anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What causes primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)?
Answer: The main symptoms often involve: Problems walking Weak, stiff legs Trouble with balance Other common symptoms include: Speech or swallowing issues Vision problems Fatigue and pain Bladder and bowel trouble Doctors think MS -- no matter which type you have -- happens when your body attacks itself. In MS, your immune system damages myelin, the protective coating around the nerves in your brain and spinal cord. This causes inflammation. But in PPMS, there's little inflammation. Nerve damage is the main problem. Areas of scar tissue (your doctor will call them lesions), form along the damaged nerves in your brain and spinal cord. This causes MS symptoms. The biggest risk isn't from MS, but from complications like heart disease and stroke.
Question: How is primary progressive multiple sclerosis related to multiple sclerosis?
Answer: But in PPMS, there's little inflammation. Nerve damage is the main problem. Areas of scar tissue (your doctor will call them lesions), form along the damaged nerves in your brain and spinal cord. This causes MS symptoms. The biggest risk isn't from MS, but from complications like heart disease and stroke.
Question: How can exercise help treat multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Unlike some other types of MS, you won't have relapses or remissions. It can help you: Stay active and mobile Manage your symptoms Control your weight Exercise can also give you more energy and boost your mood.
Question: How are heart failure and sleep related?
Answer: Having heart failure means you're likely to have other health issues, including sleep problems. Likewise, sleep problems, including obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA) and insomnia, can make your heart failure symptoms worse. A good night's sleep is important, whether your heart is healthy or not. Rest helps your heart as well as your energy levels, thinking skills, and overall health. If you can deal with your sleep problems, you may ease the burden on your heart.
Question: How can a sleep specialist help with medical sleep problems?
Answer: A sleep specialist can help you figure out what's going on medically, whether you're dealing with insomnia or OSA or something else, and how to treat it.
Question: What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Answer: OSA is more common among people who are overweight, but anyone can get it. The tissue in the back of your throat relaxes and blocks your airway while you sleep. You stop breathing, so your brain signals your throat muscles to contract, which opens up your airway again. This can happen dozens or even hundreds of times a night.
Question: How can heart failure make it hard to breathe while sleeping?
Answer: During the day, you're standing and sitting, so extra fluid would normally settle in your legs and feet. But lie down, and it's going to move up into your chest and throat. This can close in your lungs and airway, making it harder to breathe. Your doctor might prescribe diuretics to help get rid of that extra fluid. But these medicines don't stop working when you sleep, which can mean interrupting your slumber for a trip or two to the bathroom.
Question: What can you do to set yourself up for a restful night's sleep?
Answer: Set yourself up for restful sleep: Stick to a regular sleep/wake schedule. Turn off the TV, computer, and other devices before bedtime. Keep your bedroom cool and dark. Avoid alcohol before bedtime and caffeine in the afternoon or evening. Exercise every morning.
Question: What are complications of heart failure that can affect your sleep?
Answer: For example: Chest pain and discomfort make it hard to relax and fall or stay asleep. Lying in bed can make you feel short of breath. You may have to get up during the night to pee.
Question: What happens with osteoarthritis?
Answer: What happens: You lose your body's shock absorber. Cartilage, the slippery material that covers the ends of bones, gradually breaks down. One example is what can happen to your knees when you're overweight. The extra pounds put more pressure on the cartilage as it gets squeezed between the bones. It gets damaged and wears away, so there isn't as much left to cushion the joint. The damaged cartilage makes movement painful. You may hear a grating sound when the roughened cartilage on the surface of the bones rubs together. You may get painful spurs or bumps on the end of the bones, especially on fingers and feet. The joint lining can get inflamed, but it's not common with osteoarthritis.
Question: What are the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: Symptoms: Psoriatic arthritis can swell the fingers and toes. People who have it often have fingernails that are pitted or discolored, too. In some people, only one joint or a few joints are affected. For example, you could have it in only one knee. Sometimes, it affects the spine or just the fingers and toes.
Question: What are symptoms of osteoarthritis?
Answer: Symptoms depend on which joint or joints are affected. You may have: Deep, aching pain Trouble dressing, combing your hair, gripping things, bending over, squatting, or climbing stairs, depending on which joints are involved Morning stiffness that typically lasts less than 30 minutes Pain when walking Stiffness after resting Your joint may be: Warm to the touch Swollen and harder to move Unable to move through a full range of motion What is it?
Question: What happens in psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: What happens: This type of arthritis usually starts between ages 30 and 50, but it can start as early as childhood. It's equally common among men and women. The skin disease (psoriasis) usually shows up first.
Question: What is psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: People with this condition have inflammation of the skin (psoriasis) and joints (arthritis). Psoriasis causes patchy, raised, red and white areas of inflamed skin with scales. It usually affects the tips of the elbows and knees, the scalp, the navel, and skin around the genital areas or anus. Only about 10% to 30% of people with psoriasis will also get psoriatic arthritis.
Question: What is osteoarthritis?
Answer: More people have this condition than any other form of arthritis. It's the "wear and tear" that happens when your joints are overused. It usually happens with age, but it can also come from joint injuries or obesity, which puts extra stress on your joints. Joints that bear weight -- like your knees, hips, feet, and spine -- are the most common places it affects. It often comes on gradually over months or years. It makes the affected joint hurt. But you don't feel sick or have the fatigue that comes with some other types of arthritis.
Question: What happens if you have rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Answer: What happens: Doctors don't know exactly what causes RA. Some experts believe the immune system becomes "confused" after an infection with a bacteria or virus and starts to attack your joints. This battle can spread to other areas of the body. Scientists think two of the body's chemicals that are related to inflammation, tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) and interleukin-1, trigger other parts of the immune system in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicines that block TNF, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 can improve the symptoms and prevent joint damage.
Question: Are there numerous types of arthritis?
Answer: Did you know that there are more than 100 types of arthritis? Symptoms: Psoriatic arthritis can swell the fingers and toes.
Question: Can you exercise if you have hemophilia?
Answer: Your doctor will discuss the types of physical activities that are appropriate and what kinds of activities may be too dangerous. Your doctor's advice depends on the type and severity of hemophilia.
Question: How can adynovate help with treating hemophilia?
Answer: Adynovate is used to replace clotting factor VIII to help prevent and control bleeding in adults and children with hemophilia A. Idelvion, Coagulation Factor IX ( Recombinant), albumin fusion protein is used to help control and prevent bleeding in children and adults with hemophilia B.
Question: Are hemophilia treatments the same for everyone?
Answer: Treatments for hemophilia include: Receiving clotting factors replacement therapy Medication Treatment for joint bleeding and other problems associated with hemophilia The treatments you need will depend on the type of hemophilia and the severity of hemophilia. For instance, if you have mild hemophilia, you may need treatment only when you've been injured or in preparation for surgery. However, if you have severe hemophilia and bleed frequently, you may need regular treatment to help prevent bleeding and help protect your joints from deformity and disability.
Question: What's the treatment for joints that bleed because of hemophilia?
Answer: The most common include: Treating bleeding joints Monitoring physical activities For bleeding joints, you must get treatment with clotting factor to avoid joint damage. Your doctor may also recommend resting and icing the affected joint to decrease pain and swelling. As pain and swelling subsides, physical therapy may help you recover joint mobility and strength.
Question: How are antihistamines and decongestants used to treat postnasal drip?
Answer: They can also be effective, along with steroid nasal sprays, for postnasal drip caused by allergies. The older, over-the-counter antihistamines, including diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine ( Chlor- Trimeton), might not be the best choices for postnasal drip. When they dry out mucus, they can actually thicken it. Newer antihistamines like loratadine ( Claritin, Alavert), fexofenadine ( Allegra), cetirizine ( Zyrtec), levocetirizine ( Xyzal), and desloratadine ( Clarinex), may be better options and are less likely to cause drowsiness. It's a good idea to check with your doctor before taking these because all of them can have side effects that range from dizziness to dry mouth.
Question: What causes postnasal drip?
Answer: The excess mucus that triggers it has many possible causes, including: Colds Flu Allergies , also called allergic postnasal drip Sinus infection or sinusitis , which is an inflammation of the sinuses Object stuck in the nose (most common in children) Pregnancy Certain medications , including some for birth control and blood pressure Deviated septum , which is the crooked placement of the wall that separates the two nostrils, or some other problem with the structure of the nose that affects the sinuses Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air Certain foods (for example, spicy foods may trigger mucus flow) Fumes from chemicals, perfumes, cleaning products, smoke, or other irritants Sometimes the problem is not that you're producing too much mucus, but that it's not being cleared away.
Question: What else can cause postnasal drip?
Answer: The excess mucus that triggers it has many possible causes, including: Colds Flu Allergies , also called allergic postnasal drip Sinus infection or sinusitis , which is an inflammation of the sinuses Object stuck in the nose (most common in children) Pregnancy Certain medications , including some for birth control and blood pressure Deviated septum , which is the crooked placement of the wall that separates the two nostrils, or some other problem with the structure of the nose that affects the sinuses Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air Certain foods (for example, spicy foods may trigger mucus flow) Fumes from chemicals, perfumes, cleaning products, smoke, or other irritants Sometimes the problem is not that you're producing too much mucus, but that it's not being cleared away. Swallowing problems can cause a buildup of liquids in the throat, which can feel like postnasal drip. These problems can sometimes occur with age, a blockage, or conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD.
Question: How can you reduce triggers of postnasal drip?
Answer: You can also try propping up your pillows at night so that the mucus doesn't pool or collect in the back of your throat. If you have allergies, here are some other ways to reduce your triggers: Cover your mattresses and pillowcases with dust mite proof covers. Wash all sheets, pillowcases, and mattress covers often in hot water. Use special HEPA air filters in your home. These can remove very fine particles from the air. Dust and vacuum regularly.
Question: When should you call the doctor about postnasal drip?
Answer: Call your doctor if the drainage is bad smelling, you have a fever, you're wheezing, or your symptoms are severe or last for 10 days or more. You might have a bacterial infection. Let your doctor know right away if you notice blood in your postnasal drip. If medication doesn't relieve your symptoms, you might need to see an ear, nose, and throat specialist (also called an otolaryngologist) for evaluation. Your doctor might want you to get a CT scan, X-rays, or other tests.
Question: What are other methods to treat postnasal drip?
Answer: Other methods you can try include: Take a medication such as guaifenesin ( Mucinex). Use saline nasal sprays or irrigation, like a neti pot, to flush mucus, bacteria, allergens, and other irritating things out of the sinuses. Turn on a vaporizer or humidifier to increase the moisture in the air.
Question: How do you treat postnasal drip?
Answer: How you treat postnasal drip depends on what's causing it. Antibiotics can clear up a bacterial infection. However, green or yellow mucus is not proof of a bacterial infection. Colds can also turn the mucus these colors, and they are caused by viruses, which don't respond to antibiotics.
Question: What is postnasal drip?
Answer: Your nose alone makes about a quart of it each day. Mucus is a thick, wet substance that moistens these areas and helps trap and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses before they cause infection. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Normally, you don't notice the mucus from your nose because it mixes with saliva, drips harmlessly down the back of your throat, and you swallow it. When your body produces more mucus than usual or it's thicker than normal, it becomes more noticeable. The excess can come out of the nostrils -- that's a runny nose. When the mucus runs down the back of your nose to your throat, it's called postnasal drip.
Question: How can you thin your mucus to treat postnasal drip?
Answer: Another option is to thin your mucus. A simple way to thin it out is to drink more water.
Question: Can chicken soup cure postnasal drip?
Answer: When the mucus runs down the back of your nose to your throat, it's called postnasal drip. It works because the steam from the hot liquid opens up your stuffy nose and throat. And because it's a fluid, the hot soup will help prevent dehydration, which will make you feel better too.
Question: What are the symptoms of postnasal drip?
Answer: Swallowing problems can cause a buildup of liquids in the throat, which can feel like postnasal drip. It also can trigger a cough, which often gets worse at night. In fact, postnasal drip is one of the most common causes of a cough that just won't go away. Too much mucus may also make you feel hoarse and give you a sore, scratchy throat. If the mucus plugs up your Eustachian tube, which connects your throat to your middle ear, you could get a painful ear infection. You could also get a sinus infection if those passages are clogged.
Question: Can nasal sprays be used for children?
Answer: A lot of over-the-counter decongestants, including these sprays, aren't recommended for children. Read the labels carefully and talk to your pediatrician.
Question: What are decongestant nasal sprays?
Answer: You can buy these over the counter or with a prescription from your doctor. They get rid of your stuffiness by narrowing blood vessels in the lining of your nose, which shrinks swollen tissues. Don't use them for more than 3 days, or your cold symptoms could get worse.
Question: What are steroid nasal sprays?
Answer: You can get these over the counter or with a prescription. They're approved to relieve allergy symptoms, but they're sometimes used to help clear a stuffed-up nose that comes from a sinus infection.
Question: Are different nasal sprays used differently?
Answer: Some sprays may have different instructions on the label, so use those or follow your doctor's directions. Don't use it for longer than recommended by your doctor or the maker of the nasal spray.
Question: What are the side effects of nasal sprays?
Answer: Decongestant products, including nasal sprays, can raise blood pressure and pulse rate. They can also cause you to feel nervous or dizzy, or make it hard for you to get to sleep. Some decongestants may interfere with other medications you take. Check with your doctor before you use them.
Question: What are salt-water solutions, or saline nasal sprays?
Answer: Salt-water solutions. They're also called "saline" nasal sprays, and you can buy them without a prescription. They loosen up your mucus and keep it from getting crusty. Since they don't contain any medications, feel free to use them as often you like.
Question: What medical conditions should stop someone from using nasal spray?
Answer: You might want to avoid some nasal sprays if you have high blood pressure, a heart condition, diabetes, thyroid problems, or urinary problems from an enlarged prostate.
Question: What are nasal sprays used for?
Answer: It can make the difference between success and failure in clearing up that blockage. They're approved to relieve allergy symptoms, but they're sometimes used to help clear a stuffed-up nose that comes from a sinus infection. The first thing you need to do is to blow your nose to clear up the passageways as much as you can.
Question: Should you drink water and go to the bathroom frequently if you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Answer: All adults and children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus should take frequent bathroom breaks. This helps to avoid over-distending the bladder, which can cause long-term problems, though rarely. The most important treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is to ensure constant access to lots of water. Not keeping up with fluid losses can lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances, which can sometimes be severe. Seek medical help if symptoms don't improve after rehydrating, eating fresh fruit, and taking a multivitamin.
Question: How are my kidneys involved in my nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Answer: In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, enough ADH is produced. But the kidneys are partially or completely blind to it. Typically, the kidneys' ADH sensors are missing or defective. As a result, ADH flows by without effect. The kidneys don't absorb enough water. Instead, they excrete abundant dilute urine as if no ADH were present.
Question: Can nephrogenic diabetes insipidus cause me to use the bathroom frequently?
Answer: Symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include: Unexplained weakness Lethargy Muscle pains Irritability For someone without nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the extreme thirst it creates can be hard to understand. Some people need to drink a large glass of liquid every 15 minutes, all day, every day. And since the kidneys aren't holding that water in, that means a lot of bathroom breaks.
Question: What causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Answer: Diabetes insipidus is caused by problems related to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. ADH is produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It's stored in the pituitary gland. Release of ADH is triggered by fluid loss or dehydration. When it's released, it causes the kidneys to retain water. This results in a decrease and concentration of urine.
Question: What are mechanisms by which nephrogenic diabetes insipidus works?
Answer: Diabetes insipidus is caused by problems related to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. ADH is produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It's stored in the pituitary gland. Release of ADH is triggered by fluid loss or dehydration. When it's released, it causes the kidneys to retain water. This results in a decrease and concentration of urine. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, enough ADH is produced. But the kidneys are partially or completely blind to it. Typically, the kidneys' ADH sensors are missing or defective. As a result, ADH flows by without effect. The kidneys don't absorb enough water. Instead, they excrete abundant dilute urine as if no ADH were present.
Question: What are symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Answer: The lack of ability by the kidneys to conserve water leads to the symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. They include: Excessive thirst Excessive urine production (polyuria).
Question: How do I know if my nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused an electrolyte imbalance?
Answer: In some people, these symptoms can become extreme and cause dehydration. Excessive fluid losses can also cause electrolyte imbalances. Symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include: Unexplained weakness Lethargy Muscle pains Irritability For someone without nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the extreme thirst it creates can be hard to understand.
Question: Can my nephrogenic diabetes insipidus be treated?
Answer: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be challenging to treat. Since the kidneys can't respond to ADH, giving more ADH doesn't help. There's no good way to get the kidneys to respond to the ADH that's there. In fact, treatment options are limited.
Question: How is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus treated?
Answer: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be challenging to treat. Since the kidneys can't respond to ADH, giving more ADH doesn't help. There's no good way to get the kidneys to respond to the ADH that's there. In fact, treatment options are limited. If a drug like lithium is responsible, switching medicines might improve nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Most adults with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are able to keep up with fluid losses by drinking water. For some people, though, the symptoms of near-constant thirst and urination can become intolerable. Some treatments can reduce the symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, at least somewhat: Diet. A low-salt, low-protein diet reduces urine output. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like ibuprofen ( Motrin), indomethacin ( Indocin), and naproxen ( Naprosyn) also can reduce urination. Diuretics. It might seem paradoxical, but "water pills" like hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride can ease excessive urination from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Question: How can you make a child comfortable when they have a cough?
Answer: Let the child rest. Avoid irritants, such as cigarette smoke. Don't give cough medicine to a child under age 4 unless your pediatrician suggests it.
Question: How can you prevent dehydration from coughing in babies and children?
Answer: Give older children water or juice mixed with water.
Question: How can you relieve your child's congestion?
Answer: Thin mucus in a stuffy nose with saline nose drops. Remove mucus from a baby's nose with a suction bulb. Use a humidifier in your child's room or take your child into the bathroom with a steamy shower running.
Question: What if my partner reacts badly to the news that I have genital herpes?
Answer: In that case, don't get defensive. Allow him or her some time to think it over in private, calm down, and come to terms with it. It may not be the first challenge you've faced together, and if the relationship is valuable enough to continue, it won't be the last.