anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis (OA)?
Answer: Even in a small joint, osteoarthritis ( OA) can have a big impact on your life. For instance, OA in your fingers can keep you from holding a pen or opening a jar. A stiff or sore knee can make it hard to walk. Getting a shot of corticosteroids (sometimes called a steroid shot) directly into a sore joint can ease pain quickly. Corticosteroids help fight inflammation -- the heat, redness, pain, and swelling in an injured or inflamed part of the body. Corticosteroid shots ease pain faster than anti-inflammatory pills.
Question: What precautions should be taken with corticosteroid injections for  osteoarthritis (OA)?
Answer: Corticosteroids help fight inflammation -- the heat, redness, pain, and swelling in an injured or inflamed part of the body. They can't repair damaged cartilage or slow the progression of arthritis. Their relief is only temporary. Most experts say you should limit injections to no more than once every three or four months. Get no more than about four shots in any one joint. If you still have joint pain after corticosteroid injections, talk with your doctor about other treatments. Depending on the joints involved, other treatment options could include joint replacement.
Question: How are corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis (OA) given?
Answer: Most corticosteroid injections into your knee or a smaller joint, like the base of your thumb, can be done in a doctor's office. If the joint is puffy and filled with fluid, the doctor may insert a needle into the joint to remove the excess fluid. This quickly relieves some of the pain, because it reduces pressure in the joint. Next, the doctor uses a different syringe to inject the corticosteroid into the joint. Relief is almost instant, because the corticosteroid is usually mixed with a painkiller. The corticosteroid begins to curb inflammation within a few hours. The relief usually lasts from several weeks to several months. Your doctor may use imaging technology to help guide the needle into place.
Question: What are the risks of injecting corticosteroid for osteoarthritis (OA)?
Answer: Corticosteroids help fight inflammation -- the heat, redness, pain, and swelling in an injured or inflamed part of the body. Some can be dangerous, such as a greater risk of infection, weight gain, ulcers in your digestive tract and bleeding, osteoporosis, increases in blood pressure and blood glucose levels, and eye problems such as cataracts and glaucoma. Injecting corticosteroids directly into a joint lessens or removes most of these side effects. They include: Injury to the joint tissues, mainly with repeated injections Thinning of cartilage, the smooth covering that protects the bones in the joint Weakening of the ligaments of the joint More inflammation in the joint caused by a corticosteroid that has crystallized Irritation of the nerves, by the needle or the medication itself Infecting the joint Whitening or thinning of skin at the injection site You should not have this type of treatment if you have an infection in or around a joint or you're allergic to any of the drugs used.
Question: Is SIDS more likely in boys or girls?
Answer: You can swaddle her for warmth, but only until she learns how to roll over.
Question: Is SIDS more common among babies of certain racial or ethnic groups?
Answer: It happens most often among African- Americans, Native Americans, and Alaska natives. Doctors aren't sure why.
Question: Is co-sleeping OK to help prevent SIDS?
Answer: Sharing a room with your baby can cut her chances in half. But sleeping in the same bed with her raises her odds. Try not to fall asleep while sitting up and holding your baby.
Question: How can sleeping in the same room with my baby help prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. Sharing a room with your baby can cut her chances in half. But sleeping in the same bed with her raises her odds. Try not to fall asleep while sitting up and holding your baby.
Question: How does the mother's health affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's more likely to happen to a baby whose mother: Is younger than 20 Doesn't get good prenatal care Smokes, uses drugs, or drinks alcohol while pregnant or during baby's first year Yes.
Question: What causes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. Some babies have a gene or a change to their genes that causes certain health problems that can lead to SIDS. Other babies are born with problems in the part of their brain that controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and waking from sleep. But researchers found some things that, when put together, raise a little one's risk: A hidden health problem, like brain defects Being in the first 6 months of life Stress from something like a poor sleep position, secondhand smoke, or a respiratory infection Remember, none of these by itself is enough to cause SIDS. Doctors aren't sure why.
Question: What's the safest way to let my baby sleep to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. There are a few easy things you can do to prevent SIDS and keep your little one safe: Put your baby on her back to sleep. Once she can roll over on her own, it's safe for her to sleep on her tummy. Until then, remember this phrase: âback to sleep.â It'll help keep your baby's odds of having SIDS much lower. Choose a firm, flat surface for her bed. Use tight-fitting sheets. Keep pillows, blankets, and other objects out of her sleep area until she's at least 1. You can swaddle her for warmth, but only until she learns how to roll over.
Question: How does family history affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's more likely to happen to a baby whose mother: Is younger than 20 Doesn't get good prenatal care Smokes, uses drugs, or drinks alcohol while pregnant or during baby's first year Yes.
Question: How does birth weight affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's more likely in preemies, especially those born very small, than full-term babies.
Question: How does race affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It happens most often among African- Americans, Native Americans, and Alaska natives. Doctors aren't sure why.
Question: At what age is a baby most likely to die of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's most common for babies between 1 and 4 months. But it can happen at any time during the first year of life.
Question: How can hot and cold packs be used for pain relief and soreness?
Answer: Cold numbs sore areas. Cold may reduce inflammation by constricting blood flow to the injured area. You can also use items already in your home such as: Zippable plastic freezer or storage bags filled with ice and water A wash cloth or hand towel dipped into cold water and ice A bag of frozen vegetables, such as peas or corn Heat packs relax your muscles. Heat dilates blood vessels, sending more oxygen and blood to the area. Heat also decreases the sensation of pain.
Question: What are topical painkillers?
Answer: When your joints are painful or your muscles ache, topical pain killers -- those you apply to your skin -- may offer relief. Although are all designed to relieve pain, different products use different ingredients.
Question: What things do I need to keep at home after a brow lift?
Answer: Also make sure you have the following on hand: Plenty of ice Container to use for ice or cold water Plastic freezer bags to hold the ice, or bags of frozen corn or peas to use in place of ice Pillows (you'll have to keep your head elevated for a period of time) Ointment for the incision area (which your surgeon can recommend or prescribe, if necessary) You can have the brow lift done at your surgeon's office, in a hospital, or in an outpatient surgery facility.
Question: What complications should I call a doctor about after a brow lift?
Answer: You have: Fever that climbs over 100 degrees Fahrenheit Excessive swelling or bleeding.
Question: Where should I get a brow lift and how long it will take?
Answer: Also make sure you have the following on hand: Plenty of ice Container to use for ice or cold water Plastic freezer bags to hold the ice, or bags of frozen corn or peas to use in place of ice Pillows (you'll have to keep your head elevated for a period of time) Ointment for the incision area (which your surgeon can recommend or prescribe, if necessary) You can have the brow lift done at your surgeon's office, in a hospital, or in an outpatient surgery facility. The surgery should take less than two hours, and you will not normally need to stay overnight. You will, though, need to bring someone along who can drive you home and, if you live alone, stay with you the first night or two.
Question: What does a forehead lift do?
Answer: Some people get one at the same time they get a face lift or cosmetic surgery on their nose. Your surgeon will evaluate your entire forehead region, including your upper eyelids, paying attention to the muscles.
Question: How can multiple sclerosis flare-ups be treated?
Answer: Even so, let your doctor know what's going on. Treating symptoms can shorten your flare-ups and help you recover faster. The goal is to bring down the inflammation that caused your symptoms. Your doctor will likely prescribe a steroid drug. Steroids curb inflammation and can help you get over a relapse faster. If you had a lot of nerve damage, some symptoms might not fully go away.
Question: How does relaxing prevent multiple sclerosis flare-ups?
Answer: Chill out with meditation, yoga, or anything else that's good for you and helps you unwind. Some people can't take steroids.
Question: What is the Insanity workout program?
Answer: You exercise right at home, using your own body weight for resistance. The program is based on a fitness method called "max interval training." In traditional interval training, you exercise at a very intense pace for a short period of time, and then rest for longer periods in between. The idea is to increase your aerobic fitness level while burning fat. No.
Question: Are biologics usually combined with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: You may hear your doctor call them by their full name -- disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.
Question: Are biologics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: If your disease is more severe, or if traditional DMARDs don't help, your doctor might have you try a type of DMARD called a biologic. These strong drugs target specific substances in your immune system that cause inflammation.
Question: How do disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs help slow down the course of rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: These drugs slow RA's course. You may hear your doctor call them by their full name -- disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. When you have rheumatoid arthritis, your immune system -- the body's defense against germs -- attacks healthy joints by mistake. DMARDs can help control this process. They won't give you immediate relief, but over time, they can ease your pain, swelling, stiffness, and fatigue.
Question: What disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs will my doctor prescribe to treat my rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Usually, the first DMARD your doctor will prescribe is methotrexate ( Otrexup, Rheumatrex, Trexall, Rasuvo, Xatmep). You can take it as a pill or give yourself a shot. It may ease pain and swelling in your joints and make complications less likely. You'll have to get regular blood tests to make sure the drug doesn't harm your liver or reduce blood counts. Other DMARDs that slow inflammation and RA's progression include: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil) Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine, Salazopyrin, Sulfazine) Doctors often prescribe these medications in combinations.
Question: Am I likely to get an infection from biologics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Because biologics affect your immune system, you may be more likely to get an infection and certain cancers. It's also important to watch for things like fever, cough, diarrhea, or nausea. You may also get a skin reaction on parts of your body where you give yourself shots.
Question: How do biologics help treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: These drugs can slow RA's activity in your body so you feel better. They also help slow joint and organ damage.
Question: Is there a way to slow down rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: But if you want to slow the disease down, you'll need to turn elsewhere. Your doctor may suggest medicine that tries to get at the root of your trouble -- an immune system that's gone a little haywire.
Question: Who should get a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
Answer: The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force says people who should get DXA scans for bone density include: Women ages 65 or older Women ages 60 or older who have a higher chance of getting a fracture Talk to your doctor about whether the test is a good idea for you.
Question: How does a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scanner work?
Answer: A DXA scanner is a machine that produces two X-ray beams. One is high energy and the other is low energy. The machine measures the amount of X-rays that pass through the bone from each beam. This will vary depending on how thick the bone is. Based on the difference between the two beams, your doctor can measure your bone density.
Question: What are the results of a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
Answer: For the results of your scan, you'll get a T-score. It shows how much higher or lower your bone density is than that of a healthy 30-year-old, the age when bones are at their strongest. The lower your score, the weaker your bones are: T-score of -1.0 or above = normal bone density T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 = low bone density, or osteopenia T-score of -2.5 or lower = osteoporosis Sometimes doctors will give you another DXA scan result -- a Z score. It compares your bone density to a normal score for a person of your same age and body size.
Question: What is a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
Answer: DXA scanning focuses on two main areas -- the hip and the spine. If you can't test those, you can get a DXA scan on your forearm. It shows how much higher or lower your bone density is than that of a healthy 30-year-old, the age when bones are at their strongest.
Question: What happens during a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?
Answer: Unlike some other types of tests, like MRIs or CT scans, you won't have to lie inside a closed tunnel or ring. Instead, you'll lie on an open X-ray table and try to stay still as the scanner passes over your body. When the test is over, you'll be able to go home. The machine measures the amount of X-rays that pass through the bone from each beam.
Question: What causes episodic tension headaches?
Answer: Episodic tension headaches are usually triggered by an isolated stressful situation or a build-up of stress. Daily stress can lead to chronic tension headaches.
Question: Who gets tension headaches?
Answer: Tension headaches usually don't keep a person from performing daily tasks. About 30%-80% of the adult U. S. population suffers from occasional tension headaches; approximately 3% suffer from chronic daily tension headaches.
Question: Do tension headaches keep a person from performing daily tasks?
Answer: About 30%-80% of the adult U. S. population suffers from occasional tension headaches; approximately 3% suffer from chronic daily tension headaches.
Question: What increases the severity of a tension headache?
Answer: Chronic tension headaches come and go over a prolonged period of time. The pain is usually throbbing and affects the front, top, or sides of the head. Although the pain may vary in intensity throughout the day, the pain is almost always present. Chronic tension headaches do not affect vision, balance, or strength.
Question: How often do tension headaches appear?
Answer: A tension headache may appear periodically ("episodic," less than 15 days per month) or daily ("chronic," 15 days per month or more). An episodic tension headache may be described as a mild to moderate constant band-like pain, tightness, or pressure around the forehead or back of the head and neck.
Question: How are tension headaches treated?
Answer: Other features of tension headaches may include: Headache upon awakening General muscle aches Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise Occasional dizziness Treatment for this type of headache usually includes nonprescription pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Prescription medications (antidepressants, for example) may be needed in some cases. Therapies such as stress management or biofeedback may be used in an effort to reduce or prevent tension headaches.
Question: What are the symptoms of a tension headache?
Answer: An episodic tension headache may be described as a mild to moderate constant band-like pain, tightness, or pressure around the forehead or back of the head and neck. Other features of tension headaches may include: Headache upon awakening General muscle aches Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise Occasional dizziness Treatment for this type of headache usually includes nonprescription pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
Question: How can arthrocentesis help treat osteoarthritis?
Answer: During arthrocentesis, a sterile needle is used to remove joint fluid for analysis. Joint fluid analysis is useful in excluding gout, infection, and other causes of inflammatory arthritis. Removal of joint fluid and injection of corticosteroids into the joints during arthrocentesis may help relieve pain, swelling, and inflammation.
Question: How are X-rays used to diagnose osteoarthritis?
Answer: The common X-ray findings of osteoarthritis include loss of joint cartilage, narrowing of the joint space between adjacent bones, and bone spur formation. Simple X-ray testing can be very helpful to exclude other causes of pain in a particular joint as well as assist the decision-making as to when surgical intervention should be considered.
Question: How can arthroscopy help treatosteoarthritis?
Answer: Arthroscopy is a surgical technique whereby a doctor inserts a viewing tube into the joint space. Abnormalities of and damage to the cartilage and ligaments can be detected and sometimes repaired through the arthroscope. If successful, patients can recover from the arthroscopic surgery much more quickly than from open joint surgery.
Question: What happens if I don't have my genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) treated?
Answer: Unfortunately, despite treatment, having high-risk HPV can increase your risk of cervical, rectal, and penile cancer. But not all forms of the virus are associated with these cancers. If you have genital warts, it is important to get annual check-ups to screen for cancer.
Question: How are genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) treated?
Answer: Unfortunately, no treatment can kill the HPV virus that causes the genital warts. Your doctor can remove the warts with laser therapy or by freezing or applying chemicals. Some prescription treatments are available for at home-use. Surgery may be necessary for genital warts that are large or difficult to treat. Still, recurrence remains a problem. You may need to return to your doctor for more treatment.
Question: What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Answer: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease ( STD) in North America. Certain forms of the virus can cause cervical, rectal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer. According to the CDC, at least 50% of sexually active men and women will get a genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. After a person has been infected by HPV, it may take one to three months (or longer in some cases) for warts to appear. Some people who have been infected never get warts.
Question: What do genital warts look like?
Answer: The warts may look similar to the small parts of a cauliflower or they may be very tiny and difficult to see. They often appear in clusters of three or four, and may grow and spread rapidly. They usually are not painful, although they may cause mild pain, bleeding, and itching.
Question: How soon do warts appear after being infected by human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Answer: After a person has been infected by HPV, it may take one to three months (or longer in some cases) for warts to appear. Some people who have been infected never get warts.
Question: What are the symptoms of genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Answer: But when symptoms do occur, warts may be seen around the genital area. In women, warts can develop on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the cervix (the opening to the uterus), or around the anus. In men, they may be seen on the tip of the penis, the shaft of the penis, on the scrotum, or around the anus. Genital warts also can develop in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person. Because there is no way to predict whether the warts will grow or disappear, people who have been infected should be examined and treated, if necessary. Your doctor may perform the following tests to check for genital warts and/or related STDs: An examination of visible growths to see if they look like genital warts Application of a mild acetic acid (vinegar) solution to highlight less visible growths A complete pelvic exam and Pap smear (for women) A specialized test for high-risk HPV (low risk should not be screened for), collected in a way similar to a Pap smear Biopsy of cervical tissue ( if abnormal pap smear or visible abnormality) to make sure there are no abnormal cells that could develop into HPV-related cervical cancer; a cervical biopsy involves taking a small sample of tissue from the cervix and examining it under a microscope.
Question: What vaccines target genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Answer: Two of these strains, HPV-16 and HPV-18, account for about 70% of cervical cancers. The other two strains covered by the vaccine, HPV- 6 and HPV-11, account for about 90% of genital warts. The vaccine is approved for 9- to 26-year-old females and males. It also protects against five other strains of HPV virus (31, 33, 45, 52, and 58). Cervarix is given only to females and also protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18.