anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What happens to H2AX upon DNA bouble strand breaks?
Answer: The nuclear foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) are frequently used as a marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) following ionizing radiation (IR).  Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is rapidly concentrated in chromatin domains around DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) after the action of ionizing radiation or chemical agents and at stalled replication forks during replication stress. DNA double-strand breaks in heterochromatin elicit fast repair protein recruitment, histone H2AX phosphorylation and relocation to euchromatin
Question: What happens to H2AX upon DNA bouble strand breaks?
Answer: Histone H2AX phosphorylation as a measure of DNA double-strand breaks and a marker of environmental stress and disease activity in lupus. DSBs were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets from patients with SLE, healthy controls, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by measuring phosphorylated H2AX (phospho-H2AX) levels with flow cytometry. Most hydrogen peroxide-induced histone H2AX phosphorylation is mediated by ATR and is not dependent on DNA double-strand breaks. The nuclear foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (H2AX) are frequently used as a marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) following ionizing radiation (IR). These results suggest that a major fraction of H2AX induced by oxidative stress is not associated with DSBs.
Question: What happens to H2AX upon DNA bouble strand breaks?
Answer: Defective or inefficient DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair results in failure to preserve genomic integrity leading to apoptotic cell death, a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The nuclear foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) are frequently used as a marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) following ionizing radiation (IR). A sequence variant of histone H2A called H2AX is one of the key components of chromatin involved in DNA damage response induced by different genotoxic stresses. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can induce chromosomal aberrations and carcinogenesis and their correct repair is crucial for genetic stability.
Question: What happens to H2AX upon DNA bouble strand breaks?
Answer: DSBs were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets from patients with SLE, healthy controls, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by measuring phosphorylated H2AX (phospho-H2AX) levels with flow cytometry DNA double-strand breaks in heterochromatin elicit fast repair protein recruitment, histone H2AX phosphorylation and relocation to euchromatin
Question: Which methyl-CpG-binding protein when mutant becomes the hallmark for Rett syndrome?
Answer: Rett syndrome (RTT) was shown to be caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene, with molecular studies identifying MECP2 mutations in up to 80% of classic RTT patients. MECP2 protein was found to assist in the transcriptional silencing process via DNA methylation. We therefore hypothesize that disruption of this gene alters the normal developmental expression of various other genes, some of which must account for the peculiar neurologic phenotype of RTT.
Question: Which peak calling algorithm employs mixture model clustering under the hood?
Answer: JAMM (Joint Analysis of NGS replicates via Mixture Model clustering) is a peak finder that can integrate information from biological replicates, determine enrichment site widths accurately and resolve neighboring narrow peaks. JAMM is a universal peak finder that is applicable to different types of datasets.
Question: Symptoms of which disorder are evaluated with the Davidson Trauma Scale?
Answer: Davidson Trauma Scale is used for evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Question: Which is the main abnormality that arises with Sox9 locus duplication?
Answer: The 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development (DSD), also known as 46,XX male syndrome, is a rare form of DSD and clinical phenotype shows complete sex reversal from female to male. A complex network of genes determines sex in mammals. Differentiation of testicular tissue in 46,XX individuals is seen either in XX males, the majority of them with SRY gene, or in individuals, usually SRY(-), with ovotesticular disorder of sex development (OT-DSD). SOX9 is one of the genes that play critical roles in male sexual differentiation.
Question: Which is the main abnormality that arises with Sox9 locus duplication?
Answer: Thus, SOX9 duplication is the most likely cause for the sex reversal in this case because it plays an important role in male sex determination and differentiation. The SRY-box 9 (SOX9) gene has several important functions during testis development and differentiation in males, and overexpression of SOX9 leads to the male development of 46,XX gonads in the absence of SRY.
Question: Which is the main abnormality that arises with Sox9 locus duplication?
Answer: Autosomal XX sex reversal caused by duplication of SOX9. Mutations of SOX9 leading to haploinsufficiency can cause campomelic dysplasia and XY sex reversal. We report here evidence supporting that SOX9 duplication can cause XX sex reversal. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a BAC clone containing the SOX9 gene demonstrated that the SOX9 gene is duplicated on the rearranged chromosome 17. SOX9 duplication linked to intersex in deer.
Question: Which is the main abnormality that arises with Sox9 locus duplication?
Answer: SOX9 duplication can cause XX sex reversal.  SOX9 duplication has been found to be a rare cause of 46,XX testicular DSD in humans.
Question: Which is the main abnormality that arises with Sox9 locus duplication?
Answer: Mutations of SOX9 leading to haploinsufficiency can cause campomelic dysplasia and XY sex reversal. In addition, SOX9 duplication has been found to be a rare cause of 46,XX testicular DSD in humans.
Question: Which is the main abnormality that arises with Sox9 locus duplication?
Answer: Autosomal XX sex reversal caused by duplication of SOX9
Question: Which company produces Glybera?
Answer: Glybera is a product of Chiesi Pharma.
Question: Which molecule is targeted by a monoclonal antibody Secukinumab?
Answer: Secukinumab (AIN457) is a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interleukin-17A.
Question: How many nucleotides long is the HOTAIR CNE?
Answer: The HOTAIR CNE is a 32-nucleotide long conserved noncoding element
Question: How many nucleotides long is the HOTAIR CNE?
Answer: HOTAIR was proposed to regulate either HoxD cluster genes in trans or HoxC cluster genes in cis, a mechanism that remains unclear. A 32-nucleotide conserved noncoding element (CNE) was identified as HOTAIR ancient sequence that likely originated at the root of vertebrate.
Question: How many nucleotides long is the HOTAIR CNE?
Answer: The HOTAIR element is a 32-nucleotide conserved noncoding element
Question: What is the mode of inheritance of  long QT  Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome?
Answer: Jervell and Lange-Nielsen long QT syndrome (JLNS) is characterized by autosomal recessive mode of inheritance
Question: What is the incidence of cystic fibrosis in the caucasian population?
Answer: Estimates of the newborn frequency of cystic fibrosis in different Caucasian groups range from 4 times more to 40 times less common than the generally accepted figure of 1:2000.
Question: What is the incidence of cystic fibrosis in the caucasian population?
Answer: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in the Caucasian population, affecting approximately 1 in 2,000-1/2,500 live births, but the actual estimate varies with the geographic location.
Question: How many genes does the human hoxD cluster contain?
Answer: The human HOXD complex contains nine genes: HOXD1, HOXD3, HOXD4, HOXD8, HOXD9, HOXD10, HOXD11, HOXD12 and HOXD13, which are clustered from 3′ to 5′ in an approximately 100-kb stretch on chromosome 2q31.1 with HOXD1 at the 3' end and HOXD13 the 5′ end.
Question: Where in the cell do we find the protein Cep135?
Answer: centrosome
Question: Which type of lung cancer is afatinib used for?
Answer: Afatinib is a small molecule covalently binding and inhibiting the EGFR, HER2 and HER4 receptor tyrosine kinases. Trials showed promising efficacy in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC or enriched for clinical benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib or erlotinib.
Question: Which type of lung cancer is afatinib used for?
Answer: Afatinib is a novel irreversible inhibitor of the ErbB family members EGFR, tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptors HER2 and HER4. It shows preclinical efficacy in NSCLC with common EGFR-activating mutations and the T790M mutation typically associated with EGFR TKI resistanceBIBW2992 is an irreversible EGFR TKI that also inhibits HER2 and vascular epidermal growth factor receptors
Question: Which algorithm is used by the UCSC Genome Browser?
Answer: The UCSC Genome Browser organizes data and annotations (called tracks) around the reference sequences or draft assemblies of many eukaryotic genomes and presents them using a powerful web-based graphical interface. The database is optimized to support fast interactive performance with the web-based UCSC Genome Browser, a tool built on top of the database for rapid visualization and querying of the data at many levels. The annotations for a given genome are displayed in the browser as a series of tracks aligned with the genomic sequence. Sequence data and annotations may also be viewed in a text-based tabular format or downloaded as tab-delimited flat files.
Question: Which algorithm is used by the UCSC Genome Browser?
Answer: The database tables underlying the Genome Browser tracks can be viewed, downloaded, and manipulated using another Web-based application, the UCSC Table Browser. The annotations for a given genome are displayed in the browser as a series of tracks aligned with the genomic sequence. Binary Alignment/Map , where the differences between the data set and the reference assembly may be displayed graphically. The Saved Session feature allows users to store and share customized views, enhancing the utility of the system for organizing multiple trains of thought. The University of California Santa Cruz  is a popular Web-based tool for quickly displaying a requested portion of a genome at any scale, accompanied by a series of aligned annotation "tracks". The UCSC Genome Browser organizes data and annotations  around the reference sequences or draft assemblies of many eukaryotic genomes and presents them using a powerful web-based graphical interface. The database is optimized to support fast interactive performance with the web-based UCSC Genome Browser, a tool built on top of the database for rapid visualization and querying of the data at many levels.
Question: Which algorithm is used by the UCSC Genome Browser?
Answer: The UCSC Genome Browser organizes data and annotations (called tracks) around the reference sequences or draft assemblies of many eukaryotic genomes and presents them using a powerful web-based graphical interface. The database is optimized to support fast interactive performance with the web-based UCSC Genome Browser, a tool built on top of the database for rapid visualization and querying of the data at many levels.
Question: Which algorithm is used by the UCSC Genome Browser?
Answer: The UCSC Genome Browser organizes data and annotations (called tracks) around the reference sequences or draft assemblies of many eukaryotic genomes and presents them using a powerful web-based graphical interface. The database is optimized to support fast interactive performance with the web-based UCSC Genome Browser, a tool built on top of the database for rapid visualization and querying of the data at many levels. The annotations for a given genome are displayed in the browser as a series of tracks aligned with the genomic sequence. Sequence data and annotations may also be viewed in a text-based tabular format or downloaded as tab-delimited flat files.  The database tables underlying the Genome Browser tracks can be viewed, downloaded, and manipulated using another Web-based application, the UCSC Table Browser.
Question: Which R package has been developed for MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics?
Answer: Phosphonormalizer is an R package for normalization of MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics.
Question: Which R package has been developed for MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics?
Answer: Phosphonormalizer is a commonly used normalization approach in mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. It scales the peptide abundances to have the same median intensities, based on an assumption that the majority of abundances remain the same across the samples.
Question: Which R package has been developed for MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics?
Answer: Global centering-based normalization is a commonly used normalization approach in mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. It scales the peptide abundances to have the same median intensities, based on an assumption that the majority of abundances remain the same across the samples. However, especially in phosphoproteomics, this assumption can introduce bias, as the samples are enriched during sample preparation which can mask the underlying biological changes. To address this possible bias, phosphopeptides quantified in both enriched and non-enriched samples can be used to calculate factors that mitigate the bias. Phosphonormalizer is an R package for normalizing enriched samples in label-free mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics.
Question: Which R package has been developed for MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics?
Answer: Phosphonormalizer is an R package for MS-based label-free phosphoproteomics based on mass spectrometry-based normalization. It scales the peptide abundances to have the same median intensities, based on an assumption that the majority of abundances remain the same across the samples.
Question: What is the function of a viral peplomer?
Answer: The coronavirus peplomer protein S is responsible for attachment and fusion during viral entry as well as for the induction of cell to cell fusion.
Since tissue affinities are a function of the viral peplomer-mediated attachment of virus to cells and are often directly related to pathogenicity,
Question: Which human disease is associated with mutated UBQLN2
Answer: Ggene mutations in UBQLN2 cause dominant inheritance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Question: What is measured through the NOMe-Seq methodology?
Answer: We have developed a method (NOMe-seq) that uses a GpC methyltransferase (M.CviPI) and next generation sequencing to generate a high resolution footprint of nucleosome positioning genome-wide using less than 1 million cells while retaining endogenous DNA methylation information from the same DNA strand. DNaseI-seq and NOMe-seq.
Question: What is measured through the NOMe-Seq methodology?
Answer: NOMe-seq is a method that uses a GpC methyltransferase (M.CviPI) and next generation sequencing to generate a high resolution footprint of nucleosome positioning genome-wide using less than 1 million cells while retaining endogenous DNA methylation information from the same DNA strand.
Question: What year was the first successful human heart transplant performed?
Answer: The first human heart transplant in 1967 was performed using a deceased donor heart,
Question: What year was the first successful human heart transplant performed?
Answer: the first human heart transplant in 1967 was performed using a deceased donor heart,
Question: Which hormone receptor function is altered in patients with Donohue syndrome?
Answer: Donohue syndrome (leprechaunism) is a rare, recessively inherited disorder of extreme insulin resistance due to mutations in the insulin receptor gene causing either defects in insulin binding or receptor autophosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity. This syndrome is characterized by excessive hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinism, pre- and postnatal growth retardation, distinct dysmorphism and early death. Progressive obstructive cardiomyopathy and renal tubular dysfunction have been described in patients with Donohue syndrome. Milder form of insulin resistance due to insulin receptor gene mutation is coined as Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome.
Question: What is the function of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)?
Answer: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that plays an essential role in maintaining calcium homeostasis.
The CaSR is a key regulator for such diverse processes as hormone secretion, gene expression, inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Due to this pleiotropy, the CaSR is able to regulate cell fate and is implicated in the development of many types of benign or malignant tumours of the breast, prostate, parathyroid, and colon.
Question: What body process does the Dentate Gyrus Mossy Cell control?
Answer: Dentate gyrus mossy cells control spontaneous convulsive seizures and cognition
Question: Which gene is frequently involved in autosomal dominant adult-onset demyelinating leukodystrophy (ADLD)?
Answer: Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) is an adult onset demyelinating disorder that is caused by duplications of the lamin B1 (LMNB1) gene.
Question: What is anophthalmia?
Answer: Microphthalmia, anophthalmia are the malformations of the eye, referring to a congenital absence, and a reduced size of the eyeball.
Question: What is anophthalmia?
Answer: Anophthalmia is the medical term for the absence of one or both eyes.
Question: What is the cause of episodic ataxia type 6?
Answer: Episodic ataxia type 6, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding a glial glutamate transporter, the excitatory amino acid transporter-1. Reduced glutamate uptake by mutant excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (EAAT1) has been thought to be the main pathophysiological process in episodic ataxia type 6.
Question: Which disease the London mutation involved in?
Answer: London mutation that is the missense mutation in exon 17 of the amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21 (Val717Ile) is involved in Alzheimer's Disease.
Question: Which cells mature in the human thymus?
Answer: Thymus progenitor cells mature in the human thymus through differentiation into cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts.
Question: Which cells mature in the human thymus?
Answer: Late stages of T cell maturation in the thymus involve NF-kB and tonic type I interferon signaling. NF-kB and tonic interferon signals are involved in the final maturation of thymocytes into naive T cells.
Question: Which cells mature in the human thymus?
Answer: late stages of t cell maturation in the thymus involve nf-kb and tonic type i interferon signals
Question: Which cells mature in the human thymus?
Answer: NF-kB and tonic interferon signals are involved in the final maturation of thymocytes into naive T cells.
Question: Which cells mature in the human thymus?
Answer: The mammalian thymus is an important post-translational organ that plays a pivotal role in the development of the human immune system. Thymocytes, which represent 50% of the cells in the human body, mature into cardiomyocytes and T cells.
Question: Which cells mature in the human thymus?
Answer: T cells mature in the human thymus; in particular, type T cells.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: adalimumab is an anti-tumour necrosis factor (tf)-α antibody.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a central cytokine in the immune response in psoriasis that has already been shown to be an effective target for therapy. Targeted drugs against key pathogenetic molecules such as TNF-alpha have significantly improved outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They are widely used in clinical practice and drug registries give us information to support their use.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: Adalimumab is a fully human anti-TNF-alpha IgG1-κ monoclonal antibody.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of local versus systemic interactions between adalimumab and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), identify localization of the site of adalimumab action and assess the efficacy of local (intra-articular) versus systemic adalimumab administration for treatment of RA
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-alpha, a central cytokine in the immune response in psoriasis that has been linked to autoimmune disease.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: Adalimumab is a fully human anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a central cytokine in the immune response in psoriasis that has already been shown to be an effective target for therapy.
Question: What is the target of adalimumab?
Answer: Adalimumab is a human anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody that has been reported to demonstrate clinical efficacy and safety, resulting in reversal of epidermal hyperplasia and cutaneous inflammation. The major pathway of TNFα elimination from the synovial fluid (∼77% for subcutaneous administration, and ∼72% for intravenous and intra-articular administration of adgalimumab 40 mg) is interaction with adalumumab, which reaches the joints following local or systemic administration.
Question: Which kinase is inhibited by the small molecule KN-93?
Answer: The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMK-II) is inhibited by the small molecule KN-93. KN-93 is a membrane-permeant calcium/calmodulin- dependent kinase II (CaMK-II)-selective inhibitor
Question: What is the role of eteplirsen in DMD patients?
Answer: AVI-4658(eteplirsen) induces skipping of dystrophin exon 51 in patients with relevant deletions, restores the open reading frame and induces dystrophin protein expression after intramuscular (i.m.) injection.
Question: Name one CCR4 targeted drug.
Answer: Mogamulizumab is an anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody.
Question: Which disease is PGT121 used for?
Answer: The broadly neutrilizing antibody PGT121 is being tested against HIV-1.
Question: Which disease is treated with taliglucerase alfa?
Answer: Taliglucerase alfa, the first available plant cell-expressed recombinant therapeutic protein, is an enzyme replacement therapy approved for Gaucher disease.
Question: Which gene is responsible for proper speech development?
Answer: Transcription factor forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) plays an essential role in the development of language and speech.
Question: Which gene is responsible for proper speech development?
Answer: The Key Regulator for Language and Speech Development, FOXP2, is a Novel Substrate for SUMOylation.
Question: Which gene is responsible for proper speech development?
Answer: The Key Regulator for Language and Speech Development, FOXP2, is a Novel Substrate for SUMOylation. The data also point to a role for differential parent-of-origin expression of FOXP2 in human speech development.
Question: Which gene is responsible for proper speech development?
Answer: Transcription factor forkhead box protein p2 plays an essential role in the development of language and speech.The key regulator for language and speech development , foxp2 , is a novel substrate for sumoylation.
Question: Which gene is responsible for proper speech development?
Answer: The Key Regulator for Language and Speech Development, FOXP2, is a Novel Substrate for SUMOylation. Transcription factor forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) plays an essential role in the development of language and speech.
Question: Which sequence-based algorithm for branch point prediction has been proposed?
Answer: BPP is a sequence-based algorithm for branch point prediction.
Question: Which is the primary protein component of Lewy bodies?
Answer: The primary protein component of Lewy bodies are fibrils composed of alpha-synuclein.