anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What causes nerve pain and how can it be alleviated during palliative care?
Answer: Nerve pain, or "neuropathic" pain occurs when one or more nerves is injured or damaged. It can develop as a result of long-term chemotherapy or cancer itself, trauma, or other medical disorders. AIDS, diabetes, and shingles are examples of diseases often associated with neuropathic pain. Tricyclic antidepressants and anti-seizure medications can each lessen nerve pain because they change the way pain sensations travel to the brain.
Question: How are opioids taken?
Answer: If the person can no longer swallow, some medications can be given intravenously, and some by subcutaneous injection. With a compounding pharmacist's support, we can mix an opioid with a gel to deliver it topically, through the skin," says Muir. " There are also formulations of fentanyl, for example, that can be delivered by patch or through a cheek film that crosses the mucous membranes in the mouth." In addition to opioids, there are a number of other helper medications that palliative care specialists use to help control pain.
Question: How can vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) help with treating depression?
Answer: Vagus Nerve Stimulation ( VNS) is a surgical procedure in which a pacemaker-like device delivers electrical impulses to the vagus nerve, which connects to areas of the brain believed to be involved in regulating mood. For reasons that doctors don't completely understand, these electrical impulses transmitted via the vagus nerve to the brain can relieve the symptoms of depression. The impulses may affect the way nerve cell circuits transmit signals in areas of the brain that affect mood. However, it usually takes several months before you feel the effects.
Question: What are side effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS, or rTMS) for depression?
Answer: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( TMS, or r TMS) sends bursts of energy -- from electromagnets -- to specific areas of the brain. While more research needs to be done, TMS seems to have few risks and side effects, and it doesn't require hospitalization. Some people feel muscle contractions in the scalp. Rarely, TMS causes headaches or dizziness. But no evidence suggests that it affects the memory, like electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) sometimes can. TMS could cause a seizure, but experts say that's very unlikely with a risk of about 1 in a thousand people.
Question: What is the TNM system for lung cancer staging?
Answer: Lung cancer staging often uses the letters T, N, and M: T stands for your tumor's size and where it's located in your lungs or body. N stands for node involvement. This means whether or not your cancer has spread to your lymph nodes near your lungs. M stands for metastasis. This means whether or not your cancer has spread. Lung cancer can spread to your other lung or your liver, bones, brain, kidneys, adrenal glands, or other parts of your body. Your doctor can stage your tumor with these letters, and then be more specific with the numbers 0-4. She'll measure the size of your tumor in centimeters to give it a number. The higher the number, the more your tumor has grown or spread. She might also use X as a number. This means the tumor can't be measured or it's unclear how far it has spread.
Question: How is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) described?
Answer: Non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC) is a more common type of lung cancer than small cell. One way to describe NSCLC is by its clinical or pathologic stage. Your doctor might use imaging scans to tale pictures of the inside of your body to see what clinical stage it is in. In order to confirm the diagnosis, she may do a biopsy, in which she takes a small piece of tissue from the tumor and looks at it under a microscope.
Question: How is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) staged using the TNM system?
Answer: The most common way to stage your NSCLC tumor is by using the TNM system with the numbers X, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 after each letter. Number and letter combinations describe: Your tumor's width measured in centimeters, or if it's too tiny to be measured at all Where your tumor is located in your lung If there's more than one tumor in the same lung If your airways are partly blocked or clogged enough to cause a lung collapse or pneumonia If the tumor has spread to your lymph nodes or other organs Doctors may also use general stages for NSCLC. Yours may use the TNM system and numbers to stage your cancer in each of these: Occult stage: Cancer cells can be picked up in the mucus you cough up. Your tumor can't be seen on imaging scans or a biopsy. It's also called hidden cancer. Stage 0: Your tumor is very small. Cancer cells haven't spread into your deeper lung tissues or outside your lungs. Stage I: Cancer is in your lung tissues but not your lymph nodes. Stage II: The disease may have spread to your lymph nodes near your lungs. Stage III: It has spread further into your lymph nodes and the middle of your chest. Stage IV: Cancer has spread widely around your body. It may have spread to your brain, bones, or liver.
Question: What medicines are used to treat moderate to severe cancer pain?
Answer: Moderate to Severe Pain Narcotic pain relievers: These drugs include codeine, morphine ( Kadian, MS Contin), hydrocodone ( Hysingla, Lortab, Norco, Vicodin, Zohydro ER), hydromorphone ( Dilaudid, Exalgo), fentanyl ( Duragesic), oxycodone ( Oxy Contin), and tramadol. Narcotic pain relievers require a prescription and may be used along with mild pain relievers for moderate to severe pain.
Question: What causes cancer pain, and what do the symptoms depend on?
Answer: There are many causes of cancer pain, but often cancer pain occurs when a tumor presses on nerves or body organs or when cancer cells invade bones or body organs. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery also may cause pain. The symptoms of cancer pain vary from person to person. The amount of pain may depend on the type of cancer, the stage or extent of the disease, and the person's pain threshold (tolerance for pain). Pain can range from mild and occasional to severe and constant.
Question: When can I expect pain from my cancer, and whatâs the best way to control it?
Answer: The majority of people with cancer will experience pain at some time or another. The pain can result from the cancer itself, or from the cancer's treatment. In addition, some people who have been cured of their cancer can continue to suffer from pain. Cancer pain, or the discomfort that stems from cancer and its treatment, can be controlled most of the time. There are many different medicines and methods available to control cancer pain. People who have cancer and are feeling pain need to inform their doctor immediately. The earlier pain treatment is started, the more effective it may be.
Question: How can I make sure my partner is free of hepatitis before we have sex?
Answer: There is no surefire symptom or sign to indicate that someone has hepatitis. Some infected people look perfectly healthy even in advanced stages of illness. Experts recommend talking openly with sex partners about the risk of hepatitis and other sexually transmitted infections. Of course, if you notice that someone has yellowing of the skin or eyes (a condition known as jaundice), consider that a red flag. Other symptoms of hepatitis include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint or abdominal pain, and clay-colored bowel movements.
Question: Can you get hepatitis through kissing?
Answer: Catching hepatitis by kissing an infected person is unlikely -- although deep kissing that involves the exchange of large amounts of saliva might result in HBV, especially if there are cuts or abrasions in the mouth of the infected person.
Question: How effective are condoms at stopping hepatitis transmission?
Answer: Latex condoms are believed to be at least 99% effective. Unless you're in a mutually monogamous relationship, it's best to use a condom in every sexual encounter. Some experts recommend sticking with a plain condom. Flavored or scented condoms may be more likely to fail. Don't use an oil-based lubricant, as it can degrade latex.
Question: How many types of hepatitis that lead to liver problems?
Answer: Scientists have identified at least five types of viral hepatitis that lead to liver problems. In the U. S., the main threats are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Can all types be spread by sexual contact?
Question: What are some sex acts that are more likely to transmit hepatitis?
Answer: Any sexual activity that might cause abrasions, cuts, or other trauma is especially risky. Anal sex is thought to be more risky than vaginal sex. And both forms of sex are more risky than oral sex. Oral-anal contact is also risky. To minimize the risk of viral transmission, experts say that any sexually active person not in a mutually monogamous relationship should take precautions, such as placing a barrier, such as a condom, dental dam, female condom, and finger cots between you and another person's body fluids and blood in addition to getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Is it possible to catch hepatitis from kissing?
Question: How is hepatitis C (HCV) commonly transmitted?
Answer: But the liver-destroying disease can also sometimes be spread through sexual contact. Hepatitis C ( HCV) is spread through contact with an infected person's blood -- which may be present because of genital sores or cuts or menstruation.
Question: What are lysosomal storage disorders?
Answer: Lysosomal storage disorders are a group of more than 50 rare diseases. They affect the lysosome -- a structure in your cells that breaks down substances such as proteins, carbohydrates, and old cell parts so the body can recycle them. People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Without those enzymes, the lysosome isn't able to break down these substances. When that happens, they build up in cells and become toxic. They can damage cells and organs in the body.
Question: What is metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD)?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Symptoms start in the first few months of life and include: Muscle weakness Stiff limbs Trouble walking Vision and hearing loss Muscle spasms Seizures Metachromatic leukodystrophy ( MLD): You can get MLD if you don't have the enzyme arylsulfatase A. It normally breaks down a group of fats called sulfatides. Without the enzyme, these fats build up in white matter -- the part of the brain that contains nerve fibers. MLD comes in different forms. Symptoms can include: Loss of feeling in the hands and feet Seizures Trouble walking and talking Vision and hearing loss Mucopolysaccharidosis ( MPS): This a group of diseases that affects enzymes that break down certain carbohydrates.
Question: How are lysosomal storage disorders diagnosed?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Other symptoms include: A red spot in the back of the eye Vision and hearing loss Seizures Most lysosomal storage disorders are passed down from parents to their children. Usually, a child has to inherit the faulty gene from both parents. Your doctor can test for these disorders in your baby during pregnancy. If you have a child with symptoms, blood tests can look for the enzyme that's missing.
Question: What is mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Symptoms can include: Loss of feeling in the hands and feet Seizures Trouble walking and talking Vision and hearing loss Mucopolysaccharidosis ( MPS): This a group of diseases that affects enzymes that break down certain carbohydrates. The unbroken carbohydrates build up in many different organs. Symptoms of MPS affect many parts of the body and can include: Short height Stiff joints Trouble speaking and hearing Ongoing runny nose Learning problems Heart issues Joint problems Trouble breathing Depression Niemann- Pick disease: This is a group of disorders.
Question: How does Tay-Sachs disease affect the lysosome?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Symptoms include: Severe muscle weakness Poor muscle tone Lack of growth and weight gain in infants An enlarged heart, liver, or tongue Tay- Sachs disease: This is caused by a lack of the enzyme hexosaminidases A ( Hex- A). This enzyme breaks down a fatty substance called GM2 ganglioside in brain cells. Without it, the fat builds up in nerve cells and damages them. Babies with Tay- Sachs grow normally for the first few months of life. Then their development slows. They lose control over their muscles. It becomes harder for them to sit, crawl, and walk. Other symptoms include: A red spot in the back of the eye Vision and hearing loss Seizures Most lysosomal storage disorders are passed down from parents to their children.
Question: How do lysosomal storage disorders happen?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Other symptoms include: A red spot in the back of the eye Vision and hearing loss Seizures Most lysosomal storage disorders are passed down from parents to their children. Usually, a child has to inherit the faulty gene from both parents. If a child gets the gene from only one parent, he will be a carrier and won't show symptoms. Lysosomal storage diseases are rare, but some forms are more common in certain groups of people. For example, Gaucher and Tay- Sachs happen more often in people of European Jewish descent.
Question: How are lysosomal storage disorders treated?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Though there isn't a cure for lysosomal storage disorders, a few treatments can help. Enzyme replacement therapy delivers the missing enzyme through a vein ( IV). Substrate reduction therapy reduces the substance that is building up in the cells. For example, the drug miglustat ( Zavesca) treats one form of Gaucher disease. Stem cell transplant uses donated cells to help the body make the enzyme it's missing. Treatments to manage symptoms of the disease include: Medicine Surgery Physical therapy Dialysis (a treatment that removes toxic substances from the body)
Question: What is Krabbe disease?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). In general, symptoms include: Anemia (low red blood cell count) Enlarged spleen and liver Easy bleeding and bruising Tiredness Bone pain and fractures Joint pain Eye problems Seizures Krabbe disease: This affects the nervous system. This enzyme helps make and maintain myelin, the protective coating around nerve cells that helps nerves talk to each other. Symptoms start in the first few months of life and include: Muscle weakness Stiff limbs Trouble walking Vision and hearing loss Muscle spasms Seizures Metachromatic leukodystrophy ( MLD): You can get MLD if you don't have the enzyme arylsulfatase A.
Question: What is Gaucher disease?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). This enzyme breaks down a fat called glucocerebroside. Without GBA, the fat builds up in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Gaucher disease comes in three types, each with different symptoms. In general, symptoms include: Anemia (low red blood cell count) Enlarged spleen and liver Easy bleeding and bruising Tiredness Bone pain and fractures Joint pain Eye problems Seizures Krabbe disease: This affects the nervous system.
Question: What is Pompe disease?
Answer: People with these disorders are missing important enzymes (proteins that speed up reactions in the body). Symptoms of Niemann- Pick include: An enlarged liver and spleen Trouble moving your eyes up and down Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) Slow development Breathing problems Heart disease Pompe disease: It affects the enzyme alpha-glucosidase ( GAA). This enzyme breaks down the sugar glycogen into glucose. Without GAA, glycogen builds up in muscle cells and other cells. Symptoms include: Severe muscle weakness Poor muscle tone Lack of growth and weight gain in infants An enlarged heart, liver, or tongue Tay- Sachs disease: This is caused by a lack of the enzyme hexosaminidases A ( Hex- A).
Question: What antihistamine pills can children take for allergies?
Answer: Over-the-counter oral antihistamines include: Cetirizine ( Zyrtec) Diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) Fexofenadine ( Allegra) Loratadine ( Alavert, Claritin) Steroid nose sprays fight inflammation and help your child breathe better.
Question: How effective is singulair in treating my child's allergies?
Answer: It can also make his eyes itchy and watery. They reduce mucus, itching, and congestion. It eases congestion in the nose and also cuts down on sneezing, itching, and eye allergies. Prescription eyedrops can relieve and prevent itchy eyes.
Question: Can antihistamines help my child's allergies?
Answer: That's what makes his nose stuffy or runny. It can also make his eyes itchy and watery. Like their name suggests, they block the effect of histamine. Things to Know: Some are short-acting and are taken every 4 to 6 hours. Longer-acting timed-release ones are taken every 12 to 24 hours. Some medicines combine an antihistamine and a decongestant. Ask your pediatrician whether you should give your child allergy medicine: Before bed. Your doctor may want him to keep taking antihistamines and other allergy drugs until the nose spray kicks in, usually in a week or two.
Question: When is the best time to give children allergy medicine?
Answer: Most experts say you should take these meds before symptoms start in order to keep them at bay. Ask your pediatrician whether you should give your child allergy medicine: Before bed. Allergy symptoms are often worse between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m. If your child is allergic to pollen, you may want to start an antihistamine before pollen season, for 3 to 10 days. All the time.
Question: Can children use eyedrops for allergies?
Answer: Examples of prescription-strength ones include: Azelastine ( Astelin, Astepro) nasal sprays Desloratadine ( Clarinex) Hydroxyzine ( Atarax, Vistaril) Most eyedrops are recommended only for children over 3. Common prescription ones include: Azelastine ( Optivar) eyedrops Olopatadine HCL ( Pataday, Patanol) An over-the-counter eyedrop option is ketotifen fumarate ( Zaditor). Over-the-counter oral antihistamines include: Cetirizine ( Zyrtec) Diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) Fexofenadine ( Allegra) Loratadine ( Alavert, Claritin) Steroid nose sprays fight inflammation and help your child breathe better. Prescription eyedrops can relieve and prevent itchy eyes. Your child may need to use them every day.
Question: Can children use steroid nose sprays for allergies?
Answer: Over-the-counter oral antihistamines include: Cetirizine ( Zyrtec) Diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) Fexofenadine ( Allegra) Loratadine ( Alavert, Claritin) Steroid nose sprays fight inflammation and help your child breathe better. They can be liquids or aerosol puffs, and they're used once or more a day. For best results: Make sure your child sprays the medication away from the septum, the thin wall between the nostrils. If his nose has thick mucus, clear it first with a spray saline solution or have him blow his nose. Your doctor may want him to keep taking antihistamines and other allergy drugs until the nose spray kicks in, usually in a week or two.
Question: What are symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome?
Answer: after usual physical or mental activity Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep Along with the three symptoms, you must have one of these for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome: Problems with thinking and memory Worsening of symptoms while standing or sitting upright ; you might feel lightheaded, dizzy or weak, and you may have blurred vision or see spots.
Question: What are less common symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome?
Answer: after usual physical or mental activity Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep Along with the three symptoms, you must have one of these for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome: Problems with thinking and memory Worsening of symptoms while standing or sitting upright ; you might feel lightheaded, dizzy or weak, and you may have blurred vision or see spots.
Question: Are ear infections reversible?
Answer: If you have one, you may notice mild hearing loss, as if you were wearing earplugs. An infection usually happens when fluid gets stuck in your middle ear. That's because the fluid makes it easier for bacteria to grow. Viruses can also cause hearing loss. Some ear infections get better on their own. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat it. If you or someone you know gets these infections often, ear tubes -- small cylinders that keep the middle ear open -- can treat them, especially in children.
Question: Is sudden sensorineural hearing loss reversible?
Answer: This happens when you lose all or part of your hearing (usually in just one ear) all at once or over a few days. About half of people with the condition regain their hearing on their own, but sometimes it doesn't come back completely. It usually gets better in a week or two. It is critical to see an ear, nose and throat ( ENT) specialist when this happens so treatment can begin right away. This type of hearing loss can be treated with corticosteroid pills or shots.
Question: Can my hearing loss be reversed?
Answer: You may first pick up on it if you have trouble hearing someone on the phone or if you have to ask people to repeat what they say. But there are ways to work around age-related hearing loss, like hearing aids.
Question: Is age-related hearing loss reversible?
Answer: Some forms of hearing loss aren't reversible, but many are. That'll make it hard for you to hear. If you have one, you may notice mild hearing loss, as if you were wearing earplugs. Viruses can also cause hearing loss.
Question: Is earwax buildup reversible?
Answer: If you use cotton swabs to clean them, you may be pushing the wax in deeper. This can make it gather and get stuck. That'll make it hard for you to hear. It's not hard to treat that buildup and get your hearing back. Home treatments work well in most cases. Put a few drops of mineral oil or baby oil in the ear to help wax work its way out. You can also buy drops at the drugstore that soften ear wax. See a doctor if home treatments don't work or if you have diabetes. He can remove the wax safely with medical tools. Some ear infections get better on their own.
Question: What other disorders are tied to bipolar disorder?
Answer: Typically, these are alcohol and drug abuse, an anxiety disorder, an eating disorder, or a personality disorder. An estimated 60% of all people with bipolar disorder have drug or alcohol problems. Drug abuse can mimic the symptoms of depression or mania, making it important to treat substance abuse problems in order to make an accurate diagnosis of bipolar or other mood disorders.
Question: How does sleep help with bipolar disorder?
Answer: A key part of adapting is to understand the types of stressors that might increase the risk for manic or depressive episodes and the lifestyle changes that can reduce them. Maintain a regular sleep pattern. Go to bed and wake up around the same times each day.
Question: Will a support group help treat bipolar disorder?
Answer: You may feel less isolated as a result. Family members and friends may also benefit from a support group. They can gain a better understanding of the illness, share their concerns, and learn how to best support loved ones with bipolar disorder.