anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What types of medications can treat schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: Medication: Antipsychotic drugs are the main medications that doctors use to treat the psychotic symptoms of schizophreniform disorder, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking.
Question: What is the treatment for schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: People with severe symptoms or who are at risk of hurting themselves or others may need to be hospitalized to get their condition under control. Medication: Antipsychotic drugs are the main medications that doctors use to treat the psychotic symptoms of schizophreniform disorder, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking.
Question: How do doctors diagnose schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: If someone has symptoms, a doctor may use various tests -- such as brain imaging (like MRI scans) or blood tests -- to rule out a nonpsychiatric medical problem. If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. They use specially designed interview and assessment tools to see if someone has a psychotic disorder. For a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder, the symptoms can only have lasted for less than 6 months.
Question: How common is schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: In women, it most often happens between ages 24 and 35.
Question: How can someone prevent schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: Like schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder is a type of "psychosis" in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. But early diagnosis and treatment are very important, because they can help to limit damage to the person's life, family, and other relationships.
Question: What is schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: Like schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder is a type of "psychosis" in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. It also affects how people think, act, express emotions, and relate to others. If symptoms last longer than 6 months, doctors consider the person to have schizophrenia rather than schizophreniform disorder. For a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder, the symptoms can only have lasted for less than 6 months.
Question: What is a gastrologist?
Answer: You may need to visit a gastroenterologist for health concerns with your: Esophagus, the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach Stomach Small intestine Colon Rectum Pancreas Gallbladder Bile ducts Liver Technically, a gastrologist is someone who specializes in gastrology. That could mean caring for the stomach with medicine. It could also mean caring for the stomach with food. Gastrology may have been a medical term in the early 1900s, judging by journals from around that time. If so, the word was long ago replaced by gastroenterology. You won't find doctors who describe themselves as gastrologists today -- at least not in the U. S. There are many reasons you may visit a gastroenterologist.
Question: What is a gastroenterologist?
Answer: Gastroenterologists are doctors who are trained to diagnose and treat problems in your gastrointestinal ( GI) tract and liver. They have 5 to 6 years of specialized education after medical school. You may need to visit a gastroenterologist for health concerns with your: Esophagus, the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach Stomach Small intestine Colon Rectum Pancreas Gallbladder Bile ducts Liver Technically, a gastrologist is someone who specializes in gastrology.
Question: What is the difference between a gastrologist and a gastroenterologist?
Answer: It's easy to see why many people call it gastrologyby mistake. Gastrology does have a medical definition: It's the study of the stomach and stomach diseases. But it's not a medical specialty in the United States today. The type of doctor you'd see for stomach problems is a gastroenterologist, not a gastrologist. That could mean caring for the stomach with medicine.
Question: How does acupuncture help the flu?
Answer: The World Health Organization supports the use of acupuncture for respiratory and infectious complications of the flu.
Question: Which antiviral medicines treat and prevent the flu?
Answer: To treat and prevent both influenza A and B, there are baloxavir marboxil ( Xofluza), oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), and zanamivir ( Relenza). Zanamivir is inhaled like an asthma medication. Tamiflu and Xofluza are taken as pills and Rapivab is given in one intravenous dose.
Question: Is garlic good for the flu?
Answer: Many claims have been made, but there isn't enough research demonstrating any benefit of many herbs, including garlic and ginseng. Garlic is known to prevent the blood from clotting, so if you're on "blood thinners," it could present a problem. Garlic's active ingredient, allicin, can be found in a wide range of supplements. However, recent studies have shown the actual amount you get may vary greatly, and often, you get very little of it. Garlic does have some natural anti-viral properties, but has no proven effectiveness in the prevention or treatment of the flu. If you feel that garlic is important for your health, it's safe, the fresh variety may be the best choice.
Question: What herbs can relieve flu symptoms?
Answer: Herbs including elderflower, myrrh, willow bark, rose hips, honeysuckle flowers, and boneset have also been suggested for relief from the many symptoms that accompany the flu.
Question: Is echinacea good for the flu?
Answer: Be sure your medical doctor knows of everything you are taking -- standard medicine and alternatives. There are few well-designed studies on how these herbs and supplements treat and prevent influenza.
Question: What are some tips to help a teenager take charge of their feelings about a sick or dying sibling?
Answer: Tips for helping teenage siblings of a sick or dying child: Let friends and boyfriends or girlfriends be involved. Palliative care teams encourage friends to visit and extend their support services to them. Don't be hurt when teenagers seek the support of their friends more than their parents. As teenagers' grief is more like that of adults, teenagers who lose a sibling may need more time off of school and regular activities.
Question: What are tips to help a 10- to 12-year-old sibling cope with their feelings about a sick or dying child?
Answer: Tips for helping 10- to 12-year-old siblings of a sick or dying child: Find opportunities for constructive venting of feelings, such as sibling groups at hospitals and art or play therapies. Provide as much specific, factual information as possible. Keep siblings in regular routines as much as possible. It may not seem like long, but professionals advise that children under age 12 not miss more than a week of school after a sibling has died. But they acknowledge that each child has unique needs.
Question: How should I talk to my child about death?
Answer: Experts advise parents to be honest and concrete in discussions about death. Avoid euphemisms. Adults use euphemisms to avoid uncomfortable subjects, but children, who think literally throughout a great deal of childhood, may not pick up on these cues. If a parent tells a child whose sibling has died that the sibling is sleeping, the child may expect the sibling to wake up. If the parent says the sibling will not wake up, the child may fear going to sleep and not waking up.
Question: What should I expect if I talk to my children about life-threatening conditions?
Answer: When a family member has a life-threatening condition, frequently children will ask questions. The older they get, the more specific their questions will be. As teenagers, they may even be the ones guiding the conversation. Although the answers to their questions may bring bad news, children do not process bad news in the same way that adults do. Parents may be hurt by this. Adults understand the permanence of death immediately, so we respond with tears. Children, especially those under age 12, may not understand the permanence of death right away, so they may not have a strong initial reaction to bad news.
Question: What might happen if parents avoid a child's questions about death if the child has a life-threatening illness?
Answer: If parents avoid children's questions, the children may ask someone else or hold the questions in, which could result in unnecessary anxiety. Acknowledging rather than disregarding questions can build trust and show children that their concerns are important.
Question: How do 6- to 9-year-olds understand death and dying?
Answer: 6- to 9-year-olds have a more evolved sense of dying: They associate death with old age. They may not understand that they or a sibling could die. They know more about how the body works, so they may have specific questions about how someone dies. A sibling may think that a bruise on his own body indicates the same illness a brother or sister had. They may associate death with frightening images from cartoons, such as ghosts and spirits.
Question: How well can infant and toddler siblings of a sick or dying child understand what is happening?
Answer: Each year of a child's life brings enhanced ability to understand the reality and permanence of death. Infant and toddler siblings of a sick or dying child can feel loss through: Absence of a parent or of a sibling due to the treatment or death of the sibling Interruption to routine caused by the treatment or death of a sibling Grief and stress of their parents or other family members These tips may help manage the feelings infant or toddler siblings of a sick or dying child may have: Make time each day to hold, rock, and cuddle the sibling.
Question: What can parents say if they don't want to use the words "die, dead", and "dying" with their sick child?
Answer: If parents cannot say these words, the palliative care team can help explain as much as the parents want their children to know.
Question: What are tips to help a 6- to 9-year-old sibling cope with their feelings about a sick or dying child?
Answer: Tips for helping 6- to 9-year-old siblings understand their feelings about a sick or dying child: Use visual aids they can understand. Child life specialists have used marshmallows to explain tumor growth or described leukemia as a thickening of the blood. Make specific references to organs like heart and lungs. Make clear that death is not like the images in cartoons. Make clear to siblings that what happened to a brother or sister doesn't happen to everyone.
Question: How might siblings of a child with a life-threatening condition react?
Answer: When a child is dying, many parents want the siblings to be at the child's bedside with the rest of the family. Child life specialists will help facilitate this, but they advise parents that siblings may want to leave the room quickly and return to what they were doing before. Parents should understand that this behavior is normal.
Question: How do teenagers understand death?
Answer: Teenagers understand death with a more personal and long-term view: They may want to talk to their friends more than to their parents. They understand more on their own, so adults are validating information rather than giving it. They understand their lives in the context of others', so they will want to leave a legacy and plan for their own deaths.
Question: Are there resources to start the conversation with a child about their life-threatening condition?
Answer: Social workers and child life specialists recommend a number of resources -- such as story and activity books -- that may help break the ice and help explain difficult concepts. Professionals also encourage parents to use children's questions as opportunities to start a conversation.
Question: What are some tips to soothe and care for an infant or toddler if their sibling is sick or dying?
Answer: Infant and toddler siblings of a sick or dying child can feel loss through: Absence of a parent or of a sibling due to the treatment or death of the sibling Interruption to routine caused by the treatment or death of a sibling Grief and stress of their parents or other family members These tips may help manage the feelings infant or toddler siblings of a sick or dying child may have: Make time each day to hold, rock, and cuddle the sibling. Keep the child on a schedule as much as possible. Play a recording of parents reading a story or talking to the sibling in the parent's absence.
Question: If your child has a life-threatening condition and you're not sure how to talk to them about it, is there a medical professional who can help you?
Answer: If parents cannot say these words, the palliative care team can help explain as much as the parents want their children to know.
Question: How might children react sometimes to heavy conversations about their life-threatening condition?
Answer: Children can feel insecure during heavy or serious conversation. They may want to get back to normal as soon as possible. This may mean returning quickly to the game they were playing or the TV show they were watching. This doesn't mean the child didn't hear or understand. Parents can join the child in the activity in order to be there when questions arise.
Question: How do 3- to 5-year olds understand a sick or dying sibling?
Answer: They may believe death is temporary or reversible. They are ego-centric and may believe the death of a sibling is punishment for something they did.
Question: How do 10- to 12-year-olds understand death?
Answer: 10- to 12-year-olds understand the permanence of death: They know that death is final and will happen to everyone including themselves. They understand that their own death or the death of a sibling will cause sadness in others. A sick child at this age may say he has to hold on for his parents' sake. They will respond more like adults with anger, sadness, and fear. They will have increasingly more specific questions about the illness and about death.
Question: Should you talk with your child about death if they have a life-threatening condition or a terminal illness?
Answer: If parents choose to talk to their children about their sick child's prognosis, the palliative care team can be there to help.
Question: What are tips to help a 3- to 5-year-old sibling cope with their feelings about a sick or dying child?
Answer: Tips for helping 3- to 5-year-old siblings cope with their feelings about a sick or dying child: Use concrete language, such as "die," not euphemisms such as "sleep." At this age a child can understand " Your brother's body stopped working"; " Your sister stopped breathing." Make it clear to siblings that the death is not a consequence of something they did.
Question: How do I break bad news to my children if they have a life-threatening condition?
Answer: Some professionals will recommend open and direct communication with children about the child's prognosis at all times. When a child has been following the progress of treatments, a parent or palliative care professional can say something similar to, " Remember the medicine we hoped would make you better? It's not doing what we hoped it would do." Although the answers to their questions may bring bad news, children do not process bad news in the same way that adults do.
Question: What is volvulus?
Answer: This medical emergency occurs when your child's intestine twists around itself, blocking the flow of waste. In some cases, the blood supply is also cut off. It will require surgery to fix, but most children have normal growth and health afterward.
Question: What are eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID)?
Answer: Here are some common severe digestive disorders in children. EGIDs - the most common of them is called eosinophilic esophagitis - are disorders that result from extra white blood cells in your child's digestive tract. This causes inflammation and swelling, which can result in pain and discomfort. He may also have trouble swallowing. There's no cure for EGIDs, but medications like steroids can lower the number of white blood cells in his gut and ease symptoms. The doctor may suggest cutting out certain foods that could be causing allergic reactions, or other special diets. A severe case may require use of a feeding tube.
Question: What type of digestive disorder is celiac disease?
Answer: Children with celiac disease have a serious reaction when they eat gluten, a protein in wheat, barley, and rye. This disorder can damage the small intestine and keep your child's body from absorbing nutrients in his food. Following a gluten-free diet is the only treatment for celiac disease. It will likely stop damage to the intestine help heal any that has already happened.
Question: What causes short bowel syndrome?
Answer: With this condition, a child doesn't have enough intestine to absorb nutrients and fluids well. Some children are born with missing sections; others have had surgery to remove part of the intestine. Other causes of short bowel syndrome are: Crohn's disease Intussusception A blocked blood vessel, which can slow blood flow to the intestine Injury to the intestine Cancer Diarrhea is usually the most common symptom. Short bowel syndrome can lead to problems like malnutrition, dehydration, kidney stones, and severe diaper rash.
Question: What type of digestive disorder is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
Answer: IBD usually happens in older children or teens. It includes two major digestive disorders: Ulcerative colitis, which causes swelling in the colon Crohn's disease, which can affect any part of the digestive tract Bloody or watery poop and belly pain are common symptoms of both.
Question: What is the treatment for short bowel syndrome?
Answer: A severe case may require use of a feeding tube. Medications can ease symptoms and slow the passage of food through your child's digestive system, so nutrients are absorbed better. Sometimes surgery is required.
Question: How can I get enough sleep?
Answer: Is your sleep different than it used to be when you were younger? If you sleep less than when you were younger but still feel rested and energetic during the day, it might be that you now need less sleep. But if you have noticed that your lack of sleep affects you during the day, tell your doctor. There are steps you can take to get better rest. Many are simple tweaks to your daily routine, like setting a regular bedtime, being more active, and taking steps to ease your mind before you hit the hay.
Question: What is restless legs syndrome in children?
Answer: Restless legs syndrome ( RLS) is not unusual in children 8 years of age and older. This neurological sleep disorder causes a creeping, crawling sensation in the legs (and sometimes in the arms) that creates an irresistible urge to move.
Question: What are night terrors?
Answer: With night terrors -- also called sleep terrors -- the child has a sudden arousal from sleep with extreme agitation, screaming, crying, increased heart rate, and dilated pupils. Like sleep walking, night terrors seem to be linked to an immature central nervous system and are often outgrown. These sleep terrors usually begin after age 18 months and disappear by age 6.
Question: How much sleep do children need?
Answer: Sleep experts suggest that elementary-aged children should get 10 to 11 hours of sleep each night. Preschool-aged children should sleep about 11 to 13 hours a night.
Question: How can I help my child's sleep problems?
Answer: If your child is sleep walking, wetting the bed, or experiencing other sleep disturbances such as night terrors, talk with his doctor. Sometimes, emotional stress is the culprit. In most cases of emotional stress, the problem can be easily resolved with a few behavioral interventions. In addition, watch your child as he sleeps to determine a pattern in his sleeping and possible snoring or sleep apnea. If your child suffers from allergies or asthma, make sure he is taking medication properly. Again, your child's doctor is the best source for treatments for sleep problems.
Question: How can I lower my chances of getting enterovirus D68?
Answer: You can lower your chances of getting it by following these tips: Wash your hands often. Scrub with soap for 20 seconds. (especially before eating) Don't touch your eyes, nose, or mouth unless you've just washed your hands. Don't hug, kiss, or share food with anyone who's sick. If someone in your house is ill, it's a good idea to regularly disinfect surfaces that are touched a lot, such as toys and doorknobs. A person who is ill should always cover their mouth when coughing/sneezing, wear a mask and wash hands often. Staying in a separate room in the house helps contain the infection.
Question: How is enterovirus D68 treated?
Answer: No medicines target this virus. Antibiotics won't help, since the illness is not caused by bacteria. You can take an over-the-counter pain/fever reliever, which might help you feel a little better, just like with a normal cold. If your symptoms are severe, you should call your doctor or go to the emergency room. If it's an emergency -- for instance, you're having trouble breathing -- call 911. You may need to be hospitalized.
Question: When will I be able to go home after a liver transplant?
Answer: Some patients may be discharged in less time, while others may be in the hospital much longer, depending on any complications that may arise. To provide a smooth transition from hospital to home, the nursing staff and your transplant coordinator will begin to prepare you for discharge shortly after you are transferred from the intensive-care unit to the regular nursing floor. You will be given a discharge manual, which reviews much of what you will need to know before you go home. Readmission after discharge is common, especially within the first year after a transplant. Your first return appointment after a liver transplant will generally be scheduled about 1 to 2 weeks after discharge.
Question: How long does a liver transplant take?
Answer: If the donor liver is found to be acceptable, you will proceed with the transplant. After that, follow-up is 3, 6, 9 and 12 months from the date of the transplant, and then once a year for the rest of your life.
Question: What tests will you need before a liver transplant?
Answer: The team may include the following professionals: Liver specialist (hepatologist) Transplant surgeons Transplant coordinator, usually a registered nurse who specializes in the care of liver-transplant patients (this person will be your primary contact with the transplant team) Social worker to discuss your support network of family and friends, employment history, and financial needs Psychiatrist to help you deal with issues, such as anxiety and depression, which may accompany a liver transplant Anesthesiologist to discuss potential anesthesia risks Chemical dependency specialist to aid those with history of alcohol or drug abuse Financial counselor to act as a liaison between a patient and his or her insurance companies You will need to bring all previous doctor records, X-rays, liver biopsy slides, and a record of medications to your pre-evaluation for a liver transplant. Pulmonary function studies to determine the lungs' ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide Blood tests to determine blood type, clotting ability, and biochemical status of blood, and to gauge liver function.
Question: What are anti-rejection medications?
Answer: Two of the most common complications following liver transplant are rejection and infection. Infection: Because anti-rejection drugs that suppress your immune system are needed to prevent the liver from being rejected, you are at higher risk for infections. This typically involves a combination of a calcineurin inhibitor ( CNI) such as cyclosporine ( Neoral) or tacrolimus ( Prograf), a glucocorticoid such as prednisone ( Medrol, Prelone, Sterapred DS), and a third agent such as azathioprine ( Imuran), mycophenolate mofetil ( Cell Cept), sirolimus ( Rapamune), or everolimus ( Zortress, Afinitor). Your first return appointment after a liver transplant will generally be scheduled about 1 to 2 weeks after discharge. After that, follow-up is 3, 6, 9 and 12 months from the date of the transplant, and then once a year for the rest of your life.