anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are non-melanomas?
Answer: The most common skin cancers, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are nonmelanomas and rarely life threatening. They grow slowly, seldom spread beyond the skin, are easily found, and usually are cured. Basal cell carcinoma, which accounts for nearly 3 out of 4 skin cancers, is the slowest growing. Squamous cell carcinoma is somewhat more aggressive and more inclined to spread. A rare nonmelanoma is Kaposi's sarcoma, notable for its purple growths. It's related to a weak immune system and can be more serious. People with AIDS and the elderly tend to get it. Some noncancerous skin growths could become cancerous. The most common are actinic keratoses -- crusty, reddish patches on sun-exposed skin that may scratch off but grow back.
Question: Who gets skin cancer?
Answer: Regularly working around certain chemicals and other things known to cause cancer may raise the odds of getting a nonmelanoma skin cancer, including: Coal tar Radium Insecticides with inorganic arsenic compounds Skin cancer tends to affect people of light skin color because they're born with the least amount of protective melanin in their skin. The odds are highest if you're: Redheaded A blue-eyed blonde Someone with a pigment disorder, such as albinism People with many freckles or moles, particularly odd-looking ones, may be vulnerable to melanoma.
Question: What are the different types of skin cancer?
Answer: Skin cancers fall into two major categories: melanoma and nonmelanoma.
Question: Who is more likely to get skin cancer?
Answer: The odds are highest if you're: Redheaded A blue-eyed blonde Someone with a pigment disorder, such as albinism People with many freckles or moles, particularly odd-looking ones, may be vulnerable to melanoma. It's possible for dark-skinned people to get skin cancer, but it's rare and usually on lighter areas of their body, such as the soles of the feet or under fingernails or toenails. Where you live also plays a role. Places with intense sunshine, such as Arizona and Hawaii, have a larger share of people with skin cancer. It's more common in places where fair-skinned people moved from less sunny areas, like Australia, which was settled largely by fair-skinned people of Irish and English descent. About 3 times more men than women get skin cancer. It's more likely when you're older. Most people diagnosed are between ages 45 and 54, although more younger people are now being affected. If you or any close relatives have had skin cancer, your chances go up.
Question: What are melanomas?
Answer: The other type of skin cancer, melanoma, is a potentially aggressive, life-threatening cancer. It can start in dark skin tissue, such as a mole or birthmark, as well as in normally pigmented skin. For men, it generally shows up first on your head, neck, or between your shoulders and hips. Women tend to get it on their arms and legs. You may also find it on the palm of your hand, on the sole of your foot, under a fingernail or toenail, in mucus linings (in your mouth, vagina, or anus, for example), and even in your eye. Melanoma is not that hard to find and usually curable if treated early. But it grows faster than other types of skin cancer, and it can spread beyond your skin to other parts of the body, including your bones and brain. Then it's very hard to treat and can't be cured.
Question: What is skin cancer?
Answer: It can usually be cured, but the disease is a major health concern because it affects so many people. About half of fair-skinned people who live to age 65 will have at least one skin cancer. Most can be prevented by protecting your skin from the sun and ultraviolet rays. Every malignant skin tumor will, over time, show up on the skin's surface. That makes this the only type of cancer that is almost always found in its early, curable stages. Spending too much time in the sun is the main cause of skin cancer.
Question: How long will the effect of Concerta last?
Answer: Concerta is the brand name for methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets. The medicine gets into your system slowly, and the effects can last up to 12 hours. One pill in the morning is meant to help manage your ADHD symptoms through the whole school or work day.
Question: How much do Concerta and Adderall cost?
Answer: This is because they work on your brain in slightly different ways and can have different benefits and side effects. In general, the longer-acting forms are more expensive than the shorter-acting forms. And the generic versions can cost much less than brand names.
Question: What should you know about bed-wetting in adults?
Answer: A lot of folks think bed-wetting is something that only happens to kids, but it's a problem that can hit grown-ups, too. You may feel embarrassed to wake up to wet sheets, but it's not your fault. It could be due to a medical condition, medicine, or a problem with your bladder. You've got lots of ways to fix it.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose bed-wetting in adults?
Answer: Write down things like: How often and what time your bed-wetting happens How much urine comes out (a lot or a little) What and how much you drank before bed Any other symptoms you've had Your doctor will do tests to diagnose the problem, such as: Urinalysis. It checks a sample of your urine to look for an infection or other conditions of the urinary tract -- the collection of organs that are involved with urine like the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urine culture. Your doctor sends a small sample of your urine to a lab, where technicians put it in a special dish with nutrients. This test looks for bacteria or yeast in your urine. It can diagnose a urinary tract infection. Uroflowmetry. You pee into a special funnel to measure how much urine you make and how quickly it flows out. Post-void residual urine measurement. This test measures how much urine is left in your bladder after you pee.
Question: How can the bladder cause bed-wetting in adults?
Answer: When there isn't enough room in your bladder, pee can leak.
Question: What are the symptoms of herpes simplex keratitis?
Answer: Symptoms of herpes zoster ophthalmicus include: Severe pain on one side of the face, in your scalp, or around your eyes Redness, rash, or sores on your eyelids and around the eyes, especially on the forehead A rash on the tip of your nose Eye redness A swollen or cloudy cornea If symptoms involve only your eye, it's probably herpes simplex keratitis. You might notice: Pain in and around one eye Eye redness A feeling of dirt or grit in your eye Overflowing tears Pain when you look at bright light Cloudy or swollen cornea Your doctor may check your eye pressure and use special dye to study the surface of your cornea.
Question: How long does a herpes infection last in your eye?
Answer: It might start to look better after a few days, but still hurt. That doesn't mean that treatment isn't working. The medications will do their job, and the pain will go away. It's rare, but if you have the kind of virus that causes shingles, your eye could hurt for weeks or months. If that happens, your doctor might try other options, like sending you to a chronic pain specialist.
Question: What will your doctor prescribe to treat herpes in your eye?
Answer: Your doctor will prescribe antiviral eye drops, pills, or both. Take what he gives you for as long as he says to take it. Your eye might start to look or feel better soon, but the infection could come back if you stop treatment too soon. He might also give you steroid eye drops. They can control the disease if you get them at the right time, but they can also raise eye pressure. You'll need regular office visits during treatment so the doctor can keep track of it. You could also get an eye drop that keeps your pupil dilated (open). It will prevent spasms in your eye muscles and ease your pain. It's rare, but if you have the kind of virus that causes shingles, your eye could hurt for weeks or months. If that happens, your doctor might try other options, like sending you to a chronic pain specialist.
Question: How are guanylate cyclase-C agonist laxatives used to treat constipation?
Answer: Guanylate cyckase- C agonist laxatives change stool consistency by increasing the amount of water into the GI lumen and increasing gastrointestinal movement. Plecanatide ( Trulance) is a prescription tablet for those suffering from chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. It's not recommended for patients younger than six. While effective in promoting regular bowel function, it carries the risk of diarrhea and pediatric patients could develop severe dehydration.
Question: How does fiber treat constipation?
Answer: Fiber works by increasing the water content and bulk of the stool, which helps to move it quickly through the colon. When taking fiber supplements, it's essential to drink enough water to minimize the possibility of flatulence and a possible obstruction.
Question: How are lubricant laxatives used to treat constipation?
Answer: As the name implies, lubricant laxatives make stools slippery. The mineral oil within these products adds a slick layer to the intestine's walls and stops the stool from drying out. Though highly effective, lubricant laxatives are best used as a short-term cure for constipation. Over a longer period, mineral oil can absorb fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine, and decrease certain prescription drugs from being fully absorbed into the body. Do not take mineral oil at the same time as other medications or supplements.
Question: What do laxatives for constipation contain?
Answer: Millions of Americans suffer with symptoms of constipation: Straining while having a bowel movement Hard stools A feeling of obstruction or incomplete evacuation Fewer than three bowel movements per week Laxatives contain chemicals that help increase stool motility, bulk, and frequency -- thus relieving temporary constipation. But when misused or overused, they can cause problems, including chronic constipation. A healthy diet filled with fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain products; regular exercise; and drinking at least eight cups of water daily can help prevent constipation in most people. Still, 85% of doctor visits for constipation result in a prescription for a laxative. So it's important to understand how laxatives work and how to use them safely.
Question: What are side effects of using fiber for constipation?
Answer: Abdominal cramping, bloating, or gas can occur when abruptly increasing or changing your dietary fiber intake. Gradually increase fiber intake. Also, fiber can reduce your body's absorption of some drugs, so always take your medications at least one hour before -- or two hours after -- consuming fiber.
Question: How does deep brain stimulation treat essential tremor nerve disorder?
Answer: Deep Brain Stimulation Also called "thalamic stimulation," deep brain stimulation is a way to inactivate the thalamus without destroying a part of the brain. The risks are, therefore, much less than with thalamotomy. Rather than destroying brain tissue, deep brain stimulation achieves the same effects using small electrical shocks.
Question: What are the disadvantages of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor nerve disorder?
Answer: Disadvantages of deep brain stimulation include: The presence of a foreign object in the body, increasing the risk of infection.
Question: Are there risks associated with deep brain stimulation for essential tremor?
Answer: Advantages of this procedure are: no anesthesia no incisions no bur holes into the brain reduced risk of infection or damage to uneffected area Conversely, the disdvantages are: it produces s a nonreversible brain lesion is not effective in every case improvement can decline over time As with any surgery, there are potential risks associated with these forms of treatment for essential tremor. Talk with your doctor about these risks and any other potential complications.
Question: What are the advantages of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor nerve disorder?
Answer: Advantages of deep brain stimulation include: It doesn't destroy brain tissue and won't limit future treatment. The device can be removed at any time. It is adjustable. It may be more effective in controlling tremors than thalamotomy.
Question: What are side effects of thalamotomy?
Answer: Common, but temporary, side effects of thalamotomy include: Confusion Weakness Disturbed speech Balance problems The major disadvantage of thalamotomy is the permanent destruction of this area of the brain, which may limit future treatment options, and thalamotomy should only be performed under rare circumstances.
Question: What is thalamotomy?
Answer: Thalamotomy Thalamotomy is a surgery for Essential Tremor that destroys a small part of a structure in the brain called the thalamus. Surgeons typically perform this procedure on only one side of the brain because surgery on both sides of the brain increases the risk for potential complications. The procedure provides relief to the opposite side of the body. So, if the right side of the brain is operated on, the person will experience tremor relief on the left side of his body.
Question: How does deep brain stimulation work?
Answer: Deep Brain Stimulation Also called "thalamic stimulation," deep brain stimulation is a way to inactivate the thalamus without destroying a part of the brain. The pacemaker-like device generates the tiny electrical impulses that aren't painful to the patient. These shocks alter electrical "messages" going through the thalamus. Deep brain stimulation provides moderate relief for approximately 90% of patients.
Question: What is the disadvantage of thalamotomy when compared to deep brain stimulation?
Answer: Thalamotomy Thalamotomy is a surgery for Essential Tremor that destroys a small part of a structure in the brain called the thalamus. Common, but temporary, side effects of thalamotomy include: Confusion Weakness Disturbed speech Balance problems The major disadvantage of thalamotomy is the permanent destruction of this area of the brain, which may limit future treatment options, and thalamotomy should only be performed under rare circumstances. Deep brain stimulation, described below, is safer and more effective.
Question: What can you do to avoid triggers that cause migraines?
Answer: When you're away from home -- traveling, at a big event, or even at work -- it can be easy to miss meals. Your sleep pattern may change. You may just not get enough rest. Stress and spreading yourself too thin can bring on attacks in many people. Make an extra effort to eat well, sleep well, and manage stress wherever you are. It can help to know some ways to relax, like deep breathing or relaxing your muscles. Be sure to drink plenty of water, too. Sometimes, if you're at the gym, on vacation, or running errands, it can be easy to forget to drink up. But dehydration can start a migraine.
Question: What are unavoidable triggers of migraines?
Answer: There are other things you can't avoid, like: Weather changes Bright lights Strong smells Motion sickness Still, if you know your triggers, you can be prepared for them.
Question: How can knowing your triggers help with migraines?
Answer: Migraines can be tough wherever they happen. Triggers are different for everyone. When you know which things can start your migraines, you can try to avoid them. If you can't stay away from them, at least you'll know to be prepared for when they happen.
Question: How can acetaminophen (Tylenol) help with treating cervical disc disease?
Answer: Neck pain is one of the main symptoms of cervical disc disease, in which discs between vertebrae become herniated or deteriorate, sometimes pinching nerves. Several different drugs, from pain relievers to anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids, can help ease your neck pain while you heal. Research shows that regular acetaminophen use can damage the liver, even in people who take the drug at the recommended dose. To make sure you're using acetaminophen as safely as possible, follow the directions carefully and don't take any more than the label suggests and your doctor recommends. Avoid using alcohol while taking acetaminophen to minimize the risks to your liver.
Question: How can muscle relaxants help with treating cervical disc disease?
Answer: Neck pain is one of the main symptoms of cervical disc disease, in which discs between vertebrae become herniated or deteriorate, sometimes pinching nerves. Several different drugs, from pain relievers to anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids, can help ease your neck pain while you heal. Baclofen and other muscle relaxants calm muscle tightness, and some research suggests they can relieve neck pain within the first few days of an acute injury. When using these drugs, watch out for side effects such as drowsiness, dependence, and urinary retention. These drugs are best used short term under a doctor's guidance.
Question: Which medical problems could be affecting your weight?
Answer: Medical conditions make it tougher to slim down. Some things that could be causing your weight problems are: Eating disorders like bulimia Heart disease Hormonal disorders Sleep disorders like sleep apnea Some medicines can also deal a blow to your efforts to drop some pounds. For instance, you might have trouble losing weight if you take drugs for: Allergies Birth control Depression Diabetes Epilepsy High blood pressure Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia If you have one of these conditions and weight is a problem for you, talk to your doctor. He may be able to change your medications.
Question: Can your gender affect how you lose weight?
Answer: It could make a difference in how you lose weight. A recent study suggests it's easier for men to drop pounds quickly. But women tend to have more success with long-term efforts. Where you lose weight can also differ. Guys lose belly fat first, but that area can be tougher for the ladies.
Question: Could your genes play a role in how you lose weight?
Answer: Some bodies are simply better at burning fat than others. It's something you inherit from your parents or grandparents. You don't have any control over the genes that were passed to you, so you may need to work a little harder to burn calories and lose weight.
Question: How can your thyroid affect how you lose weight?
Answer: If it's underactive, you may have a condition called hypothyroidism. It can lead to weight gain from a buildup of salt and water in your body. An overactive thyroid is called hyperthyroidism. Many people with it lose weight, but others pick up extra pounds because it can make you feel hungrier. How your thyroid affects your metabolism, energy, and weight is complicated. Other hormones, proteins, and chemicals may also play a role. Check with your doctor if you think it's a problem.
Question: Does the rate of burning calories affect how you lose weight?
Answer: Try cottage cheese with fruit, eggs with whole-wheat toast, or Greek yogurt with a banana. Other things that can affect how you burn calories: Getting older. Your metabolism slows down about 2%-8% every decade. That may be from decreased muscle mass. Eating too little. It sounds strange, but the truth is, if you skip meals or follow a very low-calorie diet, it can backfire by making you burn calories more slowly. Lift weights to boost your lean muscle mass. Your metabolism may slow and you won't burn calories as fast as you'd like. How your thyroid affects your metabolism, energy, and weight is complicated.
Question: Does eating too close to bedtime affect how you lose weight?
Answer: Try to eat dinner at least 3 hours before you go to sleep. Be careful about snacking after supper. You take in more calories than you realize when you nibble while you watch TV or use the computer. You may also be tempted to eat unhealthy foods like ice cream or potato chips. That makes it harder to exercise. For instance, you might have trouble losing weight if you take drugs for: Allergies Birth control Depression Diabetes Epilepsy High blood pressure Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia If you have one of these conditions and weight is a problem for you, talk to your doctor.
Question: How does sleep affect how you lose weight?
Answer: It could make a difference in how you lose weight. Your metabolism may slow and you won't burn calories as fast as you'd like. You may also have less energy when you don't get enough sleep. That makes it harder to exercise. When you're tired, you're more likely to make poor diet choices, like choosing sweets over fruit. In a recent study, people who didn't get enough sleep ate about 300 more calories per day than those who got more rest.
Question: Does being stressed out affect how you lose weight?
Answer: It could be. It can make you reach for high-calorie, high-fat foods. Your body also tends to store more fat when you're stressed out. To reduce stress, try exercise or meditation.
Question: What are pigmented birthmarks?
Answer: It's important to remember that although most birthmarks are noncancerous, a doctor should examine your child if he or she is born with abnormally colored skin or develops birthmarks shortly after birth. Certain birthmarks described below can pose health risks. Most pigmented birthmarks will be flat and smooth and may range in color from white to tan to blue. There are several types of pigmented birthmarks, including Mongolian spots -- bruised or bluish in color, typically appearing on the buttocks or lower back; cafe-au-lait spots -- light brown; and typical moles that appear at birth, which are also called congenital nevi. Moles should be monitored for color, shape, or size changes, and/or itching or bleeding.
Question: What cosmetic procedures are used to treat port-wine stains?
Answer: Port-wine stains are caused by abnormal development of blood vessels (capillaries) and last a lifetime. Doctors have tried many ways to treat port-wine stains, including radiation, tattooing, freezing, dermabrasion, or sclerotherapy. Laser treatment is the preferred treatment because it is the only method that destroys capillaries in the skin without causing damage to the rest of the skin.
Question: What are the types of counseling that can help with Parkinson's disease?
Answer: Parkinson's disease, as with many chronic illnesses, will affect you both physically and mentally. Who will be included in your treatment (you alone, family members, others with similar problems). The following list briefly describes common types of counseling. Crisis intervention counseling. This is where you meet one-on-one with a counselor. If you are experiencing depression, anxiety, or grief in dealing with your Parkinson's this type of counseling may be appropriate. Family therapy. Group therapy. In group therapy, you join a group to discuss problems together. Residential treatment. These groups usually meet regularly without a therapist or counselor.
Question: How serious is fluoride toxicity?
Answer: If a child ingests a large amount of fluoride in a short period of time, it may cause symptoms such as: Nausea Diarrhea Vomiting Abdominal pain Although fluoride toxicity usually doesn't have serious consequences, it sends several hundred children to emergency rooms each year. It's also important to monitor your child's use of fluoridated toothpaste. Only place a pea-sized amount of toothpaste on your child's toothbrush. That is sufficient for fluoride protection. Also teach your child to spit out the toothpaste after brushing instead of swallowing it. To encourage spitting, avoid toothpastes containing flavors that children may be likely to swallow.
Question: What is fluorosis?
Answer: It's caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. After the teeth come in, the teeth of those affected by fluorosis may appear mildly discolored. For instance, there may be lacy white markings that only dentists can detect. In more severe cases, however, the teeth may have: Stains ranging from yellow to dark brown Surface irregularities Pits that are highly noticeable Fluorosis first attracted attention in the early 20th Century.