anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How are monoamine oxidase inhibitors used as antidepressants?
Answer: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs) include selegiline ( Emsam), isocarboxazid ( Marplan), phenelzine ( Nardil), and tranylcypromine ( Parnate). These drugs seem to work a little differently. Monoamine oxidase is a natural enzyme that breaks down serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAOIs block the effects of this enzyme. As a result, the levels of those neurotransmitters might get a boost. The downside is that MAOIs also prevent the body's ability to break down other medicines metabolized by this enzyme (such as Sudafed, or stimulants) -- raising the risk for high blood pressure -- as well as an amino acid called tyrosine, which is found in certain foods like aged meats and cheeses. MAOIs also shouldn't be combined with other medicines that can raise serotonin (such as certain migraine medicines, or other antidepressants), because that can cause a buildup of excessive serotonin (called "serotonin syndrome"), which could be life threatening.
Question: What are serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors relative to antidepressants?
Answer: Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor ( SARIs) appear to act in two ways. They prevent the reuptake of serotonin. But they also prevent serotonin particles that are released in a synapse from binding at certain undesired receptors and redirect them instead to other receptors that can help nerve cells within mood circuits function better. Examples include nefazodone ( Serzone) and trazodone.
Question: What should you keep in mind when taking antidepressants?
Answer: When taking an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression, you have to be patient. Some people start an antidepressant and expect that it will work right away. After all, when you drink a few cups of coffee, or a few glasses of wine, you feel it pretty fast. People naturally expect the same kind of instant results with antidepressants. But that's just not how antidepressants work. No one knows exactly why, but they can take weeks or months before they gain their full effect. When you're taking an antidepressant, it's important to adjust your expectations and to try to be patient.
Question: How common is prostate cancer in men?
Answer: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men (besides skin cancer). About one man in six will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in his lifetime. Let's keep these numbers in perspective, though. Because prostate cancer is usually slow growing, only about one in 35 men will die of prostate cancer.
Question: At what age do men usually get benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Answer: BPH, also known as an enlarged prostate, is growth of the prostate gland to an unhealthy size. A man's chances of having BPH go up with age: Age 31-40: one in 12 Age 51-60: about one in two Over age 80: more than eight in 10 However, only about half of men ever have BPH symptoms that need treatment. BPH does not lead to prostate cancer, although both are common in older men.
Question: How should I be screened for prostate cancer?
Answer: Prostate Cancer. Some doctors and organizations recommend regular screening while others don't. Routine screening in men between ages 40 and 54 at average risk is not recommended. To reduce the harms of screening, a routine screening interval of two years or more may be preferred over annual screening in those men who have decided on screening after a discussion with their doctor. They say the tests may find cancers that are so slow-growing that medical treatments -- which can have serious side effects -- would offer no benefit. If prostate cancer screening is done, it involves a blood test and possibly a prostate exam by your doctor.
Question: What are the risk factors associated with prostate cancer?
Answer: About two out of every three men with prostate cancer are over age 65. Having a father or brother with prostate cancer more than doubles your risk. African- American men are more likely to get prostate cancer than Caucasians, and the cancer is usually more advanced when discovered.
Question: What does your prostate do?
Answer: Because prostate cancer is usually slow growing, only about one in 35 men will die of prostate cancer. It sits just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine through the penis. The prostate's job is to make fluid for semen.
Question: What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
Answer: The prostate's job is to make fluid for semen. Possible symptoms include: Pain urinating or ejaculating Fever and chills Pelvic pain Needing to urinate more often Cloudy urine Prostate cancer often has no symptoms. It is often discovered after screening with a lab test called prostate specific antigen ( PSA). This symptom usually suggests more advanced prostate cancer.
Question: What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Answer: Benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH). The prostate's job is to make fluid for semen. The prostate grows naturally with age, usually without problems. In some men, the enlarged prostate compresses the urethra, making urination difficult and causing benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH). BPH symptoms include: Urinating frequently, especially at night Difficulty getting a urine stream going Feeling as if you are unable to get all the urine out Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate, often caused by bacteria.
Question: What is a groin pull?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A groin pull -- or groin strain -- results from putting too much stress on muscles in your groin and thigh. If these muscles are tensed too forcefully or too suddenly, they can get over-stretched or torn.
Question: How is a groin pull diagnosed?
Answer: Here are some symptoms of a groin pull: Pain and tenderness in the groin and the inside of the thigh Pain when you bring your legs together Pain when you raise your knee A popping or snapping feeling during the injury, followed by severe pain Groin pulls are often divided into three degrees of severity: 1st degree: Mild pain, but little loss of strength or movement 2nd degree: Moderate pain, mild to moderate strength loss and some tissue damage 3rd degree: Severe pain, severe loss of strength and function due to a complete tear of the muscle To diagnose a groin pull, your doctor will give you a thorough physical exam. Tests like X-rays and MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) may be needed to rule out other problems.
Question: How are symptoms of groin pull divided?
Answer: Here are some symptoms of a groin pull: Pain and tenderness in the groin and the inside of the thigh Pain when you bring your legs together Pain when you raise your knee A popping or snapping feeling during the injury, followed by severe pain Groin pulls are often divided into three degrees of severity: 1st degree: Mild pain, but little loss of strength or movement 2nd degree: Moderate pain, mild to moderate strength loss and some tissue damage 3rd degree: Severe pain, severe loss of strength and function due to a complete tear of the muscle To diagnose a groin pull, your doctor will give you a thorough physical exam.
Question: How soon can you get back in the game after a groin pull?
Answer: But not always. Everyone wants to know how quickly they can get back in the game after a groin pull -- and how soon the pain will go away. Recovery time depends on how serious your groin pull is. It may take 4 to 6 weeks, but that's just a rough estimate. People heal at different rates. In the meantime, switch to a new activity that won't put too much stress on your groin muscles. For instance, runners could try swimming.
Question: How can I prevent groin pulls?
Answer: And if you get further groin pulls, they may be harder to treat and take longer to heal. You should: Always warm up your legs and groin muscles before physical activity. A light jog or other activities to increase body temperature have been shown to reduce risk of muscle stains. Wear shoes with good support that fit well. Always increase the intensity of your physical activity slowly -- no more than a 10% increase a week. Stop exercising if you feel pain or tightness in your groin or the inside of your thigh. Do regular strengthening exercises for your thigh muscles, especially if you've had a groin pull before. Groin injuries can result from added stress due to weakness elsewhere. If involved in athletics and you have a history of groin injuries, ask your medical professional about activities that can help reduce your risk.
Question: What is cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)?
Answer: Cyclothymia -- or cyclothymic disorder -- is a relatively mild mood disorder. In cyclothymic disorder, moods swing between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an elevated mood. Depressive symptoms in cyclothymic disorder never reach the criteria for major depression. In fact, some people resist the idea of treatment, which reduces their "up" episodes as well as "down." Cyclothymia may wreak havoc on the personal lives of people with the disorder.
Question: What are side effects of knee osteoarthritis injections?
Answer: Potential side effects of these knee osteoarthritis injections include joint swelling and pain. They can't be used by people with skin or joint infections. In addition, most varieties are made from processed chicken or rooster combs and should not be used in people with egg or poultry allergies. Euflexxa, however, is safe to use in people with egg allergies. Occasionally, a severe reaction with swelling, redness, and pain, called a pseudoseptic reaction, can occur with some forms of these viscosupplementation materials.
Question: Who can get hyaluronan injections?
Answer: These drugs are used to treat knee osteoarthritis pain in people who have not found significant relief of their symptoms from: Physical therapy Exercise Heat or cold Over-the-counter pain relievers These drugs can be injected into both knees or just a single knee joint.
Question: How do hyaluronan injections work?
Answer: Normal joint fluid contains a substance called hyaluronan. It acts like a shock absorber and lubricant in your joint and is needed to help the joint work properly. Hyaluronan is highly viscous, allowing the cartilage surfaces of the bones to glide upon each other smoothly. This leads to decreased symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Question: What should I expect from knee osteoarthritis injections?
Answer: Treatment with knee osteoarthritis injections ranges from a one-time injection to weekly injections for three to five weeks. Pain relief is usually obtained by four to 12 weeks, and the effect has been shown to last for up to several months. The treatment can be repeated as necessary.
Question: What are hyaluronan injections for knee osteoarthritis?
Answer: They are injected directly into the joint. They include: 1% Sodium hyaluronate ( Euflexxa) Sodium hyaluronate ( Hyalgan) High-molecular-weighthyaluronan ( Orthovisc) Sodium hyaluronate ( Supartz) Hylan G- F20 ( Synvisc) 1% Sodium hyaluronate ( Nuflexxa) They can help reduce the pain in a knee affected by osteoarthritis, increasing mobility and allowing more activity. These drugs are used to treat knee osteoarthritis pain in people who have not found significant relief of their symptoms from: Physical therapy Exercise Heat or cold Over-the-counter pain relievers These drugs can be injected into both knees or just a single knee joint.
Question: What do you need to do before having a computed tomography (CT) scan to diagnose ulcerative colitis?
Answer: Like the other tests, you'll get ready for the CT scan the night before. Again, your doctor will give you instructions. They usually involve drinking only clear liquids after midnight and eating nothing for 4 hours before the test. You may need to drink something called a contrast solution, or have it injected into a vein, right before the test. The CT scan could take between 15 minutes to an hour and your results should be available within 24 hours.
Question: How can blood test help diagnose ulcerative colitis?
Answer: A blood test can show if you have anemia, which is a symptom of ulcerative colitis. Anemia happens when your red blood cells decrease and there aren't enough of them to carry adequate oxygen to your tissues. A blood test will also help identify or rule out other infections. The blood test can also detect an increase in white blood cells, a low level of the protein albumin, and an elevated C-reactive protein level - all indications of inflammation in your body.
Question: How can sigmoidoscopy help diagnose ulcerative colitis?
Answer: Your doctor will use a sigmoidoscope to look at your rectal lining and lower large intestine, or colon. You may be given medicine to help you relax while they do it. Your doctor will be able to see your intestinal tissue immediately, detecting inflammation and bleeding, and may be able to tell if you have ulcerative colitis or another problem. This is because your large intestine must be clear for a successful test. Your doctor will use a flexible tube called a colonoscope to look at your entire colon.
Question: What are other vaccines to prevent meningitis?
Answer: Vaccines can prevent many of the diseases that could lead to meningitis. Most of these shots are routinely given to young children. Some of these include: Haemophilus influenzae type B ( Hib) vaccine. It prevents infections that cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other problems. Kids get it when they're between 2 months and 15 months old. It's also given to children over age 5 or adults with certain medical conditions. While Hib used to be the most likely cause of bacterial meningitis in children under age 5, the vaccine has made it very rare. Pneumococcal vaccines. They protect against bacterial meningitis. There are two types. Doctors give the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to children under age 2. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for all adults over 65. Some younger adults and children with a missing spleen, weakened immune systems, and certain long-term diseases may also need it. MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine. Children need it to protect them from meningitis that can develop from measles and mumps. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine and shingles vaccine. They target the varicella virus, which can potentially lead to viral meningitis.
Question: When should I call my doctor about a reaction to the meningitis vaccine?
Answer: Avoid the vaccine if you: Had a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose Have a severe allergy to any vaccine ingredient You may get mild pain or redness at the spot where you get the shot. Call your doctor right away if you have a strong reaction to the vaccine, such as a high fever, weakness, or signs of an allergic reaction, such as trouble breathing, a fast heartbeat, or dizziness.
Question: What are the three types of meningitis vaccines?
Answer: Meningococcal meningitis is a serious disease that causes inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. You can prevent it by getting the meningococcal vaccine. There are three types: Meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( MCV4): Menactra ( Men ACWY- DT) and Menveo ( Men ACWY- CRM) Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine ( MPSV4): Menomune Serogroup B Meningococcal B: Trumenba ( Men B- FHbp) and Bexsero ( Men B-4 C) MCV4 and MPSV4 can prevent 70% of the types of meningococcal disease. Both work in nine out of 10 people. Serogroup B vaccine is also available. Doctors recommend that kids get a shot of MCV4 at age 11 or 12. They need a booster shot at 16.
Question: How can you protect yourself from meningitis?
Answer: A combination of vaccines and commonsense steps like washing hands can cut the odds that you'll catch the disease. Children need it to protect them from meningitis that can develop from measles and mumps.
Question: What are some steps to help with sleep if you have bipolar disorder?
Answer: Steps like these may also help restore sleep: Eliminate alcohol and caffeine late in the day. Keep the bedroom as dark and quiet as possible and maintain a temperature that is not too hot or cold. Use fans, heaters, blinds, earplugs, or sleep masks, as needed. Talk with your partner about ways to minimize snoring or other sleep habits that may be affecting your sleep. Exercise, but not too late in the day. Try visualization and other relaxation techniques. Try to unplug from the TV, laptop or your phone earlier.
Question: How can you sleep better with bipolar disorder?
Answer: Include information about: How long it takes to go to sleep How many times you wake up during the night How long you sleep all night When you take medication or use caffeine, alcohol, or nicotine When you exercise and for how long Certain bipolar medications may also affect sleep as a side effect. Steps like these may also help restore sleep: Eliminate alcohol and caffeine late in the day.
Question: How do I get relief from ice pick headaches?
Answer: Ice pick headaches may come and go quickly, so they're hard to treat. One medicine you might try to prevent an attack is indomethacin ( Indocin). It's a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It could cause side effects like nausea, stomach bleeding, heartburn, and eye or kidney problems. You'll need to get an annual eye exam to make sure your eyes are healthy if you take it.
Question: Should I keep a headache diary to help diagnose my ice pick headaches?
Answer: You may find that certain things can trigger this type of headache, like: Sudden movements Bright light Stress It's a good idea to keep a headache diary. Write down when you have an ice pick headache and what happened before it started. If you had a stressful day at work before it hit, write that down. You can also use a mobile phone app instead of a diary. Take this information to your next doctor's appointment so you can discuss ways to prevent these headaches. He may be able to suggest lifestyle changes, like relaxation, to reduce stress.
Question: What are ice pick headaches?
Answer: They usually last only a few seconds. They might happen in the same spot over and over again. Or, you could feel them in different places each time, such as on one temple and then the other. They can crop up at any time of day and even a few times a day. They may seem to come and go.
Question: What causes ice pick headaches?
Answer: But doctors do know they're not brought on by disease or injury. You may get them because something is wrong with the way your brain sends pain signals to your body.
Question: How do ice pick headaches happen?
Answer: They might happen in the same spot over and over again. Or, you could feel them in different places each time, such as on one temple and then the other. They can crop up at any time of day and even a few times a day. They may seem to come and go.
Question: How can you get relief from ice pick headaches?
Answer: Ice pick headaches may come and go quickly, so they're hard to treat. One medicine you might try to prevent an attack is indomethacin ( Indocin). It's a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It could cause side effects like nausea, stomach bleeding, heartburn, and eye or kidney problems. You'll need to get an annual eye exam to make sure your eyes are healthy if you take it.
Question: Who can get ice pick headaches?
Answer: You're more likely to get ice pick headaches if you're prone to migraines or cluster headaches.
Question: How can you track what triggers your ice pick headaches?
Answer: You may find that certain things can trigger this type of headache, like: Sudden movements Bright light Stress It's a good idea to keep a headache diary. Write down when you have an ice pick headache and what happened before it started. If you had a stressful day at work before it hit, write that down. You can also use a mobile phone app instead of a diary. Take this information to your next doctor's appointment so you can discuss ways to prevent these headaches. He may be able to suggest lifestyle changes, like relaxation, to reduce stress.
Question: What things commonly trigger ice pick headaches?
Answer: You may find that certain things can trigger this type of headache, like: Sudden movements Bright light Stress It's a good idea to keep a headache diary.
Question: When should I seek emergency help for an ice pick headache?
Answer: It's not clear what causes ice pick headaches. But other brain conditions that are could make you feel similar pains. If you have brief headaches that feel like stabbing, see your doctor to rule out other health concerns.
Question: What does an ice pick headache feel like?
Answer: It's like someone's stabbing your face with an ice pick. That's why they're also called stabbing headaches. Many people from time to time feel quick jabs or jolts of severe pain around one of their eyes or at their temple. They usually last only a few seconds. Write down when you have an ice pick headache and what happened before it started.
Question: When should you seek emergency help for ice pick headaches?
Answer: It's not clear what causes ice pick headaches. But other brain conditions that are could make you feel similar pains. If you have brief headaches that feel like stabbing, see your doctor to rule out other health concerns.
Question: What are some ways to ease fatigue from psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: Studies show close to 80% of people with psoriatic arthritis have some degree of fatigue. The joint pain and skin rashes that can come with this type of arthritis may also keep you from getting a good night's sleep. A medication might help you get better rest. If you have psoriatic arthritis and need a nap to get through the day, some simple changes can boost your energy and make you feel better. Avoid sugars or starchy items that give you a short-term lift and then leave you drained. Stay active. That'll help you sleep better. The truth is, they'll make it harder for you to fall asleep or stay asleep. Your body prefers a routine at bedtime. Listen to soft music or read a book to take your mind off your daily stress. Write it down: It can help to keep a journal of what causes your fatigue and when you notice it most.
Question: Why should you not use your phone before bedtime?
Answer: Stay active. Don't eat for 2 to 3 hours before bedtime.
Question: Where can you get chondroitin naturally?
Answer: Chondroitin occurs naturally in animal tissue, especially connective tissues. Gristle on animal bones is high in chondroitin. However, these sources are much lower than the doses provided in chondroitin supplements. Some chondroitin supplements come from animal sources, like shark or beef cartilage.
Question: How much chondroitin should you take?
Answer: If you're interested in using chondroitin for arthritis pain, talk to your doctor about the latest evidence. Since chondroitin is not an established treatment, the ideal dosage is uncertain. For osteoarthritis, some studies have used 800 milligrams up to 2000 milligrams in single or divided doses for up to 3 years.
Question: What are the side effects of chondroitin?
Answer: Chondroitin seems to be safe for most people. Side effects are rare. Some people have reported headaches, mood changes, rash, hives, diarrhea, and other symptoms. If you have any side effects, stop taking the supplement and see a doctor.
Question: What are the risks of taking chondroitin?
Answer: People who have asthma, or prostate cancer should not take chondroitin supplements without talking to a doctor first. There have been some instances of hypersensitivity in people with shellfish allergies. Since chondroitin might work as a blood thinner, there is a theoretical risk of bleeding, especially in people with bleeding disorders. Some initial reports that chondroitin may affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes have not been shown to be true in larger, more recent research studies. Also, because chondroitin is derived from animal sources, there are some concerns about contamination.