anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Where are fractures from osteoporosis most common?
Answer: Fractures from osteoporosis often occur at the hip, wrist, and/or spine. Hip fractures often require surgery. About 700,000 spinal fractures occur a year. Weak bones can lead to a compression fracture in the vertebrae, the bones that form your spine. Over time, these fractures can change the strength and shape of your spine. You may lose height. Spine fractures sometimes can lead to chronic back pain.
Question: How common is osteoporosis?
Answer: Many more are at high risk for the condition. About 50% of women and up to 25% of men over age 50 will break a hip or wrist, or suffer a spinal fracture due to osteoporosis. The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends adult women age 50 and younger and adult men age 70 and younger get 400-800 IU of vitamin D and 1,000 mg of calcium daily.
Question: How is depression diagnosed?
Answer: There is no single test that can diagnose depression; however, there are certain patterns that doctors look for in order to make the diagnosis. As a result, your doctor will ask you several questions. Be honest with your answers so that you can receive the care you need.
Question: What do I need to know about erectile dysfunction (ED) and depression?
Answer: Such feelings, if not dealt with, can sometimes lead to clinical depression in men with a biological vulnerability to depression.
Question: What are some common treatments for depression?
Answer: Treatment for depression may include medication, talk therapy, or a combination of both.
Question: What are some of the symptoms of depression?
Answer: Some of the symptoms of depression include: Low self-esteem Loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (such as sex and hobbies) Fatigue Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Apathy Drug and/or alcohol use Suicidal thoughts Depression affects the way one feels about oneself and life in general.
Question: How does depression affect you?
Answer: Some of the symptoms of depression include: Low self-esteem Loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (such as sex and hobbies) Fatigue Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Apathy Drug and/or alcohol use Suicidal thoughts Depression affects the way one feels about oneself and life in general. People who are depressed cannot simply "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms of depression can last indefinitely. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression get back on track.
Question: What should you do if you get depressed about erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Answer: The first step in overcoming depression is to be honest with yourself, your partner, and your doctor. After depression has been brought out into the open, coping with it will be easier and less stressful. There is no single test that can diagnose depression; however, there are certain patterns that doctors look for in order to make the diagnosis.
Question: How can laser surgery help treat a detached retina?
Answer: The retina is a thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is crucial for vision. For different reasons, it can start to peel away from the layer beneath it. If your retina has a hole or tear, but has not started to detach, you won't need those procedures. An eye surgeon points a laser beam into your eye to cause tiny burns around the hole. This creates scars or a âsealâ to wall off the tear to prevent it from developing into a retina detachment.
Question: How can an injecting gas in the eye help with treating retinal detachment?
Answer: The retina is a thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is crucial for vision. For different reasons, it can start to peel away from the layer beneath it. Injecting gas in the eye is one possibility to push the retina back in original position. The doctor injects a bubble of gas into the center of your eye, which pushes the retina back. Your body will later absorb the gas over time. Doctors use this method, called pneumatic retinopexy, if the retina has just begun to detach.
Question: What are the risks of surgery for retinal detachment?
Answer: If you have a detached retina, you'll likely need surgery right away to raise the odds of saving your sight in that eye. The surgery itself can cause other problems, though, including: Bleeding Infection Not getting your full vision back Failure to repair the detached retina, which can mean more surgery An increase in eye pressure Before surgery, you and your doctor will talk about its risks and benefits.
Question: Can you avoid surgery for retinal detachment?
Answer: Injecting gas in the eye is one possibility to push the retina back in original position. If your retina has a hole or tear, but has not started to detach, you won't need those procedures. Your doctor may advise the following methods, though, to repair the hole. An eye surgeon points a laser beam into your eye to cause tiny burns around the hole. This creates scars or a âsealâ to wall off the tear to prevent it from developing into a retina detachment. Freezing, which doctors call âcryopexy,â is another possibility. For this procedure, the doctor will numb your eye and then put a small, freezing probe on it. Like laser surgery, the freezing method creates a scar tissue around the hole to correct the problem. Sometimes the retina detaches with no tear. This usually happens if you have a disease or injury that causes fluid to build up behind the retina. In these rare cases, the detached retina may be fixed by treating the disease, and no surgery is needed.
Question: Do I need surgery for retinal detachment?
Answer: Over time, this can cause the retina to lift off the layer below it like wallpaper falling off a wall. Only a doctor can tell you if you have a retinal detachment or a retinal tear. If you do need surgery, there are different types. This usually happens if you have a disease or injury that causes fluid to build up behind the retina. That's why you need to see your doctor right away if you have sudden changes in your vision, especially if you suddenly start to see a lot more âfloatersâ -- these are dots or squiggles that appear before your eyes -- or you see flashes of light or a dark curtain moving into your vision.
Question: What is "indenting" as a treatment for retinal detachment?
Answer: The retina is a thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is crucial for vision. For different reasons, it can start to peel away from the layer beneath it. An eye surgeon points a laser beam into your eye to cause tiny burns around the hole. This creates scars or a âsealâ to wall off the tear to prevent it from developing into a retina detachment.
Question: How does genital herpes affect pregnancy?
Answer: Women with genital herpes are examined carefully for any symptoms before giving birth. If sores or signs that an outbreak is coming show up at the time of delivery, the baby may be delivered by cesarean section (also called a C-section).
Question: Can I take antiviral drugs for herpes during pregnancy?
Answer: Women taking antiviral drugs for herpes -- either daily suppressive therapy or occasional therapy for outbreaks -- should consult their doctor about whether to take the drugs during pregnancy. The answer is not set in stone: You and your doctor have to discuss the risks and benefits to decide what's right for you.
Question: Where can I find a neti pot?
Answer: Neti pots are available over-the-counter at many drug stores, health food stores, and online retailers. They usually cost between $15 and $30.
Question: Does nasal irrigation with a neti pot ease sinus symptoms?
Answer: Research backs up these claims, finding that nasal irrigation can be an effective way to relieve sinus symptoms when used along with standard sinus treatments. For some people, nasal irrigation may bring relief of sinus symptoms without the use of medications.
Question: How do you use a neti pot?
Answer: You might also want to ask your family doctor or an ear, nose, and throat specialist to talk you through the process so you can get comfortable with the Neti pot before trying it on your own. Typically, to use the Neti pot or other nasal irrigation device, mix 3 teaspoons of iodide-free, preservative-free salt with 1 teaspoon of baking soda and store in a small clean container. Mix 1 teaspoon of this mixture in 8 ounces of distilled, sterile or previously boiled and cooled water. Place the spout into your top nostril, and gently pour the saline solution into that nostril.
Question: How is breast reconstruction without implants done?
Answer: When you use your own tissue, it's commonly called a flap procedure. There are two basic methods for the reconstruction: Pedicle or tunneling procedure. With this technique, the section of tissue being moved stays attached to its blood supply. With this technique, the tissue being moved is disconnected from its blood supply and then reconnected to vessels in its new location using microsurgical techniques. This is a more complicated procedure.
Question: What does chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer consist of?
Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body. Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. These chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer: 5-fluorouracil (5- FU) or capecitabine Gemcitabine Both 5- FU and gemcitabine are given into the veins during regular visits to an oncologist (cancer doctor). An oral drug, capecitabine, may be substituted for 5- FU, especially with radiation.
Question: What happens after pancreatic cancer is found to be resectable?
Answer: If pancreatic cancer is resectable, surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation or both may extend survival.
Question: Can chemotherapy help metastatic pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy can also help improve pancreatic cancer symptoms and survival. Gemcitabine has been the most widely used chemotherapy drug for treating metastatic pancreas cancer. Other drug combinations include gemcitabine with erlotinib, gemcitabine with capecitabine, gemcitabine with cisplatin, and gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel. If you're in fairly good health you may receive FOLFIRINOX (5- FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin/irinotecan). Other combinations include gemcitabine alone or with another agent like (nab)-paclitaxel or capecitabine. Next line drug combinations to treat pancreatic cancer include oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine, or irinotecan liposome ( Onivyde) in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin.
Question: What can help resectable pancreatic cancer?
Answer: If pancreatic cancer is resectable, surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation or both may extend survival.
Question: How is advanced pancreatic cancer treated?
Answer: 1 priority of treatment will shift from extending life to alleviating symptoms, especially pain. Numerous treatments can help protect against the discomfort from advanced pancreatic cancer: Procedures like bile duct stents can relieve jaundice, thus reducing itching and loss of appetite associated with bile obstruction. Opioid analgesics and a nerve block called a celiac plexus block can help relieve pain. Antidepressants and counseling can help treat depression common in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Question: How is metastatic pancreatic cancer treated?
Answer: In metastatic pancreatic cancer, surgery is used only for symptom control, such as for pain, jaundice, or gastric outlet obstruction. Radiation may be used for symptom relief, as well. Chemotherapy can also help improve pancreatic cancer symptoms and survival. Gemcitabine has been the most widely used chemotherapy drug for treating metastatic pancreas cancer. Other drug combinations include gemcitabine with erlotinib, gemcitabine with capecitabine, gemcitabine with cisplatin, and gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel. If you're in fairly good health you may receive FOLFIRINOX (5- FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin/irinotecan). Other combinations include gemcitabine alone or with another agent like (nab)-paclitaxel or capecitabine. Next line drug combinations to treat pancreatic cancer include oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine, or irinotecan liposome ( Onivyde) in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin.
Question: How is a distal pancreatectomy done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Distal pancreatectomy: The tail and/or portion of the body of the pancreas are removed, but not the head. This surgery is uncommon for pancreatic cancer, because most tumors arising outside the head of the pancreas within the body or tail are unresectable.
Question: What is stage III pancreatic cancer?
Answer: The tumor may have expanded into nearby major blood vessels or nerves, but has not metastasized to distant sites.
Question: What is total pancreatectomy?
Answer: Total pancreatectomy: The entire pancreas and the spleen is surgically removed. Although once considered useful, this operation is uncommon today.
Question: What does metastatic pancreatic cancer mean?
Answer: Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.
Question: What does palliative treatment for pancreatic cancer consist of?
Answer: 1 priority of treatment will shift from extending life to alleviating symptoms, especially pain. Numerous treatments can help protect against the discomfort from advanced pancreatic cancer: Procedures like bile duct stents can relieve jaundice, thus reducing itching and loss of appetite associated with bile obstruction. Opioid analgesics and a nerve block called a celiac plexus block can help relieve pain. Antidepressants and counseling can help treat depression common in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Question: What is stage I pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Pancreatic cancer is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater than 2 but no more than 4 centimeters (stage IB).
Question: Are there clinical trials available for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: New pancreatic cancer treatments are constantly being tested in clinical trials. You can find out about clinical trials for the latest treatments for pancreatic cancer on the websites of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.
Question: How is a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
Answer: People whose pancreatic cancer is considered resectable may undergo one of three surgeries: Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): A surgeon removes the head of the pancreas and sometimes the body of the pancreas, parts of the stomach and small intestine, some lymph nodes, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. The remaining organs are reconnected in a new way to allow digestion. The Whipple procedure is a difficult and complicated surgery. Surgeons and hospitals that do the most operations have the best results. About half the time, once a surgeon sees inside the abdomen, pancreatic cancer that was thought to be resectable turns out to have spread, and thus be unresectable. The Whipple procedure is not completed in these cases.
Question: How is locally advanced (unresectable) pancreatic cancer treated?
Answer: In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, surgery can't remove the entire tumor. Since surgery to remove only part of the pancreatic cancer has been shown not to help, nonsurgical therapies are best. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Either 5- FU or gemcitabine can extend life in people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Question: What chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body. Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. These chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer: 5-fluorouracil (5- FU) or capecitabine Gemcitabine Both 5- FU and gemcitabine are given into the veins during regular visits to an oncologist (cancer doctor). An oral drug, capecitabine, may be substituted for 5- FU, especially with radiation.
Question: How is total pancreatectomy done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Total pancreatectomy: The entire pancreas and the spleen is surgically removed. Although once considered useful, this operation is uncommon today.
Question: How is chemotherapy or radiation therapy used to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body.
Question: How is pancreatic cancer surgery described?
Answer: Since surgery has risks, doctors first determine whether pancreatic cancer appears to be removable by surgery (resectable). Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable. About 10% of pancreatic cancers are considered resectable when first diagnosed. Locally advanced (unresectable): Pancreatic cancer has grown into major blood vessels on imaging tests, so the tumor can't safely be removed by surgery. Metastatic: Pancreatic cancer has clearly spread to other organs, so surgery cannot remove the cancer.
Question: What is done before surgery for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Since surgery has risks, doctors first determine whether pancreatic cancer appears to be removable by surgery (resectable). Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable.
Question: What is Stage 0 pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Pancreatic cancer is limited to top layers of cells in the ducts of the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is not visible on imaging tests or even to the naked eye.
Question: In what cases is a Whipple procedure unsuccessful?
Answer: About half the time, once a surgeon sees inside the abdomen, pancreatic cancer that was thought to be resectable turns out to have spread, and thus be unresectable.
Question: What is stage II pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Pancreatic cancer is over 4 centimeters and is either limited to the pancreas or there is local spread where the cancer has grown outside of the pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Question: What does resectable pancreatic cancer mean?
Answer: Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable. About 10% of pancreatic cancers are considered resectable when first diagnosed.
Question: How does radiation therapy work to treat pancreatic cancer?
Answer: In radiation therapy, a machine beams high-energy X-rays to the pancreas to kill pancreatic cancer cells. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks.
Question: What does locally advanced (unresectable) pancreatic cancer mean?
Answer: Locally advanced (unresectable): Pancreatic cancer has grown into major blood vessels on imaging tests, so the tumor can't safely be removed by surgery.
Question: How is locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated?
Answer: In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, surgery can't remove the entire tumor. Since surgery to remove only part of the pancreatic cancer has been shown not to help, nonsurgical therapies are best. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Either 5- FU or gemcitabine can extend life in people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Question: Can chemotherapy or radiation therapy be used along with surgery for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body.
Question: What is stage IV pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.
Question: What is the role of surgery and radiation for metastatic pancreatic cancer?
Answer: In metastatic pancreatic cancer, surgery is used only for symptom control, such as for pain, jaundice, or gastric outlet obstruction. Radiation may be used for symptom relief, as well.
Question: What is a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy)?
Answer: People whose pancreatic cancer is considered resectable may undergo one of three surgeries: Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): A surgeon removes the head of the pancreas and sometimes the body of the pancreas, parts of the stomach and small intestine, some lymph nodes, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. The remaining organs are reconnected in a new way to allow digestion. The Whipple procedure is a difficult and complicated surgery. Surgeons and hospitals that do the most operations have the best results.
Question: What are the stages of pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Stage is a term used in cancer treatment to describe the extent of the cancer's spread. The stages of pancreatic cancer are used to guide treatment and to classify patients for clinical trials. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread. Pancreatic cancer is limited to top layers of cells in the ducts of the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is not visible on imaging tests or even to the naked eye. Stage I: Local growth. Pancreatic cancer is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater than 2 but no more than 4 centimeters (stage IB). Stage II: Local spread. Pancreatic cancer is over 4 centimeters and is either limited to the pancreas or there is local spread where the cancer has grown outside of the pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph nodes. The tumor may have expanded into nearby major blood vessels or nerves, but has not metastasized to distant sites. Stage IV: Confirmed spread. Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.
Question: What are the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy.
Question: How effective is radiation therapy and chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer?
Answer: Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy.
Question: What is the best treatment for pancreatic cancer?
Answer: What is difficult is attempting to stage pancreatic cancer without resorting to major surgery. In practice, doctors choose pancreatic cancer treatments based upon imaging studies, surgical findings, and an individual's general state of well being. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread. Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable.