anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How can epiglottitis be prevented?
Answer: Adult vaccination is not routinely recommended, except for people with immune problems such as sickle cell anemia, splenectomy (removal of the spleen), cancers, or other diseases affecting the immune system. Media type: Illustration epiglottis, acute supraglottitis, thermal epiglottitis, peritonsillar abscess, croup, H influenzae type b, Hib, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex virus type 1, Staphylococcus aureus, inspiratory stridor, laryngoscopy, epiglottitis
Question: Are cigars safer than cigarettes?
Answer: Pipe and cigar smokers often wave off worries that smoking is bad for their health. They claim their habit is harmless and perpetuate the common misperception that pipes and cigars are somehow safer than cigarettes. In reality, these tobacco products carry the same health risks as cigarettes. A single large cigar can contain more than a 1/2 ounce of tobacco -- as much tobacco as an entire pack of cigarettes. One cigar also contains 100 to 200 milligrams of nicotine, while a cigarette averages only about 8 milligrams. That extra nicotine may be why smoking just a few cigars a week is enough to trigger nicotine cravings.
Question: What are the things that can cause gum pain?
Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. Sometimes tender and sore gums are simply a sign that you brush your teeth too hard. Other times your gums might hurt if they're irritated from braces or dentures. If you're a woman, hormone changes related to your period, pregnancy, or menopause can also cause your gums to become swollen and painful.
Question: How do I soothe sore gums and gum pain?
Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. These include: Mouthwashes containing hydrogen peroxide (such as Gly- Oxide) Gels that you apply directly to the sore gums (such as Anbesol) If your gums hurt and you have a white coating on your tongue or cheeks, you could have an infection called thrush. If your gums hurt or bleed for more than a week, head for your dentist's chair.
Question: What are some over the counter products to treat gum pain?
Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. Use over-the-counter ( OTC) painkillers, such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol), as directed. These include: Mouthwashes containing hydrogen peroxide (such as Gly- Oxide) Gels that you apply directly to the sore gums (such as Anbesol) If your gums hurt and you have a white coating on your tongue or cheeks, you could have an infection called thrush.
Question: When should I see my dentist if I have gum pains?
Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. See your dentist if you have ongoing gum pain or any of these symptoms: Bleeding gums Red, swollen gums Gums that pull back from your teeth Dentures that don't fit right anymore Pain when you chew Loose teeth Teeth that are sensitive to hot or cold To keep your gums healthy and prevent gum disease, the American Dental Association recommends brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once a day.
Question: Why should I see my dentist if I have gum pains?
Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. If your gums hurt or bleed for more than a week, head for your dentist's chair. Red, swollen gums that bleed easily are a sign of the gum disease gingivitis. You can get your gums back to normal by brushing and flossing regularly and getting your teeth cleaned regularly. If you don't treat it, gingivitis can lead to a more serious form of gum disease called periodontitis, which can cause painful pockets of pus called abscesses. It can also lead to tooth loss. Gum disease has been linked to heart disease, so it's very important to take care of your mouth.
Question: When do you need to see a specialist for relapsing polychondritis?
Answer: Depending on how the disease affects you, you might need to see a specialist. This could be an expert in autoimmune disorders (rheumatologist), heart problems (cardiologist), or pain management.
Question: How can your doctor check if you have relapsing polychondritis?
Answer: To find out for sure if you have RP, your doctor might look for three or more of these: Inflammation of the cartilage in both your ears Inflammation of the cartilage in your nose Inflammation of the cartilage in your airway Arthritis in five or more joints at the same time Hearing or balance problems. In some cases, your doctor may want to take a small amount of tissue to look at under a microscope. This is known as a biopsy.
Question: Is there a cure for relapsing polychondritis?
Answer: There's no cure for RP, but your doctor can help you feel better and save your cartilage. Anti-inflammatories (like Motrin or Advil) can help with pain, especially for people who have a mild case of RP.
Question: What part of the body is affected by relapsing polychondritis?
Answer: The disease mostly affects cartilage (firm but flexible tissue) in your ears and joints. It also may show up in your nose, ribs, spine, and windpipe. It can affect any area where the tissue is similar to cartilage, like your eyes, heart, skin, kidney, ribs, blood vessels, and nervous system.
Question: How is relapsing polychondritis treated?
Answer: There's no cure for RP, but your doctor can help you feel better and save your cartilage. Anti-inflammatories (like Motrin or Advil) can help with pain, especially for people who have a mild case of RP. Your doctor also might suggest steroids (like prednisone) or other kinds of drugs to help with inflammation. In severe cases, she might recommend stronger drugs that slow down your immune system. And depending on which organs are affected, you might need surgery to fix a damaged heart valve or put in a breathing tube.
Question: Why does inflammation in the body occur?
Answer: Inflammation is your body's way to fight disease or injury. When your immune system thinks there's a problem (like a virus or bacteria), it releases certain cells in your blood, and more blood flows to the affected area. That can cause redness, warmth, swelling, or pain.
Question: How is relapsing polychondritis diagnosed?
Answer: There isn't a test for RP. Your doctor will examine you and ask questions about your symptoms. He might ask you to get a blood test to look for signs of inflammation or X-rays so he can see the affected areas better. To find out for sure if you have RP, your doctor might look for three or more of these: Inflammation of the cartilage in both your ears Inflammation of the cartilage in your nose Inflammation of the cartilage in your airway Arthritis in five or more joints at the same time Hearing or balance problems.
Question: What is relapsing polychondritis?
Answer: If you have painful joints and your ears or nose are red or don't look quite right, you might have relapsing polychondritis ( RP), a rare disease that causes inflammation.
Question: What severe issues can relapsing polychondritis cause?
Answer: Common signs of relapsing polychondritis include: A dip in the bridge of your nose ("saddle nose" or "pug nose") Ear pain and redness Red, painful, and swollen eyes Painful, swollen joints (hands, fingers, shoulders, elbows, knees, ankles, toes, pelvis) Rib pain Throat or neck pain Trouble breathing and speaking Trouble swallowing Rashes Depending on where RP affects you, it can cause problems with a heart valve or kidney issues as well. If RP affects your inner ear, you could feel sick to your stomach or have trouble with hearing and balance. If the disease gets into your windpipe, it can cause a cough and make it hard to breathe or swallow. You also can have severe RP pain in your breastbone and ribs.
Question: What is hyperpigmentation?
Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. In the case of illness or injury, the person's skin may change color, becoming darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation). Hyperpigmentation in skin is caused by an increase in melanin, the substance in the body that is responsible for color (pigment). Certain conditions, such as pregnancy or Addison's disease (decreased function of the adrenal gland), may cause a greater production of melanin and hyperpigmentation. Exposure to sunlight is a major cause of hyperpigmentaion, and will darken already hyperpigmented areas.
Question: What type of hyperpigmentation is melasma?
Answer: An example of hyperpigmentation is melasma. This condition is characterized by tan or brown patches, most commonly on the face. Melasma can occur in pregnant women and is often called the "mask of pregnancy;" however, men can also develop this condition. Melasma sometimes goes away after pregnancy. It can also be treated with certain prescription creams (such as hydroquinone).
Question: What type of hypopigmentation is albinism?
Answer: Albinism: Albinism is a rare inherited disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that produces melanin. This results in a complete lack of pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes. Albinos have an abnormal gene that restricts the body from producing melanin. There is no cure for albinism. People with albinism should use a sunscreen at all times because they are much more likely to get sun damage and skin cancer. This disorder can occur in any race, but is most common among whites.
Question: What type of hypopigmentation is pigmentation loss as a result of skin damage?
Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. Pigmentation loss as a result of skin damage: If you've had a skin infection, blisters, burns, or other trauma to your skin, you may have a loss of pigmentation in the affected area. The good news with this type of pigment loss is that it's frequently not permanent, but it may take a long time to re-pigment. Cosmetics can be used to cover the area, while the body regenerates the pigment.
Question: What can you do to deal with melasma?
Answer: An example of hyperpigmentation is melasma. This condition is characterized by tan or brown patches, most commonly on the face. Wear a broad-brimmed hat and use a sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher at all times, because sunlight will worsen your condition. Sunscreens containing the physical blockers zinc oxide or titanium dioxide are also helpful in blocking daylight's UVA rays, which makes hyperpigmentation worse.
Question: What type of hypopigmentation is vitiligo?
Answer: Hyperpigmentation in skin is caused by an increase in melanin, the substance in the body that is responsible for color (pigment). Examples of hypopigmentation include: Vitiligo: Vitiligo causes smooth, white patches on the skin. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the pigment-producing cells are damaged. There is no cure for vitiligo, but there are several treatments, including cosmetic cover-ups, corticosteroid creams, calcineurin inhibitors ( Elidel cream, Protopic ointment) or ultraviolet light treatments. New topical treatments using Janus Kinase inhibitors are being investigated.
Question: What is pigmentation?
Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. In the case of illness or injury, the person's skin may change color, becoming darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation). Pigmentation loss as a result of skin damage: If you've had a skin infection, blisters, burns, or other trauma to your skin, you may have a loss of pigmentation in the affected area.
Question: Which drugs can cause hyperpigmentation?
Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. Hyperpigmentation in skin is caused by an increase in melanin, the substance in the body that is responsible for color (pigment). Hyperpigmentation can also be caused by various drugs, including some antibiotics, antiarrhythmics, and antimalarial drugs. Melasma sometimes goes away after pregnancy.
Question: What are the most common types of arrhythmia?
Answer: The most common types of arrhythmia include: Premature atrial contractions.
Question: What is the sinoatrial (SA) or sinus node?
Answer: There's a node in the upper right section of your heart that monitors your body's need for blood. It's called the sinoatrial ( SA) or sinus node, and it acts like a natural pacemaker. It's the main control and source of each heartbeat. It can speed up your heart rate when you need it, like when you exercise or get sick, or even when you feel happy.
Question: What are ventricular and supraventricular heart arrhythmias?
Answer: Heart arrhythmias fall into two categories. One starts from inside the heart's lower chambers. Doctors call this kind "ventricular" because the lower chambers of the heart are the ventricles. The other kind starts outside or above the ventricles. You may hear these called "supraventricular" arrhythmias.
Question: What are symptoms of a heart rhythm disorder?
Answer: Common symptoms include: Palpitations, or "skipped beats" Thumping or fluttering in the chest Sensation of the heart racing Other things that might happen: Feeling faint or tired Light-headedness or passing out Shortness of breath Chest pain or discomfort You may have these sensations and have no arrhythmias.
Question: What are the treatments for arrhythmias?
Answer: It can speed up your heart rate when you need it, like when you exercise or get sick, or even when you feel happy. If the arrhythmia doesn't happen often, your doctor will give you a Holter monitor or an "event recorder," which you can turn on when you feel the symptoms. For instance, a surgeon may place an implanted cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD) in your chest or belly. It will track your heart and reset your heart rhythm if it has a problem. Often, the ICD also works as a pacemaker to prevent you from developing a slow heart rate and to help your heart beat properly.
Question: Should I listen to music to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Slip on a pair of headphones for a few minutes. Play a song that gives you happy, soothing thoughts. Or listen to relaxing natural sounds, like ocean waves or a waterfall.
Question: Should I relax my muscles to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Slowly relax all the muscle groups in your body. Start with your feet and end with your head. First, tense the muscles for about 8 seconds. Then relax them, and feel the tension melt away.
Question: Should I think about what's stressing me if I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Keep pictures on your desk or a slideshow of pictures on your computer that relax you. Think about what's stressing you. We often try to push stuff out of our heads to calm down. Did your boss say something that upset you? Once you have a clearer sense of the problem, you can come up with a solution. You'll feel more in control and less tense.
Question: Should I focus on a soothing image to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Keep pictures on your desk or a slideshow of pictures on your computer that relax you. Keep a bottle of scented hand lotion on your desk and use it when you need a little "aromatherapy." What is it that bothers you?
Question: Should I write in a journal to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Take a few deep breaths with your eyes closed or open. If keeping a journal feels awkward, write an email about your feelings to your best friend. When you're done, you can decide to send it or just keep it to yourself. What is it that bothers you?
Question: Do olives help your health?
Answer: This eating style has been linked to better health and a lower risk of chronic diseases. Olive leaves have also been used historically in the Middle East as an herbal treatment for various health problems. But there is very little scientific evidence supporting its use. Olives and olive oil are available in supermarkets. Olive leaf is used for making tea in some parts of the world.
Question: What are some key terms on the label for vitamins and minerals?
Answer: For example, here are some guidelines set up by the Institute of Medicine: The RDA ( Recommended Dietary Allowance) and the AI ( Adequate Intake) are the amounts of a vitamin or mineral you need to keep healthy and stay well-nourished. They're tailored to women, men, and specific age groups. The UL ( Tolerable Upper Intake Level) is the maximum amount of daily vitamins and minerals that you can safely take without risk of an overdose or serious side effects. Separate from the RDA and the UL, the Food and Drug Administration uses a different measure for the nutrients you need: The DV ( Daily Value) is the only measurement you'll find on food and supplement labels. That number is the amount of a vitamin or nutrient that you should get for top health from a diet of 2,000 calories a day. The DV is sometimes the same as the RDA.
Question: How do you know when it's OK to take more vitamins and minerals than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or daily value (DV)?
Answer: The UL ( Tolerable Upper Intake Level) is the maximum amount of daily vitamins and minerals that you can safely take without risk of an overdose or serious side effects. One way is to look for the UL (tolerable upper intake level) of a nutrient.
Question: What cautions should I take with vitamins and minerals?
Answer: High doses of vitamin A -- and other fat-soluble vitamins like E and K -- can build up in the body and become toxic. Supplements are designed to be additions to your diet. Many nutrients, in too high a dose, can be dangerous.
Question: What is congenital valve disease?
Answer: This form of valve disease most often affects the aortic or pulmonic valve. Valves may be the wrong size, have malformed leaflets, or have leaflets that are not attached correctly.
Question: What diagnostic tests can a doctor order to tell if you have heart valve disease?
Answer: After the physical exam, the doctor may order diagnostic tests. These may include: Echocardiography Transesophageal echocardiography Cardiac catheterization (also called an angiogram) By conducting some or all of these tests over time, your doctor can also see the progress of valve disease. This will help him or her make decisions about treatment.
Question: How are heart valve diseases diagnosed?
Answer: Your heart doctor can tell if you have heart valve disease by talking to you about symptoms, performing a physical exam, and performing other tests. During a physical exam, the doctor will listen to your heart to hear sounds the heart makes as the valves open and close. A murmur is a swishing sound made by blood flowing through a stenotic or leaky valve. A doctor can also tell if the heart is enlarged or if your heart rhythm is irregular. The doctor will listen to the lungs to hear if you are retaining fluid there, which shows the heart is not able to pump as well as it should. By examining your body, the doctor can find clues about circulation and the functioning of other organs.
Question: How many Americans are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year?
Answer: The American Heart Association website has a bacterial endocarditis wallet card that you may download; or call your local American Heart Association office or the national office at 1-800- AHA- USA1.
Question: What are the types of heart valve disease?
Answer: There are several types of heart valve disease: Valvular stenosis. This occurs when a heart valve doesn't fully open due to stiff or fused leaflets. The narrowed opening may make the heart work very hard to pump blood through it. This can lead to heart failure and other symptoms (see below). All four valves can develop stenosis; the conditions are called tricuspid stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or aortic stenosis. Valvular insufficiency. Also called regurgitation, incompetence, or "leaky valve," this occurs when a valve does not close tightly. If the valves do not seal, some blood will leak backwards across the valve. As the leak worsens, the heart has to work harder to make up for the leaky valve, and less blood may flow to the rest of the body. Depending on which valve is affected, the condition is called tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, or aortic regurgitation.
Question: How is heart valve disease treated?
Answer: Heart valve disease treatment depends on the type and severity of disease. There are three goals of treatment for heart valve disease: protecting your valve from further damage; lessening symptoms; and repairing or replacing valves.
Question: What are some other causes of valve disease?
Answer: Other causes of valve disease include: coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease), syphilis (a sexually transmitted disease), high blood pressure, aortic aneurysms, and connective tissue diseases. Less common causes of valve disease include tumors, some types of drugs, and radiation.
Question: What causes heart valve disease?
Answer: Heart valve disease can develop before birth (congenital) or can be acquired sometime during one's lifetime. Sometimes, the cause of valve disease is unknown.
Question: How can surgery and other procedures treat heart valve disease?
Answer: The diagnostic tests your heart doctor orders help to identify the location, type, and extent of heart valve disease. Surgical options include heart valve repair or replacement. Valves can be repaired or replaced with traditional heart valve surgery or a minimally invasive heart valve surgery. Heart valves may also be repaired by other procedures such as percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement ( TAVR) is a newer surgical option. Mitra Clip is a less invasive procedure in which a clip helps the mitral valve close more completely. Here are some tips to stay healthy: Know the type and extent of your heart valve disease.
Question: How do you live healthily with heart valve disease?
Answer: To protect yourself: Tell your doctors and dentist you have heart valve disease. Here are some tips to stay healthy: Know the type and extent of your heart valve disease. Tell all your doctors and dentist you have valve disease. Call the doctor if you have symptoms of an infection. Take good care of teeth and gums. Take antibiotics before you undergo any procedure that may cause bleeding. Carry a wallet card that may be obtained from the American Heart Association with specific antibiotic guidelines. Take your medications. Drugs are used to control symptoms and help the heart pump blood more efficiently. Follow your doctor's instructions about how and when to take medications. See your heart doctor for regular visits, even if you have no symptoms. Appointments may be scheduled once a year or more often, if your doctor feels you need to be followed more closely.
Question: What are other possible causes of ALS?
Answer: Scientists are also looking at these other possible causes: Glutamate. This chemical sends signals to and from the brain and nerves. It's a type of neurotransmitter. With ALS, glutamate builds up in the spaces around nerve cells and may damage them. The medications riluzole ( Rilutek) works by lowering glutamate levels and can help slow the development of the disease.. Immune system problems. Your immune system protects your body from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. In your brain, microglia are the main type of immune cell. They destroy germs and damaged cells. With ALS, microglia might also destroy healthy motor neurons. Mitochondria problems. Mitochondria are the parts of your cells where energy is made. A problem with them might lead to ALS or make an existing case worse. Oxidative stress. Your cells use oxygen to make energy. Some of the oxygen your body uses to make energy may form into toxic substances called free radicals, which can damage cells.
Question: Is there a cure for ALS?
Answer: Yet scientists now know more about this disease than ever before. They are studying treatments in clinical trials.