc_activation_temp);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  void check_cpuid()
  {
  	unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx, max_level;
  	unsigned int fms, family, model, stepping;
  
  	eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
  
  	__get_cpuid(0, &max_level, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  
  	if (ebx == 0x756e6547 && edx == 0x49656e69 && ecx == 0x6c65746e)
  		genuine_intel = 1;
  
  	if (debug)
  		fprintf(stderr, "CPUID(0): %.4s%.4s%.4s ",
  			(char *)&ebx, (char *)&edx, (char *)&ecx);
  
  	__get_cpuid(1, &fms, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  	family = (fms >> 8) & 0xf;
  	model = (fms >> 4) & 0xf;
  	stepping = fms & 0xf;
  	if (family == 6 || family == 0xf)
  		model += ((fms >> 16) & 0xf) << 4;
  
  	if (debug)
  		fprintf(stderr, "%d CPUID levels; family:model:stepping 0x%x:%x:%x (%d:%d:%d)\n",
  			max_level, family, model, stepping, family, model, stepping);
  
  	if (!(edx & (1 << 5)))
  		errx(1, "CPUID: no MSR");
  
  	/*
  	 * check max extended function levels of CPUID.
  	 * This is needed to check for invariant TSC.
  	 * This check is valid for both Intel and AMD.
  	 */
  	ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
  	__get_cpuid(0x80000000, &max_level, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  
  	if (max_level >= 0x80000007) {
  
  		/*
  		 * Non-Stop TSC is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x80000007: EDX.bit8
  		 * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
  		 */
  		__get_cpuid(0x80000007, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  		has_invariant_tsc = edx & (1 << 8);
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * APERF/MPERF is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x6: ECX.bit0
  	 * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
  	 */
  
  	__get_cpuid(0x6, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
  	has_aperf = ecx & (1 << 0);
  	do_dts = eax & (1 << 0);
  	do_ptm = eax & (1 << 6);
  	has_epb = ecx & (1 << 3);
  
  	if (debug)
  		fprintf(stderr, "CPUID(6): %sAPERF, %sDTS, %sPTM, %sEPB\n",
  			has_aperf ? "" : "No ",
  			do_dts ? "" : "No ",
  			do_ptm ? "" : "No ",
  			has_epb ? "" : "No ");
  
  	do_nhm_platform_info = do_nhm_cstates = do_smi = probe_nhm_msrs(family, model);
  	do_snb_cstates = has_snb_msrs(family, model);
  	do_pc2 = do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__2);
  	do_pc3 = (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__3);
  	do_pc6 = (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__6);
  	do_pc7 = do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__7);
  	do_c8_c9_c10 = has_hsw_msrs(family, model);
  	do_slm_cstates = is_slm(family, model);
  	bclk = discover_bclk(family, model);
  
  	do_nhm_turbo_ratio_limit = do_nhm_platform_info && has_nhm_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model);
  	do_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit = has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model);
  	rapl_probe(family, model);
  	perf_limit_reasons_probe(family, model);
  
  	return;
  }
  
  
  void help()
  {
  	fprintf(stderr,
  	"Usage: turbostat [OPTIONS][(--interval seconds) | COMMAND ...]\n"
  	"\n"
  	"Turbostat forks the specified COMMAND and prints statistics\n"
  	"when COMMAND completes.\n"
  	"If no COMMAND is specified, turbostat wakes every 5-seconds\n"
  	"to print statistics, until interrupted.\n"
  	"--debug	run in \"debug\" mode\n"
  	"--interval sec	Override default 5-second measurement interval\n"
  	"--help		print this help message\n"
  	"--counter msr	print 32-bit counter at address \"msr\"\n"
  	"--Counter msr	print 64-bit Counter at address \"msr\"\n"
  	"--msr msr	print 32-bit value at address \"msr\"\n"
  	"--MSR msr	print 64-bit Value at address \"msr\"\n"
  	"--version	print version information\n"
  	"\n"
  	"For more help, run \"man turbostat\"\n");
  }
  
  
  /*
   * in /dev/cpu/ return success for names that are numbers
   * ie. filter out ".", "..", "microcode".
   */
  int dir_filter(const struct dirent *dirp)
  {
  	if (isdigit(dirp->d_name[0]))
  		return 1;
  	else
  		return 0;
  }
  
  int open_dev_cpu_msr(int dummy1)
  {
  	return 0;
  }
  
  void topology_probe()
  {
  	int i;
  	int max_core_id = 0;
  	int max_package_id = 0;
  	int max_siblings = 0;
  	struct cpu_topology {
  		int core_id;
  		int physical_package_id;
  	} *cpus;
  
  	/* Initialize num_cpus, max_cpu_num */
  	topo.num_cpus = 0;
  	topo.max_cpu_num = 0;
  	for_all_proc_cpus(count_cpus);
  	if (!summary_only && topo.num_cpus > 1)
  		show_cpu = 1;
  
  	if (debug > 1)
  		fprintf(stderr, "num_cpus %d max_cpu_num %d\n", topo.num_cpus, topo.max_cpu_num);
  
  	cpus = calloc(1, (topo.max_cpu_num  + 1) * sizeof(struct cpu_topology));
  	if (cpus == NULL)
  		err(1, "calloc cpus");
  
  	/*
  	 * Allocate and initialize cpu_present_set
  	 */
  	cpu_present_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
  	if (cpu_present_set == NULL)
  		err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
  	cpu_present_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
  	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
  	for_all_proc_cpus(mark_cpu_present);
  
  	/*
  	 * Allocate and initialize cpu_affinity_set
  	 */
  	cpu_affinity_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
  	if (cpu_affinity_set == NULL)
  		err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
  	cpu_affinity_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
  	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
  
  
  	/*
  	 * For online cpus
  	 * find max_core_id, max_package_id
  	 */
  	for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
  		int siblings;
  
  		if (cpu_is_not_present(i)) {
  			if (debug > 1)
  				fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d NOT PRESENT\n", i);
  			continue;
  		}
  		cpus[i].core_id = get_core_id(i);
  		if (cpus[i].core_id > max_core_id)
  			max_core_id = cpus[i].core_id;
  
  		cpus[i].physical_package_id = get_physical_package_id(i);
  		if (cpus[i].physical_package_id > max_package_id)
  			max_package_id = cpus[i].physical_package_id;
  
  		siblings = get_num_ht_siblings(i);
  		if (siblings > max_siblings)
  			max_siblings = siblings;
  		if (debug > 1)
  			fprintf(stderr, "cpu %d pkg %d core %d\n",
  				i, cpus[i].physical_package_id, cpus[i].core_id);
  	}
  	topo.num_cores_per_pkg = max_core_id + 1;
  	if (debug > 1)
  		fprintf(stderr, "max_core_id %d, sizing for %d cores per package\n",
  			max_core_id, topo.num_cores_per_pkg);
  	if (!summary_only && topo.num_cores_per_pkg > 1)
  		show_core = 1;
  
  	topo.num_packages = max_package_id + 1;
  	if (debug > 1)
  		fprintf(stderr, "max_package_id %d, sizing for %d packages\n",
  			max_package_id, topo.num_packages);
  	if (!summary_only && topo.num_packages > 1)
  		show_pkg = 1;
  
  	topo.num_threads_per_core = max_siblings;
  	if (debug > 1)
  		fprintf(stderr, "max_siblings %d\n", max_siblings);
  
  	free(cpus);
  }
  
  void
  allocate_counters(struct thread_data **t, struct core_data **c, struct pkg_data **p)
  {
  	int i;
  
  	*t = calloc(topo.num_threads_per_core * topo.num_cores_per_pkg *
  		topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct thread_data));
  	if (*t == NULL)
  		goto error;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_threads_per_core *
  		topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
  		(*t)[i].cpu_id = -1;
  
  	*c = calloc(topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages,
  		sizeof(struct core_data));
  	if (*c == NULL)
  		goto error;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
  		(*c)[i].core_id = -1;
  
  	*p = calloc(topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct pkg_data));
  	if (*p == NULL)
  		goto error;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_packages; i++)
  		(*p)[i].package_id = i;
  
  	return;
  error:
  	err(1, "calloc counters");
  }
  /*
   * init_counter()
   *
   * set cpu_id, core_num, pkg_num
   * set FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE and FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE
   *
   * increment topo.num_cores when 1st core in pkg seen
   */
  void init_counter(struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base,
  	struct pkg_data *pkg_base, int thread_num, int core_num,
  	int pkg_num, int cpu_id)
  {
  	struct thread_data *t;
  	struct core_data *c;
  	struct pkg_data *p;
  
  	t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_num, core_num, pkg_num);
  	c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_num, pkg_num);
  	p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_num);
  
  	t->cpu_id = cpu_id;
  	if (thread_num == 0) {
  		t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE;
  		if (cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu_id))
  			t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
  	}
  
  	c->core_id = core_num;
  	p->package_id = pkg_num;
  }
  
  
  int initialize_counters(int cpu_id)
  {
  	int my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id;
  
  	my_package_id = get_physical_package_id(cpu_id);
  	my_core_id = get_core_id(cpu_id);
  
  	if (cpu_is_first_sibling_in_core(cpu_id)) {
  		my_thread_id = 0;
  		topo.num_cores++;
  	} else {
  		my_thread_id = 1;
  	}
  
  	init_counter(EVEN_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
  	init_counter(ODD_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  void allocate_output_buffer()
  {
  	output_buffer = calloc(1, (1 + topo.num_cpus) * 1024);
  	outp = output_buffer;
  	if (outp == NULL)
  		err(-1, "calloc output buffer");
  }
  
  void setup_all_buffers(void)
  {
  	topology_probe();
  	allocate_counters(&thread_even, &core_even, &package_even);
  	allocate_counters(&thread_odd, &core_odd, &package_odd);
  	allocate_output_buffer();
  	for_all_proc_cpus(initialize_counters);
  }
  
  void turbostat_init()
  {
  	check_dev_msr();
  	check_permissions();
  	check_cpuid();
  
  	setup_all_buffers();
  
  	if (debug)
  		print_verbose_header();
  
  	if (debug)
  		for_all_cpus(print_epb, ODD_COUNTERS);
  
  	if (debug)
  		for_all_cpus(print_perf_limit, ODD_COUNTERS);
  
  	if (debug)
  		for_all_cpus(print_rapl, ODD_COUNTERS);
  
  	for_all_cpus(set_temperature_target, ODD_COUNTERS);
  
  	if (debug)
  		for_all_cpus(print_thermal, ODD_COUNTERS);
  }
  
  int fork_it(char **argv)
  {
  	pid_t child_pid;
  	int status;
  
  	status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
  	if (status)
  		exit(status);
  	/* clear affinity side-effect of get_counters() */
  	sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
  	gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
  
  	child_pid = fork();
  	if (!child_pid) {
  		/* child */
  		execvp(argv[0], argv);
  	} else {
  
  		/* parent */
  		if (child_pid == -1)
  			err(1, "fork");
  
  		signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
  		signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
  		if (waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0) == -1)
  			err(status, "waitpid");
  	}
  	/*
  	 * n.b. fork_it() does not check for errors from for_all_cpus()
  	 * because re-starting is problematic when forking
  	 */
  	for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
  	gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
  	timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
  	for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS);
  	compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
  	format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
  	flush_stderr();
  
  	fprintf(stderr, "%.6f sec\n", tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0);
  
  	return status;
  }
  
  int get_and_dump_counters(void)
  {
  	int status;
  
  	status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
  	if (status)
  		return status;
  
  	status = for_all_cpus(dump_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
  	if (status)
  		return status;
  
  	flush_stdout();
  
  	return status;
  }
  
  void print_version() {
  	fprintf(stderr, "turbostat version 4.1 10-Feb, 2015"
  		" - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>\n");
  }
  
  void cmdline(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int opt;
  	int option_index = 0;
  	static struct option long_options[] = {
  		{"Counter",	required_argument,	0, 'C'},
  		{"counter",	required_argument,	0, 'c'},
  		{"Dump",	no_argument,		0, 'D'},
  		{"debug",	no_argument,		0, 'd'},
  		{"interval",	required_argument,	0, 'i'},
  		{"help",	no_argument,		0, 'h'},
  		{"Joules",	no_argument,		0, 'J'},
  		{"MSR",		required_argument,	0, 'M'},
  		{"msr",		required_argument,	0, 'm'},
  		{"Package",	no_argument,		0, 'p'},
  		{"processor",	no_argument,		0, 'p'},
  		{"Summary",	no_argument,		0, 'S'},
  		{"TCC",		required_argument,	0, 'T'},
  		{"version",	no_argument,		0, 'v' },
  		{0,		0,			0,  0 }
  	};
  
  	progname = argv[0];
  
  	while ((opt = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "C:c:Ddhi:JM:m:PpST:v",
  				long_options, &option_index)) != -1) {
  		switch (opt) {
  		case 'C':
  			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_delta_offset64);
  			break;
  		case 'c':
  			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_delta_offset32);
  			break;
  		case 'D':
  			dump_only++;
  			break;
  		case 'd':
  			debug++;
  			break;
  		case 'h':
  		default:
  			help();
  			exit(1);
  		case 'i':
  			interval_sec = atoi(optarg);
  			break;
  		case 'J':
  			rapl_joules++;
  			break;
  		case 'M':
  			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_msr_offset64);
  			break;
  		case 'm':
  			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_msr_offset32);
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			show_pkg_only++;
  			break;
  		case 'p':
  			show_core_only++;
  			break;
  		case 'S':
  			summary_only++;
  			break;
  		case 'T':
  			tcc_activation_temp_override = atoi(optarg);
  			break;
  		case 'v':
  			print_version();
  			exit(0);
  			break;
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	cmdline(argc, argv);
  
  	if (debug)
  		print_version();
  
  	turbostat_init();
  
  	/* dump counters and exit */
  	if (dump_only)
  		return get_and_dump_counters();
  
  	/*
  	 * if any params left, it must be a command to fork
  	 */
  	if (argc - optind)
  		return fork_it(argv + optind);
  	else
  		turbostat_loop();
  
  	return 0;
  }
  