anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: When should I see a doctor about my arthritis?
Answer: You might feel pain in your fingers, knees, or hips. But get help from your doctor if: The pain, swelling, or redness isn't going away. Your symptoms get worse quickly. You have relatives with autoimmune disorders. You've got relatives with other arthritis-related diseases. Don't ignore joint pain. In some cases, it can cause damage that can't be reversed, even with treatment. When in doubt, talk to your doctor.
Question: How can I manage arthritis?
Answer: As you get older, your joints tend to get worn down. You doctor can help you manage your pain, prevent damage to the affected joint, and keep inflammation at bay. Exercise can help you move better, lessen pain, and put off disability. Watch your weight. Extra pounds raise your chances of related health problems. Don't put off treatment. The sooner you're treated, the more likely you are to avoid permanent joint damage.
Question: What do I need to know about rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: This can damage the joint surface and underlying bone. RA mostly targets your fingers, thumbs, wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees, feet, and ankles. It can give you pain, swelling, stiffness, and trouble with moving. You may also have: Fatigue Fever Weight loss Eye inflammation Bumps under the skin called nodules Lung inflammation Gout is another form of arthritis that can be very painful. Lupus is a long lasting, autoimmune disease that can damage almost any part of the body, including joints and skin.
Question: How does a doctor determine the cause of your  back problems?
Answer: Unless you are totally immobilized from a back injury, your doctor probably will examine your range of motion and nerve function and touch your body to locate the area of discomfort. Blood and urine tests may be done to determine if the pain is caused by an infection or other systemic problem. X-rays are useful in pinpointing broken bones or other skeletal defects. They can sometimes help locate problems in connective tissue. To analyze soft-tissue or disc damage, computed tomography ( CT) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scans may be needed. To determine possible nerve or muscle damage, an electromyogram ( EMG) may be ordered.
Question: What does PRICE mean for treating knee pain?
Answer: Some common home care techniques for knee pain that control inflammation and help to break the inflammatory cycle are protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation. This regimen is summarized by the memory device PRICE.
Question: How is Osgood-Schlatter disease described and treated?
Answer: Osgood- Schlatter Disease Description: Osgood- Schlatter disease occurs in adolescent athletes where repetitive extension of the knee causes inflammation and injury of the tibial tubercle (the bony protrusion at the top of the shin, just below the kneecap). Symptoms: Children suffering from this syndrome report pain at the tibial tubercle. This pain is typically worse when extending the leg. The tibial tubercle is tender to touch and over time begins to protrude more because the chronic inflammation stimulates the bone to grow. Treatment: Osgood- Schlatter disease is a self-limited condition that usually resolves as the the tibial tubercle stops growing with the end of adolescence (at about age 17 in males and age 15 in females). Treatment includes PRICE and NSAID therapy to minimize acute pain from activity. Physical therapy to identify limitations will reduce stress to the tibial tubercle and often includes strength training of the hip and core. In severe cases, splinting the knee for a few weeks may help reduce the pain and halt the inflammation cycle.
Question: How is bursitis described and treated?
Answer: Bursitis Description: As a result of trauma, infection, or crystalline deposits, the various bursae of the knee may become inflamed. Symptoms: Acute or chronic trauma causes a painful and often swollen knee from the inflammation of the bursae. A particularly common bursitis is prepatellar bursitis. This type of bursitis occurs in people who work on their knees. It is often referred to as housemaid's knee or carpet layer's knee. Another type of bursitis is anserine bursitis. The anserine bursa is located about 2 inches below the knee along the medial side of the knee. More commonly occurring in the overweight and in women, but also affecting athletes and others, anserine bursitis often causes pain in the region of the bursa and is often worse with bending the knee or at night with sleep. Treatment: Treatment will usually include home care with PRICE therapy and NSAIDs. Severe forms, however, can be treated with periodic steroid injections.
Question: What bones are in the anatomy of the knee?
Answer: Bones The knee joint involves four bones. The thighbone or femur comprises the top portion of the joint. One of the bones in the lower leg (or calf area), the tibia, provides the bottom weight-bearing portion of the joint. The kneecap or patella rides along the front of the femur. The remaining bone in the calf, the fibula, is not involved in the weight-bearing portion of the knee joint but provides ligament attachments for stability.
Question: What is the knee joint's main function?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The knee joint's main function is to bend, straighten, and bear the weight of the body, along with the ankles and hips. The knee, more than just a simple hinged joint, however, also twists and rotates. In order to perform all of these actions and to support the entire body while doing so, the knee relies on a number of structures including bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
Question: How is a fluid removal done to diagnose knee pain?
Answer: Fluid removal The knee and all bursae of the knee are filled with fluid. If your symptoms suggest infection or crystalline arthritis, such as gout, your physician may remove fluid, with a needle, from the knee. This fluid will then be analyzed to better clarify the diagnosis. Crystals, which suggest crystalline arthritis, often can be seen under the microscope. Infection may also be detected under a microscope by finding bacteria and pus in the fluid.
Question: What over-the-counter pain medicine is used for knee pain?
Answer: Over-the-counter pain medicine: Commonly used pain relievers, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like naproxen ( Aleve or Naprosyn) and ibuprofen ( Advil or Motrin), also play a role in the treatment of knee pain. These drugs directly control pain and, at higher doses, act as anti-inflammatory agents, helping to break the inflammatory cycle.
Question: When should you call the doctor for knee pain?
Answer: When you are deciding whether to call the doctor about your knee pain, a good rule of thumb exists for most long-term knee injuries. If your symptoms have not gone away after trying a week of PRICE therapy and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain meds, you should set up an appointment with your doctor, physical therapist, or a sports medicine orthopaedic (bone and muscle) specialist to further evaluate the pain. This rule can also be applied to new knee injuries that are not disabling. Remember, however, that this rule should only serve as a guide. If you are concerned about the pain, you should call the doctor.
Question: How are X-rays, CT scans, and other tests used to diagnose knee pain?
Answer: X-rays, CT scans, and other tests Depending on your particular history and exam, the doctor may suggest X-rays of the knee. X-rays show fractures (broken bones) and dislocations of bones in the knee as well as arthritis and abnormally large or small joint spaces. Rarely, the doctor may order a CT scan (a 3-dimensional X-ray) of the knee to precisely define a fracture or deformity. Both X-rays and CT scans are excellent for diagnosing fractures. They both are also poor, however, at evaluating soft tissue structures of the knee, such as ligaments, tendons, and the menisci.
Question: When should you go to the hospital for knee pain?
Answer: If you are concerned about the pain, you should call the doctor.
Question: What tendons are in the anatomy of the knee?
Answer: Instead of connecting bones to other bones as ligaments do, tendons connect muscles to bones. The two important tendons in the knee are (1) the quadriceps tendon connecting the quadriceps muscle, which lies on the front of the thigh, to the patella and (2) the patellar tendon connecting the patella to the tibia (technically, this is a ligament because it connects two bones).
Question: How is arthroscopy used to diagnose knee pain?
Answer: This is a surgical procedure where the doctor will place a fiber optic telescope within the knee joint. The arthroscope is attached to a camera that relays real-time images to a video monitor. By doing so, the surgeon may be able to see small particles in the knee or to look more closely at damaged menisci or cartilage. The doctor may also be able to treat damage by shaving down torn cartilage or removing particles from the knee while looking at the inside of your knee on a video monitor.
Question: How are tendon ruptures described and treated?
Answer: Tendon Ruptures Description: Both the quadriceps and patellar tendons may rupture partially or completely. A quadriceps tendon rupture typically occurs in recreational athletes older than 40 years (this is the injury former President Clinton suffered while jogging), and a patellar tendon rupture typically occurs in younger people who have had previous tendonitis or steroid injections to the knee. Symptoms: Rupture of either the quadriceps or patellar tendon causes pain (especially when trying to kick or extend the knee). Those people with complete ruptures are unable to extend the knee. The patella is also often out of place either upward (with patellar tendon rupture) or downward (with quadriceps tendon rupture). Treatment: Tendon ruptures require urgent care. They typically need surgical repair, while a partial rupture may be treated with splinting alone.
Question: What ligaments are in the anatomy of the knee?
Answer: The knee includes four important ligaments, all of which connect the femur to the tibia: The anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL) provide front and back (anterior and posterior) and rotational stability to the knee. The medial collateral ligament ( MCL) and lateral collateral ligament ( LCL) located along the inner (medial) and outer (lateral) sides of the knee provide medial and lateral stability to the knee.
Question: What other signs and symptoms of knee pain demand emergency evaluation?
Answer: Other signs and symptoms that demand emergency evaluation: Unbearable pain Pain that does not improve with rest Pain that wakes you Drainage Large wounds Puncture wounds Swelling, if you are on a blood thinner (warfarin or Coumadin) or have a bleeding disorder (such as hemophilia) History: Even in today's world of technology, doctors rely on a detailed history and physical exam more than any single test.
Question: How are sprained and torn cruciate ligaments described and treated?
Answer: Sprained and Torn Cruciate Ligaments Description: An anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) injury is a common sports injury generally caused by a hard stop or a violent twisting of the knee. The posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL) is stronger than the ACL and much less commonly torn. A PCL injury may happen with a serious blow, such as when the knee strikes the dashboard in a car accident; this is why a PCL injury is often associated with other ligament and bone injuries. Symptoms: If you tear your ACL, you may hear a pop. You will also notice your knee give way or become unstable and feel pain that is bad enough that you might feel like vomiting. This will, almost always, be followed by marked knee swelling over the next couple of hours because the ACL bleeds briskly when torn. Treatment: Surgical repair is often recommended for high-level athletes who demand optimal outcomes. Conservative treatment and knee braces may prove sufficient for those who do not demand quite so much from their knees.
Question: Are there different types of knee pain?
Answer: Knee pain, therefore, can arise from the knee itself or be referred from conditions of the hip, ankle, or lower back. All of the following sources of knee pain arise from the knee joint itself. In general, knee pain is either immediate (acute) or long-term (chronic). Acute knee pains can be caused by an acute injury or infection. Chronic knee pain is often from injuries or inflammation (such as arthritis) but can also be caused by infection.
Question: How can keeping limber and fit help with knee pain?
Answer: Keep Limber, Keep Fit Many knee problems are caused by tight or imbalanced musculature. Stretching and strengthening, therefore, also help to prevent knee pain. Stretching keeps your knee from being too tight and aids in preventing both patellofemoral syndrome and iliotibial band syndrome. Strengthening exercises, particularly of the quadriceps (straight leg raises and leg extensions are among the prescribed exercises), can help prevent knee injury and are essential to reducing arthritis and associated complications.
Question: How can you protect your knee?
Answer: Protect the Knee Wearing proper protection for the activity at hand can help avoid knee injuries. When playing volleyball or when laying carpet, protecting your knees may include kneepads. When driving, knee protection may include wearing a seatbelt to avoid the knee-versus-dashboard injuries as well as injuries to other parts of your body.
Question: What happens in a physical exam for knee pain?
Answer: Physical exam The doctor will likely have you disrobe to completely expose the knee. If possible, wear shorts to your appointment. The doctor will then inspect the knee and press around the knee to see exactly where it is tender. In addition, the doctor may perform a number of maneuvers to stress the ligaments, tendons, and menisci of the knee and evaluate the integrity of each of these.
Question: How is a dislocated kneecap (patella) described and treated?
Answer: Dislocated Kneecap (patella) Description: A common injury caused by direct trauma or forceful straightening of the leg, such as an injury that happens when serving in volleyball or tennis. Kneecap dislocation is more common in women, the obese, knock-kneed people, and in those with high-riding kneecaps. Symptoms: If you have this injury, you will notice the patella being out of place and may have difficulty flexing or extending your knee. Treatment: The doctor will move the patella back into place (reduce the dislocation). Even if the patella goes back into place by itself, it needs to be X-rayed for a fracture. After reducing the dislocation and ensuring the absence of a fracture, the doctors will treat these injuries by splinting the knee to allow the soft tissues around the patella to heal followed by strengthening exercises to keep the patella in line.
Question: What cartilage are in the anatomy of the knee?
Answer: Cartilage Cartilaginous structures called menisci (singular form is "meniscus") line the top of the tibia and lie between the tibia and the 2 knuckles at the bottom of the femur (called the femoral condyles). The menisci's primary job is to provide cushioning for the knee joint.
Question: What bursae are in the anatomy of the knee?
Answer: Bursae Bursae (one is a bursa) are fluid-filled sacs that help to cushion the knee. The knee contains 3 important groups of bursae: The prepatellar bursae lie in front of the patella. The Pes anserine bursae is located on the inner side of the knee about 2 inches below the joint. The infrapatellar bursae are located underneath the patella.
Question: How can staying slim help with knee pain?
Answer: Stay Slim Staying slim reduces the forces placed on the knee during both athletics and everyday walking and may, according to some medical research, reduce osteoarthritis. Keeping your weight down may also reduce the number of ligament and tendon injuries for similar reasons.
Question: How can exercising wisely help with knee pain?
Answer: Exercise Wisely If you have chronic knee pain, consider swimming or water exercises. In water, the force of buoyancy supports some of our weight so our knees aren't burdened. If you don't have access to a pool or do not enjoy water activities, at least try to limit hard pounding and twisting activities such as basketball, tennis, or jogging. You may find that your aching knees will act up if you play basketball or tennis every day but will not if you limit your pounding sports to twice a week. Whatever you do, respect and listen to your body. If it hurts, change what you are doing. If you are fatigued, consider stopping -- many injuries occur when people are tired.
Question: How is crystalline arthritis (gout and pseudogout) described and treated?
Answer: Crystalline Arthritis (gout and pseudogout) Description: These severely painful forms of arthritis are caused by sharp crystals that form in the knee and other joints. These crystals can form as a result of defects in the absorption or metabolism of various natural substances such as uric acid (which produces gout) and calcium pyrophosphate (pseudogout). Treatment: Treatment is aimed at controlling inflammation with anti-inflammatory medications, and at aiding the metabolism of the various chemicals that may lead to crystal formation.
Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis of the knee described and treated?
Answer: Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Knee Description: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a connective tissue disease of the whole body that affects many joints, often the knee. Symptoms: In addition to knee pain, rheumatoid arthritis may produce morning stiffness and pain in other joints. Treatment: Treatment includes pain medications, anti-inflammatory medications, and prescription drugs (such as Rheumatrex) that are aimed at slowing disease progression.
Question: Can you prevent knee pain?
Answer: Knee pain has a host of causes. Many types of pain are difficult to prevent, but you can do some general things to reduce the likelihood of sustaining a knee injury. Keep Limber, Keep Fit Many knee problems are caused by tight or imbalanced musculature.
Question: How common is knee pain?
Answer: With today's increasingly active society, the number of knee problems is increasing. This type of bursitis occurs in people who work on their knees.
Question: How is a patellofemoral syndrome and chondromalacia patella described and treated?
Answer: This injury often causes damage to the cartilage on the back of the patella. Bursitis Description: As a result of trauma, infection, or crystalline deposits, the various bursae of the knee may become inflamed. Treatment: Home care with PRICE therapy, NSAIDs, and exercises (such as straight leg raises) that balance the muscles around the patella work for most people. Physical therapy to assess factors that may contribute to the disease process guides management to include exercise, bracing or taping of the patella, commercial arch supports (for the arch of the foot), or orthotic supports that correct foot mechanics and may reduce abnormal forces on the knee. Severe cases of patellofemoral syndrome or chondromalacia may be treated surgically through a variety of procedures. When this band is tight it may rub against the bottom outer portion of the femur (the lateral femoral condyle).
Question: How is iliotibial band syndrome described and treated?
Answer: Iliotibial Band Syndrome Description: A fibrous ligament, called the iliotibial band, extends from the outside of the pelvic bone to the outside of the tibia. When this band is tight it may rub against the bottom outer portion of the femur (the lateral femoral condyle). Symptoms: Distance runners typically suffer from this condition. These runners complain of outside knee pain usually at the lateral femoral condyle. Early on, the pain will typically come on 10 minutes to 15 minutes into a run and improve with rest. Treatment: The most important aspect of treating iliotibial band syndrome is to identify why it is tight. A physical therapist can evaluate mechanics and prescribe treatments, which may include stretching the iliotibial band. In addition to stretching the iliotibial band, PRICE therapy and NSAIDs may be of some help.
Question: What characteristics are common in a person with Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP)?
Answer: Certain characteristics are common in a person with MSP, including: Is a parent or caregiver, usually a mother May be a health care professional Is very friendly and cooperative with the health care providers Appears quite concerned (some may seem overly concerned) about their child May suffer from Munchausen syndrome (a related disorder in which a person repeatedly acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick) Other possible warning signs of MSP include: The child has a history of many hospitalizations, often with a strange set of symptoms.
Question: How can psychotherapy help with treating Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP)?
Answer: Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) generally focuses on changing the thinking and behavior of the individual with the disorder (cognitive-behavioral therapy). The goal of therapy for MSP is to help the person identify the thoughts and feelings that are contributing to the behavior, and to learn to form relationships that are not associated with being ill.
Question: What is Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP)?
Answer: It affects a primary caretaker, often the mother. The person with MSP gains attention by seeking medical help for exaggerated or made-up symptoms of a child in his or her care. As health care providers strive to identify what's causing the child's symptoms, the deliberate actions of the mother or caretaker can often make the symptoms worse. Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) generally focuses on changing the thinking and behavior of the individual with the disorder (cognitive-behavioral therapy).
Question: How is Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP) treated?
Answer: The first concern in MSP is to ensure the safety and protection of any real or potential victims. In fact, managing a case involving MSP often requires a team that includes a social worker, foster care organizations, and law enforcement, as well as doctors. Successful treatment of people with MSP is difficult because those with the disorder often deny there is a problem. In addition, treatment success is dependent on the person telling the truth, and people with MSP tend to be such accomplished liars that they begin to have trouble telling fact from fiction. In general, MSP is a very difficult disorder to treat and often requires years of therapy and support.
Question: How many carbs are in sugar-free cookies?
Answer: Sorry, but sugar-free doesn't equal carb-free. Some sugar-free cookies have nearly as many carbs per serving as their regular counterparts. Check the nutrition facts label before making your choice.
Question: How many carbs are in salad dressing?
Answer: Practically any bottle you reach for will have some sugar. The amount varies by brand, so check labels. Consider making your own. Olive oil and vinegar is an easy option. Or at least stick to the recommended serving size on the bottle. A tablespoon or two is unlikely to send your blood sugar soaring, but if you drown your salad, you could be in trouble.
Question: How many carbs are in tomato sauce?
Answer: If it comes from a jar, you can almost bet that there's added sugar and carbs in there (about 12 grams per half-cup). Look at the nutrition facts closely, and be aware that many brands are also high in sodium. When in doubt, drizzle it on your (whole-grain) pasta sparingly.
Question: What are some healthy milk substitutes for people with diabetes?
Answer: But watch out for flavored varieties, which tend to have more sugar. For example, a cup of vanilla almond milk has 16 grams of carbs. A cup of chocolate soy milk has 23 grams, compared to plain soy milk, which has about 12 grams of carbs.