anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How does Crohn's disease affect your body?
Answer: Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. That means that your body's immune system attacks and damages your bowel or gastrointestinal system. It's a chronic, meaning long-term, condition that gets in the way of your body's ability to take in important nutrients. It can also affect the way you digest food and get rid of waste. Crohn's can involve any part of your gut. But the ileum, the last part of your small intestine, is most commonly affected.
Question: How can you be affected by Crohn's disease?
Answer: Each person is different. Your Crohn's disease might: Affect a large part of your gastrointestinal system or only a small part Be mild, moderate, or severe Go long periods without symptoms or flare-ups Be fairly easy to control, or it may be very difficult Go into remission Depending on the way Crohn's affects you and your ability to manage it, you may have some challenges.
Question: How can Crohn's disease affect you if you're female?
Answer: If you're female, Crohn's could affect your ability to get pregnant. If it isn't well-controlled, it may cause problems once you are pregnant. Your doctor may recommend a C-section if you have certain complications.
Question: How can Crohn's disease affect your daily activities?
Answer: You may want to plan your activities with your Crohn's in mind. For example, know where the closest bathroom is.
Question: What should you do if you have Crohn's disease?
Answer: He can help you understand your condition and provide answers to your questions. It's a good idea to learn all you can about it. Doctors say if these things apply to you at diagnosis, your Crohn's may be more severe if you: Are younger than 40 Have perianal or rectal disease Are taking steroids first thing Smoke Have a low education level Some general facts: A small number of people will go into a long remission right after their first diagnosis.
Question: How can knowing what to expect with Crohn's disease help?
Answer: You've heard and read a lot about it, but you don't really know what to expect. Eye problems: Over time, the inflammation from Crohn's, or sometimes the other complications that come with it, can affect your eyes.
Question: Is remission possible in Crohn's disease?
Answer: With Crohn's, remission is sometimes thought to take place when symptoms go away and ulcers in the colon begin to heal. You may have pain, which also affects your emotions.
Question: How can Crohn's disease affect your diet?
Answer: But you may need to make some adjustments. For instance, if milk products or greasy foods cause diarrhea, don't eat them.
Question: What are the risks of Crohn's disease?
Answer: He can help you understand your condition and provide answers to your questions. Your doctor may recommend a C-section if you have certain complications. Ankylosing spondylitis: This more serious type of spinal arthritis is rare among people with Crohn's, but it can happen. They can: Stop your body from absorbing calcium, which your body needs to build bone Make your body get rid of calcium when you pee Boost production of cells that break down bone Lower the number of cells that help form bones Lower your body's output of estrogen. Uric acid stones: These kidney stones form due to dehydration and a process called metabolic acidosis in which the balance of acids and bases in your blood gets thrown off. You're only likely to notice low energy and fatigue unless you develop a more serious problem. When Crohn's affects the terminal ileum (where your small intestine meets the large intestine), it can't process bile salts, which help cholesterol dissolve in bile. When that happens, the cholesterol can form into stones that block the opening between the liver and the bile duct, which sends bile down to your intestines. Hepatitis: Crohn's disease can cause chronic (long-term) liver inflammation and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Question: How severe is constipation as a side effect of opioid pain medication?
Answer: It can happen any time you're taking the drug. The longer you take the drug, the bigger the chance it will block you up. These messages can make your intestines squeeze on both ends of the stool so that it doesn't go anywhere. Your intestines absorb some of the water from your stool as it moves through your gut.
Question: How do opioid pain medications cause constipation?
Answer: The longer you take the drug, the bigger the chance it will block you up. These messages can make your intestines squeeze on both ends of the stool so that it doesn't go anywhere. Your intestines absorb some of the water from your stool as it moves through your gut.
Question: What are symptoms of constipation as a side effect from opioids?
Answer: The main symptoms of opioid constipation are: Your stools might get hard and dry. You might not get the urge to go as often as before. You may have to push really hard when you go. You might feel like you don't get everything out. Call him right away if you feel severe pain. The longer you take the drug, the bigger the chance it will block you up. When they open, stools can pass through. Your intestines absorb some of the water from your stool as it moves through your gut.
Question: Do people with insomnia have fatigue or sleepiness?
Answer: Symptoms of daytime fatigue include: Weariness, weakness, and/or depleted energy Lack of motivation Poor performance Memory problems Lack of productivity Tendency to make errors and mistakes Depression Low interest in being social Fatigue is a more accurate description of what people with insomnia experience. Although they're sleep deprived, they tend to feel more tired than sleepy. If you have insomnia, you might find it hard to nap. People with insomnia usually see a doctor because of fatigue and poor daytime functioning, not because they have trouble falling or staying asleep.
Question: In what ways can insomnia take a toll on your life?
Answer: In addition, people with insomnia are more likely to: Miss work Make bad decisions Take more risks Have trouble concentrating Be irritable Be depressed Eat foods high in calories According to experts, chronic insomnia affects one in 10 people.
Question: What does excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) look like?
Answer: They might fall asleep while stopped at a stoplight or sitting in a waiting room. EDS is usually caused by conditions like sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy, neurologic conditions such as Parkinson's disease, as well as many medications. People with daytime fatigue are very tired but usually don't fall asleep during the day.
Question: What does insomnia increase your risk for in terms of health problems?
Answer: In addition to causing daytime fatigue, insomnia increases your risk for other health problems, including: Heart disease Stroke High blood pressure Infections Obesity Diabetes Depression Pain Substance abuse Early death Sleep affects our ability to think, react, remember, and solve problems.
Question: What are symptoms of daytime fatigue?
Answer: People with daytime fatigue are very tired but usually don't fall asleep during the day. They struggle to get through a normal day's activities. Symptoms of daytime fatigue include: Weariness, weakness, and/or depleted energy Lack of motivation Poor performance Memory problems Lack of productivity Tendency to make errors and mistakes Depression Low interest in being social Fatigue is a more accurate description of what people with insomnia experience.
Question: How can you get rid of daytime fatigue?
Answer: Your first step to getting rid of daytime fatigue is to figure out what's causing it. In addition to insomnia, many other issues can cause fatigue. These include other sleep disorders, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, and chronic fatigue syndrome. These can greatly improve how you feel and function during the day.
Question: How can insomnia lead to car and workplace accidents?
Answer: People with insomnia are more likely than well-rested people to have a car crash due to fatigue. Lack of sleep is also the cause of over 7% of all serious accidents in the workplace. If you have trouble going to sleep or staying asleep, tell the doctor.
Question: Is a spinal tap safe, or are there side effects?
Answer: But just like most tests, there are a few minor risks. These include: Headache. About 10% of people get a spinal headache -- one that gets worse when you sit or stand and feels better instantly when you lie down. If you get one, lie down as much as possible and drink plenty of fluids. Infection. But the risk is very low. Bloody tap. Sometimes the procedure may pierce a small blood vessel, so blood mixes in with the CSF. You won't need treatment for it, but in some cases, you may need another spinal tap later on to get a "clear" sample.
Question: What happens after a spinal tap?
Answer: You'll need to lie on your back or stomach for a few hours. You also may need to give a sample of your blood for testing, too.
Question: How does a spinal tap help diagnose multiple sclerosis?
Answer: If you have the condition, your CSF (spinal fluid) will have higher amounts of certain proteins. If someone's CSF doesn't have these proteins, though, they might still have multiple sclerosis -- 5% to 10% of people with the condition never show signs in their spinal fluid. Also, these signs can show up in a number of other diseases, too. So a spinal tap by itself can't confirm or rule out a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. It must be part of the total picture of testing for the disease.
Question: Should I avoid exercise after a spinal tap?
Answer: Avoid intense exercise for a day or so after the procedure.
Question: When should I call my doctor immediately after a spinal tap?
Answer: And if you're allergic to latex or any medications, tell your doctor.
Question: How important are spinal taps in diagnosing multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Also, these signs can show up in a number of other diseases, too. So a spinal tap by itself can't confirm or rule out a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. It must be part of the total picture of testing for the disease.
Question: What are some minor risks associated with spinal taps?
Answer: But just like most tests, there are a few minor risks. These include: Headache. About 10% of people get a spinal headache -- one that gets worse when you sit or stand and feels better instantly when you lie down. If you get one, lie down as much as possible and drink plenty of fluids. Infection. But the risk is very low. Bloody tap. Sometimes the procedure may pierce a small blood vessel, so blood mixes in with the CSF. You won't need treatment for it, but in some cases, you may need another spinal tap later on to get a "clear" sample.
Question: What is a spinal tap?
Answer: Your brain and spinal cord are bathed in fluid. A spinal tap, also called a lumbar puncture, is a procedure doctors use to remove and test some of this liquid, called cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF). It helps them diagnose disorders of the brain and spinal cord, including multiple sclerosis.
Question: What happens during a spinal tap?
Answer: To start, you'll lie on your side with your knees drawn as close to your chest as possible. Or you'll sit with your arms and head resting on a table. After the skin around your lower back is cleansed and covered, you'll get medicine to numb that part of your body. Your doctor will put a long, thin hollow needle in your low back between two bones in your lower spine and into the space filled with CSF. He'll take 1-2 tablespoons of fluid and remove the needle. The procedure doesn't touch your spinal cord.
Question: How does someone prepare for a spinal tap?
Answer: You don't have to do anything to get ready, unless your doctor gives you special instructions. In most cases, you'll need to stop taking any blood thinner medicines, including aspirin, for a few days beforehand. And if you're allergic to latex or any medications, tell your doctor.
Question: How do I prepare for a spinal tap?
Answer: And if you're allergic to latex or any medications, tell your doctor. You'll need to lie on your back or stomach for a few hours.
Question: What is a spinal tap and how is it related to multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Your brain and spinal cord are bathed in fluid. It helps them diagnose disorders of the brain and spinal cord, including multiple sclerosis. He'll take 1-2 tablespoons of fluid and remove the needle.
Question: How is leukemia diagnosed?
Answer: Because many types of leukemia show no obvious symptoms early in the disease, leukemia may be diagnosed incidentally during a physical exam or as a result of routine blood testing. To confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific type of leukemia, a needle biopsy and aspiration of bone marrow from a pelvic bone will need to be done to test for leukemic cells, DNA markers, and chromosome changes in the bone marrow.
Question: What does it mean if my nails are yellow?
Answer: Nails that are thick, slow-growing, and yellow often point to lung diseases like emphysema or chronic bronchitis. Fluid in your lungs and hands also can lead to yellow nail syndrome. So can Raynaud's phenomenon, which is caused by poor circulation to the fingers, toes, and nose. Yellow nails can even be a symptom of sinusitis, thyroid problems, and rheumatoid arthritis. Only your doctor can tell you what they mean.
Question: What causes my nails to pit or split?
Answer: Psoriasis often starts in your nails. It can make them split and cause pits on the surface. Other causes include inflammatory arthritis or thyroid disease.
Question: What should I do if I have symptoms of nail problems?
Answer: They're packed with details about your health. They can show if you have an infection, a serious disease, or even how well you're eating. Lots of things can cause your nails to separate from the nail bed: Long fingernails (the most common cause) Injury or infection Reactions to nail hardeners or adhesives Chemical overexposure from manicures Medications like tetracycline and naproxen, which create light sensitivity and can cause your nails to become photosensitive and lift away from the nail bed Psoriasis, thyroid disease, or other illness, especially if all of the nails are affected Don't ignore changes in your nails, but don't jump to conclusions either. Only your doctor can tell for sure. Though common, fungal infections can be hard to treat. If your symptoms don't go away, see a dermatologist. Nail changes are rarely the first sign of illness. Other symptoms almost always appear before that happens.
Question: What are combination medications for high blood pressure?
Answer: Bisoprolol + hydrocholorthiazide ( Ziac), beta-blocker and diuretic Carvedilol ( Coreg), alpha-blocker and beta-blocker Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate), alpha-blocker and beta-blocker Olmesartan + hydrocholorthiazide ( Benicar), ARB and diuretic
Question: How do vasodilators work to treat high blood pressure?
Answer: Guanadrel ( Hylorel) Guanethidine ( Ismelin) Reserpine ( Serpasil) These relax the muscles in your blood vessel walls. The vessels widen, and blood can flow through more easily. Hydralazine ( Apresoline) Minoxidil ( Loniten) Some medicines combine different kinds of drugs.
Question: How do alpha-blockers work for high blood pressure?
Answer: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Betaxolol ( Kerlone) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carteolol ( Cartrol) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol XL) Nadolol ( Corgard) Nebivolol ( Bystolic) Penbutolol ( Levatol) Pindolol ( Visken) Propranolol ( Inderal) Sotalol ( Betapace) Timolol ( Blocadren) These stop nerve signals before they can tell your blood vessels to tighten. Your vessels stay relaxed, giving the blood more room to move and lowering your overall blood pressure. Doxazosin ( Cardura) Prazosin ( Minipress) Terazosin ( Hytrin) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prevent your body from making a hormone that tells blood vessels to tighten.
Question: How do direct renin inhibitors work for high blood pressure?
Answer: Candesartan ( Atacand) Eprosartan ( Teveten) Irbesartan ( Avapro) Losartan ( Cozaar) Telmisartan ( Micardis) Valsartan ( Diovan) These target the same process that ACE inhibitors and ARBs do, so your blood vessels don't tighten up. But they work on the enzyme renin instead. They stop it from triggering reactions before the hormone gets made. Aliskiren ( Tekturna) is a direct renin inhibitor.
Question: How do beta-blockers work for high blood pressure?
Answer: Amiloride + hydrochlorothiazide ( Moduretic) Spironolactone + hydrochlorothiazide ( Aldactazide) Triamterene + hydrochlorothiazide ( Dyazide, Maxzide) They'll slow down your heartbeat and keep your heart from squeezing hard. This makes blood go through your vessels with less force. Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Betaxolol ( Kerlone) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carteolol ( Cartrol) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol XL) Nadolol ( Corgard) Nebivolol ( Bystolic) Penbutolol ( Levatol) Pindolol ( Visken) Propranolol ( Inderal) Sotalol ( Betapace) Timolol ( Blocadren) These stop nerve signals before they can tell your blood vessels to tighten.
Question: How do ACE inhibitors work for high blood pressure?
Answer: Doxazosin ( Cardura) Prazosin ( Minipress) Terazosin ( Hytrin) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prevent your body from making a hormone that tells blood vessels to tighten. With less of this hormone in your body, your blood vessels stay more open. Benazepril ( Lotensin) Captopril ( Capoten) Enalapril ( Vasotec) Fosinopril ( Monopril) Lisinopril ( Prinivil, Zestril) Moexipril ( Univasc) Perindopril ( Aceon) Quinapril ( Accupril) Ramipril ( Altace) Trandolapril ( Mavik) Angiotensin II receptor blockers stop that same hormone from working.
Question: How do central agonists work to treat high blood pressure?
Answer: Amlodipine ( Norvasc) Bepridil ( Vasocor) Diltiazem ( Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac) Felodipine ( Plendil) Isradipine ( Dyna Circ) Nicardipine ( Cardene) Nifedipine ( Adalat, Procardia) Nisoldipine ( Sular) Verapamil ( Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) They stop your brain from sending signals that speed up your heart rate and narrow your blood vessels. These drugs are also called central-acting agents, central adrenergic inhibitors, and central alpha agonists. Clonidine ( Catapres) Guanabenz ( Wytensin) Guanfacine ( Tenex) Methyldopa ( Aldomet) They prevent signals that your brain sends from getting to your blood vessels and telling them to tighten.
Question: How do calcium channel blockers work for high blood pressure?
Answer: They don't let calcium into certain muscle cells in your heart and blood vessels, so it's harder for electrical signals to pass. Some CCBs keep blood vessels from tightening. Others slow your heart rate or make your heart ease up on how hard it squeezes to push blood. Amlodipine ( Norvasc) Bepridil ( Vasocor) Diltiazem ( Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac) Felodipine ( Plendil) Isradipine ( Dyna Circ) Nicardipine ( Cardene) Nifedipine ( Adalat, Procardia) Nisoldipine ( Sular) Verapamil ( Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) They stop your brain from sending signals that speed up your heart rate and narrow your blood vessels.
Question: How do ARBs work for high blood pressure?
Answer: Doxazosin ( Cardura) Prazosin ( Minipress) Terazosin ( Hytrin) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prevent your body from making a hormone that tells blood vessels to tighten. With less of this hormone in your body, your blood vessels stay more open. Candesartan ( Atacand) Eprosartan ( Teveten) Irbesartan ( Avapro) Losartan ( Cozaar) Telmisartan ( Micardis) Valsartan ( Diovan) These target the same process that ACE inhibitors and ARBs do, so your blood vessels don't tighten up.
Question: How common is hyperparathyroidism?
Answer: About 100,000 people in the U. S. develop this condition each year. People between the ages of 50 and 60, and women, are the most likely to have hyperparathyroidism.
Question: How does parathyroid hormone raise calcium levels?
Answer: The hormone, called parathyroid hormone, has three ways it can raise your calcium level: It can tell your bones to release some calcium, tell your small intestine to absorb more calcium into your bloodstream, or tell your kidneys to hang on to more calcium instead of sending it out of your body in your pee.
Question: What's the treatment for hyperparathyroidism?
Answer: If you have secondary hyperparathyroidism, your doctor may recommend supplements of vitamin D and calcium. If you have primary hyperparathyroidism and you have bothersome symptoms, you'll need surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland or glands. For example, if you have extremely high blood calcium levels, have had a broken bone (or fracture), or have kidney stones, your doctor will likely want you to have that operation. Even if you don't have symptoms, your doctor may recommend the operation, depending on how you together decide to treat the condition.
Question: What causes primary hyperparathyroidism?
Answer: A condition called hyperparathyroidism can cause such a situation to happen, where your levels of calcium in your blood and tissues are too high. This means that your condition is caused by, or starts in, at least one of the parathyroid glands naturally making too much of the hormone that keeps your calcium levels in balance. Primary hyperparathyroidism can happen due to: A noncancerous tumor in one of the parathyroid glands. This causes most primary cases. Two or more of the glands being too active and producing too much of the parathyroid hormone. Cancer of one of the glands. This is a very rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Question: What are benefits of surgery for hyperparathyroidism?
Answer: A condition called hyperparathyroidism can cause such a situation to happen, where your levels of calcium in your blood and tissues are too high. If you have primary hyperparathyroidism and you have bothersome symptoms, you'll need surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland or glands. Even if you don't have symptoms, your doctor may recommend the operation, depending on how you together decide to treat the condition. You might get these benefits from the surgery: Improved bone density Fewer bone fractures Less chance of forming kidney stones Surgery cures primary hyperparathyroidism in 95% of cases.
Question: What is hyperparathyroidism?
Answer: But there are times when your body can have so much calcium that it's not good for you. A condition called hyperparathyroidism can cause such a situation to happen, where your levels of calcium in your blood and tissues are too high. They make a hormone that helps keep your amount of calcium at just the right level. But when even one of those glands makes too much of the hormone, the result is hyperparathyroidism. Cancer of one of the glands. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (apart from kidney failure) can happen if: Your body doesn't get enough calcium.
Question: How is hyperparathyroidism diagnosed?
Answer: A condition called hyperparathyroidism can cause such a situation to happen, where your levels of calcium in your blood and tissues are too high. And it has nothing to do with how much milk you drink. If the results show that you have high levels of parathyroid hormone and of calcium, then you have primary hyperparathyroidism. You'll then get: X-rays to check for broken bones in certain areas, including in your back Bone density tests to look for reduced bone mineral density, especially in your forearm Kidney ultrasound to look for kidney stones 24-hour urine calcium collection to check for any kidney problems Blood tests looking at how well your kidneys work and your levels of phosphate and vitamin D can suggest secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Question: How is hyperparathyroidism treated?
Answer: A condition called hyperparathyroidism can cause such a situation to happen, where your levels of calcium in your blood and tissues are too high. If you have secondary hyperparathyroidism, your doctor may recommend supplements of vitamin D and calcium. If you have primary hyperparathyroidism and you have bothersome symptoms, you'll need surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland or glands. Even if you don't have symptoms, your doctor may recommend the operation, depending on how you together decide to treat the condition.