anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What happens when you have a nose job?
Answer: A nose job is usually done as an outpatient procedure, meaning there is no overnight stay. You'll get general or local anesthesia. With general anesthesia, you'll sleep through the operation. With local anesthesia, you will be sedated and your nose will be numbed so you are relaxed and unable to feel the pain. During an operation, the surgeon makes cuts within the nostrils. In more difficult cases, the surgeon may also make cuts across the base of the nose. The surgeon then reshapes the inner bone and cartilage to produce a more pleasing appearance.
Question: How do surgeon do the nose jobs?
Answer: The surgeon will evaluate the structures of your nose and other facial features. After this evaluation, he or she can tell you if your expectations are realistic.
Question: What happens after nose job surgery?
Answer: After a nose job, people usually wear a nasal splint for the first week. You can expect swelling and some bruising around the eyes after surgery that will begin to improve after the third day. It can, though, last up to two weeks. Expect your nose to have a little swelling, which probably only you and your surgeon will notice. This will go away over the next six months. The final shape of your nose will be apparent after it has completely healed. You should avoid strenuous activity for three to six weeks after surgery. You may return to your social activities as soon as within two to three weeks without any recognizable signs that you had a procedure done.
Question: What should I do if I'm thinking about getting a nose job?
Answer: During that meeting, talk about your goals and tell the doctor what bothers you about your nose and how you would like to change it. A plastic surgeon can describe the facial features that make you unique and tell you how changes would enhance your appearance.
Question: Will my insurance cover my nose job?
Answer: It can also be done for cosmetic reasons, which will change the nose's shape and appearance. If you have health insurance, make sure you talk to your insurer in advance so you know what's covered and what you will need to pay for.
Question: How is zanamivir used to treat the flu?
Answer: Oseltamivir is approved for treatment in those over 2 weeks of age and for prevention in people ages 3 months and older.
Question: What does antibiotic resistance mean?
Answer: According to the CDC, antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria changes in some way to reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of the antibiotic. When bacteria are exposed to antibiotics repeatedly, such as when you take the medication needlessly or too frequently, the germs in your body start to evolve. These changes can make the germs stronger than before so they completely resist the antibiotic. Yourillness may linger with no signs of improvement. Or your illness may suddenly take a turn for the worse, requiring you to seek emergency medical care. You may have to be admitted to the hospital and get several different antibiotics intravenously.
Question: How can I prevent antibiotic resistance?
Answer: There is a way to protect yourself and others from resistant bacteria, and that is to respect antibiotics and take them only when necessary for a bacterial infection. Here are some useful tips: When you see a doctor, don't demand antibiotics. Understand that antibiotics are used for bacterial infections, not symptoms of a cold or flu virus. If a doctor prescribes antibiotics, use them as prescribed. Take all of the antibiotics as directed and don't save some for future use. Don't share antibiotics with others.
Question: Do antiviral drugs have side effects?
Answer: Side effects of antiviral drugs may include nervousness, poor concentration, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Zanamivir is not recommended for people with a history of breathing problems, such as asthma, because it may worsen breathing. Discuss side effects with your doctor.
Question: How is oseltamivir used to treat the flu?
Answer: Oseltamivir is approved for treatment in those over 2 weeks of age and for prevention in people ages 3 months and older.
Question: Do most people know that antibiotics are not effective for colds or flu?
Answer: A study by the CDC showed that many adults believe that if they are sick enough to see a doctor for a cold, they should get an antibiotic treatment. The study also showed that patients are not aware of the consequences of taking the drugs if they are not needed. And when antibiotics are misused, bacteria can become resistant.
Question: What is bradycardia?
Answer: If your doctor says you or a loved one has bradycardia, a resting heart beat that's less than 60 beats per minute, it's only part of the diagnosis. Your doctor will also want to figure out which type it is. She may talk to you about these kinds: sinus bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, and heart block. What kind of treatment you get, if any, will depend on how mild or serious your case is, along with which kind you have.
Question: What causes heart block in relation to bradycardia?
Answer: If your doctor says you or a loved one has bradycardia, a resting heart beat that's less than 60 beats per minute, it's only part of the diagnosis. It can be caused by some of the same conditions you see with sinus bradycardia. They pump and squeeze in a rhythm so your body has a steady supply of oxygen-rich blood. But most of the time, it comes from something you got later in life. The main cause is a heart attack. They include: Heart failure, because the heart is not pumping enough blood for your body Myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart muscle Coronary artery disease, or narrowing of the arteries in the heart Rheumatic fever, which is most common in children who didn't get treated well for strep throat or scarlet fever You may not need any treatment if you have a mild case.
Question: What type of bradycardia is sick sinus syndrome?
Answer: If your doctor says you or a loved one has bradycardia, a resting heart beat that's less than 60 beats per minute, it's only part of the diagnosis. This type of bradycardia causes an abnormal heart rhythm. You may have irregular heartbeats or ones that flip between slow and fast. This syndrome is not as common. It is often the result of heart disease. If you've had a heart attack or surgery, the sinus node may be scarred or damaged. Sometimes the normal wear and tear on your heart as you age is the reason Your heart has four chambers.
Question: What is sinus bradycardia?
Answer: If your doctor says you or a loved one has bradycardia, a resting heart beat that's less than 60 beats per minute, it's only part of the diagnosis. That's a group of cells that sends out electrical signals that tell you when to pump out more blood. It may be mild enough that you never notice any symptoms. With a more serious case, you might have dizziness, breathing problems, and chest pains, among other problems. This syndrome is not as common.
Question: What conditions can cause sinus bradycardia?
Answer: If your doctor says you or a loved one has bradycardia, a resting heart beat that's less than 60 beats per minute, it's only part of the diagnosis. It's sometimes called âthe heart's natural pacemaker.â It should start the signal about 60 to 100 times a minute. Some of them are: Heart attack Pericarditis, or inflammation of the thin tissues around the outside of the heart A defect at birth Sleep apnea, or when you briefly stop breathing while you sleep A problem with your thyroid, the gland in your neck that helps control many of your body's functions Certain medications, including a class of medicines called beta blockers. You may take them to lower blood pressure or for other heart conditions.
Question: What type of bradycardia is heart block?
Answer: If your doctor says you or a loved one has bradycardia, a resting heart beat that's less than 60 beats per minute, it's only part of the diagnosis. They pump and squeeze in a rhythm so your body has a steady supply of oxygen-rich blood. First degree is the mildest and may not even cause symptoms. Third degree is the most serious and is sometimes called âcomplete heart block.â You may need emergency care for this kind Heart block can be what's called a congenital defect, meaning you were born with it.
Question: What should I expect during a breast ultrasound?
Answer: You'll be asked to change into a hospital gown, so you may consider wearing a two-piece outfit on the day of the test so that you only need to remove your top. You'll lie on a padded examining table during the test. A small amount of water-soluble gel is applied to the skin over the area to be examined. The gel doesn't harm your skin or stain your clothes. A probe that looks like a little paddle is gently applied against the skin. You may be asked to hold your breath briefly several times. The test takes about 10-20 minutes to complete. After the test, the gel will be wiped off your skin.
Question: What is a breast ultrasound?
Answer: Ultrasound is a painless procedure that uses sound waves to make images of the inside of your body. The sound waves bounce off surfaces in your body, and the "echoes" are recorded and transformed into video or photographs. It's often used in addition to mammography to tell whether a lump in a breast is a cyst (a fluid-filled sac) or a solid mass, which might be cancer. Ultrasound can also help pinpoint the position of a tumor. This guides the doctor to the exact place to insert a needle during a biopsy.
Question: What are side effects of breast ultrasound?
Answer: The sound waves bounce off surfaces in your body, and the "echoes" are recorded and transformed into video or photographs. It doesn't use radiation like X-rays do.
Question: What causes food allergies?
Answer: Food allergies occur when a sensitive person eats, inhales, or comes into contact with even tiny amounts of certain foods. These reactions occur with exposure to proteins called allergens and can be very mild or may be life-threatening. Food allergies are becoming more and more common.
Question: What are the most common food allergies in adults?
Answer: In children, the most common food allergies are: Cow's milk Hen's eggs Peanuts Tree nuts Soybeans Wheat In adults, the most common food allergies are: Peanuts Tree nuts Fish Crustaceans (such as shrimp, crabs, and lobster) Mollusks (such as clams, oysters, and mussels) Fruits Vegetables Symptoms tend to occur just after eating, inhaling, or coming into contact with the offending food.
Question: Why is testing for food allergies a problem?
Answer: This means that if you do have a food allergy, the tests are very likely to catch it. But the tests aren't very specific. It's very rare for a person to be allergic to more than one or two foods, Oppenheimer and Portnoy say. So if testing is used to confirm or reject suspect foods, it is more likely to give meaningful results.
Question: How do doctors diagnose ear barotrauma?
Answer: In this case, more serious symptoms can happen: Extreme ear pain Dizziness called vertigo A busted eardrum -- fluid or blood leaking from your ear is a sign Hearing loss Your doctor will look inside your ears with a tool called an otoscope. He'll check to see if there's fluid behind your eardrum or if it's damaged. If it is, it may take weeks to heal and you might not hear very well. Usually, the only treatment is time. If it isn't better in 2 months, you may need an operation to prevent lasting hearing loss. Go to a doctor right away if you feel like you're spinning or falling (vertigo) and your symptoms happened right after flying or diving. It's rare, but you may need emergency ear surgery.
Question: How can someone prevent ear barotrauma?
Answer: With a mild case, your symptoms should go away shortly after you get back on land. If they don't or if your symptoms are serious, see your doctor. You can prevent ear barotrauma by keeping your Eustachian tubes open. These things may help: Medicine. If you have a cold or allergies, take a decongestant about an hour before your flight and take it as directed until you land. A nasal spray or an antihistamine could help open up the tubes, too. Earplugs. Special plugs designed for air travel can slow pressure changes and give your ears time to adjust. These won't work for scuba divers, though.
Question: What are some more serious symptoms of ear barotrauma?
Answer: Common symptoms include: Stuffed feeling in your ears Muffled hearing because your ear drum can't vibrate and make sound the way it should Ear pain If you hear a "pop" in your ears, that's a sign your Eustachian tubes are open. If they stay blocked, your middle ear can fill with clear liquid to try to balance the pressure. If your Eustachian tubes are closed, it can't drain. In this case, more serious symptoms can happen: Extreme ear pain Dizziness called vertigo A busted eardrum -- fluid or blood leaking from your ear is a sign Hearing loss Your doctor will look inside your ears with a tool called an otoscope.
Question: What is ear barotrauma?
Answer: It's the biggest health problem for people who fly. And it can be especially painful for babies and young kids because their ears aren't fully developed. Ear barotrauma also can happen when you ride in an elevator or drive in the mountains. And it can happen in the water, too. Your ears are especially sensitive to changes in air and water pressure. You can prevent ear barotrauma by keeping your Eustachian tubes open.
Question: How is a sphygmomanometer used to measure blood pressure?
Answer: This instrument consists of a gauge and a rubber cuff that's placed around your arm or leg and inflated. The person taking your blood pressure wraps the cuff around your upper arm. That's how the systolic and diastolic blood pressures are determined. A high blood pressure reading would be 130/80 or higher.
Question: Who is most likely to get primary biliary cholangitis?
Answer: Only about 4 to 15 out of 1 million people get this condition. Most often, it affects women between ages 30 and 65. Sometimes it runs in families. You could be more likely to get it if you have a mom, dad, brother, or sister -- especially an identical twin -- with the disorder.
Question: What are the treatments for primary biliary cholangitis?
Answer: You have primary biliary cholangitis if you have at least two of the following: High levels of alkaline phosphatase Antimitochondrial antibodies Signs of the disease on a liver biopsy The main treatment for PBC is a drug called ursodiol. It's a natural form of bile that can help your liver work better and help you live longer. You take it as a pill, unless you get a new liver in a transplant. There are few reported side effects from the drug. If you can't take ursodiol, or it doesn't work well enough for you, your doctor may prescribe obeticholic acid ( Ocaliva) along with, or instead of, ursodiol.
Question: Where can I get information about primary biliary cholangitis?
Answer: You can find more information on primary biliary cholangitis from: American Liver Foundation The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Organization for Rare Disorders
Question: Can you drink alcohol if you have primary biliary cholangitis?
Answer: If you have this condition, you should avoid drinking alcohol and never use illegal drugs. These things can further damage your liver. Tell your doctor before you use any type of over-the-counter medications, including and especially herbs and supplements. Many substances can affect how your liver works and may interfere with your treatment and outcome.
Question: What is hepatic encephalopathy?
Answer: Toxins that the liver usually removes start to build up in the organ and eventually the brain. This can cause confusion, personality changes, and even coma.
Question: What tests are done to diagnose primary biliary cholangitis?
Answer: Your doctor may call these âantimitochondrial antibodies.â You could also need imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, MRI, or X-ray of your bile ducts. Your doctor may also want to do a liver biopsy, where she takes a small sample of tissue to test in a lab. You have primary biliary cholangitis if you have at least two of the following: High levels of alkaline phosphatase Antimitochondrial antibodies Signs of the disease on a liver biopsy The main treatment for PBC is a drug called ursodiol. Talk to your doctor about what tests you should get.
Question: How can primary biliary cholangitis cause vitamin and metabolic deficiencies?
Answer: Other complications can start as the liver stops working the way it should and the bile ducts become blocked. This changes the way the body breaks down fats and vitamins A, D, E, and K. As a result, your body can't use or nutrients the way it once did. Osteoporosis can happen when your body has problems using vitamin D and calcium.
Question: What causes multiple chemical sensitivity?
Answer: Some doctors suggest it's an immune response similar to allergies. Others say that the symptoms stem from an extreme sensitivity to certain smells. It's possible that conditions such as depression and anxiety play a role, too. In some cases, people point to a major event, like a chemical spill. Or they may link their symptoms to contact with low levels of chemicals at work, such as if their office has poor ventilation. Some say that levels of exposure generally considered safe for most people can have an effect on a few.
Question: What are symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity?
Answer: It's also known as âenvironmental illness,â "sick building syndrome,â or â MCS.â Your doctor may call it âidiopathic environmental intolerance.â The symptoms people report are wide-ranging. They include headache, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, congestion, itching, sneezing, sore throat, chest pain, changes in heart rhythm, breathing problems, muscle pain or stiffness, skin rash, diarrhea, bloating, gas, confusion, trouble concentrating, memory problems, and mood changes.
Question: What can you do for multiple chemical sensitivity?
Answer: There are no reliable tests to diagnose multiple chemical sensitivity, and there are no effective or proven treatments. Other people find that medicines for anxiety and sleep help. People often find solutions on their own. But you want to make sure there's evidence that shows a medical benefit. Avoid tests or treatments that are expensive, unproven, or could cause harm. Both of you should be cautious but keep an open mind about all the possible causes of your symptoms and the many treatment options.
Question: Can a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) play sports?
Answer: Exercise helps loosen mucus in the lungs. It strengthens the muscles that help your child breathe. It can also boost her confidence and self-esteem. Don't be alarmed if your child coughs a lot during exercise -- it helps to clear the lungs. Be sure to speak with your child's CF care team before she starts any type of exercise.
Question: Does cystic fibrosis make it harder for a child to absorb vitamins?
Answer: CF affects the body's ability to absorb vitamins. Kids who have it need to take vitamin supplements to make sure they get enough. Work with your child's CF care team to find the right vitamins, supplements, and doses for your child.
Question: How can I help my child with cystic fibrosis get enough calories?
Answer: Children with CF need about 2,000 to 2,800 calories per day --that's more than most kids eat. One way to help your child take in more fat and calories is to offer whole milk at every meal. You can also add whole-milk dairy products to the foods she eats. For example: Use cream on cereal Add butter to most meals Put extra cheese in casseroles and other foods Vitamins.
Question: How can I help keep my child with cystic fibrosis (CF) from getting sick?
Answer: Kids with CF have a higher risk of getting sick than other kids. Here are some important tips for fighting germs: Wash your hands properly Keep your mouth covered when you cough Clean and disinfect medical equipment She can eat the types of foods that other kids can eat, though there are a few things she'll need to add to her diet.
Question: How can I prevent lung cancer?
Answer: 1 thing to do is to not smoke and to avoid other people's secondhand smoke. If you've never smoked cigarettes, your risk of lung cancer is low. If you currently smoke, especially if you are a heavy smoker, your odds of developing lung cancer can be 30 times higher than the risk for a nonsmoker. How long you've smoked also matters.
Question: How do asbestos cause lung cancer?
Answer: It's a risk if you work with it.
Question: Is lung cancer hereditary?
Answer: Lung cancer runs in some families, but since you can't change that, focus on the things that you do control.
Question: What can I do to prevent lung cancer?
Answer: If you smoke, make it your top priority to quit. It's hard to do. You can talk to your doctor about the most effective ways to quit. Studies show that it can make lung cancer more likely in people who smoke. Check your home for radon. Most hardware stores carry an inexpensive and easy-to-use kit that accurately measures radon levels. Exercise and eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables . These healthy habits will lower your risk of several forms of cancer, as well as heart disease and diabetes.
Question: How does familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) cause adrenal gland adenoma?
Answer: Doctors don't know what causes adrenal gland adenomas, but you're more likely to get one if you have certain genetic conditions, such as: Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP). This is a rare condition characterized by the presence of hundreds or even thousands of noncancerous polyps (growths) in the large intestine and upper respiratory tract.
Question: How likely is someone at risk for getting adrenal gland adenoma if they have tumors?
Answer: Having the tumors doesn't make you any more likely to get adrenal cancer, but it can be hard to tell the difference between an adenoma and a tumor that's cancer. So your doctor will likely have your urine and blood tested to check your hormone levels, and maybe do some imaging to be sure what it is. If you do have symptoms, it's because you have a functioning tumor that could be in either part of the adrenal gland: the outer part (the cortex) or the inner part (the medulla).
Question: What is the treatment for adrenal gland adenomas?
Answer: If you have a nonfunctioning tumor, you probably won't need any treatment. Your doctor will just want to keep an eye on it to make sure it doesn't become functional. For functional tumors, you typically get surgery. You can usually have laparoscopic surgery, where the adrenal gland and tumor are removed through small openings made in your body. But if there's a chance it's cancer, you'll likely need open surgery. Sometimes, instead of surgery, you may be able to get medicine that prevents hormones from working or lowers their levels so you won't have any symptoms.
Question: What is the difference between cancer and a tumor?
Answer: When most people hear the word tumor, their next thought is cancer. But they're not always the same thing. You get a tumor when instead of growing in their usual, orderly way, a group of cells starts to grow out of control. They form a mass that normally wouldn't be there, and that mass may or may not be cancer.
Question: What is adrenal gland adenoma?
Answer: If you have an adrenal gland adenoma, you have a tumor on your adrenal gland, but it's not cancer. Your two adrenal glands, one on each kidney, make hormones. Hormones are like messengers that scoot around your body and tell your organs what to do -- from how to handle stress to controlling blood sugar levels.
Question: What problems do adrenal gland adenomas cause?
Answer: But some of them are functioning tumors -- that means they make the same hormones as your adrenal glands. The extra hormones from the tumor can lead to several conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome. Typically, surgery and medicine can successfully treat the symptoms. Doctors don't know what causes adrenal gland adenomas, but you're more likely to get one if you have certain genetic conditions, such as: Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP).