anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is a leaky heart valve?
Answer: The heart has four valves. They include: tricuspid valve pulmonic valve mitral valve aortic valve The valves consist of flaps that open to let blood flow in one direction as it moves through the chambers of the heart. Then the valves close to keep blood from flowing backwards into the chamber it just left. Each valve typically has three flaps, except for the mitral valve, which has two. Any of the four valves can become leaky. This means that just after the heart squeezes and pumps blood forward, some blood will leak backward through the valve. Leaking through the valve is also called valve regurgitation.
Question: What causes a leaky aortic valve?
Answer: Causes of a leaky aortic valve include: A bicuspid aortic valve, which means the valve has two flaps instead of the normal three High blood pressure, or hypertension Infection of the heart valve, known as endocarditis Marfan syndrome Rheumatic heart disease Many people with aortic regurgitation only require observation over time.
Question: What are some other symptoms of a leaky heart valve?
Answer: This can cause symptoms of congestive heart failure, which include: Shortness of breath, especially with exertion or when lying flat Leg swelling or fluid retention elsewhere in the body Other symptoms of a leaky heart valve may include: Lightheadedness Rapid heartbeat Heart fluttering or palpitations Fatigue Even when there is significant valve regurgitation, there may be no symptoms.
Question: How is a leaky heart valve diagnosed?
Answer: A doctor usually diagnoses a leaky heart valve by: Listening to the heart with a stethoscope for abnormal sounds such as a heart murmur Looking at the results of a heart ultrasound, also called an echocardiogram A person's description of symptoms along with the physical exam and echocardiogram can determine how serious a leaky heart valve is.
Question: What is the treatment for pulmonary regurgitation?
Answer: These may be due to: Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary artery (pulmonary hypertension) Previous surgery as a child to repair a severe heart defect Usually, no treatment is required for pulmonary regurgitation. Treating the underlying medical condition is the best approach.
Question: What causes a leaky mitral valve?
Answer: Causes of a leaky mitral valve include: Mitral valve prolapse (an improper closing of the valve) An enlarged heart, called cardiomyopathy, due to hypertension, coronary artery disease, or another cause Endocarditis Rheumatic heart disease Some people with a leaky mitral valve don't require treatment.
Question: What is the treatment for tricuspid regurgitation?
Answer: Medicines may not be effective in treating tricuspid regurgitation. Diuretics, or water pills, can help relieve body swelling, or edema, that's due to congestive heart failure. The swelling is not always present, however. The tricuspid valve may be repaired during surgery to correct other leaky heart valves. Surgical repair of the tricuspid valve generally works better than replacing it. Surgery to replace the tricuspid valve by itself (not along with the mitral or aortic valve) is only recommended in rare cases.
Question: What causes tricuspid regurgitation?
Answer: Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. The main one is congestive heart failure. These may be due to: Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary artery (pulmonary hypertension) Previous surgery as a child to repair a severe heart defect Usually, no treatment is required for pulmonary regurgitation.
Question: How different is early-onset Alzheimerâs disease from other types of Alzheimerâs disease?
Answer: Scientists have found a few ways in which early-onset Alzheimer's is different from other types of the disease. People who have it tend to have more of the brain changes that are linked with Alzheimer's. The early-onset form also appears to be linked with a defect in a specific part of a person's DNA: chromosome 14. A form of muscle twitching and spasm, called myoclonus, is also more common in early-onset Alzheimer's.
Question: Can I return to my normal diet after an esophageal manometry?
Answer: You may resume your normal diet and activities after an esophageal manometry. You may feel a temporary soreness in your throat. Lozenges or gargling with salt water may help.
Question: What is an esophageal manometry?
Answer: Manometry measures the strength and muscle coordination of your esophagus when you swallow. During the manometry test, a thin, pressure-sensitive tube is passed through the nose, along the back of the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach. The esophageal manometry test may be given to people who have the following conditions: Difficulty swallowing Heartburn or reflux Non-cardiac Chest pain Prior to anti-reflux surgery Your esophagus moves food from your throat down to your stomach with a wave-like motion called peristalsis.
Question: Why would your doctor ask you to get an esophageal manometry test?
Answer: Before you have an esophageal manometry test, be sure to tell the doctor if you are pregnant, have a lung or heart condition, have any other medical problems or diseases, or if you are allergic to any medications.
Question: How long does the esophageal manometry test last?
Answer: The test lasts from 30 to 40 minutes.
Question: What can I do if I get congested while I'm asleep?
Answer: Do this at night when you sleep to help relieve congested nasal passages. If the angle is too awkward, place the pillows between the mattress and the box springs to create a more gradual slope.
Question: Is blowing your nose good for a cold?
Answer: It's better than sniffling mucus back into your head. But make sure you do it the right way. If you blow hard, you'll send germ-carrying phlegm back into your ear passages, which can lead to an earache. The best technique? Press a finger over one nostril while you blow gently to clear the other.
Question: What are the best things to drink when you have a cold?
Answer: It helps break up your congestion, makes your throat moist, and keeps you from getting dehydrated.
Question: How can I use mentholated salve for a cold?
Answer: Try a small dab under your nose. It opens up breathing passages. Menthol, eucalyptus, and camphor all have mild numbing ingredients that may help relieve the pain of a nose rubbed raw.
Question: How can I treat a sore or scratchy throat at home?
Answer: It moistens your sore or scratchy throat and brings temporary relief. Try a half teaspoon of salt dissolved in 8 ounces of warm water four times a day. To calm the tickle in your throat, try a gargle made from tea. Or use one that's got honey in it.
Question: Does steam help with colds?
Answer: You can loosen up your stuffy nose if you breathe in some steam. Hold your head over a pot of boiling water and breathe slowly through your nose. But be careful. Don't let the heat burn your nose. You can also get some relief with a humidifier in your bedroom. Also try to take in some moisture from a hot shower with the door closed.
Question: What is a salt-water rinse for a cold?
Answer: If you go the rinsing route, try this recipe: Mix 3 teaspoons of iodide-free salt and 1 teaspoon baking soda. Add 1 teaspoon of this mixture to 8 ounces of lukewarm boiled or distilled water. Next, fill a bulb syringe with this solution (or use a Neti pot.) Hold one nostril closed by applying light finger pressure while squirting the mixture into the other nostril. Let it drain. Then treat the other nostril. Also, rinse the bulb or Neti pot after each use and leave open to air dry.
Question: Should I prepare for vomiting or waste during chemotherapy?
Answer: Learn how to handle waste. In the 48 hours after treatment, small amounts of chemotherapy drugs will leave your body through urine, vomit, and other body fluids. It's important to keep these chemicals away from yourself and others in your home. Ask your doctor ahead of time how you should handle laundry or other items that might get dirty. Also ask what precautions you should take when you use the toilet or if you get sick.
Question: Can I drive to chemotherapy sessions?
Answer: Ask someone to drive you to and from treatments. You might feel fine after a session, or you could feel tired and unsafe behind the wheel. It also helps to have a friend or family member with you for emotional support.
Question: For how long do I need to clear my schedule after chemotherapy sessions?
Answer: Don't plan to go to any events or do activities in the hours after chemo. You might just want to go home and take a nap or relax. You may feel very tired the day after a session, as well.
Question: Why should I have help with meals and child care after chemotherapy treatments?
Answer: It might be tough to cook dinner or take care of the kids if you're dealing with side effects like fatigue or nausea. Loved ones can help by cooking and freezing meals for your family ahead of time, volunteering to baby-sit, running errands, or just lending a hand around the house.
Question: Why should someone drive you to and from chemo treatments?
Answer: Ask someone to drive you to and from treatments. You might feel fine after a session, or you could feel tired and unsafe behind the wheel. It also helps to have a friend or family member with you for emotional support.
Question: Can I still care for my pet during chemotherapy?
Answer: Some drugs raise your chance of having infections, so you should avoid picking up dog waste or cleaning litter boxes, bird cages, and fish tanks. Ask your doctor how you can stay safe around your pets, and wash your hands after touching any animals.
Question: What kind of food should I buy before chemotherapy sessions?
Answer: Stock up on healthy groceries. Staying hydrated can ease some side effects, so have plenty of low-calorie drinks on hand. You might also want to buy frozen meals or sign up for a meal delivery service for the days you don't feel like cooking. Keep a mix of fruits, vegetables, and high-protein snacks like yogurt, too.
Question: Why should I visit the dentist after chemotherapy treatments?
Answer: Mouth sores are a common side effect, so it's smart to get dental work or cleanings before you start your sessions. You should also ask about good oral care during chemo, like brushing with a soft toothbrush and using an alcohol-free mouth rinse.
Question: Why should I talk to my employer about my chemotherapy treatments?
Answer: Talk with your employer. Some people schedule chemotherapy around their work hours, but many others find that they need time off, both for the treatment appointments and in the days or weeks after. Know your options and your rights. The law requires many companies to give their employees time off for chemotherapy. See if your boss will be flexible with you until you know how you'll feel.
Question: Can I still have sex during chemotherapy?
Answer: You or your partner should not get pregnant while you're having treatment, since chemotherapy drugs can damage sperm and cause birth defects. The drugs can also stay in semen and vaginal fluids, so even if you take birth control pills, you should use condoms. Talk to your doctor about how long you should take precautions.
Question: Why should I learn how to handle waste after chemotherapy treatments?
Answer: In the 48 hours after treatment, small amounts of chemotherapy drugs will leave your body through urine, vomit, and other body fluids. It's important to keep these chemicals away from yourself and others in your home. Ask your doctor ahead of time how you should handle laundry or other items that might get dirty. Also ask what precautions you should take when you use the toilet or if you get sick.
Question: Why should I stock up on healthy groceries after chemotherapy treatments?
Answer: Stock up on healthy groceries. Staying hydrated can ease some side effects, so have plenty of low-calorie drinks on hand. You might also want to buy frozen meals or sign up for a meal delivery service for the days you don't feel like cooking. Keep a mix of fruits, vegetables, and high-protein snacks like yogurt, too.
Question: Can I work during chemotherapy?
Answer: Talk with your employer. Some people schedule chemotherapy around their work hours, but many others find that they need time off, both for the treatment appointments and in the days or weeks after. Know your options and your rights. The law requires many companies to give their employees time off for chemotherapy. See if your boss will be flexible with you until you know how you'll feel.
Question: Why is oral care important during chemotherapy?
Answer: Mouth sores are a common side effect, so it's smart to get dental work or cleanings before you start your sessions. You should also ask about good oral care during chemo, like brushing with a soft toothbrush and using an alcohol-free mouth rinse.
Question: How can I prepare for hair loss during chemotherapy?
Answer: You might lose your hair, so think about whether you'll want to wear a wig, a hat, or a scarf until it grows back. If you shop for a wig before you start treatments, you'll have more energy, and you'll be able to better match your hair's natural color and texture. You can also cut your hair short before chemo starts. It might be less of a shock to lose short hair, and these styles will grow back quicker.
Question: Why should I plan for pet care after chemotherapy treatments?
Answer: Some drugs raise your chance of having infections, so you should avoid picking up dog waste or cleaning litter boxes, bird cages, and fish tanks. Ask your doctor how you can stay safe around your pets, and wash your hands after touching any animals.
Question: How long does a chemotherapy session take?
Answer: To make your life easier and more comfortable as you recover, think about how you'll take care of yourself at home before you go in for treatment. Some people schedule chemotherapy around their work hours, but many others find that they need time off, both for the treatment appointments and in the days or weeks after.
Question: How much help will I need around the house during chemotherapy sessions?
Answer: It might be tough to cook dinner or take care of the kids if you're dealing with side effects like fatigue or nausea. Loved ones can help by cooking and freezing meals for your family ahead of time, volunteering to baby-sit, running errands, or just lending a hand around the house. Plan for pet care.
Question: What is an umbilical hernia?
Answer: If your baby has a bulge around his belly button, he may have an umbilical hernia. Before his umbilical cord falls off, you may notice that the area seems to stick out a little more when he cries. Or maybe, once the cord is gone, you see that his navel sticks out (an âoutie,â as it's commonly called). In some cases, even if you can't see a bulge, you might be able to feel one.
Question: How is an umbilical hernia managed after surgery?
Answer: If your baby has a bulge around his belly button, he may have an umbilical hernia. Most umbilical hernias don't need any treatment. As he recovers, he should avoid swimming for 5 to 10 days and sports for 2 to 3 weeks. Your doctor will want to see him for a follow-up appointment in 2 to 4 weeks.
Question: How is an umbilical hernia treated?
Answer: If your baby has a bulge around his belly button, he may have an umbilical hernia. Most umbilical hernias don't need any treatment. Usually, the hole heals on its own by the time your child is 4 or 5 years old. Even if it doesn't, it'll likely get smaller. That'll make surgery a bit easier. If the hole is large, he may recommend surgery before your child turns 4 or 5. It takes about 45 minutes, and your child will be given anesthesia so that he will not be awake. The surgeon will make a small cut just below the belly button. If any part of the intestine pokes through, he'll put it back where it belongs. The doctor will use stitches to close the hernia. He'll also sew the skin under the navel to give it an âinnieâ look. Then, he'll seal the cut with surgical glue that'll hold the edges of the wound together.
Question: What are symptoms of umbilical hernia?
Answer: If your baby has a bulge around his belly button, he may have an umbilical hernia. You'll be able to see the hernia most clearly when your child cries, coughs, or strains as he tries to poop. Your child's doctor can tell if he has one during a physical exam. You'll want to keep a close eye on your child's hernia for signs that the intestine has been trapped in the hole and can't go back in. Doctors call this an incarcerated hernia. It can cause the area around the belly button to become painful, swollen, and even discolored. If you notice any of these symptoms, take your baby to the emergency room. Most umbilical hernias don't need any treatment.
Question: Can you prevent gum disease if you have diabetes?
Answer: If you control your blood sugars well, you're less likely to have these problems. Studies show that people who have good control of their diabetes are less likely to have gum disease than those who don't control their diabetes well. They also tend to lose fewer teeth from gum disease. What's more, recent research shows that having gum disease may make your blood sugars worse. But prompt help for gum disease can improve your blood sugar levels.
Question: Is gum disease the only mouth complication of diabetes?
Answer: Schedule a visit right away if you have any of these signs of gum disease: Gums that are red, swollen, sore, or bleed easily Gums that pull away from your teeth Sensitive or loose teeth Changes in the way your bite feels Dentures that don't fit right Bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth Diabetes and Mouth Problems Gum disease is the most common mouth problem for people with diabetes. But diabetes raises your chances of other mouth problems, too. You can't fight infections as well, and high blood sugar makes it easier for germs and bacteria to grow in your mouth.
Question: What can you do if your diabetes causes dry mouth?
Answer: Diabetes also makes dry mouth and problems with healing more likely. A dry mouth can cause soreness and ulcers and lead to cavities and salivary gland infections. If your mouth is dry, try drinking more water or chewing sugar-free gum. You can also use a saliva substitute, which is sold in most drugstores.
Question: What should I do if I think I have thrush?
Answer: But it doesn't have to if you control your blood sugar. See your dentist regularly. If you have problems with healing, it may take longer for your mouth to heal after any type of dental surgery.
Question: What is thrush?
Answer: Schedule a visit right away if you have any of these signs of gum disease: Gums that are red, swollen, sore, or bleed easily Gums that pull away from your teeth Sensitive or loose teeth Changes in the way your bite feels Dentures that don't fit right Bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth Diabetes and Mouth Problems Gum disease is the most common mouth problem for people with diabetes. Having thrush can also make it hard to swallow and affects how food tastes. If you have any symptoms of thrush, see your doctor or dentist.
Question: How can having diabetes affect dental surgery?
Answer: You may need to take an antifungal drug to treat it. Healing problems can also raise your chances of infection. Be sure to let your dentist know you have diabetes.
Question: How common is heartburn?
Answer: Whether you're one of the lucky few who generally has an iron stomach -- or you need heartburn relief nearly every day -- rest assured: You can soothe the burn.
Question: Can medicines cause heartburn?
Answer: Your pharmacist can answer questions about medications, side effects, and drug interactions, but can't prescribe new medications for heartburn.
Question: How long does it take for heartburn treatment to work?
Answer: The answer depends on whether you're about to try an over-the-counter antacid or a long-term prescription drug. Each heartburn treatment works differently, but in general: Antacids like Tums work instantly, but wear off quickly. Antacids work best if taken 30 to 60 minutes before eating. Histamine blockers take effect in about an hour, but must be taken twice a day for heartburn prevention.
Question: When should you see a doctor about heartburn?
Answer: You should schedule a visit with your doctor if you are experiencing symptoms more than twice/week, your heartburn is increasing in frequency or severity or if it persists even after taking non-prescription or prescription medications.
Question: What lifestyle changes can help with treating heartburn?
Answer: Coffee, chocolate, carbonated drinks, fatty and spicy foods, tomatoes, citrus fruits, some dairy, and alcohol are common heartburn triggers. With heartburn, eating smaller meals and avoiding food for two to three hours before bedtime can ease symptoms. You may want to keep a heartburn diary to help determine what foods trigger the problem. Cutting out smoking and losing weight if you're overweight can also relieve heartburn.
Question: What over-the-counter antacids can help with treating occasional heartburn?
Answer: Many doctors and pharmacists suggest over-the-counter antacids for occasional heartburn. Histamine blockers, or H2- Blockers, such as Ranitidine ( Zantac) and Famotidine ( Pepcid) can also be found over-the-counter to help relieve symptoms of acid reflux. These are good acid reducers to start with if you haven't been on any medications.
Question: What medications can help with treating persistent heartburn?
Answer: Histamine blockers, or H2- Blockers, such as Ranitidine ( Zantac) and Famotidine ( Pepcid) can also be found over-the-counter to help relieve symptoms of acid reflux. Your pharmacist or your doctor can explain how each drug works, and what to expect.
Question: How does the testosterone test work in males versus females?
Answer: In males, the testosterone test can help find the reason for sexual problems, like reduced sex drive or erectile dysfunction. If you're having a hard time getting your partner pregnant, the test can tell if your blood testosterone level is low. A low testosterone level can also mean a problem with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which controls how much testosterone your body makes. In females, this test can find the reason you're missing periods, not having periods, having a hard time getting pregnant or experiencing male patterns of hair growth such as on your chest or face. Doctors can also use it to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS), which causes elevated testosterone. That's a hormone problem that can cause irregular periods and make it hard to get pregnant. Testosterone testing is part of the work-up of certain adrenal tumors.
Question: What are normal total testosterone results in adult women?
Answer: Normal total testosterone results in adult men: Ages 19 to 49 -- 249 - 836 nanograms per deciliter (ng/d L) Ages 50 and older -- 193 - 740 ng/d L Normal total testosterone results in adult women: Ages 19 to 49 -- 8 - 48 ng/d L Ages 50 and older -- 2 - 41 ng/d L Depending on your results, you might also need one of these other tests: 17-hydroxyprogesterone.
Question: Do women make testosterone too?
Answer: Women make testosterone too, but in smaller amounts. They produce it in their ovaries. It helps maintain hormone balance and regulates other body functions.
Question: What are the signs of high testosterone in women?
Answer: In women, they include: Fertility problems Low sex drive Skipped or no menstrual periods Vaginal dryness Weakened bones -- osteoporosis Signs of high testosterone in women include: Acne and oily skin Darkened areas of skin Deep voice Enlarged clitoris Excess hair on the face or body Hair loss on the head (baldness) Skipped or no periods It's a simple blood test that's usually done early in the morning, when your testosterone levels are highest.
Question: What are normal total testosterone results in adult men?
Answer: Normal total testosterone results in adult men: Ages 19 to 49 -- 249 - 836 nanograms per deciliter (ng/d L) Ages 50 and older -- 193 - 740 ng/d L Normal total testosterone results in adult women: Ages 19 to 49 -- 8 - 48 ng/d L Ages 50 and older -- 2 - 41 ng/d L Depending on your results, you might also need one of these other tests: 17-hydroxyprogesterone.