anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How can sickle cell disease (SCD) affect red blood cells?
Answer: The disease gets its name because when you have SCD, your red blood cells look like a sickle, which is a C-shaped farm tool. Red blood cells contain a molecule called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout the body. In a healthy person, hemoglobin is smooth, round, and flexible. That allows red blood cells to glide easily through your bloodstream. But if you have SCD, the hemoglobin's shape is abnormal. It's dangerous, and can cause extreme pain, anemia, and other symptoms.
Question: What are some signs of a broken nose (nasal fracture)?
Answer: Here's what you can expect to experience with the main types of facial fractures: Broken nose (nasal fracture) Pain Swelling Nosebleeds Bruising around the nose Difficulty breathing Forehead fracture (frontal bone) The forehead may appear inverted (pushed inward) Pain around the sinuses Injuries to the eyes Broken cheekbone/upper jaw (zygomatic maxillary fracture) Flatness of the cheek Altered sensation underneath the eye on the affected side Problems with eyesight Pain with jaw movement Eye socket (orbital) fracture This involves the bones of the eye socket.
Question: What are the signs of a broken jaw?
Answer: A black eye Redness or bleeding in the white of the eye Blurry or decreased vision Numbness in the forehead, eyelids, cheek, or upper lip/teeth Swelling of the cheek or forehead Broken jaw Pain Bruising, swelling, or tenderness along the jaw or below the ear Inability to bring the teeth together properly (malocclusion) Bruising under the tongue (almost always indicates a jaw fracture) Missing or loose teeth Numbness in the lower lip or chin Midface (maxillary) fracture: The main symptom is swelling or deformity on the face.
Question: How are facial fractures diagnosed?
Answer: Your doctor will examine your face for any signs of swelling and pain. He'll also check for any changes in mobility (whether you're able to move parts of your face). You'll probably have X-rays taken. Most fractures will show up clearly on these tests.
Question: What is the treatment for facial fractures?
Answer: This depends on your specific injury, how bad it is, and whether you have any other problems at the time. Your doctor's goal will be to put the bones back into their natural position. This is called âreducingâ the fracture. He'll also want to keep the bones in place to prevent further injury. Doctors call this âfixingâ the fracture. You may need surgery. Or, your doctor may use plates, screws, wires, or other devices to repair your injury. He may also prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection.
Question: When should I seek medical care for a facial fracture?
Answer: If you have a facial injury, see your doctor as soon as possible. Some facial fractures can be life-threatening. Others can cause problems with your respiratory system, airway passages, central nervous system, or vision that can't be reversed.
Question: What are some signs of a forehead fracture (frontal bone)?
Answer: Here's what you can expect to experience with the main types of facial fractures: Broken nose (nasal fracture) Pain Swelling Nosebleeds Bruising around the nose Difficulty breathing Forehead fracture (frontal bone) The forehead may appear inverted (pushed inward) Pain around the sinuses Injuries to the eyes Broken cheekbone/upper jaw (zygomatic maxillary fracture) Flatness of the cheek Altered sensation underneath the eye on the affected side Problems with eyesight Pain with jaw movement Eye socket (orbital) fracture This involves the bones of the eye socket.
Question: What are the signs of midface (maxillary) fracture?
Answer: A black eye Redness or bleeding in the white of the eye Blurry or decreased vision Numbness in the forehead, eyelids, cheek, or upper lip/teeth Swelling of the cheek or forehead Broken jaw Pain Bruising, swelling, or tenderness along the jaw or below the ear Inability to bring the teeth together properly (malocclusion) Bruising under the tongue (almost always indicates a jaw fracture) Missing or loose teeth Numbness in the lower lip or chin Midface (maxillary) fracture: The main symptom is swelling or deformity on the face.
Question: What are the advantages of douching?
Answer: Some women say douching makes them feel cleaner. There is, though, very little scientific evidence of benefit from douching.
Question: Should you douche?
Answer: According to health experts, including those at the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG), you should avoid douching. Having some vaginal odor is normal. However, if you notice a very strong odor, it could be a sign of infection. The acidity of the vagina will naturally control bacteria, and simply washing the vagina with warm water and mild soap is enough to keep clean.
Question: How common is vaginal douching and why do women use them?
Answer: Besides making themselves feel fresher, women say they douche to get rid of unpleasant odors, wash away menstrual blood after their period, avoid getting sexually transmitted diseases, and prevent a pregnancy after intercourse. Douches that are sold in drugstores and supermarkets contain antiseptics and fragrances.
Question: What is douching?
Answer: Higher rates are seen in teens and African- American and Hispanic women. A douche comes in a bottle or bag and is sprayed through a tube upward into the vagina. The acidity of the vagina will naturally control bacteria, and simply washing the vagina with warm water and mild soap is enough to keep clean.
Question: If I have syphilis, should I stop having sex?
Answer: Persons with syphilis must notify their sex partners so that they also can be tested and receive treatment. Talking with your health care provider will help you determine if you need to get re-tested for syphilis after you have received treatment.
Question: Is there a link between syphilis and HIV?
Answer: In fact, there is a two- to five-fold increased risk of acquiring HIV infection when syphilis is present. The genital sores (ulcers) caused by syphilis make it easier to transmit and acquire HIV infection sexually.
Question: What are symptoms of syphilis in primary stage?
Answer: Primary Stage The primary stage of syphilis is usually marked by the appearance of a single sore, but there may be multiple sores. The sore begins as a pimple, but quickly ulcerates to form a firm, round, small, and painless ulcer. If it is inside the vagina or anus, it is easy to miss this stage. The sore generally lasts three to six weeks, and it heals with or without treatment. At this stage, people are highly infectious.
Question: When can the John Cunningham virus become dangerous?
Answer: It doesn't cause problems for most people, but it can be dangerous if you have a weak immune system. There's no known way to keep yourself from getting it.
Question: How can I be tested for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy because of the John Cunningham virus?
Answer: If your doctor thinks you might have PML, you'll need an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). This uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make detailed images and look for certain patterns in your brain tissue. Next, your doctor may want to do a spinal tap. He'll use a needle to take spinal fluid from your lower back. If the JC virus is in this fluid, you have PML. If not, you may need a biopsy or other tests to find out for sure.
Question: How is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease?
Answer: PML has been linked to the drug natalizumab ( Tysabri), used to treat MS and Crohn's disease. People with MS or Crohn's disease may be tested for the JC virus before they start this medication or others like it. If you're a carrier of the virus, you might still be able to take the drugs, but discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. People with MS and Crohn's disease who develop PML often have to stop taking the drugs. They also may have a procedure called plasma exchange to clear out the medication.
Question: What is the John Cunningham virus?
Answer: The JC virus, or John Cunningham virus, is a common germ. More than half of all adults have been exposed to it.
Question: If I have a weak immune system, how can the John Cunningham virus affect me?
Answer: It doesn't cause problems for most people, but it can be dangerous if you have a weak immune system.
Question: Can certain HIV drugs prevent the John Cunningham virus from causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
Answer: Certain HIV drugs may make your immune system stronger and help prevent the JC virus from causing PML. These drugs have become more common, so the number of people with HIV/ AIDS who have PML has been going down.
Question: How is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) treated?
Answer: Scientists are studying several drugs for PML, but none has been approved by the FDA. However, treatments that make your immune system stronger can be used to help your body fight the infection.
Question: What does progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) affect?
Answer: It doesn't cause problems for most people, but it can be dangerous if you have a weak immune system.
Question: How can I be tested for the John Cunningham virus?
Answer: They can be different depending on the area of your brain that's affected, but the most common signs are: Clumsiness Weakness that gets worse Changes in personality Trouble speaking Vision problems Tests can detect if you carry the JC virus. Your doctor might look at a sample of your tissue under a microscope or check your blood for signs that your body is fighting the infection.
Question: How can people with HIV prevent progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
Answer: Certain HIV drugs may make your immune system stronger and help prevent the JC virus from causing PML. These drugs have become more common, so the number of people with HIV/ AIDS who have PML has been going down.
Question: Who is most at risk for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
Answer: Those with Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, or lymphoma are also at risk, as are people who take certain immune-suppressing drugs because of multiple sclerosis ( MS), rheumatoid arthritis, or organ transplants.
Question: What is the JC virus?
Answer: The JC virus, or John Cunningham virus, is a common germ. It doesn't cause problems for most people, but it can be dangerous if you have a weak immune system. There's no known way to keep yourself from getting it. A doctor found it in the brain of a man with Hodgkin's lymphoma and named the virus after him. Experts don't know how it's spread, but it's thought that many people pick it up as kids through food or water that has the virus in it. It settles in your urinary tract, bone marrow, tonsils, or brain. It can stay there for years, and most people never know they have it.
Question: What is the history of the John Cunningham virus?
Answer: If the JC virus is in this fluid, you have PML. If you're a carrier of the virus, you might still be able to take the drugs, but discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
Question: What happens when something triggers psoriasis?
Answer: Once something triggers psoriasis, it becomes a long-lasting condition. That means most people have it for the rest of their lives, although they may be able to control it with medication and other treatment.
Question: Does physical contact cause psoriasis?
Answer: But now we know that you cannot catch the condition by brushing up against someone who has it. You also can't get it from kissing, having sex, or swimming in the same water.
Question: What is plaque psoriasis?
Answer: There are several different kinds of the disease, but the most common is plaque psoriasis. Lesions often appear on the knees, elbows, or scalp, although they can be anywhere on the body. These patches can feel swollen, itchy, and sore, and may crack and bleed. Other types of the condition may cause small red spots, pus-filled bumps, or red scaling patches all over.
Question: Are there different kinds of psoriasis?
Answer: There are several different kinds of the disease, but the most common is plaque psoriasis. Lesions often appear on the knees, elbows, or scalp, although they can be anywhere on the body. These patches can feel swollen, itchy, and sore, and may crack and bleed. Other types of the condition may cause small red spots, pus-filled bumps, or red scaling patches all over.
Question: Should I talk openly about my psoriasis?
Answer: So if someone in your family has the condition, you may have the same genes and be more likely to get it yourself. And if you know people who have it, make sure they know that their condition doesn't affect your opinion of them or make you not want to be around them.
Question: What can you do to inform others about psoriasis?
Answer: So if someone in your family has the condition, you may have the same genes and be more likely to get it yourself. And if you know people who have it, make sure they know that their condition doesn't affect your opinion of them or make you not want to be around them.
Question: Can you get psoriasis from physical contact?
Answer: But rest easy: It's not contagious. You cannot catch the disease by touching someone who has it. You also can't get it from kissing, having sex, or swimming in the same water. People get psoriasis because of their genes, not because of bad hygiene, their diet or lifestyle, or any other habits. They didn't get it from someone else, and they cannot infect others. Even so, there's a lot of stigma around the condition, which can be hard for people who have it. They might feel uncomfortable when people stare at their lesions or avoid touching them, and they may try to hide their outbreaks under long clothing.
Question: What are some examples of natural birth control?
Answer: For comparison, those same odds are: 18% if you use only the male condom 12% with a diaphragm 9% if you take birth control pills or use a contraceptive patch or vaginal ring Less than 1% if you get an implant or use an IUD Examples include the rhythm method, the standard-days method, checking your cervical mucus, and using your basal body temperature.
Question: What are the odds of getting pregnant if you use natural birth control method?
Answer: The odds of getting pregnant can be as high as 24% unless you use your fertility awareness method perfectly every time. For comparison, those same odds are: 18% if you use only the male condom 12% with a diaphragm 9% if you take birth control pills or use a contraceptive patch or vaginal ring Less than 1% if you get an implant or use an IUD Examples include the rhythm method, the standard-days method, checking your cervical mucus, and using your basal body temperature.
Question: What are examples of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
Answer: Examples of ARBs include: Irbesartan ( Avapro) Losartan ( Cozaar) Telmisartan ( Micardis) Valsartan ( Diovan) This type of heart disease medicine can help in these ways: Makes your heart beat more slowly Makes the heart beat with less force Lowers your blood pressure Helps prevent future heart attacks if you have already had one Relieves chest pain Helps your heart beat more steadily How do beta-blockers accomplish all this?
Question: How do diuretics work in treating heart disease?
Answer: Diuretics can help your heart in these ways: Lower blood pressure Reduce swelling from extra fluid buildup throughout your body Relieve the heart's workload Here's how they work: Diuretics help your kidneys remove sodium and water from the body. One of the results is that you have less blood volume circulating in your blood vessels. Less blood volume in the vessels leads to lower blood pressure.
Question: What factors can help determine which medications for heart disease may be best for you?
Answer: That depends on factors such as these: The causes of your heart disease How your body responds to different drugs Any other health problems you might have Other medications you are taking It may take some trial-and-error testing to find the combination of heart disease medicine that works best for you. Many people need more than one type of drug in order to get the best results. Some of these medications are combined into one pill.
Question: What are examples of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that can help with treating heart disease?
Answer: Examples of ACE inhibitors include: Benazapril ( Lotensin) Captopril Enalapril ( Vasotec) Lisinopril ( Prinivil, Zestril) Ramipril ( Altace) This type of heart disease medicine can have these effects: Lower your blood pressure Ease the work of your heart ARBs block the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that makes blood vessels tighten.
Question: What are effects of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) on heart disease?
Answer: CCBs can have these effects: Lower your blood pressure Reduce chest pain (angina) Help lower heart rate How do calcium channel blockers accomplish this?
Question: How can digitalis drugs help with treating heart disease?
Answer: This type of heart disease medicine can be helpful in these cases: If you have heart failure If you have an irregular heartbeat, especially atrial fibrillation Digitalis drugs work by making your heart beat stronger and can help slow down heart rate. Digoxin ( Lanoxin) is one example of a digitalis drug.
Question: How can combined alpha- and beta-blockers help with treating heart disease?
Answer: This type of heart disease medication helps lower blood pressure. It does this by slowing your heart rate and reducing nerve impulses that tell vessels to tighten. Examples of combined alpha- and beta-blockers include carvedilol ( Coreg) and labetolol.
Question: What are side effects of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) in treating heart disease?
Answer: This medication helps in these ways: Allows your heart to pump blood more efficiently Helps your heart beat more steadily Makes heart beat more slowly Lowers blood pressure Relieves chest pain Reduces stress on the heart Side effects for this drug includes: Low blood pressure High blood potassium levels Kidney impairment Cholesterol-lowering drugs can: Lower LDL bad cholesterol Raise HDL good cholesterol Lower triglyceride levels (a fat in your blood) Cholesterol-lowering drugs work in a variety of ways to improve heart health.
Question: How can calcium channel blockers (CCBs) help with treating heart disease?
Answer: CCBs prevent calcium from entering the muscle cells in your heart and blood vessels. This keeps blood vessels from tightening so much and causes the heart to pump with less strength. Your heart rate slows and blood can flow more easily through the vessels. This lowers blood pressure.
Question: What are central acting agents and how do they lower blood pressure?
Answer: Central acting agents keep your brain and central nervous system from sending too many nerve impulses that tell the vessels to tighten. As a result, blood vessels remain wider. This helps lower your blood pressure. They can also be called "central adrenergic inhibitors." Clonidine ( Catapres) is an example of a central agonist.
Question: Which vasodilators can help with treating heart disease?
Answer: Examples of vasodilators include: Hydralazine Isosorbide dinitrate ( Isordil) Isosorbide mononitrate ( Imdur) Minoxidil Nitroglycerin ( Minitran, Nitro-bid, Nitro-dur, Nitrolingual, Nitromist, Nitrostat) Which medications may be best for you?
Question: Which diuretics can help with treating heart disease?
Answer: Diuretics are sometimes the first type of medicine that your doctor will try if you have high blood pressure. Examples of diuretics include: Bumetanide Furosemide ( Lasix) Hydrochlorothiazide or HCTZ Potassium-sparing diuretics: amiloride ( Midamor), eplerenone ( Inspra), spironolactone ( Aldactone) and triamterene ( Dyrenium), Torsemide ( Demadex) Some diuretics are combined in one pill with other heart medications.
Question: Which beta blockers can help with treating heart disease?
Answer: Examples of beta-blockers include: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol XL) Nadolol ( Corgard) Nebivolol ( Bystolic) This type of heart disease drug is also called a calcium antagonist.
Question: How do vasodilators work in treating heart disease?
Answer: Vasodilator heart disease medicine has two effects: Lowers blood pressure Eases chest pain (angina) Vasodilators relax the muscles in the blood vessel walls. The vessels widen and blood flows through more easily. Your blood pressure lowers. Your heart receives more blood and oxygen, so it doesn't have to work so hard to pump.
Question: How can diuretics help with treating heart disease?
Answer: Diuretics are often called "water pills." Diuretics can help your heart in these ways: Lower blood pressure Reduce swelling from extra fluid buildup throughout your body Relieve the heart's workload Here's how they work: Diuretics help your kidneys remove sodium and water from the body.
Question: How can selective sinus node inhibitors help with treating heart disease?
Answer: This new class of drug targets a specific area of the heart, the sinoatrial pacemaker, which affects heart failure. These drugs: Regulate the pacemaker cells of the heart Lower the heart rate Ivabradine ( Corlanor) is used in patients whose heart muscle is not contracting well.
Question: How do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors work in treating heart disease?
Answer: This type of heart disease medicine can help in these ways: Lower blood pressure Make the heart's work easier Help the heart work more efficiently Improve the heart's function if you have heart failure Protect the kidneys, especially in people with diabetes Here's how ACE inhibitors work: They prevent your body from making angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a hormone that makes blood vessels tighten. Because ACE inhibitors lower the amount of this hormone in your body, your blood vessels remain relaxed. The vessels widen and blood flows through more easily. Your blood pressure lowers. Your heart receives more blood and oxygen, so it doesn't have to work so hard to pump.
Question: How do beta-blockers work in treating heart disease?
Answer: Your heart doesn't have to work so hard to pump blood through your vessels. Examples of ARBs include: Irbesartan ( Avapro) Losartan ( Cozaar) Telmisartan ( Micardis) Valsartan ( Diovan) This type of heart disease medicine can help in these ways: Makes your heart beat more slowly Makes the heart beat with less force Lowers your blood pressure Helps prevent future heart attacks if you have already had one Relieves chest pain Helps your heart beat more steadily How do beta-blockers accomplish all this? They prevent the hormone adrenaline from working. When adrenaline is blocked, your heartbeat slows down. Your heart can't pump so hard. This makes blood go through your vessels with less force. The pressure inside your blood vessels drops.
Question: How can vasodilators help with treating heart disease?
Answer: You may also use an ARB if you cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors due to a cough, a common side effect. Vasodilator heart disease medicine has two effects: Lowers blood pressure Eases chest pain (angina) Vasodilators relax the muscles in the blood vessel walls.
Question: How can alpha-blockers help with treating heart disease?
Answer: Your blood vessels remain relaxed, lowering your overall blood pressure. Doxazosin ( Cardura) and prazosin ( Minipress) are two examples of the many alpha-blockers. CCBs can have these effects: Lower your blood pressure Reduce chest pain (angina) Help lower heart rate How do calcium channel blockers accomplish this? It does this by slowing your heart rate and reducing nerve impulses that tell vessels to tighten.
Question: Who might take a PCSK9 inhibitor?
Answer: This is a new class of cholesterol lowering drugs which is used in patients who cannot control their cholesterol through diet and statin treatments. A PCKS9 inhibitor can be effective in adult patients with the inherited disease heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia ( He FH) or for patients with atherosclerosis, whose cholesterol can not be controlled on other meds and who are in danger or heart attack or stroke.