anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Why is it difficult to diagnose depression?
Answer: Do you wonder how doctors are able to make an accurate depression diagnosis? Now, however, a doctor will make a distinction regarding the particular disorder or subtype of depression that a patient has. A depression diagnosis is often difficult to make because clinical depression can manifest in so many different ways. For example, some clinically depressed individuals seem to withdraw into a state of apathy. Others may become irritable or even agitated. Eating and sleeping patterns can be exaggerated. Observable or behavioral symptoms of clinical depression also may sometimes be minimal despite a person experiencing profound inner turmoil.
Question: What are the physical signs of depression?
Answer: Signs of depression may include the following: Appearance of preoccupation Lack of eye contact Memory loss, poor concentration, and poor abstract reasoning Pacing, hand wringing, and pulling on hair Psychomotor retardation or agitation, such as slowed speech, sighs, and long pauses Self-deprecatory manner, or belligerence and defiance (especially in adolescents) Slowed body movements, even to the extent of being motionlessness or catatonic Tearfulness or sad countenance After reviewing the information given at your appointment, including the signs and symptoms, patient history, family history, and physician exam, your doctor may ask for some lab tests to rule outa physical condition that may be causing your symptoms. Before your doctor's appointment, write down a list of concerns you may have about depression and specific symptoms of depression you might have.
Question: How does a doctor diagnose depression?
Answer: In fact, talking with the patient may be the most important diagnostic tool the doctor has. To effectively diagnose and treat depression, the doctor must hear about specific symptoms of depression. A doctor may use a series of standard questions to screen for depression. A doctor can rule out other conditions that may cause depression with a physical examination, personal interview, and lab tests.
Question: How is pink eye diagnosed?
Answer: The doctor will also observe that your eye is inflamed or red. Often, the cause can be determined from your symptoms, medical history, and the eye exam findings alone. Most of the time, treatment is started right away. If there are additional lab results, treatment may be modified based on the results of lab tests. You should also be careful about using the same cloths or drops between your two eyes so as not to transfer the infection to your other eye.
Question: How does someone prepare for an eye exam?
Answer: When you call to make an appointment for your exam, mention any vision problem you're having. Before you go, list any questions you want to ask the doctor. Also be ready to update him or her on any medicines you take and your (and your family's) eye health history. Bring your glasses and contact lenses along with the prescription with you. Also bring sunglasses for the trip home. The doctor might use eye drops to open up your pupils. This is called dilation. Your eyes will be sensitive to light afterward.
Question: Why should I see an eye doctor?
Answer: If you've had eye trouble in the past, or if you're at risk for developing it (if someone in your family had it), you should see an eye doctor every year. Why? You need to check to see if you have serious, sometimes "silent" problems that can affect your vision, like: Glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy If your child has no risk factors for eye problems, she should get her vision checked as a newborn and again at every regular health visit.
Question: How often should I get my eyes checked?
Answer: It depends in part on your age and also on your eyes and family. If you're younger than 40 and have no eye problems, your doctor might suggest you get routine tests every 2 years. Or he could tell you that you don't need any tests. Ask what he thinks is best for you. If you're 40 or older, you should get your eyes checked every 1 to 2 years.
Question: What is a visual field test when getting an eye exam?
Answer: Visual field test (perimetry): Your visual field is the area you can see in front of you without moving your eyes. Using one of three tests, the eye doctor maps what you see at the edges (periphery) of your visual field and will use this map to diagnose eye conditions.
Question: What is an eye muscle movement test in an eye checkup?
Answer: You'll probably have all or most of the following eye tests, and possibly some other ones, too: Eye muscle movement test: This checks your eyes' alignment. The doctor will watch your eyes move while you follow a target (like a finger tip or his pen) as it moves in different directions.
Question: When should my child see their eye doctor?
Answer: You need to check to see if you have serious, sometimes "silent" problems that can affect your vision, like: Glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy If your child has no risk factors for eye problems, she should get her vision checked as a newborn and again at every regular health visit. By the time she's 3, it will be easier for the doctor to assess her eyes. After the first grade, she should get eye tests every 1 to 2 years.
Question: How should I prepare for my eye exam?
Answer: When you call to make an appointment for your exam, mention any vision problem you're having. Before you go, list any questions you want to ask the doctor. Also be ready to update him or her on any medicines you take and your (and your family's) eye health history. Bring your glasses and contact lenses along with the prescription with you. Also bring sunglasses for the trip home. The doctor might use eye drops to open up your pupils. This is called dilation. Your eyes will be sensitive to light afterward.
Question: What is a cover test in an eye checkup?
Answer: Bring your glasses and contact lenses along with the prescription with you. Cover test: This tells how well your eyes work together. You'll stare at a small target some distance away. The doctor will cover and uncover each eye to observe how much your eyes move. Your doctor will also be watching for an eye that turns away from the target.
Question: What will happen during my eye exam?
Answer: The exam may last from half an hour to several hours, depending on the equipment used. It will cover your vision and your eye health. Ask family or friends who they use. Ask your family doctor for a referral. Call the ophthalmology or optometry department of a nearby hospital and ask about doctors who practice there. Contact state and county academies, associations, or societies of optometrists and ophthalmologists, and ask if they can help you. Get a list from your health plan or health insurance company.
Question: How do I know if my eyes are at risk for some sort of damage?
Answer: You need to check to see if you have serious, sometimes "silent" problems that can affect your vision, like: Glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy If your child has no risk factors for eye problems, she should get her vision checked as a newborn and again at every regular health visit. If you have type 1 diabetes, get your eyes checked within 5 years of your diagnosis and every year after that. You'll need an exam ASAP if you're diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Have your eyes checked every year after that.
Question: What is anger?
Answer: Anger is a very powerful emotion that can stem from feelings of frustration, hurt, annoyance, or disappointment. It is a normal human emotion that can range from slight irritation to strong rage.
Question: What can happen if anger is supressed?
Answer: Suppressed anger can be an underlying cause of anxiety and depression. Anger that is not appropriately expressed can disrupt relationships, affect thinking and behavior patterns, and create a variety of physical problems. Chronic (long-term) anger has been linked to health issues such as high blood pressure, heart problems, headaches, skin disorders, and digestive problems. In addition, anger can be linked to problems such as crime, emotional and physical abuse, and other violent behavior.
Question: How can clinical trials help with stage I breast cancer?
Answer: Clinical trials are something else to consider. They're open to many women with stage I cancer, and they may allow you access to cutting-edge treatments. Talk to your doctor to find out more about them.
Question: How is surgery used to treat stage I breast cancer?
Answer: Surgery is standard treatment for this stage. Since the tumor is small, you may have a lumpectomy -- just the tumor and some of the tissue around it are removed. Some women get a mastectomy, in which the whole breast is removed. In either case, the surgeon will likely take out one or more lymph nodes. After a mastectomy, you might choose to have breast reconstruction surgery.
Question: How is hormone therapy used to treat stage I breast cancer?
Answer: Hormone therapy is a good option after surgery for women who have tumors that use hormones to grow, called hormone receptor-positive cancer. Medication can help prevent tumors from getting hormones. These drugs include tamoxifen for all women, and anastrozole ( Arimidex), exemestane ( Aromasin), and letrozole ( Femara) for postmenopausal women. Women who haven't reached menopause may consider having their ovaries removed to stop making hormones that help cancer grow.
Question: How is radiation therapy used to treat stage I breast cancer?
Answer: Radiation therapy can kill cancer cells that were missed. It's usually given after a lumpectomy. Women with stage I cancer who get a mastectomy sometimes need radiation, too.
Question: What are phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor bronchodilators, and what do they treat?
Answer: Newer oral drugs called phosphodiesterase-4 ( PDE-4) inhibitors have also proved to work in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD). A number of clinical trials showed the PDE-4 drug Roflumilast improved lung function when used with bronchodilator therapy. Some studies found it also led to fewer flare-ups. The FDA approved Roflumilast for bronchitis, not emphysema, but the two conditions often have similar symptoms.
Question: What are beta-agonist bronchodilators, and how do they work to treat emphysema?
Answer: Beta-agonists relax muscles around the airways. Your doctor may prescribe short-acting beta-agonists only when you need them, to control your symptoms. They start working within 3 to 5 minutes and last 4 to 6 hours. But they may cause your heart to race. They can also cause shakiness and cramping in the hands, legs, and feet. These side effects can make you feel anxious. That, in turn, can make it harder for you to breathe.
Question: How can steroids and combination medicines work to treat emphysema?
Answer: Steroids reduce swelling and mucus in your airways so you can breathe easier. Usually, you breathe them in with an inhaler. Over time, steroids can have serious side effects, including weight gain, diabetes, cataracts, high blood pressure, weakened bones, and increased risk of infection. Your doctor may recommend you use steroids along with beta-agonist or anticholinergic bronchodilators. This provides more benefits than using either drug alone. It's also easier because you have one inhaler instead of two.
Question: How can mucolytics help with treating emphysema?
Answer: These drugs help thin the mucus in your lungs so you can cough it up easier. Studies show using them can reduce flare-ups, especially if your emphysema is more severe.
Question: How can protein therapy help with treating emphysema?
Answer: Getting infusions of AAT can help slow down lung damage. It's designed for people who have severe emphysema in the upper lobes of their lungs.
Question: What are short-acting and long-acting bronchodilators, and how do they work to treat emphysema?
Answer: The short-acting drugs work faster but don't last as long. The long-acting ones don't work as fast, but they last longer. If your emphysema symptoms are mild, your doctor may recommend you take short-acting bronchodilators during flare ups. As your symptoms get worse, you may have to take daily doses of long-acting bronchodilators. If you have advanced emphysema, your doctor may prescribe a long-acting inhaled bronchodilator. They're used on a regular schedule to open your airways and keep them open.
Question: How can vaccines help with treating emphysema?
Answer: They can also prevent other problems and keep the disease from getting worse. If you have advanced emphysema, your doctor may prescribe a long-acting inhaled bronchodilator. They also suggest you get a pneumonia shot every 5 to 7 years to prevent infection.
Question: What are anticholinergic bronchodilators, and how do they work to treat emphysema?
Answer: Bronchodilators come in two forms: Anticholinergics stop the muscles around your airways from tightening. They also make it easier to clear mucus from the lungs. They start working within 3 to 5 minutes and last 4 to 6 hours. Short-acting anticholinergics start working in about 15 minutes and last 6 to 8 hours. The most common side effects of these drugs are dry mouth and difficulty peeing.
Question: What surgeries can treat serious cases of emphysema?
Answer: They include: Lung volume reduction surgery ( LVRS). In this procedure, a surgeon removes part of one or both of your lungs. Bullectomy. In rare cases, air sacs in the lungs caused by emphysema grow larger and can press against healthy parts of the lung. Lung transplants are possible for the most severe cases. Targeted lung denervation ( TLD).
Question: What new treatments may one day treat severe cases of emphysema without major surgery?
Answer: Researchers are developing ways to treat severe cases of emphysema without major surgery. The valves block airflow and mucus to those areas so the healthy areas of the lung can work better. Lung volume reduction coil treatment ( LVRC). The doctor inserts straightened nickel-titanium coils into the lungs. Broncoscopic thermal vapor ablation ( BVTA). This procedure reduces lung volume by using heated water vapor to cause scarring. Doctors place a stent, or tube, into severely diseased airways, allowing air that's trapped in the lungs to escape. It targets nerves that make your muscles contract and produce too much mucus. A small pilot study found TLD was safe.
Question: How can emphysema be treated?
Answer: Which ones your doctor recommends will depend on how severe your symptoms are. They also make it easier to clear mucus from the lungs. That, in turn, can make it harder for you to breathe.
Question: Can an automatic external defibrillator (AED) shock a person who is not in cardiac arrest?
Answer: No, the AED treats only a heart in an abnormal rhythm suitable for defibrillation. If a person is in cardiac arrest without such a rhythm, the heart will not respond to electric currents. CPR should be administered until medical help arrives.
Question: What is sudden cardiac death (SCD)?
Answer: Sudden cardiac death ( SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death caused by a lethal heart rhythm (sudden cardiac arrest). It is a leading cause of ''natural deaths'' in the U. S., causing about 295,000 adults to die each year. SCD is responsible for half of all heart disease deaths.
Question: Who can use an AED?
Answer: Most AEDs are designed to be used by non-medical people such as fire department personnel, police officers, lifeguards, flight attendants, security guards, teachers, and even family members of high-risk persons. The goal is to provide access defibrillation when needed as quickly as possible. CPR along with AEDs can dramatically increase survival rates for sudden cardiac arrest.
Question: Who can get sudden cardiac death (SCD)?
Answer: SCD occurs most frequently in adults in their mid-30s to mid-40s, and affects men twice as often as it does women. SCD is rare in children, although the exact prevalence is not known.
Question: How do you treat sudden cardiac death (SCD)?
Answer: Sudden cardiac arrest can be treated if addressed within the first few minutes. The American Heart Association promotes the following four steps, called "the chain of survival:" Early Access to Care. Quick contact with emergency care is essential. Call 911 (in most communities) or your local emergency number immediately. Early Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ( CPR). Learning CPR is the greatest gift you can give your family and friends. If performed properly (see below), CPR can help save a life until emergency medical help arrives. Early Defibrillation. In most adults, sudden cardiac death is related to ventricular fibrillation. Quick defibrillation (delivery of an electrical shock) is necessary to return the heart rhythm to a normal heartbeat. Many public places, such as malls, golf courses, and airports, have automated external defibrillators ( AEDs; see below) available for use in emergency situations. Early Advanced Care. After successful defibrillation, most patients require hospital care to treat and prevent future events. These four steps can increase survival as much as 90% if initiated within the first minutes after sudden cardiac arrest. Survival decreases by about 10% each minute longer.
Question: Can fast food and junk food affect a child's digestion?
Answer: Make sure she's eating enough fruits, grains and vegetables.
Question: When are children and infants most likely to have constipation?
Answer: There's no simple definition of normal bowel activity in children, but there are three stages when they're most likely to have problems with constipation: In infants, when you first begin the switch from formula to solid foods In toddlers, when toilet training first begins In older children, around the time they start school As a parent, there are signs of constipation to watch out for and things you can do to help your little one find relief.
Question: Can getting your child to regularly use the bathroom help with constipation?
Answer: Get your child into the habit of regular bowel movements. Have him try for at least 10 minutes two times a day. After a meal is a good time.
Question: What tests might your pediatrician do if you child's constipation is severe?
Answer: Add more fiber into your child's diet. This is a normal X-ray to check for blockage. The bowels are coated with a dye so that any problems in the rectum, the colon or the small intestine will clearly be seen on an X-ray. Rectal biopsy.
Question: After how long should you see a doctor about your child's constipation?
Answer: Your child may be constipated if he's having any of these symptoms: Abdominal pain Fewer than three bowel movements per week for children, and for babies, no bowel movement for 2 or 3 days more than usual Your child attempts to hold in his stool -- signs include making faces, crossing his legs, or twisting his body. It's usually nothing to worry about.
Question: What are signs that your child might be constipated?
Answer: Hard, dry stools that don't pass easily Stains and small stool marks in your child's underwear There are many things that can cause your child to become constipated. If your child's constipation lasts for more than 2 weeks, something else may be going on.
Question: What if I am dehydrated due to vomiting during chemotherapy?
Answer: Call your doctor if your vomiting is severe or comes back often so you can't keep anything down, or when you also have any of these symptoms: Dark urine Small amount of urine Rapid heart rate Headaches Dizziness when standing up Flushed, dry skin Coated tongue Irritability and confusion Before each treatment session, tell your health care team if you've been feeling queasy.
Question: Does cancer treatment still work if I am vomiting?
Answer: Also, your cancer drugs can't work if you've thrown them up. If vomiting continues, you may have to stop your cancer treatment temporarily. You may also need fluids through an IV to help your body reset its chemical balance and regain nutrients for energy.
Question: When should I call a doctor about vomiting from chemotherapy?
Answer: Also, your cancer drugs can't work if you've thrown them up. If vomiting continues, you may have to stop your cancer treatment temporarily. You may also need fluids through an IV to help your body reset its chemical balance and regain nutrients for energy. Call your doctor if your vomiting is severe or comes back often so you can't keep anything down, or when you also have any of these symptoms: Dark urine Small amount of urine Rapid heart rate Headaches Dizziness when standing up Flushed, dry skin Coated tongue Irritability and confusion Before each treatment session, tell your health care team if you've been feeling queasy.
Question: Should I take drugs for nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy?
Answer: Different drugs work for different people, and you may need more than one drug to get relief. Be sure to tell your doctor or nurse if you feel very queasy, have been throwing up for more than a day, or if it's so bad that you can't keep liquids down. That could lead to dehydration, which can cause serious problems if not treated.
Question: What should you do if you feel nauseous from chemotherapy?
Answer: Instead of eating three large meals every day, eat small meals, and eat more often. Nausea is often worse if your stomach is empty. Try to eat more food at a time of day when you feel less ill. Eat slowly, and chew your food completely. Choose foods that are cold or at room temperature. The smell of hot or warm foods may make you feel sicker. Avoid spicy and fatty foods, including rich and creamy sauces, because they're hard to digest. Foods that cause gas (like vegetables, beans, and soda) can make nausea worse. Rest after eating, but don't lie down. Sit up, keeping your head higher than your feet. If you feel queasy when you first wake up, keep a box of crackers on your nightstand and eat a few before getting out of bed. Or try having a high-protein snack such as lean meat or cheese before going to bed. ( Protein stays in your stomach longer than other foods.) You'll to prevent dehydration. Choose cold beverages such as water, flat soda, or flavored drink mixes. You can also suck on ice cubes and eat Popsicles to stay hydrated. Take your anti-nausea medicine on schedule. Call your doctor if your vomiting is severe or comes back often so you can't keep anything down, or when you also have any of these symptoms: Dark urine Small amount of urine Rapid heart rate Headaches Dizziness when standing up Flushed, dry skin Coated tongue Irritability and confusion Before each treatment session, tell your health care team if you've been feeling queasy.
Question: How can you cope with chemotherapy and nausea?
Answer: When they do happen, it tends to be less severe and pass more quickly than in the past. Different drugs work for different people, and you may need more than one drug to get relief. Be sure to tell your doctor or nurse if you feel very queasy, have been throwing up for more than a day, or if it's so bad that you can't keep liquids down. That could lead to dehydration, which can cause serious problems if not treated. If you vomit more than three times a day and you don't drink enough fluids, you could become dehydrated. Also, your cancer drugs can't work if you've thrown them up.