anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How does muscular dystrophy become inherited as an X-linked disorder?
Answer: Men carry one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Females carry two X chromosomes. Thus, in order for a girl to become affected by muscular dystrophy, both of her X chromosomes would have to carry the defective gene -- an extremely rare occurrence, since her mother would have to be a carrier (one defective X chromosome) and her father would have to have muscular dystrophy (since men carry just one X chromosome, the other is a Y chromosome). A female who carries the defective X chromosome can pass the disease to her son (whose other chromosome is a Y, from the father). A few muscular dystrophies aren't inherited at all and occur because of a new gene abnormality or mutation.
Question: What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children?
Answer: The most common form of muscular dystrophy in children, Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects only males. It appears between the ages of 2 and 6. The muscles decrease in size and grow weaker over time yet may appear larger. Disease progression varies, but many people with Duchenne (1 in 3,500 boys) need a wheelchair by the age of 12. In most cases, the arms, legs, and spine become progressively deformed, and there may be some cognitive impairment. Severe breathing and heart problems mark the later stages of the disease. Those with Duchenne MD usually die in their late teens or early 20s.
Question: What is muscular dystrophy?
Answer: This group of rare diseases affects adult men and women. The disease progresses slowly and causes less severe muscle weakness than some other forms of muscular dystrophy.
Question: What is oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy?
Answer: This form of muscular dystrophy appears in the teens to early adulthood and affects males and females. Oculopharyngeal. Weakness in pelvic and shoulder muscles may occur later. Choking and recurrent pneumonia may occur.
Question: Who is most likely to have muscular dystrophy?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } There are nine major forms of muscular dystrophy: Myotonic Duchenne Becker Limb-girdle Facioscapulohumeral Congenital Oculopharyngeal Distal Emery- Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy can appear in infancy up to middle age or later, and its form and severity are determined in part by the age at which it occurs. Some types of muscular dystrophy affect only males; some people with MD enjoy a normal life span with mild symptoms that progress very slowly; others experience swift and severe muscle weakness and wasting, dying in their late teens to early 20s. The various types of MD affect more than 50,000 Americans. Through advances in medical care, children with muscular dystrophy are living longer than ever before. Those with Duchenne MD usually die in their late teens or early 20s.
Question: How can I keep mold from growing inside my home?
Answer: To keep mold allergies away when you're inside your home: Take off your shoes at the door. Clean your bathroom often with bleach and get rid of soap scum, which can harbor mold. When you shower, open a window or run an exhaust fan. Fix any leaks right away. Dry wet areas within 48 hours to prevent the fungus from growing. Run a dehumidifier in damp basements or other rooms. Use a vacuum with a HEPA filter.
Question: How do molds causes allergies?
Answer: How It Causes Allergies Mold is a fungus with a big job in the natural world: It breaks down dead plant matter. It spreads through tiny spores that can cause an allergic reaction, but only a few types bring on allergies.
Question: When do mold allergies usually occur?
Answer: When Mold Allergies Occur Although they happen any time of year, allergies to outdoor mold can be worse in summer and fall. They can be especially bad when wet leaves sit around in piles.
Question: How do I treat symptoms of mold allergy?
Answer: To Treat Symptoms Try over-the-counter antihistamines, eye drops, or nasal sprays. Talk to your doctor about prescription drugs.
Question: How do I know if I'm allergic to molds?
Answer: How to Tell if You're Allergic The only way you can know for sure is to see an allergist. He'll ask about your symptoms and what seems to trigger them. If he thinks you have a mold allergy, he'll probably do tests to confirm it.
Question: How is sarcopenia with aging diagnosed?
Answer: Any loss of muscle matters because it lessens strength and mobility. Sarcopenia typically happens faster around age 75. But it may also speed up as early as 65 or as late as 80. It's a factor in frailty and the likelihood of falls and fractures in older adults.
Question: How is sarcopenia with aging treated?
Answer: Researchers believe these include: Reduction in nerve cells responsible for sending signals from the brain to the muscles to start movement Lower concentrations of some hormones, including growth hormone, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor A decrease in the ability to turn protein into energy Not getting enough calories or protein each day to sustain muscle mass The primary treatment for sarcopenia is exercise, specifically resistance training or strength training. These activities increase muscle strength and endurance using weights or resistance bands.
Question: What is sarcopenia with aging?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } From the time you are born to around the time you turn 30, your muscles grow larger and stronger. But at some point in your 30s, you start to lose muscle mass and function. The cause is age-related sarcopenia or sarcopenia with aging. Physically inactive people can lose as much as 3% to 5% of their muscle mass each decade after age 30. Even if you are active, you'll still have some muscle loss.
Question: What are the symptoms of sarcopenia with aging?
Answer: Reduced activity further shrinks muscle mass.
Question: What are the different types of biologics?
Answer: There are different types. They target the causes of joint inflammation and damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Each biologic focuses on one of these things: T cells.
Question: What biologic treats IL-1 or IL-6 in relation to rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: These are inflammatory chemicals your body makes. Anakinra ( Kineret) blocks IL-1. Sarilumab ( Kevzara) and tocilizumab ( Actemra) blocks IL-6.
Question: When do doctors prescribe biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Doctors often prescribe biologics if another group of drugs, called DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), don't control RA well enough. You can take biologics with other types of RA drugs. Usually, people who take one also take a DMARD.
Question: What biologic treats B cells in relation to rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: These are a type of white blood cell. Rituximab ( Rituxan) targets them.
Question: What is the goal of biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: All biologics have been shown to slow or even stop joint damage from getting worse.
Question: Are infections a side effect of biologic drugs?
Answer: Most cases are mild, like a cold or sinus infection. It's rare, but there have been life-threatening infections, including tuberculosis. Your doctor will closely watch for serious infections when you take a biologic. She can tell you about the benefits and risks of all your medicines.
Question: How do biologics work to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: These are a type of white blood cell and part of your immune system.
Question: What biologic treats T cells in relation to rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: These are a type of white blood cell and part of your immune system. The drug abatacept ( Orencia) affects them.
Question: Are biologics effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: The goal is to control inflammation to ease joint pain and other symptoms, and to slow down or stop joint damage. Though it may take some time to find the one that works best for you, most people eventually have some improvement in their RA symptoms. Studies show that these improvements usually last, and that they can help you move better and handle your daily activities.
Question: Which medications can help treat jumper's knee?
Answer: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often used for pain and inflammation control. Drugs in this category include naproxen ( Naprosyn, Aleve), ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil) and others.
Question: How is jumper's knee treated?
Answer: Certain "loading" exercises may be prescribed. Stretching: Stretch (1) flexors of the hip and knee (hamstrings, gastrocnemius, iliopsoas, rectus femoris, adductors), (2) extensors of the hip and knee (quadriceps, gluteals), (3) the iliotibial band (a large tendon on the outside of the hip and upper leg), and (4) the surrounding tissues and structures of the kneecap. Some athletes will not be able to continue to participate in activities that worsen or prevent recovery from the problem.
Question: What should you do at first to relieve pain from a herniated disk or degenerative disk disease?
Answer: At first, take it easy, and avoid any activities (such as sports or heavy lifting) that worsen your neck pain. You can also use ice the first 24 to 48 hours to ease swelling and pain. Wrap the cold source in a towel first to protect your skin, and leave it on for about 20 minutes at a time. After this period, apply heat to the area to help relax sore and stiffened muscles. You can also do simple stretching exercises to keep your neck flexible and reduce stiffness.
Question: Does surgery always work for a herniated disk or degenerative disk disease?
Answer: For most people, the surgery works. But it's possible to develop a herniated disk disease above or below the disk that bothered you before you had surgery.
Question: When should you see a doctor about a herniated disk or degenerative disk disease?
Answer: If the pain gets worse, or you have numbness or weakness that goes into your shoulders, arm, or hand, see a doctor immediately. The doctor will ask you about your medical history to find out how long you've had the pain and what activities help or worsen the pain. You may need tests such as an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan to see what the problem is and exactly where it's located. You might be a good candidate for surgery if your neck pain is severe and hasn't gotten better after a few months of treatment, or if you have pain, numbness, or weakness in your shoulders, arms, or hands.
Question: What conditions raise the chances for broken heart syndrome?
Answer: Folks with certain other conditions may have a greater risk of it. They include: A head injury or seizure disorder like epilepsy A psychiatric disorder like anxiety or depression You're not more likely to get broken heart syndrome if you have a history of heart disease. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. It can also help to see if lung problems are the cause of your symptoms.
Question: What are symptoms of broken heart syndrome?
Answer: You've heard people talking about having a broken heart. This can cause chest pain. You may feel like you are having a heart attack. You may also have: Dizziness or fainting Low blood pressure Nausea An irregular heartbeat Usually symptoms start anywhere up to a few hours after you've had stress or shock. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome.
Question: Who gets broken heart syndrome?
Answer: Women are much more likely to have broken heart syndrome than men, especially women who are over 50. This could be a result of lower estrogen levels, but doctors aren't sure. Experts also believe that genetics may make some people more likely to get broken heart syndrome. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome.
Question: How soon can you recover from broken heart syndrome?
Answer: Other things that can trigger it include: Surgery Serious illness Money problems Car accidents Emotional memories It can even happen after a good shock, like winning the lottery or a surprise party. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. Still, people who survive the initial stun to the heart typically get better within 4-8 weeks.
Question: What medicines can help with treating broken heart syndrome?
Answer: That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. It can also help to see if lung problems are the cause of your symptoms. Broken heart syndrome is treatable. Your doctor will prescribe medicines used to treat things like heart failure. For example: ACE inhibitors Beta-blockers Diuretics (water pills) These drugs can help your heart while it recovers.
Question: What tests can diagnose broken heart syndrome?
Answer: Your doctor will do one of these to look for any problems with your heart's rhythm and structure. The results will let them know if your symptoms are from a heart attack. Blood tests. Many of them can show damage to the heart. Coronary angiogram. This test looks at coronary artery disease. Folks with broken heart symptoms typically don't. Echocardiogram. This ultrasound shows your doctor if you have an enlarged heart or if your heart has an abnormal shape while it pumps. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. Radionuclide perfusion imaging. A similar test to an echocardiogram, this helps show which areas of the heart muscles get blood normally through the coronary arteries. It also lets your doctor know where you could have heart damage. Chest X-ray. This can show if you have an enlarged heart or if it has an abnormal shape. It can also help to see if lung problems are the cause of your symptoms.
Question: What happens when you have broken heart syndrome?
Answer: This can cause chest pain. The momentary "freezing" or "stunning" of your heart can bring circulation problems. If broken heart syndrome is not treated, it can be as deadly as a heart attack. Experts also believe that genetics may make some people more likely to get broken heart syndrome. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome.
Question: What is broken heart syndrome?
Answer: It's triggered by very stressful situations, like the death of someone you love. Your doctor may call this stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Other things that can trigger it include: Surgery Serious illness Money problems Car accidents Emotional memories It can even happen after a good shock, like winning the lottery or a surprise party. Broken heart syndrome is treatable.
Question: How are diabetes and stroke connected?
Answer: High blood sugar can make you 2-4 times more likely to have a stroke. If it's not managed well, diabetes can lead to fatty deposits or clots inside your blood vessels. This can narrow the ones in your brain and neck and might cut off the blood supply to the brain.
Question: Can exercise help prevent stroke?
Answer: Being a couch potato can lead to obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure -- a recipe for stroke. So get moving. You don't have to run a marathon. It's enough to work out 30 minutes, 5 days a week. You should do enough to make you breathe hard, but not huff and puff. Talk to your doctor before you start exercising.
Question: What should my cholesterol readings be to help avoid stroke?
Answer: Keep your numbers in the healthy range: Total cholesterol: under 200 mg/d L of blood LDL (bad) cholesterol: under 100 mg/d L HDL (good) cholesterol: above 60 mg/d L If diet and exercise aren't enough to keep your cholesterol in check, your doctor may recommend medication.
Question: Can aspirin help prevent strokes?
Answer: A low-dose aspirin every day may help prevent strokes and heart attacks. It acts as blood thinner, preventing blood clots from forming in arteries partly blocked by cholesterol and plaque. It's not for everyone, though, so don't start taking aspirin without talking to your doctor first.
Question: Are there foods that can help prevent stroke?
Answer: Healthy eating can lower your risk of a stroke and help you shed weight if you need to. Load up on fresh fruits and veggies (broccoli, Brussel sprouts, and leafy greens like spinach are best) every day. Choose lean proteins and high-fiber foods. Stay away from trans and saturated fats, which can clog your arteries. Cut salt, and avoid processed foods. They're often loaded with salt, which can raise your blood pressure, and trans fats.
Question: What's the link between high blood pressure and stroke?
Answer: If it's not managed well, high blood pressure can make you 4-6 times more likely to have a stroke. This is because it can thicken the artery walls and make cholesterol or other fats build up and form plaques. If one of those breaks free, it can block your brain's blood supply. High blood pressure also can weaken arteries and make them more likely to burst, which would cause a hemorrhagic stroke.
Question: What can raise my chances of having a stroke?
Answer: Older age and family history of strokes are among the things that make you more likely to have a stroke. You can't turn back the clock or change your relatives. Still, experts say 80% of strokes can be prevented. A quarter of Americans who have strokes have had one before. So what can you do to tilt the odds in your favor?
Question: How does smoking raise my odds of having a stroke?
Answer: If you have high blood pressure, work with your doctor to keep your pressure in the healthy range. It can boost your chances a stroke by keeping you from getting enough oxygen and raising your blood pressure.
Question: Does snoring raise your chances of a stroke?
Answer: High blood sugar can make you 2-4 times more likely to have a stroke. It can boost your chances a stroke by keeping you from getting enough oxygen and raising your blood pressure.
Question: How are alcohol use and stroke related?
Answer: Drinking too much can cause AFib, too -- binge drinking (downing 4-5 drinks within 2 hours) can trigger an irregular heartbeat. Too much of this can clog your arteries and lead to heart attack and stroke.
Question: Who gets histrionic personality disorder?
Answer: This disorder is more common in women than in men and usually is evident by adolescence or early adulthood.
Question: What is histrionic personality disorder?
Answer: They have an overwhelming desire to be noticed, and often behave dramatically or inappropriately to get attention. The word histrionic means "dramatic or theatrical." Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) is generally the treatment of choice for histrionic personality disorder.
Question: What is a prothrombin time test?
Answer: This test measures how long it takes your blood to clot. If it takes a long time, that could be a sign of liver damage. Medications that thin your blood, such as warfarin ( Coumadin), can also lead to a longer PT.
Question: What is a l-lactate dehydrogenase test?
Answer: LD is another enzyme that's high when you have liver damage, but other conditions can raise its level, as well.
Question: What is an aspartate transaminase test?
Answer: AST is another enzyme found in your liver. High blood levels could be a sign of damage or disease.
Question: When would you need a liver test?
Answer: Your doctor may order a liver test if you're more likely to have liver damage or disease.
Question: What is a liver test?
Answer: There's actually not just one test. Your doctor will choose from several tests that check levels of different proteins and enzymes in your blood. Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that help speed up certain reactions in your body. Some of the tests look for enzymes that you'd find in your blood only when your liver is damaged or has a disease. Others check to see whether that organ is working as expected.
Question: How should you get ready for a  liver test?
Answer: Make sure to tell your doctor about any medicines you're taking, including over-the-counter medications and any herbal supplements.
Question: What are symptoms of liver problems?
Answer: General symptoms of liver problems include: Dark urine or light-colored stool No desire to eat Swelling in your belly Throwing up or feeling like you might Weakness or feeling very tired Yellowish eyes or skin (jaundice) The test can also help your doctor see how bad an illness is getting or how well treatment is working.
Question: What happens during a liver test?
Answer: The test is a basic blood draw. Your doctor uses a thin needle to take a small amount of blood, usually from your arm near your elbow. You'll feel a pinch or stinging when the needle goes in. You may get some soreness or a bruise where the blood is taken, but that's usually it. Typically, these tests are done more than once over a few days or weeks. Your doctor can look at how levels change to be sure of your condition and how far along it is. If you get your test at a clinic that has a lab on site, you can sometimes get results in a few hours. If not, it might take a few days.
Question: What is a bilirubin test?
Answer: Bilirubin test. If you have high levels in your blood, a problem called jaundice, you may have liver damage.
Question: When do you need a liver test?
Answer: Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that help speed up certain reactions in your body. For example, if you're: A heavy drinker or alcoholic From a family with a history of liver disease Very overweight, especially if you also have diabetes or high blood pressure Taking medicine that can harm your liver There are a number of liver tests, with lots of complex names. ALT is an enzyme that helps break down proteins and is found mainly in your liver. By itself, a liver test can't tell you for sure that you have a certain illness.
Question: When is a liver test ordered?
Answer: For example, if you're: A heavy drinker or alcoholic From a family with a history of liver disease Very overweight, especially if you also have diabetes or high blood pressure Taking medicine that can harm your liver There are a number of liver tests, with lots of complex names. You might have high levels if you have liver damage or disease, a blocked bile duct, or bone disease.
Question: What do the results of a liver test mean?
Answer: You might get this test to check if you have a liver disease, such as hepatitis (an illness in which your liver swells and can cause serious issues). Your doctor may order a liver test if you're more likely to have liver damage or disease. High levels in your blood could mean you have liver damage. Keep in mind that globulin is also made by the immune system. Usually, the liver cleans bilirubin out of your body.
Question: What is an albumin and total protein test?
Answer: High levels in your blood could mean you have liver damage. Albumin and total protein test. Keep in mind that globulin is also made by the immune system.
Question: How can you manage the itching of your cast?
Answer: It can be maddening if you can't reach a spot you need to scratch. Locate your itch, and tap it on the outside of the cast. You can also try blowing cool air from a hair dryer around the edges of the cast. Don't give into temptation and stick a pencil, a ruler, or any other objects inside the cast to relieve the itch. That could break your skin. Avoid applying lotions, oils, deodorant, or powder in or around the cast.
Question: What is a plaster cast?
Answer: Take baths instead of showers. Cover the cast with a plastic bag or a sleeve sold in drugstores. If it gets wet, dry it with a blow-dryer on a cool setting, or suck air through the cast with a vacuum cleaner hose. Also called a synthetic cast, it's made of fiberglass, which is a type of plastic that can be shaped. That could break your skin. It's normal for your cast to get smelly after you've worn it for a while.