anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is the stage of pancreatic cancer determined?
Answer: What is difficult is attempting to stage pancreatic cancer without resorting to major surgery. Imaging tests like CT scans and ultrasound provide some information, but knowing exactly how far pancreatic cancer has spread usually requires surgery.
Question: How are stages used to describe pancreatic cancer?
Answer: The stages of pancreatic cancer are easy to understand. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread.
Question: What does it mean if my baby smiles?
Answer: Sometimes a smile in the early weeks of life is simply a sign that your little bundle is passing gas. But starting between 6 and 8 weeks of life, babies develop a "social smile" -- an intentional gesture of warmth meant just for you. This is an important milestone. Your pediatrician will ask you whether you've seen your baby's grin at her two-month well child visit. So be on the lookout.
Question: How can you make a baby smile?
Answer: By encouraging your baby to smile, you're helping her develop self-esteem. Smile widely at her and offer a warm "hello" in that sing-song pitch parents do so well. If you're trying to get your baby to smile and can't seem to coax a grin, don't fret. Respect differences between you and your partner in the way each of you plays with the baby. Caring for baby at this age is still demanding.
Question: How can anthralin help with skin conditions?
Answer: Anthralin : This drug, though not often used because it can be irritating and can stain, helps reduce inflammation and can help treat psoriasis.
Question: How are corticosteroids used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Corticosteroids: These are used to treat skin conditions including eczema. Corticosteroids come in many different forms including foams, lotions, ointments, and creams.
Question: How are retinoids used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Retinoids: These medications (such as Retin- A, Differin, and Tazorac) are gels, foams, lotions, or creams derived from vitamin A and are used to treat conditions including acne.
Question: What benzoyl peroxide products are used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Benzoyl peroxide : Creams, gels, washes, and foams containing benzoyl peroxide are used to treat acne.
Question: How are enzyme inhibitors used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Enzyme inhibitors: Enzyme inhibitors such as apremilast ( Otezla) shuts down an enzyme in the immune system to fight inflammation. Eucrisa ointment is an enzyme inhibitor FDA approved for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis/eczema.
Question: What antifungal agents are used for skin conditions?
Answer: Antifungal agents: Clotrimazole ( Lotrimin), ketoconazole ( Nizoral), and terbinafine ( Lamisil AT), are a few examples of common topical antifungal drugs used to treat skin conditions such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
Question: How are oral antifungal agents used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Antifungal agents: Oral antifungal drugs include fluconazole and itraconazole. These drugs can be used to treat more severe fungal infections. Terbinafine is an oral antifungal medicine that may be used to treat fungal infections of the nails.
Question: What antibacterials are used for skin conditions?
Answer: Some common topical treatments for skin conditions include: Antibacterials: These medicines, including mupirocin or clindamycin, are often used to treat or prevent infection.
Question: How are oral antibiotics used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Some common oral or injection treatments for skin conditions include: Antibiotics: Oral antibiotics are used to treat many skin conditions. Common antibiotics include dicloxacillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.
Question: What corticosteroids are used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Corticosteroids: These medications, including prednisone, can be helpful in treating skin conditions linked to autoimmune diseases including vasculitis and inflammatory diseases such as eczema. Dermatologists prefer topical steroids to avoid side effects; however, short-term use of prednisone is sometimes necessary.
Question: How is coal tar used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Coal tar : This topical treatment is available with and without a prescription, with strengths ranging from 0.5% to 5%. Coal tar is used to treat conditions including seborrheic dermatitis (usually in shampoos) or psoriasis. Currently, coal tar is seldom used because it can be slow acting and can cause severe staining of personal clothing and bedding.
Question: How is salicylic acid used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Salicylic acid : This drug is sold in lotions, gels, soaps, shampoos, washes, and patches. Salicylic acid is the active ingredient in many skin care products for the treatment of acne and warts.
Question: How are antiviral agents used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Antiviral agents: Common antiviral agents include acyclovir ( Zovirax), famciclovir ( Famvir), and valacyclovir ( Valtrex). Antiviral treatments are used for skin conditions including those related to herpes and shingles.
Question: How are non-steroidal ointments used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Non-steroidal ointment: The ointments crisaborole ( Eucrisa) and tacrolimus ( Protopic) and the cream pimecrolimus ( Elidel) also are prescribed for eczema, including atopic dermatitis.
Question: What retinoids are used to treat skin conditions?
Answer: Coal tar is used to treat conditions including seborrheic dermatitis (usually in shampoos) or psoriasis. It reduces skin cell growth. It causes severe birth defects and should not be used if you are planning to become pregnant, are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Question: What are indications that I should call a doctor about a cold?
Answer: You notice an inability to swallow You have a sore throat for more than 2 or 3 days, particularly if it seems to be worsening You have an earache You have a stiff neck or sensitivity to bright lights You're pregnant or nursing Your newborn or infant has cold symptoms Your throat hurts and your temperature is 101 degrees F or higher Your cold symptoms worsen after the third day; you may have a bacterial infection
Question: How long do colds usually last and do they require medical care?
Answer: Cold symptoms typically last for about 3 days. At that point the worst is over, but you may feel congested for a week or more. Except in newborns, colds themselves are not dangerous. They usually go away in 4 to 10 days without any special medicine. Unfortunately, colds do wear down your body's resistance, making you more susceptible to bacterial infections.
Question: What is the link between dementia and Alzheimer's disease?
Answer: Experts think between 60% to 80% of people with dementia have this disease. More than 5 million Americans have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's. It's what most people think of when they hear "dementia." If someone you know has Alzheimer's, you'll notice symptoms such as memory loss and trouble planning and doing familiar tasks.
Question: What are the symptoms of vascular dementia?
Answer: Your friend or relative might: Be confused about where he is or what day or year it is Have problems speaking or writing Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them Show poor judgment Have mood and personality changes If a relative or friend of yours gets this type of dementia, it's usually because he's had a major stroke, or one or more "silent" strokes, which can happen without him realizing it. The symptoms depend on which part of his brain was affected by the stroke. While Alzheimer's usually begins with memory problems, vascular dementia more often begins with poor judgment or trouble planning, organizing, and making decisions.
Question: What is Parkinson's disease with dementia?
Answer: The symptoms include: Problems thinking clearly, making decisions, or paying attention Memory trouble Seeing things that aren't there, known as visual hallucinations Unusual sleepiness during the day Periods of "blanking out" or staring Problems with movement, including trembling, slowness, and trouble walking Dreams where you act out physically, including, talking, walking, and kicking People with the nervous system disorder Parkinson's disease get this type of dementia about 50% to 80% of the time. On average, the symptoms of dementia develop about 10 years after a person first gets Parkinson's. This type is very similar to DLB. They have the same symptoms, and people with both conditions have signs of Lewy bodies in their brains.
Question: What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Answer: Your loved one might have: Memory and concentration problems Poor judgment Confusion Mood swings Depression Sleep problems Twitching or jerky muscles Trouble walking This type of dementia is caused by a buildup of fluid in the brain. The symptoms include problems walking, trouble thinking and concentrating, and personality and behavior changes. Some symptoms can be treated by draining the extra fluid from the brain into the abdomen through a long, thin tube, called a shunt.
Question: What are other symptoms of vascular dementia?
Answer: Other symptoms may include: Memory problems that disrupt your loved one's daily life Trouble speaking or understanding speech Problems recognizing sights and sounds that used to be familiar Being confused or agitated Changes in personality and mood Problems walking and having frequent falls Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that form in some people's brains.
Question: What is dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)?
Answer: Other symptoms may include: Memory problems that disrupt your loved one's daily life Trouble speaking or understanding speech Problems recognizing sights and sounds that used to be familiar Being confused or agitated Changes in personality and mood Problems walking and having frequent falls Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that form in some people's brains. They're named after the scientist who discovered them. If someone you know gets DLB, it's because these deposits have formed in the part of the brain called the cortex.
Question: What is mixed dementia?
Answer: There are many different types of dementia. The most common combination is Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
Question: What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Answer: Your loved one might have: Memory and concentration problems Poor judgment Confusion Mood swings Depression Sleep problems Twitching or jerky muscles Trouble walking This type of dementia is caused by a buildup of fluid in the brain. It most commonly happens in people who are long-term heavy drinkers. The dementia symptom that's most common with this condition is a problem with memory. Usually a person's problem-solving and thinking skills aren't affected.
Question: What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Answer: It will get worse over time. Your friend or relative might: Be confused about where he is or what day or year it is Have problems speaking or writing Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them Show poor judgment Have mood and personality changes If a relative or friend of yours gets this type of dementia, it's usually because he's had a major stroke, or one or more "silent" strokes, which can happen without him realizing it.
Question: What is dementia?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Dementia itself is not a disease, but a syndrome; its symptoms are common to several brain diseases. It will get worse over time. But medications might slow that decline and help with symptoms, such as behavior changes. There are many different types of dementia. Your loved one's treatments will depend on the type he has. The dementia symptom that's most common with this condition is a problem with memory.
Question: Why is high blood pressure bad for you?
Answer: That added stress can raise your chances for a heart attack or stroke. Over time, problems in your arteries could cut back on blood flow. And since all of the tissues and organs in your body need blood to work well, that means things like your brain, your kidneys, your eyesight, and your sex life can be affected, too. By living with healthy habits and taking medication to get or keep your blood pressure down now, you may prevent long-term problems. Your heart is a muscle, and it needs blood, too. High blood pressure is a leading cause of stroke.
Question: How can high blood pressure affect your eyes?
Answer: High blood pressure changes that. That's where fatty bits, called plaque, get caught and build up. This could lead to kidney failure. You could also lose your sight when your optic nerve doesn't get enough blood.
Question: How can high blood pressure affect your brain?
Answer: Why is high blood pressure a big deal? Depending on what part of your brain loses blood and what it does, you could have problems with language, vision, movement, or anything else your brain controls. It could be temporary if the blood flow is restored, or the damage may be permanent if the cells die. A lessened blood supply to the brain can also keep you from thinking clearly and remembering. It can cause a condition called vascular dementia.
Question: How can high blood pressure affect your arteries?
Answer: Over time, problems in your arteries could cut back on blood flow. High blood pressure changes that. The extra force of the blood can damage the cells on the inside walls of your arteries. If the pressure doesn't let up, it can cause tears in the lining so it's not smooth anymore. That's where fatty bits, called plaque, get caught and build up. Blood can't move as well around these clogs, which can even block arteries. These deposits can also make the walls stiff so it's harder to move the blood. This damage can make the artery wall stretch and bulge out like a balloon. The bump is called an aneurysm. It can break open and bleed. When its supply lines can't deliver enough, you could have: Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Chest pain (angina) Heart attack To push blood through stiff or clogged arteries, your heart has to work harder.
Question: How can high blood pressure affect your heart?
Answer: Over time, problems in your arteries could cut back on blood flow. Your heart is a muscle, and it needs blood, too. When its supply lines can't deliver enough, you could have: Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Chest pain (angina) Heart attack To push blood through stiff or clogged arteries, your heart has to work harder. An overworked heart can become larger than normal. Then the walls of the heart muscle lose strength and can't pump blood well. This could lead to a heart attack or heart failure. The chances are greater if you already have heart problems.
Question: What other tests might be needed in addition to an immunoglobulin test?
Answer: Depending on your results, the doctor might need to do other tests, such as a: Complete blood count ( CBC) Protein blood test Urine test to check for kidney problems If your immunoglobulin level is high, it might be caused by: Allergies Chronic infections An autoimmune disorder that makes your immune system overreact, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or celiac disease Liver disease Inflammatory bowel disease Cancer, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia Low levels of immunoglobulins mean your immune system isn't working as well as it should.
Question: What is immunoglobulin M?
Answer: Immunoglobulin M: Your body makes Ig M antibodies when you are first infected with new bacteria or other germs. They are your body's first line of defense against infections. When your body senses an invader, your Ig M level will rise for a short time. It will then begin to drop as your Ig G level kicks in and increases to protect you long-term.
Question: How can immunoglobulin test results vary?
Answer: This can be caused by: Medicines that weaken your immune system, such as steroids Diabetes complications Kidney disease or kidney failure A weakened immune system that you were born with or developed (as with HIV/ AIDS) Just because your immunoglobulin level is high or low doesn't mean you have one of these conditions. Each person's test can differ based on the method the lab uses to check the results. Talk to your doctor about your test results, and find out what you should do next.
Question: What is immunoglobulin E?
Answer: Immunoglobulin E: Your body makes Ig E antibodies when it overreacts to substances that aren't harmful, such as pollen or pet dander. Your doctor will likely measure your Ig E levels if you have a blood test to check for allergies.
Question: How is an immunoglobulin test done?
Answer: She may also order the test if you have: Diarrhea that doesn't go away Unexplained weight loss Fevers that can't be explained by another cause Skin rashes Allergies Sickness after traveling HIV/ AIDS or multiple myeloma (a type of cancer), or another condition that needs to be monitored Doctors often measure Ig A, Ig G, and Ig M together to get a snapshot of your immune function. A lab tech will usually take a sample of your blood by inserting a needle into a vein in your arm. The blood collects into a tube or vial. Another way to do this test is with a sample of what's called cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF). CSF surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The doctor will take a sample of this fluid with a lumbar puncture (often called a âspinal tapâ). For this, you go to an outpatient facility or a hospital. A technician will give you a shot in your back to help numb any pain. You will likely lie on your side with your knees pulled up to your chest, or you sit on a table. The technician inserts a hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine and removes a small amount of fluid so it can be tested.
Question: Why might I need an immunoglobulin test?
Answer: Your doctor might order an immunoglobulin test if you get a lot of infections -- especially infections of the sinuses, lungs, stomach, or intestines. She may also order the test if you have: Diarrhea that doesn't go away Unexplained weight loss Fevers that can't be explained by another cause Skin rashes Allergies Sickness after traveling HIV/ AIDS or multiple myeloma (a type of cancer), or another condition that needs to be monitored Doctors often measure Ig A, Ig G, and Ig M together to get a snapshot of your immune function.
Question: What does a high immunoglobulin level mean?
Answer: Depending on your results, the doctor might need to do other tests, such as a: Complete blood count ( CBC) Protein blood test Urine test to check for kidney problems If your immunoglobulin level is high, it might be caused by: Allergies Chronic infections An autoimmune disorder that makes your immune system overreact, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or celiac disease Liver disease Inflammatory bowel disease Cancer, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia Low levels of immunoglobulins mean your immune system isn't working as well as it should.
Question: What does a low immunoglobulin level mean?
Answer: Depending on your results, the doctor might need to do other tests, such as a: Complete blood count ( CBC) Protein blood test Urine test to check for kidney problems If your immunoglobulin level is high, it might be caused by: Allergies Chronic infections An autoimmune disorder that makes your immune system overreact, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or celiac disease Liver disease Inflammatory bowel disease Cancer, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia Low levels of immunoglobulins mean your immune system isn't working as well as it should. This can be caused by: Medicines that weaken your immune system, such as steroids Diabetes complications Kidney disease or kidney failure A weakened immune system that you were born with or developed (as with HIV/ AIDS) Just because your immunoglobulin level is high or low doesn't mean you have one of these conditions.
Question: What is immunoglobulin G?
Answer: Immunoglobulin G: Ig G is the most common type of antibody in your blood and other body fluids. These antibodies protect you against infection by "remembering" which germs you've been exposed to before. If those germs come back, your immune system knows to attack them. Your doctor can test for Ig G to figure out whether you've been infected by certain kinds of bacteria or virus.
Question: What is immunoglobulin A?
Answer: Your body makes a few different types of immunoglobulin antibodies, including these: Immunoglobulin A: Ig A antibodies are found in the mucous membranes of the lungs, sinuses, stomach, and intestines. They're also in fluids these membranes produce, like saliva and tears, as well as in the blood.
Question: What is an immunoglobulin test?
Answer: Some conditions cause your body to make too many or too few immunoglobulins. Having too few immunoglobulins in your blood gives you a greater chance of getting infections. Having too many could mean you have allergies or an overactive immune system. Your body makes a few different types of immunoglobulin antibodies, including these: Immunoglobulin A: Ig A antibodies are found in the mucous membranes of the lungs, sinuses, stomach, and intestines. Immunoglobulin M: Your body makes Ig M antibodies when you are first infected with new bacteria or other germs. This can be caused by: Medicines that weaken your immune system, such as steroids Diabetes complications Kidney disease or kidney failure A weakened immune system that you were born with or developed (as with HIV/ AIDS) Just because your immunoglobulin level is high or low doesn't mean you have one of these conditions.
Question: How is a collapsed lung diagnosed?
Answer: Your doctor will probably start with a physical exam. They'll listen to your chest through a stethoscope as you breathe and tap your chest to find out if it sounds hollow. You might get an X-ray so your doctor can see the outline of your lung. If the doctor still isn't sure after these steps, you may have a CT scan, a series of X-rays that a computer turns into a detailed image of your lung.
Question: How is a collapsed lung treated?
Answer: They treat a collapsed lung by getting rid of the pressure outside the lung so it can inflate again. In minor cases without symptoms, the lung can expand again on its own. You may need to breathe oxygen from a container for a short time to help. Even if your case is minor, it's important to have follow-up visits with your doctor so they can keep an eye on how you're doing. If the lung has collapsed further, the doctor may use a needle or tube to release the extra air from your chest. If the doctor uses a tube, it might have to stay attached for several hours or several days.
Question: How does pleurodesis work in treating collapsed lung?
Answer: Cases involving lung disease, an accident, or repeated collapsed lungs may need surgery or pleurodesis. Pleurodesis is a procedure in which a doctor uses a needle and tube to get medicine like doxycycline into your chest. It triggers inflammation, which helps the lung stick to the chest wall and stay inflated.
Question: How can cancer cause hip pain?
Answer: Tumors that start in the bone or that spread to the bone can cause pain in the hips, as well as in other bones of the body.
Question: How can bursitis cause hip pain?
Answer: Bursae are sacs of liquid found between tissues such as bone, muscles, and tendons. They ease the friction from these tissues rubbing together. When bursae get inflamed, they can cause pain. Inflammation of bursae is usually due to repetitive activities that overwork or irritate the hip joint.
Question: How can you relieve hip pain at home?
Answer: Try to rest the affected joint as much as possible until you feel better. You may also try heating the area. A warm bath or shower can help ready your muscle for stretching exercises that can lessen pain.