anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the symptoms of fluorosis?
Answer: Symptoms of fluorosis range from tiny white specks or streaks that may be unnoticeable to dark brown stains and rough, pitted enamel that is difficult to clean. Teeth that are unaffected by fluorosis are smooth and glossy. They should also be a pale creamy white. Contact your dentist if you notice that your child's teeth have white streaks or spots or if you observe one or more discolored teeth.
Question: What techniques are used to treat fluorosis?
Answer: Such techniques may include: Tooth whitening and other procedures to remove surface stains; note that bleaching teeth may temporarily worsen the appearance of fluorosis. Bonding, which coats the tooth with a hard resin that bonds to the enamel Crowns Veneers, which are custom-made shells that cover the front of the teeth to improve their appearance; these are used in cases of severe fluorosis. MI Paste, a calcium phosphate product that is sometimes combined with methods like microabrasion to minimize tooth discoloration Parental vigilance is the key to preventing fluorosis.
Question: What is key in preventing fluorosis?
Answer: MI Paste, a calcium phosphate product that is sometimes combined with methods like microabrasion to minimize tooth discoloration Parental vigilance is the key to preventing fluorosis. If your water comes from a public system, your doctor or dentist -- as well as your local water authority or public health department -- can tell you how much fluoride is in it. If you rely on well water or bottled water, your public health department or a local laboratory can analyze its fluoride content. Once you know how much fluoride your child is getting from drinking water and other sources such as fruit juices and soft drinks, you can work with your dentist to decide whether or not your child should have a fluoride supplement.
Question: What causes fluorosis?
Answer: A major cause of fluorosis is the inappropriate use of fluoride-containing dental products such as toothpaste and mouth rinses. Sometimes, children enjoy the taste of fluoridated toothpaste so much that they swallow it instead of spitting it out. But there are other causes of fluorosis. For example, taking a higher-than-prescribed amount of a fluoride supplement during early childhood can cause it. So can taking a fluoride supplement when fluoridated drinking water or fluoride-fortified fruit juices and soft drinks already provide the right amount.
Question: What are the fluoride levels in drinking water?
Answer: This was fluoride that occurred naturally in the ground water. Natural fluoride levels above the currently recommended range for drinking water may increase the risk for severe fluorosis. In communities where natural levels exceed 2 parts per million, the CDC recommends that parents give children water from other sources. Prompted by concerns that children may be getting too much fluoride, the Health and Human Services Department in January 2011 lowered its recommended level of fluoride in drinking water. And the Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing its rules on the upper limit of fluoride levels in drinking water.
Question: How can you tell if your child got a lot of fluoride in a short period of time?
Answer: A major cause of fluorosis is the inappropriate use of fluoride-containing dental products such as toothpaste and mouth rinses. If a child ingests a large amount of fluoride in a short period of time, it may cause symptoms such as: Nausea Diarrhea Vomiting Abdominal pain Although fluoride toxicity usually doesn't have serious consequences, it sends several hundred children to emergency rooms each year.
Question: How common is fluorosis?
Answer: In more severe cases, however, the teeth may have: Stains ranging from yellow to dark brown Surface irregularities Pits that are highly noticeable Fluorosis first attracted attention in the early 20th Century. Researchers were surprised by the high prevalence of what was called â Colorado Brown Stainâ on the teeth of native-born residents of Colorado Springs. The stains were caused by high levels of fluoride in the local water supply. This was fluoride that occurred naturally in the ground water. People with these stains also had an unusually high resistance to dental cavities. This sparked a movement to introduce fluoride into public water supplies at a level that could prevent cavities but without causing fluorosis. Fluorosis affects nearly one in every four Americans ages 6 to 49. It's most prevalent in those ages 12 to 15. The vast majority of cases are mild, and only about 2% are considered âmoderate.â Less than 1% are âsevere.â But researchers have also observed that since the mid-1980s, the prevalence of fluorosis in children ages 12 to 15 has increased. Although fluorosis is not a disease, its effects can be psychologically distressing and difficult to treat. Parental vigilance can play an important role in preventing fluorosis. Severe.
Question: What is PSA velocity?
Answer: Several studies indicate that when PSA levels increase sharply in the months before surgery, the cancer is likely to be aggressive.
Question: What is localized prostate cancer?
Answer: At this stage, the tumor is confined to the prostate.
Question: What is the future for predicting prostate cancer?
Answer: Researchers are seeking more accurate ways of diagnosing, monitoring, and treating prostate cancer. Many of the studies focus on genes and genetic abnormalities of a cancer. Scientists have found that the product of a certain gene appears more often in advanced prostate cancers than in early stage prostate cancers. Now the goal is to determine if the presence of this gene product means that a cancer is more aggressive. Knowing this information can help doctors decide which patients may benefit from immediate treatment, and of what type. This and other genetic research will pave the way for earlier, more accurate predictors of cancer growth.
Question: How do doctors assess advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: If you are diagnosed with prostate cancer, your doctor will probably evaluate several factors to determine how aggressive it is. These "markers" identify whether the cancer is low risk, intermediate risk, or high risk. Low-risk prostate cancer is slow growing and not likely to spread quickly. High-risk prostate cancer is aggressive, meaning it is likely to spread quickly outside the prostate. Understanding the risk level of your cancer will help your doctor decide on the treatment that's right for you. Your doctor will look at key "markers" for aggressive cancer, as well as the "stage" of your specific cancer.
Question: What are prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels for prostate cancer?
Answer: PSA is a substance produced by the prostate gland. It is normal to secrete small amounts of PSA into the bloodstream. Larger amounts of PSA in the bloodstream usually signal that the prostate gland is enlarged, infected, or malignant. PSA levels are determined by a simple blood test. The higher the number, the more likely the patient is to have prostate cancer.
Question: How do computerized tomography (CT) scans predict prostate cancer?
Answer: CT scans make computerized X-ray images that produce cross-sectional images of the body. These detailed images can reveal disease or abnormalities in tissue and bone.
Question: How do bone scans predict prostate cancer?
Answer: Imaging techniques currently used include: Bone scans create images of bones on a computer screen or film. The patient is injected with a small amount of radioactive material that travels through the bloodstream. The computer screen detects radioactive material that has collected in abnormal areas of the bone.
Question: What is metastatic prostate cancer?
Answer: The tumor has spread to the distant lymph nodes or more distant parts of the body.
Question: What is regional prostate cancer?
Answer: The tumor has grown through the prostate capsule, either into the seminal vesicles (a pair of glands next to the prostate) or into nearby muscles and organs.
Question: How do doctors monitor prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels for prostate cancer?
Answer: If you are diagnosed with prostate cancer, your doctor will probably evaluate several factors to determine how aggressive it is. PSA continues to be the primary marker of how the disease is progressing or responding to treatment. Several recent studies indicate that PSA doubling time -- the time it takes for a patient's PSA level to double -- predicts how aggressive the cancer is. The faster the PSA level doubles, the more aggressive the cancer.
Question: Should my insulin intake change throughout the day?
Answer: Your body can also be more sensitive to insulin changes throughout the day. Stress or how much you exercise also has an impact. It's important to work out a plan with your doctor for how to change your treatment if you need to.
Question: How can I use nutrition levels to control my carb intake if I have diabetes?
Answer: Look at labels. They make counting carbs easy. Find the " Total Carbohydrate" number listed on a package's " Nutrition Facts" panel. Then, check the serving size and confirm the amount you can eat. Repeat this step with other foods you plan to eat. When you add all the grams of carbs, the total should stay within your meal budget.
Question: Are there different kinds of carbs?
Answer: It's a lot more than just pasta and bread. All starchy foods, sugars, fruit, milk, and yogurt are rich in carbs, too. Make sure you count them all, not just the obvious ones. You'll need to know your "insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio," or the number of carbs one unit of insulin will cover.
Question: Should I pay attention to my carb intake if I have diabetes?
Answer: If you have diabetes, keep track of how many you eat with a few simple tricks. Your doses may change, depending on the amount of carbs you ate at a meal and the difference between your target blood sugar level and your actual reading.
Question: If I carb count, can I eat whatever I want if I have diabetes?
Answer: All starchy foods, sugars, fruit, milk, and yogurt are rich in carbs, too. Make sure you count them all, not just the obvious ones. Measuring cups and a food scale when you eat at home will help you be accurate. Make healthy choices.
Question: How can I maintain the correct amount of carb intake per meal if I have diabetes?
Answer: Most adults with diabetes aim for 45-60 grams of carbs per meal and 15-20 grams per snack. That number may go up or down, depending on how active you are and the medicines you take, so check with your doctor or a registered dietitian. Your doses may change, depending on the amount of carbs you ate at a meal and the difference between your target blood sugar level and your actual reading.
Question: What other blood tests are used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Electrolytes (sodium, potassium), protein, and markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR) and C-reactive protein ( CRP), may be drawn to look at disease severity. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p ANCA) levels may be up in ulcerative colitis. In addition, specific tests for sexually transmitted diseases may be done.
Question: What causes inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: IBD is a disease with an unknown cause. Some agent or a combination of agents -- bacteria, viruses, antigens -- triggers the body's immune system to produce an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal tract. Recent studies show some combination of hereditary, genetic, and/or environmental factors may cause the development of IBD. It could also be that the body's own tissue causes an autoimmune response. Whatever causes it, the reaction continues without control and damages the intestinal wall, leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Question: How is an upper endoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: If you have upper GI symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, a doctor will use an endoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, that will be inserted through the mouth -- to examine your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of your small intestine. Ulceration occurs in the stomach and duodenum in up to one out of every 10 people with Crohn's disease.
Question: How can support groups help with inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Participating in a support group puts you in contact with others who know exactly the effect IBD has on your day-to-day life, because they are going through the same things you are. They can offer support and tips on how to deal with symptoms and the effect they have on you.
Question: Are there complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: They include: Abdominal cramps and pain Diarrhea that may be bloody Severe urgency to have a bowel movement Fever Weight loss Loss of appetite Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss IBD can lead to several serious complications in the intestines, including: Profuse intestinal bleeding from the ulcers Perforation, or rupture of the bowel Narrowing - called a stricture -- and obstruction of the bowel; found in Crohn's Fistulae (abnormal passages) and perianal disease, disease in the tissue around the anus; these conditions are more common in Crohn's than in ulcerative colitis. Toxic megacolon, which is an extreme dilation of the colon that is life-threatening; this is associated more with ulcerative colitis than Crohn's. Malnutrition IBD, particularly ulcerative colitis, also increases the risk of colon cancer. IBD can also affect other organs; for example, someone with IBD may have arthritis, skin conditions, inflammation of the eye, liver and kidney disorders, or bone loss.
Question: How can a specific diet help with inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Treatment for IBD involves a combination of self-care and medical treatment. Self-care Although no specific diet has been shown to prevent or treat IBD, dietary changes may be helpful in managing your symptoms. It's important to talk with your doctor about ways to modify your diet while making sure you get the nutrients you need. For instance, depending on your symptoms, the doctor may suggest that you reduce the amount of fiber or dairy products that you consume. Also, small, frequent meals may be better tolerated. In general, there is no need to avoid certain foods unless they cause or worsen your symptoms. One dietary intervention your doctor may recommend is a low-residue diet, a very restricted diet that reduces the amount of fiber and other undigested material that pass through your colon. Doing so can help relieve symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain. If you do go on a low-residue diet, be sure you understand how long you should stay on the diet, because a low-residue diet doesn't provide all the nutrients you need. Your doctor may recommend that you take vitamin supplements.
Question: What other radiologic tests are used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Computed tomography ( CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), and ultrasound have also been used in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Question: What are the major types of inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Two major types of IBD are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon or large intestine. Crohn's disease, on the other hand, can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. Most commonly, though, it affects the last part of the small intestine or the colon or both.
Question: When is surgery needed to treat inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Surgical treatment for IBD depends upon the disease. Ulcerative colitis, for instance, can be cured with surgery, because the disease is limited to the colon. Once the colon is removed, the disease doesn't come back. However, surgery will not cure Crohn's disease, although some surgeries may be used. Excessive surgery in people with Crohn's disease can actually lead to more problems.
Question: How is a stool exam used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: In addition, the stool will be examined for traces of blood that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Question: What are the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: As with other chronic diseases, a person with IBD will generally go through periods in which the disease flares up and causes symptoms, followed by periods in which symptoms decrease or disappear and good health returns. Symptoms range from mild to severe and generally depend upon what part of the intestinal tract is involved. They include: Abdominal cramps and pain Diarrhea that may be bloody Severe urgency to have a bowel movement Fever Weight loss Loss of appetite Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss IBD can lead to several serious complications in the intestines, including: Profuse intestinal bleeding from the ulcers Perforation, or rupture of the bowel Narrowing - called a stricture -- and obstruction of the bowel; found in Crohn's Fistulae (abnormal passages) and perianal disease, disease in the tissue around the anus; these conditions are more common in Crohn's than in ulcerative colitis.
Question: What surgical options are available for inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Which one is right for you depends on several factors: The extent of your disease Your age Your overall health The first option is called a proctocolectomy. It involves the removal of the entire colon and rectum. The surgeon then makes an opening on the abdomen called an ileostomy that goes into part of the small intestine. This opening provides a new path for feces to be emptied into a pouch that's attached to the skin with an adhesive. Another commonly used surgery is called ileoanal anastomosis. The surgeon removes the colon and then creates an internal pouch that connects the small intestine to the anal canal. This allows feces to still exit through the anus.
Question: What is the outlook for people with inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: When you have an IBD, the symptoms will come and go over a period of many years. That doesn't mean they control you; managing your condition with the help of your health care providers is the best way to stay as healthy as possible in the long term.
Question: What is inflammatory bowel disease like?
Answer: If you have an IBD, you know it usually runs a waxing and waning course. When there is severe inflammation, the disease is considered active and the person experiences a flare-up of symptoms. When there is less or no inflammation, the person usually is without symptoms and the disease is said to be in remission.
Question: How is a complete blood count used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: A nurse or lab technician will draw blood, which will then be tested in the lab. An increase in the white blood cell count suggests the presence of inflammation. And if you have severe bleeding, the red blood cell count and hemoglobin level may decrease.
Question: How can managing stress help with inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Another important aspect of self-care is to learn how to manage stress, which may worsen your symptoms. One thing you might want to do is to make a list of things that cause you stress and then consider which ones you can eliminate from your daily routine. Also, when you feel stress coming on, it can help to take several deep breaths and release them slowly by blowing out. Learning to meditate, creating time for yourself, and regular exercise are all important tools for reducing the amount of stress in your life.
Question: What is the goal of medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Medical Treatment The goal of medical treatment is to suppress the abnormal inflammatory response so intestinal tissue has a chance to heal. As it does, the symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain should be relieved. Once the symptoms are under control, medical treatment will focus on decreasing the frequency of flare-ups and maintaining remission.
Question: How is a sigmoidoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: In this procedure, a doctor uses a sigmoidoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, to visually examine the last one-third of your large intestine, which includes the rectum and the sigmoid colon. The sigmoidoscope is inserted through the anus and the intestinal wall is visually examined for ulcers, inflammation, and bleeding. The doctor may also take samples -- biopsies -- of the intestinal lining with an instrument inserted through the tube. These will then be examined in a laboratory under a microscope.
Question: How common is surgery to treat inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Even though surgery will not cure Crohn's disease, approximately 50% of people with Crohn's require surgery at some point. If you have Crohn's disease and require surgery, your doctor will discuss your options with you. Be sure you ask questions and understand the goal or goals of the surgery, its risks and benefits, and what could happen if you don't have the surgery.
Question: How is a colonoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon or large intestine. A colonoscopy is similar to a sigmoidoscopy, except that the doctor will use a colonoscope, a longer flexible tube, to examine the entire colon. At the end of the procedure, the pictures are downloaded from the receiver onto a computer.
Question: How is a barium X-ray used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: You swallow a chalky white solution that coats the intestinal tract so it will be visible on X-rays. If a barium study is used to check the lower GI tract, you will be given an enema containing barium and asked to hold it in while X-rays are taken of the rectum and colon. Abnormalities caused by either Crohn's or ulcerative colitis may show up in these X-rays. If you have upper GI symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, a doctor will use an endoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, that will be inserted through the mouth -- to examine your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of your small intestine.
Question: What does medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease involve?
Answer: With this approach, the least harmful drugs or drugs that are only taken for a short period of time are used first. If they fail to provide relief, drugs from a higher step are used. Treatment typically begins with aminosalicylates, which are aspirin-like anti-inflammatory drugs such as balsalazide ( Colazal), mesalamine ( Asacol, Apriso, Lialda, Pentasa), olsalazine ( Dipentum), and sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine). Mesalamine can be taken orally or be administered as a rectal suppository or enema to treat ulcerative colitis. Because they are anti-inflammatory, they are effective in both relieving symptoms of a flare-up and maintaining remission. The doctor may also prescribe anti diarrheal agents, antispasmodics, and acid suppressants for symptom relief. You should not take anti-diarrheal agents without a doctor's advice. These medications are not used in acute flare-ups, because they may take as long as 2 to 3 months to take action.
Question: How are biologic therapies used for inflammatory bowel disease?
Answer: When there is less or no inflammation, the person usually is without symptoms and the disease is said to be in remission. Other anti- TNF agents approved for Crohn's disease are adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira, and certolizumab ( Cimzia). An alternative to anti- TNF treatment for Crohn's disease are biologics that target integrin, two of which are natalizumab ( Tysabri) and vedolizumab ( Entyvio). Another drug, ustekinumab ( Stelara), blocks IL-12 and IL-23. Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), certolizumab ( Cimzia), golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria), Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), and infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) are some of the anti- TNF drugs currently approved by the FDA for ulcerative colitis.