anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is Williams syndrome diagnosed?
Answer: Children are slower to walk, talk, and gain new skills compared to other children their age. Your doctor will do an exam and ask about your family medical history. Then the doctor will look for facial features like an upturned nose, wide forehead, and small teeth. An electrocardiogram ( EKG) or ultrasound can check for heart problems. A bladder and kidney ultrasound can check for urinary tract conditions. Your child might get a blood test called FISH, or fluorescence in situ hybridization, to see if any genes are missing. Most people with Williams syndrome will not have the ELN gene. Because these issues can develop over time, doctors will want to see your child regularly.
Question: What is Williams syndrome?
Answer: Children with this syndrome could have problems with their heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other organs. Their nose, mouth, and other facial features may be unique. They sometimes have trouble learning. Children with Williams syndrome will need to see many doctors throughout their lives. But with the right treatment, they can stay healthy and do well in school. Williams syndrome can't be cured, but treatments can help with symptoms and learning problems.
Question: What are possible symptoms of Williams syndrome?
Answer: Children with this syndrome could have problems with their heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other organs. Curved spine, called scoliosis Ear infections Early puberty Farsightedness Hernia High levels of calcium in the blood Hoarse voice Joint and bone problems Kidney problems Urinary tract infections Williams syndrome is usually diagnosed before a child is 4 years old.
Question: What causes Williams syndrome?
Answer: Babies with Williams syndrome are born without certain genes. In a small number of cases, babies inherit the genetic deletion from a parent with the condition, but it is usually a random disorder in the genes. It can also affect a child's ability to learn.
Question: What are treatments for Williams syndrome?
Answer: Many different caregivers can be involved in taking care of your child, including a: Cardiologist -- a doctor who treats heart problems Endocrinologist -- a doctor who treats hormone problems Gastroenterologist -- a doctor who treats gastrointestinal problems Ophthalmologist -- a doctor who treats eye problems Psychologist Speech and language therapist Occupational therapist Physical therapist Some of the treatments your child might need: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D to bring down high calcium levels in the blood Medicine to lower blood pressure Special education, including speech and language therapy Physical therapy Surgery to fix a blood vessel or heart problem Your child might need treatments for other symptoms, too. Williams syndrome can't be cured, but treatments can help with symptoms and learning problems. Every child with Williams syndrome is different. Some can lead a very normal life. Others have more serious health and learning problems. They may need lifelong medical care.
Question: How can Williams syndrome affect the heart and blood vessels?
Answer: Children with this syndrome could have problems with their heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other organs. The aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body, may be narrowed. The pulmonary arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs also may be narrowed. High blood pressure is common. Narrowed arteries don't let as much oxygen-rich blood reach the heart and body. High blood pressure and decreased blood flow can damage the heart.
Question: What is a facet joint block?
Answer: Facet joint block: Also known as a zygapophysial joint block, the facet joint block is performed to determine whether a facet joint is a source of pain. Facet joints are located on the back of the spine, where one vertebra slightly overlaps another. These joints guide and restrict the spines movement.
Question: What are risks and side effects of nerve blocks?
Answer: Nerve blocks do have risks and side effects. They include: Elevated blood sugars Rash Itching Weight gain Extra energy Soreness at the site of injection Bleeding Death (in rare cases) Although many kinds of nerve blocks exist, this treatment cannot always be used.
Question: How are nerve blocks used?
Answer: Therapeutic nerve blocks are used to treat painful conditions. Diagnostic nerve blocks are used to determine sources of pain. Prognostic nerve blocks predict the outcomes of given treatments. Preemptive nerve blocks are meant to prevent subsequent pain from a procedure that can cause problems including phantom limb pain. Nerve blocks can be used, in some cases, to avoid surgery.
Question: What things might your partner worry about if you have diabetes?
Answer: It's common for your partner to worry about: Serious health complications, like blindness or amputations How to help you control your diabetes day to day and to deal with any blood sugar emergencies If you'll be able to take care of your family and other responsibilities Money and insurance coverage If you don't talk about these issues candidly, the stressors over time can put a wedge in your relationship.
Question: What do studies say about relationships and diabetes?
Answer: Managing your type 2 diabetes is a big part of your life. If you have a partner or a spouse, diabetes becomes a part of their life, too. Studies show that a supportive partner can help you better manage your disease. Both of you should learn about the danger of high and low blood sugar levels, insulin and other medications, the benefits of exercise, and the best diet to keep your blood sugar under control. Consider taking your partner along on your doctors' appointments or to diabetes classes.
Question: What are some lifestyle tips to prevent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Answer: These strategies may also help prevent GERD: Relieve stress: See if yoga, meditation, or tai chi can cut your symptoms. Chew gum after meals: You'll make more saliva, which helps neutralize heartburn-causing acid. Wear loose clothing: Tight clothing, especially around your stomach, can push stomach acid upward.
Question: How can losing weight help in preventing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Answer: Being overweight puts extra pressure on your stomach, which pushes food and acid up toward your esophagus. If you need to shed pounds, you'll see improvements in GERD if you lose just 10 to 15 pounds. Talk to your doctor to figure out a plan to drop no more than about 1 to 2 pounds each week.
Question: What changes to my bedtime routine can help prevent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Answer: They can bring on GERD symptoms, so limit them or cut back completely if you can. Try not to snack or dine at least 2 to 3 hours before you go to sleep. Prop up the head of your bed 6 to 10 inches. You can keep heartburn and other GERD symptoms away if you put your head and chest above your stomach. It helps gravity keep what's in your stomach away from your esophagus. Don't prop your back up with pillows, though, since that may bend your body in a way that puts pressure on your stomach. Instead, use a foam wedge under your mattress, or put blocks of wood under the top legs of the bed.
Question: How is presbyopia treated?
Answer: But there are a lot of ways to improve it. Readers: Yes, those cheap glasses you see at the drugstore can often do the trick. Pick the weakest pair that lets you see what you need to read. Bifocals work for many people. If you have glasses already, this might be the option for you. They're eyeglasses with two different prescriptions in one lens. The top part corrects for distance vision. The lower section helps you see objects up close. Progressive lenses are similar to bifocals, but there's a gradual or blended transition between the two prescriptions instead of separate sections Contact lenses can also treat presbyopia. You might try: Multifocal lenses, which come in soft or gas-permeable versions. Monovision lenses: One lens helps you see objects at a distance. The other is for close-up vision.
Question: What are the symptoms of presbyopia?
Answer: You'll notice: You need to hold reading material at arm's length.
Question: How do you know if you have presbyopia?
Answer: Blurred vision at a normal reading distance Headaches or fatigue from doing close work Your eye doctor can diagnose presbyopia with a thorough eye exam.
Question: How does presbyopia occur?
Answer: Presbyopia is often confused with farsightedness, but the two are different. Presbyopia happens when the natural lens in the eye gets less flexible. Farsightedness is from a misshaped eyeball that causes light rays to focus incorrectly once they have entered the eye.
Question: What other procedures can treat presbyopia?
Answer: KAMRA Inlay is an FDA-approved implant. That means a doctor will surgically place it in one eye. It can work for people with presbyopia who haven't had cataract surgery. Other procedures are available as well.
Question: How is a Raindrop Inlay used to treat presbyopia?
Answer: KAMRA Inlay is an FDA-approved implant. That means a doctor will surgically place it in one eye.
Question: How can you treat presbyopia?
Answer: But there are a lot of ways to improve it. Readers: Yes, those cheap glasses you see at the drugstore can often do the trick. Pick the weakest pair that lets you see what you need to read.
Question: How is presbyopia diagnosed?
Answer: Blurred vision at a normal reading distance Headaches or fatigue from doing close work Your eye doctor can diagnose presbyopia with a thorough eye exam.
Question: Do bifocals work to treat presbyopia?
Answer: If you have glasses already, this might be the option for you. They're eyeglasses with two different prescriptions in one lens. The top part corrects for distance vision. The lower section helps you see objects up close. It can work for people with presbyopia who haven't had cataract surgery.
Question: How can you help prevent your child's bedwetting?
Answer: Reduce evening fluid intake. Do not give your child anything to drink in the two hours before bedtime, especially drinks such as tea or sodas that contain caffeine. Have your child go to the bathroom before getting into bed. Instead of focusing on making it through the night dry, help your child understand that it is more important to wake up every night to use the toilet. Make sure the child has easy access to the toilet. The child gets a sticker on the chart for every night of remaining dry. Consider using absorbent pants at night. Some believe that you should avoid using absorbent pants at home because they can interfere with the motivation to wake up and use the toilet. Others argue that absorbent pants help the child feel more independent and confident. Talk to your child's doctor to determine what is best for your child.
Question: What type of insulin do you need?
Answer: Insulin comes in four basic forms: Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes after injection. Its effects only last 2 to 3 hours. Regular- or short-acting insulin takes about 30 minutes to work and lasts for about 3 to 6 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin takes up to 4 hours to work fully. It peaks anywhere from 4 to 12 hours, and its effects can last for about 12 to 18 hours. Long-acting insulin begins to work in about 2 hours and then lasts up to a full day, steadily without a real peak. Your doctor can tell you which type will work best with your diabetes type and blood sugar level.
Question: What questions might your doctor ask you about insulin?
Answer: How do you feel while taking your insulin? Have you noticed any side effects? How are you responding to your insulin dose? Are you having any problems with high or low blood sugar? Have you had any trouble using your insulin syringe, pen, or pump? Do you know how to store and dispose of your used syringes or needles?
Question: What can I eat while taking insulin?
Answer: Ask your doctor for food recommendations to help your insulin work best. For instance, you'll want to know how much to eat at each meal, which types of foods are best for you to eat, whether you need to have snacks, and when you should eat. If you drink alcohol, ask your doctor if that's OK while you're taking insulin, and what your limit should be.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about the side effects of insulin?
Answer: The most common side effects are low blood sugar and weight gain. Ask your doctor what others you might have, and what to do if you get them.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about reusing syringes?
Answer: Doing so can lower your costs, but it is not without risk. Ask your doctor if that's safe for you, and how to keep your syringes clean so you don't get an infection. If you throw out your syringes after each use, ask how to safely dispose of them.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about when to take insulin?
Answer: It depends on things such as: The type of insulin you use (fast-acting, premixed, etc.) How much and what type of food you eat How much exercise you get Other health conditions you have The type of insulin delivery system (such as shots, pump, or inhaler) you use Your doctor may want you to take insulin a half-hour before meals, so it's available when sugar from food enters your bloodstream. Find out exactly when during the day you need to take each of your injections, and what to do if you forget to give yourself an injection.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about storing insulin?
Answer: Most insulin makers recommend storing it in the refrigerator, but injecting cold insulin can be uncomfortable. Make sure it's at room temperature before injecting. Ask your doctor whether to store your insulin in the fridge or at room temperature. Also find out how long your insulin will last, and how to tell if it has gone bad.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about the type of insulin I need if I am diabetic?
Answer: Insulin comes in four basic forms: Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes after injection. Its effects only last 2 to 3 hours. Regular- or short-acting insulin takes about 30 minutes to work and lasts for about 3 to 6 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin takes up to 4 hours to work fully. It peaks anywhere from 4 to 12 hours, and its effects can last for about 12 to 18 hours. Long-acting insulin begins to work in about 2 hours and then lasts up to a full day, steadily without a real peak. Your doctor can tell you which type will work best with your diabetes type and blood sugar level.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about where to inject insulin?
Answer: Most people inject it into their lower belly area, since it's easy to reach. ( Be sure to stay at least 2 inches from the belly button.) You can also inject insulin into your arms, thighs, or buttocks. Ask your doctor or diabetes educator to show you the right way to inject, including how to keep your needle and skin clean to prevent infections. Also learn how to rotate the injection site so you don't develop hard, fatty deposits under the skin from repeated injections.
Question: How do I know what diet changes to make if I use insulin?
Answer: Ask your doctor for food recommendations to help your insulin work best. For instance, you'll want to know how much to eat at each meal, which types of foods are best for you to eat, whether you need to have snacks, and when you should eat. If you drink alcohol, ask your doctor if that's OK while you're taking insulin, and what your limit should be.
Question: How should I give myself insulin?
Answer: To inject insulin, you can use a syringe, pen, or pump. If you use an insulin pump, ask your doctor when you'll need to give yourself an extra amount of insulin (bolus). If you have type 1 diabetes, you may need up to three or four injections daily. People with type 2 diabetes may need just one shot of insulin a day, possibly increasing to three or four injections. There is also a rapid-acting inhaled insulin that you can use before meals only. If you have type 1 diabetes, you must also use long-acting insulin. Talk with your doctor about the pros and cons of each method. How are you responding to your insulin dose? Have you had any trouble using your insulin syringe, pen, or pump?
Question: What is my target blood sugar level?
Answer: Your doctor can tell you which type will work best with your diabetes type and blood sugar level. Find out your target blood sugar range before and after meals, as well as at bedtime. For most people with diabetes, the targets are: 70 to 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/d L) before meals Less than 180 mg/d L 2 hours after a meal Ask what to do if your blood sugar doesn't stay within range, and how often you need to have your A1 C level tested.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about my blood sugar level?
Answer: Your doctor can tell you which type will work best with your diabetes type and blood sugar level. Find out your target blood sugar range before and after meals, as well as at bedtime. For most people with diabetes, the targets are: 70 to 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/d L) before meals Less than 180 mg/d L 2 hours after a meal Ask what to do if your blood sugar doesn't stay within range, and how often you need to have your A1 C level tested.
Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about other medications and insulin?
Answer: Does insulin affect other medicines I take? Are you having any problems with high or low blood sugar?
Question: How does photodynamic ("light") therapy treat Bowen's disease?
Answer: Photodynamic (âlightâ) therapy: This uses ultraviolet light rays to heal your skin. Sometimes you may put medication on your skin to make the cells more sensitive to the light.
Question: How is fluorouracil used to treat Bowen's disease?
Answer: Fluorouracil: This is medication you put on your skin. It keeps the abnormal cells from growing and reproducing. It can cause redness, soreness, or peeling after 1 or 2 weeks, but this usually goes away within a month or two.
Question: How is imiquimod used to treat Bowen's disease?
Answer: Imiquimod: This is also medication you put on your skin. Doctors don't know exactly how it works against cancer, but when it's used to treat warts, it helps your immune system fight the virus that causes them.
Question: What is curettage and electrodessication for Bowen's disease?
Answer: Besides surgery, other treatment options are: Curettage and electrodessication: You're given a shot of anesthetic to numb the area, and your doctor scrapes off the patches with a special tool. Then she'll use high-frequency electric current to stop the bleeding. She may repeat the process if there are still cancer cells in deeper tissue.
Question: What is removed in Mohs surgery for Bowen's disease?
Answer: If you have a larger patch, you may need a more detailed procedure called Mohs surgery. A thin layer of tissue is removed and looked at under a microscope. If cancer cells are seen in the outside edges of the tissue, another thin layer is removed and studied. When no cancer cells are found, the surgery is over.
Question: What causes Bowenoid papulosis?
Answer: Bowenoid papulosis is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), which also can cause genital warts and cervical cancer. The virus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U. S. Sexually active people under 30 are at the highest risk for it, because it's most often passed through skin-to-skin contact.
Question: What causes Bowen's disease other than HPV?
Answer: Scientists aren't sure exactly what causes the other forms of Bowen's disease. However, long-term sun exposure and aging may increase your odds of getting many skin cancers, including this one. Poisoning with arsenic also appears to make you more likely to get this early form of skin cancer.
Question: Who's most likely to get Bowen's disease?
Answer: It usually affects white adults over age 60. Men seem to get it more often than women.
Question: How does liquid nitrogen cryosurgery treat Bowen's disease?
Answer: Liquid nitrogen cryosurgery: Your doctor sprays liquid nitrogen onto the affected area to freeze it. Afterward, the area will peel, blister, or scab over, depending on the amount used.
Question: What is removed in a surgical excision for Bowen's disease?
Answer: Bowen's disease can spread to deeper layers of your skin. Your doctor (a dermatologist, who specializes in skin care and treatment) probably will recommend something called surgical excision. She'll gently remove the cancerous area and about a quarter-inch beyond it.
Question: How does radiation therapy treat Bowen's disease?
Answer: Radiation therapy: One type uses very tiny electrically charged particles (electrons) to target and kill cancer cells. This type of radiation enters only the upper layers of your skin, so deeper tissues and organs are safe.
Question: Why are follow-ups and skin checks necessary after treating Bowen's disease?
Answer: You can't always tell by looking at your skin if you have Bowen's disease. You should have regular follow-ups and skin checks with your doctor.
Question: How is Bowen's disease diagnosis confirmed?
Answer: Many other skin conditions can look the same. It can be mistaken for harmless disorders -- like rashes or eczema -- as well as life-threatening ones, including melanoma. Your doctor usually has to take a sample of your skin for testing (biopsy) to confirm it. If you have Bowen's disease, you're at a higher risk for other types of skin cancers, especially if you have a weak immune system from disease or medical treatments.
Question: Should I take dietary supplements if I have diabetes?
Answer: That's the first step in deciding whether or not to mix diabetes and dietary supplements. He or she can discuss the possible benefits and risks of dietary supplements. Your doctor or pharmacist can also check that any supplements you take will not interact dangerously with your medications. Be sure to list any dietary supplements you take whenever you tell your doctor or any other health care professional about your medications.
Question: Is there any evidence that vitamin or mineral supplements benefit people with diabetes?
Answer: The American Diabetes Association states that there is no evidence that vitamin or mineral supplements will benefit people with type 2 diabetes who do not have an actual deficiency.
Question: Can minerals help control blood sugar?
Answer: Ongoing studies point to two minerals that may be linked to blood sugar control. That's the first step in deciding whether or not to mix diabetes and dietary supplements.
Question: What is dysuria (painful urination) and who gets it?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Dysuria is a symptom of pain, discomfort, or burning when urinating. It is more common in women than in men. In men, it is more common in older men than younger men.
Question: What are the questions that my doctor will ask to help determine the cause of dysuria (painful urination)?
Answer: To help determine the cause, the doctor may ask whether your painful urination: Started suddenly or gradually Occurred once or many times Is felt at the onset of urination The doctor may also ask if your painful urination is accompanied by symptoms such as: Fever Abnormal discharge Flank pain The doctor may also want to know if the painful urination is accompanied by changes in urine flow, such as: Dribbling Difficulty initiating flow Increased frequency or need to urinate And you may also be asked by your doctor if there are changes in urine character along with painful urination.