anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How does alogliptin (Nesina) work to treat type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.
Question: What can help your chances of getting pregnant if you have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Answer: Symptoms include: No periods, irregular periods, or irregular bleeding No ovulation or irregular ovulation Obesity or weight gain (although thin women may have PCOS) Insulin resistance (an indicator of prediabetes) High blood pressure Abnormal cholesterol with high triglycerides Excess hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism) Acne or oily skin Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness If you have PCOS and you're overweight, losing weight is one way to improve your chances of pregnancy. Your doctor also might prescribe medication to lower your insulin levels, since elevated insulin levels -- caused by your body's inability to recognize insulin -- has been found to be a common problem among many women with PCOS. Chronically elevated insulin levels can also lead to diabetes. Women with PCOS may be at higher risk for developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and endometrial cancer, especially if PCOS is untreated.
Question: What are other fertility drugs that help with irregular periods?
Answer: Depending on your situation, your doctor may also suggest other fertility drugs such as Gonal- F or other injectable hormones that stimulate follicles and stimulate egg development in the ovaries. These are the so-called "super-ovulation" drugs. Most of these drugs are administered by injection just under the skin. Some of these hormones may overstimulate the ovaries (causing abdominal bloating and discomfort). This can be dangerous and require hospitalization; thus, your doctor will monitor you with frequent vaginal ultrasounds and blood tests to monitor estrogen levels. About 90% of women ovulate with these drugs and between 20% and 60% become pregnant.
Question: What are symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Answer: Symptoms include: No periods, irregular periods, or irregular bleeding No ovulation or irregular ovulation Obesity or weight gain (although thin women may have PCOS) Insulin resistance (an indicator of prediabetes) High blood pressure Abnormal cholesterol with high triglycerides Excess hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism) Acne or oily skin Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness If you have PCOS and you're overweight, losing weight is one way to improve your chances of pregnancy.
Question: Can in vitro fertilization help treat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Answer: A procedure known as in vitro fertilization, or IVF, is another potential treatment for women with PCOS.
Question: How is clomiphene taken to help irregular periods?
Answer: You can expect to start ovulating about seven days after you've taken the last dose of clomiphene. If you don't ovulate, the dose can be increased by 50 milligrams per day each month up to 150 mg. After you've begun to ovulate, most doctors suggest taking Clomid for 3-6 months before referring to a specialist. If you haven't gotten pregnant by then, you would try a different medication or get a referral to an infertility specialist.
Question: What is irregular ovulation and how is related to getting pregnant?
Answer: Although anovulation can usually be treated with fertility drugs, it is important to be evaluated for other conditions that could interfere with ovulation, such as thyroid conditions or abnormalities of the adrenal or pituitary glands. Symptoms include: No periods, irregular periods, or irregular bleeding No ovulation or irregular ovulation Obesity or weight gain (although thin women may have PCOS) Insulin resistance (an indicator of prediabetes) High blood pressure Abnormal cholesterol with high triglycerides Excess hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism) Acne or oily skin Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness If you have PCOS and you're overweight, losing weight is one way to improve your chances of pregnancy.
Question: How can fertility drugs affect the cervical mucus?
Answer: Unlike many infertility drugs, it also has the advantage of being taken orally instead of by injection. These fertility drugs sometimes make the cervical mucus "hostile" to sperm, keeping sperm from swimming into the uterus. This can be overcome by using artificial or intrauterine insemination( IUI) -- injecting specially prepared sperm directly into the uterus -- to fertilize the egg.
Question: Can polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) be cured?
Answer: It is used to induce ovulation and to correct irregular ovulation by increasing egg recruitment by the ovaries. Women with PCOS may be at higher risk for developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and endometrial cancer, especially if PCOS is untreated.
Question: What will your doctor prescribe if you have irregular periods and want to get pregnant?
Answer: The drug contained in both Clomid and Serophene (clomiphene) is often a first choice because it's effective and has been prescribed to women for decades. Unlike many infertility drugs, it also has the advantage of being taken orally instead of by injection. It is used to induce ovulation and to correct irregular ovulation by increasing egg recruitment by the ovaries. Depending on your situation, your doctor may also suggest other fertility drugs such as Gonal- F or other injectable hormones that stimulate follicles and stimulate egg development in the ovaries.
Question: What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Answer: In most cases, the ovaries become enlarged and appear covered with tiny, fluid-filled cysts. For couples struggling with infertility, it's a particularly cruel fact: Not only can infertility cause a lot of stress, but stress may affect fertility.
Question: What causes blood in urine (hematuria)?
Answer: Common causes of blood in urine include: Bladder or kidney infections Bladder or kidney stones Certain kidney diseases, such as inflammation in the filtering system of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or prostate cancer Inherited diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic kidney disease Certain medications such as aspirin, penicillin, heparin, cyclophosphamide, and phenazopyridine A tumor in the bladder, kidney, or prostate Kidney injury from an accident or sports Vigorous exercise Sometimes, what appears to be blood in urine is actually red pigment from other sources such as food dyes, medications, or an excessive amount of beets.
Question: How is blood in urine (hematuria) assessed?
Answer: Your doctor will start by taking a medical history and asking what may have caused the appearance of blood in your urine. This will be followed by a test called urinalysis. In this test, a urine sample is analyzed. Urine tests may include urine cytology, which uses a microscope to look for abnormal cells in the urine. Blood tests may also be ordered. If blood contains high levels of wastes that kidneys are supposed to remove, it could be a sign of kidney disease.
Question: What is the treatment for blood in urine (hematuria) aimed at?
Answer: Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause. After treatment, your doctor will recheck your urine to see if the blood is gone. If you still have blood in your urine, you may need additional tests, or you may be referred to a urologist. Usually, no treatment is necessary unless a serious condition is causing the hematuria. If no underlying cause is found during the initial evaluation, you may be advised to have follow-up urine testing and blood pressure monitoring every three to six months, especially if you have risk factors for bladder cancer, such as being age 50 or older, smoking cigarettes, or exposure to certain industrial chemicals.
Question: What symptoms come with blood in urine (hematuria)?
Answer: It also can come from other structures in the urinary tract, such as: Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) Bladder (where urine is stored) Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body) If there is blood in urine, the symptom is obvious. Instead of its normal pale yellow color, your urine may be pink, red, brownish-red, or tea-colored. This is what doctors call gross hematuria. Sometimes, blood in urine is not visible to the naked eye and the presence of red blood cells can only be detected by the lab. This is what doctors call microscopic hematuria. It's usually only discovered when a urine sample is tested with a dipstick and the results are confirmed with a microscopic examination.
Question: What other symptoms may occur with blood in urine (hematuria)?
Answer: Some underlying causes, however, are associated with additional symptoms that can be moderate to severe. These include: Bladder infections (acute cystitis). In adults, bladder infections usually cause burning or pain with urination. Infants with bladder infections may have fever, be irritable, and feed poorly. Older children may have fever, pain and burning while urinating, urgency, and lower belly pain. Kidney infections (pyelonephritis). Symptoms may include fever, chills, and flank pain, which refers to pain in the lower back. Kidney stones. Symptoms may include severe abdominal or pelvic pain. Kidney diseases. Symptoms may include weakness, high blood pressure, and body swelling, including puffiness around the eyes.
Question: Where might blood in urine (hematuria) come from?
Answer: It also can come from other structures in the urinary tract, such as: Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) Bladder (where urine is stored) Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body) If there is blood in urine, the symptom is obvious.
Question: What is blood in urine (hematuria)?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Blood in urine - known medically as hematuria - is usually not a reason for major alarm. Because blood in urine can be a sign of a serious medical condition, however, it shouldn't be ignored. All cases of hematuria should be evaluated by a doctor who can order tests to confirm or rule out an underlying cause.
Question: What is the treatment for blood in urine (hematuria)?
Answer: Instead, treatment is aimed at the underlying cause if one can be found. In many cases, no treatment is necessary. Usually, no treatment is necessary unless a serious condition is causing the hematuria.
Question: What tests are used to assess blood in urine (hematuria)?
Answer: It also can come from other structures in the urinary tract, such as: Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) Bladder (where urine is stored) Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body) If there is blood in urine, the symptom is obvious. These include: Bladder infections (acute cystitis). An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the kidney's structure. Intravenous pyelogram ( IVP). This is an X-ray of the urinary tract that requires dye. Cystoscopy. This test involves the insertion of a small tube with a camera into the bladder through the urethra. Tissue samples (biopsy) may be obtained to check for the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells. Kidney (renal) biopsy. A small tissue sample is removed from the kidney and examined under a microscope for signs of kidney disease. If you still have blood in your urine, you may need additional tests, or you may be referred to a urologist.
Question: What are the signs of an ear infection?
Answer: Warning signs of an ear infection can include: Fullness or pressure in one or both ears Pain in one or both of them Fluid that drains from your ear Muffled hearing See your doctor right away if you have a high fever or severe pain in your ear.
Question: What causes an ear infection?
Answer: Ear infection : Colds, bronchitis, and sinus infections can keep fluid trapped in your ear behind your eardrum. When this happens, bacteria or viruses can grow and cause an infection.
Question: What does a common cold consist of?
Answer: You could have symptoms like: A runny nose -- with or without green or yellow mucus A stuffy nose Sneezing Watery eyes Sore throat Cough Try to rest up while the cold runs its course. There's probably no need to call your doctor unless your symptoms are severe or you have other medical problems.
Question: What are the signs of pneumonia?
Answer: But call yours ASAP if you have any of these symptoms -- you could have pneumonia: Fever above 100.4 F A cough that is not better after 7 to 10 days Unexplained weight loss Get emergency care or call 911 for any of these symptoms: Chest pain or trouble breathing with your cough Coughing up blood A barking cough that makes it hard for you to talk or swallow If you're over 75 and have a cough that won't stop, see your doctor.
Question: What cold or illness symptoms are emergencies?
Answer: But call yours ASAP if you have any of these symptoms -- you could have pneumonia: Fever above 100.4 F A cough that is not better after 7 to 10 days Unexplained weight loss Get emergency care or call 911 for any of these symptoms: Chest pain or trouble breathing with your cough Coughing up blood A barking cough that makes it hard for you to talk or swallow If you're over 75 and have a cough that won't stop, see your doctor.
Question: What are the signs of a sinus infection?
Answer: You may get a headache, fever, and some or all of these symptoms: A severely stuffed up nose Less sense of smell and taste Thick yellow or green mucus Achy teeth Pain or pressure near your sinuses that gets worse when you bend over A cough that's worse at night Bad breath See your doctor if these symptoms are severe, you still feel bad after 7 days, or if you get better and then get worse.
Question: What are signs that I have something worse than a cold?
Answer: It could mean you have something more than a cold: Fever higher than 102 F with tiredness and body aches Severe vomiting Severe sinus pain in your face or forehead Swollen glands in your neck or jaw Call 911 for any of these problems: Trouble breathing or shortness of breath Chest pain or pressure Fainting or feeling faint Feeling foggy or confused Sometimes a cold causes swelling in the nose or lungs.
Question: What are the signs of bronchitis?
Answer: They could be warning signs of something more serious, like meningitis: Fever over 102 F Sudden, severe pain in the face or head Double vision or trouble seeing Confusion or problems thinking clearly Swelling or redness around one or both eyes Stiff neck Shortness of breath Bronchitis (a chest cold): You get it when the large tubes that carry air into your lungs become swollen and irritated. Telltale symptoms of this illness can include: A cough that could last 10 to 20 days A cough that produces green, yellow, or clear mucus Most of the time, you don't need to see a doctor for bronchitis.
Question: Can a cold cause a sinus infection?
Answer: That can lead to other problems, like these: Sinus infection (sinusitis): This happens when a cold virus infects your sinuses -- the hollow areas in the bones of your cheeks, forehead, and under your eyes. These areas swell, and your body makes more mucus. It's a perfect place for bacteria to grow and thrive.
Question: What does high blood pressure do to your body?
Answer: When the heart beats, it pushes blood through the arteries in your entire body. Higher blood pressures mean that with each beat, arteries throughout the body swell and stretch more than they would normally. This stretching can injure the endothelium, the delicate lining of all arteries, causing arteries to become stiffer over time.
Question: What can plaque in your arteries do to your body?
Answer: The cholesterol and cells build up in the artery wall, eventually forming the plaque of atherosclerosis. Plaque is dangerous. Although it often grows without symptoms for years, plaque can suddenly rupture, forming a blood clot that blocks the artery, which keeps oxygen from getting to the heart muscle or the brain. The result can be a heart attack or stroke.
Question: How is high blood pressure treated?
Answer: For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount. Weight management is also important in maintaining a healthy blood pressure. For most people, though, medication is necessary to adequately control high blood pressure. In fact, most people will eventually require two or more drugs for blood pressure. Numerous drugs effectively treat hypertension.
Question: What causes atherosclerosis?
Answer: Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone. High blood pressure in isolation increases the risk of atherosclerosis, but it's particularly dangerous when it in combination with: Diabetes Abnormal cholesterol levels Cigarette smoking If you have any of these other risk factors and hypertension, your risk of atherosclerosis begins to rise dramatically.
Question: What is the normal blood pressure?
Answer: Normal blood pressure is less than 120 over less than 80. Treatment is recommended for blood pressure above 130 over 80 for most people. Treatment may be considered at lower levels, depending on other medical conditions you may have.
Question: What can atherosclerosis lead to?
Answer: Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone.
Question: How is high blood pressure linked to atherosclerosis?
Answer: High blood pressure is a major cause of atherosclerosis, the artery-clogging process that leads to heart attacks and strokes. Blood pressure higher than 130/80 is seen in: 69% of people who have their first heart attack 77% of people who have their first stroke 74% of people who have congestive heart failure High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, even if it is severely elevated.
Question: What can lowering my blood pressure do for me?
Answer: For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount.
Question: How common is high blood pressure in the United States?
Answer: More than 90% of adults who survive into their 80s will develop elevated blood pressure -- also called hypertension -- and about 50% of people will have it by age 60. For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount.
Question: What are symptoms of a heat stroke?
Answer: But fainting may be the first sign. Other symptoms may include: Throbbing headache Dizziness and light-headedness Lack of sweating despite the heat Red, hot, and dry skin Muscle weakness or cramps Nausea and vomiting Rapid heartbeat, which may be either strong or weak Rapid, shallow breathing Behavioral changes such as confusion, disorientation, or staggering Seizures Unconsciousness If you suspect that someone has a heat stroke, immediately call 911 or transport the person to a hospital.
Question: Can medications cause heat stroke?
Answer: These include antihistamines, diet pills, diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, seizure medications (anticonvulsants), heart and blood pressure medications such as beta-blockers and vasoconstrictors, and medications for psychiatric illnesses such as antidepressants and antipsychotics. Illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also are associated with increased risk of heat stroke.
Question: How can you keep someone with heat stroke cool while you wait for emergency services to arrive?
Answer: Try these cooling strategies: Fan air over the patient while wetting his or her skin with water from a sponge or garden hose. Apply ice packs to the patient's armpits, groin, neck, and back. Because these areas are rich with blood vessels close to the skin, cooling them may reduce body temperature. Immerse the patient in a shower or tub of cool water. If the person is young and heathy and suffered heat stroke while exercising vigorously -- what's known as exertional heat stroke -- you can use an ice bath to help cool the body.
Question: What happens after you have heat stroke?
Answer: After you've recovered from heat stroke, you'll probably be more sensitive to high temperatures during the following week. So it's best to avoid hot weather and heavy exercise until your doctor tells you that it's safe to resume your normal activities.
Question: How do you prevent a heat stroke?
Answer: When the heat index is high, it's best to stay in an air-conditioned environment. If you must go outdoors, you can prevent heat stroke by taking these steps: Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothing, and a wide-brimmed hat. Use a sunscreen with a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 30 or more. Drink extra fluids. The general recommendation is to drink 24 ounces of fluid two hours before exercise, and consider adding another 8 ounces of water or sports drink right before exercise. During exercise, you should consume another 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes, even if you don't feel thirsty. Reschedule or cancel outdoor activity. If possible, shift your time outdoors to the coolest times of the day, either early morning or after sunset.
Question: What can make lumps and bumps appear on your skin?
Answer: There are a number of skin conditions that cause lumps and bumps to appear on the surface or just below the skin.
Question: How are epidermoid cysts treated?
Answer: If the cyst is squeezed and the discharge is forced out without removing the sac, the cyst will return. Usually, a doctor will be able to remove the cyst by making only a small incision in the skin. Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat infected cysts and intralesional steroid injections help with swelling and inflammation.
Question: What are the symptoms of keratosis pilaris?
Answer: Skin or epidermoid cysts usually are: Slow-growing Painless Smooth to the touch when they are rolled under the skin Cysts usually do not cause pain unless they rupture or become infected or inflamed. Keratosis pilaris (commonly called KP) appears as "chicken skin bumps" on the skin. Keratosis pilaris is usually worse during the winter months or other times of low humidity when skin becomes dry. It also may worsen during pregnancy or after childbirth.
Question: What are skin cysts?
Answer: Cysts are common on the skin and can appear anywhere. They feel like large peas under the surface of the skin. Cysts can develop as a result of infection, clogging of sebaceous glands (oil glands), or around foreign bodies, such as earrings. Epidermoid cysts, also called sebaceous cysts or skin cysts, are benign (non-cancerous) skin cysts formed by an outpouching from the hair follicle.
Question: What is the standard dose of red raspberry?
Answer: This makes it very hard to establish a standard dose.