anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What medications could glucosamine sulfate interfere with?
Answer: There are reports that glucosamine may also reduce the effectiveness of certain drugs. So use caution when taking glucosamine if you take: acetaminophen ( Tylenol) Certain chemotherapy drugs, including doxorubicin ( Adriamycin, Rubex), etoposide ( Etopiside), and teniposide ( Vumon) Diabetes drugs, including glimepiride ( Amaryl), glyburide ( Dia Beta), insulin ( Novo Log), pioglitazone ( Actos), and rosiglitazone ( Avandia) Talk to your doctor before using this supplement if you are allergic to shellfish.
Question: How can you take care of yourself when you have non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: Look for creative ways to adjust to your shifting sleep patterns. Think about what's important to you and how you can make positive changes in your life. For instance, you may need to ask your boss for flexible working hours. If you're a student, consider taking classes online or viewing lectures on video. Ask your school about getting a flexible exam schedule or taking a lighter course load. Keep in mind that Non-24 is considered a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Schools and employers must make reasonable accommodations for you, such as part-time or altered schedules.
Question: How effective is the treatment for non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: Treatment success varies from person to person. One survey found that a combination of therapies brought "moderate" or "marked" improvement in 31% of people. If you still have some symptoms after treatment, get help from your doctor and family members about managing your lifestyle to fit your changing sleep-wake cycle. You may need advice from a mental health professional to help you work through the challenges of a shifting schedule.
Question: What are symptoms of non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: Other causes include: Developmental brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorder Brain damage from head injury or tumors When you have Non-24 you feel sleepy during the day and have trouble falling asleep at night. Since your sleep schedule moves around the clock, you may feel normal for days and weeks at a time. But as your bedtime pattern shifts, you'll go back to having problems in getting to sleep at night.
Question: How can medications help with treating non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: This is a hormone that controls the sleep-wake cycle.
Question: How can phototherapy help with treating non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: You are exposed to bright light early in the morning from a light box. Late in the day, you wear special goggles to avoid light. Doctors usually try light therapy only after your sleep hours are back to normal, and it works only in people who have vision. It helps your eyes send the right signal to your brain about light and dark.
Question: What is the cure for non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: There's no cure, but treatments, including hormones, medicine, and light therapy, can help get you closer to a normal sleeping pattern.
Question: What is a non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: But if you have Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder ( Non-24), you may find yourself gradually going to bed later every night and waking up later each day. Non-24 is a circadian rhythm disorder and occurs because our internal clock is not synched with light and dark cycles of the day and night. Most individuals with this disorder are totally blind. That's because your internal clock gets its cue from seeing light. But sometimes people who have normal vision also get it.
Question: How can melatonin help with treating non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: Thanks to an internal body clock, most people get sleepy and wake up at roughly the same times every day. If you have vision problems, you may need to take other treatments along with it, but it's effective on its own for people who are totally blind. Your doctor may recommend a prescription drug that targets the parts of the brain that control the timing of the sleep-wake cycle.
Question: What tests are done to diagnose non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?
Answer: He may suggest you keep a sleep diary for a few weeks, or even months, to help track your sleep patterns. You may also wear a sensor that tracks your movement and records your rest and activity patterns. Together, the sleep diary and test results will help your doctor diagnose Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder. Do I have Non-24 or another circadian rhythm disorder?
Question: What are the risks of fluoride use?
Answer: Fluoride is safe and effective when used as directed but can be hazardous at high doses (the "toxic" dosage level varies based on an individual's weight). For this reason, it's important for parents to carefully supervise their children's use of fluoride-containing products and to keep fluoride products out of reach of children, especially children under the age of 6. In addition, excess fluoride can cause defects in the tooth's enamel that range from barely noticeable white specks or streaks to cosmetically objectionable brown discoloration. These defects are known as fluorosis and occur when the teeth are forming -- usually in children younger than 6 years.
Question: What should you know about fluoride?
Answer: Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay by making the tooth more resistant to acid attacks from plaque bacteria and sugars in the mouth. It also reverses early decay. In children under 6 years of age, fluoride becomes incorporated into the development of permanent teeth, making it difficult for acids to demineralize the teeth. Fluoride also helps speed remineralization as well as disrupts acid production in already erupted teeth of both children and adults.
Question: What are the different forms of fluoride?
Answer: As mentioned, fluoride is found in foods and in water. It can also be directly applied to the teeth through fluoridated toothpastes and mouth rinses. Mouth rinses containing fluoride in lower strengths are available over-the-counter; stronger concentrations require a doctor's prescription. A dentist in his or her office can also apply fluoride to the teeth as a gel, foam, or varnish. These treatments contain a much higher level of fluoride than the amount found in toothpastes and mouth rinses. Varnishes are painted on the teeth; foams are put into a mouth guard, which is applied to the teeth for one to four minutes; gels can be painted on or applied via a mouth guard. Fluoride supplements are also available as liquids and tablets and must be prescribed by your dentist, pediatrician, or family doctor.
Question: What should you keep in mind when using fluoride?
Answer: Keep in mind, however, that it's very difficult to reach hazardous levels given the low levels of fluoride in home-based fluoride-containing products. Nonetheless, if you do have concerns or questions about the amount of fluoride you or your child may be receiving, talk to your child's dentist, pediatrician, or family doctor.
Question: Does a home water treatment system affect the level of fluoride in my drinking water?
Answer: The amount of fluoride you receive in your drinking water depends on the type of home water treatment system used. Steam distillation systems remove 100% of fluoride content. Reverse osmosis systems remove between 65% and 95% of the fluoride. On the other hand, water softeners and charcoal/carbon filters generally do not remove fluoride. One exception: some activated carbon filters contain activated alumina that may remove over 80% of the fluoride.
Question: How can I find out how much fluoride is in my tap water?
Answer: To find out how much fluoride is in your tap water, ask your local dentist, contact your local or state health department, or contact your local water supplier. Information for contacting your local water supplier should be on your water bill or see the "local government" section of your phone book.
Question: Am I missing out on the benefits of fluoride if I drink bottled water?
Answer: Even though there are no scientific studies to suggest that people who drink bottled water are at increased risk of tooth decay, the American Dental Association ( ADA) says that such people could be missing out on the decay-preventing effects of optimally fluoridated water available from their community water source.
Question: Who should get additional fluoride treatment?
Answer: In addition, people with certain conditions may be at increased risk of tooth decay and would therefore benefit from additional fluoride treatment. Presence of crowns and/or bridges or braces: These treatments can put teeth at risk for decay at the point where the crown meets the underlying tooth structure or around the brackets of orthodontic appliances. Ask your dentist if you could benefit from additional fluoride.
Question: What are useful reminders about fluoride?
Answer: These defects are known as fluorosis and occur when the teeth are forming -- usually in children younger than 6 years. A few useful reminders about fluoride include: Store fluoride supplements away from young children. Avoid flavored toothpastes because these tend to encourage toothpaste to be swallowed. Use only a pea-sized amount of fluoridated toothpaste on a child's toothbrush.
Question: When is fluoride use most important?
Answer: These treatments contain a much higher level of fluoride than the amount found in toothpastes and mouth rinses. Ask your dentist if you could benefit from additional fluoride. For this reason, it's important for parents to carefully supervise their children's use of fluoride-containing products and to keep fluoride products out of reach of children, especially children under the age of 6. The ADA adds that most bottled waters do not contain optimal levels of fluoride, which is 0.7 to 1.2 parts per million (this is the amount that is in public water supplies, in the communities that have fluoridated water).
Question: How can laser ablation help with treating cervical cancer?
Answer: In this procedure, a laser beam is applied to either specific areas of cervical tissue or a whole layer of tissue at the surface of the cervix. The laser destroys these cells, leaving healthy cells in their place.
Question: What are cervical cancer exams and tests?
Answer: As with all cancers, an early diagnosis of cervical cancer is key to successful treatment and cure. Treating precancerous changes that affect only the surface of a small part of the cervix is much more likely to be successful than treating invasive cancer that affects a large portion of the cervix and has spread to other tissues. The most important progress that has been made in early detection of cervical cancer is widespread use of the Papanicolaou test ( Pap smear) and high-risk HPV testing. A Pap smear is done as part of a regular exam. During the procedure, cells from the surface of the cervix are collected and examined for abnormalities. Diagnosis of cervical cancer requires that a sample of cervical tissue (called a biopsy) be taken and analyzed under a microscope.
Question: Can cervical cancer be cured?
Answer: Health care providers who treat cancer often use the term "remission" rather than "cure." Although many women with cervical cancer recover completely, medical professionals sometimes avoid the word "cure," because the disease can recur.
Question: What is the survival rate for cervical cancer?
Answer: The prognosis for invasive cervical cancer depends on the stage of the cancer when it is found.
Question: How can loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) help in the diagnosis of cervical cancer?
Answer: The loop electrosurgical excision procedure ( LEEP) technique uses an electrified loop of wire to take a sample of tissue from the cervix. This procedure can often be performed in your gynecologist's office.
Question: How is cervical cancer staged?
Answer: By finding out how far it has spread, your health care providers can make a reasonable guess about your prognosis and the kind of treatment you will need. Cervical cancer is staged from stage 0 (least severe) to stage IV (metastatic disease, the most severe). Staging is based on size and depth of the cancerous lesion, as well as degree of spread.
Question: How can human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer?
Answer: Forms of HPV, a virus whose different types cause skin warts, genital warts, and other abnormal skin disorders, have been shown to lead to many of the changes in cervical cells that may eventually lead to cancer. Certain types of HPV have also been linked to cancers involving the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, tongue, and tonsils. Genetic material that comes from certain forms of HPV (high-risk subtypes) has been found in cervical tissues that show cancerous or precancerous changes.
Question: What vaccines are approved to protect women from cervical cancer?
Answer: It protects against two strains of HPV (types 16 and 18) that account for the development of 70% of cervical cancers and over 50% of precancerous lesions of the cervix, vulva, and vagina. Gardasil protects against the types of HPV (6 and 11) which are associated with over 90% of the cases of genital warts. Gardasil 9 can also be used in males and females ages 9 to-26. It prevents infection by the same HPV types as Gardasil plus HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-45, HPV-52, and HPV-58. Collectively, these types are implicated in 90% of cervical cancers.
Question: What is high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) in the cervix?
Answer: High-grade SIL ( HGSIL): A large number of precancerous cells, which look very different from normal cells, constitute a high-grade lesion. Like low-grade SIL, these precancerous changes involve only cells on the surface of the cervix. These lesions are also called moderate or severe dysplasia, CIN 2 or 3, or carcinoma in situ. They develop most often in women ages 30 to 40 years, but can occur at any age. Precancerous cells, even high-grade lesions, usually do not become cancerous and invade deeper layers of the cervix for many months, perhaps years.
Question: How can cryocautery help with treating cervical cancer?
Answer: In this procedure, a steel instrument is cooled to subzero temperatures by immersion in liquid nitrogen or a similar liquid. This ultracooled instrument is then applied to the surface of the cervix, freezing cells. They eventually die and are sloughed off, to be replaced by new cervical cells.
Question: How can chemotherapy treat cervical cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy is the use of powerful drugs to kill cancer cells. In cervical cancer, it is used most often when the cancer is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. Just one drug or a combination of drugs may be given. Anticancer drugs used to treat cervical cancer may be given via an IV line or by mouth. Either way, chemotherapy is systemic treatment, meaning that the drugs flow through the body in the bloodstream. They can kill cancer cells anywhere in the body.
Question: How can maintaining good nutrition help with treating cervical cancer?
Answer: Maintaining good nutrition is one of the best things you can do. You may lose your appetite during treatment for cervical cancer. Common side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, and sores inside the mouth. However, if you take in enough calories and protein, you will maintain your strength and energy and better tolerate the side effects of treatment. Your cancer specialist (oncologist) or gynecologist may be able to recommend a nutritionist who can provide suggestions for keeping up your calorie and protein intake.
Question: What are stages of cervical cancer?
Answer: The stage of a cancer is a measure of how far it has progressed, namely, what other organs or tissues have been invaded. For the earliest stage of cervical cancerâstage 0 â more than 90% of women survive at least five years after diagnosis Stage I cervical cancer patients have a five-year survival rate of 80 â 93%. Women with stage II cervical cancer have a five-year survival rate of 58 â 63%. The survival rate for women with stage III cervical cancer is anywhere from 32 â 35% Sixteen percent or fewer women with stage IV cervical cancer survive five years.
Question: When should I get chemotherapy as a treatment for cervical cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy is given in cycles: each cycle comprises a period of intensive treatment followed by a recovery period. Treatment usually consists of several cycles. Most patients have chemotherapy as an outpatient (in an outpatient clinic at the hospital, at the doctor's office, or at home). Depending on which drugs are given and your general health, however, you may need to stay in the hospital during treatment.
Question: When do I need to get surgery for cervical cancer?
Answer: If a biopsy shows that cancerous cells have invaded through a layer called the basement membrane, which separates the surface layers of the cervix from other underlying layers, surgery is usually required. The extent of the surgery varies, depending on the stage of the cancer. In cervical cancer, surgery removes cancerous tissue in or near the cervix.
Question: How can radiation therapy help treat cervical cancer?
Answer: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to damage cancer cells and stop their growth. Like surgery, radiation therapy is local therapy; the radiation affects cancer cells only in the treated area. External radiation comes from a large machine, which aims a beam of radiation at your pelvis. Treatments, which take only a few minutes, usually are given five days a week for five to six weeks. At the end of that time, an extra dose of radiation called a "boost" may be applied to the tumor site. In cervical cancer, it is used most often when the cancer is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body.
Question: How can oral contraceptives increase the risk of cervical cancer?
Answer: The risk of developing these abnormal changes is associated with infection with human papillomavirus ( HPV). In addition, early sexual contact, multiple sexual partners, and taking oral contraceptives (birth control pills) increase the risk of cervical cancer because they lead to greater exposure to HPV. Oral contraceptives ("the pill"), especially if taken longer than five years, may increase the risk for cervical cancer because they reduce the use of condoms.
Question: What is cervical cancer?
Answer: The uterine cervix is the lowest portion of a woman's uterus (womb), connecting the uterus with the vagina. When it is invasive, this cancer affects the deeper tissues of the cervix and may have spread to other parts of the body (metastasis), most notably the lungs, liver, bladder, vagina, and rectum. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for cervical cancer that can be prevented.
Question: How can cigarette smoking increase the risk of cervical cancer?
Answer: In addition, women who have been diagnosed with HPV are more likely to develop a cervical cancer. The chemicals in cigarette smoke interact with the cells of the cervix, causing precancerous changes that may over time progress to cancer. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for cervical cancer that can be prevented.
Question: Who is more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer?
Answer: Most women diagnosed with precancerous changes in the cervix are in their 20s and 30s, but the average age of women when they are diagnosed with cervical cancer is the mid 50s. This difference in the age at which precancerous changes are most frequently diagnosed and the age at which cancer is diagnosed highlights the slow progression of this disease and the reason why it can be prevented if adequate steps are taken. For cervical cancer, the survival rate is close to 100% when precancerous or early cancerous changes are found and treated.
Question: When is hysterectomy chosen for precancerous changes of the cervix?
Answer: Cervical cancer begins with abnormal changes in the cervical tissue. In some cases, you may choose to have a hysterectomy for precancerous changes, particularly if abnormal cells are found inside the opening of the cervix or you have severe or recurring dysplasia. This surgery is more likely to be done if you do not plan to have children in the future.
Question: How can quitting smoking decrease your chances of developing cervical cancer?
Answer: Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. Quitting smoking may decrease your chances of developing the disease.
Question: When do cervical cancer occur?
Answer: Precancerous changes Over the years, different terms have been used to refer to abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. Invasive cancer If abnormal cells spread deeper into the cervix or to other tissues or organs, the disease is then called cervical cancer, invasive cervical cancer, or metastatic cancer. Cervical cancer occurs most often in women aged 40 years or older.
Question: Is smoking the only cause of lung cancer?
Answer: Smoking isn't the only cause of lung cancer. If you work with cancer-causing chemicals, follow all the safety rules to protect yourself.
Question: What are the risks with CT scans?
Answer: CT scans use X-rays, which produce ionizing radiation. Research shows that this kind of radiation may damage your DNA and lead to cancer. But the risk is still very small -- your chances of developing a fatal cancer because of a CT scan are about 1 in 2,000.
Question: What are the side effects of a CT scan?
Answer: Some people are allergic to the contrast materials. Most of the time, the reaction is mild. It can lead to itchiness or a rash. In very few cases, the dye may trigger a life-threatening reaction. For this reason, your health care provider may want to monitor you for a short period after your CT scan. Tell your doctor about any allergies you have to medications, seafood, or iodine. Your doctor should know, too, if you have diabetes and are taking the drug metformin. He'll let you know if you should stop taking your medication before or after your procedure. Although it's rare, contrast materials can lead to kidney problems. Let your doctor know if you have any kidney issues before the CT scan.
Question: How can radiation from a CT scan be harmful?
Answer: But radiation's effect adds up over your lifetime. So your risk increases with every CT scan you get. Talk to your doctor about the procedure's potential dangers and benefits, and ask why the CT scan is necessary. Ionizing radiation may be more harmful in children. That's because they're still growing. They also have more years to get exposed to radiation. Before the procedure, you may want to ask the doctor or technician if the CT machine's settings have been adjusted for a child. Tell your physician if you're pregnant. If you need imaging for your stomach area, your doctor may recommend an exam that doesn't use radiation, such as an ultrasound.
Question: How long does a CT scan take?
Answer: How long the scan takes will depend on what parts of your body are being scanned. It can take anywhere from a few minutes to a half-hour. In most cases, you'll go home the same day.
Question: What is a CT scan with contrast?
Answer: A computed tomography ( CT or CAT) scan allows doctors to see inside your body. To help them appear clearly, you may need a special dye called a contrast material. They block the X-rays and appear white on the scan, highlighting blood vessels, organs, or other structures. This is done to help your blood vessels, urinary tract, liver, or gallbladder stand out in the image. But radiation's effect adds up over your lifetime.
Question: How are CT scans done?
Answer: You may also need to wear a hospital gown and remove any metal objects, such as jewelry. A radiology technologist will perform the CT scan. Before the procedure, you may want to ask the doctor or technician if the CT machine's settings have been adjusted for a child.