anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the different types of radical prostatectomy?
Answer: Surgeons choose from two different approaches to reach and remove the prostate during a radical prostatectomy. One is a traditional approach known as open prostatectomy. The other, more recent approach is minimally invasive. There are two minimally invasive procedures used in radical prostatectomy: laparoscopic prostatectomy and robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. During radical prostatectomy, the removed prostate is examined under a microscope to see if prostate cancer has reached the edge of the prostate.
Question: What is radical prostatectomy?
Answer: Surgeons choose from two different approaches to reach and remove the prostate during a radical prostatectomy. However, prostate cancer cure is only possible from prostatectomy if prostate cancer is limited to the prostate.
Question: What is a benefit of undergoing radical prostatectomy?
Answer: Skilled surgeons can usually protect most of these nerves during radical prostatectomy. The younger the man, the higher the chance of maintaining potency after prostatectomy.
Question: Who gets adjustment disorder?
Answer: Adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome is very common and can affect anyone, regardless of gender, age, race, or lifestyle. Although an adjustment disorder can occur at any age, it is more common at times in life when major transitions occur, such as adolescence, mid-life, and late-life.
Question: What can trigger an adjustment disorder?
Answer: The type of stress that can trigger an adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome varies depending on the person, but can include: Ending of a relationship or marriage Losing or changing job Death of a loved one Developing a serious illness (yourself or a loved one) Being a victim of a crime Having an accident Undergoing a major life change (such as getting married, having a baby, or retiring from a job) Living through a disaster, such as a fire, flood, or hurricane A person with an adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome develops emotional and/or behavioral symptoms as a reaction to a stressful event.
Question: Is adjustment disorder the same thing as PTSD?
Answer: An adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome is not the same as post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD). PTSD occurs as a reaction to a life-threatening event that occurs at least 1 month after the event, and its symptoms tend to last longer than in adjustment disorders/stress response syndromes. By comparison, adjustment disorders/stress response syndromes rarely last longer than six months.
Question: How do you diagnose an adjustment disorder?
Answer: If symptoms are present, your doctor may perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical and mental health history. Although there are no imaging or lab tests to specifically diagnose an adjustment disorder, the doctor may sometimes use laboratory tests -- such as blood tests or imaging studies like CT or MRI scans -- to rule out physical illness or other medical causes of changes in mood or behavior (such as head trauma) as the cause of your symptoms. Your doctor will also look for other mental illnesses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, or an anxiety disorder. Your doctor bases his or her diagnosis of adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome on your report of the intensity and duration of symptoms -- including any problems with daily functioning caused by the symptoms.
Question: Is adjustment disorder different in children and adults?
Answer: An adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome can have a wide variety of symptoms that are changes from someone's usual self, which may include: Feeling of hopelessness Sadness Frequent crying Anxiety (nervousness) Worry Headaches or stomachaches Palpitations (an unpleasant sensation of irregular or forceful beating of the heart) Withdrawal or isolation from people and social activities A new pattern of absence from work or school New and uncharacteristic dangerous or destructive behavior, such as fighting, reckless driving, and vandalism Changes in appetite, either loss of appetite, or overeating Problems sleeping Feeling tired or without energy Increase in the use of alcohol or other drugs Symptoms in children and teens tend to be more behavioral in nature, such as skipping school, fighting, or acting out. Adults, on the other hand, tend to experience more emotional symptoms, such as sadness and anxiety.
Question: How long do symptoms of adjustment disorder last?
Answer: These symptoms generally begin within three months of the event and rarely last for longer than six months after the event or situation has ended.
Question: What is adjustment disorder?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Adjustment disorder is a short-term condition that occurs when a person has great difficulty coping with, or adjusting to, a particular source of stress, such as a major life change, loss, or event. In 2013, the mental health diagnostic system technically changed the name of "adjustment disorder" to "stress response syndrome." Because people with an adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome often have some of the symptoms of clinical depression, such as tearfulness, feelings of hopelessness, and loss of interest in work or activities, adjustment disorder is sometimes informally called "situational depression." Unlike major depression, however, an adjustment disorder doesn't involve as many of the physical and emotional symptoms of clinical depression (such as changes in sleep, appetite and energy) or high levels of severity (such as suicidal thinking or behavior).
Question: Can you prevent an adjustment disorder?
Answer: There is no known way to prevent adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome. However, strong family and social support can help a person work through a particularly stressful situation or event. The best prevention is early treatment, which can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, and teach new coping skills.
Question: How do you treat an adjustment disorder?
Answer: Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) is the most common treatment for adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome. Therapy helps the person understand how the stressor has affected his or her life. Support groups can also be helpful by allowing the person to discuss his or her concerns and feelings with people who are coping with the same stress. In some cases, short-term medication may be used to help control anxiety symptoms or sleeping problems. Most people with adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome recover completely.
Question: What are symptoms of an adjustment disorder?
Answer: In an adjustment disorder, the reaction to the stressor is greater than what is typical or expected for the situation or event. In addition, the symptoms may cause problems with a person's ability to function; for example, the person may be have trouble with sleep, work, or studying. An adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome can have a wide variety of symptoms that are changes from someone's usual self, which may include: Feeling of hopelessness Sadness Frequent crying Anxiety (nervousness) Worry Headaches or stomachaches Palpitations (an unpleasant sensation of irregular or forceful beating of the heart) Withdrawal or isolation from people and social activities A new pattern of absence from work or school New and uncharacteristic dangerous or destructive behavior, such as fighting, reckless driving, and vandalism Changes in appetite, either loss of appetite, or overeating Problems sleeping Feeling tired or without energy Increase in the use of alcohol or other drugs Symptoms in children and teens tend to be more behavioral in nature, such as skipping school, fighting, or acting out.
Question: How might transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and ultrasound help you manage pain?
Answer: Although there are no products that take pain away completely, there are some that you and your doctor could consider. TENS and ultrasound. TENS, uses a device to send an electric current to the skin over the area where you have pain. Ultrasound sends sound waves to the places you have pain. Both may offer relief by blocking the pain messages sent to your brain.
Question: How can relaxation help you manage pain?
Answer: Meditation and deep breathing are two techniques to try. You could also picture a peaceful scene, do some gentle stretching, or listen to music you love. Another technique is to scan your body slowly in your mind and consciously try to relax each part of your body, one by one, from head to toe. Any healthy activity that helps you unwind is good for you and can help you feel better prepared to manage your pain.
Question: What problems can chronic pain cause?
Answer: Some examples include: Headaches Low back pain Cancer pain Arthritis pain Pain caused by nerve damage It can cause tense muscles, problems with moving, a lack of energy, and changes in appetite. It can also affect your emotions. Some people feel depressed, angry, or anxious about the pain and injury coming back. Chronic pain doesn't always have an obvious physical cause.
Question: Can my doctor help me stop biting my nails?
Answer: If you still struggle after trying multiple methods, talk to your doctor about whether therapy's a good option to help you get to the bottom of the problem and take nail biting out of the picture.
Question: How can I stop biting my nails?
Answer: It's a way to cope with these feelings. Coat them with a bad taste. There are special nail polishes with a bitter flavor you can paint on your nails. If gloves won't work for your daily schedule, you can look for stickers made to cover nails -- they can have the same effect. Find your triggers. Notice how you feel or what you're doing when you bite your nails. Find something to fiddle with -- a stress ball, a worry stone, or even a pen to click. Chew gum so your mouth has a job.
Question: Why should I stop biting my nails?
Answer: Nail biting won't typically cause permanent damage. But it definitely has its downsides: It can make your nails grow in weird. It can make you sick. Hands are a hotbed for germs, and nails are their perfect hideout. Notice how you feel or what you're doing when you bite your nails.
Question: What is a pancreatic pseudocyst?
Answer: The pancreas -- a spongy, tadpole-shaped organ located behind the stomach -- makes enzymes our bodies need to digest food and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels. If the pancreas is injured, its ducts, which carry enzyme-containing juices, can become blocked. This can lead to the development of a fluid-filled sac called a pancreatic pseudocyst. A pseudocyst isn't a true cyst, because the wall of the sac is not composed of a specific lining of cells characteristic of a true cyst. The most common cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst is inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis. A less common cause or contributor is trauma, such as a blow to the abdomen. Pancreatitis is most commonly caused by alcohol abuse and gallstones.
Question: How are pancreatic pseudocysts treated?
Answer: The most common cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst is inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis. Here's what you need to know about pseudocysts and their treatment. Although the symptoms of pseudocysts may be different for different people, some of the most common are abdominal pain and bloating. If a pseudocyst is small and not causing serious symptoms, a doctor may want to monitor it with periodic CT scans. If the pseudocyst persists, gets larger, or causes pain, it will require surgical treatment. If not monitored or treated, a pseudocyst can become infected or rupture, causing severe pain, blood loss and abdominal infection.
Question: How is a pancreatic pseudocyst drained without surgery?
Answer: The most common cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst is inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis. Often pseudocysts get better and go away on their own. This can be done by a radiologist or gastroenterologist, a doctor specializing in the digestive system. A radiologist will drain it by inserting a needle guided by computed tomography. A gastroenterologist may drain the pseudocyst through the stomach by creating a small opening between the pseudocyst and the stomach, or by placing a stent into the pancreas during endoscopy. If the stent is placed directly into the pseudocyst then the fluid from the pseudocyst is drained into the intestine through this tube.
Question: What are considerations when taking treatments for prostate cancer?
Answer: Treatments that slow the spread of advanced prostate cancer and relieve symptoms often cause side effects. Some patients, often those who are older, decide that the risk of side effects outweighs the benefits of treatment. These patients may choose not to treat their advanced prostate cancer.
Question: What are emerging therapies for prostate cancer?
Answer: Researchers are pursuing several new ways to treat advanced prostate cancer. Vaccines that alter the body's immune system and use genetically modified viruses show the most promise. One vaccine technique works by manipulating blood cells from the patient's immune system and causing them to attack the prostate cancer. Blood is drawn from the patient. From the blood sample, cells that are part of the immune system (called dendritic cells) are exposed to cells that make up prostate cancer. Then the blood cells are placed back in the body, with the hope that they will cause other immune system cells to attack the prostate cancer. In a more traditional type of vaccine, the patient is injected with a virus that contains PSA. When the body is exposed to the virus, it becomes sensitized to cells in the body that contain PSA and his immune system attacks them. Immune or genetic therapy have the potential to deliver more targeted, less invasive treatments for advanced prostate cancer. This would result in fewer side effects and better control of the prostate cancer.
Question: What are issues in the timing of treatment for prostate cancer?
Answer: One is that hormone therapy should begin only after symptoms from the metastases, like bone pain, occur. The counter belief is that hormone therapy should start before symptoms occur. Earlier treatment of prostate cancer is associated with a lower incidence of spinal cord compression, obstructive urinary problems, and skeletal fractures. However, survival is not different whether treatment is started early, or deferred. The only exception to the above, is in lymph node-positive, post-prostatectomy patients, given androgen deprivation as an adjuvant immediately after surgery. In this situation, immediate therapy resulted in a significant improvement in progression free survival, prostate cancer specific survival, and overall survival.
Question: What are issues in combination therapy versus single-drug therapy for prostate cancer?
Answer: Combination vs. Single- Drug Therapy There is also disagreement about whether using a combination of hormone therapies or just a single anti-androgen drug works best to treat prostate cancer. The studies are inconclusive. However, patients who receive combination therapy are more likely to experience treatment-related side effects than patients receiving a single form of hormone therapy.
Question: How is secondary endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: At some point, PSA levels begin to rise despite treatment with hormone therapy. This signals that hormone therapy is no longer working to reduce testosterone levels in the body. When this happens, doctors may decide to make changes to the hormone therapy. This is called secondary hormone therapy. It can be done in a number of ways. For instance, if you have had surgery to remove your testicles, your doctor may suggest that you begin taking an antiandrogen. If you have been using combination therapy that involves an antiandrogen and LHRH analogs, your doctor may stop the use of the antiandrogen. This is known as anti-androgen withdrawal. Another option is to change the type of hormone drug. However, the use of an LHRH drug must be continued to prevent a testosterone rebound from stimulating the growth of prostate cancer cells. Ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, inhibits adrenal and testicular synthesis of testosterone when used at high doses. Response rates in a second line setting are 20%-40% with significant side effects. Doses range from 200 mg 3 times a day to 400 mg three times a day. The drug must be given with hydrocortisone to prevent adrenal insufficiency.
Question: What are the side effects of using cabazitaxel (Jevtana) for prostate cancer?
Answer: Side effects in those treated with cabazitaxel ( Jevtana) included significant decrease in infection-fighting white blood cells (neutropenia), anemia, low level of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, and renal failure.
Question: How are endocrine drugs used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: Drugs work as well as prostate cancer surgery (orchiectomy -- removal of the testicles) to reduce the level of hormones in the body. Most men opt for drug therapy rather than surgery. The three types of hormone-related drugs approved to treat advanced prostate cancer include luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) analogs, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) antagonists, and antiandrogens.
Question: What are the side effects of Provenge for the treatment of prostate cancer?
Answer: The most common side effect is chills, which occurs in more than half of the men that receive Provenge. Other common side effects include fatigue, fever, back pain, and nausea. Provenge has been remarkably safe. However, clinical trials suggest that the treatment might be linked to a slightly increased risk of stroke.
Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: The chemotherapy drug docetaxel ( Taxotere) taken with or without prednisone (a steroid) is the standard chemotherapy regimen for patients who no longer respond to hormone therapy. Docetaxel works by preventing cancer cells from dividing and growing. Patients receive docetaxel, along with prednisone, through an injection. Side effects of docetaxel are similar to most chemotherapy drugs and include nausea, hair loss, and bone marrow suppression (the decline or halt of blood cell formation). Patients may also experience neuropathy (nerve damage causing tingling, numbness, or pain in the fingers or toes) and fluid retention.
Question: How is Provenge used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: One reason is that cancer cells look a lot to the immune system like normal cells. Another reason is that tumors may give off signals that manipulate the immune system into leaving them alone. Provenge bypasses these problems. The treatment first removes a quantity of dendritic cells from a patient's blood. Dendritic cells show pieces of tumor to immune cells, priming them to attack cells that carry those pieces. The patient's doctor ships the cells to Provenge's manufacturer, Dendreon, which then exposes them to Provenge. Provenge is a molecule made inside genetically engineered insect cells. Once these cells have been exposed to Provenge, they're shipped back to the doctor who infuses them back into the patient. This is done three times in one month. The first infusion primes the immune system. The second and third doses spur an anticancer immune response. Cyrosurgery (also called cryotherapy) may be used in cases of recurrent prostate cancer if the cancer has not spread beyond the prostate.
Question: How are antiandrogens used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: These drugs work by decreasing testosterone production to very low levels by depleting the pituitary gland of the hormone needed to produce testosterone. Antiandrogens are sometimes used in addition to orchiectomy or LHRH analogs. This is due to the fact that the other forms of hormone therapy remove about 90% of testosterone circulating in the body. Antiandrogens may help block the remaining 10% of circulating testosterone. Using antiandrogens with another form of hormone therapy is called combined androgen blockade ( CAB), or total androgen ablation. Antiandrogens may also be used to combat the symptoms of flare (temporary rise in testosterone that occurs with the use of LHRH agonists). Some doctors prescribe antiandrogens alone rather than with orchiectomy or LHRH analogs. Available antiandrogens include abiraterone acetate ( Zytiga), biclutamide ( Casodex), enzalutamide ( Xtandi),flutamide ( Eulexin), and nilutamide ( Nilandron). Patients take antiandrogens as pills. Diarrhea is the primary side effect when antiandrogens are used as part of combination therapy. Less likely side effects include nausea, liver problems, and fatigue. When antiandrogens are used alone they may cause a reduction in sex drive and impotence.
Question: How is combination radiation and endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: For patients with intermediate or high risk prostate cancer, studies show this combination is more effective at slowing the disease than endocrine therapy or radiation therapy alone. Radiation can also come in the form of a monthly intravenous drug called Xofigo. Xofigo is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones. Candidates should have also received therapy designed to lower testosterone. The drug works by binding to minerals within bones to deliver radiation directly to bone tumors. A study of 809 men showed that those taking Xofigo lived an average of 3 months longer than those taking a placebo. Two other similar drugs arestrontium-89 ( Metastron) and samarium-153 ( Quadramet). However, patients who receive combination therapy are more likely to experience treatment-related side effects than patients receiving a single form of hormone therapy.
Question: How are luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: LHRH antagonists lower testosterone levels more quickly than LHRH analogs. In addition, they don't cause a tumor flare (temporary rise in testosterone levels) as do LHRH analogs. Degarelix ( Firmagon) is a LHRH antagonist used to treat advanced prostate cancer. It has been shown to decrease the progression of disease, but further trials are needed to look at long-term outcomes. It is fairly well tolerated with common side effects being local injection site problems and increased liver enzymes. Xofigo is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones.
Question: How are luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs used to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: Most patients who receive hormonal therapy choose LHRH analogs. These drugs work by decreasing testosterone production to very low levels by depleting the pituitary gland of the hormone needed to produce testosterone. However, before this decrease in testosterone occurs, patients experience a brief and temporary increase in testosterone production and tumor growth. This is due to a transient increase in release of LHRH from the pituitary gland with a resulting stimulation of testosterone production. This phenomenon, called tumor flare, can cause increased symptoms from the prostate cancer that didn't exist before the patient received the therapy. Some doctors prescribe antiandrogens (described below) to combat the symptoms caused by tumor flare. LHRH analogs are administered via injection or small implants placed under the skin. The most commonly used LHRH analogs in the U. S. are leuprolide ( Eligard, Lupron), histrelin ( Vantas), triptorelin ( Trelstar), and goserelin ( Zoladex). Before starting one of these drugs, patients should tell their doctor if they have a history of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, heart attack, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or cigarette smoking.