anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is Reclast and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?
Answer: Teriparatide ( Forteo), an injectable synthetic hormone that stimulates bone growth and reduces spinal fractures for women with severe osteoporosis Raloxifene ( Evista), an estrogen-like drug that slows bone loss and helps increase bone thickness Zoledronic acid ( Reclast), which is given as a once-yearly 15-minute infusion in a vein; Reclast is said to increase bone strength and reduce fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, arm, leg, or rib Duavee (a combination of estrogen and bazedoxifene), a type of hormone replacement therapy approved to treat menopause-related hot flashes; Duavee may also prevent osteoporosis in high-risk women who have already tried non-estrogen treatment.
Question: What are natural ways to prevent spinal compression fractures?
Answer: Natural ways to prevent spinal compression fractures include taking calcium supplements, getting more vitamin D, quitting smoking, preventing falls, and doing weight-bearing and strength-building exercises. You can also take medications to halt or slow osteoporosis, including: Bisphosphonate drugs.
Question: What is Evista and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?
Answer: Teriparatide ( Forteo), an injectable synthetic hormone that stimulates bone growth and reduces spinal fractures for women with severe osteoporosis Raloxifene ( Evista), an estrogen-like drug that slows bone loss and helps increase bone thickness Zoledronic acid ( Reclast), which is given as a once-yearly 15-minute infusion in a vein; Reclast is said to increase bone strength and reduce fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, arm, leg, or rib Duavee (a combination of estrogen and bazedoxifene), a type of hormone replacement therapy approved to treat menopause-related hot flashes; Duavee may also prevent osteoporosis in high-risk women who have already tried non-estrogen treatment.
Question: How can I prevent future spinal compression fractures?
Answer: To prevent future spinal compression fractures, it's also important to treat the osteoporosis that likely caused your fracture and begin building stronger bones.
Question: What blood tests can diagnose anemia?
Answer: Blood tests will not only confirm the diagnosis of anemia, but also help point to the underlying condition. Tests might include: Complete blood count ( CBC), which determines the number, size, volume, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells Blood iron level and your serum ferritin level, the best indicators of your body's total iron stores Levels of vitamin B12 and folate, vitamins necessary for red blood cell production Special blood tests to detect rare causes of anemia, such as an immune attack on your red blood cells, red blood cell fragility, and defects of enzymes, hemoglobin, and clotting Reticulocyte count, bilirubin, and other blood and urine tests to determine how quickly your blood cells are being made or if you have a hemolytic anemia, where your red blood cells have a shortened life span Only in rare cases will a doctor need to remove a sample of bone marrow to determine the cause of your anemia.
Question: How do you treat sickle cell anemia in children?
Answer: Sickle Cell Anemia Occasionally, children with sickle cell disease who have an appropriate donor may be cured by a bone marrow transplant. Alternatively, a drug called hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea, Silkos) appears to stimulate the formation of an alternate form of hemoglobin that isn't susceptible to the sickling, and may be used to reduce the frequency of bone pain. The bone pain can usually be eased with pain medications and the anemia may require transfusions. Hydroxyurea may also decrease the need for blood transfusions.
Question: Will doctors ever need to remove a sample of bone marrow to diagnose anemia?
Answer: Tests might include: Complete blood count ( CBC), which determines the number, size, volume, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells Blood iron level and your serum ferritin level, the best indicators of your body's total iron stores Levels of vitamin B12 and folate, vitamins necessary for red blood cell production Special blood tests to detect rare causes of anemia, such as an immune attack on your red blood cells, red blood cell fragility, and defects of enzymes, hemoglobin, and clotting Reticulocyte count, bilirubin, and other blood and urine tests to determine how quickly your blood cells are being made or if you have a hemolytic anemia, where your red blood cells have a shortened life span Only in rare cases will a doctor need to remove a sample of bone marrow to determine the cause of your anemia.
Question: How do you treat anemia caused by blood loss?
Answer: Anemia Caused by Blood Loss If you suddenly lose a large volume of blood, you may be treated with fluids, a blood transfusion, oxygen, and possibly iron to help your body build new red blood cells. Chronic blood loss is treated by identifying the source of bleeding, stopping the bleeding, and, if necessary, providing treatment for iron-deficiency anemia.
Question: How do you treat anemia caused by iron deficiency?
Answer: With iron deficiency anemia, your doctor will probably recommend iron supplements that contain the ferrous form of iron, which your body can absorb easily. Timed-release iron supplements are not a good choice for most people, because iron is primarily absorbed in the upper part of the digestive tract.
Question: How do you treat anemia caused by chronic disease?
Answer: Anemia Caused by Chronic Disease It is best to treat the underlying condition whenever possible. Anemia caused by chronic kidney disease or following chemotherapy can often be treated with an injection of recombinant human erythropoietin called epoetin alpha ( Epogen, Procrit) or darbepoetin alfa ( Aranesp). Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Darbepoetin alfa is a synthetic form of erythropoietin.
Question: How do you treat lead poisoning?
Answer: Lead poisoning is treated by discontinuing exposure to lead and administering a drug that binds and draws lead out of the body.
Question: What might your doctor do if your iron-deficiency anemia does not improve with iron supplements?
Answer: Your doctor will monitor your red blood cell counts, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, and ferritin levels, during treatment. If your anemia doesn't improve with iron supplements, your doctor will look for some other underlying cause. In rare cases, your doctor may prescribe iron injections or give you iron intravenously (through a needle in the vein). In extremely rare cases of life-threatening iron-deficiency anemia, treatment may involve a blood transfusion.
Question: How do I know if I have anemia?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } To diagnose anemia, your doctor will likely ask you about your medical history, perform a physical exam, and order blood tests. You can help by providing detailed answers about your symptoms, family medical history, diet, medications you take, alcohol intake, and ethnic background. Your doctor will look for symptoms of anemia and other physical clues that might point to a cause. There are basically three different causes of anemia: blood loss, decreased or faulty red blood cell production, or destruction of red blood cells.
Question: How can I prevent anemia?
Answer: You can help prevent iron-deficiency anemia by eating a well-balanced diet that includes good sources of iron, vitamin B12, and folate. Steps to take include the following: If you are a vegetarian or vegan, talk to your doctor or a nutritionist about your diet and any possible need for supplements. Decrease your consumption of caffeinated products and tea. Select iron-fortified cereals and breads. Carefully follow safety guidelines if your occupation involves work with lead-containing materials such as batteries, petroleum, and paint.
Question: How effective are treatments for Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: These include: 6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol, Purixan) adalimumab ( Humira) adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) cyclosporine golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) infliximab ( Remicade) infliximab-abda ( Renflexis),a biosimilar to Remicade infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) natalizumab ( Tysabri) tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) ustekinumab ( Stelara) vedolizumab ( Entyvio) With the treatments for mild symptoms, almost all -- 90% -- of ulcerative colitis cases go into remission. If your UC is ârefractory,â you may need continuous treatment with steroids. With Crohn's disease, complete remission is less common. Some people eventually need surgery. That includes up to 45% people with ulcerative colitis and three quarters of people with Crohn's. You and your doctor might talk about an operation if you have severe symptoms that aren't helped by medications, if you get a blockage in your digestive tract, or if you get a tear or hole in the side of the intestine.
Question: Who is more likely to get Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are most often diagnosed in teenagers and young adults -- although they can happen at any age -- and tend to run in families.
Question: What blood tests are used for Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: Scientists are working to make several blood tests better at helping to diagnose ulcerative colitis and Crohn's. They check on levels of certain antibodies found in the blood. Two of these are: âp ANCAâ (perinuclear anti-neutrophil antibodies) â ASCAâ (anti- Saccharomyces Cerevisiae antibody) Most often, people with ulcerative colitis have the p ANCA antibody in their blood, and those with Crohn's disease have ASCA in theirs.
Question: What should you do if you have Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: If you have either condition, you'll need to keep up with your checkups, even if your symptoms start to ease up. You may also need to get colonoscopies more often and start them at a younger age. A colonoscopy can check for cancer or polyps that need to come out. Experts recommend that you start these tests within 8 to 10 years of developing UC or Crohn's symptoms, and then typically every 1 to 3 years after that. Your doctor will tell you a schedule that is best for you.
Question: What are blood test findings in Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: Sometimes, even after all these tests, doctors might not be able to tell which of the two conditions you have. That's true for 1 in 10 people with IBD. They show signs of both diseases. So they get a diagnosis of âindeterminate colitis,â because it's not clear which ailment it is.
Question: How can specific types of endoscopy help to diagnose Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: Specific types of endoscopy can: Examine lower part of your large intestines. Your doctor will call this test "sigmoidoscopy." Look at your entire large intestine. This is a colonoscopy. Check the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This is an EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy). Additional testing to look at your small intestine using a pill-sized camera. This is often called pill, or capsule, endoscopy. See the bile ducts in the liver and the pancreatic duct. This test is called ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography).
Question: Where does the inflammation occur in Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: People with Crohn's disease often have healthy areas in between inflamed spots. But with ulcerative colitis, there are no healthy areas in between inflamed spots.
Question: What drugs are used to treat Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: For severe disease, you may need drugs that work on the immune system. These include: 6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol, Purixan) adalimumab ( Humira) adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) cyclosporine golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) infliximab ( Remicade) infliximab-abda ( Renflexis),a biosimilar to Remicade infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) natalizumab ( Tysabri) tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) ustekinumab ( Stelara) vedolizumab ( Entyvio) With the treatments for mild symptoms, almost all -- 90% -- of ulcerative colitis cases go into remission.
Question: How is Crohnâs disease diagnosed?
Answer: Contrast X-rays, for which you'll swallow a thick, chalky, barium liquid so doctors can see how it moves through your system. CT scans and MRIs to rule out other conditions that might cause symptoms similar to an inflammatory bowel disease. Endoscopy, in which a doctor uses a tiny camera on a thin tube to see inside your digestive system. This is often called pill, or capsule, endoscopy. You and your doctor might talk about an operation if you have severe symptoms that aren't helped by medications, if you get a blockage in your digestive tract, or if you get a tear or hole in the side of the intestine.
Question: How can treatments help with Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: The symptoms of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis ( UC) can be similar. Those include diet tweaks, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and avoiding pain meds called â NSAIDsâ (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as ibuprofen. Stress management is also key. Stress doesn't cause IBD, but it can lead to flare-ups. So try to cut down on the things that make you tense, and find ways to relax. Exercise is a great way to do that. So are other healthy things you might enjoy and find meaningful, such as hobbies, meditation, prayer, volunteering, and positive relationships.
Question: What are the symptoms of Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: They include: Belly cramps and pain Diarrhea Constipation An urgent need to have a bowel movement Feeling like your bowel movement wasn't complete Rectal bleeding Fever Smaller appetite Weight loss Fatigue Night sweats Problems with your period. You might skip them, or their timing might be harder to predict. You might not have all of those symptoms all the time. Both conditions can come and go, switching between flares (when symptoms are worse) and remission (when symptoms ease up or stop). Because of the similarities between the conditions, many treatments of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease overlap.
Question: How does the location of Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) differ?
Answer: You might not have all of those symptoms all the time. Ulcerative colitis affects only the large intestine. But in Crohn's disease, inflammation can appear anywhere in the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus.
Question: What can I do at home if I am sick and have HIV/AIDS?
Answer: Make sure you drink plenty of fluids, especially if you have fever. Smaller meals may help until you get hungry again. Also, rest as much as you can and get plenty of sleep so your body has a chance to recover.
Question: What is a normal session of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) like?
Answer: The CISD program has three goals: Lessen the impact of a trauma Help those involved recover Find people who might need extra help A normal session involves a small group talking about their shared experience with help from a trained leader. It sounds like -- but should not take the place of -- therapy. The group leaders are often counselors or experts in disaster response who are certified by the National Organization for Victim Assistance ( NOVA). Groups that lead CISD are typically members of either NOVA or National Volunteer Organizations Active in Disaster.
Question: What is critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)?
Answer: You may feel anxious, angry, scared, or guilty. And you might have trouble with sleep, focus, or even become physically ill. A critical incident stress debriefing ( CISD) can help you get better. These sessions, often offered by a workplace or city, provide a chance to talk about the trauma with others who were involved. A CISD usually takes place within the first 3 days after the event and is open to people who were hurt, saw others hurt or killed, or served as first responders.
Question: How long do sessions for critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) last?
Answer: You may take a break and meet again later that day. The group typically meets several times over a few days. The group usually sits together so you can share your experiences, but if someone needs to talk one-on-one, a leader can take him aside.
Question: What role do group leaders play in critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) meetings?
Answer: Group leaders will offer ways to manage the stress and help people understand their feelings and emotional reactions to the event. Participants are encouraged to describe details of the event from their own point of view and discuss their reactions. Leaders will also make sure that participants know what symptoms to watch for (such as nightmares or re-experiencing and reliving the event), and they'll ensure that group members have access to resources for ongoing support and help.
Question: What are the goals of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)?
Answer: The CISD program has three goals: Lessen the impact of a trauma Help those involved recover Find people who might need extra help A normal session involves a small group talking about their shared experience with help from a trained leader.
Question: How can you treat symptoms of testicular pain?
Answer: For pain, take over-the-counter medication such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin). For swelling, apply an ice pack to the scrotum. The person should wear supportive underwear.
Question: What is psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: Psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) is a form of inflammatory arthritis that can affect some of the millions of people who have psoriasis. Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes a red, scaly rash, most often on your elbows, knees, ankles, feet, hands, and other areas.
Question: What is symmetric psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: Psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) is a form of inflammatory arthritis that can affect some of the millions of people who have psoriasis. It only affects people with Ps A, and not other types of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Unlike other types of arthritis, Ps A can affect different toes and fingers on different sides of the body.
Question: Is it safe to give cow's milk to babies under age 1?
Answer: It doesn't have enough iron, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids for your baby. Also, it contains too much protein, sodium, and potassium for your child's body to absorb and can cause harm. Wait to introduce cow's milk until your baby is 1 year old. You also don't want to give your baby soy milk or homemade formula. These substitutes may not have the balance of nutrition baby needs right now.
Question: What fortifiers are added to the milk for babies who need special nutrition?
Answer: Babies who were born early (before 37 weeks) or at a low birth weight (less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces) need special nutrition to help them catch up on growth. Breast-fed babies may get a fortifier added to the milk, which contains: Extra calories Extra fat Protein Vitamins Minerals Babies who can't breast-feed will need a special formula made for preterm babies. These formulas are higher in calories. They also contain extra protein, vitamins, and minerals.
Question: How important are nucleotides in nutrition for infants?
Answer: These building blocks of RNA and DNA are also found in breast milk and added to some formulas. They are thought to boost the baby's immune system and help the digestive organs develop.
Question: How important are essential fatty acids in infant formulas?
Answer: They are fortified to make them as close to breast milk as possible, and to give babies all the nutrients they need to grow and be healthy. Most cow's milk formulas contain: Carbohydrates, in the form of the milk sugar "lactose" Iron Protein Minerals, such as calcium and zinc Vitamins, including A, C, D, E, and the B vitamins Some formulas add other nutrients to make them even more like breast milk, such as: Essential fatty acids. ARA and DHA are fatty acids that are important for the baby's brain and vision. They're naturally found in breast milk when the mother includes them in her own diet. Many formulas add them. Yet there's not a lot of evidence that formulas supplemented with fatty acids offer kids any real advantages as they grow.
Question: What are formulas for infants made of?
Answer: They are fortified to make them as close to breast milk as possible, and to give babies all the nutrients they need to grow and be healthy. Most cow's milk formulas contain: Carbohydrates, in the form of the milk sugar "lactose" Iron Protein Minerals, such as calcium and zinc Vitamins, including A, C, D, E, and the B vitamins Some formulas add other nutrients to make them even more like breast milk, such as: Essential fatty acids.
Question: What are some of the nutrients that babies need to grow and stay healthy in their first 6 months?
Answer: In their first year, babies triple their birth weight. Some of the nutrients babies need to grow and stay healthy include: Calcium . Helps build strong bones and teeth. Folate. Helps cells divide. Iron. Builds blood cells, and helps the brain develop. Breast-fed babies should receive iron supplements. Protein and carbohydrates. They provide energy and fuel growth. Zinc. Helps the cells grow and repair themselves Your baby also needs vitamins such as: Vitamin A. Keeps skin, hair, vision, and the immune system healthy.
Question: What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Answer: Besides feeling cold, other symptoms of hypothyroidism include: Thinning hair Dry skin Fatigue Irregular or heavy menstrual periods Constipation Weight gain If you feel cold in your hands and feet, you may have a blood vessel disorder in which blood flow to your arms and legs is restricted.
Question: Why do my hands and feet feel cold?
Answer: Besides feeling cold, other symptoms of hypothyroidism include: Thinning hair Dry skin Fatigue Irregular or heavy menstrual periods Constipation Weight gain If you feel cold in your hands and feet, you may have a blood vessel disorder in which blood flow to your arms and legs is restricted.
Question: What are the symptoms of diabetic nephropathy?
Answer: Other symptoms of diabetic nephropathy include: Nausea and vomiting Itchiness Loss of appetite Shortness of breath Confusion Swelling in the face, feet or hands This is a type of eating disorder.
Question: How common is genital herpes?
Answer: As you adjust, keep in mind that it's a common condition. In the U. S., 1 in 5 women ages 14-49 and 1 in 10 men in the same age range have it.
Question: Do genital herpes outbreaks ever get better?
Answer: Remember that symptoms tend to calm down in time. Your first outbreak may be the worst you'll ever have.
Question: How can you deal with anger about having herpes?
Answer: When you find out you have genital herpes, it can be a shock. As you adjust, keep in mind that it's a common condition. Because herpes may not flare up for a long time, it might also be hard to figure out exactly when you got it. And while there's a lot you can do to have safer sex, you might not completely avoid STD risks every time. Don't be too hard on yourself, or anyone else, about it.
Question: What if I feel self-conscious about having genital herpes?
Answer: When you find out you have genital herpes, it can be a shock. Joining a support group is also an option.