anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Are very low-calorie diets safe?
Answer: Very low-calorie diets are not OK for everyone. Talk to your doctor to see if this kind of diet is appropriate for you. If your BMI is greater than 30, then very low-calorie diets are generally safe when used under proper medical supervision. For people who are overweight but not obese ( BMI of 27-30), very low-calorie diets should be reserved for those who have weight-related medical problems and are under medical supervision. Very low-calorie-diets are not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and are not appropriate for children or teens except in specialized treatment programs. They also may not be OK for people over age 50, either, depending on the potential need for medications for pre-existing conditions, as well as the possibility of side effects.
Question: What are the side effects of very low-calorie diets?
Answer: People on a very low-calorie diet for 4 to 16 weeks report minor side effects such as fatigue, constipation, nausea, and diarrhea. These conditions usually improve within a few weeks and rarely prevent people from completing the program. Gallstones are the most common serious side effect of very low-calorie diets. The liver then secretes more cholesterol and when combined with bile, can form gallstones.
Question: How many calories a day do you usually get if you're on a low-calorie diet?
Answer: Many very low-calorie diets are commercially-made formulas of 800 calories or fewer that replace all the food you usually eat. Talk to your doctor or dietitian to make sure you get the nutrients you need while on a very low-calorie diet.
Question: What are alternative therapies for essential tremor?
Answer: There is currently no evidence that alternative therapies are beneficial in treating Essential Tremor. Patients who have tremors that worsen with emotional stress may find relaxation therapies helpful, but this type of alternative therapy is certainly not a treatment. Some herbal supplements may actually increase tremor. Always consult your doctor before trying any alternative therapy.
Question: How can essential tremor medications affect pregnancy?
Answer: Discuss the use of ET medications with your doctor before getting pregnant, as some drugs put the developing baby at risk.
Question: What is treatment for essential tremor?
Answer: Essential tremor is a movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable shaking (tremors) in different parts and on different sides of the body. There is no cure for essential tremor, but treatments that provide relief from its symptoms may be helpful in improving quality of life. These include medications, MRI-focused ultrasound, and surgical procedures that ease tremor. Not every treatment or procedure is effective for every person with ET, but most patients find satisfactory relief. Your doctor will recommend an individualized treatment plan, including certain lifestyle changes that may help to reduce your tremors.
Question: What are treatments for different stages of esophageal cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy; treatment for this stage focuses on "palliative" therapy.
Question: What are the symptoms of esophageal cancer?
Answer: Early on there may be no symptoms. In more advanced cancers, symptoms of esophageal cancer include: Difficulty or pain when swallowing Weight loss Pain in the chest, behind the breastbone Coughing Hoarseness Indigestion and heartburn There are a number of factors which increase a person's risk of developing esophageal cancer.
Question: Who gets esophageal cancer?
Answer: They include: Smoking or other use of tobacco Heavy alcohol use Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), in which contents and acid from the stomach back up into the esophagus Barrett's esophagus, a condition that affects the lower part of the esophagus and can lead to esophageal cancer; Barrett's esophagus may be caused by GERD. Over time, stomach acid in the esophagus can cause changes in the cells that increase risk for adenocarcinoma. In addition, certain groups -- men, the elderly, and people who are obese -- are at greater risk for esophageal cancer. Risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is higher in white men, but squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is more common in Asian men and men of color.
Question: What tests determine the stage of esophageal cancer?
Answer: To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. Other tests, including computed tomography ( CT) scans, positron emission tomography ( PET) scan, thoracoscopy, and laparoscopy, may be performed to determine if the cancer has spread, or metastasized, outside of the esophagus.
Question: What are the stages of esophageal cancer?
Answer: The stages are: Stage 0 . Abnormal cells (not yet cancer) are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. Cancer cells are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. The cancer has reached the muscle layer or the outer wall of the esophagus. In addition, the cancer may have spread to 1 to 2 nearby lymph nodes (small glands that are part of the immune system). The cancer has reached deeper into the inner muscle layer or the connective tissue wall. It may have spread beyond the esophagus into surrounding organ and/or has spread to more lymph nodes near the esophagus. Stage IV .
Question: What is esophageal cancer?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Esophageal cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the esophagus, a tube-like structure that runs from your throat to your stomach. Squamous cells line the inner esophagus, and cancer developing from squamous cells can occur along the entire esophagus. This is cancer that develops from gland cells. This typically occurs in the lower esophagus near the stomach and is believed to be largely related to acid exposure to the lower esophagus. Unfortunately, by the time esophageal cancer is diagnosed for many people, it is often already in an advanced stage (has spread throughout the esophagus and beyond).
Question: How do you diagnose esophageal cancer?
Answer: To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. In addition, he or she may order certain blood tests and X-rays. Tests for esophageal cancer may include: Barium swallow X-ray, in which you drink a liquid that coats your esophagus. Endoscopy: the doctor passes an endoscope, a thin, lighted tube, down your throat into your esophagus to examine it. Endoscopic ultrasound uses sound waves to provide more information about the extent of tumor involvement in nearby tissues. Biopsy: during an endoscopy, the doctor can take cells or tissue from your esophagus. This process is called "staging."
Question: How can you treat esophageal cancer?
Answer: Treatment of esophageal cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the patient. Options include surgery, photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, or endoscopic muscosal resection.
Question: How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) diagnosed?
Answer: HCM is diagnosed based on medical history (your symptoms and family history), a physical exam, and echocardiogram results. Additional tests may include blood tests, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, exercise stress test, cardiac catheterization, CT scan, and MRI.
Question: What medications are used to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Answer: Drugs are often used to treat symptoms and prevent further complications of HCM. Medications can help relax the heart and reduce the degree of obstruction so the heart can pump more efficiently. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blocker blockers are two classes of medications that may be prescribed. If you have an arrhythmia, your doctor may prescribe medications to control your heart rate or decrease the occurrence of arrhythmias. You may be told to avoid certain medications, such as nitrates, because they lower blood pressure, or digoxin, because it increases the force of the heart's contraction. Non-obstructive HCM symptoms may be treated with medications. If heart failure occurs, treatment is aimed at controlling it through heart failure medications and diet changes. Your doctor will discuss which medications are best for you.
Question: What are the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Answer: Many people with HCM have no symptoms or only minor symptoms, and live a normal life. Other people develop symptoms, which progress and worsen as heart function worsens. Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure.
Question: What people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk for sudden cardiac death?
Answer: A small number of people with HCM have an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. People at risk include: Those who have family members who have had sudden cardiac death Young people with HCM who have had several episodes of fainting Those who have an abnormal blood pressure response with exercise Adults who have a history of arrhythmia with a fast heart rate Those with severe symptoms and poor heart function If you have two or more risk factors for sudden cardiac death, your doctor will treat you with medications to prevent arrhythmias or with an ICD. Most people with HCM are at low risk for sudden cardiac death. Talk to your doctor about any concerns you may have.
Question: How can I avoid endocarditis related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Answer: People with obstructive HCM may be at increased risk for infective endocarditis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Ask your doctor if you need to take endocarditis precautions, which include: Telling all your doctors and dentist you have HCM. They should prescribe antibiotics to prevent an infection before performing any procedures on you that may cause bleeding (dental, respiratory, and gastrointestinal procedures). Calling your doctor if you have symptoms of an infection. Taking good care of your teeth and gums.
Question: What lifestyle changes are recommended to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Answer: Diet . Drinking at least six to eight, 8-ounce glasses of water a day is important, unless fluids are restricted. In hot weather, you should increase your fluid intake. Fluid and salt restrictions may be necessary for some patients if heart failure symptoms are present. Ask your doctor about specific fluid and dietary guidelines, including information about alcoholic beverages and caffeinated products. Exercise. Your doctor will tell you if you may exercise or not. Most people with cardiomyopathy are able to do non-competitive aerobic exercise. However, your doctor may ask you not to exercise, based on your symptoms and the severity of your disease. Heavy weight lifting is not recommended. Regular follow-up visits. Patients with HCM should have an annual follow-up visit with their cardiologist to monitor their condition. Follow-up appointments may be more frequent when HCM is first diagnosed.
Question: What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Answer: Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure. In other instances, the cause is unknown.
Question: What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Answer: This leads to stiffening of the walls of the heart and abnormal aortic and mitral heart valve function, both of which may impede normal blood flow out of the heart. During this surgical procedure, the surgeon removes a small amount of the thickened septal wall of the heart to widen the outflow tract (the path the blood takes) from the left ventricle to the aorta.
Question: What are the most common symptoms of hypoxia?
Answer: Although they can vary from person to person, the most common hypoxia symptoms are: Changes in the color of your skin, ranging from blue to cherry red Confusion Cough Fast heart rate Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Slow heart rate Sweating Wheezing If you have symptoms of hypoxia, call 911.
Question: How can you prevent hypoxia when you have asthma?
Answer: The best way to prevent hypoxia is to keep your asthma under control, every day. Stick with your asthma treatment plan. Take your medicine to help prevent flares and the need to use your rescue inhaler. Eat right and stay active. Know your asthma triggers, and find ways to avoid them.
Question: What is hypoxia?
Answer: Hypoxemia (low oxygen in your blood) can cause hypoxia (low oxygen in your tissues) when your blood doesn't carry enough oxygen to your tissues to meet your body's needs. The word hypoxia is sometimes used to describe both problems.
Question: What causes hypoxia?
Answer: A severe asthma attack, or flare, can cause hypoxia in adults and kids. Hypoxia can also result from lung damage due to trauma. Other things can cause hypoxia include: Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD), emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) Strong pain medicines and other drugs that hold back breathing Heart problems Anemia (a low number of red blood cells, which carry oxygen) Cyanide poisoning ( Cyanide is a chemical used to make plastics and other products.)
Question: Can oxygen deprivation cause a coma?
Answer: Oxygen deprivation: Oxygen is essential for brain function. Cardiac arrest causes a sudden cutoff of blood flow and oxygen to the brain, called hypoxia or anoxia. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR), survivors of cardiac arrest are often in comas. Oxygen deprivation can also occur with drowning or choking.
Question: Can seizures cause a coma?
Answer: Seizures : A single seizure rarely produces coma. But continuous seizures -- called status epilepticus -- can. Repeated seizures can prevent the brain from recovering in between seizures.
Question: What is locked-in syndrome?
Answer: The person is totally paralyzed except for the eye muscles, but remains awake and alert and with a normal mind.
Question: Can toxins cause a coma?
Answer: Toxins: Substances that are normally found in the body can accumulate to toxic levels if the body fails to dispose of them correctly. As an example, ammonia due to liver disease, carbon dioxide from a severe asthma attack, or urea from kidney failure can accumulate to toxic levels in the body.
Question: What is anoxic brain injury?
Answer: Anoxic brain injury. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain. Lack of oxygen for a few minutes causes cell death to brain tissues. Anoxic brain injury may result from heart attack (cardiac arrest), head injury or trauma, drowning, drug overdose, or poisoning.
Question: Can bleeding in your brain cause a coma?
Answer: Bleeding: Bleeding in the layers of the brain may cause coma due to swelling and compression on the injured side of the brain. This compression causes the brain to shift, causing damage to the brainstem and the RAS (mentioned above). High blood pressure, cerebral aneurysms, and tumors are non-traumatic causes of bleeding in the brain.
Question: Can infection cause a coma?
Answer: Infection: Infections of the central nervous system, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can also cause coma.
Question: Can high blood sugar cause a coma?
Answer: Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. That's a condition known as hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia, or blood sugar that's too low, can also lead to a coma.
Question: How can trauma to the head cause a coma?
Answer: Problems that can lead to coma include: Trauma: Head injuries can cause the brain to swell and/or bleed. When the brain swells as a result of trauma, the fluid pushes up against the skull. The swelling may eventually cause the brain to push down on the brain stem, which can damage the RAS ( Reticular Activating System) -- a part of the brain that's responsible for arousal and awareness.
Question: What is a medically induced coma?
Answer: Medically induced: This type of temporary coma, or deep state of unconsciousness, is used to protect the brain from swelling after an injury. This happens only in hospital intensive care units.
Question: Is there effective treatment for a coma?
Answer: Treatment for a coma depends on the cause. For example, if there is an infection that's affecting the brain, antibiotics may be needed. Glucose may be required in the event of a diabetic shock. Surgery may also be necessary to relieve the pressure on the brain due to swelling or to remove a tumor. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling.
Question: What causes a coma?
Answer: Brain injury can be due to increased pressure, bleeding, loss of oxygen, or buildup of toxins. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain.
Question: What are tips for someone with aphasia?
Answer: Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling.
Question: What are the different types of Burkitt lymphoma?
Answer: In the World Health Organization classification, there are three types of Burkitt lymphoma: Endemic ( African). Endemic Burkitt lymphoma primarily affects African children ages 4 to 7 and is twice as common in boys. Sporadic (non- African). Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs worldwide. Globally, it accounts for 1% to 2% of adult lymphoma cases. In the U. S. and Western Europe, it accounts for up to 40% of pediatric lymphoma cases. Immunodeficiency-associated. This variant of Burkitt lymphoma is most common in people with HIV/ AIDS. It accounts for 30% to 40% of non- Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients and may be an AIDS-defining disease. It also can occur in people with congenital conditions that cause immune deficiency and in organ transplant patients who take immunosuppressive drugs.
Question: What are the symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma?
Answer: The symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma depend on the type. The endemic ( African) variant usually starts as tumors of the jaw or other facial bones. It also can affect the gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, and breasts and can spread to the central nervous system, causing nerve damage, weakness, and paralysis. The types more commonly seen in the U. S. -- sporadic and immunodeficiency-associated -- usually start in the bowel and form a bulky tumor mass in the abdomen, often with massive involvement of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. These variants also can start in the ovaries, testes, or other organs, and spread to the brain and spinal fluid. Other symptoms associated with Burkitt lymphoma include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Fatigue Night sweats Unexplained fever Because Burkitt lymphoma spreads so quickly, prompt diagnosis is essential.
Question: What are the benefits of giving your baby a massage?
Answer: Giving your newborn a massage is important one-on-one time. Like cuddling, a massage is a way to convey your love and affection for your baby. In fact, research shows that a baby's very survival depends on being touched by others -- as touch triggers hormones, boosts immunity, and helps fight disease. Also, massaged babies are calmer, sleep better, and cry less -- every parent's dream!
Question: How should I wash my baby's clothes and bedding?
Answer: Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry.
Question: Is peeling skin normal for a newborn baby?
Answer: A newborn baby is born with wrinkly skin and a protective covering called vernix that naturally peels off during the first week. There's no need to rush it, rub it, or treat it with lotions or creams. ( If baby is born past the due date, this process is likely finished while she is still inside the womb.)
Question: Can I use scented baby products for a newborn?
Answer: Don't use Scented baby products in the early months. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free.
Question: How often should I bathe my baby?
Answer: Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. In between, simply clean baby's mouth and diaper area with a little water or cleanser. Once-a-week sponge baths (or even less) are best for newborns with darker skin tones (like African- American). Most newborn skin problems, such as eczema or diaper rash, don't develop for the first month or two. Don't rub.
Question: How can you prevent baby eczema and diaper rash?
Answer: For the first month or so, a sponge bath two or three times a week will keep your baby safely clean. A few tips on preventing dry, irritated skin and eczema: Try once-a-week bathing. Limit your use of baby scented skin products. If her skin is dry, use only ointment or lotion on dry skin areas. Make sure baby wears only soft clothing, preferably cotton.
Question: How should I care for my newborn baby's skin?
Answer: Here are tips to help protect your baby from developing allergies and rashes: Resist the urge to bathe your baby frequently. Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry. Limit your use of baby scented skin products.
Question: How much protein should healthy adults get each day?
Answer: Healthy adults should get about 45 to 56 grams of protein a day.
Question: What do protein shakes have in them?
Answer: Protein shakes can range in their protein content, but all contain some carbohydrates and maybe a little fat. They come a variety flavors in powder form or in ready-to-drink packages, such as cans or foil packs.
Question: What are different types of protein in protein shakes?
Answer: Protein shakes use different types of protein in varying amounts.
Question: What does the antidiuretic hormone do?
Answer: It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated.
Question: What happens if you lose too much water with diabetes insipidus?
Answer: When you lose too much water, your electrolyte levels can go up.