anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What do I need to know about multiple sclerosis (MS) research roundup?
Answer: New technologies and insights are speeding the pace of discovery. In fact, there are more MS treatments in development now than ever before. MS is a neurological disease that can cause extreme tiredness, vision changes, trouble moving, and other problems. Scientists are looking for ways to: Stop the disease from getting worse Restore lost function Prevent and cure MS Besides testing new treatments, scientists continue to explore the root causes of MS. Much of the research is still being done in animals, but recent findings and ongoing research include: Bone marrow stem cell transplants that would offer long-term benefits An epilepsy pill that slowed nerve damage A specific type of training that improved memory and brain activity (as seen on MRI scans). Nanomedicine research is still in the early stages.
Question: How is Giardiasis treated?
Answer: Many people get better without treatment. But if your symptoms last more than several weeks, or you're likely to spread the parasite, your doctor can give you medication. Metronidazole ( Flagyl), nitazoxanide ( Alinia), and tinidazole ( Tindamax) are among the drugs used to treat giardia infections.
Question: What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?
Answer: The most common include: Diarrhea Gas or flatulence Greasy stool that floats Stomach or abdominal cramps Upset stomach or nausea Dehydration Weight loss Let your doctor know if: Your symptoms -- including loose stools and nausea -- last more than a week You show signs of dehydration, such as extreme thirst, dizziness, or confusion Tell her about any recent travels, interactions with children in diapers, or swimming or drinking from a body of water. She'll collect a series of stool samples over several days to make a diagnosis.
Question: Who is at risk for Giardiasis?
Answer: You might: Touch contaminated surfaces like bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys, then eat without washing your hands Drink water or use ice made from an untreated water source -- like a lake, stream, or well -- that's home to giardia Swallow the parasite while you swim or play in water Eat uncooked food that contains giardia Come into close contact with someone who has giardiasis Travel to countries where it's common While anyone can catch giardiasis, some people are more likely than others to get the infection: Parents and child care workers who change diapers Children in child care centers People who live in the same household as someone with giardiasis Those who drink water or use ice made from untreated water Backpackers, hikers, and campers who drink unsafe water or who don't practice good hygiene (like proper handwashing) on the trail International travelers People who have anal sex There isn't a vaccine, but there are steps you can take: Wash your hands after you use the toilet, after you change diapers, and before you eat or prepare food.
Question: What causes Giardiasis?
Answer: It's a common cause of waterborne illness in the U. S. Usually from the stool of an infected person or animal. Drink bottled water when you travel to places with unsafe water.
Question: What are complications of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children?
Answer: In infants and children, LPR can cause: Narrowing of the area below the vocal cords Contact ulcers Recurrent ear infections from problems with eustachian tube function Lasting buildup of middle ear fluid In adults, silent reflux can scar the throat and voice box.
Question: What lifestyle changes can help treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in adults?
Answer: Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed. Quit smoking, if you are a smoker. Avoid alcohol. Restrict chocolate, mints, fats, citrus fruits, carbonated beverages, spicy or tomato-based products, red wine, and caffeine. Stop eating at least three hours before going to bed. Elevate the head of the bed about 4 to 6 inches. Avoid wearing tight-fitting clothes around the waist. Try chewing gum to increase saliva and neutralize acid.
Question: What is surgery called fundoplication for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)?
Answer: Fundoplication is a type of surgery which involves wrapping the upper part of the stomach around the lower esophagus to create a stronger valve between the esophagus and stomach. It is usually done laparoscopically, with small surgical incisions and use of small surgical equipment and a laparoscope to help the surgeon see inside. Fundoplication can also be done as a traditional open surgery with a larger incision.
Question: How is laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in infants and children?
Answer: Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed.
Question: What medications might be used to treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)?
Answer: You may also need to take one or more types of medicine such as: Proton pump inhibitors such as rabeprazole ( Aciphex), dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), or omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid) to reduce gastric acid. H2 blockers such as nizatidine ( Nizatidine), famotidine ( Pepcid), cimetidine ( Tagamet), or ranitidine ( Zantac) to reduce gastric acid. Prokinetic agents to increase the forward movement of the GI tract and increase the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. These medications are not as commonly used, because they have been linked to adverse effects on heart rhythm and diarrhea. Sucralfate to help protect injured mucous membranes. Antacids to help neutralize acid; these are used more commonly for symptoms of heartburn.
Question: What are the symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children?
Answer: Symptoms in infants and children may include: Hoarseness " Barking" or chronic cough Reactive airway disease (asthma) Noisy breathing or pauses in breathing (apnea) Trouble feeding, spitting up, or inhaling food Trouble gaining weight With LPR, adults may have heartburn or a bitter taste or burning sensation in the back of the throat.
Question: What is a sleep apnea test?
Answer: This may be done in a sleep disorder center or even at home. A polysomnogram -- or sleep study -- is a multiple-component test that electronically transmits and records specific physical activities while you sleep. The recordings are analyzed by a qualified sleep specialist to determine whether or not you have sleep apnea or another type of sleep disorder. If sleep apnea is determined, you may be asked to do further sleep testing in order to determine the best treatment option.
Question: What are some equipments used for sleep apnea test?
Answer: EMG (electromyogram) to record muscle activity such as face twitches, teeth grinding, and leg movements, and to determine the presence of REM stage sleep. During REM sleep, intense dreams often occur as the brain undergoes heightened activity. EOG (electro-oculogram) to record eye movements. These movements are important in determining the different sleep stages, particularly REM stage sleep. ECG (electrocardiogram) to record heart rate and rhythm. Nasal airflow sensor to record airflow. Snore microphone to record snoring activity.
Question: What can you expect during a sleep study?
Answer: If you have symptoms of sleep apnea, your doctor may ask you to have a sleep apnea test, called a polysomnogram. This may be done in a sleep disorder center or even at home. Near the bedroom will be a central monitoring area, where the technicians monitor sleeping patients. You will be hooked up to equipment that may look uncomfortable. However, most people fall asleep with little difficulty. Similar, more portable equipment is now available for home testing, especially for less complicated cases or situations.
Question: How does hepatitis B spread?
Answer: The virus that causes it lives in blood, semen, and some other fluids in your body. You usually catch it by having sex with someone who's infected. You can also get it by using the same razor or toothbrush as someone who has hepatitis B. Sharing needles and syringes to inject illegal drugs can also give you the disease. Another way to get sick is if you touch the open sores of somebody who's infected. And if you have the disease when you're pregnant you can pass it to your baby.
Question: What are some ways hepatitis is spread?
Answer: Food or drinks you buy at the supermarket can sometimes cause the disease, too. The ones most likely to get contaminated are: Fruits and vegetables Shellfish Ice and water You could catch or spread it if you're taking care of a baby and you don't wash your hands after changing his diaper. This can happen, for example, at a day care center. Another way you can get hep A is when you have sex with someone who has it.
Question: How does hepatitis A spread?
Answer: The main way you get sick is when you eat or drink something that has the hep A virus in it. A lot of times this happens in a restaurant. If an infected worker there doesn't wash his hands well after using the bathroom, and then touches food, he could pass the disease to you.
Question: How long before someone has symptoms of hepatitis C?
Answer: Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body. But you could notice them anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months later. For about 25% of people who get hep C, the virus goes away on its own without treatment. In other cases, it sticks around for years. When that happens, your liver might get damaged. Remember, it's possible to spread all the types of hepatitis even if you don't show any signs of being sick.
Question: How long can hepatitis C survive for?
Answer: The symptoms usually show up 2 to 6 weeks after the virus entered your body.
Question: What are some myths about how hepatitis C is spread?
Answer: There are some myths out there about how you get hepatitis C, so let's set the record straight. It's not spread by food and water (like hep A). And you can't spread it by doing any of these things: Kissing Hugging Sneezing or coughing Sharing forks, knives, or spoons For hepatitis A, one of the best things you can do is wash your hands a lot.
Question: How does hepatitis C spread?
Answer: You catch it when blood from someone who's infected gets in your body. This happens if you share needles to take illegal drugs. It's less common, but you can also get sick if you: Share a razor or toothbrush with someone who's infected Have sex with somebody who has hepatitis C It's rare, but if you're pregnant and have the disease, it's possible to pass it to your newborn.
Question: How long before someone has symptoms of hepatitis A and what are the symptoms?
Answer: The symptoms usually show up 2 to 6 weeks after the virus entered your body. They usually last for less than 2 months, though sometimes you can be sick for as long as 6 months. Some warning signs that you may have the disease are: Fever Fatigue Nausea, vomiting, or pain in your belly Dark urine or clay-colored bowel movements Pain in your joints Yellowing of your skin or eyes (jaundice) Some people get the disease but don't have any symptoms, though.
Question: How long can hepatitis A survive outside of the body?
Answer: Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body. But you may be able to kill it by boiling or cooking foods or liquids for at least a minute.
Question: What are the three major types of hepatitis in the U.S.?
Answer: They're all contagious, but you can take steps to protect yourself. Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body.
Question: What drugs can be used to treat symptoms of tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: There are two FDA-approved medicines to treat tardive dyskinesia: Valbenazine ( Ingrezza) Deutetrabenazine ( Austedo) Both of these medicines work in similar ways to regulate the amount of dopamine flow in brain areas that control certain kinds of movements.
Question: What natural remedies can be used to treat tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: Your doctor can take you off the medicine that caused the movements, or lower the dose.
Question: Who is more likely to get tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: These include: Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compazine) You're more likely to get it if you: Are a woman who has gone through menopause Are over age 55 Abuse alcohol or drugs Are African- American or Asian- American TD can be hard to diagnose.
Question: What older antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include older antipsychotics like: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine.
Question: What does tardive dyskinesia  cause?
Answer: TD causes stiff, jerky movements of your face and body that you can't control. You might blink your eyes, stick out your tongue, or wave your arms without meaning to do so.
Question: What drugs that treat nausea can cause tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: Some drugs that treat nausea, reflux, and other stomach problems can also cause TD if you take them for more than 3 months. These include: Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compazine) You're more likely to get it if you: Are a woman who has gone through menopause Are over age 55 Abuse alcohol or drugs Are African- American or Asian- American TD can be hard to diagnose.
Question: How is tardive dyskinesia diagnosed?
Answer: These include: Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compazine) You're more likely to get it if you: Are a woman who has gone through menopause Are over age 55 Abuse alcohol or drugs Are African- American or Asian- American TD can be hard to diagnose. Symptoms might not appear until months or years after you start taking antipsychotic medicine. Or you might first notice the movements after you've already stopped taking the drug. The timing can make it hard to know whether the medicine caused your symptoms.
Question: How can your chances of getting tardive dyskinesia increase?
Answer: Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include older antipsychotics like: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine.
Question: What is tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: Antipsychotic meds treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other brain conditions. Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include older antipsychotics like: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine.
Question: What should you do to prevent tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: The timing can make it hard to know whether the medicine caused your symptoms. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ( AIMS): If you take medicine for mental health conditions, your doctor should check you at least once a year to make sure you don't have TD. You might need to switch to a newer antipsychotic drug that may be less likely to cause TD.
Question: What is the goal of treatment for tardive dyskinesia?
Answer: Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic medications. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other mental health disorders. The benefits of the drug should outweigh the risks.
Question: What are symptoms of type 1 Gaucher disease?
Answer: Type 1 symptoms can sometimes be mild. Some people may never notice it. Others may have more severe problems. Your symptoms can crop up at any age, from childhood to adulthood.
Question: How does synovial fluid help your joints?
Answer: Smooth tissue called cartilage and synovium and a lubricant called synovial fluid cushion the joints so bones do not rub together.
Question: How can a stronger core help with caring for your joints?
Answer: Stronger abs and back muscles help you keep your balance and prevent falls that can damage your joints.
Question: How does exercise helps in caring for your joints?
Answer: Exercise can help you lose extra pounds and maintain a healthy weight. Some research suggests that aerobic exercise -- activities that get your heart rate up -- can reduce joint swelling. If your joints bother you, opt for exercises that won't give your joints a pounding. Instead of step aerobics, try low-impact exercises such as swimming or bicycling.
Question: How important is your posture for your joints' health?
Answer: Slouching is not good for your joints. Standing and sitting up straight protect your joints from your neck to your knees. Good posture also helps guard your hip joints and back muscles. Posture is also important when lifting and carrying. For example, if you use a backpack, be sure to put it over both shoulders instead of slinging it over one. Being lopsided puts more stress on your joints. When lifting, use the biggest muscles in your body by bending at your knees instead of bending your back.
Question: How can weight affect your joints?
Answer: Keeping your weight within a healthy range is the best thing you can do for your joints. Weight-bearing joints, such as your knees, hips, and back, have to support some, if not all, of your body weight. That's why so many overweight people have problems with these areas of the body.
Question: How does vitamin D help your joints?
Answer: You also need vitamin D to keep your bones and joints in good health. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium from the foods you eat. Dairy products.
Question: How does weight training help your joints?
Answer: Losing weight reduces pressure on your knees, hips, and back and helps prevent joint injury. If you don't have enough muscle, your joints take a pounding, especially your spine, hips, and knees, which must support your entire body weight. Weight training exercises help build muscle and keep your muscles and surrounding ligaments strong. That way, your joints don't have to do all the work. A certified personal trainer can show you the best exercises for healthy joints and how to do them correctly. Eating a healthy diet is good for your joints, because it helps build strong bones and muscles.
Question: How does ice help my joints?
Answer: Modify exercises that cause joint pain. If you have a sore joint, apply ice wrapped in a towel or a cold pack to the painful area for no more than 20 minutes. Don't have ice or a cold pack? in a light towel. Never apply ice directly to the skin.
Question: What protective gear can I wear to care for my joints?
Answer: Being lopsided puts more stress on your joints. Even if you think you're a pro on a bicycle or on a pair of Rollerblades, you should never go without safety gear. Elbow and wrist braces, or guards, also help reduce stress on your joints during activities.
Question: Who usually gets toxic shock syndrome?
Answer: Toxic shock syndrome is still mostly a disease of menstruating women who use tampons. But it has also been linked to the use of menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps. A woman who has recently given birth also has a higher chance of getting toxic shock. And it can happen to men and women who have been exposed to staph bacteria while recovering from surgery, a burn, an open wound, or the use of a prosthetic device. More than a third of all cases of toxic shock involve women under 19, and up to 30% of women who have had the disease will get it again. If you have ever had toxic shock, you must look out for the symptoms so you can get immediate medical care.
Question: What has been ruled out as the cause of toxic shock syndrome?
Answer: But it has also been linked to the use of menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps. How staph causes toxic shock syndrome is not understood.
Question: How can using tampons cause toxic shock syndrome?
Answer: But it has also been linked to the use of menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps. Polyester foam provides a better environment for the growth of bacteria than either cotton or rayon fibers. In cases from menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps, either the device had been in the vagina for a long time -- more than 30 hours -- or, in the case of the sponge, pieces of the sponge remained in the vagina.
Question: What can cause toxic shock syndrome from tampon use?
Answer: Then the poisons must get into the bloodstream. Sliding a tampon into place in the vagina may make microscopic tears in the walls of the vagina, rupturing tiny blood vessels. A super-absorbent tampon -- especially if it's left in place too long, or if it is used when the menstrual flow is light -- can dry out the vagina, making such tearing even more likely.
Question: Should I warm my insides if my multiple sclerosis symptoms are worse because of the cold?
Answer: The easiest way to do this is to eat hot meals like soup. You can also sip hot drinks like tea or coffee. Pour them into an insulated mug to keep them warm longer and help limit your trips to the kitchen.
Question: How long do symptoms of multiple sclerosis stay worse in cold weather?
Answer: If your symptoms get worse in cold weather, it's usually for short time. A few simple tips can help you stay comfortable and warm in the fall and winter.
Question: Why do cold temperatures make multiple sclerosis symptoms worse?
Answer: But they think that the condition can alter the way you feel temperature changes.
Question: Should I dress in layers if my multiple sclerosis symptoms are worse because of the cold?
Answer: And if you get too hot, you can easily remove layers and stay comfortable. When it's very cold, it's a good idea to wear hats, thick socks, or lined boots. This will keep heat from escaping through your head or feet.
Question: Should I keep my hands and feet warm if my multiple sclerosis symptoms are worse because of the cold?
Answer: Doctors believe that MS can cause blood vessels in your hands and feet to overreact to cold temperatures. If you have MS, you may also be at risk for Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition in which your fingers and toes lose heat. They turn from white to blue to red as the blood begins flowing again. You may feel numbness, pain, or like someone is sticking you with pins and needles. To protect your hands and feet from the effects of the cold, try wearing hand warmers or using a heating pad. But don't place the heating pad directly on your skin. It could cause burns or blisters.
Question: Should I get some sunshine if my multiple sclerosis symptoms are worse because of the cold?
Answer: After the hot, humid days of summer, the colder temperatures in the fall and winter can come as a shock to our bodies. It'll help you burn energy and warm up. Get some sunshine. A little sunshine might help boost your mood.
Question: Should I get moving if my multiple sclerosis symptoms are worse because of the cold?
Answer: Try to get moving. If you have MS, you may also be at risk for Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition in which your fingers and toes lose heat. You'll warm up, and you'll help your body make some much-needed vitamin D. An added benefit?