anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is adult-onset diabetes?
Answer: Adult-onset diabetes: A term for type 2 diabetes that is no longer used, because this type of diabetes is now commonly seen in children; "non-insulin dependent diabetes" is also considered an incorrect phrase in describing type 2 diabetes, because patients with this type of diabetes may at some point require insulin.
Question: What does "Acute" mean for people with diabetes?
Answer: Acute: Abrupt onset that is usually severe; happens for a limited period of time.
Question: What is intermittent claudication?
Answer: Intermittent claudication: Pain in the muscles of the legs that occurs off and on, usually while walking or exercising; the pain results from atherosclerosis of the blood vessels feeding the muscles of the lower extremities. Claudication usually increases with age and is most common in people in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Risk factors for developing narrowing of the arteries that can cause claudication include smoking cigarettes, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Drugs are available to treat this condition.
Question: What is Acesulfame-k?
Answer: Acesulfame-k: An artificial sweetener used in place of sugar; it contains no carbohydrates or sugar; therefore, it has no effect on blood sugar levels. This sweetener is often used in conjunction with other artificial sweeteners in processed low-calorie foods. It is also used as a tabletop sweetener under the brand names Sunette, Sweet One, and Swiss Sweet.
Question: What does asymptomatic mean?
Answer: Asymptomatic: No symptoms; no clear sign that disease is present.
Question: What is sugar?
Answer: Sugar: A class of carbohydrates that tastes sweet; sugar is a quick and easy fuel for the body to use. Some types of sugar are lactose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
Question: What is albumuria and how does it affect people with diabetes?
Answer: Albuminuria: When kidneys become damaged, they start to leak protein in the urine. Albumin is a small, abundant protein in the blood that passes through the kidney filter into the urine easier than other proteins. Albuminuria occurs in about 30%-45% of people who have had type 1 diabetes for at least 10 years. In people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the kidneys may already show signs of small amounts of protein spillage, called "microalbuminuria." This may be from the result of diabetes or from other diseases seen in conjunction with diabetes, like high blood pressure. Protein in the urine increases the risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. It also means that the person is at a particularly high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease.
Question: What is a callus?
Answer: Shoes that fit well and are padded can prevent bunions from forming. Bunions may lead to other problems, such as serious infection from the big toe putting pressure on other toes. Callus: A small area of skin, usually on the foot, that has become thick and hard from rubbing or pressure; calluses may lead to other problems, such as serious infection.
Question: What is Acetone?
Answer: Acetone: A chemical formed in the blood when the body breaks down fat instead of sugar for energy; if acetone forms, it usually means the cells are starved. Commonly, the body's production of acetone is known as "ketosis." It occurs when there is an absolute or relative deficiency in insulin so sugars cannot get into cells for energy. The body then tries to use other energy sources like proteins from muscle and fat from fat cells.
Question: What are antigens?
Answer: Antigens: Substances that cause an immune response in the body, identifying substances or markers on cells; the body produces antibodies to fight antigens, or harmful substances, and tries to eliminate them.
Question: What is an optometrist?
Answer: Optometrist: A person professionally trained to test the eyes and to detect and treat eye problems, as well as some diseases, by prescribing and adapting corrective lenses.
Question: What is a risk factor?
Answer: Risk factor: Anything that increases the chance of a person developing a disease or condition.
Question: What does vascular mean?
Answer: Vascular: Relating to the body's blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
Question: What is a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG)?
Answer: Fasting plasma glucose test ( FPG): The preferred method of screening for diabetes; the FPG measures a person's blood sugar level after fasting or not eating anything for at least 8 hours. Normal fasting blood glucose is less than 100 milligrams per deciliter or mg/d L. A fasting plasma glucose greater than 100 mg/d L and less than126 mg/d L implies that the person has an impaired fasting glucose level but may not have diabetes. A diagnosis of diabetes is made when the fasting blood glucose is greater than 126 mg/d L and when blood tests confirm abnormal results. These tests can be repeated on a subsequent day or by measuring glucose 2 hours after a meal. The results should show an elevated blood glucose of more than 200 mg/d L. Fats: Substances that help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; they are also the main way the body stores energy.
Question: What is background retinopathy?
Answer: Background retinopathy: This is the mildest form of eye disease caused by diabetes; it can be associated with normal vision. With a longer duration of diabetes or with uncontrolled blood sugars, eye damage can progress to more serious forms.
Question: What is retinopathy?
Answer: Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels in the retina of the eye.
Question: What is sorbitol?
Answer: Sorbitol: A sugar -- produced from fruits -- that the body uses slowly; it is a sweetener used in diet foods and is called a "nutritive sweetener" because it has four calories in every gram, just like table sugar and starch. These compounds are used in many foods labeled as ''sugar free'' and ''no sugar added'' and can raise your blood glucose. Because a food is labeled ''sugar free,'' it doesn't necessarily mean carbohydrate-free.
Question: What is an ulcer?
Answer: Ulcer: A break in the skin; a deep sore. People with diabetes may develop ulcers from minor scrapes on the feet or legs, from cuts that heal slowly, or from the rubbing of shoes that don't fit well. Ulcers can become infected and should be treated promptly.
Question: What is saccharin?
Answer: Saccharin: An artificial sweetener that is used in place of sugar because it has no calories and does not increase blood sugar; it is sold as Sugar Twin and Sweet' N Low.
Question: What is a cardiologist?
Answer: Cardiologist: A doctor who takes care of people with heart disease; a heart specialist.
Question: What is a neurologist?
Answer: Neurologist: A doctor who treats people who have problems of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves).
Question: What is neuropathy in diabetes?
Answer: Neuropathy: Nerve damage; people who have had diabetes that is not well controlled may develop nerve damage.
Question: What does "regular insulin" mean?
Answer: Regular insulin: A type of insulin that is rapid-acting.
Question: How does laser treatment work for diabetes?
Answer: Laser treatment: The use of a strong beam of light (laser) to heal a damaged area; a person with diabetes might receive laser treatments to heal blood vessels in the eye.
Question: What does hypoglycemia mean?
Answer: Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar; the condition often occurs in people with diabetes. Most cases occur when there is too much insulin and not enough glucose in your body.
Question: What does obesity mean?
Answer: Obesity: A term uses to describe excess body fat; it is defined in terms of a person's weight and height, or his/her body mass index ( BMI). A BMI over 30 is classified as being obese. Obesity makes your body less sensitive to insulin's action.
Question: What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?
Answer: Blood urea nitrogen ( BUN): A product of metabolism that is excreted in the urine; it is measured in the blood as an indirect measure of how well the kidney is functioning. Increased BUN levels in the blood may indicate early kidney damage, meaning the kidneys aren't effectively excreting BUN.
Question: What is fructose?
Answer: Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey; fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods, but this type of sweetener is typically not recommended for people with diabetes, because it could have a negative effect on blood sugar.
Question: What dose peak action mean for diabetics?
Answer: Peak action: The time when the effect of something is as strong as it can be, such as when insulin is having the most effect on blood sugar.
Question: What is an artery and what role does it play in diabetes?
Answer: Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body; arteries are thicker than veins and have stronger, more elastic walls. Arteries sometimes develop plaque within their walls in a process known as "atherosclerosis." These plaques can become fragile and rupture, leading to complications associated with diabetes, such as heart attacks and strokes.
Question: What are sulfonylureas?
Answer: Sulfonylureas: Pills or capsules that people take to lower the level of sugar in the blood; these oral diabetic medications work to lower your blood sugar by making your pancreas produce more insulin.
Question: What does insulin-dependent diabetes mean?
Answer: Insulin-dependent diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.
Question: What is short-acting insulin?
Answer: Short-acting Insulin: Covers insulin needs for meals eaten within 30-60 minutes; includes humulin or novolin, or Velosulin (in an insulin pump).
Question: What is an Alpha cell?
Answer: Alpha cell: A type of cell in an area of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans; alpha cells make and release a hormone called "glucagon." Glucagon functions in direct opposition to insulin -- it increases the amount of glucose in the blood by releasing stored sugar from the liver.
Question: What is a Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)?
Answer: Certified Diabetes Educator ( CDE): A health care professional who is certified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators ( AADE) to teach people with diabetes how to manage their condition.
Question: What is an emergency medical identification?
Answer: Emergency medical identification: Cards, bracelets, or necklaces with a written message, used by people with diabetes or other medical problems to alert others in case of a medical emergency, such as coma.
Question: What is the dawn phenomenon?
Answer: Dawn phenomenon: A rise in blood sugar levels in the early morning hours.
Question: What is urine testing?
Answer: Urine testing: Checking urine to see if it contains ketones; if you have type 1 diabetes, are pregnant and have diabetes, or have gestational diabetes, your doctor may ask you to check your urine for ketones. This is an easy test done at home with a dipstick measure.
Question: What does a mixed dose mean for diabetics?
Answer: Mixed dose: A prescribed dose of insulin in which two types of insulin are combined and injected at once; a mixed dose commonly combines a fast-acting and longer-acting insulin. A mixed dose can either come in a pre-mixed syringe or mixed at the time of injection. A mixed dose may be prescribed to provide better blood sugar control.
Question: What does gangrene mean?
Answer: Gangrene: The death of body tissues, usually due to a lack of blood supply, especially in the legs and feet.
Question: What is a jet injector for diabetes?
Answer: Jet injector: A device that uses high pressure to push insulin through the skin and into the tissue.
Question: What is a calorie?
Answer: Calorie: Energy that comes from food; some foods have more calories than others. Fats have more calories than proteins and carbohydrate.
Question: What is a glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)?
Answer: Glycated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c): This is an important blood test to determine how well you are managing your diabetes; hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. It can also attach to sugar in the blood, forming a substance called glycated hemoglobin or a Hemoglobin A1 C. The test provides an average blood sugar measurement over a 6- to 12-week period and is used in conjunction with home glucose monitoring to make treatment adjustments. The ideal range for people with diabetes is generally less than 7%. This test can also be used to diagnose diabetes when the Hb A1c level is equal to or greater than 6.5%.
Question: What is protein?
Answer: Protein: One of three main classes of food; proteins are made of amino acids, which are called the "building blocks of the cells." Cells need protein to grow and to mend themselves. Protein is found in many foods, like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, and dairy products.
Question: What is an urologist?
Answer: Urologist: A doctor who specializes in treatment of the urinary tract for men and women, as well as treatment of the genital organs for males.
Question: What is a lipid?
Answer: Lipid: Another term for a fat or fat-like substance in the blood; the body stores fat as energy for future use, just like a car that has a reserve fuel tank. When the body needs energy, it can break down lipids into fatty acids and burn them like glucose. Excess amounts of fats in the diet can cause fat buildup in the walls of the arteries -- called "atherosclerosis." Excess amounts of calories from fats or other nutrients can lead to an increase in weight gain.
Question: What is blood glucose monitoring or testing?
Answer: Blood glucose monitoring or testing: A method of testing how much sugar is in your blood; home blood-glucose monitoring involves pricking your finger with a lancing device, putting a drop of blood on a test strip and inserting the test strip into a blood-glucose-testing meter that displays your blood glucose level. Blood-sugar testing can also be done in the laboratory. Blood-glucose monitoring is recommended three or four times a day for people with insulin-dependent diabetes. Depending on the situation, glucose checks before meals, two hours after meals, at bedtime, in the middle of the night, and before and after exercise, may be recommended. Home blood glucose monitoring: A way in which a person can test how much sugar is in the blood; also called "self-monitoring of blood glucose."
Question: What is an antidiabetic agent?
Answer: Antidiabetic agent: A substance that helps people with diabetes control the level of sugar in their blood (see insulin, oral diabetes medication). Oral diabetes medications: Medications that people take to lower the level of sugar in the blood; oral diabetes medications are prescribed for people whose pancreas still produces some insulin.
Question: What is albuminuria?
Answer: Albuminuria: When kidneys become damaged, they start to leak protein in the urine. Albumin is a small, abundant protein in the blood that passes through the kidney filter into the urine easier than other proteins. Albuminuria occurs in about 30%-45% of people who have had type 1 diabetes for at least 10 years. In people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the kidneys may already show signs of small amounts of protein spillage, called "microalbuminuria." This may be from the result of diabetes or from other diseases seen in conjunction with diabetes, like high blood pressure. Protein in the urine increases the risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. It also means that the person is at a particularly high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. These lumps or indentations are called "lipodystrophies."
Question: What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?
Answer: People who have had diabetes for a long time may develop nephropathy. Peripheral vascular disease ( PVD): An abnormal condition that affects the blood vessels outside the heart, usually the hands and feet; often occurs as a result of decreased blood flow and narrowing of the arteries from atherosclerosis; people who have had diabetes for a long time may develop PVD.
Question: What is home blood glucose monitoring?
Answer: Home blood glucose monitoring: A way in which a person can test how much sugar is in the blood; also called "self-monitoring of blood glucose." Home glucose monitoring tests whole blood (plasma and blood cell components); thus, the results can be different from lab values, which test plasma values of glucose. Typically, the lab plasma values can be higher than the glucose checks done at home with a glucose monitor. Self-blood glucose monitoring: See home blood glucose monitoring.
Question: What is peripheral vascular disease?
Answer: People who have had diabetes for a long time may develop nephropathy. Peripheral vascular disease ( PVD): An abnormal condition that affects the blood vessels outside the heart, usually the hands and feet; often occurs as a result of decreased blood flow and narrowing of the arteries from atherosclerosis; people who have had diabetes for a long time may develop PVD.
Question: What is a lancet?
Answer: Lancet: A fine, sharp pointed needle for pricking the skin; used in blood sugar monitoring. Self-blood glucose monitoring: See home blood glucose monitoring.
Question: What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA): A severe, life-threatening condition that results from hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), dehydration, and acid buildup that needs emergency fluid and insulin treatment; DKA happens when there is not enough insulin and cells become starved for sugars. An alternative source of energy called ketones becomes activated. A large amount of ketones in your system can lead to a serious condition called ketoacidosis.
Question: What is a glucose tolerance test?
Answer: Fasting plasma glucose test ( FPG): The preferred method of screening for diabetes; the FPG measures a person's blood sugar level after fasting or not eating anything for at least 8 hours. Glucose tolerance test: A test to determine if a person has diabetes; the test is done in a lab or doctor's office in the morning before the person has eaten. First, a sample of blood is taken in the fasting state. Then the person drinks a liquid that has sugar in it. Two hours later, a second blood test is done. A fasting blood sugar equal to or greater than 126 mg/dl is considered diabetes. If the two-hour test result shows a blood sugar equal to or greater than 200 mg/dl, the person is considered to have diabetes. A two-hour blood glucose between 140 mg/dl and 199 mg/dl is classified as impaired glucose tolerance.
Question: What is type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Diabetes: See type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes: A type of diabetes in which the insulin produced is either not enough or the person's body does not respond normally to the amount present; therefore, glucose in the blood cannot get into the body's cells for use as energy. This results in an increase in the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Question: What are focal seizures?
Answer: Focal seizures are different. They're less intense and usually last no more than a minute or two. Part of their body, like an arm, might get stiff or go floppy. You may see repeated, rhythmic, or jerking movements in one place or that spread to different body parts. The person could zone out or stare at nothing. They may or may not realize what's happening but can't control it. When it's over, they won't remember a thing.
Question: When should you call 911 for someone having a seizure?
Answer: Get medical help when: It's a child's first seizure. The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. Another seizure begins soon after the first. The person doesn't "wake up" after the movements have stopped. The person was injured during the seizure. If you're concerned that something else may be wrong, or the person has another medical condition such as heart disease or diabetes, call a doctor.
Question: What can you do for someone having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
Answer: It's all about taking precautions. For someone having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure: Give them room. Keep other people back. Clear hard or sharp objects, like glasses and furniture, away. Cushion their head. Loosen clothing around their neck, if you can safely. Don't try to hold them down or stop their movements. Don't put anything in their mouth. Contrary to popular myth, you can't swallow your tongue during a seizure. But putting something in their mouth could damage their teeth, or they might bite you. If their head isn't moving, turn it to one side. Look at your watch at the start of the seizure, so you can time its length. Remember, this probably isn't an emergency, although it may look like one. After the jerking stops, gently place them on their side, to help keep their airway clear.
Question: What can you do for someone having a mild seizure?
Answer: They're frightening to watch, and someone who has one rarely knows or remembers what's happening. They won't answer if you talk to them. Clear hard or sharp objects, like glasses and furniture, away. Reassure them and explain what they missed if they're confused or frightened. Don't give them anything to drink or eat until they've completely recovered.
Question: Do atherectomies work as well as bypass surgery for treating atherosclerosis?
Answer: These procedures have good commonsense appeal, but they don't work as well as stenting or bypass surgery. They are rarely used, and only in special cases. Usually, atherectomy is used to improve the success of placing a stent.
Question: What medicines might your doctor recommend after you get surgery to open blocked arteries?
Answer: After stenting or coronary bypass surgery, most people should take a daily regimen of anti-atherosclerosis medication that includes: A statin, to lower cholesterol levels An aspirin, to prevent blood clots Plavix (clopidogrel), Effient (prasugrel), or Brilinta (ticagrelor) also work to prevent clots, especially if a stent was placed. They are normally taken for one month up to a year depending on the type of stent. Blood pressure drugs, especially beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) inhibitors Also important are three lifestyle habits proven to reduce heart disease: Exercise 30 minutes most days of the week Eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily Most of all, don't smoke
Question: What are the two types of atherectomies for arteries blocked by atherosclerosis?
Answer: The particles dissipate without causing major damage. Directional atherectomy: A rotating blade cuts slices of plaque, which are captured by the catheter and removed from the body.
Question: What is a stent and how is it used during an angioplasty for treating advanced atherosclerosis?
Answer: A stent is a tiny cylinder of wire mesh. During an angioplasty, a balloon on the catheter tip is inflated inside a blockage to open it. Stents can be placed during this process and are left behind once the balloon and catheter are removed. Stents can relieve chronic symptoms of chest pain (angina), or reopen a blocked artery during a heart attack. Coronary angioplasty with stenting has a low complication rate. The recovery time is often less than one day.
Question: What is coronary bypass surgery for treating advanced atherosclerosis?
Answer: In an angioplasty, a doctor first introduces a catheter (a narrow tube) into an artery in the leg or arm. He or she sews this healthy vessel onto the coronary artery, rerouting blood around the clogged artery. Coronary artery bypass surgery -- or CABG (pronounced "cabbage") -- is the most commonly performed bypass surgery. CABG can provide relief from chest pain caused by atherosclerosis. Bypass surgery also leads to increased survival in people with diabetes or with multiple or severely blocked coronary arteries.
Question: How do you treat advanced atherosclerosis?
Answer: Narrowed arteries can frequently be reopened with one of two treatments: stenting or bypass surgery. Because these atherosclerosis treatments come with risks, they are typically reserved for emergencies or when medications fail. Which is the better treatment for the late stages of atherosclerosis -- stents or bypass surgery? Sometimes treatment with drugs can't control chronic chest pain.