anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What tests are used to diagnose inflammatory breast cancer?
Answer: When compared to other forms of the disease, inflammatory breast cancer: Looks different -- often there are no lumps, but your breast might appear red, swollen, or inflamed Is harder to diagnose -- it doesn't show up well on a mammogram Is more aggressive and spreads more quickly than other types Tends to be diagnosed at a younger age, especially among African- American women Is more likely to affect overweight women Is often further along (your doctor may call this locally advanced, meaning it's moved into nearby skin) when it's diagnosed Has often spread past the breast (your doctor will say it has metastasized) when it's diagnosed, which makes it harder to treat Unlike more common types of breast cancer, this type generally doesn't show up as a lump. It's a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. PET scan . Used together with a CT scan, this test can help find cancer in lymph nodes and other areas of the body. If you're diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer, more tests can show how much of the breast and the area around it is affected.
Question: When should cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) be used, and how effective is it?
Answer: CPR should be used when a person stops breathing and his heart has stopped beating. CPR keeps oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and heart until a defibrillator or emergency team arrives to get the heart beating normally. When started immediately following cardiac arrest, CPR can double or triple the victim's chance of survival.
Question: What is automated external defibrillator (AED)?
Answer: The automated external defibrillator is a computerized device used to restart a heart that has stopped beating, or is beating too quickly to create a pulse. Defibrillators work by shocking the heart back into action. Many public places, including airports, casinos, gyms, malls, and sporting venues, have defibrillators on hand in case of emergency. In the past, only trained medical professionals were able to use defibrillators. However, today's new automated external defibrillators can be used by anyone.
Question: Why should I know cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED)?
Answer: Cardiac arrest, which often leads to a heart attack, is frighteningly common: every minute of every day there is another victim, according to the American Red Cross. Almost 80% of cardiac arrests occur at home and are witnessed by a family member. Would you know what to do if someone you loved experienced a cardiac emergency? Make sure you're prepared -- take a CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) class and get trained to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED. It could mean the difference between life and death.
Question: Where can I learn about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs)?
Answer: To become certified in CPR and in the use of automated external defibrillators, contact your local American Red Cross or American Heart Association to find a class in your area.
Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose Crohn's disease?
Answer: A capsule endoscopy uses a pill with a camera inside that is swallowed and takes pictures of the small intestine Blood tests: When testing the blood, the doctor will look for signs of anemia or a high white blood cell count that could indicate inflammation or infection somewhere in the body.
Question: How is Crohn's disease treated?
Answer: The goals for treatment are: to reduce inflammation to relieve symptoms of pain, diarrhea, and bleeding to eliminate nutritional deficiencies Treatment might involve drugs, nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of these therapies. Treatment choices depend upon where the disease is located and how severe it is. They also depend on the complications associated with the disease and the way the person has responded in the past to treatment when symptoms recurred.
Question: What biologic drugs are used to treat Crohn's disease?
Answer: Immunosuppressants prescribed for Crohn's disease include: azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) cyclosporine 6-mercaptopurine (6 MP, Purinethol) tacrolimus ( Prograf) Methotrexate ( MTX, Rheumatrex, Trexall) Side effects of immunosuppressants may include: diarrhea higher susceptibility to infection nausea vomiting Biologic drugs such as infliximab ( Remicade) or infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade, are often prescribed when a person with Crohn's disease does not respond to the standard treatments of 5 ASA-containing drugs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. Infliximab is an antibody that attaches itself to the inflammation-promoting protein, tumor-necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha). Other anti- TNF medications are adalimumab ( Humira) and adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira. These drugs are also used to treat other immune system disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Certolizumab ( Cimzia) is another anti- TNF blocker approved for Crohn's disease. There are other biologic alternatives to the anti- TNF blockers. Two drugs block alpha-4 integrin -- natalizumab ( Tysabri) and vedolizumab ( Entyvio). Ustekinumab ( Stelara) works in another way by targeting other proteins, IL-12 and IL-23.
Question: What other substances may be prescribed to treat Crohn's disease?
Answer: Other substances that may be prescribed to treat Crohn's include: Antibiotics to treat bacterial infections and overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine; types of antibiotics commonly prescribed include: ampicillin ( Omnipen)cephalosporinsfluoroquinolones ( Ciprofloxacin)metronidazole ( Flagyl)sulfonamidestetracycline Antidiarrheal agents to stop diarrhea Fluid replacements to counteract dehydration Nutritional supplements to provide the nutrients that may not be absorbing properly
Question: What should treatment of Crohn's disease accomplish?
Answer: There is no cure for Crohn's disease. The goals for treatment are: to reduce inflammation to relieve symptoms of pain, diarrhea, and bleeding to eliminate nutritional deficiencies Treatment might involve drugs, nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of these therapies.
Question: What are other complications of Crohn's disease?
Answer: Symptoms can include: abdominal pain and tenderness (often on the lower right side of the abdomen) chronic diarrhea delayed development and stunted growth (in children) feeling of a mass or fullness in the lower right abdomen fever rectal bleeding weight loss Other symptoms can develop, depending on complications related to the disease. For example, a person with a fistula, an abnormal passageway, in the rectal area may have pain and discharge around the rectum. Other complications from Crohn's disease include: arthritis gallstones inflammation of the eyes and mouth kidney stones liver disease skin rashes or ulcers The cause of Crohn's disease is not known.
Question: How does Crohn's disease occur?
Answer: The disease, though, can occur in any part of the gastrointestinal system. Thus, the disorder may affect the large or small intestine, the stomach, the esophagus, or even the mouth. Crohn's can occur at any age. It is most commonly diagnosed in people who are between the ages of 15 and 30. An upper endoscopy may also be used to look down the esophagus, into the stomach and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
Question: What kinds of drugs are used to treat Crohn's disease?
Answer: The first step usually involves reducing inflammation. Many people are first treated with sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine). Mesalamine ( Asacol, Canasa, Pentasa) is another 5-aminosalicylic acid, or 5- ASA medication. Possible side effects of sulfasalazine and other mesalamine-containing drugs may include: nausea vomiting diarrhea heartburn headache If a person does not respond to sulfasalazine, the doctor may prescribe other types of drugs that contain 5- ASA. These other products include: olsalazine ( Dipentum) balsalazide ( Colazal, Giazol) mesalamine ( Asacol, Lialda, Pentasa, and others) Corticosteroids such as prednisone are another class of drugs that reduce inflammation. These drugs are also used to treat other immune system disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Question: What is chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU)?
Answer: CIU is when a person has these breakouts almost daily for at least 6 weeks, with no known cause. Your doctor will look for the cause of your welts. If she figures out what's making you have them, you don't have CIU.
Question: What do post-void residual urine test results mean?
Answer: If the test shows there's too much there after you pee, that can be a sign of a few things: There's an infection in your kidneys, bladder, or the tubes that connect them. Your bladder is blocked at the end so urine can't flow out. Your bladder has trouble pushing urine out. Your prostate is enlarged.
Question: What is a post-void residual urine test?
Answer: There are two ways to do a post-void residual urine test: Catheter: A nurse slides a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through your urethra (where pee comes out) and into your bladder, then takes out the urine. For example, if you're obese, the machine may not be able to get clear pictures of your bladder.
Question: How does the ultrasound method for a post-void residual urine test work?
Answer: Ultrasound: A machine uses sound waves to show live images of your bladder so your doctor can see how much urine is there. A nurse will ask you to pee right before the test. Pictures of your bladder will show up on a monitor, and your doctor will use them to measure the urine there. This method has a few advantages over the catheter method. The nurse doesn't need to see your private parts. It's safer for children and doesn't stress them out as much. But an ultrasound might not work for some people. For example, if you're obese, the machine may not be able to get clear pictures of your bladder.
Question: When should I seek medical care about whiplash?
Answer: See a doctor. Or go to a hospital emergency room if: Pain occurs after an injury or accident. Neck pain radiates down the arms and legs. Pain is accompanied by headaches, numbness, tingling, visual changes, nausea or weakness.
Question: What can I do to relieve muscle tension caused by whiplash?
Answer: Immediately after an injury, it's helpful to apply ice to the site of the pain. Later, some people find relief by applying dry or moist heat to the area.
Question: What causes Fournierâs gangrene in children?
Answer: Sources of the infection can include: Urinary tract infections Bladder infections Hysterectomies Abscesses (swollen body tissue that contains pus) Piercings In children, the causes can include: Insect bites Burns Circumcision While not actually considered causes of Fournier's gangrene, there are other conditions and medications that experts believe may make you more likely to get this disease, including: Diabetes Alcohol abuse Trauma to the genital area Steroids Chemotherapy HIV Obesity Cirrhosis (a liver disease) A certain type of diabetes medicine called sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 ( SGLT2) inhibitor Doctors can find the cause of Fournier's gangrene in about 90% of the cases.
Question: What are the symptoms of Fournier's gangrene?
Answer: People with Fournier's gangrene can have various symptoms, including: Fever Pain and swelling in the genitals or anal area Unpleasant odor coming from the affected skin tissue Crackling sound when touching the affected area Dehydration Anemia You should see a doctor immediately.
Question: What are some other treatments for Fournier's gangrene?
Answer: You may also need reconstructive surgery after your infection is under control. And some people need colostomies (for getting rid of poop) and catheters (for getting rid of pee), depending on the area that's affected. Some people also need hyperbaric oxygen therapy -- this means you are given pure oxygen while in a pressurized room. You may also get a tetanus shot if you have an injury.
Question: How is Fournier's gangrene treated?
Answer: People with Fournier's gangrene can have various symptoms, including: Fever Pain and swelling in the genitals or anal area Unpleasant odor coming from the affected skin tissue Crackling sound when touching the affected area Dehydration Anemia You should see a doctor immediately. Treatments include: Antibiotics given by IV (through your veins). Surgery to remove the dead and dying tissue and to confirm the diagnosis.
Question: How can I lower my chances of getting Fournier's gangrene?
Answer: There are some steps you can take to lower your chances of getting Fournier's gangrene: If you have diabetes, check your genitals and surrounding areas for wounds or signs of infection, as well as for swelling or drainage. If you are obese or even just overweight, try to lose some weight. If you smoke or chew tobacco, stop. Tobacco use can damage blood vessels. To lower your risk of infection, wash open wounds with soap and water and keep them dry and clean until they heal.
Question: How common is Fournierâs gangrene?
Answer: Fournier's gangrene is rare. While it's more common in men, women and children also can get it. The disease is most often found in men between the ages of 50 and 60. Men are 10 times more likely than women to have Fournier's gangrene.
Question: What causes Fournierâs gangrene?
Answer: Fournier's gangrene usually happens because of an infection in, or near, your genitals. Sources of the infection can include: Urinary tract infections Bladder infections Hysterectomies Abscesses (swollen body tissue that contains pus) Piercings In children, the causes can include: Insect bites Burns Circumcision While not actually considered causes of Fournier's gangrene, there are other conditions and medications that experts believe may make you more likely to get this disease, including: Diabetes Alcohol abuse Trauma to the genital area Steroids Chemotherapy HIV Obesity Cirrhosis (a liver disease) A certain type of diabetes medicine called sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 ( SGLT2) inhibitor Doctors can find the cause of Fournier's gangrene in about 90% of the cases.
Question: What are warnings signs after an adenoidectomy?
Answer: If you notice bright red blood coming from your child's mouth or nose, call the doctor right away or take your child to the emergency room. This may indicate the scabs have come off too soon. Small spots of blood in the nose or in the saliva may be expected. Also, if breathing becomes so difficult that your child is wheezing, seek immediate medical care. This may be a sign of excessive swelling in the surgical area and should be looked at immediately. Surgery should never be taken lightly. Make sure you have all your questions answered before making a decision and, if you have any doubts, seek a second opinion from another qualified doctor.
Question: What is recovery like after an adenoidectomy?
Answer: After surgery, your child may feel nauseous until the anesthesia completely wears off. In the week following the adenoidectomy, your child may experience the following: Sore throat: Your child's throat may be sore for seven to ten days following the procedure and eating can be uncomfortable. Fever: Your child may have a low fever several days after the surgery. If the fever gets higher than 102 F, call the doctor. Seek medical attention if fever is accompanied by other symptoms such as lethargy, nausea, vomiting, headache, or stiff neck. Mouth breathing: Mouth breathing and snoring may occur following the surgery, due to swelling in the throat. Breathing should return to normal once swelling goes down, usually 10 to 14 days after surgery. Seek medical attention if there is difficulty breathing. Pain: Some throat and ear pain is normal for a few weeks following surgery. The doctor should prescribe medicine to help control pain. Scabs in the mouth: Thick, white scabs will develop where the tonsils and/or adenoids were removed. This is normal and most scabs fall off in small pieces within 10 days after surgery. Do not let your child pick at the scabs. These scabs may also cause bad breath.
Question: What are adenoids?
Answer: Adenoids are a mass of tissue that, along with your tonsils, help keep you healthy by trapping harmful germs that pass through the nose or mouth. Your adenoids also produce antibodies to help your body fight infections. Unlike tonsils, which can be easily seen by opening your mouth, you cannot see the adenoids. A doctor has to use a small mirror or special instrument with a light to see the adenoids. Sometimes X-rays may be taken to see them more clearly. While adenoids play an important role in keeping a person healthy, as you get older, adenoids become less important, because your body is able to fight infection in other ways. In fact, adenoids often get smaller around age 5 or 6 and virtually disappear by the teen years.
Question: What are other symptoms of adenoiditis related to nasal congestion?
Answer: Symptoms of adenoiditis can vary depending on what is causing the infection, but may include: sore throat stuffy nose swollen glands in the neck ear pain and other ear problems When the nose is stuffy, breathing through it can be a challenge. Other symptoms of adenoiditis related to nasal congestion include: breathing through the mouth speaking with a nasal sound, as if you are speaking with a pinched nose difficulty sleeping snoring or sleep apnea (a condition where you stop breathing for a short amount of time during sleep) Adenoiditis is treated with antibiotics.
Question: What are the symptoms of adenoiditis?
Answer: Symptoms of adenoiditis can vary depending on what is causing the infection, but may include: sore throat stuffy nose swollen glands in the neck ear pain and other ear problems When the nose is stuffy, breathing through it can be a challenge.
Question: What are some tips to ease your child's recovery after an adenoidectomy?
Answer: Here are some tips to ease your child's recovery following adenoidectomy: Feed your child soft foods, such as scrambled eggs, Jell- O, soup, and popsicles. However, do not let your child eat or drink milk products for the first 24 hours following surgery. After that, ice cream, pudding, and yogurt are OK. Make sure your child drinks plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Have your child rest as much as possible for the first few days following surgery. Your child should be able to return to school once he or she can eat regular foods again, is no longer on pain medication, and is able to sleep soundly through the night.
Question: Is sun exposure related to skin cancer?
Answer: You'll get anesthesia in the affected area.
Question: What is Mohs surgery?
Answer: Mohs surgery (for high-risk cases). The doctor will remove the skin cancer layer by layer, checking each one under a microscope until it's all gone.
Question: How is skin cancer removed?
Answer: Your dermatologist can do this in her office. You'll be awake for the short procedure, with local anesthesia to numb the affected part of your skin. The doctor will remove the skin cancer and a tiny rim of normal-looking skin around it with a scalpel. She'll use stitches or sutures to close up the skin.
Question: What are the most common symptoms of skin cancer?
Answer: This means any new spot or mole changing in color, shape, or size, and any spot that itches, bleeds or becomes painful.. Doctors usually diagnose skin cancer by doing a biopsy.
Question: What does the treatment for skin cancer depend on?
Answer: Your skin cancer type, its size, and its location are some of the things that will affect how it's treated.
Question: What is nutritional deficiency and how does it cause hair loss in children?
Answer: Though less common, hair loss can be a symptom of deficiencies in certain nutrients, including: Vitamin H, or biotin, one of the B complex of vitamins, which help the body to convert carbohydrates into glucose to fuel the body. Zinc, an essential mineral involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism.
Question: How can endocrine problems cause hair loss in children?
Answer: In some children the cause of hair loss is hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid is underactive and is producing an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones required for regulating metabolism. A diagnosis of hypothyroidism is made by a blood test. Treatment may involve medication prescribed by the endocrinologis to replace deficient hormones but will depend on a number of factors including: Your child's age, overall health, and medical history Extent of the disease Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectations for the course of the disease Your opinion or preference While many causes of hair loss require a doctor's attention, others will resolve on their own with time.
Question: What Is tinea capitis?
Answer: Tinea capitis. Tinea capitis, commonly known as ringworm of the scalp, is a fungal infection often seen in children. It can show up in a number of ways, but often as scaly patches of hair loss on the head. The patches are usually round or oval. The hairs may be broken off at the surface of the skin and look like black dots on the scalp.
Question: What are non medical causes of hair loss?
Answer: In some cases, hair loss can be a symptom of too much vitamin A. Many newborns lose their hair during the first few months of life, and baby hair is replaced by permanent hair. Between 3 and 6 months of age, many babies have a bald spot resulting from friction with the crib mattress or car seat. Once your child starts sitting up, any lost hair should return. Vigorous brushing or pulling the hair into tight pony tails or braids can cause it to fall out.
Question: How do you know if your mole is a sign of skin cancer?
Answer: Moles that are of greater medical concern include those that look different than other existing moles or those that first appear in adulthood. If you notice changes in a mole's color or appearance, you should have a dermatologist evaluate it. You also should have moles checked if they bleed, ooze, itch, appear scaly, or become tender or painful. Also, if you have any new moles that you think look suspicious, see your doctor.
Question: What should you look for when examining your moles for skin cancer?
Answer: Moles can be linked to skin cancer. If a mole displays any of the signs listed below, have it checked immediately by a dermatologist: Asymmetry: One half of the mole does not match the other half Border: The border or edges of the mole are ragged, blurred, or irregular Color: The mole has different colors or it has shades of tan, brown, black, blue, white, or red Diameter: The diameter of the mole is larger than the eraser of a pencil Evolving: The mole appears different from others and/or changing in size, color, shape Keep in mind that some melanomas may be smaller or not fit other characteristics. Keep these tips in mind when screening your moles for skin cancer: Use a full-length mirror if you have one. Start at your head and work your way down, looking at all the areas of your body (including the front, backs, and sides of each area, and your fingernails and toenails).
Question: How can exercise help to manage psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: The best way to improve your symptoms is to get moving with gentle, low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, yoga, and tai chi. Movement can lessen pain and expand your range of motion. These activities may also help you relax, ease your stress, and sleep better.
Question: What is the hands-on treatment for psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: Massage may loosen up muscles, ease pain and stiffness, and help you relax your joints. Spas and clinics offer massages, or you could have a massage therapist come to your home. Acupuncture and acupressure may also ease your pain. In acupuncture, the therapist inserts tiny, thin needles into specific spots on your body related to your pain. An acupressure therapist presses firmly into your skin with fingers instead. Ask your doctor to help you find a good therapist. You should also tell them about your condition before you begin treatment.