anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the definition of implantable cardioverter defibrillator?
Answer: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD): An implant that monitors your heart rate and rhythm. When it finds a very fast, abnormal rhythm, it gives the heart muscle an electrical shock so it can beat in a normal rhythm again.
Question: What is the definition of restenosis?
Answer: Restenosis: Closing or narrowing of an artery that was previously opened with a procedure like angioplasty.
Question: What is the definition of stroke?
Answer: Stroke: A sudden loss of brain function caused by less blood flow to part of your brain. Causes include blood clots in the brain and bleeding into the brain.
Question: What is the definition of atrial flutter?
Answer: Atrial flutter: A heart rhythm that's too fast and causes the upper chambers (atria) to beat too fast and not in sync with the lower chambers (ventricles).
Question: What is the definition of ventricular tachycardia?
Answer: Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid, life-threatening rhythm that starts in the heart's lower chambers. It prevents your heart from filling with blood, and less blood is able to pump through the body.
Question: What is myocarditis?
Answer: Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle).
Question: What is the definition of pulmonary hypertension?
Answer: Pulmonary hypertension: High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries.
Question: What is the definition of coronary artery bypass graft?
Answer: Coronary artery bypass graft: If your coronary artery disease results from heart failure, a doctor can take arteries or veins (called grafts) from other parts of your body to reroute blood flow around blocked heart arteries.
Question: What is the definition of atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries")?
Answer: Atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"): Plaque builds up inside your arteries and can lead to coronary artery disease and other problems.
Question: What is the definition of aortic valve homograft?
Answer: Aortic valve homograft: When your doctor uses a human valve to replace your narrow or leaky aortic valve. This operation involves cardiopulmonary bypass.
Question: What is the definition of beta-blocker?
Answer: Beta-blocker: A drug that slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina. It protects you from future heart attacks if you've already had one.
Question: What is the definition of stent?
Answer: Stent: A small tube your doctor puts in during an angioplasty to keep the coronary artery open for blood flow. Permanent stents are made of metal mesh, while others are designed to dissolve.
Question: What is the definition of left ventricular assist device?
Answer: Left ventricular assist device ( LVAD): A device used to help your heart work when you have end-stage heart failure.
Question: What is the definition of cardiomyopathy?
Answer: Cardiomyopathy: A serious condition in which your heart doesn't pump as well as it should and becomes weak. It can lead to heart failure and valve problems.
Question: What is the definition of coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)?
Answer: Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis): A buildup of fatty material in the wall of the coronary artery that causes it to narrow. It can lead to heart failure.
Question: How do I use alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) for skin care?
Answer: Start with a low concentration and apply every other day to avoid irritating your skin. Over time, you can gradually start to use it more often, working up to every day. Even at lower doses, though, the acids may irritate and dry skin, and make it more sensitive to the sun. Doctors recommend using moisturizer and sunscreen when you use any products that have AHAs.
Question: What is retinol and why is it in skin care products?
Answer: It also improves skin tone and color and reduces mottled patches. Many dermatologists prescribe retinol's stronger counterpart, tretinoin, or similar products, to slow skin aging, improve irregular coloring, and clear up acne. Over-the-counter products that have retinols may be weaker, but they can still improve how your skin looks. Using a retinol-based product may make the top layer of your skin dry and flaky. It's best to apply it at night and wear moisturizer and sunscreen the next morning, or ask your dermatologist about alternatives. As you age, your body makes less collagen and elastin, which keep skin strong, flexible, and resilient. The antioxidants in vitamin C may boost the amount of collagen and minimize fine lines, wrinkles, and scars. Vitamin C is in some skin care products such as creams and lotions.
Question: How do antioxidants help with sun damage and wrinkles?
Answer: Most plants have these nutrients in varying amounts. They can counter "free radicals," tiny particles that harm DNA inside of cells. Skin cells with that kind of damage can speed up aging, leading to wrinkles, dry skin, dark circles under eyes, dull skin, and more.
Question: Why is vitamin C in skin care products?
Answer: As you age, your body makes less collagen and elastin, which keep skin strong, flexible, and resilient. The antioxidants in vitamin C may boost the amount of collagen and minimize fine lines, wrinkles, and scars. Vitamin C is in some skin care products such as creams and lotions. If you want to try one, ask your dermatologist for some options.
Question: What is green tea extract and why is it in skin care products?
Answer: Tea is loaded with nutrients called polyphenols, which have been shown to fight free radicals. Early studies have found the ingredients in tea can ease sun damage and may protect you from skin cancer when you put it on your skin. Use green tea extract under sunscreen to double the protection. Polyphenols in creams and lotions may also slow signs of aging and reduce sagging skin and wrinkles.
Question: Why is caffeine in skin care products?
Answer: It's also an antioxidant, but experts don't know whether it can reverse aging on your skin. Still, companies have added it to lotions and creams based on research that shows caffeine could help prevent the growth of skin cancer and, when applied to the skin, may make wrinkles less defined, especially ''crow's feet'' around the eyes.
Question: What is alpha-lipoic acid and why is it in skin care products?
Answer: Those with the most antioxidants that have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process include: Acai oil Alpha-lipoic acid Green tea extract Retinol Coenzyme Q10 ( Co Q10) Caffeine Other plant-based or natural treatments for aging skin found in skin-care products include: Alpha-hydroxy acid Salicylic acid Your body makes this natural chemical, and it's in every cell you have. As an antioxidant, it attacks free radicals throughout the body. In skin care products, companies tout it as a substance that can erase fine lines and wrinkles, diminish pores, and give skin a healthy glow.
Question: What is hyaluronic acid and how is it used in skin care?
Answer: Your body makes hyaluronic acid naturally, keeping tissues cushioned and lubricated. It's found in skin, joint fluid, and connective tissues. Age, smoking, and an unhealthy diet can cause you to make less of it over time. Products that have hyaluronic acid may help smooth out skin. They work especially well when you use them with vitamin C products.
Question: What are alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and how are they used in skin care products?
Answer: When you shop for makeup and skin care products, you may see other ingredients on their labels: This group includes glycolic, lactic, citric, and tartaric acids. They're in many products. They exfoliate the skin, reducing fine lines, age spots, acne scars, and uneven skin color. You can get peels with high concentrations of AHAs from a beauty specialist (esthetician) or dermatologist, but you can use lower concentrations -- between 5% and 10% -- in creams or lotions on a daily basis.
Question: How does salicylic acid treat acne and when should I use it?
Answer: You'll see this ingredient in many over-the-counter and prescription products that treat acne. It penetrates pores and reduces blackheads and whiteheads with less irritation than what you might get from alpha-hydroxy acids. Like AHAs, salicylic acid exfoliates the skin, which can reduce signs of aging. You shouldn't use salicylic acid if you are allergic to aspirin or other products with salicylates. If you're pregnant or nursing, ask your doctor before you use any product with salicylic acid. Stop using the product if you get hives or itching. Also, be aware of symptoms of rare but serious allergic reactions -- throat tightness, trouble breathing, feeling faint, or swelling of your face or tongue. Get help right away if you have these problems.
Question: What should I know about skin care products?
Answer: Before you buy, it's a good idea to learn more about these ingredients. A dermatologist can also help you sort out what works, what's hype, and what might help your skin. Those with the most antioxidants that have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process include: Acai oil Alpha-lipoic acid Green tea extract Retinol Coenzyme Q10 ( Co Q10) Caffeine Other plant-based or natural treatments for aging skin found in skin-care products include: Alpha-hydroxy acid Salicylic acid Your body makes this natural chemical, and it's in every cell you have. They exfoliate the skin, reducing fine lines, age spots, acne scars, and uneven skin color. They work especially well when you use them with vitamin C products.
Question: What foods have the most antioxidants and have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process?
Answer: You can also apply products that have them. Those with the most antioxidants that have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process include: Acai oil Alpha-lipoic acid Green tea extract Retinol Coenzyme Q10 ( Co Q10) Caffeine Other plant-based or natural treatments for aging skin found in skin-care products include: Alpha-hydroxy acid Salicylic acid Your body makes this natural chemical, and it's in every cell you have. You shouldn't use salicylic acid if you are allergic to aspirin or other products with salicylates.
Question: Do adults get cavities?
Answer: In fact, cavities happen more often in adults. Here's why: Fluoride wasn't always in water supplies and toothpaste. If you didn't get enough when you were younger, your teeth may pay the price. Old fillings are prime spots for tooth decay. As we get older, our gums tend to recede, leaving tooth roots exposed. Without the protection of tooth enamel, they are more susceptible to decay. You might have dry mouth. This can be a side effect of medications or a condition. Saliva does more than keep your mouth wet -- it protects teeth from decay, helps heal sores in your mouth, and prevents infections.
Question: Why do I have to go to the dentist if I have no teeth?
Answer: It's a good idea to visit the dentist at least once a year for a full oral exam. As you age, you might have issues but not know it. Your doctor can look for signs of oral cancer and other medical problems of the mouth, head, and neck. You also need to have dentures checked for fit, and routinely cleaned.
Question: What can make my teeth sometimes feel loose?
Answer: Your teeth and gums work hard for you your whole life. This can happen for many reasons. It could be a bite or clenching issue. It may be a sign of bone loss from gum disease. Talk to your dentist. You may need to see a periodontist, a doctor who specializes in the mouth's gums and bones.
Question: What can I do if my dentures are uncomfortable?
Answer: My teeth sometimes feel loose. You may need to see a periodontist, a doctor who specializes in the mouth's gums and bones. Dentures are made to fit perfectly, so if you feel a looseness, it's likely they need to be adjusted to make them fit again. See your dentist as soon as possible. For a temporary fix, use a denture adhesive to keep them stable until your appointment. Don't try to change the shape of your dentures yourself. Even if you think you can make them fit better, you could end up damaging them.
Question: What should I know about dental care for someone with dementia?
Answer: Make the appointment for early in the day, when your friend is most alert. Also, make sure to tell her where she is going and why. And let the dentist know ahead of time about your friend's condition. Communication will make the visit easier. It's best for someone with dementia to see a dentist as soon as possible after they're diagnosed.
Question: What dental care can I do if my teeth are super sensitive from hot and cold?
Answer: This can make the area sensitive to temperature extremes. As a quick fix, use a fluoride mouth rinse, or switch to a toothpaste made for sensitive teeth. If your problem is more serious, your dentist may seal or bond the roots. He might recommend a soft tissue graft. This procedure uses material, either man-made or from another area of your mouth, to cover exposed roots. This can happen for many reasons. It may be a sign of bone loss from gum disease.
Question: What are plantar warts and palmer warts?
Answer: Plantar warts and palmar warts are noncancerous skin growths, caused by a viral infection in the top layer of the skin. The culprit is a strain of virus called human papillomavirus or HPV. Many strains of the virus exist, and those that cause common warts on the hands and feet are not the same strains of HPV that cause genital warts.
Question: What do plantar warts and palmer warts look like?
Answer: On average plantar warts and palmar warts are small, about the size of a pencil eraser. But some warts grow bigger. Sometimes plantar warts can grow in clusters; those are called mosaic warts. Sometimes corns or calluses are mistaken for a palmar or plantar wart. In some warts, little black dots appear, leading people to call them "seed" warts. Actually the black dots are little blood vessels that have grown up into the wart. Warts don't really have âseeds.â Plantar warts usually don't stick up above the skin as much as warts on the hand, partly because of the pressure of walking and its flattening effect.
Question: How do you get a plantar wart or palmer wart?
Answer: The transmission can be indirect. For instance, a child with a wart on his hand may touch a playground surface that is then touched by another child and the wart spreads. Or a person with a plantar wart uses a shower without wearing shower shoes and another person then uses it and develops a wart. The risk of getting a hand or foot wart from another person is small. A person's risk of getting a wart varies. Those with a weakened immune system are more susceptible. But those with healthy immune systems can also develop warts.
Question: What puts you at a higher risk of heart disease?
Answer: The more of these risk factors you have, the higher your risk of heart disease: A previous heart attack or stroke A family history of heart disease High total cholesterol Low HDL cholesterol High blood pressure Being male or a post-menopausal woman You smoke cigarettes Uncontrolled diabetes or high blood pressure You don't exercise You're obese or overweight It's important for everyone to make these lifestyle changes to reduce their chance of having heart disease.
Question: Do high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate a higher risk for heart disease?
Answer: If your arteries are inflamed, you have a greater risk of: Heart disease Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease CRP seems to predict the chance of having cardiovascular problems at least as well as cholesterol levels. A recent study found that elevated levels of C-reactive protein were associated with three-times-greater risk of a heart attack.
Question: How can egg donation be used to treat female infertility?
Answer: Egg donation. This can help you if you have ovaries that don't work right but you have a normal uterus. It involves removing eggs from the ovary of a donor who has taken fertility drugs. After in vitro fertilization, your doctor transfers the fertilized eggs into your uterus.
Question: What is Metformin and when is it used to treat female infertility?
Answer: Metformin ( Glucophage) is another type of medication that may help you ovulate normally if you have insulin resistance or PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome).
Question: What is ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) and how is it used to treat female infertility?
Answer: ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). A doctor injects sperm directly into the egg in a dish and then places it into your uterus.
Question: How is female infertility treated?
Answer: This procedure involves ultrasound or X-rays of your reproductive organs. Laparoscopy. Your doctor puts a laparoscope -- a slender tube fitted with a tiny camera -- through a small cut near your belly button. Hysteroscopy . In this procedure, your doctor places a hysteroscope into your uterus through your cervix. It's used to remove polyps and fibroid tumors, divide scar tissue, and open up blocked tubes. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate ( Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal- F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole.
Question: What is intrauterine insemination and how is it used to treat female infertility?
Answer: For this procedure, after semen gets rinsed with a special solution, a doctor places it into your uterus when you're ovulating. It's sometimes done while you're taking meds that help trigger the release of an egg. Several days later, embryos -- or fertilized eggs -- get put back into your uterus with a device called an intrauterine insemination catheter.
Question: How should you brush your hair to avoid damaging it?
Answer: Brush properly: Proper hair brushing can do as much for the condition of your hair as any over-the-counter product. Using a proper brush, apply full strokes from the scalp to the tips of your hair to distribute the hair's natural oil. Be gentle, and avoid brushing your hair when wet, when it is especially fragile. It is best to use a wide-toothed comb on wet hair.
Question: Can you prevent hair loss?
Answer: Many people put tremendous stress on their hair. Hair dryers, hot curlers, hair dyes, permanents, tight braids, and hair straightening products, and chemical-laden cosmetics may cause dry, brittle, and thinning hair. To prevent hair damage that may cause hair loss, follow these tips: Go natural: Leave your hair its natural color and texture.
Question: How does biology explain the overlap between depression and chronic pain?
Answer: Depression and chronic pain share some of the same neurotransmitters -- the chemical messengers traveling between nerves. They also share some of the same nerve pathways. In people who are biologically vulnerable to clinical depression, losses (such as a job, or sense of respect as a functional person, or of sexual relations) can contribute to the development of depression. Once depression sets in, it magnifies the pain that is already there. "
Question: Why is it important to treat both chronic pain and depression in a person affected?
Answer: Chronic pain and depression can affect a person's entire life. Consequently, an ideal treatment approach addresses all the areas of one's life affected by chronic pain and depression. Because of the connection between chronic pain and depression, it makes sense that their treatments overlap.
Question: Why does depression usually go untreated in people with chronic pain?
Answer: Because depression in patients with chronic pain frequently goes undiagnosed, it often goes untreated. Pain symptoms and complaints take center stage on most doctors' visits. The result is depression, along with sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, lack of energy, and decreased physical activity -- all of which may make pain much worse. "
Question: How do I know if I have breast calcifications?
Answer: Breast calcifications do not cause symptoms, as they are too small to be felt during a routine breast exam. Usually, breast calcifications are first noticed on a mammogram.
Question: What happens if my doctor finds breast calcifications on my mammogram?
Answer: If you have macrocalcifications, no further testing or treatment is needed, because they are not harmful. If microcalcifications are seen on your mammogram, another mammogram may be performed to get a more detailed look at the area in question.
Question: How are breast calcifications treated?
Answer: '' Benign'' calcifications are considered harmless. No further evaluation or treatment is needed. '' Probably benign'' calcifications have a less than 2% risk of being cancer. Typically, they will be monitored every six months for at least one year. After a year of follow-up, and assuming no new changes are found, your doctor will recommend you have a routine mammogram once a year. '' Suspicious'' calcifications may be benign or an early sign of cancer; therefore, your doctor may recommend you have a biopsy. If cancer is present, treatment may consist of surgery to remove the cancerous breast, radiation, and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.
Question: What are breast calcifications?
Answer: They are very common and are usually benign (noncancerous). In some instances, certain types of breast calcifications may suggest early breast cancer. Microcalcifications are small calcium deposits that look like white specks on a mammogram.
Question: If a child gets night terrors, how often do they happen?
Answer: In children younger than 3 ½ years, peak frequency of night terrors is at least one episode per week. Among older children, peak frequency of night terrors is one to two episodes per month. The doctor may want to do an evaluation to exclude other possible disorders that might cause night terrors.
Question: What is a rapid cycling pattern in bipolar disorder?
Answer: Rapid cycling is a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes in bipolar disorder. In rapid cycling, a person with the disorder experiences four or more episodes of mania or depression in one year. It can occur at any point in the course of bipolar disorder, and can come and go over many years depending on how well the illness is treated; it is not necessarily a "permanent" or indefinite pattern of episodes.
Question: What are the risks of rapid cycling in bipolar disorder?
Answer: A rapid cycling pattern may occur in about 10% to 20% of people with the disorder. Repeated periods of depression are punctuated by infrequent, shorter periods of elevated or normal mood. The most serious risk of a rapid cycling course in bipolar disorder is suicide. People with bipolar disorder are 10 times to 20 times more likely to commit suicide than people without bipolar disorder. They are hospitalized more often, and their symptoms are usually more difficult to control long term.
Question: What is the treatment for bipolar disorder with rapid cycling?
Answer: A rapid cycling pattern may occur in about 10% to 20% of people with the disorder. Repeated periods of depression are punctuated by infrequent, shorter periods of elevated or normal mood. Because symptoms of depression dominate in most people with a rapid cycling course of bipolar disorder, treatment is usually aimed toward stabilizing mood, mainly by relieving depression while preventing the comings-and-goings of new episodes. Antidepressants such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft have not been shown to treat the depression symptoms of rapid cycling bipolar disorder, and may even increase the frequency of new episodes over time. Mood-stabilizing drugs -- such as lithium, Depakote, Tegretol and Lamictal -- are the core treatments of rapid cycling. Often, a single mood stabilizer is ineffective at controlling episode recurrences, resulting in a need for combinations of mood stabilizers. Several antipsychotic medicines such as Zyprexa or Seroquel also have been studied in rapid cycling and are used as part of a treatment regimen, regardless of the presence or absence of psychosis (delusions and hallucinations). This helps prevent future episodes.