anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Why does diabetes insipidus cause clear urine?
Answer: When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.
Question: How does diabetes insipidus affect you?
Answer: It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. ( Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.) When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.
Question: How is diabetes insipidus treated?
Answer: Central diabetes insipidus. First, the doctor will tell you to drink plenty of fluids. You'll take medications like desmopressin ( DDAVP) or vasopressin ( Pitressin). It usually comes as a nasal spray. There are also treatments to help these drugs work better. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be harder to treat. If it's caused by a drug, stopping the medicine helps. Other medicines may improve the symptoms.
Question: What is diabetes insipidus?
Answer: Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that causes your body to make a lot of urine that is "insipid," or colorless and odorless. When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. It usually comes as a nasal spray.
Question: What are the signs of diabetes insipidus?
Answer: You might notice: Extreme thirst Peeing a lot (your doctor might call this polyuria) Getting up to go a lot at night Preference for cold drinks Dehydration Unexplained weakness Muscle pains Irritability Your body makes a substance called vasopressin. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.
Question: How serious is diabetes insipidus?
Answer: It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. Diabetes insipidus can lead to nocturia, a medical name for waking up in the night to pee. But you will be more prone to dehydration. Make sure you always have something to drink close by, especially when it's hot or when you exercise.
Question: How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?
Answer: It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. You might get a series of tests that include: Urinalysis. This will measure the amount of electrolytes and glucose in your blood. You'll have this done in a hospital so doctors can make sure you don't get dehydrated.
Question: How are topical medications used to treat plaque psoriasis?
Answer: Treatment options include: Topical medications: If you have only a few plaques, your doctor will probably try a prescription cream first. You put these directly on your skin. They either help with inflammation or slow the growth of skin cells. Examples include corticosteroids, vitamin D, vitamin A, and anthralin. You can also try over-the-counter topical medicines. Both salicylic acid and coal tar are approved to treat psoriasis. Other ingredients may soothe itch and remove scale, including aloe vera, jojoba, zinc pyrithione, and capsaicin.
Question: How are systemic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis?
Answer: Systemic drugs: If you have a severe case of plaque psoriasis, you may need medicines that work throughout your body. They calm your immune system or make your skin cells grow more slowly. But they can cause serious side effects, like depression, aggressive thoughts, liver problems, or a higher risk of skin cancer. You take systemic drugs like acitretin, cyclosporine, and methotrexate by pill, or your doctor will give you a shot.
Question: When are you more likely to get plaque psoriasis?
Answer: Whether you get plaque psoriasis depends on your genes and your health history: Heredity: Psoriasis seems to run in families. About 10% of people are born with genes that make them likely to get psoriasis. But only about 3% of people get the disease. Triggers: Something has to happen to start your immune system's reaction. Sometimes it's an injury to your skin or a bad sunburn. It could be a certain medicine, like lithium or malaria drugs. An infection, particularly strep, can bring on psoriasis. So can high levels of stress. Psoriasis isn't contagious. It can't be spread by touch or other close contact.
Question: How should you get support to avoid plaque psoriasis?
Answer: Get support: Plaque psoriasis can take an emotional toll. You may feel self-conscious about the way it looks or overwhelmed by what it takes to manage it. Many people with psoriasis become depressed. If you think you need some help, talk with your doctor about therapy or medication. It also helps to talk with people who understand what you're going through and can offer strategies for coping.
Question: How are biologic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis?
Answer: Biologic drugs: Another kind of systemic drug also targets your immune system. Biologic drugs used to treat psoriasis include adalimumab ( Humira), brodalumab ( Siliq), etanercept( Enbrel),guselkumab ( Tremfya), infliximab ( Remicade), ixekizumab ( Taltz), risankisumab-rzaa ( SKYRIZI)),secukinumab ( Cosentyx), and ustekinumab ( Stelara). They're given either by a shot or through a vein in your arm. They affect a specific type of immune cell or keep certain proteins from causing inflammation. But these drugs can make it harder for you to fight an infection.
Question: What can trigger plaque psoriasis?
Answer: You can do a few things to deal with it better: Avoid triggers: Things like stress and smoking don't cause psoriasis. But they can make it worse. Try to figure out what triggers your flare-ups. You may be affected by: Alcohol Allergies Cold, dry weather Hormones Watch your diet : There's no proof that specific foods make a difference with psoriasis.
Question: How is plaque psoriasis diagnosed?
Answer: A dermatologist (skin doctor) can usually tell if you have plaque psoriasis just by talking with you about your medical history and looking at your skin. In some cases, he may need to do a biopsy to know for sure. He'll take a tiny sample of your skin and look at the cells under a microscope.
Question: What are the types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Answer: Both can lead to AIDS. However, they're very different from each other. HIV-1 is the most common type. When you hear the term " HIV," it's probably HIV-1. HIV-2 occurs in a much smaller number of people, mostly in West Africa. In the U. S., it makes up only 0.01% of all HIV cases, and those are primarily people from West Africa. It's harder to transmit HIV-2 from person to person, and it takes longer for the infection to turn into AIDS. Researchers haven't named any strains for this group because there are so few cases of it.
Question: What is group M (Major) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)?
Answer: HIV-1 is the most common type. Your doctor can treat your HIV better if she knows what strain you have. Nearly 90% of all HIV-1 cases stem from this group. The group has nine named strains: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, and K. Some of these have sub-strains.
Question: Is there a vaccine for bird flu?
Answer: No. Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.
Question: Are all flus the same?
Answer: Not all flu is created equal: Some types can make you very ill, while other types of flu cause milder symptoms. Read on to learn about the different types of flu.
Question: What virus causes bird flu?
Answer: The avian influenza virus causes bird flu. Birds can be infected by influenza A viruses and all of its subtypes. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses. There are three main subtypes of avian flu, including H5, H7, and H9. The subtypes H5 and H7 are the most deadly, while the H9 subtype is less dangerous.
Question: What are the different types of flu viruses?
Answer: There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A and B cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. Type C also causes flu; however, type C flu symptoms are much less severe.
Question: Why do you have to get a new flu shot every year?
Answer: Different strains of the flu virus mutate over time and replace the older strains of the virus. This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus.
Question: What kind of bird flu do people talk about, and how is it spread?
Answer: The reason H5 N1 has caused so much alarm is its ability to pass from wild birds to poultry and then on to people. While wild birds are commonly immune to the devastating and possibly deadly effects of H5 N1, the virus has killed more than half of the people infected with it. The risk of avian flu is generally low in most people because the virus does not typically infect humans. Infections have occurred as a result of contact with infected birds. Spread of this infection from human to human has been reported to be extremely rare.
Question: How does a flu virus make me sick?
Answer: Flu viruses enter the body through the mucus membranes of your nose, eyes, or mouth. Every time you touch your hand to one of these areas, you are possibly infecting yourself with a virus. This makes it very important to keep your hands germ-free with frequent and thorough hand washing. Encourage family members to do the same to stay well and prevent flu.
Question: How long does it take for a flu shot to work?
Answer: Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.
Question: Should I be worried about catching bird flu?
Answer: People in the United States have less to fear than people who live abroad. Most of the illnesses associated with bird flu have been reported in Asian countries among people who have had close contact with farm birds. Also, people are not able to catch the bird flu virus by eating cooked chicken, turkey, or duck. High temperatures kill the virus.
Question: How many hospitalizations and deaths occur from the flu?
Answer: The flu is linked to between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The seasonal flu vaccine was created to try to avert these epidemics.
Question: What is a type C flu virus?
Answer: Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses donot cause epidemics.
Question: How many viruses does the flu shot protect against?
Answer: This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus. Today, Flu Mist and some traditional flu shots generally cover up to four strains: two Influenza A viruses and two Influenza B viruses. The avian influenza virus causes bird flu.
Question: What is a type A flu virus?
Answer: Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus. Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu epidemics. The influenza A2 virus (and other variants of influenza) is spread by people who are already infected. The most common flu hot spots are those surfaces that an infected person has touched and rooms where he has been recently, especially areas where he has been sneezing. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses.
Question: What are the symptoms of dog bloat?
Answer: At first, your dog may show signs that his stomach hurts. He may: Act restless Drool Have a swollen stomach Look anxious Look at his stomach Pace Try to vomit, but nothing comes up Stretch with his front half down and rear end up As the condition gets worse, he may: Collapse Have pale gums Have a rapid heartbeat Be short of breath Feel weak If you think your pet has bloat, get him to a clinic right away. If dogs don't get treatment in time, the condition can kill them.
Question: What causes dog bloat?
Answer: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds.
Question: Which dogs usually have bloat?
Answer: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. Some are at a higher risk than others, including Great Danes, Gordon Setters, Irish Setters, Weimaraners, and St. Bernards.
Question: How is dog bloat treated?
Answer: The treatment a dog gets depends on how severe his condition is. First, the vet may put a tube into your dog's throat and down to his stomach to release the pressure that has built up. Sometimes, a twisted stomach can keep the tube from passing through. If that's the case, the vet may put a large, hollow needle through his belly into his stomach and release the pressure that way. If your dog is in shock, the vet will start giving him fluids through an IV immediately, usually with antibiotics. The vet will take X-rays to see if his stomach is twisted. If it is, your dog will have emergency surgery to untwist it and put it back in its normal position. The vet also will fix the stomach in the right place to keep your dog from getting bloat again. She'll also check to see if the condition damaged other parts of his body.
Question: What is dog bloat?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Bloat happens when a dog's stomach fills with gas, food, or fluid, making it expand. The stomach puts pressure on other organs. It can cause dangerous problems, including: No blood flow to his heart and stomach lining A tear in the wall of his stomach A harder time breathing In some cases, the dog's stomach will rotate or twist, a condition that vets call gastric dilatation volvulus. It traps blood in the stomach and blocks it from returning to the heart and other areas of the body. This can send your dog into shock.
Question: How can you prevent dog bloat?
Answer: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. Don't let him run or play a lot right before or after meals. Feed him a few small meals throughout the day instead of one or two large ones. Make sure he drinks a normal amount of water. For predisposed breeds, your vet will sometimes tack the stomach when your dog gets spayed or neutered
Question: Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're postmenopausal?
Answer: If you're postmenopausal, any bleeding after sex isn't normal. See your doctor to rule out cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and other issues.
Question: Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're pregnant?
Answer: Vaginal bleeding after sex can be scary if you're pregnant, but it's probably not a cause for concern. Your cervix may bleed more easily during pregnancy because extra blood vessels are developing in the area.
Question: Why does vaginal bleeding after sex happen?
Answer: One of those causes is cervical inflammation, or cervicitis. It can be ongoing and totally harmless, or it can happen because of a sexually transmitted infection that you need to get treated, like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Both types of cervical inflammation can cause bleeding after sex. A second common reason for bleeding after sex are cervical polyps. They are growths that are usually small -- about 1 to 2 centimeters -- that often appear on the cervix where it connects to the vagina. Most aren't cancerous, and a doctor can remove them during an appointment. Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem.
Question: Will vaginal bleeding after sex stop on its own?
Answer: It might. A recent study found that just over half of women who had bleeding after sex reported that it cleared up on its own within 2 years.
Question: How can I prevent vaginal bleeding after sex?
Answer: You can rule out the most innocent causes of bleeding after sex, like friction during intercourse or not enough lubrication, by simply using a lubricant before and during sex. You can also wait a bit longer after your period ends to start having sex again, if it seems like regular uterine bleeding at the tail end of menstruation is the culprit. Removing cervical polyps or treating cervical infections should also clear up post-sex bleeding, if either was the cause.
Question: What should you know about vaginal bleeding after sex?
Answer: While vaginal bleeding after sex can be alarming, it's also fairly common -- affecting up to 9% of menstruating women -- and probably no cause for concern. But it can also be caused by an infection, and in rare cases, it's a sign of cervical cancer.
Question: What are other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex?
Answer: Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem.
Question: How can you tell if vaginal bleeding after sex is serious?
Answer: If you have some minor bleeding occasionally after sex, chances are that everything is fine. But the only way to know for sure is to see your doctor for a physical exam. If the bleeding happens right before you get your period or within a few days after it ends and it doesn't happen again, you can hold off on making that appointment. You can also probably hold off if you recently had a pelvic exam and Pap smear and got a clean bill of health. In all other cases -- or if you're just worried -- it's best to get checked out to rule out infection or anything more serious.
Question: What happens if your doctor finds something abnormal after testing vaginal bleeding after sex?
Answer: If your Pap test reveals any abnormalities on your cervix at the time of your exam, you'll probably get a colposcopy. It starts out like a Pap test, but takes a bit longer, and the doctor will use a special magnifying device called a colposcope to get a closer look at the cervix. If your doctor sees anything suspicious, she can take a small sample of tissue for testing. If bleeding after sex is an ongoing thing, your doctor may recommend a colposcopy even if your Pap test results are normal, to get a better look at your cervix. If you're postmenopausal, your doctor might do a transvaginal ultrasound to get a closer look at the pelvic organs or an endometrial biopsy to look for abnormal cells in the endometrial tissue that lines your uterus.
Question: What happens in a doctor's appointment for vaginal bleeding after sex?
Answer: But the only way to know for sure is to see your doctor for a physical exam. She'll also want to know if you're having pain during sex, which can be a sign of inadequate lubrication or infection, depending on when it happens. Your doctor will give you a pelvic exam and look for any source of the bleeding, like vaginal tears or lesions, signs of pelvic organ prolapse, cervical polyps, or inflammation. If your doctor finds any polyps, she might be able to remove them in the office and send them to a lab for testing, or make a later appointment to have them surgically removed. During a Pap test, your doctor can swab your cervix to test for sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, which can cause bleeding after sex and are treated with antibiotics. The Pap test also detects any sign of abnormal, precancerous growths or cancer cells.
Question: Do I need to call a doctor if I use emergency contraception
Answer: You don't have to call a doctor after using emergency contraception, but if you have questions or anything worries you, go ahead. You don't need any routine follow-up exam or tests. If your next period is more than a week late, you should take a pregnancy test.
Question: What emergency contraception pills contain the hormone  levonorgestrel?
Answer: Pills containing a hormone called levonorgestrel: My Way (over-the-counter) Plan B One- Step (over-the-counter) Preventeza (over-the-counter) Take Action (over-the-counter) Birth control pills can also be used as emergency contraception, but you have to take more than one pill at a time to keep from getting pregnant.
Question: What are types of emergency contraception pills?
Answer: There are 3 types of emergency contraception in pill form that are sold both with and without a prescription. You need to be 17 to buy them if a prescription is needed. Depending on the brand and dose, you might get 1 pill or 2. About 1 out of 5 women taking Ella, Plan B One- Step, and generics -- such as My Way -- feel queasy.
Question: What are tips to ease side effects from emergency contraception?
Answer: The most common side effect of the pill forms is upset stomach. Eat smaller but more frequent meals. It might help to suck on sugar-free hard candy, too. If your nausea or vomiting is severe, call your doctor. Taking medicine to calm your stomach for a day or two could help. If you throw up within a couple of hours of taking the pill, you should take another dose. You probably need to take anti-nausea medicine first. Check with your doctor.