anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is lupus nephritis treated?
Answer: There are five different types of lupus nephritis. Treatment is based on the type of lupus nephritis, which is determined by the biopsy. Since symptoms and severity vary from person to person, treatments are individually tailored to meet a person's particular circumstances. Medications used in treatment can include: Corticosteroids. These strong anti-inflammatory drugs can decrease inflammation. Doctors may prescribe these until the lupus nephritis improves. Because these drugs can cause a variety of potentially serious side effects, they must be monitored carefully. Doctors generally taper down the dosage once the symptoms start to improve. Immunosuppressive drugs. These drugs, which are related to the ones used to treat cancer or prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, work by suppressing immune system activity that damages the kidneys. They include cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxan), azathioprine ( Imuran) and mycophenolate ( Cellcept). Medications to prevent blood clots or lower blood pressure if needed Even with treatment, loss of kidney function sometimes progresses.
Question: What happens if treatment of lupus nephritis does not stop loss of kidney function?
Answer: Medications to prevent blood clots or lower blood pressure if needed Even with treatment, loss of kidney function sometimes progresses. If both kidneys fail, people with lupus nephritis may need dialysis. Dialysis involves filtering the blood through a machine to remove waste products from the body. Ultimately, it may be necessary to have a kidney transplant. In those cases, people will need additional drugs to keep their immune system from rejecting the transplanted kidney.
Question: How is lupus nephritis diagnosed?
Answer: The diagnosis of lupus nephritis begins with a medical history, physical exam, and evaluation of symptoms. You doctor will likely order tests to make or confirm a diagnosis. Tests used in diagnosing kidney problems include urine tests, blood tests, imaging tests such as ultrasound, and kidney biopsy.
Question: What types of diets can help people with lupus nephritis?
Answer: Your doctor may also recommend that you eat a diet low in potassium, phosphorus, and protein if there is already loss of kidney function.
Question: What is lupus nephritis?
Answer: Lupus nephritis is inflammation of the kidney that is caused by systemic lupus erythematous ( SLE). With lupus, the body's immune system targets its own body tissues. Lupus nephritis happens when lupus involves the kidneys. Up to 60% of lupus patients will develop lupus nephritis. When the kidneys are inflamed, they can't function normally and can leak protein. If not controlled, lupus nephritis can lead to kidney failure. Treatment is based on the type of lupus nephritis, which is determined by the biopsy.
Question: What lifestyle changes are recommended for lupus nephritis?
Answer: Certain lupus medications can also affect the kidneys and cause swelling and other symptoms similar to those of lupus nephritis. Medications to prevent blood clots or lower blood pressure if needed Even with treatment, loss of kidney function sometimes progresses. Limit cholesterol. Avoid medications that can affect the kidneys, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs). Your doctor may also recommend that you eat a diet low in potassium, phosphorus, and protein if there is already loss of kidney function. Although lupus nephritis is a serious problem, most people who receive treatment do not go on to have kidney failure.
Question: Who gets postherpetic neuralgia?
Answer: Early symptoms: People who have numbness, tingling, or itching before a shingles rash even appears tend to get the lingering pain later.
Question: How does postherpetic neuralgia develop?
Answer: After that runs its course, the virus then âhides outâ in your nervous system. Step 2: Sometimes this virus reawakens years later and travels along pathways to your skin. Lesions can erupt, often on one side of your torso or face. That's shingles. Step 3: In some cases, shingles can cause inflammation of your nerve fibers and roots and damage them. You feel the pain in the same areas where the rash broke out.
Question: What causes Bartholinâs gland cysts?
Answer: Doctors aren't sure why the glands sometimes become blocked. In rare cases, it may be due to a sexually transmitted infection ( STI) like gonorrhea or chlamydia.
Question: How are Bartholinâs gland cysts diagnosed?
Answer: He'll also likely take a sample of your vaginal discharge and look at it under a microscope. This will reveal whether you have an STI. If you have an abscess, he'll take a culture of it and send it to a lab. If you're over 40, he may do a biopsy (sample of tissue from the cyst) to rule out vulvar cancer. That's a disease that affects the lips that surround your vagina.
Question: What are symptoms of Bartholinâs gland cysts?
Answer: You may not have any, unless the cyst is large or becomes infected. If infection sets in (doctors call this an âabscessâ), you'll likely have extreme pain at the site of the cyst. Sex -- and even walking -- may hurt. If the cyst is large, it can make one side of your labia majora (the large folds of skin on the outside of your vagina) hang lower than the other. You might also have fever and an unusual vaginal discharge.
Question: How can you treat itchy hands and feet?
Answer: If those don't keep you from scratching, talk to your doctor to figure out what's right for you. An allergic reaction may need antihistamines or corticosteroids, whether over-the-counter or prescribed by your doctor. Some products treat scabies by killing the mites on your body. Skin conditions like psoriasis or eczema often require a more detailed treatment plan. Whatever the cause, don't just put up with the itch. You're at a greater risk of infection if you scratch too much.
Question: How do you know if your itchy hands and feet are caused by diabetes?
Answer: A skin problem is sometimes the first sign that you have diabetes. One of these skin conditions is eruptive xanthomatosis, which can make hands and feet itch. It's caused by out-of-control diabetes, and it goes away when the disease is managed well. It can also make you itchy on your arms, legs, and buttocks. Other signs of eruptive xanthomatosis: Small, yellow bumps on the skin Redness around the bumps High cholesterol Could It Be Allergies?
Question: Why do my hands and feet itch?
Answer: But sometimes, itchy hands and feet can signal another health condition. Could It Be Psoriasis?
Question: How do you know if your itchy hands and feet are caused by scabies?
Answer: An eight-legged bug, called the human itch mite, is the source of this common skin condition. The tiny pest digs into the top layer of your skin and lays eggs there, causing scabies. The condition tends to spread in very crowded areas, where people have a lot of skin-to-skin contact that happens over a long time. You usually can't get scabies from quick touching, like a handshake or a hug.
Question: What can I do if my hands and feet itch?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } When your hands and feet itch, the right treatment can bring you some relief. How you treat the itching, though, depends a lot on the cause of the problem. It may just be dry skin, which can be brought on by winter weather or too much scrubbing.
Question: How can I treat itchy hands and feet?
Answer: Ointments, creams, and lotions can help when dry skin is to blame. If those don't keep you from scratching, talk to your doctor to figure out what's right for you.
Question: How do you know if your child's itchy hands and feet are caused by scabies?
Answer: Itchy hands and feet are common in infants and young kids with scabies, but not adults. It also causes: Itchiness, especially at night, of the entire body or specific areas, like the wrist, elbow, armpit, and the webbing between fingers Pimply rash Tiny blisters and scales Sores Grayish-white or skin-colored âburrowsâ that look like lines Could It Be Diabetes?
Question: How does scabies spread?
Answer: The condition tends to spread in very crowded areas, where people have a lot of skin-to-skin contact that happens over a long time. You usually can't get scabies from quick touching, like a handshake or a hug.
Question: What is eczema?
Answer: Eczema is a term for a group of conditions that inflame the skin. There are several different types that can show up anywhere on the body.
Question: What is scabies?
Answer: An eight-legged bug, called the human itch mite, is the source of this common skin condition. The tiny pest digs into the top layer of your skin and lays eggs there, causing scabies.
Question: How does psoriasis happen?
Answer: Psoriasis happens when skin cells grow too fast and then pile up on the skin's surface. It's a long-lasting condition that usually runs in families.
Question: How can I treat an allergic reaction that causes itchy hands and feet?
Answer: An allergic reaction may need antihistamines or corticosteroids, whether over-the-counter or prescribed by your doctor.
Question: What are the symptoms of scabies?
Answer: Itchy hands and feet are common in infants and young kids with scabies, but not adults. It also causes: Itchiness, especially at night, of the entire body or specific areas, like the wrist, elbow, armpit, and the webbing between fingers Pimply rash Tiny blisters and scales Sores Grayish-white or skin-colored âburrowsâ that look like lines Could It Be Diabetes?
Question: How do you know if your itchy hands and feet are caused by eczema?
Answer: There are several different types that can show up anywhere on the body. But one type, called dyshidrotic dermatitis, affects only the hands and feet. Besides the urge to scratch, symptoms of dyshidrotic dermatitis include: Clear blisters Red, cracked skin Scaly skin Could It Be Scabies? One of these skin conditions is eruptive xanthomatosis, which can make hands and feet itch.
Question: How do you know if your itchy hands and feet are caused by allergies?
Answer: But one type, called dyshidrotic dermatitis, affects only the hands and feet. Your skin can have an allergic reaction to something you touch. Symptoms may not appear for a few hours after you touch the item you're allergic to. When they do appear, you may feel itchy and have: Rash Very dry skin Burning and stinging Hives Blisters In general, the answer hinges on what's making your hands and feet itch.
Question: Who can get eczema?
Answer: Eczema runs in families. That suggests a genetic role in eczema's development. A major risk factor is having relatives who have or had: Eczema Asthma Seasonal allergies such as hay fever Doctors also know that a large percentage of children with severe eczema will later develop asthma or other allergies.
Question: What can worsen eczema flare-ups?
Answer: Examples of other things that can irritate the skin include: Soaps and cleansers Perfume Makeup Dust and sand Chlorine Solvents Irritants in the environment Cigarette smoke Flares can also be triggered by certain conditions that have an effect on the immune system. For instance, things that can trigger or worsen a flare include: Cold or flu Bacterial infection Allergic reaction to something such as mold, pollen, or pet dander Stress has also been identified as a possible trigger.
Question: How does mother's age at time of birth affect development of eczema?
Answer: It's not clear why, but children born to older women are more likely to develop eczema than children born to younger women.
Question: What things can irritate the skin and trigger eczema?
Answer: Examples of other things that can irritate the skin include: Soaps and cleansers Perfume Makeup Dust and sand Chlorine Solvents Irritants in the environment Cigarette smoke Flares can also be triggered by certain conditions that have an effect on the immune system.
Question: What triggers eczema?
Answer: But it can cause it to flare or make a flare worse. The most common triggers are substances that irritate the skin. For instance, in many people with eczema, wool or man-made fibers that come in contact with the skin can trigger a flare.
Question: What else can you get if you have eczema?
Answer: A major risk factor is having relatives who have or had: Eczema Asthma Seasonal allergies such as hay fever Doctors also know that a large percentage of children with severe eczema will later develop asthma or other allergies.
Question: What is the most common type of eczema?
Answer: But the skin irritation, which is more often seen in children rather than adults, is not an allergic reaction. A trigger is not something that causes eczema. The most common triggers are substances that irritate the skin.
Question: Is eczema an allergic reaction?
Answer: But the skin irritation, which is more often seen in children rather than adults, is not an allergic reaction. Even so, a large number of children who have eczema also have food allergies. That doesn't mean that certain foods such as dairy, eggs, and nuts -- common food allergy triggers in children with eczema -- cause it or make it worse. Before removing particular foods from your child's diet, talk with your health care provider to be sure your child's nutritional needs will be met.
Question: What are common asthma triggers?
Answer: Some asthma triggers include: Contaminants in the air such as smoke, chemicals, vapors (gases), fumes, dust, or other particles Respiratory infections, such as colds and flu (viruses) Allergens in the air such as molds, animal dander, and pollen Occupational asthma can occur in almost any line of work or any work environment, including offices, stores, hospitals, and medical facilities.
Question: What type of occupational asthma is irritant asthma?
Answer: Irritant asthma: Exposure to certain substances or conditions in the workplace irritates the airways, causing immediate symptoms. Although this is not an allergic-type reaction, the irritation may cause allergy-like or asthma-like symptoms.
Question: What happens once an occupational asthma attack is triggered?
Answer: Once the attack is triggered, the airways begin to swell and tighten (bronchospasm) and secrete mucus. The swelling and extra mucus partially block, or obstruct, the airways. This makes it more difficult to push air out of your lungs (exhale).
Question: How common is occupational asthma?
Answer: Aggravation of preexisting asthma: This is by far the most common type. In up to 15% of people with disabling asthma in the United States, the condition is at least partly related to their work.
Question: What are some of the most common conditions that affect the penis?
Answer: Some the most common conditions that affect the penis are: Priapism, a persistent, often painful erection that lasts for more than 4 hours Peyronie's disease, a condition in which a plaque, or hard lump, forms in the penis and causes it to bend or curve Balanitis, an inflammation or infection of the head of the penis Phimosis, a condition in which the foreskin of the penis is so tight that it cannot be pulled back off the head of the penis Paraphimosis, which happens when the foreskin, once retracted, gets stuck behind the head and cannot return to its natural location. It is a medical emergency that can cause serious complications if not treated. Penile cancer, a rare type of cancer that starts in the skin cells of the penis.
Question: When should you call a doctor about a penis disorder?
Answer: Check with your doctor if you have: Pain, swelling, or tenderness in your penis An abnormal discharge Itchy rash, blisters, sores, or small red bumps Blood in your urine or semen An erection that lasts for 4 hours or longer A foreskin that is too tight to move
Question: Who gets community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA)?
Answer: CA- MRSA skin infections have been identified among certain populations that share close quarters or have more skin-to-skin contact. Examples are team athletes, military recruits, prison inmates, and children in daycare. But more and more CA- MRSA infections are being seen in the general community, especially in certain geographic regions. CA- MRSA is also more likely to affect younger people. In a study of Minnesotans published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, the average age of people with MRSA in a hospital or health care facility was 68.
Question: How is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) spread?
Answer: MRSA is spread by contact. So, you could get MRSA by touching another person who has it on the skin. Or you could get it by touching objects that have the bacteria on them. MRSA is carried by about 2% of the population (or 2 in 100 people), although most of them aren't infected.
Question: What is community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA)?
Answer: Community- Associated MRSA ( CA- MRSA) Alarmingly, MRSA is also showing up in healthy people who have not been hospitalized. This type of MRSA is called community-associated MRSA, or CA- MRSA.
Question: How are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) usually treated?
Answer: But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics that once destroyed it. MRSA was first discovered in 1961. It's now resistant to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and other common antibiotics known as cephalosporins. While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a tough time keeping up.
Question: How common are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections?
Answer: MRSA infections are common among people who have weak immune systems who are in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care centers. Infections can appear around surgical wounds or invasive devices, like catheters or implanted feeding tubes. According to the CDC, invasive MRSA infections that began in hospitals declined 8% between 2011 and 2013.
Question: What is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The symptoms of MRSA depend on where you're infected. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, like sores, boils, or abscesses. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it's hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug." Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections in the U. S. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics that once destroyed it.
Question: What causes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Answer: In fact, one third of everybody has staph bacteria in their noses. But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections in the U. S. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia. MRSA is carried by about 2% of the population (or 2 in 100 people), although most of them aren't infected.
Question: What is postmenopause?
Answer: Postmenopause. These are the years after menopause. During this stage, menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes ease for most women.
Question: How do I know when I'm going through menopause?
Answer: To help figure it out, your doctor can do a certain blood test. It also helps if you keep track of your periods and chart them as they become irregular.
Question: What long-term health problems are tied to menopause?
Answer: After menopause, women are more likely to have: Osteoporosis Heart disease A poorly working bladder and bowel Greater risk of Alzheimer's disease Poor skin elasticity (increased wrinkling) Poor muscle power and tone Some weakening in vision, such as from cataracts (clouding of the lens of the eye) and macular degeneration (breakdown of the tiny spot in the center of the retina that is the center of vision) A number of treatments can help lower risks that are linked with these conditions.
Question: How does induced menopause cause premature menopause?
Answer: Induced" menopause happens when the ovaries are surgically removed for medical reasons, such as uterine cancer or endometriosis. Induced menopause can also result from damage to the ovaries caused by radiation or chemotherapy.
Question: What is menopause?
Answer: But some women can go through menopause early, either as a result of surgery, such as hysterectomy, or damage to the ovaries, such as from chemotherapy.
Question: What is perimenopause?
Answer: This typically begins several years before menopause, when the ovaries gradually make less estrogen. Perimenopause lasts up until menopause, the point when the ovaries stop releasing eggs. In the last 1 to 2 years of perimenopause, the drop in estrogen quickens. At this stage, many women have menopause symptoms.
Question: How does premature ovarian failure cause premature menopause?
Answer: Normally, the ovaries make both estrogen and progesterone. Changes in the levels of these two hormones happen when the ovaries, for unknown reasons, prematurely stop releasing eggs. When this happens before the age of 40, it's called premature ovarian failure.
Question: What causes menopause?
Answer: Menopause happens when the ovaries no longer release an egg every month and menstruation stops. Menopause is considered a normal part of aging when it happens after the age of 40. But some women can go through menopause early, either as a result of surgery, such as hysterectomy, or damage to the ovaries, such as from chemotherapy.
Question: What are symptoms of menopause?
Answer: During this stage, menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes ease for most women. Other common symptoms around the time of menopause include: Irregular or skipped periods Insomnia Mood swings Fatigue Depression Irritability Racing heart Headaches Joint and muscle aches and pains Changes in libido (sex drive) Vaginal dryness Bladder control problems Not all women get all of these symptoms.
Question: What are the late-phase symptoms of nicotine poisoning?
Answer: Diarrhea Shallow breathing Slower heartbeat Lower blood pressure Lethargy Feeling weak, slow reflexes, or unable to control muscles Seizures Call the American Association of Poison Control Center at 800-222-1222 right away if you suspect an overdose or when someone, especially a child: Swallows any type of tobacco or nicotine product Gets liquid nicotine in their eye Spills liquid nicotine on their skin If the person who is poisoned can't wake up, has a hard time breathing, or has a seizure, call 911.
Question: What are the early symptoms of nicotine poisoning?
Answer: Feeling queasy or throwing up Stomachache Mouth watering Quick, heavy breathing Faster heartbeat Higher blood pressure Pale skin Headache Dizzy, off-balance, or confused Late-phase symptoms are more like winding down.
Question: What should I know about an aortic aneurysm?
Answer: During your lifetime it will pump enough blood to fill about three supertankers. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. Although your aorta is a tough, durable workhorse, sometimes its walls can weaken and bulge in what is called an aortic aneurysm. This could cause a leak that spills blood into your body. Some aortic aneurysms burst, some don't. Others force blood flow away from your organs and tissues, causing problems, such as heart attacks, kidney damage, stroke, and even death.