anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How do bowel habits vary related to constipation?
Answer: Bowel habits tend to vary with age and circumstances. Bottle-fed babies, for example, tend to have firmer stools and more bouts of constipation than breast-fed babies. Some children become constipated when they start school or other activities, because they are embarrassed to ask permission to use the toilet. Toddlers often become constipated during toilet training if he or she is unwilling or afraid to use the toilet. Being sensitive to pain, children may avoid the toilet if they have minor splits or tears in the anus from straining or other irritations. Kids can also become constipated from consuming certain foods, such as dairy products. Older people, especially those who are more sedentary, tend to develop constipation more often.
Question: What medications can cause constipation?
Answer: Medications that can cause constipation include narcotics, diuretics, iron supplements, antacids, and drugs for blood pressure, seizures, and depression.
Question: What is constipation?
Answer: As fecal material sits in the colon, the harder the stool becomes and the more difficult it is to pass. A normal stool should not be either unusually hard or soft, and you shouldn't have to strain unreasonably to pass it. Bowel habits tend to vary with age and circumstances.
Question: When is medication needed to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
Answer: Daily medication is usually recommended only for people who have symptoms of restless legs syndrome at least three nights a week, or as determined by your doctor. Keep in mind that drugs used to treat primary RLS do not cure the condition, but only relieve symptoms. People whose RLS symptoms occur sporadically may be prescribed medication to take only when they have symptoms.
Question: What are the first steps in treating restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The first line of defense against restless legs syndrome is to avoid substances or foods that may be causing or worsening the problem. Stay away from alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. This may help relieve your symptoms. In addition, review all medications you are taking with your doctor to determine if any of these drugs could be causing the problem. Any underlying medical conditions, such as anemia, diabetes, nutritional deficiencies, kidney disease, thyroid disease, varicose veins, or Parkinson's disease, should be treated. Dietary supplements to correct vitamin or mineral deficiency may be recommended. For some people, these treatments are all that is needed to relieve RLS symptoms. You may also benefit from physical therapy and self-care treatments, such as stretching, taking hot or cold baths, whirlpool baths, applying hot or cold packs to the affected area, limb massage, or vibratory or electrical stimulation of the feet and toes before bedtime. Exercise and relaxation techniques also may be helpful.
Question: What medications do doctors use to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
Answer: The following medications are the most widely prescribed to treat RLS. They may be given alone or, in certain cases, in combination. Your doctor will prescribe the best treatment plan for you. Dopamine agonists: These are most often the first medicines used to treat RLS. These drugs, including pramipexole ( Mirapex), rotigotine ( Neupro), and ropinirole ( Requip), act like the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. Side effects include daytime sleepiness, nausea, and lightheadedness. Dopaminergic agents: These drugs, including Sinemet -- a combination of levodopa and carbidopa -- increase the level of dopamine in the brain and may improve leg sensations in RLS. However, they may cause a worsening of symptoms for some people after daily use. Side effects can also include nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and involuntary movements (dyskinesias). Benzodiazepines: Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam ( Xanax), clonazepam ( Klonopin), and temazepam ( Restoril), are sedatives. They do not so much relieve symptoms as help you sleep through the symptoms. Opiates: These drugs are most often used to treat pain, but they can also relieve RLS symptoms. Because opiates are very addictive, they are usually used only when other drugs don't work. Hydrocodone ( Vicodin, Norco) is one example. Anticonvulsants: These agents, such as gabapentin ( Neurontin) and gabapentin enacarbil ( Horizant), may help relieve the symptoms of RLS as well as any chronic pain or nerve pain. Alpha2 agonists: These agents stimulate alpha2 receptors in the brain stem. This activates nerve cells (neurons) that "turn down" the part of the nervous system that controls muscle involuntary movements and sensations. The drug clonidine ( Catapres) is an example.
Question: What should I know about treating restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
Answer: There are no cures for primary restless legs syndrome, or RLS, although various treatments often can help relieve symptoms. Treatment for secondary restless legs syndrome ( RLS caused by another medical problem) involves treating the underlying cause.
Question: How do I know if I have a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?
Answer: Talk to your doctor. He or she can examine you and perform tests to determine if you have an STD.
Question: What are the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
Answer: Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina. Bleeding from the vagina other than during a monthly period. Don't have sex with someone whom you suspect may have an STD. Know the signs and symptoms of STDs.
Question: How can I avoid spreading a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?
Answer: He or she can examine you and perform tests to determine if you have an STD. Follow your doctor's instructions for treatment. Use condoms whenever you have sex, especially with new partners. Don't resume having sex unless your doctor says it's okay. Return to your doctor to get rechecked. Be sure your sex partner or partners also are treated.
Question: How can I protect myself from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
Answer: Here are some basic steps that you can take to protect yourself from STDs: Consider that not having sex or sexual relations (abstinence) is the only sure way to prevent STDs. Use a latex condom every time you have sex. Limit your number of sexual partners. This means having sex with only one person. Choose your sex partners with care. Get checked for STDs. Don't use alcohol or drugs before you have sex. You may be less likely to use a condom if you are drunk or high. Know the signs and symptoms of STDs.
Question: How are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) treated?
Answer: Treatment can: Cure many STDs Lessen the symptoms of STDs Make it less likely that you will spread the disease Help you to get healthy and stay healthy Many STDs are treated with antibiotics. If you are given an antibiotic to treat an STD, it's important that you take all of the drug, even if the symptoms go away. Some doctors, however, may provide additional antibiotics to be given to your partner so that you can be treated at the same time.
Question: What are the symptoms of heat rash?
Answer: Small, itchy red bumps on the skin are the symptoms of heat rash. The rash may feel prickly, stinging, or burning.
Question: What are side effects of HIV/AIDS drugs?
Answer: Effectiveness may be reduced if also taking ritonavir and Victrelis for hepatitis C. darunavir ( Prezista) Diarrhea, nausea, headache, skin rash Effectiveness may be reduced if also taking ritonavir and Victrelis for hepatitis C. fosamprenavir ( Lexiva) Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, numbness around mouth, abdominal pain lopinavir/ritonavir ( Kaletra) Diarrhea, fatigue, headache, nausea, weakness, rash, insomnia Effectiveness may be reduced if also taking Victrelis for hepatitis C. nelfinavir ( Viracept ) Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, weakness, rash, anemia, joint pain ritonavir ( Norvir âââ)ââââ Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, taste changes, headache, dizziness, rash tipranavir ( Aptivus) Elevated liver enzymes and cholesterol levels, diarrhea, rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, fatigue, headache Fusion Inhibitor ( FI) Common Side Effects Special Precautions enfuvirtide ( Fuzeon) Redness, itching, or hard lumps at injection site, insomnia, depression, diarrhea, nausea, weakness, muscle pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, flu-like symptoms Entry Inhibitor Common Side Effects Special Precautions maraviroc ( Selzentry) Cough, stomach pain, tiredness, dizziness when standing Integrase Inhibitors Common Side Effects Special Precautions raltegravir ( Isentress) Headache, nausea, dizziness, tiredness, insomnia dolutegravir ( Tivicay) Headaches, insomnia elvitegravirâââââââ ( Vitekta) Diarrhea, nausea, headache Here are examples of more severe HIV drug side effects: Lactic acidosis leads to high levels of acid in the blood, which can be fatal.
Question: What HIV/AIDS drugs cause lactic acidosis?
Answer: It can result from the use of NRTIs. Symptoms of lactic acidosis include: Long-lasting nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain Unusual fatigue Shortness of breath Rapid breathing Enlarged or tender liver Cold or blue hands and feet Abnormal heart beat Weight loss Treatment of lactic acidosis may include: Changing your drug regimen, but only under the guidance of your doctor Intravenous fluids, possibly in the hospital Vitamin supplements Hyperglycemia occurs with higher-than-usual levels of blood sugar, called glucose.
Question: What HIV/AIDS drugs cause skin rashes?
Answer: These side effects range from mild to life threatening. All classes of HIV drugs, including fusion inhibitors, may cause this side effect. Symptoms of severe rashes include: Flat or raised red spots with blisters in the center Blisters in the mouth, eyes, genitals, or other moist areas Peeling skin that causes painful sores Fever Headache Treatment of skin rashes includes: A change in medications, but only under the guidance of your doctor Antihistamine drugs Hospitalization and intravenous fluids and medications for severe skin rashes
Question: What causes my baby to vomit during eating?
Answer: Vomiting, when food comes up more forcefully, can have many causes -- an immature digestive system, infection, medication, and motion sickness, to name a few. Although vomiting usually gets better on its own, call the pediatrician if your baby appears dehydrated, has forceful vomiting or vomits for more than 24 hours, you see blood in the vomit, the child seems to be in pain, or he or she can't retain fluids. Forceful vomiting in infants may be caused by a physical condition called pyloric stenosis, which blocks food from moving into the intestines from the stomach. This condition, which commonly happens between the ages of 4 and 8 weeks, requires surgical correction.
Question: Why does my baby avoid eating new foods?
Answer: Avoiding New Foods Just about every child goes through a period of rejecting new foods. Fortunately, most children grow out of this phase, though it can sometimes take weeks, even months. Help your baby accept new foods more easily by making sure the new food looks similar to a familiar favorite, for example pureed carrots and pureed sweet potato, or mashed potatoes and mashed sweet potatoes. Then, starting with very small portions, gently offer the new food to your child three times during a meal. If she refuses, don't overreact; just move on to something you know she likes. Try offering the same food at another meal.
Question: Why is my baby a picky eater?
Answer: There are many reasons infants may be finicky about food. They may be teething, tired, not yet ready for solids, or just don't need as much food as you're feeding them. Familiar foods provide your baby comfort in stressful, busy times. Although picky eating may linger awhile, it rarely lasts.
Question: What should I do if my baby has issues eating?
Answer: First, relax. Although feeding hurdles are frustrating, if your baby is growing and developing normally, there's usually no reason to worry.
Question: Why does my baby refuse to eat food?
Answer: Refusing Food Babies refuse food for many reasons: They may be full, tired, distracted, or sick. Perhaps baby's feeding schedule just isn't your feeding schedule. Don't worry, a baby will always eat if he's hungry, so if your little one is swatting at the spoon, turning away, or clamping his mouth shut, he's telling you that he's had enough for now. Just make sure your baby is being fed healthy foods and junk foods are not filling him up earlier. Try to trust that your baby knows how much food he needs, and never force feed your child, which can turn feeding time into fighting time. That said, if a refusal to eat has you worried, always talk to your pediatrician.
Question: How can I manage my baby's reflux?
Answer: To help manage reflux, feed baby a little less or more slowly at each meal; change or loosen baby's diaper; keep her upright after feeding for at least 30 minutes (for example, sit her in a swing or car seat); limit active play after eating; raise the head of baby's bed by propping up the mattress (not by pillows or stuffed animals) under the child's head.
Question: How can I stop my baby from spitting food?
Answer: The good news is that spitting up tends to fade as babies reach their first birthday. You can reduce the chances of your baby spitting up by burping him regularly, avoiding overfeeding, keeping baby upright as you feed him, and avoiding playing with baby immediately after eating.
Question: When should I call the doctor about my baby's eating problem?
Answer: Baby feeding problems can be caused by many things, so it's always a good idea to talk to your child's health care provider if you're concerned, especially if your child is not growing appropriately or is not reaching his milestones. Call your child's pediatrician if your baby appears to be losing weight, is lethargic, seems to be dehydrated, has vomiting, gagging, or diarrhea that is persistent or related to certain foods, has abdominal pain, or simply if you have questions or concerns.
Question: What happens during an echocardiogram?
Answer: During an echocardiogram, you will be given a hospital gown to wear. You will be asked to remove your clothing from the waist up. A cardiac sonographer will place three electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) on your chest. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiograph monitor ( ECG or EKG) that charts your heart's electrical activity. The sonographer will ask you to lie on your left side on an exam table. He or she will place a wand (called a sound-wave transducer) on several areas of your chest. The wand will have a small amount of gel on the end, which will not harm your skin. The gel is used to help produce clearer pictures. Sounds are part of the Doppler signal. You may or may not hear the sounds during the test. You may be asked to change positions several times during the exam in order for the sonographer to take pictures of different areas of your heart. You may also be asked to hold your breath at times during the exam.
Question: What is a transthoracic echocardiogram?
Answer: Transthoracic echocardiogram: This is the standard echocardiogram. It is a painless test similar to X-ray, but without the radiation. The procedure uses the same technology used to evaluate a baby's health before birth. A hand-held device called a transducer is placed on the chest and transmits high frequency sound waves (ultrasound). These sound waves bounce off the heart structures, producing images and sounds that can be used by the doctor to detect heart damage and disease.
Question: Is an echocardiogram painful?
Answer: You should feel no major discomfort during the test, although you may feel coolness from the gel on the transducer and a slight pressure of the transducer on your chest.
Question: What is a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)?
Answer: Transesophageal echocardiogram ( TEE): This test requires that the transducer be inserted down the throat into the esophagus (the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). Because the esophagus is located close to the heart, clear images of the heart structures can be obtained without the interference of the lungs and chest.
Question: What medications should I avoid before a stress echocardiogram?
Answer: Do not take the following heart medications for 24 hours before your test unless your doctor tells you otherwise, or unless the medication is needed to treat chest discomfort: Beta-blockers (for example, Tenormin, Lopressor, Toprol, or Inderal) Isosorbide dinitrate (for example, Isordil, Sorbitrate) Isosorbide mononitrate (for example, Ismo, Indur, Monoket) Nitroglycerin (for example, Deponit, Nitrostat, Nitropatches) Your doctor may also ask you to stop taking other heart medications on the day of your test. If you have any questions about your medications, ask your doctor. Do not discontinue any medication without first talking with your doctor. If you use an inhaler for your breathing, please bring it with you.
Question: Why do I need an echocardiogram?
Answer: Your doctor may perform an echocardiogram to: Assess the overall function of your heart Determine the presence of many types of heart disease Follow the progress of heart valve disease over time Evaluate the effectiveness of medical or surgical treatments There are several types of echocardiograms.
Question: What should I do to prepare for a stress echocardiogram?
Answer: If you are scheduled for a dobutamine stress echo AND you have a pacemaker, please contact your doctor for specific instructions. Your device may need to be checked before the test. On the day of the stress echocardiogram, do not eat or drink anything except water for four hours before the test. Do not drink or eat caffeinated products (cola, chocolate, coffee, tea) for 24 hours before the test. Caffeine will interfere with the results of your test. Do not take any over-the-counter medications that contain caffeine for 24 hours before the test. Ask your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse if you have questions about medications that may contain caffeine.
Question: What is an echocardiogram?
Answer: The test is used to evaluate your heart and valve function when you are unable to exercise on a treadmill or stationary bike.
Question: What is a stress echocardiogram?
Answer: Stress echocardiogram: This is an echocardiogram that is performed while the person exercises on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. This test can be used to visualize the motion of the heart's walls and pumping action when the heart is stressed. It may reveal a lack of blood flow that isn't always apparent on other heart tests. The echocardiogram is performed just prior and just after the exercise.
Question: What is an intravascular ultrasound?
Answer: Intravascular ultrasound: This is an ultrasound performed during cardiac catheterization. During this procedure, the transducer is threaded into the heart blood vessels via a catheter in the groin. It is often used to provide detailed information about the atherosclerosis (blockage) inside the blood vessels.
Question: What happens during the transesophageal echocardiogram?
Answer: Before the transesophageal echocardiogram, you will be asked to remove dentures. An intravenous line ( IV) will be inserted into a vein in your arm or hand so that medications can be delivered during the test. A technician will gently rub three small areas on your chest and place electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) on these areas. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiograph monitor ( ECG or EKG) that charts your heart's electrical activity during the test. A blood pressure cuff will be placed on your arm to monitor your blood pressure during the test. A small clip, attached to a pulse oximeter, will be placed on your finger to monitor the oxygen level of your blood during the test. A mild sedative (medicine to help you relax) will be given through your IV. Because of the sedative, you may not be entirely awake for the test. An ultrasound probe (viewing instrument) will be inserted into your mouth, down your throat, and into your esophagus. This won't affect your breathing. You may be asked to swallow at certain times to help the ultrasound probe pass into your esophagus. This part of the test lasts a few seconds and may be uncomfortable. Once the probe is positioned, pictures of the heart are obtained at various angles. You will not feel this part of the test.
Question: How should I prepare for the echocardiogram?
Answer: On the day of the echocardiogram, eat and drink as you normally would. Take all of your medications at the usual times, as prescribed by your doctor.
Question: What is a dobutamine stress echocardiogram?
Answer: Dobutamine stress echocardiogram: This is another form of stress echocardiogram. However, instead of exercising to stress the heart, the stress is obtained by giving a drug that stimulates the heart and makes it "think" it is exercising. The test is used to evaluate your heart and valve function when you are unable to exercise on a treadmill or stationary bike. It is also used to determine how well your heart tolerates activity and your likelihood of having coronary artery disease (blocked arteries), and evaluates the effectiveness of your cardiac treatment plan.
Question: How long does a stress echocardiogram take?
Answer: The appointment will take about 60 minutes. The actual infusion time is usually about 15 minutes. After the test, plan to stay in the waiting room until all of the symptoms you may have experienced during the test have passed. Your doctor will discuss the test results with you.
Question: What happens during a stress echocardiogram?
Answer: When getting a dobutamine-induced stress test, a technician will place electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) on your chest. The technician will perform a resting echocardiogram, measure your resting heart rate, and take your blood pressure. The doctor or nurse will administer the dobutamine into the IV while the technician continues to obtain echo images. The medication will cause your heart to react as if you were exercising: your heart rate will rise and you may feel it beating more strongly. It may cause a warm, flushing feeling and in some cases, a mild headache. At regular intervals, the lab personnel will ask how you are feeling. Please tell them if you feel chest, arm, or jaw pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness, or any other unusual symptoms. The lab personnel will watch for any changes on the ECG monitor that suggest the test should be stopped. The IV will be removed from your arm once all of the medication has entered your bloodstream. An intravenous line ( IV) will be inserted into a vein in your arm or hand so that medications can be delivered during the test. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiograph monitor ( ECG or EKG) that charts your heart's electrical activity during the test.
Question: What should I do to prepare for a transesophageal echocardiogram?
Answer: If you have any questions about your medications, ask your doctor. On the day of a transesophageal echocardiogram, do not eat or drink anything for six hours before the test. Take all of your medications at the usual times, as prescribed by your doctor. If you must take medication before the test, take it with a small sip of water. If you have diabetes and take medication or insulin to manage your blood sugar, please ask your doctor or the testing center for specific guidelines about taking your diabetes medications before the test. Someone should come with you to your appointment to take you home, as you should not drive until the day after the test. The sedation given during the test causes drowsiness, dizziness, and impairs your judgment, making it unsafe for you to drive or operate machinery.
Question: How long does an echocardiogram take?
Answer: Your doctor will discuss the test results with you. The appointment will take about 60 minutes. You should not eat or drink until the anesthetic wears off -- about an hour after the test.