anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the different types of early puberty?
Answer: There are two types of precocious puberty, central and peripheral. Central precocious puberty is the more common type. The process is identical to normal puberty, but happens early. The pituitary gland is prompted to produce hormones, called gonadotropins. These hormones in turn stimulate the testicles or ovaries to make other hormones, testosterone or estrogen. It's these sex hormones that cause the changes of puberty, like breast development in girls. Peripheral precocious puberty or precocious pseudo-puberty is a different condition. It's also rarer. The hormones estrogen and testosterone trigger the symptoms. But the brain and pituitary gland are not involved. It's usually a local problem with the ovaries, testicles, adrenal gland, or a severely underactive thyroid gland.
Question: What factors are related to early puberty?
Answer: While they aren't necessarily causes, a number of factors seem to be related to early puberty. They include: Gender. Girls are 10 times as likely to have central precocious puberty as boys. Genetics. Occasionally, precocious puberty can be triggered by genetic mutations that trigger the release of sex hormones. Most often these children have a parent or sibling with similar genetic abnormalities. Race. Researchers don't know why, but on average, African- American girls seem to start puberty about a year earlier than white girls. Some experts say that puberty should only be considered early in African- American girls if it happens before age 6. International adoption. One study showed that children who are adopted from overseas are 10-20 times more likely to develop precocious puberty. Again, experts aren't sure why, but the uncertainty of the exact ages of the adopted children might bias the study results. Obesity. A number of studies have shown an association between obesity in young girls and an increased risk of precocious puberty. However, researchers don't know how direct the link is. Obesity does not seem to be connected to early puberty in boys.
Question: What is early puberty?
Answer: Doctors diagnose early puberty when this normal process starts early and continues to progress through growth spurts and bone maturation, usually for reasons we don't understand. Girls who show significant signs of puberty and its progression before age 8 and boys before age 9 are considered precocious. About 1 out of 5,000 children are affected. Some studies have found a link between early puberty in girls and a slightly increased risk of breast cancer later in life.
Question: What should parents consider about early puberty?
Answer: Girls are 10 times as likely to have central precocious puberty as boys. If your child shows signs of early puberty, they should be evaluated by a pediatric endocrinologist. But kids and their parents should not view precocious puberty as a fearful medical diagnosis. Here are a few other things to remember: Symptoms that might seem like early puberty are often unrelated and resolve on their own. When a doctor and parents decide treatment is necessary, it is usually quite effective. Most kids with signs of early puberty do fine, medically, psychologically, and socially.
Question: Does surgery always fix tendon problems for good?
Answer: Tendon damage is painful and can hinder how much you can move your joint. Even if you have surgery to fix the damage, the tendon can tear again. Studies show that more than a third of people with diabetes who have surgery to fix a torn rotator cuff will get the problem again.
Question: How can tendon damage affect diabetics?
Answer: Damage to the Achilles tendon in the back of your heel can put a cap on how much you can move your ankle. This limited motion forces you to put extra pressure on the middle of your foot with each step, which increases your risk for foot sores. Talk to your doctor about ways to make sure your blood sugar levels stay down while you recover from tendon problems. The best way to avoid tendon problems is to get your diabetes under control.
Question: What are some tendon problems someone with diabetes can get?
Answer: AGEs form a bond with it that can change the tendons' structure and affect how well they work. For instance, they could get thicker than normal and might not be able to hold as much weight as they used to. As a result, your odds of getting a tear in one of your tendons go up. Some tendon problems you could get if you don't get your diabetes under control are: Frozen shoulder: Stiffness and pain that happens when a capsule that surrounds tendons and ligaments in your joint thickens up. Rotator cuff tears: Damage to the tendons and muscles that surround your shoulder joint, including the supraspinatus muscle. Trigger finger: Your finger becomes stuck in a bent position and straightens with a snap, like the sound of a trigger being pulled. Carpal tunnel syndrome: You get numbness, tingling, and weakness in your wrist because of pressure on the nerve that runs through it. Dupuytren's contracture: Thickening of the tissue under the skin of your hand that causes your fingers to bend in toward your palm.
Question: How can diabetes lead to tendon damage?
Answer: The best way to avoid tendon problems is to get your diabetes under control.
Question: How does tendon damage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes happen?
Answer: Tendon damage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes happens because of substances called advanced glycation end products ( AGEs). They form when protein or fat mixes with sugar in your bloodstream. Normally, your body makes AGEs at a slow and steady pace.
Question: How many diabetics who have surgery for tendon damage will have the same problem again?
Answer: Tendon damage is painful and can hinder how much you can move your joint. Even if you have surgery to fix the damage, the tendon can tear again. Studies show that more than a third of people with diabetes who have surgery to fix a torn rotator cuff will get the problem again.
Question: How can someone prevent and treat tendon damage from diabetes?
Answer: Exercise is important to help keep your diabetes under control, but you may find it harder to work out when your tendons are painful and stiff. Lower your blood sugar with the help of diet, exercise, and medicine. And if you're overweight, try to shed some pounds. It will improve your health and take pressure off your tendons at the same time. If you already have tendon damage, ask your doctor about treatments like these: Pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen Muscle relaxants Physical therapy and exercise Heat or ice A splint to keep your joint steady while your tendons heal Your doctor may also suggest a steroid shot into your joint to relieve tendon problems.
Question: How is optic neuritis treated?
Answer: Optic neuritis: It's treated with corticosteroids.
Question: How are styes treated?
Answer: Styes: Use warm compresses at home for a few days.
Question: How are corneal abrasions treated?
Answer: Corneal abrasions: These heal on their own with time. Your doctor might prescribe an antibiotic ointment or drops.
Question: How is conjunctivitis treated?
Answer: Conjunctivitis: Antibacterial eyedrops can cure bacterial conjunctivitis. Antihistamines in the form of eyedrops, a pill, or a syrup can improve conjunctivitis from allergies.
Question: What are corneal abrasions?
Answer: Corneal abrasions: That's the official name for a scratch on this part of your eye. It sounds minor, but it can hurt. It's easy to do, too. You can scratch your eye while rubbing it. Your doctor will give you antibiotic drops. It should get better in a couple of days without further problems.
Question: What is conjunctivitis (pinkeye)?
Answer: Blepharitis: An inflammation or infection of the eyelid which typically is not painful Conjunctivitis (pinkeye): This is inflammation of the conjunctiva. It can be from allergies or infections (viral or bacterial). Blood vessels in the conjunctiva swell. This makes the part of your eye that's usually white look red. Your eye could also get itchy and gunky. This condition is typically not painful.
Question: What are foreign bodies in relation to eye problems?
Answer: Foreign bodies: Something in your eye, like a bit of dirt, can irritate it. Try to rinse it out with artificial tears or water. If you don't get it out, it can scratch your eye.
Question: What is causing your eye pain?
Answer: Sometimes they get better on their own, but they can also be a sign of something more serious. Your eye doctor can figure out what's going on and find the right treatment for you.
Question: What are corneal infections (keratitis)?
Answer: Corneal infections (keratitis): An inflamed or infected cornea is sometimes caused by a bacterial or viral infection. You may be more likely to get it if you leave your contacts in overnight or wear dirty lenses.
Question: How is an infected cornea treated?
Answer: Infected cornea: You may need antiviral or antibacterial eyedrops.
Question: What symptoms can help identify the cause of eye pain?
Answer: Other symptoms along with sore eyes can be a clue to what is causing the pain. See your eye doctor if you have eye pain, especially if you have less vision, headache, or nausea and vomiting.
Question: Should I see my doctor if my eyes hurt?
Answer: See your eye doctor if you have eye pain, especially if you have less vision, headache, or nausea and vomiting.
Question: What tools do doctors use to diagnose eye pain?
Answer: Eye doctors use a variety of tools to diagnose eye pain: A slit-lamp exam uses bright light to look at all the structures of your eye. Dilating drops expand your pupil to let the doctor see deep into your eye. A tonometer is a tool that measures eye pressure. The doctor uses it to diagnose glaucoma.
Question: What are other symptoms related to eye pain?
Answer: Eye pain can happen on its own or with other symptoms, like: Less vision Discharge: It can be clear or thick and colored Foreign body sensation -- the feeling that something is in the eye, whether real or imagined Headache Light sensitivity Nausea or vomiting Red eye or pinkeye Tearing Your eye is crusted shut with discharge when you wake up.
Question: What is the treatment for iritis?
Answer: Iritis: The doctor will treat this with steroid, antibiotic, or antiviral eyedrops.
Question: What are corneal infections?
Answer: Corneal infections (keratitis): An inflamed or infected cornea is sometimes caused by a bacterial or viral infection. You may be more likely to get it if you leave your contacts in overnight or wear dirty lenses.
Question: Why should I see a doctor for eye pain?
Answer: The only way to sort out the causes of eye pain and to get the right treatment is to see a doctor. Your vision is precious. Protect it by taking eye pain seriously.
Question: What are the parts of the eye?
Answer: Sometimes discomfort or pain results from a problem in your eye or the parts around it, such as: Cornea: The clear window in the front of your eye that focuses light Sclera: The whites of your eyes Conjunctiva: The ultra-thin covering of your sclera and the inside of your eyelid Iris: The colored part of your eye, with the pupil in the middle Orbit: A bony cave (eye socket) in your skull where the eye and its muscles are located. Extraocular muscles: They rotate your eye. Nerves: They carry visual information from your eyes to your brain. Eyelids: Outside coverings that protect and spread moisture over your eyes.
Question: How can I treat a stye?
Answer: Styes: Use warm compresses at home for a few days.
Question: Are there different types of treatment for eye pain?
Answer: Just as causes can vary, so do treatments. They target the specific cause of eye pain.
Question: How is iritis treated?
Answer: Iritis: The doctor will treat this with steroid, antibiotic, or antiviral eyedrops.
Question: What is the treatment for optic neuritis?
Answer: Optic neuritis: It's treated with corticosteroids.
Question: What is iritis or uveitis?
Answer: Iritis or uveitis: An inflammation inside your eye from trauma, infections, or problems with your immune system. Symptoms include pain, red eye, and, often, worse vision.
Question: What is optic neuritis?
Answer: Optic neuritis: An inflammation of the nerve that travels from the back of the eyeball into your brain. Multiple sclerosis and other conditions or infections are often to blame. Symptoms include loss of vision and sometimes deep discomfort when you look from side to side.
Question: What is a stye?
Answer: Stye: This is a tender bump on the edge of your eyelid. It happens when an oil gland, eyelash, or hair follicle gets infected or inflamed. You may hear your doctor call it a chalazion or hordeolum.
Question: What are parts of the eye that can get eye pain?
Answer: Sometimes discomfort or pain results from a problem in your eye or the parts around it, such as: Cornea: The clear window in the front of your eye that focuses light Sclera: The whites of your eyes Conjunctiva: The ultra-thin covering of your sclera and the inside of your eyelid Iris: The colored part of your eye, with the pupil in the middle Orbit: A bony cave (eye socket) in your skull where the eye and its muscles are located. Extraocular muscles: They rotate your eye. Nerves: They carry visual information from your eyes to your brain. Eyelids: Outside coverings that protect and spread moisture over your eyes.
Question: How do you diagnose eye pain?
Answer: That puts pressure on your optic nerve. The doctor uses it to diagnose glaucoma. The only way to sort out the causes of eye pain and to get the right treatment is to see a doctor.
Question: What is blepharitis?
Answer: Blepharitis: An inflammation or infection of the eyelid which typically is not painful Conjunctivitis (pinkeye): This is inflammation of the conjunctiva. This condition is typically not painful.
Question: What are the symptoms of gingivitis?
Answer: Over time you may notice: Red, swollen, or purplish gums. Healthy gums should appear pink and firm. Bleeding gums. You may see blood on your toothbrush or when you spit out toothpaste. Sore gums that are tender to the touch If you think you may have gingivitis, you can take some simple steps to reverse it.
Question: What role does an endocrinologist play on my diabetes care team?
Answer: Endocrinologist: An endocrinologist is a doctor who has special training and experience in treating people with diabetes. You should see yours regularly.
Question: What are some eye, nerve, kidney or cardiovascular problems with diabetes?
Answer: Also let your doctor know about any changes in your diet, exercise, or medicines and any new illnesses you may have gotten. Tell your doctor if you've had symptoms of eye, nerve, kidney, or cardiovascular problems such as: Blurred vision Numbness or tingling in your feet Persistent hand, feet, face, or leg swelling Cramping or pain in the legs Chest pain Shortness of breath Numbness or weakness on one side of your body Unusual weight gain When you have diabetes, you should get regular lab tests: Hemoglobin A1c Urine and blood tests for kidney function Lipid testing, which includes cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL You may need thyroid and liver tests, too.
Question: What is the podiatrist's role in treating diabetes?
Answer: Podiatrist: For anyone with diabetes, which can cause nerve damage in the extremities, foot care is important. A podiatrist is trained to treat feet and problems of the lower legs. These doctors have a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine ( DPM) degree from a college of podiatry. They have also done a residency (hospital training) in podiatry.
Question: What role does a nurse educator play on my diabetes care team?
Answer: Nurse educator: A diabetes educator or diabetes nurse practitioner is a registered nurse ( RN) with special training and background in caring for and teaching people with diabetes. Nurse educators often help you with the day-to-day aspects of living with diabetes.
Question: What it the dentist's role in treating diabetes?
Answer: Dentist: People with diabetes are at somewhat greater, and earlier, risk of gum disease. The excess blood sugar in your mouth makes it a nice home for bacteria, which can lead to infection. You should see your dentist every 6 months. Be sure to tell your dentist that you have diabetes.
Question: What role does a podiatrist play on my diabetes care team?
Answer: Podiatrist: For anyone with diabetes, which can cause nerve damage in the extremities, foot care is important. A podiatrist is trained to treat feet and problems of the lower legs.
Question: What lab tests should diabetes patients have?
Answer: Tell your doctor if you've had symptoms of eye, nerve, kidney, or cardiovascular problems such as: Blurred vision Numbness or tingling in your feet Persistent hand, feet, face, or leg swelling Cramping or pain in the legs Chest pain Shortness of breath Numbness or weakness on one side of your body Unusual weight gain When you have diabetes, you should get regular lab tests: Hemoglobin A1c Urine and blood tests for kidney function Lipid testing, which includes cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL You may need thyroid and liver tests, too.
Question: What is the primary doctor's role in treating diabetes?
Answer: Primary doctor: Your primary care doctor is who you see for general checkups and when you get sick. This person is usually an internist or family medicine doctor who has experience treating people with diabetes, too. Because your primary care doctor is your main source of care, he or she will most likely head up your diabetes care team.
Question: What is the nurse educator's role in treating diabetes?
Answer: Nurse educator: A diabetes educator or diabetes nurse practitioner is a registered nurse ( RN) with special training and background in caring for and teaching people with diabetes. Nurse educators often help you with the day-to-day aspects of living with diabetes.
Question: How can you tell how effective birth control methods are?
Answer: Medical: A procedure that changes your body When doctors talk about how effective a birth control method is, sometimes there are different rates when it's used "ideally" -- meaning exactly the way it was designed -- versus how the average person uses it in real life. " Typical" use takes into account that people can't or don't always use birth control correctly or consistently. Keep in mind, out of every 100 women who don't use any form of birth control, you can expect about 85 to get pregnant within a year.
Question: How should you compare birth control methods?
Answer: Behavior: Something you or your partner has to do Barrier: Goes on or in your body before you have sex to block the sperm from getting to the egg Hormonal: Changes a woman's body chemistry. ( Depending on the specific hormones, it stops ovaries from releasing eggs, thickens the mucus around your cervix to keep sperm from reaching the egg, or thins the lining of the uterus.) Medical: A procedure that changes your body When doctors talk about how effective a birth control method is, sometimes there are different rates when it's used "ideally" -- meaning exactly the way it was designed -- versus how the average person uses it in real life. " No hormonal changes.
Question: What should you think about when deciding the best birth control method?
Answer: What's right for you may not be right for everyone. And your needs may change over time, too. You should think about: How fail-proof do you need your protection plan to be? How much does the cost matter? How important is your privacy? Do you have a regular partner whose needs you care about? Do you need to protect against sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs)? How much effort do you want to make to prevent a pregnancy? If you're a woman, does it matter if your period is affected? Will you some day want to have a child? Use only birth control methods without hormones for the next 5 days.
Question: When is a broken collarbone a medical emergency?
Answer: There is numbness or weakness in the hand or arm.
Question: How long does withdrawal last when you quit smoking?
Answer: They're strongest when you first quit but will usually go away within 10 to 14 days. You may still want to smoke, especially with certain people or during situations where you're used to smoking. If you smoke again, start over. Most people quit three times before they're successful. Plan ahead and think about what you'll do next time you get the urge to smoke.
Question: Can what you drink help you quit smoking?
Answer: Drink plenty of fluids, but limit alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. They may be triggers that make you want to smoke.
Question: How can quitting smoking help prevent heart disease?
Answer: The nicotine in smoke: Reduces how much oxygen your heart gets Raises your blood pressure Speeds up your heart rate Makes blood clots more likely, which can lead to heart attacks or strokes Harms the insides of your blood vessels, including those in your heart Soon after you stop, your odds of getting heart disease or high blood pressure will drop. After 1 to 2 years of not smoking, you'll be much less likely to get heart disease.
Question: What can I do to avoid smoking again?
Answer: When you get the urge to smoke, take a deep breath. Take a walk or read a book instead of taking a cigarette break. When you can, avoid places, people, and situations associated with smoking. Hang out with people who don't smoke. Go to places that don't allow smoking, such as the movies, museums, shops, or libraries. Tell yourself that these are signs that your body is healing and getting used to being without cigarettes.
Question: How will you feel when you quit smoking?
Answer: They may be triggers that make you want to smoke. These symptoms of withdrawal happen because your body is used to nicotine, the active addictive agent within cigarettes. You'll probably notice it most during the first 2 weeks after quitting. When it happens, remember why you're quitting. Tell yourself that these are signs that your body is healing and getting used to being without cigarettes.
Question: What brain diseases are caused by injuries?
Answer: Trauma includes these conditions: Concussion: A brain injury that causes a temporary disturbance in brain function, sometimes with unconsciousness and confusion; traumatic head injuries cause concussions and may result in headache, along with concentration and memory problems. Traumatic brain injury: Acquired, often permanent brain damage from a traumatic head injury; obvious mental impairment or more subtle personality and mood changes can occur. Intracerebral hemorrhage: Any bleeding inside the brain, which may occur after a traumatic injury or stroke as a result of high blood pressure This category of brain disease includes: Brain tumor: Any abnormal tissue growth inside the brain; whether malignant (cancerous) or benign, brain tumors usually cause problems by the pressure they exert on the normal brain.
Question: What can cause seizures?
Answer: Included in the seizure category of brain diseases is epilepsy, a condition characterized by recurring seizures caused by abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain.
Question: What are common brain tumors?
Answer: Intracerebral hemorrhage: Any bleeding inside the brain, which may occur after a traumatic injury or stroke as a result of high blood pressure This category of brain disease includes: Brain tumor: Any abnormal tissue growth inside the brain; whether malignant (cancerous) or benign, brain tumors usually cause problems by the pressure they exert on the normal brain. Glioblastoma: An aggressive, cancerous brain tumor; glioblastomas progress rapidly and are usually difficult to cure. Hydrocephalus: An abnormally increased amount of cerebrospinal (brain) fluid inside the skull; usually, this is because the fluid is not circulating properly.
Question: What brain diseases are linked autoimmune diseases?
Answer: Multiple sclerosis ( MS): The immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own nerves.