anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the controversy behind thimerosal and autism?
Answer: It was called thimerosal, and it contained mercury. That's a metal that's harmful to the brain and kidneys at high levels. Doctors used thimerosal to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in vaccines. There was no evidence that the small amount used in the medicines caused harm. Still, it was taken out of most children's vaccines by 2001 at the urging of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the U. S. Public Health Service.
Question: How are vaccines linked to autism?
Answer: More than a dozen studies have tried to find a link. The paper's findings led other doctors to do their own research into the link between the MMR vaccine and autism.
Question: What should I do if my child has a biting injury?
Answer: If you bite your child, the child is going to get the impression that this behavior is acceptable and he or she will be more likely to do it again. Even little teeth can break the skin. If the bite is bleeding and the wound appears to be deep, call your child's doctor. The bite may need medical treatment, which could include antibiotics or a tetanus shot, or both.
Question: Why do children bite?
Answer: Kids bite for a number of reasons -- and most of them aren't intentionally malicious. They're in pain. They're looking for a reaction. They're craving attention. They're frustrated.
Question: What are the risks of taking biotin?
Answer: If you have any medical conditions -- or are pregnant or breastfeeding -- check with a doctor before using biotin supplements. Don't give biotin to a child unless a pediatrician recommends it.
Question: What is biotin used for?
Answer: Other uses of biotin -- for conditions like cradle cap, hepatitis, hair loss, and depression -- are unsupported or untested.
Question: Can you get biotin naturally from foods?
Answer: Biotin occurs naturally in many foods. Wheat germ, whole-grain cereals, whole wheat bread, eggs, dairy products, peanuts, soya nuts, Swiss chard, salmon, and chicken are all sources of biotin.
Question: What does biotin do to the body?
Answer: Biotin plays a key role in the body. It supports the health of the skin, nerves, digestive tract, metabolism, and cells. One small study suggested that biotin and other micronutrients helped treat peripheral neuropathy, nerve pain in the extremities that can result from kidney failure or diabetes.
Question: Who should take biotin supplements?
Answer: Biotin supplements have been studied as a treatment for a number of conditions. Risks.
Question: What are the side effects of taking biotin?
Answer: Even at high levels, biotin appears to be fairly safe. The maximum safe dose of biotin is unknown.
Question: What is biotin?
Answer: It is also known as vitamin H. Because biotin is present in so many different kinds of foods, deficiency is rare. Genuine biotin deficiency is quite rare.
Question: How many people get Crohn's disease?
Answer: As many as 700,000 Americans have the disease. Although there's no cure, there are treatments to manage it.
Question: What medical and insurance information should you gather before your knee replacement surgery?
Answer: Chances are, you'll be asked for the same medical and insurance information over and again in the coming weeks. Carry a handy list of: All your medication and supplements Any health conditions you have Your insurance policy and membership numbers Your doctors' names and phone numbers Persons to contact in an emergency Line up help.
Question: What help might you need after your knee replacement surgery?
Answer: You're going to need it while you recover. If you live on your own, recruit a relative or close friend to stay with you for a while. Ask a neighbor to take out the garbage or bring in the mail. Freeze extra meals or stock up your pantry before you head to the hospital.
Question: How can you prepare for knee replacement surgery?
Answer: Prepare now to make the surgery go smoothly and to speed up your recovery. How long will the surgery take? Could I have the surgery as an outpatient, without a hospital stay? What type of anesthesia will you need? What kind of rehab will you get? What type of assistive devices will I need at home after the procedure? How long will you likely be off work? Write down the answers. Better yet, have a trusted friend or family member come to your appointment to take notes.
Question: What causes abnormal prolactin (PRL) levels?
Answer: Your doctor may order a prolactin test when you report having the following symptoms: For women Irregular or no periods Infertility Breast milk discharge when you're not pregnant or nursing Tenderness in your breast Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness For men Decreased sex drive Difficulty in getting an erection Breast tenderness or enlargement Breast milk production (very rare) For both Unexplained headaches Vision problems Normally, men and nonpregnant women have just small traces of prolactin in their blood. When you have high levels, this could be caused by: Prolactinoma (a benign tumor in your pituitary gland that produces too much prolactin) Hypothyroidism (your thyroid gland isn't producing enough hormones) Diseases affecting the hypothalamus(the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland) Anorexia (an eating disorder) Drugs that are used to treat depression, psychosis, and high blood pressure Chest injury or irritation (for example, scars, shingles, or even a bra that's too tight) Also, kidney disease, liver failure, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (a hormone imbalance that affects ovaries) all can affect the body's ability to remove prolactin.
Question: When is a prolactin (PRL) test needed for men and women?
Answer: Your doctor may order a prolactin test when you report having the following symptoms: For women Irregular or no periods Infertility Breast milk discharge when you're not pregnant or nursing Tenderness in your breast Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness For men Decreased sex drive Difficulty in getting an erection Breast tenderness or enlargement Breast milk production (very rare) For both Unexplained headaches Vision problems Normally, men and nonpregnant women have just small traces of prolactin in their blood.
Question: What happens if your prolactin (PRL) levels are low?
Answer: If your prolactin levels are below the normal range, this could mean your pituitary gland isn't working at full steam. That's known as hypopituitarism. Lower levels of prolactin usually do not need medical treatment.
Question: When is a prolactin (PRL) test needed for women?
Answer: Your doctor may order a prolactin test when you report having the following symptoms: For women Irregular or no periods Infertility Breast milk discharge when you're not pregnant or nursing Tenderness in your breast Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness For men Decreased sex drive Difficulty in getting an erection Breast tenderness or enlargement Breast milk production (very rare) For both Unexplained headaches Vision problems Normally, men and nonpregnant women have just small traces of prolactin in their blood.
Question: What is the normal range for prolactin (PRL)?
Answer: The normal range for prolactin in your blood are: Males: 2 to 18 nanograms per milliliter (ng/m L) Nonpregnant females: 2 to 29 ng/m L Pregnant females: 10 to 209 ng/m L If your value falls outside the normal range, this doesn't automatically mean you have a problem.
Question: When is a prolactin (PRL) test needed for men?
Answer: Your doctor may order a prolactin test when you report having the following symptoms: For women Irregular or no periods Infertility Breast milk discharge when you're not pregnant or nursing Tenderness in your breast Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness For men Decreased sex drive Difficulty in getting an erection Breast tenderness or enlargement Breast milk production (very rare) For both Unexplained headaches Vision problems Normally, men and nonpregnant women have just small traces of prolactin in their blood.
Question: What happens if your prolactin (PRL) levels are high?
Answer: The normal range for prolactin in your blood are: Males: 2 to 18 nanograms per milliliter (ng/m L) Nonpregnant females: 2 to 29 ng/m L Pregnant females: 10 to 209 ng/m L If your value falls outside the normal range, this doesn't automatically mean you have a problem. Sometimes the levels can be higher if you've eaten or were under a lot of stress when you got your blood test. Also, what's considered a normal range may be different depending on which lab your doctor uses. If your levels are very high -- up to 1,000 times the upper limit of what's considered normal -- this could be a sign that you have prolactinoma. This tumor is not cancer, and it can be treated with medicine. In this case, your doctor may want you to get an MRI. You'll lie inside a magnetic tube as the MRI device uses radio waves to put together a detailed image of your brain. It will show whether there's a mass near your pituitary gland and, if so, how big it is.
Question: How many people who are HIV-positive get lipodystrophy?
Answer: While it used to be more common with older antiretroviral ( ART) treatments for HIV, better control of HIV and newer antiretroviral drugs make the development of lipodystrophy. There are two types of lipodystrophy: fat loss and fat buildup. Back of your neck and shoulders, sometimes called a "buffalo hump" You could also get fatty growths, called lipomas, in other parts of your body. But HIV itself may interfere with the way your body processes fat.
Question: What is a normal cardiac output?
Answer: It's different for different people, depending on their size. Usually, an adult heart pumps about 3-4 liters of blood per minute at rest. But when you run or exercise, your heart may pump 3-4 times that much to make sure your body gets enough oxygen and fuel.
Question: Who gets restless legs syndrome?
Answer: Restless legs syndrome affects about 10% of the U. S. population. It affects both men and women and may begin at any age, even in infants and young children. Most people who are affected severely -- 2% to 3% -- are middle-aged or older.
Question: What is restless legs syndrome?
Answer: Restless legs syndrome affects about 10% of the U. S. population.
Question: How severe is restless legs syndrome?
Answer: The severity of RLS symptoms ranges from mild to intolerable. The symptoms are generally worse in the evening and night and less severe in the morning. While the symptoms are usually quite mild in young adults, by age 50 the symptoms may cause severe nightly sleep disruption that can significantly impair a person's quality of life.
Question: What are symptoms of restless legs syndrome?
Answer: Restless legs syndrome ( RLS) is a disorder of the part of the nervous system that affects movement of the legs. The sensations are usually worse at rest, especially when lying in bed, and can lead to sleep deprivation, anxiety and depression.
Question: Where do rheumatoid nodules show up?
Answer: The most common locations for rheumatoid nodules are: Hands Fingers Knuckles Elbows As you live with RA for a while, you can be more likely to have nodules. You might get them in your: Vocal cords: If they form here, you might get hoarse. Lungs, heart, and other organs: When they show up in these parts of your body, nodules can affect how they work.
Question: Can rheumatoid nodules form on the vocal cords?
Answer: Lungs, heart, and other organs: When they show up in these parts of your body, nodules can affect how they work. Methotrexate (a common treatment for RA) can lead to this condition, which causes small nodules to form quickly around your finger joints.
Question: Are there treatments for rheumatoid nodules?
Answer: Doctors believe these things can make you more likely to get nodules: They usually show up in people with more severe RA. If that happens, your doctor will often switch you to another medicine. DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs): Sometimes these common RA medications can cut the size of rheumatoid nodules. Steroids: Some people get steroid shots directly into the nodules to shrink them. Surgery: If the lumps become infected or cause severe symptoms, like the inability to use the joint, you may need surgery to remove them.
Question: What causes rheumatoid nodules?
Answer: The most common locations for rheumatoid nodules are: Hands Fingers Knuckles Elbows As you live with RA for a while, you can be more likely to have nodules. Doctors believe these things can make you more likely to get nodules: They usually show up in people with more severe RA. Nearly all cases are in people who have substances called rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in their blood. These are linked to inflammation. One study found that cigarette smoking increases nodules in people with RA.
Question: Should you remove rheumatoid nodules?
Answer: How big are they? Rheumatoid nodules don't give most people with RA any problems. But if they hurt or make it harder to do daily activities because they put pressure on nerves, limit movement, or are in sensitive locations, talk to your doctor. If that happens, your doctor will often switch you to another medicine.
Question: What are the causes of rheumatoid nodules?
Answer: The most common locations for rheumatoid nodules are: Hands Fingers Knuckles Elbows As you live with RA for a while, you can be more likely to have nodules. Doctors believe these things can make you more likely to get nodules: They usually show up in people with more severe RA. Nearly all cases are in people who have substances called rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in their blood. These are linked to inflammation. One study found that cigarette smoking increases nodules in people with RA.
Question: How can you make deep belly breathing an abs exercise after you have a baby?
Answer: It helps relax muscles, and it starts the process of strengthening and toning your abs and belly. How It's Done: Sit upright and breathe deeply, drawing air from the diaphragm upward. Contract and hold your abs tight while inhaling and relax while exhaling. Gradually increase the amount of time you can contract and hold your abs.
Question: is walking good exercise for new moms?
Answer: Why It's Good For You: It may not sound like much of a workout, but walking is one of the simplest ways to ease into a fitness routine after giving birth. How It's Done: Start with an easy stroll. Eventually you'll work your way up to a pumped-up power walk. But a gentle walk can still do wonders for you and your body, especially in the beginning. Bringing baby along in a front pack will add extra weight that can increase the benefits.
Question: What are the benefits of Kegel exercises for new moms and how is it done?
Answer: Why They're Good for You: This classic exercise will help you tone bladder muscles and help reduce risks of incontinence associated with childbirth. The more kegels you do, and the longer you hold them, the better control you will have over those leaks caused by sneezing, laughing, or picking up your baby. How They're Done: Your goal is to contract and hold the muscles that control the flow of urine. Try to do this 10 times per session, three times a day.
Question: What are other cancer drugs besides chemotherapy?
Answer: Chemotherapy is a common cancer treatment, but today, doctors often prescribe other kinds of cancer medicines, such as targeted therapies, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. Unlike chemo, these types of medicine are better at attacking only cancer cells and leaving healthy cells alone. That means they cause milder side effects. Your doctor might recommend that you take them along with chemo drugs or on their own.
Question: How can I get chemotherapy?
Answer: You can take chemo as pills or shots. You might go to a clinic or hospital so you can get the drugs through an IV, what doctors call an infusion.
Question: Which type of chemotherapy is often used for breast and lung cancers?
Answer: Drugs called mitotic inhibitors stop cancer cells from making more copies of themselves. They can also stop your body from making the proteins that cancer cells need to grow. Doctors might prescribe them for breast and lung cancers and types of myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma. Mitotic inhibitors include docetaxel, estramustine, paclitaxel, and vinblastine.
Question: What type of chemotherapy is most often used to treat leukemia, and cancer in breasts, ovaries, and intestines?
Answer: One type of chemo drug interferes with the normal metabolism of cells, which makes them stop growing. These drugs are called antimetabolites. Doctors often use them to treat leukemia and cancer in the breasts, ovaries, and intestines. Drugs in this group include 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, and methotrexate, among many others.
Question: How does chemotherapy work?
Answer: Chemotherapy drugs work in a few different ways. They can: Kill both cancerous and healthy cells Fight only cancer cells Keep tumors from growing blood vessels, which help them thrive Attack the cancer cells' genes so the cells die and can't grow into new tumors There are dozens of chemotherapy drugs that doctors can prescribe.
Question: Can steroids be used to treat cancer?
Answer: Steroids are drugs that act like your body's own hormones. They are useful in treating many types of cancer, and they can keep you from having nausea and vomiting after a round of chemo. They can also prevent allergic reactions to some of the drugs. Some of the steroids your doctor might prescribe are prednisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone.
Question: What type of chemotherapy works for many types of cancers?
Answer: Anthracycline chemotherapy attacks the enzymes inside cancer cells' DNA that help them divide and grow. They work for many types of cancer. Some of these drugs are actinomycin- D, bleomycin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin, among others. High doses of anti-tumor antibiotics can damage your heart or lungs.
Question: Will my doctor prescribe chemotherapy alone or with other treatments?
Answer: Your cancer doctor, called an oncologist, may prescribe one chemo drug or a mix of different ones, depending on: Your type of cancer Whether you've had cancer before If you have other health problems like diabetes or heart, kidney, or liver disease Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body might still have cancer cells.
Question: Why do I need chemotherapy?
Answer: Your cancer doctor, called an oncologist, may prescribe one chemo drug or a mix of different ones, depending on: Your type of cancer Whether you've had cancer before If you have other health problems like diabetes or heart, kidney, or liver disease Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body might still have cancer cells. These cells can grow new tumors or spread the cancer to other parts of your body. Chemotherapy drugs help destroy, shrink, or control those cells. It might also treat symptoms the cancer causes, like pain. You might also get chemo to shrink a tumor before your doctor removes it in surgery.
Question: How does anthracycline chemotherapy work?
Answer: Anthracycline chemotherapy attacks the enzymes inside cancer cells' DNA that help them divide and grow. They work for many types of cancer. Some of these drugs are actinomycin- D, bleomycin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin, among others. High doses of anti-tumor antibiotics can damage your heart or lungs. So your doctor will have you take them for a short time.
Question: How do chemotherapy drugs work?
Answer: Chemotherapy drugs work in a few different ways. They can: Kill both cancerous and healthy cells Fight only cancer cells Keep tumors from growing blood vessels, which help them thrive Attack the cancer cells' genes so the cells die and can't grow into new tumors There are dozens of chemotherapy drugs that doctors can prescribe.
Question: Are there different type of chemotherapy drugs?
Answer: They can: Kill both cancerous and healthy cells Fight only cancer cells Keep tumors from growing blood vessels, which help them thrive Attack the cancer cells' genes so the cells die and can't grow into new tumors There are dozens of chemotherapy drugs that doctors can prescribe. They're often divided into groups based on how they work and what they're made of. Each group of drugs destroys or shrinks cancer cells in a different way.
Question: How do you know if chemotherapy is working?
Answer: Your oncologist will watch your body's response during and after treatment. She'll look for signs that your tumor is shrinking or growing. She'll use tests like physical exams, blood tests, or imaging scans like X-rays. If your treatment doesn't seem to be working, she might give you a different dose or a mix of other treatments.
Question: How can you receive chemotherapy?
Answer: You can take chemo as pills or shots. You might go to a clinic or hospital so you can get the drugs through an IV, what doctors call an infusion.
Question: What drugs exist for cancer other than chemotherapy?
Answer: Chemotherapy is a common cancer treatment, but today, doctors often prescribe other kinds of cancer medicines, such as targeted therapies, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. Unlike chemo, these types of medicine are better at attacking only cancer cells and leaving healthy cells alone. That means they cause milder side effects. Your doctor might recommend that you take them along with chemo drugs or on their own.
Question: How many types of chemotherapy drugs do you take?
Answer: Your cancer doctor, called an oncologist, may prescribe one chemo drug or a mix of different ones, depending on: Your type of cancer Whether you've had cancer before If you have other health problems like diabetes or heart, kidney, or liver disease Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body might still have cancer cells.
Question: How will I know if chemotherapy is working?
Answer: Your cancer doctor, called an oncologist, may prescribe one chemo drug or a mix of different ones, depending on: Your type of cancer Whether you've had cancer before If you have other health problems like diabetes or heart, kidney, or liver disease Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body might still have cancer cells. She'll look for signs that your tumor is shrinking or growing. She'll use tests like physical exams, blood tests, or imaging scans like X-rays.
Question: How can watching your posture prevent carpal tunnel syndrome?
Answer: While it's natural to focus on your wrist and hands, how you hold the rest of your body can also make a difference. Poor posture may cause you to roll your shoulders forward. This sets off a chain reaction that shortens your neck and shoulder muscles, crunches the nerves in your neck, and makes wrist problems worse.
Question: How does hand pressure affect carpal tunnel risk?
Answer: Many times, you may use more force than you need to get the job done. For instance, you might grip your tools too tightly when a firm hold is plenty. Or you may pound your computer keyboard when gentle keystrokes will do. As you go through your day, keep an eye on how tense your hands are and how much pressure you put on them. If you can back off even a little, your hands and wrists will thank you.
Question: How often should you take breaks from work to help prevent carpal tunnel syndrome?
Answer: Step away from your work to bend or stretch your hands. A 10- to 15-minute break every hour is ideal. This is especially important if you use tools that vibrate or make you apply a lot of force.
Question: How can changing your workspace help in preventing carpal tunnel syndrome?
Answer: If your work triggers your symptoms, ask you manager about changing up your work space. You may be able to alter anything from your workstation setup to tool handles to how tasks get done to see if it helps your symptoms. You might also be able to trade off with co-workers so you can avoid the same task over and over. If you work at a computer, try these things: Adjust your keyboard position so you don't have to bend your wrists when you type. Keep your elbows close to your side as you type.