anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is spinal cord injury different from back injury?
Answer: Spinal cord injury is not the same as back injury.
Question: What happens when the spinal cord is injured?
Answer: Spinal cord injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spinal cord or the result of compression, damage from inflammation, infections, bleeds or clots, neoplasms, or spinal arthritis. Spinal cord damage results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. In most people who have acute, traumatic spinal cord injury, the spinal cord is not fully severed but is bruised or torn.
Question: What is the spinal cord?
Answer: The spinal cord is the major bundle of nerves carrying nerve impulses to and from the brain to the rest of the body. These bones constitute the spinal column or back bones. In a complete injury, a person loses all ability to feel and voluntarily move below the level of the injury.
Question: What is the treatment for itching as a result of polycythemia vera?
Answer: If you have itching that doesn't go away, your doctor may prescribe antihistamines.
Question: What questions might your doctor ask about polycythemia vera?
Answer: Your doctor may ask you questions like: Do you get a lot of headaches? Have you lost weight lately? Do you sometimes feel dizzy or weak? Have you had shortness of breath? Do you sweat a lot at night?
Question: How is polycythemia vera treated?
Answer: The treatment you get depends on your age and your situation. If you don't have a lot of symptoms, your doctor may just want to check you every now and then without treatment.
Question: What can happen if you don't treat polycythemia vera?
Answer: Without treatment, the extra red blood cells in your veins can cause clots that slow your blood flow. This makes you more likely to have a stroke or heart attack. It can also cause pain called angina in your chest.
Question: How is an EPO level used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
Answer: This test measures how much of the hormone EPO you have in your blood. EPO tells your bone marrow to make blood cells. People who have polycythemia vera have very low amounts of it.
Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about polycythemia vera?
Answer: Before your appointment, it's a good idea to make a list of things to ask your doctor, such as: Which treatment do you recommend? What are the side effects? How can I prevent complications? Since I have polycythemia vera, am I more likely to have a stroke or heart attack? How can I ease my symptoms?
Question: When are antihistamines used for treating polycythemia vera?
Answer: If you have itching that doesn't go away, your doctor may prescribe antihistamines.
Question: What are signs of polycythemia vera?
Answer: You might have warning signs like dizziness or feeling tired and weak, but lots of things can cause those symptoms. If you have polycythemia vera, the first sign may be when a routine blood test shows that you have a high number of blood cells.
Question: What medicine to lower blood cells is used to treat polycythemia vera?
Answer: If you need more than phlebotomy and aspirin, your doctor may prescribe hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), a pill that lowers your red blood count and eases symptoms.
Question: What drugs are used to treat polycythemia vera?
Answer: Another drug, interferon alfa ( Intron A), helps the immune system cut back on making blood cells. The drug ruxolitinib ( Jakafi) is approved for use in people who aren't helped by hydroxyurea or can't handle its side effects.
Question: What is the first sign of polycythemia vera?
Answer: You might have warning signs like dizziness or feeling tired and weak, but lots of things can cause those symptoms. If you have polycythemia vera, the first sign may be when a routine blood test shows that you have a high number of blood cells.
Question: What effect do the extra red blood cells have on the body?
Answer: Without treatment, the extra red blood cells in your veins can cause clots that slow your blood flow. This makes you more likely to have a stroke or heart attack. It can also cause pain called angina in your chest.
Question: How is EPO level used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
Answer: This test measures how much of the hormone EPO you have in your blood. EPO tells your bone marrow to make blood cells. People who have polycythemia vera have very low amounts of it.
Question: What should you expect if you have polycythemia vera?
Answer: Although there's no cure, the right treatment can help you manage this disease for many years. Remember that everyone's case is different. With good care, you can still have an active lifestyle. It's rare, but your condition could lead to acute leukemia or myelofibrosis, which are also blood diseases but are more serious than polycythemia vera. Acute leukemia is a blood cancer that gets worse quickly. Myelofibrosis is a condition in which your bone marrow gets filled with scar tissue.
Question: Are there groups that provide polycythemia vera support?
Answer: The MPN Research Foundation has more information about polycythemia vera. It can also help you find support groups.
Question: How is a phlebotomy used to treat polycythemia vera?
Answer: This is often the first treatment people with polycythemia vera get. Your doctor removes blood from your vein. It's a lot like donating blood. The goal is to lower your number of blood cells. After it's done, your blood will be thinner and it'll flow more easily. You'll usually feel better, too. Some symptoms will ease, like headaches or dizziness. Your doctor will decide how often you need phlebotomy. For some people, it's the only treatment they need for many years.
Question: Where can you get support for polycythemia vera?
Answer: Talk to your friends and family about how to keep a positive attitude. You may also want to join a support group for people with your condition. The MPN Research Foundation has more information about polycythemia vera. It can also help you find support groups.
Question: Does polycythemia vera lead to leukemia or myelofibrosis?
Answer: It's rare, but your condition could lead to acute leukemia or myelofibrosis, which are also blood diseases but are more serious than polycythemia vera. Acute leukemia is a blood cancer that gets worse quickly. Myelofibrosis is a condition in which your bone marrow gets filled with scar tissue.
Question: How is a blood smear used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
Answer: In this test, your doctor will look at a sample of your blood through a microscope. It's a way to check for other diseases that are sometimes linked to polycythemia vera.
Question: What are the treatment options for polycythemia vera?
Answer: Polycythemia vera is different for each person who has it. If you don't have many symptoms, you might not need treatment right away. Your doctor will keep a close watch on you. If you do need treatment, its goal is to lower the amount of red blood cells your body makes and prevent blood clots and other complications. Your options include: Phlebotomy.
Question: When do most people find out about polycythemia vera?
Answer: If you have polycythemia vera, you'd usually find out about it when you're 60 or older. But it can happen at any age. It's more common among men than women.
Question: What is the genetic cause of polycythemia vera?
Answer: Your bone marrow makes three types of blood cells: Red White Platelets Red blood cells carry oxygen, white fight infections, and platelets clot your blood to stop bleeding. Most people with polycythemia vera have too many red blood cells. But the disease can also cause you to have too many white blood cells and platelets. Most likely, the problem in your JAK2 or TET2 gene happened over the course of your life. It's rare, but parents can pass these broken genes to children.
Question: What is a complete blood count and how is it used to diagnose polycythemia vera?
Answer: Your doctor takes a sample of your blood and sends it to a lab, where a machine counts the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets you have. An unusually high number of any of these could be a sign of polycythemia vera.
Question: How long does it take for polycythemia vera to develop?
Answer: This disease gets worse very slowly, usually over many years. Although it can be life-threatening if you don't get treatment, most people have a good chance of living a long life when they get the right care.
Question: How is medicine used to lower blood cells in order to treat polycythemia vera?
Answer: If you need more than phlebotomy and aspirin, your doctor may prescribe hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), a pill that lowers your red blood count and eases symptoms. Another drug, interferon alfa ( Intron A), helps the immune system cut back on making blood cells. The drug ruxolitinib ( Jakafi) is approved for use in people who aren't helped by hydroxyurea or can't handle its side effects.
Question: What are questions to ask my doctor about polycythemia vera?
Answer: Before your appointment, it's a good idea to make a list of things to ask your doctor, such as: Which treatment do you recommend? What are the side effects? How can I prevent complications? Since I have polycythemia vera, am I more likely to have a stroke or heart attack? How can I ease my symptoms?
Question: What can I do to keep myself healthy if I have polycythemia vera?
Answer: Most people with polycythemia vera take low-dose aspirin. There are a lot of ways you can keep yourself comfortable and as healthy as possible: Don't smoke or chew tobacco. Tobacco makes blood vessels narrow, which can make blood clots more likely. Get some light exercise, such as walking, to help your circulation and keep your heart healthy. Do leg and ankle exercises to stop clots from forming in the veins of your legs. Your doctor or a physical therapist can show you how. Bathe or shower in cool water if warm water makes you itch. Keep your skin moist with lotion, and try not to scratch.
Question: What can you do to manage polycythemia vera?
Answer: Most people with polycythemia vera take low-dose aspirin. There are a lot of ways you can keep yourself comfortable and as healthy as possible: Don't smoke or chew tobacco. Tobacco makes blood vessels narrow, which can make blood clots more likely. Get some light exercise, such as walking, to help your circulation and keep your heart healthy. Do leg and ankle exercises to stop clots from forming in the veins of your legs. Your doctor or a physical therapist can show you how. Bathe or shower in cool water if warm water makes you itch. Keep your skin moist with lotion, and try not to scratch.
Question: How will the doctor diagnose polycythemia vera?
Answer: They'll also see if your face is unusually red. Your doctor may ask you questions like: Do you get a lot of headaches? Have you lost weight lately? Do you sometimes feel dizzy or weak? Have you had shortness of breath? Do you sweat a lot at night? Your doctor or a physical therapist can show you how.
Question: What is a lesionectomy?
Answer: A lesionectomy is an operation to remove a lesion -- a damaged or abnormally functioning area -- in the brain. Brain lesions include tumors, scars from a head injury or infection, abnormal blood vessels, and hematomas (a swollen area filled with blood).
Question: What are the side effects of a lesionectomy?
Answer: Side effects of a lesionectomy vary depending on the location and extent of the lesion and the tissue removed. The following side effects may occur after surgery, although they generally go away on their own: Scalp numbness Nausea Feeling tired or depressed Headaches Difficulty speaking, remembering, or finding words Weakness, paralysis Change in personality, memory loss The risks associated with lesionectomy include: Risks associated with surgery, including infection, bleeding, and an allergic reaction to anesthesia Failure to relieve seizures Swelling in the brain Damage to healthy brain tissue
Question: How can lesionectomy help with treating epilepsy?
Answer: A lesion seems to cause seizures in about 20% to 30% of people with epilepsy who do not improve after taking medication; it is not known for certain if the lesion itself triggers the seizures, or if the seizures result from irritation to the brain tissue surrounding the lesion. For this reason, surgery may also include the removal of a small rim of brain tissue around the lesion, called lesionectomy plus corticectomy.
Question: How effective is a lesionectomy?
Answer: Lesionectomy results are excellent in patients whose seizures are clearly associated with a defined lesion.
Question: What happens after a lesionectomy?
Answer: After a lesionectomy, the patient generally stays in an intensive care unit for 24 to 48 hours after surgery and then stays in a regular hospital room for three to four days. Most people who have a lesionectomy will be able to return to their normal activities, including work or school, in six to eight weeks after surgery. Most patients will need to continue taking antiseizure medications. Once seizure control is established, medications may be reduced or eliminated.
Question: Who is a candidate for lesionectomy?
Answer: In addition, it must be possible to remove the lesion and surrounding brain tissue without causing damage to areas of the brain responsible for vital functions, such as movement, sensation, language, and memory. There also must be a reasonable chance that the person will benefit from surgery. Lesionectomy results are excellent in patients whose seizures are clearly associated with a defined lesion.
Question: Can herbal remedies treat pain?
Answer: If you decide to use herbal preparations to better manage your pain, it is of critical importance to share this information with your doctor. Some herbs may interact with drugs you are receiving for pain or other conditions and may harm your health.
Question: Can chiropractic treatment and massage treat pain?
Answer: Acupuncture also may be an acceptable alternative to or may be included as part of a comprehensive pain management program. Chiropractic treatment is the most common non-surgical treatment for back pain. Massage is being increasingly used by people suffering from pain, mostly to manage chronic back and neck problems. Massage can reduce stress and relieve tension by enhancing blood flow. This treatment also can reduce the presence of substances that may generate and sustain pain.
Question: Can acupuncture treat pain?
Answer: Although the World Health Organization currently recognizes more than 30 diseases or conditions that can be helped by acupuncture treatment, one of the main uses of acupuncture is for pain relief. Acupuncture is also thought to decrease pain by increasing the release of chemicals that block pain, called endorphins. Acupuncture may be useful as an accompanying treatment for many pain-related conditions, including: headache, low back pain, menstrual cramps, carpal tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis and myofascial pain.
Question: What are danger signs of asthma in children?
Answer: Increasing shortness of breath with decreased wheezing is especially dangerous because it means less air is moving in and out of the lungs. If any of these are present go to the emergency department or call 911.
Question: How do I know if my child's asthma is well controlled?
Answer: You know your child's asthma is well controlled if, with medication, your child: Lives an active, normal life Has few troublesome symptoms Attends school every day Performs daily activities without difficulty Has few urgent visits to the doctor, emergency room, or hospital for asthma Has few asthma drug side effects By learning about asthma and how it can be controlled, you take an important step toward managing your child's disease.
Question: What should you do if your child is showing symptoms of an asthma attack?
Answer: If your child is showing symptoms of an asthma attack: Give your child his/her reliever (bronchodilator) medicine according to the asthma action plan. Wait five to fifteen minutes. If the symptoms disappear, your child should be able to resume whatever activity he/she was doing. If symptoms persist, follow your child's asthma action plan for further therapy. If your child fails to improve or you are not sure what action to take, call your child's doctor.
Question: What is sciatica?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Sciatica is a common type of pain affecting the sciatic nerve, a large nerve extending from the lower back down the back of each leg.
Question: What causes sciatica?
Answer: Sciatica is caused by irritation of the root(s) of the lower lumbar and lumbosacral spine. Additional common causes of sciatica include: Lumbar spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back) Degenerative disc disease (breakdown of discs, which act as cushions between the vertebrae) Spondylolisthesis (a condition in which one vertebra slips forward over another one) Pregnancy Muscle spasm in the back or buttocks Other things that may make your back pain worse include being overweight, not exercising regularly, wearing high heels, or sleeping on a mattress that is too hard or too soft.
Question: What worsens sciatica pain?
Answer: Additional common causes of sciatica include: Lumbar spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back) Degenerative disc disease (breakdown of discs, which act as cushions between the vertebrae) Spondylolisthesis (a condition in which one vertebra slips forward over another one) Pregnancy Muscle spasm in the back or buttocks Other things that may make your back pain worse include being overweight, not exercising regularly, wearing high heels, or sleeping on a mattress that is too hard or too soft.
Question: What can cause dandruff?
Answer: Several things can cause dandruff: Seborrheic dermatitis: This is oily, itchy, irritated skin that flakes off on your scalp. It also can happen with your eyebrows, groin, or chest hair. Contact dermatitis: Hair care products like shampoo, gel, or dye can irritate your scalp and cause redness, itchiness, and flakes. Fungus called malassezia is a yeast that thrives on the oil on your scalp. If you don't shampoo your hair often enough, oily skin can flake off. Dry skin can lead to small flakes on your scalp. You'll probably have dry skin all over your body. Male hormones: Men are more likely to get dandruff than women. People whose immune systems can't fight off diseases, for instance people who have HIV, may be more likely to get dandruff.
Question: How is scalp psoriasis diagnosed?
Answer: Your doctor may figure out the reason your scalp flakes or itches just from your symptoms. To be sure, she may look at a small piece of skin from your scalp under a microscope or send it to a lab.
Question: How is scalp psoriasis treated?
Answer: Coal tar and salicylic acid shampoos or scalp treatments may also help with mild scalp psoriasis. Topical creams, ointments, and foams like the following can slow psoriasis skin buildup and ease red, scaly patches on your scalp. They may have vitamins or steroids to calm the inflammation: Anthralin ( Zithranol- RR) Calcipotriene ( Dovonex) Calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate ( Taclonex) Calcitriol ( Vectical) Tazarotene ( Tazorac) Your doctor can also put steroids (strong anti-inflammatory drugs) into the patches on your scalp if your psoriasis is milder or just in a few spots. If you have severe psoriasis, you may need stronger drugs. These include methotrexate, which affects how certain cells grow; cyclosporine, which slows down your immune system; biologics, which target specific areas of your immune system; or oral retinoids, which are high doses of vitamin A. You can also try ultraviolet or UV light treatments to control your psoriasis patches. You can part your hair in rows so UV light from a special lamp can reach your scalp or use a handheld UV comb that beams the light directly to your scalp.
Question: Is dandruff a serious condition?
Answer: You can't catch it from anyone else or pass it on. It can be uncomfortable or embarrassing, though. More serious outbreaks can be red and painful.
Question: How is scalp psoriasis different from dandruff?
Answer: Once you have the right diagnosis, you can treat the cause and get some relief. Psoriasis can affect your scalp, and the red, scaly patches it causes can flake off like dandruff does.
Question: How should I tell my kids about my bipolar disorder?
Answer: If you have kids, find a way to tell them what's happening. They probably sense that something is wrong anyway. If you keep them in the dark, it might just make it scarier. Explain bipolar disorder in a way that they can understand. Say that it's a disease that affects your mood, but that you're getting treatment for it.
Question: Should I be around people when I have bipolar disorder?
Answer: Bipolar disorder can make relationships hard. When you're depressed, you may want to retreat from the world. If you've just come out of a manic phase, you may not want to face people you treated badly. Either way, it's easy to let some friendships slip away. Don't let it happen. Force yourself to get together with other people, even if it may be hard at first. The worst thing you can do is to push people away.
Question: How can I help my bipolar disorder through my relationships?
Answer: Obviously, you don't need to tell everyone you know about your condition. But you also shouldn't rely on only one person. It's much better to have a number of people you can turn to in a crisis or when you need help (such as a ride or child care while you go to a doctor's appointment). Decide how often friends and family should check in and what to do if things are getting out of control. If you become manic, you might agree that your loved ones should take away your car keys or credit cards so you don't do anything reckless. If you start thinking about harming yourself, they certainly need to know how to get emergency help. During a manic or depressive phase, you may have upset people you care about.
Question: What should I do if family or friends have been hurt by my bipolar disorder?
Answer: During a manic or depressive phase, you may have upset people you care about. So try to hear them out and see things from their point of view. If you've hurt people, apologize. Let them know that you didn't mean to act the way you did, and reassure them that you're getting treatment. If you've just come out of a manic phase, you may not want to face people you treated badly. The worst thing you can do is to push people away.
Question: How is bipolar disorder different in children?
Answer: Young children in a manic phase might be more irritable than adults; they may be more likely to have psychotic symptoms, hearing and seeing things that aren't real. During a depressive episode, they might be more likely to complain of physical symptoms, like aches and pains. One of the most notable differences is that bipolar disorder in children cycles much more quickly. While manic and depressive periods may be separated by weeks, months, or years in adults, they can happen within a single day in children.
Question: What can you do to prevent genital warts?
Answer: To prevent genital warts, some of the steps you can take include: Abstaining from sexual contact Using condoms during sexual activity Having sex only with a partner who is not having sex with other people Avoiding sex with anyone who has visible symptoms of genital warts
Question: How are warts prevented?
Answer: If you already have warts, you can prevent them from spreading by not picking at them. Consider covering warts with bandages. In addition, keep hands as dry as possible -- warts are harder to control in moist environments. You should never brush, comb, or shave areas where warts are present as this can cause the virus to spread. Wash hands thoroughly after touching any warts.