anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What does a complete blood count for polycythemia vera measure?
Answer: Your doctor may order any of these tests: Complete blood count Blood smear Erythropoietin level Complete blood count: The complete blood count ( CBC) is often the test first that shows you might have PV. It measures: Hemoglobin. This is a protein that helps your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. Hematocrit. To understand hematocrit, think of your blood as colored marbles in a jar of water. Red marbles are your red blood cells. Hematocrit is a number. It tells you how much room the red marbles take up in that jar -- or how much room your red blood cells take up in your blood. Number of blood cells. You have three kinds of blood cells: red, white, and platelets. The CBC counts how many of each you have. High numbers for hemoglobin, hematocrit, or blood cell count can all be signs of PV.
Question: What blood tests will I need if I am being tested for polycythemia vera?
Answer: Blood tests are common when checking for PV. Even if you've already had one, you may need another. Your doctor may order any of these tests: Complete blood count Blood smear Erythropoietin level Complete blood count: The complete blood count ( CBC) is often the test first that shows you might have PV.
Question: How do I get tested for polycythemia vera?
Answer: If your doctor thinks you have PV, you'll start with a physical exam. Then you may need: Blood tests A bone marrow test A genetic test You may not get all of these tests, but you're likely to get some of them. This helps you know for sure that you have PV and not a similar blood disease. Your doctor will probably send to you a hematologist -- a doctor who treats blood diseases.
Question: What is a blood smear for polycythemia vera?
Answer: Blood smear: Like the CBC, a blood smear gives a blood cell count. It also shows the shape of your blood cells. This helps your doctor know if you have PV and how advanced it might be.
Question: What questions should I ask if I am being tested for polycythemia vera?
Answer: You may want to write down any questions you have so you remember them. For example, you could ask: What's the cause of my condition? What tests do I need? When will I find out about my results? How I can learn more about PV?
Question: How long does a complete blood count for polycythemia vera take?
Answer: The CBC takes only a few minutes. Your doctor puts a thin needle into your arm, usually near your elbow, and draws blood. You may have results in 1-2 days, but it can take longer.
Question: What is a gene test for polycythemia vera and how long does it take?
Answer: Most people with PV have a problem in a gene called JAK2. Your doctor can use a blood sample or a bone marrow sample from a biopsy to check your JAK2 gene. You can get results in 4-6 days, but your lab may take longer.
Question: What is erythropoietin level test for polycythemia vera?
Answer: Erythropoietin level: Erythropoietin ( EPO) is a hormone that tells your bone marrow to make new blood cells. A very low level can be another sign of PV.
Question: How long does a blood smear for polycythemia vera take?
Answer: The blood smear is a quick test. Your doctor may draw blood from your arm or by pricking your finger. You usually get the results in 1-2 days.
Question: What happens if my tests show that I have polycythemia vera?
Answer: If tests show that you have PV, your doctor can help you choose the best treatment for you and closely follow your health in the years to come to make sure you don't have complications. Most people with PV can live a normal life. With the right care, you can limit your symptoms and, in some cases, make them go away completely.
Question: How does a complete blood count show polycythemia vera?
Answer: High numbers for hemoglobin, hematocrit, or blood cell count can all be signs of PV.
Question: How long do bone marrow tests for polycythemia vera take?
Answer: There are two kinds of bone marrow tests: Aspiration uses a liquid bone marrow sample Biopsy uses a solid bone marrow sample Both tests show if your bone marrow is making too many blood cells. You may get both tests done at the same time. Your doctor first numbs an area around either your breastbone or your pelvic bone. You can get results in 3-4 days, but it may take longer.
Question: What bisphosphonate drugs can treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: Other hormonal treatments include antiandrogens, estrogen- and progesterone-type drugs and cortisone derivatives.
Question: How can external beam radiation therapy treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: Plus, radiation therapy directed at the bone can reduce pain caused by bone metastases.
Question: How does MRI scanning treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: A newer noninvasive procedure uses MRI scanning to focus the energy from ultrasound in order to destroy nerve endings in the bone around the tumor. This can provide relief from bone pain with a low risk of complications.
Question: What is advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: Prostate cancer is defined as ''advanced'' when it spreads outside the prostate gland. It may spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, bones, or other parts of the body. When it is spread beyond the tissues directly adjacent to the prostate gland, it is called metastatic prostate cancer.
Question: How does Xofigo treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: One drug, Xofigo ( Radium -223), is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones. Candidates should have also received androgen deprivation therapy. Xofigo, given by injection once a month, works by binding to minerals within bones to deliver radiation directly to bone tumors. A study of 809 men showed that those taking Xofigo lived an average of 3 months longer than those taking a placebo.
Question: How does Provenge treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: If hormone therapy ultimately fails to slow the growth of the cancer, the next step may be a prostate cancer "vaccine" called Provenge (sipuleucel- T). Most men who take Provenge survive at least 2 years after starting the treatment. Provenge isn't your everyday vaccine. It's a therapy created by taking immune cells from a patient, genetically engineering them to fight prostate cancer, and then putting them back into the patient. It's used for men with few or no symptoms and when advanced prostate cancer no longer responds to hormone therapy.
Question: How does androgen deprivation therapy treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: A look at treatments: Most prostate cancer grows in response to male hormones (androgens) in the body, such as testosterone. That's why one of the first treatments for advanced prostate cancer is to decrease these hormone levels (called androgen deprivation therapy). There are several medications that can do this, including Lupron (leuprolide), Trelstar (triptorelin), or Zoladex (goserelin). These drugs work to reduce testosterone levels to those seen in castrated patients.
Question: How are patients with advanced prostate cancer able to enroll in clinical trials?
Answer: Clinical trials test the safety and effectiveness of these new methods and treatments. There are risks and limitations in every clinical trial. The National Institutes of Health lists clinical trials at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Question: When do you need medical attention for dizziness?
Answer: Get medical attention immediately if you're dizzy and you faint, fall, or can't walk or have any of the following: Chest pain Different or really bad headache Head injury High fever Irregular heart rate Seizures Shortness of breath Stiff neck Sudden change in speech, vision, or hearing Vomiting Weakness or numbness in your face Weakness in your leg or arm Does it feel like you're spinning or the room is moving around you?
Question: How can low blood sugar cause dizziness?
Answer: You can get dizzy if it drops too low. That also can cause hunger, shakiness, sweating, and confusion. Some people without diabetes also have trouble with low blood sugar, but that's rare. A quick fix is to eat or drink something with sugar, like juice or a hard candy.
Question: What medications can cause dizziness as a side effect?
Answer: Several drugs list dizziness as a possible side effect. Check with your doctor if you take: Antibiotics, including gentamicin and streptomycin Anti-depressants Anti-seizure medications Blood pressure medicine Sedatives Many people don't drink enough fluids to replace the liquid they lose every day when they sweat, breathe, and pee.
Question: How can an infection cause dizziness?
Answer: This is called vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and it's caused by an infection. Usually, a virus is to blame. But bacteria from a middle ear infection or meningitis can make their way into your inner ear as well. In this case, dizziness usually comes on suddenly. Your ears may ring, and it may be hard to hear. You also may be nauseated and have a fever and ear pain. Symptoms can last several weeks. If it's caused by a virus and can't be treated with antibiotics, medication can help make you feel better as the infection runs its course. That also can cause hunger, shakiness, sweating, and confusion.
Question: Why am I dizzy?
Answer: When a part of that system is off, you can feel dizzy. It can be a sign of something serious, and it can be dangerous if it makes you fall. Your doctor will look at all your symptoms and overall health to figure out what's going on and how to treat it. Inflammation of the nerves in your ears also can cause vertigo.
Question: How can Meniere's disease cause dizziness?
Answer: That's a classic sign of a particular type of dizziness called vertigo. You may feel fullness or pressure in one ear. Other symptoms include ringing in your ears, hearing loss, nausea, and anxiety. You may feel exhausted after the attack passes. People with Meniere's disease have too much fluid in their inner ear. Doctors don't know what causes it, and there's no cure for it. It's usually treated with diet changes (a low-salt diet) and medicine to control the dizziness.
Question: What are the risks of heart bypass surgery?
Answer: Some of the possible ones include: Fever Heart attack Infection and bleeding at the incision Memory loss Pain Reactions to anesthesia Stroke Once you've recovered, your symptoms of angina will be gone or much better.
Question: What is heart bypass surgery like?
Answer: A surgeon takes blood vessels from another part of your body to go around, or bypass, a blocked artery. The result is that more blood and oxygen can flow to your heart again.
Question: What is cholesterol ratio and what should yours be?
Answer: To find your cholesterol ratio, you divide your total cholesterol number by your HDL, or good, cholesterol number. For example, if your total cholesterol number is 200 and your good cholesterol is 50, your total cholesterol ratio is 4:1. Cholesterol ratio may be used as a monitoring tool by some health care specialists. However, the AHA suggests that doctors use LDLcholesterol with patients rather than cholesterol ratio. That's because the total cholesterol number is considered a better tool for guiding the doctor in planning the best patient care and helping patients understand their health risks. Discuss with your doctor what the best numbers to monitor for you are.
Question: What is cholesterol?
Answer: Cholesterol performs important functions in your body. It aids in tissue and hormone formation. It protects your nerves. It helps with digestion. In fact, cholesterol helps form the structure of every cell in your body. This waxy, fat-like substance is produced naturally -- mainly in our liver. But it also comes from the food we eat -- like eggs, fatty meats, and cheese.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: There are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose schizoaffective disorder. So doctors rely on your medical history and your answers to certain questions.
Question: What are symptoms of depression in schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: In order to get diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, you must have: Periods of uninterrupted illness An episode of mania, major depression, or a mix of both Symptoms of schizophrenia At least two periods of psychotic symptoms, each lasting 2 weeks.
Question: What is the definition of bipolar disorder?
Answer: Schizoaffective disorder has the features of schizophrenia, like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, along with those of a mood disorder, like mania and depression.
Question: What is the definition of schizophrenia?
Answer: Brain chemistry and structure: If you have schizophrenia and mood disorders, you might have problems with brain circuits that manage mood and thinking.
Question: How can you diagnose someone with schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: In order to get diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, you must have: Periods of uninterrupted illness An episode of mania, major depression, or a mix of both Symptoms of schizophrenia At least two periods of psychotic symptoms, each lasting 2 weeks. One of the episodes must happen without depressive or manic symptoms.
Question: When do you need hospitalization for schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: Hospitalization: Psychotic episodes may require a hospital stay, especially if you're suicidal or threaten to hurt others.
Question: How does skills training treat schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: Skills training: This generally focuses on work and social skills, grooming and self-care, and other day-to-day activities, including money and home management.
Question: What is the definition of depression?
Answer: People who have it often have problems with substance use as well.
Question: How does psychotherapy treat schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: Psychotherapy: The goal of this type of counseling is to help you learn about your illness, set goals, and manage everyday problems related to the disorder. Family therapy can help families get better at relating to and helping a loved one who has schizoaffective disorder.
Question: What causes schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: Scientists don't know for sure if schizoaffective disorder is related mainly to schizophrenia or a mood disorder. But it's usually viewed and treated as a combination of both conditions.
Question: Can you prevent schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: But if you're diagnosed and start treatment ASAP, it can help you avoid or ease frequent relapses and hospitalizations, and help cut the disruptions in your life, family, and friendships.
Question: What can cause schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: Trouble at work, school, or in social settings Scientists don't know the exact cause. Risk factors for schizoaffective disorder include: Genetics: You may inherit a tendency to get features linked to schizoaffective disorder from your parents. Brain chemistry and structure: If you have schizophrenia and mood disorders, you might have problems with brain circuits that manage mood and thinking. Schizophrenia is also tied to lower levels of dopamine, a brain chemical that also helps manage these tasks. Environment: Some scientists think things like viral infections or highly stressful situations could play a part in getting schizoaffective disorder if you're at risk for it. How that happens isn't clear.
Question: What are symptoms of schizophrenia in schizoaffective disorder?
Answer: Schizoaffective disorder has the features of schizophrenia, like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, along with those of a mood disorder, like mania and depression.
Question: How is schizoaffective disorder often misdiagnosed?
Answer: Because schizoaffective disorder combines symptoms that reflect two mental illnesses, it's easily confused with other psychotic or mood disorders. Some doctors may diagnose schizophrenia. Others may think it's a mood disorder. As a result, it's hard to know how many people actually have schizoaffective disorder. It's probably less common than either schizophrenia or mood disorders alone.
Question: When does schizoaffective disorder happen?
Answer: It's equally likely to affect men and women, but men usually get it at a younger age. It seems to happen slightly more often in women than in men.
Question: What will your doctor recommend to help you cope with your symptoms of ataxia?
Answer: In order to help you cope with your symptoms, your doctor may recommend: Counseling Physical or occupational therapy Speech therapy Support groups Your doctor can also help you find tools so you can move around easier, such as a cane or a walker. There are also utensils to help you eat and speak more easily.
Question: What is idiopathic ataxia?
Answer: When you haven't inherited a mutated gene or had an illness or injury that could have caused your ataxia, it's called idiopathic ataxia. Your doctor will diagnose you with idiopathic ataxia if he can't find a medical reason for your ataxia symptoms. The most common idiopathic ataxia is called multiple system atrophy, or MSA. Doctors haven't pinned down possible causes for this group of ataxias. They may come from a combination of environmental factors and genetic causes.
Question: What is vestibular ataxia?
Answer: Symptoms of sensory ataxia include: Difficulty touching your finger to your nose with closed eyes Inability to sense vibrations Trouble walking in dim light Walking with a âheavy step,â or stomping when you walk Vestibular ataxia affects your vestibular system. This system is made up of your inner ear and ear canals, which contain fluid. They sense the movements of your head and help with your balance and spatial orientation.
Question: How many people in the United States are affected by ataxia?
Answer: When the nerves in your vestibular system wear away, you can have the following problems: Blurred vision and other eye issues Nausea and vomiting Problems standing and sitting Staggering when you walk Trouble walking in a straight line Vertigo, or dizziness Around 150,000 people in the U. S. deal with some form of ataxia. There are different causes for it. Some are genetic, some are acquired, like injuries, and some have no known clear cause.
Question: What are symptoms of sensory ataxia?
Answer: Symptoms of sensory ataxia include: Difficulty touching your finger to your nose with closed eyes Inability to sense vibrations Trouble walking in dim light Walking with a âheavy step,â or stomping when you walk Vestibular ataxia affects your vestibular system.
Question: What is genetic ataxia?
Answer: You can inherit a certain mutated, or changed, gene from one or both of your parents that causes ataxia. Or you may inherit a mutated gene that causes a disorder with ataxia as a symptom.
Question: What are symptoms of vestibular ataxia?
Answer: When the nerves in your vestibular system wear away, you can have the following problems: Blurred vision and other eye issues Nausea and vomiting Problems standing and sitting Staggering when you walk Trouble walking in a straight line Vertigo, or dizziness Around 150,000 people in the U. S. deal with some form of ataxia.
Question: How is ataxia diagnosed?
Answer: He'll check your balance and coordination, hearing, vision, reflexes, and memory. You'll also need a neurological exam, which might include an MRI or CT scan. These look at the structure of your brain for problems. For some cases, your doctor may recommend tests of your spinal fluid. To do this, he'll insert a needle into your lower back and draw out the fluid to send it to a lab for testing. To rule out genetic forms of ataxia, you may need genetic testing.
Question: What are causes of acquired ataxia?
Answer: Some of the causes of acquired ataxia could include: Brain tumors Blood loss in the brain Cerebral palsy Chickenpox Hydrocephalus, or too much fluid buildup in the brain Head trauma Multiple sclerosis Reactions to certain cancers Vitamin E or B12 deficiency You can also get ataxia if you have a reaction to certain medications, from alcohol or drug use, or from exposure to poison.
Question: What are treatments for ataxia?
Answer: The best treatment for your ataxia symptoms depends on the type you have. There is no specific treatment for ataxia itself. If your ataxia is a symptom of another disorder, your doctor will treat that disorder. If it's due to a cause that you can avoid, like lack of vitamins or exposure to poison, your doctor will help you address the problem causing the ataxia.
Question: What is acquired ataxia?
Answer: Acquired ataxia occurs when you have damage to your spinal cord or nerves. The damage might be from an injury or an illness.
Question: What is the use of nanomedicine in treating multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Answer: In some cases, nanoparticles act as tiny cargo ships that carry medicine -- sometimes, to parts of the body drugs can't reach on their own. For example, they can cross the blood-brain barrier, a layer of cells that protect your brain from possible danger -- but that also keep helpful MS drugs from getting through. Attaching MS drugs to nanoparticles may solve this problem. That's because certain nanoparticles can interact with blood-brain barrier cells and get âswallowedâ by them. When the nanoparticle gets in, so does the drug it carries. Another type of nanoparticle doesn't even need to carry medicine. The material itself is a powerful antioxidant that crosses the blood-brain barrier. It's called a cerium oxide nanoparticle, and it helped relieve some MS symptoms in mice.
Question: What are recent findings and ongoing research on the root causes of MS?
Answer: Scientists are looking for ways to: Stop the disease from getting worse Restore lost function Prevent and cure MS Besides testing new treatments, scientists continue to explore the root causes of MS. Much of the research is still being done in animals, but recent findings and ongoing research include: Bone marrow stem cell transplants that would offer long-term benefits An epilepsy pill that slowed nerve damage A specific type of training that improved memory and brain activity (as seen on MRI scans). Changes were still in place after 6 months. An experimental therapy in mice helped their bodies make myelin, a substance that protects nerves. The treatment is a type of micro RNA, a small amount of genetic material. A large team of researchers is analyzing gut bacteria to find out what role it may play as MS gets worse. Researchers are studying children with MS to learn how their environment and genes make them more likely to get the disease. One early finding suggested low vitamin D levels were linked to MS relapses in kids with a specific gene.
Question: How does stem transplant work in treating multiple sclerosis?
Answer: You might hear your doctor call it: Stem cell transplant Bone marrow transplant HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) How does it work? Doctors remove and store cells from your body that make blood. Then, you take chemotherapy drugs to wipe out your immune system. After that, your stem cells go back in your body. They travel to your bone marrow, where they make new blood cells, giving your immune system a fresh start. Studies show that bone marrow stem cell transplants might help some people with MS. However, the treatment is still experimental.
Question: What do I need to know about stem cells transplant in treating multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Answer: These are the only cells in your body with the power to create new types of cells. For example, your blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle, and bone all come from stem cells. People who need new, healthy cells to fight a disease like cancer often get bone marrow stem cell transplants. This procedure can help rebuild your immune system by producing new blood cells. You might hear your doctor call it: Stem cell transplant Bone marrow transplant HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) How does it work?