anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How can immunotherapy drugs treat metastatic bladder cancer?
Answer: Your immune system is designed to fight infection and diseases, including cancer. But cancer cells can grow unchecked because they avoid your body's defenses. Immunotherapy drugs work by making cancer cells easier targets or by boosting the immune system to make it more effective against the disease.
Question: What checkpoint inhibitor drugs treat metastatic bladder cancer?
Answer: There are now several immunotherapy drugs used to treat metastatic bladder cancer. These drugs are called checkpoint inhibitors. The FDA has approved several checkpoint inhibitor drugs for advanced bladder cancer that has gotten worse during of after chemotherapy. These include: Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq) Avelumab ( Bavencio) Durvalumab ( Imfinzi) Nivolumab ( Opdivo) Pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) These drugs are given every 2-3 weeks by infusion, which means through a tube (an IV) that goes into a vein.
Question: What prescription treatments are available for hot flashes?
Answer: Prescription treatments include: Low-dose depression drugs like fluoxetine ( Prozac, Rapiflux), paroxetine ( Paxil, Pexeva), or venlafaxine ( Effexor) Clonidine, a blood pressure medication Gabapentin, an anti-seizure drug Brisdelle, a paroxetine formula specifically for hot flashes Duavee, a conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene formula designed to treat hot flashes B complex vitamins, vitamin E, and ibuprofen may help, too.
Question: How can I treat hot flashes without a prescription?
Answer: Prescription treatments include: Low-dose depression drugs like fluoxetine ( Prozac, Rapiflux), paroxetine ( Paxil, Pexeva), or venlafaxine ( Effexor) Clonidine, a blood pressure medication Gabapentin, an anti-seizure drug Brisdelle, a paroxetine formula specifically for hot flashes Duavee, a conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene formula designed to treat hot flashes B complex vitamins, vitamin E, and ibuprofen may help, too.
Question: How can I manage my hot flashes?
Answer: Wear lightweight, looser-fitting clothes made with natural fibers such as cotton. Try deep, slow abdominal breathing (6 to 8 breaths per minute). Practice deep breathing for 15 minutes in the morning, 15 minutes in the evening, and when a hot flash starts. Exercise daily. Walking, swimming, bicycling, and dancing are all good choices. Plant estrogens, found in soy products, may have weak estrogen-like effects that could cut hot flashes. Doctors recommend you get your soy from foods like tofu and edamame rather than supplements. Some studies suggest black cohosh may be helpful for 6 months or less. Botanicals and herbs may have side effects or change how other medications work, so ask your doctor first. Some women can wait out hot flashes with no treatment. If HRT isn't right for you, other treatments may offer relief.
Question: What are eye-related symptoms of Graves' disease?
Answer: Graves' ophthalmopathy can cause a wide range of issues with your eyes. Some people might have a little redness and minor pain, while others have strong swelling, dryness, and more severe pain. It's also possible to have bulging eyes -- because your muscles swell and your eyes are pushed out -- and pressure may build up in your eye socket. In rare cases, you can have double vision or other problems with your sight.
Question: How are eye problems related to Graves' disease diagnosed?
Answer: If you know you have Graves', your doctor should be able to find out if you have the eye problem with a standard eye exam. In some cases, you may need blood tests, or imaging tests like a computerized tomography ( CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scan. With a CT scan, X-rays are taken from different angles and put together to make a more complete picture. And an MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make detailed images. If you haven't been diagnosed with Graves' disease, step one probably will be to get your thyroid hormone levels checked with a simple blood test.
Question: Why do people with Graves' disease have eye issues?
Answer: About half of people with Graves' disease notice some eye issues, and some have severe vision problems. Experts think this happens because the tissues in your eyes have proteins like ones in your thyroid gland. The problem is known as Graves' eye disease or Graves' ophthalmopathy. Doctors don't think it can be prevented, but you're more likely to get it -- and have a worse case of it -- if you smoke.
Question: What are the symptoms of eye problems related to Graves' disease?
Answer: Graves' ophthalmopathy can cause a wide range of issues with your eyes. Some people might have a little redness and minor pain, while others have strong swelling, dryness, and more severe pain. It's also possible to have bulging eyes -- because your muscles swell and your eyes are pushed out -- and pressure may build up in your eye socket. In rare cases, you can have double vision or other problems with your sight. Most people with the condition notice eye symptoms within 6 months (before or after) of being diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. People who have severe hyperthyroidism aren't necessarily more likely to have eye trouble than those who have milder cases.
Question: If I think I'm getting Graves' disease and it's affecting my eyes, what kind of doctor do I need to see?
Answer: If you think you may be developing Graves' ophthalmopathy, you may need to see both an endocrinologist (a doctor who specializes in problems with hormones) and an ophthalmologist (eye doctor). If you know you have Graves', your doctor should be able to find out if you have the eye problem with a standard eye exam.
Question: How are eye problems related to Graves' disease treated?
Answer: A number of things can help: Artificial tears, gels, and ointments can go a long way toward easing dryness. If you have a lot of swelling -- especially if it leads to double vision or loss of vision -- you might need to take a steroid called prednisone for a few weeks to bring the swelling down. In the rare cases when these don't work, your doctor might recommend surgery to remove some tissue from your eye socket or radiation therapy, where high-energy X-rays are aimed at the eye muscle. Graves' ophthalmopathy tends to get better after a few years, but you may have eye problems that need to be corrected with surgery. For example, you might need surgery to ease pain and pressure on your optic nerve, fix the alignment of your eye muscles, or make sure your eyelids cover and protect your eyes.
Question: When do you need surgery for eye problems caused by Graves' disease?
Answer: It's also possible to have bulging eyes -- because your muscles swell and your eyes are pushed out -- and pressure may build up in your eye socket. If you think you may be developing Graves' ophthalmopathy, you may need to see both an endocrinologist (a doctor who specializes in problems with hormones) and an ophthalmologist (eye doctor).
Question: What eye problems does Graves' disease cause?
Answer: About half of people with Graves' disease notice some eye issues, and some have severe vision problems. Experts think this happens because the tissues in your eyes have proteins like ones in your thyroid gland. The problem is known as Graves' eye disease or Graves' ophthalmopathy. Doctors don't think it can be prevented, but you're more likely to get it -- and have a worse case of it -- if you smoke. It's also possible to have bulging eyes -- because your muscles swell and your eyes are pushed out -- and pressure may build up in your eye socket. In the rare cases when these don't work, your doctor might recommend surgery to remove some tissue from your eye socket or radiation therapy, where high-energy X-rays are aimed at the eye muscle.
Question: How do azathioprine and mercaptopurine work for Crohn's disease?
Answer: Some common ones are: Azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) Mercaptopurine ( Purinethol, Purixan) Methotrexate ( Trexall) Azathioprine and mercaptopurine can help keep flare-ups at bay. But they may take months to work. You might a need a faster-acting drug like a steroid until they do.
Question: When are drugs that target your immune system and steroids combined to treat Crohn's disease?
Answer: Its side effects include: Nausea and diarrhea Fatigue Scarring of the liver if used long-term Your doctor may use these drugs aggressively to treat your symptoms.
Question: What are biologics for Crohn's disease?
Answer: These drugs also affect your immune system. But they focus just on parts of your immune system in your gut. Doctors use biologics if you have moderate to severe Crohn's that hasn't responded well to other medications. They also use them to treat open, draining fistulas in combination with antibiotics and other treatments.
Question: What are immunomodulators for Crohn's disease and what are common types?
Answer: These affect your entire body, not just your gut. Some common ones are: Azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) Mercaptopurine ( Purinethol, Purixan) Methotrexate ( Trexall) Azathioprine and mercaptopurine can help keep flare-ups at bay.
Question: Do biologics for Crohn's disease have risks?
Answer: Some examples of biologics are: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), also a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), also a biosimilar to Remicade Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Ustekinumab ( Stelara) Vedolizumab ( Entyvio) In most cases, biologics cause fewer problems than other drugs used for Crohn's disease. In some instances, there can be serious side effects. Also, there is a risk for serious infections and certain types of cancer in people who take these drugs. Talk with your doctor about which medicine is right for you. No matter which one your doctor prescribes, he'll watch you carefully. Before you take one of these drugs, let your doctor know if you have a heart condition or a disease that affects your nervous system.
Question: How might your doctor use immunomodulators to treat symptoms of Crohn's disease?
Answer: Its side effects include: Nausea and diarrhea Fatigue Scarring of the liver if used long-term Your doctor may use these drugs aggressively to treat your symptoms. Then, he may switch you to other drugs for long-term treatment. You and your doctor can talk about which approach makes sense for you.
Question: What are side effects of biologics?
Answer: Its side effects include: Nausea and diarrhea Fatigue Scarring of the liver if used long-term Your doctor may use these drugs aggressively to treat your symptoms.
Question: When are drugs that target your immune system used to treat Crohn's disease?
Answer: There are several reasons your doctor might want you to try immune system drugs to treat your Crohn's: Because other drugs don't work. Or your doctor may not want you to become too dependent on steroids to lower inflammation. To keep flares away. Immune system drugs can help keep your Crohn's symptoms from coming back. It may take up to 3 months before they take effect. To treat a fistula. This type of abnormal connection can go from one part of your intestine to another. It can also go from your digestive system to places like your bladder, vagina, anus, or skin.
Question: How do drugs that target your immune system help with Crohn's disease?
Answer: The goal is to ease inflammation in your gut. Inflammation is part of a complicated process that helps cause your Crohn's. Drugs that affect your immune system, and treatments like steroids and antibiotics, can treat that process.
Question: Can drugs that target your immune system help treat Crohn's disease?
Answer: Besides that, they can help prevent flare-ups. Drugs that affect your immune system, and treatments like steroids and antibiotics, can treat that process.
Question: How does methotrexate work for Crohn's disease and what are its side effects?
Answer: There are several reasons your doctor might want you to try immune system drugs to treat your Crohn's: Because other drugs don't work. Its side effects include: Nausea and diarrhea Fatigue Scarring of the liver if used long-term Your doctor may use these drugs aggressively to treat your symptoms.
Question: What symptoms are caused by an allergy to pollen from grass?
Answer: It brings on symptoms like a runny or stuffy nose, itchy eyes, and a cough.
Question: How does an unmowed lawn make grass pollen allergies worse?
Answer: Most types of grass release pollen only when they grow tall. The pollen comes from a feathery flower that grows at the top. If you keep your lawn mowed, it's less likely to release pollen. But Bermuda grass and some other types can still release the sneezy stuff even if you keep it short.
Question: How do I avoid triggers of grass pollen allergies?
Answer: Close windows on windy, summer days. Wear a mask when you garden.
Question: What types of lawn grasses are less likely to trigger allergies?
Answer: These types don't flower and release pollen until they're 12 inches or taller. Other allergy-safe options for your yard include ivy (be careful, though, because it spreads) and Irish moss. Or you could landscape with other types of plants that will do well with the sun, soil, and water you usually get.
Question: How do certain foods make grass pollen allergies worse?
Answer: If you're allergic to grasses, your symptoms are more likely to be triggered by particular fruits and vegetables that have proteins like those in pollen. Fresh celery, melons, peaches, oranges, and tomatoes may give you an itchy feeling in your mouth.
Question: How do I know if I have an allergy to grass pollen?
Answer: Get tested. It's the only way to know if you really are allergic to grasses, or if something else causes your symptoms.
Question: When do grass pollen allergies strike?
Answer: In the late spring and early summer, they release pollen into the air. The wind can carry it for miles. Grass pollen is microscopic. You may not see it in the air. But if you're allergic, your body may react even to small amounts.
Question: What kinds of grasses cause pollen allergies?
Answer: The kinds that often trigger allergies include: Bermuda Johnson Kentucky Orchard Redtop Rye Sweet vernal Timothy You may be allergic to only one type of grass or to many.
Question: Can sexual intercourse be a trigger for genital herpes?
Answer: Other triggers of genital herpes may include: Sexual intercourse. Some people find that the friction of sexual intercourse irritates the skin and brings on symptoms. Using a water-based lubricant can help reduce irritation. Don't use one that contains the spermicide nonoxynol-9, however. Nonoxynol-9 can irritate mucous membranes, such as the lining of the vagina. Oil-based lubricants are a no-no, too. They weaken latex, making condoms more likely to break. Even if the friction of intercourse seems to be a trigger for symptoms, it probably won't cause a flare-up every time you have sex.
Question: Can colds and sunlight be triggers for genital herpes?
Answer: The common cold and sunlight seem to trigger outbreaks of oral herpes (cold sores), but no proof exists that they trigger genital herpes outbreaks.
Question: How do doctors choose breast cancer treatments?
Answer: Your doctor will think about many things before she recommends treatments for you, including: The type of breast cancer you have How fast it's growing Your age and how healthy you are If you've had breast cancer before If your tumor has female hormones or other genetic factors, such as the HER2 oncogene, that make it grow faster.
Question: What does the doctor consider for treatment for breast cancer?
Answer: It doesn't tell the whole story, though. Your doctor will think about many things before she recommends treatments for you, including: The type of breast cancer you have How fast it's growing Your age and how healthy you are If you've had breast cancer before If your tumor has female hormones or other genetic factors, such as the HER2 oncogene, that make it grow faster.
Question: What is stage 2 breast cancer?
Answer: Stage 1 Breast Cancer Treatment Options In stage 2 breast cancer, the cancer is in the breast and may also be in nearby lymph nodes.
Question: What is stage 4 breast cancer?
Answer: Stage 3 Breast Cancer Treatment Options Stage 4 breast cancer has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body.
Question: What is stage 1 breast cancer?
Answer: Stage 0 Breast Cancer Treatment Options In Stage 1 breast cancer, the cancer is still considered in an early stage.
Question: What is stage 3 breast cancer?
Answer: Stage 3 Breast Cancer Treatment Options Stage 4 breast cancer has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body.
Question: What are the five basic stages of breast cancer?
Answer: Before you start a treatment, your doctor will want to know the size of the tumor and how far it has spread in your body, called the stage of the cancer. There are five basic stages, 0 through IV, and a number of sub-stages. Stage 0 breast cancer is early stage cancer.
Question: Does menopause make your breast sore?
Answer: Because the hormonal changes of perimenopause make your cycle irregular, breast soreness can strike unpredictably, according to the National Cancer Institute. What You Can Do About It: If your breasts hurt, wearing the right bra can make a big difference: 85% of women with breast pain gained relief when they wore a well-fitted sports bra, according to a 2014 study. The same researchers found that relaxation techniques or massaging achy breasts with over-the-counter pain creams was helpful for up to 60% of women.
Question: When should you see a doctor about breast changes during menopause?
Answer: Talk to your doctor if you notice any of these problems: A lump or a firm or thick area in your breast or under your arm. Nipple discharge fluid or changes, such as a nipple that becomes sunken into the breast, also called "inverted." Skin changes, such as redness, dimpling, puckering, or ridges that look like orange peel. Unexplained swelling or shrinkage of the breast, especially on one side only. Most of the time, breast changes are not cancer, but it's important to get any new or unusual symptom checked out quickly.
Question: Does menopause change your breast size?
Answer: As your milk system starts to shut down, glandular tissue in your breasts shrinks. That causes them to become less dense and more fatty, which can lead to sagging. You may also notice that your breasts aren't as full as they used to be, and their size may change. Although there's no proven way to reverse sagging, exercise makes your breasts look better by developing and toning the muscles underneath. Some lingerie styles, such as a pushup or underwire bra, can give you a youthful lift. For maximum boost and support, make sure your bra fits correctly: By some estimates, up 70% of women are wearing the wrong size.
Question: How does menopause affect breasts?
Answer: You may also notice that they feel tender and achy at unexpected times. Or they may be lumpier than they used to be. Changes in breast size and shape Why It Happens: As you near menopause, your levels of estrogen drop dramatically.
Question: What factors put you at risk for Parkinson's disease?
Answer: It's a complex picture, but you may be more likely to get Parkinson's based on: Age. Since it mostly affects people 60 and older, your risk goes up as the years go by. Family history. If your parent, brother, or sister has it, you're a little more likely to get it. Job. Some types of work, like farming or factory jobs, can cause you to have contact with chemicals linked to Parkinson's. Race. It shows up more often in white people than other groups. Serious head injury. If you hit your head hard enough to lose consciousness or forget things as a result of it, you may be more likely to get Parkinson's later in life. Gender. Men get it more than women. Doctors aren't sure why. Where you live. People in rural areas seem to get it more often, which may be tied to chemicals used in farming.
Question: What's been linked to Parkinson's disease?
Answer: Some research shows links between Parkinson's and: Agent Orange, a chemical used to destroy trees and crops in the Vietnam War. Certain chemicals used in farming, such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Some metals and chemicals used in factories, such as manganese, lead, and trichlorethylene ( TCE).
Question: Can parents pass Parkinson's disease to their kids?
Answer: They can, but it's rare and only affects a small number of families. About 1 in 100 people with Parkinson's get it this way.
Question: What role do genes play in Parkinson's disease?
Answer: There are several changes to genes that can raise your risk for Parkinson's, each by a little bit. They have a part in about 1 in 10 cases. If you have one or more of these changes, it doesn't mean you'll get Parkinson's. Some people will, but many won't, and doctors don't know why. It may have to do with other genes or something in your environment.
Question: What causes Parkinson's disease?
Answer: They do know that if you have the illness, the trouble starts in some of your brain cells. It acts like a messenger that tells another area of your brain when you want to move a part of your body. When the cells that make dopamine start to die, your dopamine level drops. When it gets too low, you can't control your movements as well and you start to get Parkinson's symptoms.
Question: What role does the environment play in Parkinson's disease?
Answer: Your environment is a hard one to pin down. Not only that, but it could take years for the effects from something in your environment to show up. So far, doctors have a lot of clues but no smoking gun. So you could have people who live or work in an area around chemicals tied to Parkinson's, but many of them don't get it. Where you live.
Question: How can sickle cell disease affect your immune system?
Answer: Sickle cells can damage your spleen, the organ that helps fight germs as part of your immune system. That can make you more likely to get pneumonia and other infections.
Question: What is sickle cell crisis?
Answer: It happens when you don't have enough red blood cells to move oxygen throughout your body.
Question: Which vaccines should I get if I have sickle cell disease?
Answer: Vaccines can protect you and your child against germs. Everyone with sickle cell disease should get these vaccines: Pneumococcus: both the PCV13 and PPSV 23 vaccines Flu vaccine every year Meningococcus Your doctor will also advise you about other vaccines that may be right for you or your child, including: Hepatitis A and B Measles, mumps, and rubella Varicella (chickenpox) Rotavirus Haemophilus influenzae Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis Poliovirus When sickle cells get stuck in the larger arteries that feed the brain, they can block blood flow and cause a stroke.
Question: How can hydroxyurea help treat sickle cell disease?
Answer: A medicine called hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea, Sikos) prevents abnormal red blood cells from forming. This cuts down on episodes of sickle cell crises. Hydroxyurea can cause serious side effects, like a plunge in the number of white blood cells that help your body fight infections. So your doctor will watch you closely while you're on it. You shouldn't take hydroxyurea if you're pregnant.
Question: How can sickle cell disease lead to stroke?
Answer: Everyone with sickle cell disease should get these vaccines: Pneumococcus: both the PCV13 and PPSV 23 vaccines Flu vaccine every year Meningococcus Your doctor will also advise you about other vaccines that may be right for you or your child, including: Hepatitis A and B Measles, mumps, and rubella Varicella (chickenpox) Rotavirus Haemophilus influenzae Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis Poliovirus When sickle cells get stuck in the larger arteries that feed the brain, they can block blood flow and cause a stroke. You can preventfrequent transfusions can lower the odds of another stroke by about 90% If you think you're having a stroke, call 911 right away.