ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা

ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা হৈছে উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাত অৱস্থিত পৰ্বতশ্ৰেণীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম এক পৰ্বতমালা। ই ব্ৰিটিছ কলম্বিয়া,পশ্চিম কানাডাৰ পৰা নিউ মেক্সিক', দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ লৈকে ৩০০০ মাইল পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ পোনপ্ৰথমে সৃষ্টি হৈছিল ৫৫-৮০মিলিয়ন বছৰ পূ্ৰ্বে লাৰামাইড অ'ৰ'জেনি (Laramide Orogeny) ৰ কালত। এই সময়ছোৱাত উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা টেক্ট'নিক প্লেট ( North American plate)ৰ তলত থকা কেইবাখনো টেক্ট'নিক প্লেটৰ স্থানান্তৰ ঘটে। ইয়াৰ ফলত পশ্চিমৰ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাত এক পৰ্বতমালাৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। পৰৱৰ্ত্তী কালত অন্যান্য টেক্ট'নিক পৰিৱৰ্ত্তন আৰু গ্লেচিয়াৰ সমূহৰ স্খলনৰ ফলত ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ বিভিন্ন শৃংগ আৰু উপত্যকাৰ গঢ় লয়। অন্তিমটো হিমযুগ (ice age)ৰ পৰা ৰকি পৰ্বতমালালৈ মানুহৰ আগমণ ঘটে আৰু স্থায়ীভাবে বসবাস কৰিবলৈ লয়। ছাৰ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ মেকেঞ্জি ( Alexander Mackenzie) ৰ দৰে ইউৰোপিয়ান সকলৰ পিছত বিভিন্ন আমেৰিকান অভিযান যেনে লিউৱিছ আৰু ক্লাৰ্ক অভিযান ( Lewis and Clark expedition) ৰ জৰিয়তে এই পৰ্বতমালাত অৱৰোহণ কৰে।

বৰ্তমান এই পৰ্বতমালাৰ সৰহ অংশই সমজুৱা উদ্যান বা সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলেৰে আবৃত। সেইবাবে ই পৰ্যটকৰ বাবে বিশেষ আকৰ্ষণতো পৰিণত হৈছে।

ভৌগোলিক বিৱৰণ

ভৌগোলিকভাবে ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা দক্ষিণে ব্ৰিটিছ কলম্বিয়াৰ লিয়াৰ্ড নদী (Liard river) ৰ পৰা নিউ মেক্সিক'ৰ ৰিঅ' গ্ৰেণ্ড (Rio Grande) পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। এই দুই নদীৰ সিপাৰে অন্য কিছু পৰ্বত যেনে, য়ুকুন (Yukon)ৰ শ্বেলৱিন ৰেঞ্জ (Selwyn Range), আলাস্কাৰ ব্ৰুকছ ৰেঞ্জ (Brooks Range) আৰু মেক্সিক'ৰ শ্বিয়েৰা মাদ্ৰে (Sierra Madre) আদি অৱস্থিত যদিও এই পৰ্বতসমূহ ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ অংশ নহয়। অৱশ্যে আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্টহৱত প্ৰচলিত সীমা অনুসৰি কুটেনাই নদী (Kootenai river) ৰ দক্ষিণে থকা পৰ্বতসমূহ ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্তবুলি ধৰা হয় কিন্তু উত্তৰে থকা পৰ্বতশ্ৰেণীক পৃথক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ পৰ্বতসমূহ প্ৰায় ৭০-৩০০ মাইল (১১০-৪৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ) পৰ্যন্ত বহল বুলি জনা যায়।

ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ উত্তৰ অংশৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাত উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধি পায়। এই অংশতে কলেৰেডোৰ ফ্ৰণ্ট ৰেঞ্জ (Front range) , Wyoming ৰ Wind River range, Big Horn Mountains , Absaroka-Beartooth range আৰু মণ্টানাৰ ৰকি মাউণ্টেইন ফ্ৰণ্ট (Rocky Mountain Front ) অৱস্থিত। কানাডাত আকৌ ভূগোলবিদ সকলে ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ তিনিটা সমষ্টি চিনাক্ত কৰিছে: Continental Range, Hart Ranges আৰু Muskwa Range। এই হাৰ্ট ৰেঞ্জ আৰু মুশ্বকোৱা ৰেঞ্জে একেলগে উত্তৰ ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা (Northern Rockies) সৃষ্টি কৰিছে।
]] are a rugged subrange in Wyoming

ৰকি পৰ্বতমালাৰ পশ্চিম অংশত চল্ট লেক নগৰৰ কাষৰীয়া Wasatch range আৰু ইডাহ'-মণ্টানা সীমা (Idaho-Montana) ত থকা Bitterroots আদি পৰ্বত অৱস্থিত। The Great Basin and Columbia River Plateau separate these sub-ranges from distinct ranges further to the west, most prominent among which are the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range and Coast Mountains. The Rockies do not extend into the Yukon or Alaska, or into central British Columbia, where the Rocky Mountain System (but not the Rocky Mountains) includes the Columbia Mountains, the southward extension of which is considered part of the Rockies in the United States. The Rocky Mountain System within the United States is a United States physiographic region; the Rocky Mountain System is known in Canada as the Eastern System.

The Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America. The range's highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at above sea level. Mount Robson in British Columbia, at , is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies.
]] in British Columbia, Canada.

Human population is not very dense in the Rocky Mountains, with an average of four people per square kilometer (10 per square mile) and few cities with over 50,000 people. However, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. The 40-year statewide increases in population range from 35% in Montana to about 150% in Utah and Colorado. The populations of several mountain towns and communities have doubled in the last 40 years. Jackson Hole, Wyoming, increased 260%, from 1,244 to 4,472 residents, in 40 years.

]] in Glacier National Park, Montana, as shown here, have dramatically shaped the Rocky Mountains.

জলবায়ু তথা প্ৰকৃতিক বিৱৰণ

There are a wide range of environmental factors in the Rocky Mountains. The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia (at 59° N) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico (at 35° N). Prairie occurs at or below , while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert at . Precipitation ranges from per year in the southern valleys to per year locally in the northern peaks. Average January temperatures can range from in Prince George, British Columbia, to in Trinidad, Colorado.

The USGS defines ten forested zones in the Rocky Mountains. The introduction of the horse, metal tools, rifles, new diseases, and different cultures profoundly changed the Native American cultures. Native American populations were extirpated from most of their historical ranges by disease, warfare, habitat loss (eradication of the bison), and continued assaults on their culture.

Sir Alexander MacKenzie (1764–March 11, 1820) became the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains in 1793. He found the upper reaches of the Fraser River and reached the Pacific coast of what is now Canada on July 20 of that year, completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico. He arrived at Bella Coola, British Columbia, where he first reached saltwater at South Bentinck Arm, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) was the first scientific reconnaissance of the Rocky Mountains. Specimens were collected for contemporary botanists, zoologists, and geologists. These posts served as bases for most European activity in the Canadian Rockies in the early 19th century. Among the most notable are the expeditions of David Thompson (explorer), who followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. On his 1811 expedition, he camped at the junction of the Columbia River and the Snake River and erected a pole and notice claiming the area for the United Kingdom and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort at the site.

By the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the 49th parallel north as the international boundary west from Lake of the Woods to the "Stony Mountains"; the UK and the USA agreed to what has since been described as "joint occupancy" of lands further west to the Pacific Ocean. Resolution of the territorial and treaty issues, the Oregon dispute, was deferred until a later time.

In 1819, Spain ceded their s north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States, though these s did not include possession and also included obligations to Britain and Russia concerning their claims in the same region.

After 1802, American fur traders and explorers ushered in the first widespread Caucasian presence in the Rockies south of the 49th parallel. The more famous of these include Americans William Henry Ashley, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, John Colter, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Andrew Henry, and Jedediah Smith. On July 24, 1832, Benjamin Bonneville led the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by using South Pass in the present State of Wyoming.

]], from a sketch taken 7 June 1859.
Thousands passed through the Rocky Mountains on the Oregon Trail beginning in the 1840s. The Mormons began to settle near the Great Salt Lake in 1847. From 1859 to 1864, gold was discovered in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia, sparking several gold rushes bringing thousands of prospectors and miners to explore every mountain and canyon and to create the Rocky Mountains' first major industry. The Idaho gold rush alone produced more gold than the California and Alaska gold rushes combined and was important in the financing of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, and Yellowstone National Park was established as the world's first national park in 1872. Meanwhile, a transcontinental railroad in Canada was originally promised in 1871. Though political complications pushed its completion to 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway eventually followed the Kicking Horse and Rogers Passes to the Pacific Ocean. Canadian railway officials also convinced Parliament to set aside vast areas of the Canadian Rockies as Jasper, Banff, Yoho, and Waterton Lakes National Parks, laying the foundation for a tourism industry which thrives to this day. Glacier National Park (MT) was established with a similar relationship to tourism promotions by the Great Northern Railway. While settlers filled the valleys and mining towns, conservation and preservation ethics began to take hold. U.S. President Harrison established several forest reserves in the Rocky Mountains in 1891–1892. In 1905, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt extended the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve to include the area now managed as Rocky Mountain National Park.

Agriculture and forestry are major industries. Agriculture includes dryland and irrigated farming and livestock grazing. Livestock are frequently moved between high-elevation summer pastures and low-elevation winter pastures, a practice known as transhumance.

পৰ্যটন

]] in Yellowstone National Park
]] in Glacier National Park
See also: List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts, List of Alberta ski resorts, List of B.C. ski resorts

Every year the scenic areas and recreational opportunities of the Rocky Mountains draw millions of tourists. The main language of the Rocky Mountains is English. But there are also linguistic pockets of Spanish and indigenous languages. French is another official language in Canada's national parks.

People from all over the world visit the sites to hike, camp, or engage in mountain sports. In the summer season, examples of tourist attractions are:

In the United States:
Pikes Peak
Royal Gorge
Rocky Mountain National Park
Yellowstone National Park
Grand Teton National Park
Glacier National Park
Sawtooth National Recreation Area

In Canada, the mountain range contains these national parks:
Banff National Park
Jasper National Park
Kootenay National Park
Waterton Lakes National Park
Yoho National Park

Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta each other and collectively are known as Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. (See also International Peace Park.)

In the winter, skiing is the main attraction. A list of the major ski resorts can be found at List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts.

The adjacent Columbia Mountains in British Columbia contain major resorts such as Panorama and Kicking Horse, as well as Mount Revelstoke National Park and Glacier National Park.

There are numerous provincial parks in the British Columbia Rockies, the largest and most notable being Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park, Mount Robson Provincial Park, Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park, Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park, Stone Mountain Provincial Park and Muncho Lake Provincial Park.

লগতে চাওক

]]es in Alberta turn yellow in autumn.
Outline of North America
Geography of North America
Geology of North America
Mountain ranges of the world
Lists of mountains
Rocky Mountains
Geology of the Rocky Mountains
Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains
Rocky Mountains subalpine zone
Canadian Rockies
Ranges of the Canadian Rockies
Geography of the United States Rocky Mountain System
Northern Rocky Mountains
Mountain ranges of Montana
Mountain ranges of Wyoming
Mountains and mountain ranges of Yellowstone National Park
Mountains and mountain ranges of Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Western Rocky Mountains
Mountain ranges of Utah
Southern Rocky Mountains
Mountain ranges of Colorado
Mountain peaks of Colorado
Mountain passes of Colorado
Little Rocky Mountains
Mountain man
The Rocky Mountain Rangers (Canadian militia unit)

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

অতিৰিক্ত পঠন

বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

U.S. Geological Survey website on the Rocky Mountains
Colorado Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu (slow modem version)
North Central Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu (slow modem version)
South Central Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu (slow modem version)
Sunset on the Top of the Rocky Mountains, CO, Historical Society of Pennsylvania

শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্বতমালা