anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How can diabetes affect my feet?
Answer: Shoes and Diabetes: What's on Your Feet Matters When you have diabetes, you need to take special care of your feet. That's why it's important to check your feet daily and choose your shoes wisely. Wear well-fitting, comfortable shoes to help keep small foot problems -- like a corn, blister, or a callus -- from turning into severe ones.
Question: If I have diabetes, how many pairs of shoes should I have?
Answer: Buy at least two pairs with good support. Each pair will likely have different pressure points on your feet, so change your shoes daily. Your shoes will also get to dry and air out when you don't wear them every day.
Question: If I have diabetes, can I wear slip-on shoes?
Answer: Consider laced shoes instead of slip-ons. They often provide better support and a better fit.
Question: If I have diabetes, when is the best time of day to try on shoes?
Answer: About 6 out of 10 people with diabetes wear the wrong-size shoes, a study at the University of Dundee in the United Kingdom shows. Your feet are more likely to be a little swollen. If shoes are comfortable when your feet are swollen, they should feel fine the rest of the time, too.
Question: If I have diabetes, can I wear high heels?
Answer: If you have nerve damage, you might not realize that area is sore or getting calluses. High heels can also cause balance issues, especially if you have nerve damage. Straps can put pressure on parts of your foot, leading to sores and blisters.
Question: What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine cell cancers?
Answer: In pancreatic cancer, the organ's cells grow abnormally. About 95% of pancreatic cancers are exocrine cell cancers, called adenocarcinoma. These cancers usually originate in the head of the pancreas. Endocrine cell cancers -- or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors -- are slower growing tumors with a different prognosis and treatment than pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Question: What are uncontrollable risk factors for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Others with an increased risk include: African- American males Those with a history of chronic pancreatitis Those with a family history of pancreatic cancer Other hereditary diseases associated with pancreatic cancer include familial breast cancer, familial melanoma syndrome, Peutz- Jeghers syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, and hereditary pancreatitis.
Question: What are the main risk factors for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Aside from advanced age, smoking is the main risk factor for pancreatic cancer; a smoker is twice as likely as a nonsmoker to get the disease. People frequently exposed to certain chemical carcinogens may also be at increased risk. Excessive dietary fat and protein as well as low fiber intake may promote the disease. High body mass index (a measure of obesity), increased height, and a low level of physical activity increases the risk as well. Pancreatic cancer is more common in people with diabetes but the link is not fully understood.
Question: What cells are in the pancreas?
Answer: The organ has special cells called endocrine cells that make hormones and are clustered together in groups called islets that are found mostly in the tail and body sections of the gland. The pancreas also has exocrine cells, another type of specialized cell, which represent 95% of the cells in the pancreas. They are spread throughout the gland and perform the digestive functions.
Question: What is the pancreas?
Answer: It is about six inches long and less than 2 inches wide. It has two big manufacturing jobs in the body: It makes digestive juices that help the intestines break down food. The pancreas is divided into three sections: the head, the body, and the tail. These cancers usually originate in the head of the pancreas.
Question: What problems might caused by melatonin supplements taken with some medicines?
Answer: Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.
Question: How well does melatonin work?
Answer: Some studies say it could help with jet lag and some sleep issues like delayed sleep phase disorder, shift work disorder, and some sleep disorders with children. Other research shows it may let people with insomnia fall asleep slightly faster. It may also help you sleep better through the night, but not necessarily longer. Still more studies have shown that melatonin doesn't help sleep problems at all. There's also not enough research to say it helps with any issues not related to sleep.
Question: What are side effects of melatonin?
Answer: Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.
Question: Why should you talk to your doctor first before taking melatonin supplements?
Answer: Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.
Question: Why do people take melatonin?
Answer: People use melatonin when they have insomnia -- trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. They also take it for other sleep problems. That's the tired, run-down feeling some get when they're traveling across time zones. Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.
Question: How can surgery treat kidney stones?
Answer: Surgery: Another way doctors can get rid of a kidney stone is to cut a small hole in your back and through your kidney in order to remove the stone. If this procedure is done, you could have to stay in the hospital for several days.
Question: How can ureteroscopy treat  kidney stones?
Answer: Your doctor uses a thin, flexible scope to find and remove stones. No cuts are made in your skin. You'll sleep through this procedure. Your doctor will pass the scope through your bladder and ureter into your kidney. She uses a small basket to remove small stones. If the stones are larger, the doctor will pass a laser through the scope to break them up. Typically, you are able to go home on the same day.
Question: How can shock wave lithotripsy treat kidney stones?
Answer: It uses shock waves, which can blast the stone into little pieces. Then, the smaller pieces can more easily be passed in your urine. The treatment takes about an hour, and you can usually go home about an hour later. This treatment doesn't involve any surgical cuts, but there's still some pain. Your doctor will talk over your options with you: sedation, local anesthesia (you're given something to numb the pain but stay awake), general anesthesia (you're not awake during the procedure).
Question: Which foods should I stay away from if I've had kidney stones?
Answer: Avoid certain foods and soft drinks: If you have already had at least one kidney stone, it's a good idea to limit the animal protein you eat each day to a piece about the size of a deck of cards. Some foods, such as eggs, spinach, beets, chocolate, and nuts, as well as colas, have been linked to kidney stones.
Question: What type of kidney stones are struvite stones?
Answer: Struvite stones: Infections, especially in the urinary tract, can cause you to have this kind of stone.
Question: When should I call my doctor about kidney stones?
Answer: They include: Pain in your side or back, below the ribs, which is severe Pain in your groin and lower abdomen Pain that comes and goes and ranges in severity Painful urination and going more often than you usually do Urine that is cloudy, pink, red, or brown, or that has a bad smell Feeling like you need to pee all the time Fever and chills if you have an infection Small amounts of urine when you do go If you are in really bad pain, you probably want to see a doctor. Other signs you should quickly seek medical care include: Being sick to your stomach and throwing up, while in pain Being feverish and cold off and on, while in pain Having bloody urine or a hard time going How does your doctor know if you really do have a kidney stone?
Question: What can cause kidney stones?
Answer: Similarly, if you don't have enough urine in your body to water down the high concentration of minerals, stones can form. Other things that can make you more likely to get kidney stones include: diet diarrhea (which can dehydrate you) obesity certain medical conditions and medications a family history of kidney stones.
Question: What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Answer: Even if you have a kidney stone, you may not have any symptoms -- that is, until the stone goes on the move. They include: Pain in your side or back, below the ribs, which is severe Pain in your groin and lower abdomen Pain that comes and goes and ranges in severity Painful urination and going more often than you usually do Urine that is cloudy, pink, red, or brown, or that has a bad smell Feeling like you need to pee all the time Fever and chills if you have an infection Small amounts of urine when you do go If you are in really bad pain, you probably want to see a doctor. And that can cause stones to form.
Question: What are kidney stones?
Answer: Kidney stones are small -- usually between the size of a kernel of corn and a grain of salt. When your body has too much of certain minerals, and at the same time doesn't have enough liquid, these pebble-like objects can form. Both men and women can get kidney stones, but men's chances of getting them are about double that of women's. If your stone is bigger or you can't pass it, you might be in a fair amount of pain. Some of that liquid can be orange juice, lemonade, or limeade.
Question: What type of kidney stones are cystine stones?
Answer: Once you get a cystine stone, there is a chance that you may have one again. You inherit the possibility of getting them from your parents, both of whom would have to have the same type of genetic mutation. These include: Shock wave lithotripsy: This is the most common procedure for kidney stones in the United States.
Question: How much water do you need to drink each day to prevent kidney stones?
Answer: Once you get a cystine stone, there is a chance that you may have one again. To stop this from happening, try the following: Drink plenty of water: You should drink at least 64 ounces of water each day. Some of that liquid can be orange juice, lemonade, or limeade. But not taking in enough calcium can boost the level of the oxalates in your urine.
Question: How can drinking and eating enough calcium help prevent kidney stones?
Answer: Your doctor may want you to save the stone so it can be tested. Drink and eat enough calcium: This preventive step might sound a little confusing, as doctors will tell you that high calcium levels (because of too much sodium) in your urine can cause a stone. But not taking in enough calcium can boost the level of the oxalates in your urine. And oxalates can cause kidney stones. It's best to get your calcium from foods and beverages rather than supplements.
Question: What type of kidney stones are uric acid stones?
Answer: You could get this kind if you typically don't drink enough water or if you sweat a lot and don't replace the fluids you lose. Uric acid stones: Eating large amounts of animal proteins can cause uric acid to build up in the urine and eventually form a stone either with or without calcium. And that can cause stones to form.
Question: What type of kidney stones are calcium stones?
Answer: They include: Calcium stones: These are the most common ones. Even just eating some foods very high in oxalates, such as rhubarb, or taking unusually high levels of Vitamin D, can boost your chances of getting this type. But not taking in enough calcium can boost the level of the oxalates in your urine.
Question: How is Riluzole used to treat depression?
Answer: Riluzole: This medicine, originally used to treat motor neuron disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease), has been shown also to affect neurotransmitters involved in depression, and in early studies has begun to show promise in treating depression that is unresponsive to more traditional medicines.
Question: What is the outlook for depression?
Answer: The outlook for depressed people who seek treatment is very promising. By working with a qualified and experienced mental health care professional, you can regain control of your life.
Question: What alternative therapies are available for mild depression?
Answer: In addition, alternative therapies such as yoga and hypnosis sometimes work for mild depression.
Question: Can depression return if you stop treatment?
Answer: Even when treatment such as ECT, TMS, vagus nerve stimulation, or other alternative therapies is successful, depression can return. Psychotherapy and/or maintenance antidepressant medication can help prevent depression from coming back. Psychotherapy does this by correcting the beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors that contribute to your depression. If you do experience recurring symptoms, don't hesitate to seek help again.
Question: When is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used to treat depression?
Answer: Or it might be used when patients pose a severe threat to themselves or others and it is too dangerous to wait until medications take effect.
Question: How is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) performed?
Answer: Prior to ECT treatment, a patient is given a muscle relaxant and is put to sleep with a general anesthesia. Electrodes are placed on the patient's scalp and a finely controlled electric current is applied. This current causes a brief seizure in the brain. Because the muscles are relaxed, the visible effects of the seizure will usually be limited to slight movement of the hands and feet. Patients are carefully monitored during the treatment. The patient awakens minutes later, does not remember the treatment or events surrounding it, and is often confused. The confusion typically lasts for only a short period of time. ECT is usually given up to three times a week for a total of two to four weeks.
Question: What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
Answer: ECT is among the safest and most effective treatments available for depression. With ECT, electrodes are placed on the patient's scalp and a finely controlled electric current is applied while the patient is under general anesthesia. The current causes a brief seizure in the brain. ECT is one of the fastest ways to relieve symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients. It's also very effective for patients who suffer from mania or a number of other mental illnesses.
Question: What are some misunderstandings about using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat depression?
Answer: Although ECT has been used since the 1940s and 1950s, it remains misunderstood by the general public. Many of the procedure's risks and side effects are related to the misuse of equipment, incorrect administration, or improperly trained staff. It is also a misconception that ECT is used as a "quick fix" in place of long-term therapy or hospitalization. Nor is it correct to believe that the patient is painfully "shocked" out of the depression. Unfavorable news reports and media coverage have contributed to the controversy surrounding this treatment.
Question: How does vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) work to treat depression?
Answer: Vagus nerve stimulation ( VNS) is another treatment for depression that uses a surgically implanted pacemaker-like device that electrically stimulates a nerve that runs up the neck into the brain. The nerve is called the vagus nerve.
Question: What alternative treatments are used to treat depression?
Answer: Alternative treatments can sometimes provide relief that traditional Western medicine cannot. While some alternative therapies have become accepted as part of modern health care practice, others still have not been proven safe or effective. Whether or not they are scientifically proven, alternative therapies, by providing forms of relaxation and relief from stress, may have a place in healing and general health and well-being. Examples of alternative therapies include acupuncture, guided imagery, chiropractic treatments, yoga, hypnosis, biofeedback, aromatherapy, relaxation, herbal remedies, and massage. In general, alternative therapies by themselves are reasonable to use for mild but not more severe forms of clinical depression.
Question: What is vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)?
Answer: The nerve is called the vagus nerve. It's also very effective for patients who suffer from mania or a number of other mental illnesses. How VNS works: The small stimulator is implanted under the skin of the collarbone and runs under the skin to the vagus nerve in the neck. The device emits electrical pulses to stimulate the brain.
Question: When should I get help for my oral (mouth) piercing?
Answer: You can expect short-term symptoms like pain, swelling, and extra saliva. Watch out for signs of infection such as: Redness Swelling Lots of Bleeding Discharge A Bad Smell Rash Fever If you have any of these, see a healthcare provider. Also, get help if you just feel that something isn't right.
Question: Who shouldnât get an oral (mouth) piercing?
Answer: Make you drool Make it hard for your dentist to take an X-ray of your teeth Lead to serious health problems, like gum disease, uncontrolled bleeding, long-term infection, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C Lead to an allergic reaction to the metal in the jewelry Because of these risks, the American Dental Association warns against oral piercings. And you especially shouldn't get one if you have a job or do things that would make it more likely to cause you trouble. People with certain conditions that might make it hard for the piercing to heal are particularly at risk for health problems. Those include heart disease, diabetes, hemophilia, and autoimmune diseases.
Question: How should I handle my mouth jewelry after my tongue piercing has healed?
Answer: After your tongue has healed, take the jewelry out every night and brush it like you brush your teeth. You might want to take it out before you go to sleep or do anything active.
Question: What should I do with the jewelry in my mouth while my oral piercing heals?
Answer: Not kiss anyone while you heal (avoid contact with someone else's saliva) Not share cups, plates, forks, knives, or spoons Eat small bites of healthy food Not eat spicy, salty, or acidic foods and drinks Not have hot drinks, like coffee, tea, or hot chocolate While it heals, you should be able to remove the jewelry for short periods of time without the hole closing. If you get a tongue piercing, the piercer will start with a larger "barbell" to give your tongue room to heal as it swells. After the swelling goes down, dentists recommend you replace the large barbell with a smaller one that's less likely to bother your teeth.
Question: Whatâs an oral (mouth) piercing?
Answer: The shop doesn't use a piercing gun The needle is new and has never been used The needle is placed in a sealed container after it's used Jewelry is made of surgical steel, solid gold, or platinum Once you leave the shop, you'll need to make sure your piercing heals and doesn't get infected.
Question: How do I take care of my oral (mouth) piercing?
Answer: Healing usually takes 3 to 4 weeks. During that time, you should: Rinse your tongue or lip piercing after every meal or snack and before bed. Use warm salt water or an antibacterial, alcohol-free mouthwash. Not kiss anyone while you heal (avoid contact with someone else's saliva) Not share cups, plates, forks, knives, or spoons Eat small bites of healthy food Not eat spicy, salty, or acidic foods and drinks Not have hot drinks, like coffee, tea, or hot chocolate While it heals, you should be able to remove the jewelry for short periods of time without the hole closing.
Question: What things can go wrong with an oral (mouth) piercing?
Answer: An oral (mouth) piercing is a small hole in your tongue, lip, cheek, or uvula (the tiny tissue at the back of your throat) so you can wear jewelry. Mouth piercings also may: Make it hard to speak, chew, or swallow Damage your tongue, gums, or fillings. Make you drool Make it hard for your dentist to take an X-ray of your teeth Lead to serious health problems, like gum disease, uncontrolled bleeding, long-term infection, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C Lead to an allergic reaction to the metal in the jewelry Because of these risks, the American Dental Association warns against oral piercings.
Question: How can I make sure that I get a safe oral (mouth) piecing?
Answer: If you've decided to get an oral piercing, make sure you're up to date on vaccines for hepatitis B and tetanus. You'll want to make sure that: The piercer is happy to answer your questions The people who work in the shop have been vaccinated against Hepatitis B ( It's fine to ask.) The shop doesn't use a piercing gun The needle is new and has never been used The needle is placed in a sealed container after it's used Jewelry is made of surgical steel, solid gold, or platinum Once you leave the shop, you'll need to make sure your piercing heals and doesn't get infected.
Question: How is permanent (chronic) atrial fibrillation treated?
Answer: This can't be corrected by treatments. If you have this type, you and your doctor will decide if you need long-term medication to control your heart rate and lower your odds of having a stroke.