anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How can thyroid surgery lead to hypothyroidism?
Answer: Surgery to remove the thyroid will lead to hypothyroidism. If only part of the thyroid is removed, the remaining gland may still be able to produce enough hormone for the body's needs.
Question: What are the complications of hypothyroidism?
Answer: Untreated, hypothyroidism may cause: Heart problems Infertility Joint pain Obesity Thyroid problems in a pregnant woman can affect the developing baby. During the first three months of pregnancy, the baby receives all thyroid hormone from its mother. If the mother has hypothyroidism, the baby does not get enough thyroid hormone. This can lead to problems with mental development. Extremely low levels of thyroid hormone can cause a life-threatening condition called myxedema. Myxedema is the most severe form of hypothyroidism. A person with myxedema can lose consciousness or go into a coma. The condition can also cause the body temperature to drop very low, which can cause death.
Question: What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism in babies?
Answer: They may include: Changes in the menstrual cycle Constipation Depression Dry hair and hair loss Dry skin Fatigue Greater sensitivity to cold Slow heart rate Swelling of the thyroid gland (goiter) Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight Carpal tunnel syndrome Babies with hypothyroidism may have no symptoms. If symptoms do occur, they can include: Cold hands and feet Constipation Extreme sleepiness Hoarse cry Little or no growth Low muscle tone (floppy infant) Persistent jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) Poor feeding habits Puffy face Stomach bloating Swollen tongue Make an appointment with your health care provider if you or your baby has any of these symptoms. It is important to note that these symptoms can be due to other medical conditions.
Question: How can pituitary gland damage or disorder lead to hypothyroidism?
Answer: Rarely, a problem with the pituitary gland can interfere with the production of thyroid hormone. The pituitary gland makes a hormone, called thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH), which tells your thyroid how much hormone it should make and release.
Question: How can radioactive iodine treatment cause hypothyroidism?
Answer: This treatment is commonly prescribed to people who have an overactive thyroid gland, a condition known as hyperthyroidism. However, radiation destroys the cells in the thyroid gland. This usually leads to hypothyroidism.
Question: How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?
Answer: These may include: Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) T4 (thyroxine) Lower-than-normal T4 levels usually mean you have hypothyroidism. However, some people may have increased TSH levels while having normal T4 levels. This is called subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism. It is believed to be an early stage of hypothyroidism. If your test results or physical exam of the thyroid are abnormal, your doctor may order a thyroid ultrasound, or thyroid scan, to check for nodules or inflammation. You will need regular blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels.
Question: How can pregnancy lead to hypothyroidism?
Answer: Thyroiditis" is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. Women with this condition usually have a severe increase in thyroid hormone levels followed by a sharp drop in thyroid hormone production. Most women with postpartum thyroiditis will regain their normal thyroid function. This is called subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism.
Question: How can too little iodine in the diet lead to hypothyroidism?
Answer: If only part of the thyroid is removed, the remaining gland may still be able to produce enough hormone for the body's needs. Your body doesn't make iodine, so you need to get it through your diet. Iodized table salt is rich in iodine. Other food sources of iodine include shellfish, saltwater fish, eggs, dairy products, and seaweed. Iodine deficiency is rare in the U. S. Pregnancy .
Question: What causes secondary hypothyroidism?
Answer: The thyroid needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone. For example, the pituitary gland or hypothalamus produce hormones that trigger the release of thyroid hormone. A problem with one of these glands can make your thyroid underactive.
Question: What is hypothyroidism?
Answer: With hypothyroidism, your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. "
Question: How are urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids diagnosed?
Answer: Other symptoms of a UTI include: Burning or pain when your child pees Foul-smelling or cloudy pee An urgent need to go, and then only peeing a few drops Fever Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea If your child has symptoms of a UTI, see your pediatrician. The doctor will take a urine sample and test it for bacteria. He can collect urine in a number of ways: Older children can pee into a cup (doctors call this a âclean catchâ). Younger children who aren't toilet trained will have a plastic bag placed over their genitals to collect the urine. Children who wear diapers can have a tube (catheter) inserted into their urethra and bladder to collect the sample. In infants, the doctor can place a needle straight into the bladder through the stomach to get the sample.
Question: How are urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids treated?
Answer: These medications kill bacteria. Kids usually take them for anywhere from 3 to 10 days (most commonly 7-10 days). Your doctor might do another urine test after your child finishes the medicine to see if the infection has cleared up. Make sure your child finishes all of her meds, even if she starts to feel better. Stopping too soon can make germs resistant to antibiotics and cause another infection. Most UTIs clear up in about a week. Some kids will have symptoms for a few weeks. Call your doctor if your child's symptoms don't start to improve after 3 days from when she started on antibiotics, or if they get worse.
Question: Why are girls more likely to get urinary tract infections (UTIs) than boys?
Answer: Bacteria from the anus can more easily get into the vagina and urethra. Some kids have a problem with their bladder or kidneys that makes them more likely to get UTIs. Narrowing in the urinary tract can block urine flow and allow germs to multiply. A condition called vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR) can cause urine to back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys.
Question: What imaging tests are used to diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids?
Answer: If your child has had a few UTIs, your doctor might refer you to a nephrologist (kidney specialist) and do one or more of these imaging tests to look for problems in the urinary tract: Ultrasound uses sound waves to show any blockages or other problems in the kidneys Voiding cystourethrogram ( VCUG) places fluid into the bladder through a tube to show any problems in the urethra or bladder when your child pees Nuclear scan uses liquids that contain a small amount of radioactive material to see how well the kidneys work CT, or computed tomography, is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures of the bladder and kidneys MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the bladder and kidneys Antibiotics, mainly.
Question: How can you prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in your kids?
Answer: Instruct girls to wipe from front to back. This helps to prevent bacteria in poop from getting into the vagina and urinary tract. Encourage your kids to go to the bathroom as soon as they feel the urge -- not to hold it in. Girls should avoid bubble baths and should not use perfumed soaps. And, they should wear cotton underwear -- not nylon -- to improve airflow and prevent bacteria from growing. Have your kids drink lots of water, which helps flush bacteria out of the urinary tract. Extra water also prevents constipation, which can create blockages in the urinary tract that allow bacteria to grow.
Question: What are the main symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids?
Answer: The main symptoms are pain in the lower belly, back, or side and an urgent need to pee or pee more often. Some kids who already have been toilet trained lose control over their bladder, and may wet the bed. Infants can have more general symptoms, like fussiness, little interest in food, or a fever. Other symptoms of a UTI include: Burning or pain when your child pees Foul-smelling or cloudy pee An urgent need to go, and then only peeing a few drops Fever Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea If your child has symptoms of a UTI, see your pediatrician.
Question: How common are urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kids?
Answer: Colds and other respiratory infections are common. But kids can get urinary tract infections ( UTIs), too. Up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys will get a UTI by age 5. Sometimes the symptoms of this infection can be hard to spot in kids. It's important to get your child treated, because a UTI can turn into a more serious kidney infection. With the right treatment, your child should start to feel better in just a few days. Have your kids drink lots of water, which helps flush bacteria out of the urinary tract.
Question: What are examples of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
Answer: Examples of ARBs include: Atacand (candesartan) Avapro (irbesartan) Benicar (olmesartan) Cozaar (losartan) Diovan (valsartan) Micardis (telmisartan) Teveten (eprosartan) Some of the side effects of taking ARBs include: Dizziness , lightheadedness, or faintness upon rising, This side effect may be strongest after the first dose, especially if you have been taking a diuretic (water pill).
Question: What are side effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
Answer: Examples of ARBs include: Atacand (candesartan) Avapro (irbesartan) Benicar (olmesartan) Cozaar (losartan) Diovan (valsartan) Micardis (telmisartan) Teveten (eprosartan) Some of the side effects of taking ARBs include: Dizziness , lightheadedness, or faintness upon rising, This side effect may be strongest after the first dose, especially if you have been taking a diuretic (water pill). Physical problems. Diarrhea, muscle cramps or weakness, back or leg pain, insomnia (difficulty sleeping), irregular heartbeat, or fast or slow heartbeat, sinusitis or upper respiratory infection. Contact your doctor right away. Severe vomiting or diarrhea.
Question: How can I avoid pet allergens to prevent migraines?
Answer: Avoid pet allergens: Wash your hands after you touch any animal. If it lives in your home, keep it off your bed and out of your bedroom. Keep as few carpets and rugs in your home as you can. Wood floors, tile, and linoleum collect far less dander, the flakes of dead skin that cause most pet allergies. Vacuum any carpet you do have often.
Question: How can I control indoor allergens to prevent migraines?
Answer: Control indoor allergens: Keep your home free of dust. Clean with a wet mop instead of a broom. Use special covers on your box springs, mattress, and pillows to keep out dust mites. Wash your bedding each week in hot water, then dry on high heat.
Question: What else can I do to prevent migraines related to allergies?
Answer: No matter what kind of allergies you have, you can also: Drink plenty of fluids to keep your mucus thin. Water should be your first choice. Sip a cup of green tea each morning. It contains natural antihistamines, so it may give you some relief. Rinse out your nasal passages. Some people find relief by using a saline spray in their nose a few times a day, but a sinus rinse or neti pot may help more. They can remove allergens from your nose while cleaning your nasal lining. Try this once a day, or twice if your allergy symptoms are severe.
Question: How do allergies cause migraine headaches?
Answer: The link is complex. Doctors are still trying to figure it out. So far, they know that your nervous system, endocrine (hormonal) system, and immune system all play a role. If you get migraines, you have a sensitive nervous system. Your body tends to react very quickly, or overreact, to changes in your environment that it views as threats. On top of that, exposure to allergens (things you're allergic to) triggers your immune system to release certain chemicals. They can fuel inflammation throughout your body, all of which can set you up for a migraine. If you're prone to migraine headaches, your symptoms may be more severe during allergy season. Some people can also have ânonallergicâ triggers like perfume, the smell of gasoline, cigarette smoke, and weather changes.
Question: How do decongestants treat allergies?
Answer: These can help open stuffy nasal passages and ease sinus pressure.
Question: What is the difference between a migraine and a sinus headache?
Answer: But if you have migraine headaches, you have an actual condition called migraine which results in migraine headaches. True sinus headaches are quite rare. In fact, most people who think they're having one are really having a migraine.
Question: Which allergy treatment should I avoid to prevent migraines?
Answer: They may be a good choice if you can't avoid what you're allergic to or medicines haven't helped. One allergy treatment you may need to avoid is steroid nasal sprays. They might bring on a migraine or make it worse.
Question: How does immunotherapy treat allergies?
Answer: Allergy shots can help cut back on migraine headaches. Plus, once you start taking them, any headaches you do have may be less severe. They expose your body to tiny amounts of the things you're allergic to. They may be a good choice if you can't avoid what you're allergic to or medicines haven't helped.
Question: When might your doctor want you to have an (AFP) tumor marker test?
Answer: Your doctor may want you to have an AFP tumor marker blood test to: Narrow down the cause of a lump in your liver, testicles, or ovaries Help decide the best treatment for cancer See how well a cancer treatment is working Make sure cancer hasn't come back after treatment AFP tests can also check for birth defects in an unborn baby. Doctors may test spinal fluid for AFP, too, depending on what they're looking for.
Question: When should you call your doctor about irregular periods?
Answer: You get your period more often than every 21 days.
Question: What can cause irregular periods?
Answer: You may have irregular periods if: The time between each period starts to change You lose more or less blood during a period than usual The number of days that your period lasts varies a lot Many things can cause irregular periods. Changes in your body's level of the hormones estrogen and progesterone can disrupt the normal pattern of your period. That's why young girls going through puberty and women approaching menopause commonly have irregular periods. Other common causes of irregular periods include: Having an intrauterine device ( IUD) Changing birth control pills or using certain medications Too much exercise Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) Pregnancy or breastfeeding Stress Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) or underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) Thickening of or polyps on the uterine lining Uterine fibroids A less common cause is severe scarring (adhesions) of the lining of the uterus, a condition that doctors call Asherman syndrome.
Question: When might you have irregular periods?
Answer: You may have irregular periods if: The time between each period starts to change You lose more or less blood during a period than usual The number of days that your period lasts varies a lot Many things can cause irregular periods.
Question: How can hormone therapy help with irregular periods?
Answer: An irregular menstrual cycle is often due to a lack of or imbalance in certain hormones in the body. Doctors often prescribe birth control pills (oral contraceptives) containing the hormones estrogen and progesterone to help control irregular periods. A hormone medication called progestin can also help trigger periods in women who don't get them. If you have irregular periods and are trying to get pregnant, your doctor may prescribe other hormone treatments.
Question: How are irregular periods treated?
Answer: Is your period irregular -- and if so, does it need treatment? Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) and hypothyroidism are two common causes of irregular periods in women. In general, the goal of treatment is to restore the balance of hormones in the body. If you have PCOS, your doctor may recommend birth control pills or other hormones to trigger a period. If you have hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), you may need to take thyroid hormones.
Question: How does gastric banding work for weight loss?
Answer: Gastric banding involves placing a band around the top end of the stomach to create a small pouch to hold food. The band limits the amount of food you can eat by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food. There are two approved gastric banding devices and procedures approved in the U. S. -- LAP- BAND and the Realize band.
Question: What are the two restrictive weight loss surgery types?
Answer: Restrictive types of weight loss surgery are gastric banding, intragastric balloon, and vertical sleeve gastrectomy. These procedures make less room in the stomach for food right after it's swallowed.
Question: What happens when you eat after gastric bypass surgery?
Answer: The band limits the amount of food you can eat by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food.
Question: How do you decide on what type of weight loss surgery to get?
Answer: After this surgery, when you eat, food bypasses most of your stomach and the first part of your small intestines. All types of weight loss surgery have pros and cons. Those that involve more cutting, sewing, and rearranging things inside of you may yield slightly better results, but they also may come with more side effects.
Question: How does a vertical sleeve gastrectomy work for weight loss?
Answer: Restrictive types of weight loss surgery are gastric banding, intragastric balloon, and vertical sleeve gastrectomy. What remains of the stomach is a narrow tube or sleeve, which connects to the intestines.
Question: What does incentive spirometer look like?
Answer: It's made of plastic and is about the size of a small notebook. It has a mouthpiece that looks like a vacuum tube. When you inhale with it, the suction will move a disc or a piston up inside a clear cylinder. The deeper you breathe, the higher the piston rises. Most spirometers have numbers on the cylinder to show how much air you take in. They also may have a gauge to tell if you're inhaling at the right pace.
Question: Can you get ADHD as an adult?
Answer: Many people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) don't know they have it until they're adults. It was there all along, but they never got tested for it. Others have known they had it since childhood. But the symptoms -- and the stress it adds to life -- can change with age. For example, you might be less hyperactive as an adult. But there's a good chance you still have symptoms that affect your quality of life. Adults can have problems with paying attention, controlling impulses, and staying organized. And that can affect your work, relationships, and self-esteem.
Question: Who shouldn't take stimulants to treat ADHD?
Answer: Common side effects include: Anorexia or loss of appetite Anxiety or panic Dry mouth Headache Jitteriness Moodiness Slight increase in blood pressure and pulse Trouble sleeping Stimulants are effective, but they're not for everyone. For some, the side effects can be too much. And you want to avoid stimulants if you have certain conditions, such as: Bipolar disorder Anxiety Heartbeat that's faster than normal or whose rhythm is off High blood pressure Psychosis Severe anorexia Substance abuse problems Tourette's syndrome Non-stimulants.
Question: Does talk therapy help treat adult ADHD?
Answer: The right medicine, along with a good therapist, is a powerful combo. Talk therapy can help you and your family members learn more about how ADHD works and how to better deal with the problems it can create.
Question: How can an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) coach help treat adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: You can learn practical skills, including how to make plans, set goals, manage time, and stay organized. A coach can share suggestions and tips and keep you focused and motivated to make the changes you want. Studies show that coaching can help you reach goals, manage stress, and achieve more in your life.
Question: How can an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) coach help in treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: As an adult, you also might need different skills to stay organized and manage your time. A coach can share suggestions and tips and keep you focused and motivated to make the changes you want. Studies show that coaching can help you reach goals, manage stress, and achieve more in your life.
Question: How long do I need to take ADHD meds as an adult?
Answer: And you'll be better able to tell if it's working. Your doctor may suggest: Going off the meds once a year to see if you still need them. Taking a drug holiday so your body doesn't get too used to it. Otherwise, you might need a higher dose.
Question: What medical conditions should avoid stimulants in the treatment of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: Stimulants. These are often the first choice for ADHD, and they tend to work the best. For some, the side effects can be too much. And you want to avoid stimulants if you have certain conditions, such as: Bipolar disorder Anxiety Heartbeat that's faster than normal or whose rhythm is off High blood pressure Psychosis Severe anorexia Substance abuse problems Tourette's syndrome Non-stimulants.
Question: What medications work for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: Many people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) don't know they have it until they're adults. Others have known they had it since childhood. Drugs are the main treatment for ADHD. But finding the one that works best for you may take some trial and error, and what works at first may not do so well. Also, while many drugs work for both children and adults with ADHD, clonidine ( Catapres, Jenloga, Kapvay), guanfacine ( Intuniv, Tenex), and modafinil ( Provigil) haven't been well-researched for adults and aren't prescribed much. And it's used to address issues like substance abuse and depression. These types of conditions, and the medicines you take to treat them, can affect ADHD, and vice versa.
Question: How can adults get the most out of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatments?
Answer: Many people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) don't know they have it until they're adults. Others have known they had it since childhood. The same treatments used for kids with ADHD also treat adults. For most people, it's a combination of medicine and talk therapy. Sometimes the meds you took as a child may work differently because your brain, body, and symptoms may have changed. As an adult, you also might need different skills to stay organized and manage your time. And you may need treatment for other issues like depression or anxiety. To get the most from any treatment, it's good to know specifically how ADHD affects you. Does it make it hard to meet deadlines at work? Are you struggling in relationships with your spouse or child? If you know, you can better seek care that's tailored for you. And you'll be better able to tell if it's working.