anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Who needs to get a urine phosphate test?
Answer: Your doctor might recommend a urine phosphate test if she thinks you might have an issue with your kidneys or you get kidney stones often. In some cases, the test can offer some clues about why they keep coming back. Calcium and phosphate levels are closely tied, so you may also have this test if other tests show your calcium levels aren't quite right.
Question: How can I prevent ringworm?
Answer: Still, here are some things you can do to lower your chances of getting ringworm or stop it from spreading: Keep your skin clean and dry. Wear flip-flops in locker rooms and public showers. Change your socks and underwear at least once each day. Don't share clothes or towels with someone who has ringworm. If you play sports, keep your gear and uniform clean -- and don't share them with other players. Wash your hands with soap and water after playing with pets.
Question: When might you need prescription medication to treat ringworm?
Answer: If you have ringworm on your scalp or in many different places on your body, OTC treatments probably won't be enough. Your doctor will have to write you a prescription. Keep an eye out for symptoms that get worse or don't clear up after 2 weeks. If they don't, call your doctor.
Question: How do you catch ringworm?
Answer: You can catch it in any of the following ways: From another person. Ringworm often spreads by skin-to-skin contact. From your pets. The fungus that causes ringworm can linger on surfaces, clothes, towels, and in combs and brushes. How the infection is treated depends on where it is and how bad it is.
Question: What is stage IV breast cancer?
Answer: Breast cancer cells have spread far away from the breast and lymph nodes right around it. The most common sites are the bones, lungs, liver, and brain. This stage is described as âmetastatic,â meaning it has spread beyond the region of the body where it was first found.
Question: What is stage II breast cancer?
Answer: The cancer has grown, spread, or both. IIA means the tumor in the breast is still small, if there's one at all. There may be no cancer in the lymph nodes, or it may have spread to as many as three. A stage IIB breast tumor is bigger -- it may be the size of a walnut or as big as a lime. It may or may not be in any lymph nodes.
Question: What is stage I breast cancer?
Answer: Starting at this level, breast cancer is called invasive, meaning it has broken free to attack healthy tissue. Stage 1 A means the cancer has spread into the fatty breast tissue. The tumor itself is no larger than a shelled peanut, or there may be no tumor Stage IB means some cancer cells, but just tiny amounts, have been found in a few lymph nodes.
Question: What is the TNM system for breast cancer?
Answer: Breast cancer cells have spread far away from the breast and lymph nodes right around it. Doctors also group cancers by the letters T, N, or M. Each of those letters tells you something about your cancer. The higher the number assigned after it, the bigger or wider the mass. These small filters are found throughout the body, and they're especially dense in and around the breast. They're meant to catch cancer cells before they travel to other parts of the body. Here, too, a number (0- III) tells you whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the breast and, if so, how many.
Question: What is stage III breast cancer?
Answer: The tumor itself is no larger than a shelled peanut, or there may be no tumor Stage IB means some cancer cells, but just tiny amounts, have been found in a few lymph nodes. The cancer has not spread to bones or organs, but it's considered advanced, and it's harder to fight. IIIA means the cancer has been found in up to nine of the lymph nodes that form a chain from your underarm to your collarbone. IIIB means the tumor has grown into the chest wall or skin around your breast, even if it hasn't spread to the lymph nodes. IIIC means cancer has been found in 10 or more lymph nodes, or has spread above or below your collarbone. It's also IIIC if fewer lymph nodes outside the breast are affected but those inside it are enlarged or cancerous.
Question: What is a Holter monitor?
Answer: If your heart seems to skip a beat, race, or work a bit too slow, you could have a condition known as arrhythmia. Your doctor might suggest you wear a device called a Holter monitor. This simple at-home tool helps track your heart's rhythm around the clock for a few days while you work, sleep, play, and do everyday tasks. Your doctor may refer to the device as an "ambulatory electrocardiogram," or ECG. That sounds a little scary, but ambulatory just means walking or moving around. It applies to the monitor, which you can wear or carry with you.
Question: Why might your doctor recommend a Holter monitor?
Answer: It continuously records your heart's electrical activity for at least 24 to 48 hours. Reasons your doctor might recommend a Holter monitor include: You have a fast, pounding, or fluttering heartbeat. Your heartbeat is too slow, too fast, or otherwise irregular. You're tired, short of breath, dizzy or feeling faint. You have chest pain that isn't caused by an exercise test. There's a need to know how well your heart medication or pacemaker is working. The doctor needs to determine if you are at risk for future heart problems after a heart attack or because of another genetic or pre-existing condition. You have a pacemaker and feel dizzy.
Question: What is a Holter monitor electrocardiography (ECG)?
Answer: Your doctor might suggest you wear a device called a Holter monitor. Your doctor may refer to the device as an "ambulatory electrocardiogram," or ECG. These signals tell your heart to contract (squeeze) and pump blood. Sometimes they aren't working right, and the irregular rhythm that results can lead to heart attack or stroke.
Question: What would I feel if I have angina?
Answer: Angina isn't a condition or disease. It's a symptom, and sometimes it can signal a heart attack. The sensations may occur with normal activities but then go away with rest or when you take nitroglycerin. You may feel: Pressure, pain, squeezing, or a sense of fullness in the center of the chest Pain or discomfort in the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw Call 911 if it gets worse, lasts for more than 5 minutes, or doesn't improve after you've taken nitroglycerin.
Question: When should I get medical attention for my angina?
Answer: You may feel: Pressure, pain, squeezing, or a sense of fullness in the center of the chest Pain or discomfort in the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw Call 911 if it gets worse, lasts for more than 5 minutes, or doesn't improve after you've taken nitroglycerin. Doctors call that âunstableâ angina,â and it's an emergency that could be related to a heart attack. If you instead have âstableâ angina, which is the most common kind, your symptoms usually happen with predictable triggers (such as a strong emotion, physical activity, extreme hot and cold temperatures, or even a heavy meal). The symptoms go away if you rest or take nitroglycerin that your doctor has prescribed. If not, call 911.
Question: What are common symptoms of a stroke?
Answer: They can include these sudden problems: Severe headache with no known cause Confusion -- trouble speaking or understanding Numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body Trouble seeing in one or both eyes; double vision Trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination Call 911 right away and get to an emergency room. Every second counts. The sooner treatment starts, the better.
Question: What are common symptoms of a heart attack?
Answer: You may feel uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the center or left side of your chest. Discomfort in other parts of your body, such as the neck, arms, jaw, or back or a burning sensation in the stomach. It's a symptom, and sometimes it can signal a heart attack. You may feel: Pressure, pain, squeezing, or a sense of fullness in the center of the chest Pain or discomfort in the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw Call 911 if it gets worse, lasts for more than 5 minutes, or doesn't improve after you've taken nitroglycerin.
Question: What are common symptoms of a heart attack in women?
Answer: Shortness of breath. Discomfort in the neck, shoulder, or upper back Call 911 right away. It's a symptom, and sometimes it can signal a heart attack.
Question: What should I do if I think I'm having a heart attack?
Answer: Discomfort in the neck, shoulder, or upper back Call 911 right away. If you can't call 911, have someone else drive you to the emergency room. Don't drive yourself. Until the ambulance comes: Stop all activity and try to remain calm. If your doctor has told you before to take an aspirin if you think you're having a heart attack, do so. If not, ask the 911 operator. If you're with someone who might be having a heart attack and becomes unconscious, start CPR. If you don't know how, the 911 dispatcher can talk you through the steps until help arrives.
Question: Are there different treatment options for breast cancer?
Answer: Others target the specific glitch in your cells that allows the cancer to survive or grow. But no matter which one you and your doctor choose, the goal is the same: get rid of the cancer so it doesn't come back. To start, you and your doctor will want to know: The type of breast cancer you have The size of your tumor and how far the cancer has spread in your body, called the stage of your disease How fast it will grow How likely the cancer is to spread or come back after treatment How well certain therapies will work for you Your age and how healthy you are The option you'd prefer These details will help your doctor recommend some treatments that could work well for you. The most common treatments for breast cancer are: Surgery.
Question: What are targeted treatments for breast cancer?
Answer: These fight the changes in cells that lead to cancer. For instance, some cells have too much of a type of protein, which makes them grow too much. Drugs can block how these proteins work. Targeted treatments often have fewer side effects than those that affect the whole body, like chemo.
Question: How do I choose the right treatment for breast cancer?
Answer: To start, you and your doctor will want to know: The type of breast cancer you have The size of your tumor and how far the cancer has spread in your body, called the stage of your disease How fast it will grow How likely the cancer is to spread or come back after treatment How well certain therapies will work for you Your age and how healthy you are The option you'd prefer These details will help your doctor recommend some treatments that could work well for you.
Question: What happens during chemotherapy for breast cancer?
Answer: During chemo, you take drugs as pills or through an IV to treat the disease throughout your body. Most people get it after surgery to kill any cancer cells left behind. Doctors also prescribe it before surgery to make tumors smaller. Chemo works well against cancer, but it also can harm healthy cells. This can cause side effects such as hair loss, mouth sores, and nausea.
Question: What happens during breast cancer surgery?
Answer: For most people, the first step is to take out the tumor. An operation called lumpectomy removes only the part of your breast that has cancer. Sometimes it's called breast-conserving surgery. In a mastectomy, doctors remove the whole breast. Be sure to discuss the pros and cons of both types of surgery with your doctor. Often, removal of your whole breast does not work better or help you live longer.
Question: What are the side effects of breast cancer treatments?
Answer: Targeted therapy. But some may show up later. They're called late effects, and they include: Symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes Trouble getting pregnant Depression Trouble sleeping Changes in the way your breast looks Trouble thinking clearly ("chemo brain") You and your doctor will decide on your treatment together. Side effects.
Question: What happens during radiation for breast cancer?
Answer: This treatment uses high-energy waves to kill cancer cells. Or you can get tiny seeds that give off radiation placed inside your breast where the tumor was. In the past, people had radiation every day for many weeks. These fight the changes in cells that lead to cancer.
Question: What is hormone therapy for breast cancer?
Answer: Others target the specific glitch in your cells that allows the cancer to survive or grow. Hormone therapy.
Question: How common are brain tumors relative to brain cancer?
Answer: In the U. S., brain or nervous system tumors affect about 6 of every 1,000 people.
Question: What are malignant tumors relative to brain cancer?
Answer: Malignant tumors can grow and spread aggressively, overpowering healthy cells by taking their space, blood, and nutrients. They can also spread to distant parts of the body. Like all cells of the body, tumor cells need blood and nutrients to survive.
Question: What is brain cancer?
Answer: Although such growths are popularly called brain tumors, not all brain tumors are cancer. Cancer is a term reserved for malignant tumors.
Question: What is metastatic brain cancer?
Answer: Brain tumors are abnormal growths of cells in the brain. The cells spread to the brain from another tumor in a process called metastasis. This is the most common type of brain tumor.
Question: What are benign tumors relative to brain cancer?
Answer: Although such growths are popularly called brain tumors, not all brain tumors are cancer. But a benign tumor can still cause many problems in the brain by pressing on nearby tissue. This is the most common type of brain tumor.
Question: How do primary brain tumors develop?
Answer: Some brain cancers occur when one type of cell transforms from its normal characteristics. Once transformed, the cells grow and multiply in abnormal ways. As these abnormal cells grow, they become a mass, or tumor. The brain tumors that result are called primary brain tumors because they originate in the brain. Metastatic brain tumors are made of cancerous cells from a tumor elsewhere in the body.
Question: Are all brain tumors cancerous?
Answer: Although such growths are popularly called brain tumors, not all brain tumors are cancer. Malignant tumors can grow and spread aggressively, overpowering healthy cells by taking their space, blood, and nutrients. They can also spread to distant parts of the body. Like all cells of the body, tumor cells need blood and nutrients to survive. Tumors that do not invade nearby tissue or spread to distant areas are called benign. But a benign tumor can still cause many problems in the brain by pressing on nearby tissue. In the U. S., brain or nervous system tumors affect about 6 of every 1,000 people.
Question: What is metastatic brain cancer made of?
Answer: Brain tumors are abnormal growths of cells in the brain. The cells spread to the brain from another tumor in a process called metastasis. This is the most common type of brain tumor.
Question: Who commonly gets prostate cancer?
Answer: Prostate cancer affects mainly older men. Six out of ten cases are diagnosed in men over 65, but less than 1% in men under 50. Though uncommon, prostate cancer can be seen in men even in their 30's and 40's. Men with a family history of prostate cancer are more likely to develop prostate cancer than the general population.
Question: What is associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer?
Answer: The following are also associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer: Height, high body mass index, low physical activity, smoking, low tomato sauce consumption, high calcium intake, high linoleic acid intake, African- American race, and a positive family history. No proven link exists between prostate cancer and an active sex life, vasectomy, masturbation, use of alcohol or tobacco, circumcision, infertility, infection of the prostate, or a common noncancerous condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH). Most, if not all, men will experience an enlarged prostate as they age.
Question: What contributes to prostate cancer?
Answer: Men who consume large amounts of fat -- particularly from red meat and other sources of animal fat cooked at high heat -- may be more likely to develop advanced prostate cancer. The disease is much more common in countries where meat and dairy products are dietary staples than in countries where the basic diet consists of rice, soybean products, and vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, cole slaw, or sauerkraut.
Question: How do hormones play a role in the development of prostate cancer?
Answer: Men who consume large amounts of fat -- particularly from red meat and other sources of animal fat cooked at high heat -- may be more likely to develop advanced prostate cancer. High testosterone levels may stimulate dormant prostate cancer cells into activity. Some findings suggest that high testosterone levels also influence the initial onset of prostate cancer.
Question: Does endometrial cancer have symptoms?
Answer: Some women with endometrial cancer have no symptoms until the disease has spread to other organs. But endometrial cancer is usually diagnosed by the appearance of symptoms -- like vaginal bleeding -- as the cancer begins to grow.
Question: When should you call your doctor about endometrial cancer?
Answer: Abnormal bleeding, though sometimes a symptom of perimenopause (pre-menopause), should be brought to your doctor's attention immediately. Endometrial cancer usually doesn't occur before menopause, but it can appear around the time menopause begins and during the menopausal transition.
Question: What are the most likely symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Answer: The most likely symptoms are: Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, which occurs in nine out of 10 women with endometrial cancer. Before menopause, this means unusually heavy irregular menstrual periods or bleeding between periods. After a woman enters menopause, this means any vaginal bleeding, unless she is on hormone replacement therapy ( HRT). Even though HRT may cause vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women, the first episodes of any such bleeding should be checked by a doctor to make sure that it is not due to endometrial cancer. Difficult or painful urination. An enlarged uterus, detectable during a pelvic exam. Pain during intercourse. Unexpected weight loss. Weakness and pain in the lower abdomen, back, or legs. This happens when the cancer has spread to other organs.
Question: What are the symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Answer: Some women with endometrial cancer have no symptoms until the disease has spread to other organs. But endometrial cancer is usually diagnosed by the appearance of symptoms -- like vaginal bleeding -- as the cancer begins to grow. Vaginal discharge that may range from pink and watery to thick, brown, and foul smelling.
Question: How does using unscented soap help dry skin?
Answer: Deodorant bath soaps can leave you smelling great, but their ingredients actually strip moisture from your skin. That can trigger your urge to itch. It's best to limit using such soaps to body areas prone to odor, such as the armpits, feet, and groin area. For other parts of your body, choose a mild cleanser.
Question: How does moisturizing help dry skin?
Answer: If you have dry skin, you should moisturize daily. Do it right after you shower, bathe, or wash your hands, while your skin is still damp. If you can tolerate the greasy feeling, choose a moisturizer that is thick, heavy, and gooey. Skin care experts say ointments (called emollients), such as petroleum jelly, are best. They help seal the skin and prevent water loss. But their greasy feel may be a turn-off for some people. Creams are the next best bet. Lotions are not quite as effective but often feel far better than creams and ointments on your skin. These products are mainly water-based, and the water quickly evaporates when applied to the skin. The moisturizer should be free of dyes, fragrances, and other possible irritants. Make sure the label says the product is hypoallergenic. This means the moisturizer is less likely to cause an allergic reaction, which can make you itch more. If a skin cream or ointment isn't handy, check your kitchen cupboard for a quick fix. Cooking oils and shortening can work just as well as commercial moisturizers and are likely to be less expensive. Fragrant soaps and body washes can also lead to dry skin and itchiness.
Question: What do lacto-vegetarians eat?
Answer: There are also pescatarians, who eat fish and seafood; and lacto-vegetarians, who eat dairy products but not eggs.
Question: What is a vegetarian?
Answer: The simplest definition of vegetarianism is a diet free of meat, fish, and fowl flesh. But eating habits of vegetarians cover a wide spectrum. At one end are lacto-ovo vegetarians, who avoid animal flesh but eat eggs and milk products. At the other end are vegans, who forgo eating (and often wearing) all animal-based products, including honey.
Question: If you eat a vegetarian or vegan diet, might you need certain vitamins?
Answer: A meatless diet can be healthy, but vegetarians -- especially vegans -- need to make sure they're getting enough vitamin B12, calcium, iron, and zinc. Vitamin B12 is found naturally only in animal products. Similarly, children under age 5 who are reared on vegetarian and vegan diets can suffer impaired growth.
Question: Can drug-free treatments help you manage the side effects of cancer treatment?
Answer: Drug-free therapies like yoga, massage, meditation, and hypnosis can help you live better during your cancer treatment. Some relieve stress and help your mood. Others make the side effects caused by chemotherapy or radiation a bit easier to take.
Question: What lifestyle changes can help you prevent cancer?
Answer: Acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice that uses thin needles placed under your skin, can relieve symptoms like: Night sweats Nausea Fatigue Hot flashes Depression Pain You know you should cut down on fatty foods, be more active, and limit the alcohol you drink. These everyday tips are also good ways you can stave off cancer. Working out can drop your risk of 13 different cancers. You don't need to run marathons to reap the benefits, either. Walking just 30 minutes each day during your lunch break will help.
Question: What do new personalized cancer medicines do?
Answer: It used to be that most people with a certain type and stage of cancer got the same treatment. Now, doctors know that a solution that helps one person may not work well for someone else. Your genes can now give doctors a better idea which treatments will help you the most. Some drugs are more targeted, too. Instead of wiping out all cells, even healthy ones, some can focus just on deadly cancer cells. For instance, a drug being tested may be able to help people with stage IV pancreatic cancer. If their cancer cells have a high level of a sugar called hyaluronic acid, the drug, called PEGPH20, can break it down. This would let immune cells and medicines get inside tumors and fight back.
Question: What can cryoablation combined with imaging do for cancer?
Answer: For instance, doctors can use a technique called cryoablation (freezing) to treat them. This means they wouldn't have to remove all or part of a lung.
Question: What can multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) do for cancer?
Answer: Multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging (mp- MRI), for instance, can uncover the jumble of blood vessels in a new prostate tumor. That close-up view can help doctors decide the best treatment.
Question: How can acupuncture help people with cancer?
Answer: Acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice that uses thin needles placed under your skin, can relieve symptoms like: Night sweats Nausea Fatigue Hot flashes Depression Pain You know you should cut down on fatty foods, be more active, and limit the alcohol you drink.
Question: How can MRI-guided focal laser ablation be used to treat cancer?
Answer: Advances in imaging may make it easier for doctors to learn about the cancer they're up against. Multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging (mp- MRI), for instance, can uncover the jumble of blood vessels in a new prostate tumor.