anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: When do babies usually get croup?
Answer: Croup is more common in the fall and early winter. It's more common in boys than in girls. The condition is contagious, especially in the first few days or until your child's fever is gone. There are two types of this condition -- viral and spasmodic.
Question: What causes viral croup?
Answer: Most often, croup is caused by an infection. The virus that most often causes croup is parainfluenza. But over time, your child will develop a âbarkyâ cough. He also may make a high-pitched, wheezing sound in his lower airway when he breathes in. The croup sound in the upper airway is a harsh, loud sound known as âstridor.â There can be a low fever too. He might also be hoarse, have stridor, and a barky cough.
Question: How is an event monitor used to diagnose arrhythmias?
Answer: Event monitor -- If your symptoms don't happen often, your doctor may suggest you wear one of these, usually for about a month. This is a device that, when you push a button, will record and store your heart's electrical activity for a few minutes. Each time you notice symptoms, you should try to get a reading on the monitor. Your doctor will interpret the results.
Question: How is an echocardiogram used to diagnose arrhythmias?
Answer: Echocardiogram -- This test uses ultrasound to evaluate heart muscle and heart valves.
Question: What is long QT syndrome?
Answer: This may cause potentially dangerous arrhythmias and sudden death. Doctors can treat it with medications or devices called defibrillators.
Question: What is catheter ablation?
Answer: You can think of this procedure as rewiring to fix an electrical problem within the heart. The doctor will insert a catheter through the leg. The catheter delivers high-frequency electrical energy to a small area inside the heart that causes the abnormal heart rhythm. This energy "disconnects" the pathway of the abnormal rhythm. Doctors use ablation to treat most PSVTs, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and some atrial and ventricular tachycardias. Some people also need other procedures.
Question: What is electrical cardioversion?
Answer: If drugs can't control a persistent irregular heart rhythm (such as atrial fibrillation), you might need cardioversion. For this, doctors, give you a short-acting anesthesia, then deliver an electrical shock to your chest wall to allow the normal rhythm to restart.
Question: What are bradyarrhythmias?
Answer: These are slow heart rhythms, which may be due to disease in the heart's electrical system. When this occurs, you may feel like you are going to pass out, or actually pass out. This could also be from medication. The treatment for this could be a pacemaker.
Question: How is a head-up tilt table test used to diagnose arrhythmias?
Answer: Head-up tilt table test -- Doctors use this test to find out what's causing fainting spells. It measures the difference in heart rate and blood pressure when you're standing up or lying down. You'll get this test in a lab. You'll lie on a stretcher, tilted at different angles while you're getting an EKG and specialists are checking your blood pressure and oxygen level. This shows if symptoms of passing out are due to the electrical system, the nervous system, or the vascular system.
Question: What is ventricular fibrillation?
Answer: This happens when the heart's lower chambers quiver and can't contract or pump blood to the body. This is a medical emergency that must be treated with CPR and defibrillation as soon as possible.
Question: What is atrial fibrillation relative to arrhythmias?
Answer: This common irregular heart rhythm causes the upper chambers of the heart to contract abnormally.
Question: What causes arrhythmias?
Answer: You could have an arrhythmia even if your heart is healthy. Or it could happen because you have: Heart disease The wrong balance of electrolytes (such as sodium or potassium) in your blood Changes in your heart muscle Injury from a heart attack Healing process after heart surgery The many types of arrhythmias include: Premature atrial contractions.
Question: What is paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)?
Answer: A rapid heart rate, usually with a regular rhythm, starting from above the heart's lower chambers, or ventricles. PSVT begins and ends suddenly.
Question: What is a premature atrial contraction?
Answer: These are early extra beats that start in the heart's upper chambers, called the atria. They are harmless and generally don't need treatment.
Question: What happens during heart surgery to treat arrhythmias?
Answer: The Maze procedure is a type of surgery used to correct atrial fibrillation. During this procedure, the surgeon makes a series, or "maze," of cuts in the heart's upper chambers. The goal is to keep the heart's electrical impulses only on certain pathways. Some people may need a pacemaker afterward.
Question: How is a cardiac catheterization used to diagnose arrhythmias?
Answer: Cardiac catheterization -- Your doctor will insert a long, thin tube, called a catheter, into a blood vessel in your arm or leg. She will guide it to your heart with help from a special X-ray machine. Then she'll inject dye through the catheter to help make X-ray videos of your heart's valves, coronary arteries, and chambers.
Question: What are accessory pathway tachycardias?
Answer: You can get a rapid heart rate because there is an extra pathway between the heart's upper and lower chambers. It's just like if there was an extra road on your way home as well as your usual route, so cars can move around faster. When that happens in your heart, it can cause a fast heart rhythm, which doctors call tachycardia. The impulses that control your heart rhythm travel around the heart very quickly, making it beat unusually fast.
Question: How is an Holter monitor used to diagnose arrhythmias?
Answer: Holter monitor -- This is a portable EKG that you'll use for 1 to 2 days. You'll have electrodes taped to your skin. It's painless and you can do everything but shower while wearing the electrodes.
Question: How is an electrocardiogram used to diagnose arrhythmias?
Answer: If you do have symptoms, they may include: Palpitations (a feeling of skipped heart beats, fluttering or "flip-flops") Pounding in your chest Dizziness or feeling light-headed Fainting Shortness of breath Chest pain or tightness Weakness or fatigue (feeling very tired) To diagnose an arrhythmia or find its cause, doctors use tests including: Electrocardiogram -- Also called an EKG or ECG, this test records the electrical activity of your heart. You wear small electrode patches on your chest, arms, and legs for the quick, painless test, which you take in your doctor's office.
Question: What is an AV nodal reentrant tachycardia?
Answer: AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. This is another type of fast heartbeat. It's caused by there being an extra pathway through a part of the heart called the AV node. It can cause heart palpitations, fainting, or heart failure. In some cases, you can stop it simply by breathing in and bearing down. Some drugs can also stop this heart rhythm.
Question: What is a ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)?
Answer: A rapid heart rhythm starting from the heart's lower chambers. Because the heart is beating too fast, it can't fill up with enough blood. This can be a serious arrhythmia -- especially in people with heart disease -- and it may be linked to other symptoms.
Question: How is a stress test used to diagnose arrhythmias?
Answer: Stress test -- There are different kinds of stress tests. The goal is to check how much stress your heart can manage before having a heart rhythm problem or not getting enough blood flow to the heart. For the most common type of stress test, you'll walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike at increasing levels of difficulty while you're getting an EKG and getting your heart rate and blood pressure monitored.
Question: What are premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
Answer: Premature ventricular contractions ( PVCs). But sometimes, PVCs can be caused by heart disease or electrolyte imbalance. If you have a lot of PVCs, or symptoms linked to them, see a heart doctor (cardiologist).
Question: What is a pacemaker?
Answer: The pacemaker has a pulse generator (which houses the battery and a tiny computer) and wires that send impulses from the pulse generator to the heart muscle. When the heart beats too fast, you get a series of small electrical impulses to the heart muscle to restore a normal heart rate and rhythm.
Question: What should I know about arrhythmias?
Answer: It just means it's out of its normal rhythm. It may feel like your heart skipped a beat, added a beat, is "fluttering," or is beating too fast (which doctors call tachycardia) or too slow (called bradycardia). Or, you might not notice anything, since some arrhythmias are "silent." Arrhythmias can be an emergency, or they may be harmless. If you feel something unusual happening with your heartbeat, call 911 so doctors can find out why it's happening and what you need to do about it. This is another type of fast heartbeat.
Question: When should I call my doctor about arrhythmias?
Answer: If you experience this, call your doctor. Sinus node dysfunction. Heart block. There is a delay or a complete block of the electrical impulse as it travels from the heart's sinus node to its lower chambers. The heart may beat irregularly and, often, more slowly. In serious cases, you'd get a pacemaker. Some people may need a pacemaker afterward.
Question: How is benign positional vertigo treated?
Answer: The most common and effective treatment is called particle repositioning maneuvers ( Epley maneuver). A form of physical therapy for the inner ear, it can be done in outpatient setting and continued at home.
Question: How do human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) affect African-Americans?
Answer: AIDS is a leading cause of death in African- Americans, especially in young women. Part of the problem may be a lingering distrust in the black community of government sources of information and research. As a group, African- Americans are more likely to be uninsured or publicly insured than whites.
Question: How can lacking of awareness put African-Americans at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
Answer: In many ways, African- Americans have been hit harder by HIV than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. Many black people may be HIV-positive and not know it, so they continue to spread the virus while also getting sicker. Some African- Americans still mistakenly believe that HIV is a white, gay disease. Stigma around homosexuality may also silence men who have sex with men. It may be harder to find support and services to help live with HIV or AIDS and related illnesses.
Question: How is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing used as therapy?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Although research continues, EMDR remains controversial among some health care professionals. At first glance, EMDR appears to approach psychological issues in an unusual way. It does not rely on talk therapy or medications. Instead, EMDR uses a patient's own rapid, rhythmic eye movements. These eye movements dampen the power of emotionally charged memories of past traumatic events.
Question: What do the guidelines for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing recommend?
Answer: Guidelines issued by more than one professional organization have recently boosted the credibility of EMDR. These guidelines define who may benefit from the treatment. For example: The American Psychiatric Association ( APA) has noted that EMDR is effective for treating symptoms of acute and chronic PTSD. According to the APA, EMDR may be particularly useful for people who have trouble talking about the traumatic events they've experienced. The APA guidelines note that other research is needed to tell whether improvements from EMDR can be sustained over time. The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense have jointly issued clinical practice guidelines. These guidelines "strongly recommended" EMDR for the treatment of PTSD in both military and non-military populations. They also note that this approach has been as effective as other psychological treatments in some studies, and less effective in others.
Question: What other psychological problems does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing target?
Answer: Although most research into EMDR has examined its use in people with PTSD, EMDR is sometimes used experimentally to treat many other psychological problems. They include: Panic attacks Eating disorders Addictions Anxiety, such as discomfort with public speaking or dental procedures More than 20,000 practitioners have been trained to use EMDR since psychologist Francine Shapiro developed the technique in 1989.
Question: How does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing work?
Answer: Even the most enthusiastic supporters of EMDR have not agreed on how the therapy works. At this point, only theories exist. By inducing the recall of distressing events and diverting attention from their emotional consequences, EMDR in some respects borrows basic principles used in prolonged exposure therapy, the gold standard behavioral psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD. Some therapists believe that EMDR reduces anxiety. This allows patients to better take control of their upsetting thoughts. Others simply say that we don't yet understand how EMDR works. According to the APA guidelines, EMDR needs further study to more fully understand it.
Question: What is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?
Answer: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ( EMDR) is a fairly new, nontraditional type of psychotherapy. It's growing in popularity, particularly for treating post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD). PTSD often occurs after experiences such as military combat, physical assault, rape, or car accidents.
Question: What can you expect from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?
Answer: An EMDR treatment session can last up to 90 minutes. Your therapist will move his or her fingers back and forth in front of your face and ask you to follow these hand motions with your eyes. At the same time, the EMDR therapist will have you recall a disturbing event. This will include the emotions and body sensations that go along with it. Gradually, the therapist will guide you to shift your thoughts to more pleasant ones. Some therapists use alternatives to finger movements, such as hand or toe tapping or musical tones. People who use the technique argue that EMDR can weaken the effect of negative emotions. Before and after each EMDR treatment, your therapist will ask you to rate your level of distress. The hope is that your disturbing memories will become less disabling.
Question: How effective is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?
Answer: They include: Panic attacks Eating disorders Addictions Anxiety, such as discomfort with public speaking or dental procedures More than 20,000 practitioners have been trained to use EMDR since psychologist Francine Shapiro developed the technique in 1989. While walking through the woods one day, Shapiro happened to notice that her own negative emotions lessened as her eyes darted from side to side. Other researchers, though, have shown the treatment's effectiveness in published reports that consolidated data from several studies.
Question: What are the symptoms of Bell's palsy?
Answer: You may go to bed one night feeling fine. But when you look in the mirror the next morning, you see that part of your face seems to be drooping. Some people feel pain behind their ear 1-2 days before they notice any weakness. Others say that sounds seem much louder than normal in the days before they see any other symptoms. You might also notice the following things before the onset of Bell's palsy (remember that these symptoms will probably only happen on one side of your face): You're unable to close your eyelid or blink Your eye waters more or less than usual Drooling Difficulty chewing Decreased sense of taste Your facial muscles twitch Pain or numbness behind your ear Facial weakness and drooping typically reach their peak within a day or two.
Question: What might you notice before the onset of Bell's palsy?
Answer: You might also notice the following things before the onset of Bell's palsy (remember that these symptoms will probably only happen on one side of your face): You're unable to close your eyelid or blink Your eye waters more or less than usual Drooling Difficulty chewing Decreased sense of taste Your facial muscles twitch Pain or numbness behind your ear Facial weakness and drooping typically reach their peak within a day or two.
Question: When do you start to feel better and recover from Bell's palsy symptoms?
Answer: The symptoms of Bell's palsy tend to come on all of a sudden. You might also notice the following things before the onset of Bell's palsy (remember that these symptoms will probably only happen on one side of your face): You're unable to close your eyelid or blink Your eye waters more or less than usual Drooling Difficulty chewing Decreased sense of taste Your facial muscles twitch Pain or numbness behind your ear Facial weakness and drooping typically reach their peak within a day or two. Most people start to feel better within a couple of weeks. Some people who develop Bell's palsy have a longer recovery period.
Question: How do you treat macular degeneration?
Answer: For macular degeneration, there is currently no cure for age-related macular degeneration ( AMD), but new treatments are sometimes able to prevent severe visual loss.
Question: How do you treat astigmatism?
Answer: To treat astigmatism, the accepted prescription is a lens that will correct or neutralize the effect of the uneven cornea. Again, you will typically have a choice between glasses and contact lenses. Surgery for astigmatism can include limbal relaxing incisions, LASIK, and toric intraocular lenses.
Question: How do you treat cataracts?
Answer: With cataracts, the eye's natural lens becomes cloudy, obscuring vision. Correcting the problem was once a complex procedure requiring general anesthesia and a week of hospitalization. Today, a process called "phacoemulsification" uses ultrasound to break up the cataract and remove the tiny lens fragments through an incision so small that it usually requires no stitches. Some people mistakenly call this laser cataract surgery. The surgeon then inserts an artificial lens implant. Local anesthesia is used and the patient goes home from an outpatient facility typically within an hour or two after surgery.
Question: How are dilating eye drops used in an eye exam?
Answer: Dilating eye drops may be given in order for the doctor to complete a full exam. The purpose of dilation is to open the pupil or âwindowâ to allow a much better view of the lens, retina, and optic nerve. Although this can cause some temporary blurriness, it is a very important evaluation. Typically, sunglasses are given at the end of an exam to help protect the eyes from sensitivity after the dilation until the effect wears off.
Question: What treatments are available for age-related macular degeneration?
Answer: Treatment depends on the type of AMD, but may include: Injections of medication into the eye -- to prevent the formation of new, leaky blood vessels Laser therapy -- to destroy abnormal blood vessels Photodynamic therapy -- injection of medications that are activated by light exposure Submacular surgery (very rarely done) -- to remove blood under the retina, abnormal blood vessels or scar tissue Retinal translocation (very rarely done) -- surgical rotation of the damaged retinal tissue away from the macula Low-vision aids -- to help people with partial vision make the most of their remaining vision.
Question: How can you protect yourself from age-related macular degeneration?
Answer: Other ways to protect your eyes from AMD include the following: Eating vegetables high in carotenoids, such as spinach and collard greens Wearing sunglasses with an ultraviolet filter when outdoors Not smoking Having regular visits to an eye care specialist to detect AMD and other eye diseases in the early stages For retinal detachment, some cases can be corrected with laser surgery, which has a high rate of success.
Question: Why should I consider surgery to treat glaucoma?
Answer: Some patients with thin corneas and extreme nearsightedness may be better served with a variant of LASIK called PRK or they may not be good laser candidates at all. One long-term study, however, indicates that treating people with laser surgery first works just as well, if not better, to keep glaucoma in check.
Question: What do the letters of bladder cancer stages mean?
Answer: It's based on the following three key pieces of information: T ( Tumor) -- This measures how far the main tumor has grown through the bladder and whether it has spread into nearby tissues. N ( Lymph Nodes) -- These are groups of cells that fight disease. â Nâ is used to describe whether cancer has spread into lymph nodes near the bladder. M ( Metastasized) -- Doctors use this to describe whether the disease has spread into organs or lymph nodes that aren't near the bladder. Your doctor will assign a number or letter after T, N, and M. The higher the number, the more the cancer has spread.
Question: What are the stages of bladder cancer?
Answer: The stages describe how far your cancer has spread. There are two types of stages for bladder cancer -- the clinical stage and the pathologic stage. The clinical stage is your doctor's informed opinion of how far your cancer has spread. Your doctor will use this information to plan your treatment. The pathologic stage is something your doctor determines after surgery to remove the cancer. Your doctor will assign a number or letter after T, N, and M. The higher the number, the more the cancer has spread. These range from 0 to the Roman numeral IV.
Question: What do the numbers of bladder cancer stages mean?
Answer: Here's what each stage means: Stage 0: The cancer has only grown into the center of your bladder. Stage I: The cancer has grown through the inner lining of your bladder, but not the muscle of your bladder wall. Stage II: The cancer has grown through the connective tissue in your bladder and into the muscle layer of the bladder. Stage III: Cancer is now in the layer of fatty tissue that surrounds your bladder. It may also be in your prostate, uterus, or vagina. But it hasn't spread to nearby lymph nodes or to distant organs. But it hasn't spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. Cancer is now in your lymph nodes or distant sites like your bones, liver, or lungs.
Question: What causes body odor?
Answer: Sweat by itself is basically odorless. But when the bacteria that live on your skin mix with sweat, they multiply quickly and raise quite a stink. Washing thoroughly, especially the areas where you tend to sweat, can help with body odor.
Question: Can using antibacterial soap help with body odor?
Answer: But when the bacteria that live on your skin mix with sweat, they multiply quickly and raise quite a stink. Washing thoroughly, especially the areas where you tend to sweat, can help with body odor. Washing thoroughly with an antibacterial soap bar will help get rid of some bacteria, which can help with the odor. Look for the word "antibacterial" on the soap's packaging.
Question: How do deodorants or antiperspirants help with body odor?
Answer: Shower at least once a day, and you'll wash away sweat and get rid of some of the bacteria on your skin. These have aluminum chloride, a chemical that helps keep sweat at bay, and they often also have a deodorant in them. Look for ones that say they're higher strength. If you think you need more help, ask your doctor about prescription antiperspirants.