text: package pq
  
  import (
  	"bytes"
  	"database/sql"
  	"fmt"
  	"strings"
  	"testing"
  	"time"
  
  	"github.com/lib/pq/oid"
  )
  
  func TestScanTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
  	var nt NullTime
  	tn := time.Now()
  	nt.Scan(tn)
  	if !nt.Valid {
  		t.Errorf("Expected Valid=false")
  	}
  	if nt.Time != tn {
  		t.Errorf("Time value mismatch")
  	}
  }
  
  func TestScanNilTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
  	var nt NullTime
  	nt.Scan(nil)
  	if nt.Valid {
  		t.Errorf("Expected Valid=false")
  	}
  }
  
  var timeTests = []struct {
  	str     string
  	timeval time.Time
  }{
  	{"22001-02-03", time.Date(22001, time.February, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.000001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.00001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.0001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.01", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.1", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.12", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 120000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.1234", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123400000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.12345", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123450000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123456", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123-07", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000,
  		time.FixedZone("", -7*60*60))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06-07", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
  		time.FixedZone("", -7*60*60))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06-07:42", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
  		time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+42*60)))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06-07:30:09", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
  		time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9)))},
  	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06+07", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
  		time.FixedZone("", 7*60*60))},
  	{"0011-02-03 04:05:06 BC", time.Date(-10, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"0011-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(-10, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"0011-02-03 04:05:06.123-07 BC", time.Date(-10, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000,
  		time.FixedZone("", -7*60*60))},
  	{"0001-02-03 04:05:06.123", time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"0001-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0)).AddDate(-1, 0, 0)},
  	{"0001-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"0002-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0)).AddDate(-1, 0, 0)},
  	{"0002-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(-1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"12345-02-03 04:05:06.1", time.Date(12345, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  	{"123456-02-03 04:05:06.1", time.Date(123456, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
  }
  
  // Test that parsing the string results in the expected value.
  func TestParseTs(t *testing.T) {
  	for i, tt := range timeTests {
  		val, err := ParseTimestamp(nil, tt.str)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Errorf("%d: got error: %v", i, err)
  		} else if val.String() != tt.timeval.String() {
  			t.Errorf("%d: expected to parse %q into %q; got %q",
  				i, tt.str, tt.timeval, val)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  var timeErrorTests = []string{
  	"2001",
  	"2001-2-03",
  	"2001-02-3",
  	"2001-02-03 ",
  	"2001-02-03 04",
  	"2001-02-03 04:",
  	"2001-02-03 04:05",
  	"2001-02-03 04:05:",
  	"2001-02-03 04:05:6",
  	"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123 B",
  }
  
  // Test that parsing the string results in an error.
  func TestParseTsErrors(t *testing.T) {
  	for i, tt := range timeErrorTests {
  		_, err := ParseTimestamp(nil, tt)
  		if err == nil {
  			t.Errorf("%d: expected an error from parsing: %v", i, tt)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  // Now test that sending the value into the database and parsing it back
  // returns the same time.Time value.
  func TestEncodeAndParseTs(t *testing.T) {
  	db, err := openTestConnConninfo("timezone='Etc/UTC'")
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Fatal(err)
  	}
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	for i, tt := range timeTests {
  		var dbstr string
  		err = db.QueryRow("SELECT ($1::timestamptz)::text", tt.timeval).Scan(&dbstr)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Errorf("%d: could not send value %q to the database: %s", i, tt.timeval, err)
  			continue
  		}
  
  		val, err := ParseTimestamp(nil, dbstr)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Errorf("%d: could not parse value %q: %s", i, dbstr, err)
  			continue
  		}
  		val = val.In(tt.timeval.Location())
  		if val.String() != tt.timeval.String() {
  			t.Errorf("%d: expected to parse %q into %q; got %q", i, dbstr, tt.timeval, val)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  var formatTimeTests = []struct {
  	time     time.Time
  	expected string
  }{
  	{time.Time{}, "0001-01-01 00:00:00Z"},
  	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 0)), "2001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789Z"},
  	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 2*60*60)), "2001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789+02:00"},
  	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", -6*60*60)), "2001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789-06:00"},
  	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9))), "2001-02-03 04:05:06-07:30:09"},
  
  	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 0)), "0001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789Z"},
  	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 2*60*60)), "0001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789+02:00"},
  	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", -6*60*60)), "0001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789-06:00"},
  
  	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 0)), "0001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789Z BC"},
  	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 2*60*60)), "0001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789+02:00 BC"},
  	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", -6*60*60)), "0001-02-03 04:05:06.123456789-06:00 BC"},
  
  	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9))), "0001-02-03 04:05:06-07:30:09"},
  	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9))), "0001-02-03 04:05:06-07:30:09 BC"},
  }
  
  func TestFormatTs(t *testing.T) {
  	for i, tt := range formatTimeTests {
  		val := string(formatTs(tt.time))
  		if val != tt.expected {
  			t.Errorf("%d: incorrect time format %q, want %q", i, val, tt.expected)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestFormatTsBackend(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	var str string
  	err := db.QueryRow("SELECT '2001-02-03T04:05:06.007-08:09:10'::time::text").Scan(&str)
  	if err == nil {
  		t.Fatalf("PostgreSQL is accepting an ISO timestamp input for time")
  	}
  
  	for i, tt := range formatTimeTests {
  		for _, typ := range []string{"date", "time", "timetz", "timestamp", "timestamptz"} {
  			err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::"+typ+"::text", tt.time).Scan(&str)
  			if err != nil {
  				t.Errorf("%d: incorrect time format for %v on the backend: %v", i, typ, err)
  			}
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestTimestampWithTimeZone(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	tx, err := db.Begin()
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Fatal(err)
  	}
  	defer tx.Rollback()
  
  	// try several different locations, all included in Go's zoneinfo.zip
  	for _, locName := range []string{
  		"UTC",
  		"America/Chicago",
  		"America/New_York",
  		"Australia/Darwin",
  		"Australia/Perth",
  	} {
  		loc, err := time.LoadLocation(locName)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Logf("Could not load time zone %s - skipping", locName)
  			continue
  		}
  
  		// Postgres timestamps have a resolution of 1 microsecond, so don't
  		// use the full range of the Nanosecond argument
  		refTime := time.Date(2012, 11, 6, 10, 23, 42, 123456000, loc)
  
  		for _, pgTimeZone := range []string{"US/Eastern", "Australia/Darwin"} {
  			// Switch Postgres's timezone to test different output timestamp formats
  			_, err = tx.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("set time zone '%s'", pgTimeZone))
  			if err != nil {
  				t.Fatal(err)
  			}
  
  			var gotTime time.Time
  			row := tx.QueryRow("select $1::timestamp with time zone", refTime)
  			err = row.Scan(&gotTime)
  			if err != nil {
  				t.Fatal(err)
  			}
  
  			if !refTime.Equal(gotTime) {
  				t.Errorf("timestamps not equal: %s != %s", refTime, gotTime)
  			}
  
  			// check that the time zone is set correctly based on TimeZone
  			pgLoc, err := time.LoadLocation(pgTimeZone)
  			if err != nil {
  				t.Logf("Could not load time zone %s - skipping", pgLoc)
  				continue
  			}
  			translated := refTime.In(pgLoc)
  			if translated.String() != gotTime.String() {
  				t.Errorf("timestamps not equal: %s != %s", translated, gotTime)
  			}
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestTimestampWithOutTimezone(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	test := func(ts, pgts string) {
  		r, err := db.Query("SELECT $1::timestamp", pgts)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatalf("Could not run query: %v", err)
  		}
  
  		n := r.Next()
  
  		if n != true {
  			t.Fatal("Expected at least one row")
  		}
  
  		var result time.Time
  		err = r.Scan(&result)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatalf("Did not expect error scanning row: %v", err)
  		}
  
  		expected, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, ts)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatalf("Could not parse test time literal: %v", err)
  		}
  
  		if !result.Equal(expected) {
  			t.Fatalf("Expected time to match %v: got mismatch %v",
  				expected, result)
  		}
  
  		n = r.Next()
  		if n != false {
  			t.Fatal("Expected only one row")
  		}
  	}
  
  	test("2000-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2000-01-01T00:00:00")
  
  	// Test higher precision time
  	test("2013-01-04T20:14:58.80033Z", "2013-01-04 20:14:58.80033")
  }
  
  func TestInfinityTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  	var err error
  	var resultT time.Time
  
  	expectedErrorStrPrefix := `sql: Scan error on column index 0: unsupported`
  	type testCases []struct {
  		Query                string
  		Param                string
  		ExpectedErrStrPrefix string
  		ExpectedVal          interface{}
  	}
  	tc := testCases{
  		{"SELECT $1::timestamp", "-infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "-infinity"},
  		{"SELECT $1::timestamptz", "-infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "-infinity"},
  		{"SELECT $1::timestamp", "infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "infinity"},
  		{"SELECT $1::timestamptz", "infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "infinity"},
  	}
  	// try to assert []byte to time.Time
  	for _, q := range tc {
  		err = db.QueryRow(q.Query, q.Param).Scan(&resultT)
  		if !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), q.ExpectedErrStrPrefix) {
  			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected error to have prefix %q, got %q", q.ExpectedErrStrPrefix, err)
  		}
  	}
  	// yield []byte
  	for _, q := range tc {
  		var resultI interface{}
  		err = db.QueryRow(q.Query, q.Param).Scan(&resultI)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  		}
  		result, ok := resultI.([]byte)
  		if !ok {
  			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected []byte, got %#v", resultI)
  		}
  		if string(result) != q.ExpectedVal {
  			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected %q, got %q", q.ExpectedVal, result)
  		}
  	}
  
  	y1500 := time.Date(1500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
  	y2500 := time.Date(2500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
  	EnableInfinityTs(y1500, y2500)
  
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp", "infinity").Scan(&resultT)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if !resultT.Equal(y2500) {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning infinity, expected %q, got %q", y2500, resultT)
  	}
  
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz", "infinity").Scan(&resultT)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if !resultT.Equal(y2500) {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning Infinity, expected time %q, got %q", y2500, resultT.String())
  	}
  
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp", "-infinity").Scan(&resultT)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if !resultT.Equal(y1500) {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected time %q, got %q", y1500, resultT.String())
  	}
  
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz", "-infinity").Scan(&resultT)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if !resultT.Equal(y1500) {
  		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected time %q, got %q", y1500, resultT.String())
  	}
  
  	y_1500 := time.Date(-1500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
  	y11500 := time.Date(11500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
  	var s string
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp::text", y_1500).Scan(&s)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if s != "-infinity" {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected %q, got %q", "-infinity", s)
  	}
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz::text", y_1500).Scan(&s)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if s != "-infinity" {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected %q, got %q", "-infinity", s)
  	}
  
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp::text", y11500).Scan(&s)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if s != "infinity" {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected %q, got %q", "infinity", s)
  	}
  	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz::text", y11500).Scan(&s)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
  	}
  	if s != "infinity" {
  		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected %q, got %q", "infinity", s)
  	}
  
  	disableInfinityTs()
  
  	var panicErrorString string
  	func() {
  		defer func() {
  			panicErrorString, _ = recover().(string)
  		}()
  		EnableInfinityTs(y2500, y1500)
  	}()
  	if panicErrorString != infinityTsNegativeMustBeSmaller {
  		t.Errorf("Expected error, %q, got %q", infinityTsNegativeMustBeSmaller, panicErrorString)
  	}
  }
  
  func TestStringWithNul(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	hello0world := string("hello\x00world")
  	_, err := db.Query("SELECT $1::text", &hello0world)
  	if err == nil {
  		t.Fatal("Postgres accepts a string with nul in it; " +
  			"injection attacks may be plausible")
  	}
  }
  
  func TestByteSliceToText(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	b := []byte("hello world")
  	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::text", b)
  
  	var result []byte
  	err := row.Scan(&result)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Fatal(err)
  	}
  
  	if string(result) != string(b) {
  		t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
  	}
  }
  
  func TestStringToBytea(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	b := "hello world"
  	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::bytea", b)
  
  	var result []byte
  	err := row.Scan(&result)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Fatal(err)
  	}
  
  	if !bytes.Equal(result, []byte(b)) {
  		t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
  	}
  }
  
  func TestTextByteSliceToUUID(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	b := []byte("a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11")
  	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::uuid", b)
  
  	var result string
  	err := row.Scan(&result)
  	if forceBinaryParameters() {
  		pqErr := err.(*Error)
  		if pqErr == nil {
  			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
  		} else if pqErr.Code != "22P03" {
  			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid binary encoding error (22P03), got %s", pqErr.Code)
  		}
  	} else {
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  
  		if result != string(b) {
  			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestBinaryByteSlicetoUUID(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	b := []byte{'\xa0', '\xee', '\xbc', '\x99',
  		'\x9c', '\x0b',
  		'\x4e', '\xf8',
  		'\xbb', '\x00', '\x6b',
  		'\xb9', '\xbd', '\x38', '\x0a', '\x11'}
  	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::uuid", b)
  
  	var result string
  	err := row.Scan(&result)
  	if forceBinaryParameters() {
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  
  		if result != string("a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb00-6bb9bd380a11") {
  			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
  		}
  	} else {
  		pqErr := err.(*Error)
  		if pqErr == nil {
  			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
  		} else if pqErr.Code != "22021" {
  			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid byte sequence for encoding error (22021), got %s", pqErr.Code)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestStringToUUID(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	s := "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb00-6bb9bd380a11"
  	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::uuid", s)
  
  	var result string
  	err := row.Scan(&result)
  	if err != nil {
  		t.Fatal(err)
  	}
  
  	if result != s {
  		t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", s, result)
  	}
  }
  
  func TestTextByteSliceToInt(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	expected := 12345678
  	b := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d", expected))
  	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::int", b)
  
  	var result int
  	err := row.Scan(&result)
  	if forceBinaryParameters() {
  		pqErr := err.(*Error)
  		if pqErr == nil {
  			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
  		} else if pqErr.Code != "22P03" {
  			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid binary encoding error (22P03), got %s", pqErr.Code)
  		}
  	} else {
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  		if result != expected {
  			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", expected, result)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestBinaryByteSliceToInt(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	expected := 12345678
  	b := []byte{'\x00', '\xbc', '\x61', '\x4e'}
  	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::int", b)
  
  	var result int
  	err := row.Scan(&result)
  	if forceBinaryParameters() {
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  		if result != expected {
  			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", expected, result)
  		}
  	} else {
  		pqErr := err.(*Error)
  		if pqErr == nil {
  			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
  		} else if pqErr.Code != "22021" {
  			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid byte sequence for encoding error (22021), got %s", pqErr.Code)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestTextDecodeIntoString(t *testing.T) {
  	input := []byte("hello world")
  	want := string(input)
  	for _, typ := range []oid.Oid{oid.T_char, oid.T_varchar, oid.T_text} {
  		got := decode(&parameterStatus{}, input, typ, formatText)
  		if got != want {
  			t.Errorf("invalid string decoding output for %T(%+v), got %v but expected %v", typ, typ, got, want)
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  func TestByteaOutputFormatEncoding(t *testing.T) {
  	input := []byte("\\x\x00\x01\x02\xFF\xFEabcdefg0123")
  	want := []byte("\\x5c78000102fffe6162636465666730313233")
  	got := encode(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, input, oid.T_bytea)
  	if !bytes.Equal(want, got) {
  		t.Errorf("invalid hex bytea output, got %v but expected %v", got, want)
  	}
  
  	want = []byte("\\\\x\\000\\001\\002\\377\\376abcdefg0123")
  	got = encode(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 84000}, input, oid.T_bytea)
  	if !bytes.Equal(want, got) {
  		t.Errorf("invalid escape bytea output, got %v but expected %v", got, want)
  	}
  }
  
  func TestByteaOutputFormats(t *testing.T) {
  	db := openTestConn(t)
  	defer db.Close()
  
  	if getServerVersion(t, db) < 90000 {
  		// skip
  		return
  	}
  
  	testByteaOutputFormat := func(f string, usePrepared bool) {
  		expectedData := []byte("\x5c\x78\x00\xff\x61\x62\x63\x01\x08")
  		sqlQuery := "SELECT decode('5c7800ff6162630108', 'hex')"
  
  		var data []byte
  
  		// use a txn to avoid relying on getting the same connection
  		txn, err := db.Begin()
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  		defer txn.Rollback()
  
  		_, err = txn.Exec("SET LOCAL bytea_output TO " + f)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  		var rows *sql.Rows
  		var stmt *sql.Stmt
  		if usePrepared {
  			stmt, err = txn.Prepare(sqlQuery)
  			if err != nil {
  				t.Fatal(err)
  			}
  			rows, err = stmt.Query()
  		} else {
  			// use Query; QueryRow would hide the actual error
  			rows, err = txn.Query(sqlQuery)
  		}
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  		if !rows.Next() {
  			if rows.Err() != nil {
  				t.Fatal(rows.Err())
  			}
  			t.Fatal("shouldn't happen")
  		}
  		err = rows.Scan(&data)
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  		err = rows.Close()
  		if err != nil {
  			t.Fatal(err)
  		}
  		if stmt != nil {
  			err = stmt.Close()
  			if err != nil {
  				t.Fatal(err)
  			}
  		}
  		if !bytes.Equal(data, expectedData) {
  			t.Errorf("unexpected bytea value %v for format %s; expected %v", data, f, expectedData)
  		}
  	}
  
  	testByteaOutputFormat("hex", false)
  	testByteaOutputFormat("escape", false)
  	testByteaOutputFormat("hex", true)
  	testByteaOutputFormat("escape", true)
  }
  
  func TestAppendEncodedText(t *testing.T) {
  	var buf []byte
  
  	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, int64(10))
  	buf = append(buf, '\t')
  	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, 42.0000000001)
  	buf = append(buf, '\t')
  	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, "hello\tworld")
  	buf = append(buf, '\t')
  	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, []byte{0, 128, 255})
  
  	if string(buf) != "10\t42.0000000001\thello\\tworld\t\\\\x0080ff" {
  		t.Fatal(string(buf))
  	}
  }
  
  func TestAppendEscapedText(t *testing.T) {
  	if esc := appendEscapedText(nil, "hallo\tescape"); string(esc) != "hallo\\tescape" {
  		t.Fatal(string(esc))
  	}
  	if esc := appendEscapedText(nil, "hallo\\tescape\n"); string(esc) != "hallo\\\\tescape\\n" {
  		t.Fatal(string(esc))
  	}
  	if esc := appendEscapedText(nil, "\n\r\t\f"); string(esc) != "\\n\\r\\t\f" {
  		t.Fatal(string(esc))
  	}
  }
  
  func TestAppendEscapedTextExistingBuffer(t *testing.T) {
  	var buf []byte
  	buf = []byte("123\t")
  	if esc := appendEscapedText(buf, "hallo\tescape"); string(esc) != "123\thallo\\tescape" {
  		t.Fatal(string(esc))
  	}
  	buf = []byte("123\t")
  	if esc := appendEscapedText(buf, "hallo\\tescape\n"); string(esc) != "123\thallo\\\\tescape\\n" {
  		t.Fatal(string(esc))
  	}
  	buf = []byte("123\t")
  	if esc := appendEscapedText(buf, "\n\r\t\f"); string(esc) != "123\t\\n\\r\\t\f" {
  		t.Fatal(string(esc))
  	}
  }
  
  func BenchmarkAppendEscapedText(b *testing.B) {
  	longString := ""
  	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
  		longString += "123456789\n"
  	}
  	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
  		appendEscapedText(nil, longString)
  	}
  }
  
  func BenchmarkAppendEscapedTextNoEscape(b *testing.B) {
  	longString := ""
  	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
  		longString += "1234567890"
  	}
  	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
  		appendEscapedText(nil, longString)
  	}
  }
  