anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How common is bladder cancer?
Answer: It accounts for just 5% of all new cancers in the U. S. Doctors aren't sure. The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer is about 77%.
Question: How can taking certain diabetes medications cause bladder cancer?
Answer: If you have bladder infections that keep coming back or another condition that causes your bladder to be irritated for long periods of time, you stand a better chance of getting bladder cancer. Other diabetes meds that contain pioglitazone ( Actoplus Met and Duetact) can also raise your risk.
Question: How can prior chemo or radiation therapy cause bladder cancer?
Answer: If you or someone in your immediate family (parents or siblings) has had cancer of the bladder or the urinary tract before, you're more likely to get it. If you've taken pioglitazone ( Actos) for more than a year, you may stand a greater chance of getting bladder cancer.
Question: How can you get bladder cancer?
Answer: Over time, a tumor forms. It can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other organs. In severe cases, it can spread to distant parts of your body, including your bones, lungs, or liver. If you have bladder infections that keep coming back or another condition that causes your bladder to be irritated for long periods of time, you stand a better chance of getting bladder cancer.
Question: What should one expect after a root canal?
Answer: For the first few days following the completion of a root canal, the tooth may feel sensitive due to natural tissue inflammation, especially if there was pain or infection before the procedure. This sensitivity or discomfort usually can be controlled with over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) or naproxen ( Aleve). Most patients can return to their normal activities the next day. Until your root canal procedure is completely finished -- that is to say, the permanent filling is in place and/or the crown, it's wise to minimize chewing on the tooth under repair. This step will help avoid recontamination of the interior of the tooth and also may prevent a fragile tooth from breaking before the tooth can be fully restored. Embed Asset Override As far as oral health care is concerned, brush, floss, and use an antiseptic mouthwash as you regularly would and see your dentist at normally scheduled intervals.
Question: How successful are root canals?
Answer: The root canal procedure is the treatment of choice. The only alternative to a root canal procedure is having the tooth extracted and replaced with a bridge, implant, or removable partial denture to restore chewing function and prevent adjacent teeth from shifting.
Question: How can you prevent a root canal?
Answer: Embed Asset Override Since some of the reasons why the nerve of a tooth and its pulp become inflamed and infected are due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures on a tooth and/or large fillings, following good oral hygiene practices (brushing twice a day, flossing at least once a day, and scheduling regular dental visits) may reduce the need for a root canal procedure. Trauma resulting from a sports-related injury can be reduced by wearing a mouth guard.
Question: Why does tooth pulp need to be removed?
Answer: When a tooth's nerve tissue or pulp is damaged, it breaks down and bacteria begin to multiply within the pulp chamber. The bacteria and other decayed debris can cause an infection or abscessed tooth. An abscess is a pus-filled pocket that forms at the end of the roots of the tooth. An abscess occurs when the infection spreads all the way past the ends of the roots of the tooth. In addition to an abscess, an infection in the root canal of a tooth can cause: Embed Asset Override Swelling that may spread to other areas of the face, neck, or head Bone loss around the tip of the root Drainage problems extending outward from the root. A hole can occur through the side of the tooth with drainage into the gums or through the cheek with drainage into the skin.
Question: What does a root canal require?
Answer: A root canal requires one or more office visits and can be performed by a dentist or endodontist. An endodontist is a dentist who specializes in the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the human dental pulp or the nerve of the tooth. The choice of which type of dentist to use depends to some degree on the difficulty of the root canal procedure needed in your particular tooth and the general dentist's comfort level in working on your tooth. Your dentist will discuss who might be best suited to perform the work in your particular case.
Question: What are potential complications after a root canal?
Answer: Despite your dentist's best efforts to clean and seal a tooth, new infections might emerge after a root canal. Among the likely reasons for this include: Embed Asset Override More than the normally anticipated number of root canals in a tooth (leaving one of them uncleaned) An undetected crack in the root of a tooth A defective or inadequate dental restoration that has allowed bacteria to get past the restoration into the inner aspects of the tooth and recontaminate the area A breakdown of the inner sealing material over time, allowing bacteria to recontaminate the inner aspects of the tooth Sometimes retreatment can be successful, other times endodontic surgery must be tried in order to save the tooth.
Question: What are alternatives to a root canal?
Answer: The only alternative to a root canal procedure is having the tooth extracted and replaced with a bridge, implant, or removable partial denture to restore chewing function and prevent adjacent teeth from shifting. These alternatives not only are more expensive than a root canal procedure but require more treatment time and additional procedures to adjacent teeth and supporting tissues.
Question: How is the tooth filled in a root canal?
Answer: If the root canal is not completed on the same day, a temporary filling is placed in the exterior hole in the tooth to keep out contaminants like saliva and food between appointments. At the next appointment, to fill the interior of the tooth, a sealer paste and a rubber compound called gutta percha is placed into the tooth's root canal. To fill the exterior access hole created at the beginning of treatment, a filling is placed.
Question: What damages a tooth's nerve and pulp in the first place?
Answer: A tooth's nerve and pulp can become irritated, inflamed, and infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures on a tooth, and/or large fillings, a crack or chip in the tooth, or trauma to the face.
Question: What is a root canal?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A root canal is a treatment used to repair and save a tooth that is badly decayed or becomes infected. During a root canal procedure, the nerve and pulp are removed and the inside of the tooth is cleaned and sealed. Without treatment, the tissue surrounding the tooth will become infected and abscesses may form. " Root canal" is the term used to describe the natural cavity within the center of the tooth. The pulp or pulp chamber is the soft area within the root canal. The tooth's nerve lies within the root canal.
Question: What is the cost of a root canal?
Answer: A ballpark estimate for the root canal treatment itself (not including a dental restoration following the procedure) performed by a general dentist could range from $500 to $1,000 for an incisor and $800 to $1,500 for a molar. The fees charged by endodontists could be up to 50% higher.
Question: What happens in a root canal?
Answer: In addition to an abscess, an infection in the root canal of a tooth can cause: Embed Asset Override Swelling that may spread to other areas of the face, neck, or head Bone loss around the tip of the root Drainage problems extending outward from the root. Your dentist or endodontist will then use local anesthesia to numb the area near the tooth. An access hole will then be drilled into the tooth. The pulp along with bacteria, the decayed nerve tissue and related debris is removed from the tooth. The cleaning out process is accomplished using root canal files. A series of these files of increasing diameter are each subsequently placed into the access hole and worked down the full length of the tooth to scrape and scrub the sides of the root canals. Water or sodium hypochlorite is used periodically to flush away the debris. At the next appointment, to fill the interior of the tooth, a sealer paste and a rubber compound called gutta percha is placed into the tooth's root canal. These alternatives not only are more expensive than a root canal procedure but require more treatment time and additional procedures to adjacent teeth and supporting tissues.
Question: What are the final steps in a root canal?
Answer: Your dentist will discuss the need for any additional dental work with you. Also, because the final step of the root canal procedure is application of a restoration such as a crown or a filling, it will not be obvious to onlookers that a root canal was performed.
Question: How does a doctor diagnose abnormal vaginal discharge?
Answer: Types of Abnormal Discharge and Their Possible Causes Type of Discharge What It Might Mean Other Symptoms Bloody or brown Irregular menstrual cycles, or less often, cervical or endometrial cancer Abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain Cloudy or yellow Gonorrhea Bleeding between periods, urinary incontinence, pelvic pain Frothy, yellow or greenish with a bad smell Trichomoniasis Pain and itching while urinating Pink Shedding of the uterine lining after childbirth (lochia) Thick, white, cheesy Yeast infection Swelling and pain around the vulva, itching, painful sexual intercourse White, gray, or yellow with fishy odor Bacterial vaginosis Itching or burning, redness and swelling of the vagina or vulva The doctor will start by taking a health history and asking about your symptoms. Questions may include: When did the abnormal discharge begin? What color is the discharge? Is there any smell? Do you have any itching, pain, or burning in or around the vagina? Do you have more than one sexual partner? Do you douche?
Question: What is a normal vaginal discharge?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Vaginal discharge serves an important housekeeping function in the female reproductive system. Fluid made by glands inside the vagina and cervix carries away dead cells and bacteria. This keeps the vagina clean and helps prevent infection. Most of the time, vaginal discharge is perfectly normal. The amount can vary, as can odor and color (which can range from clear to a milky white-ish), depending on the time in your menstrual cycle. For example, there will be more discharge when you're ovulating, breastfeeding, or sexually aroused. It may smell different when you're pregnant or you've been letting your personal hygiene slide. None of those changes is cause for alarm. However, if the color, smell, or consistency seems quite different than usual, especially if you also have vaginal itching or burning, you could be dealing with an infection or other condition.
Question: What are some tips for preventing abnormal vaginal discharge?
Answer: These are a few of the things that can upset that balance: Antibiotic or steroid use Bacterial vaginosis, a bacterial infection more common in pregnant women or women who have multiple sexual partners Birth control pills Cervical cancer Chlamydia or gonorrhea ( STDs), sexually transmitted infections Diabetes Douches, scented soaps or lotions, bubble bath Pelvic infection after surgery Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) Trichomoniasis, a parasitic infection typically contracted and caused by having unprotected sex Vaginal atrophy, the thinning and drying out of the vaginal walls during menopause Vaginitis, irritation in or around the vagina Yeast infections See the chart below to learn more about what a particular type of discharge might mean. Never use scented soaps and feminine products or douche. Also avoid feminine sprays and bubble baths. After going to the bathroom, always wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria from getting into the vagina and causing an infection. Wear 100% cotton underpants, and avoid overly tight clothing.
Question: How is abnormal vaginal discharge treated?
Answer: What color is the discharge? Bacterial vaginosis is treated with antibiotic pills or creams. Trichomoniasis is usually treated with the drug metronidazole ( Flagyl) or tinidazole ( Tindamax).
Question: What causes abnormal vaginal discharge?
Answer: These are a few of the things that can upset that balance: Antibiotic or steroid use Bacterial vaginosis, a bacterial infection more common in pregnant women or women who have multiple sexual partners Birth control pills Cervical cancer Chlamydia or gonorrhea ( STDs), sexually transmitted infections Diabetes Douches, scented soaps or lotions, bubble bath Pelvic infection after surgery Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) Trichomoniasis, a parasitic infection typically contracted and caused by having unprotected sex Vaginal atrophy, the thinning and drying out of the vaginal walls during menopause Vaginitis, irritation in or around the vagina Yeast infections See the chart below to learn more about what a particular type of discharge might mean. Do you have any itching, pain, or burning in or around the vagina?
Question: Does endovenous ablation therapy for varicose and spider veins have risks?
Answer: Endovenous ablation therapy is minimally invasive and generally safe and complication-free. There are, though, risks, including infection, damage to the blood vessel, inflammation of the vein, and, rarely, heat damage to nerves, although this typically goes away in a short time. In extremely rare cases, blood clots that form in the veins can travel to the lungs.
Question: What are symptoms of varicose and spider veins?
Answer: Although varicose veins and spider veins are common, many people find them unsightly. Varicose veins can also cause unpleasant symptoms, such as tiredness, itching, burning, throbbing, tingling, heaviness, soreness, or swelling in the legs.
Question: How can ambulatory phlebectomy help in treating varicose and spider veins?
Answer: Ambulatory phlebectomy Ambulatory phlebectomy removes varicose veins closest to the surface of the skin through slit-like incisions. You'll remain awake during the procedure, but the area around the vein will be numbed. It's an outpatient procedure, meaning there is no overnight stay.
Question: Can varicose veins cause medical problems?
Answer: But in some people, they can lead to pain that interferes with walking or standing. They can also cause blood clots, skin ulcers, infections, and other troubles. If lifestyle changes don't help, if varicose veins become more severe, or if you're bothered by the appearance of your varicose or spider veins, talk to your doctor about what medical treatments are available.
Question: How can endovenous ablation therapy help in treating varicose and spider veins?
Answer: Endovenous ablation therapy In this procedure, doctors close off varicose veins by using lasers or high-frequency radio waves within the vein to create intense heat. Your doctor will make a tiny cut near the vein and insert a small catheter. A device at the tip of the catheter heats up the inside of the vessel and closes it off. Compared to an older procedure called vein stripping and ligation, in which veins are tied shut and removed through small cuts in the skin, ablation therapy closes off varicose veins but leaves them in place, resulting in minimal bleeding and bruising.
Question: What are some lifestyle changes that can improve symptoms of varicose and spider veins?
Answer: Some things you can try include: Not standing or sitting for long periods without taking a break. Losing extra weight to improve blood flow and ease pressure on your veins. Not wearing tight clothing, especially around your waist, upper thighs, and legs. Avoiding crossing your legs at your knees and ankles. Doing physical activities that move your legs, which will improve muscle tone.
Question: How can compression stockings help in treating varicose and spider veins?
Answer: That keeps blood from pooling in veins and also curbs leg swelling. You can buy compression stockings in pharmacies and medical supply stores. If lifestyle changes don't help, if varicose veins become more severe, or if you're bothered by the appearance of your varicose or spider veins, talk to your doctor about what medical treatments are available. A device at the tip of the catheter heats up the inside of the vessel and closes it off.
Question: How can you match your strengths to your job if you have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: ADHD symptoms can differ from person to person. The disorder can make you restless and easily distracted. Or it can make you so focused on a task that it's hard for you to shift your attention to other things. The trick is to seek jobs where your ADHD traits may be your strengths: 1.
Question: Are there drugs that exist to help with quitting smoking?
Answer: There are also two drugs your doctor can prescribe that may help: Chantix and Zyban. When using any of these products, follow the directions on the package and report any side effects to your doctor. Don't use more than one type, and don't smoke while using nicotine replacement products, since doing so can cause serious side effects.
Question: What kinds of non-drug nicotine replacement therapies exist?
Answer: You can also ask your doctor if nicotine replacement therapy might help. Nicotine patches, gum, lozenges, and nasal sprays are four ways to curb cravings for nicotine without a prescription. You wear the patch on your skin, between the neck and waist. It steadily supplies small amounts of nicotine. The gum lets you control the amount of nicotine you get each day. Use it for up to 30 minutes at a time. The nasal spray provides fast relief from nicotine cravings but requires a prescription. The lozenges also control the amount of nicotine you get each day.
Question: How does smoking affect people with diabetes?
Answer: And since diabetes makes you more likely to get heart disease, you definitely don't want the extra risk that comes from smoking. No matter how much or how long you have smoked, quitting helps your health. You'll feel better, look better (since smoking gives you wrinkles before you're old), and you'll save money, too. If you have diabetes, here are some tips to help you quit, based on guidelines from the American Cancer Society.
Question: What are tips for people with diabetes to quit smoking?
Answer: You don't have to quit immediately. If you know it's more realistic for you to kick the habit after a big event or deadline, make that your quit date. Tell your doctor the date. You'll have built-in support. Don't have anything you need to smoke on hand, like ash trays, lighters, or matches. Breathe deeply when you crave a cigarette. Hold your breath for 10 seconds, and then exhale slowly. Spend time in places where you can't smoke because it's banned, such as a library, theater, or museum. Hang out with friends who are also working on kicking the habit. Go to places that don't allow smoking. Reach for low-calorie, good-for-you foods instead of smoking. Choose fresh fruit and crisp, crunchy vegetables. Exercise to ease your stress instead of lighting up. Pass up coffee, soft drinks that have caffeine, and alcohol, as they all can increase the urge to smoke. Draw, text, type, or knit, for examples. Hack your habits. If you always had a cigarette on your work break, take a walk, talk to a friend, or do something else instead. It will be harder to get one. You'll have time to notice what you're doing and stop. Let your family and friends know you're quitting smoking. Ask for their support. If they smoke, tell them not to do so around you. If they do, leave. Be good to yourself. Do things that you enjoy. You'll notice that you don't need a cigarette to have fun.
Question: What are some tips to help you quit smoking?
Answer: You don't have to quit immediately. If you know it's more realistic for you to kick the habit after a big event or deadline, make that your quit date. Tell your doctor the date. You'll have built-in support. Don't have anything you need to smoke on hand, like ash trays, lighters, or matches. Breathe deeply when you crave a cigarette. Hold your breath for 10 seconds, and then exhale slowly. Spend time in places where you can't smoke because it's banned, such as a library, theater, or museum. Hang out with friends who are also working on kicking the habit. Go to places that don't allow smoking. Choose fresh fruit and crisp, crunchy vegetables. Exercise to ease your stress instead of lighting up. Pass up coffee, soft drinks that have caffeine, and alcohol, as they all can increase the urge to smoke. Draw, text, type, or knit, for examples. Hack your habits. If you always had a cigarette on your work break, take a walk, talk to a friend, or do something else instead. It will be harder to get one. You'll have time to notice what you're doing and stop. Let your family and friends know you're quitting smoking. Ask for their support. If they smoke, tell them not to do so around you. If they do, leave. Be good to yourself. Do things that you enjoy. You'll notice that you don't need a cigarette to have fun.
Question: What are the different options of nicotine replacement therapy?
Answer: Nicotine patches, gum, lozenges, and nasal sprays are four ways to curb cravings for nicotine without a prescription. There are also two drugs your doctor can prescribe that may help: Chantix and Zyban.
Question: Where can you get carcinoid syndrome?
Answer: You could get carcinoid syndrome from tumors in the lungs, testes, or ovaries. In those cases, the extra hormones go directly into your bloodstream.
Question: How is radiation used to treat carcinoid syndrome?
Answer: This treatment can destroy cancer cells or keep them from multiplying. The radiation can come from a machine outside your body, or your doctor may place a small amount of radioactive material inside your body, in or near the tumor.
Question: Is there a cure for carcinoid syndrome?
Answer: Although often there's no cure for carcinoid tumors, treatments can help you live longer and better. ( Sometimes it can be surgically removed and cured if found early.) You can also take steps to relieve the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome and feel more comfortable. You have control over decisions about your treatment and your life. Find people you can talk to about your plans, your fears, and your feelings. Ask your doctor about support groups, where you can meet people who understand what you're going through.
Question: How is drug therapy used to treat carcinoid syndrome?
Answer: Injected drugs such as lanreotide and octreotide can help with skin flushing. They may also have a small effect on stopping tumor growth. Diarrhea is a common side effect of carcinoid syndrome and taking telotristat ethyl ( Xermelo) along with lanreotide or octreotide can often give relief. Lanreotide and octreotide work by attaching to carcinoid cells and cutting down on the amount of chemicals they make. Their side effects can include nausea, gallstones, and pain or bruising where you inject it. In some cases, doctors give octreotide with a low-dose injection of a man-made protein called alpha interferon to boost your body's response.
Question: How are biologic drugs used to treat carcinoid syndrome?
Answer: This type of treatment, which is also called immunotherapy, strengthens your body's defense system. Doctors inject drugs into your body that help your immune system kill cancer cells.