anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What should I do when my baby cries?
Answer: Coping with baby's cries: First, troubleshoot. Is baby hungry? In pain from a too-tight diaper, pinching snap, or a fine hair wrapped tightly around a finger or toe? If baby's full, clean, comfortable, and without a fever, try soothing him by swaddling, walking and rocking, and turning on a calming sound like the vacuum or a white noise machine. Offer a pacifier or a finger to suck. Although "crying it out" as a sleep training tactic is not recommended for newborns, if you're about to start crying hysterically, it's OK to put baby down in a safe space for a few minutes to give yourself a break.
Question: What is used to diagnose ulcers?
Answer: Endoscopy, in which a flexible fiber-optic tube is inserted down the throat to give the doctor a direct view of the inside of your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, is the most accurate diagnostic test to diagnose a peptic ulcer. This allows the doctor to determine the presence and cause of bleeding and test for any bacterial infection. During this exam, your doctor may also conduct a biopsy to check for cancer. For people who can't have an endoscopy, a barium swallow (or upper GI series of X-rays) can also allow your doctor to identify and locate the ulcer and determine its type and severity. The test requires you to drink a "barium milkshake," which has a liquid that will show up on an X-ray. You may be asked to eat only bland, easily digestible foods for two or three days before the test. After drinking the chalky liquid, you lie down on a tilting examining table, which evenly distributes the barium around your upper digestive tract and allows the X-ray to capture images at different angles.
Question: When is surgery needed to treat ulcers?
Answer: For recurrent, severe cases that do not respond to medication, surgery may be necessary. Surgical treatment of peptic ulcers is reserved for ulcer disease unresponsive to medical management or emergency treatment of complications, such as bleeding. If your ulcer is hemorrhaging, the surgeon will identify the source of the bleeding (usually a small artery at the base of the ulcer) and repair it. Perforated ulcers -- holes in the entire stomach or duodenal wall -- must be surgically closed. However, you should have an in-depth discussion with your doctor as there are many potential complications associated with the procedures, including ulcer recurrence, liver complications, and ''dumping syndrome,'' which causes chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and/or sweating after eating.
Question: How are genital herpes diagnosed?
Answer: Most people with genital herpes don't know they have it.
Question: Can symptoms be treated at home?
Answer: Symptom triggers can include: Fatigue Illness Sexual intercourse Menstruation Stress Surgery Trauma There are things you can do to relieve the discomfort and severity of the symptoms during an outbreak. Home treatments include: Take painkillers such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen. Bathe sore areas with a warm salt-water solution twice a day (1/2 teaspoon salt with 1/2 pint warm water). Let air circulate around the sores by wearing loose-fitting clothes. Put an ice pack on the affected area. Wrap the ice pack in a towel or piece of cloth. Get plenty of rest.
Question: Can pregnant women pass genital herpes to their child?
Answer: Although it's rare, pregnant women can pass on the herpes infection to their child. This can result in a serious and sometimes deadly infection in the baby. That's why taking steps to prevent an outbreak at time of delivery is recommended starting at 34 weeks into the pregnancy. If you have signs of an active viral infection when it's time to deliver, your doctor will likely recommend a cesarean section for delivery.
Question: What is a risk associated with genital herpes?
Answer: People with genital herpes have a higher risk of an HIV infection. One reason is that cracks and breaks in the skin that result from an outbreak create openings through which HIV can enter the body.
Question: What causes genital herpes?
Answer: Most cases of genital herpes are caused by infection by the herpes simplex virus type 2 ( HSV-2). Herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV-1) is more often the cause of cold sores or fever blisters. But it can also be a cause of genital herpes.
Question: Can symptoms of genital herpes come back?
Answer: People who have an initial outbreak following a genital HSV infection can expect to have four to five outbreaks within a year. As time goes on, your body builds up more immunity to the virus, and the outbreaks may become less frequent, even stopping altogether in some people.
Question: What are the symptoms of a genital HSV infection?
Answer: Any of the following symptoms of a genital HSV infection can occur in a man or a woman: Cracked, raw, or red areas around your genitals without pain, itching, or tingling Itching or tingling around your genitals or your anal region Small blisters that break open and cause painful sores. These may be on or around your genitals (penis or vagina) or on your buttocks, thighs, or rectal area. More rarely, blisters may occur inside the urethra -- the tube urine passes through on its way out of your body. Pain from urine passing over the sores -- this is especially a problem in women. Headaches Backaches Flu-like symptoms, including fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue Genital herpes is not the only condition that can produce these symptoms.
Question: How serious of a health problem are the symptoms of genital herpes?
Answer: For most people, genital herpes is not a serious threat to their health. Aside from the discomfort, an HSV infection is more of a psychological stressor. It can: Create anxiety Affect a person's self-esteem Interfere with a person's sense of security and intimacy In some cases, though, complications from genital herpes can be serious, even life-threatening.
Question: What happens in an HSV infection?
Answer: Genital herpes virus is passed from one person to another through sexual contact. This happens even if the person with the virus doesn't have symptoms or signs of infection. Once the virus enters through the skin, it travels along nerve paths. It may become dormant (inactive) in the nerves and remain there indefinitely. From time to time, the virus may become active. When that happens, the virus travels back along the nerve path to the surface of the skin, where additional virus is shed. At this point the virus may cause an outbreak of symptoms. Or it may remain undetected. In either case, the active virus is easily passed from one partner to another through sexual contact. Even wearing a condom may not protect the uninfected partner. The virus can be present on skin that remains uncovered. The number of recurrences or outbreaks a person can have may vary.
Question: What should you do if you think you may have genital herpes?
Answer: If you have any reason to believe you may have an HSV infection as the result of a sexual encounter -- either genital or oral -- contact your health care provider.
Question: Can symptoms of genital herpes be treated?
Answer: But it can also be a cause of genital herpes. Treatment can also reduce the risk of infecting others. Medication taken on a daily basis to suppress the virus can reduce the number of outbreaks and reduce the risk of infecting others. For most people, genital herpes is not a serious threat to their health. If you have any reason to believe you may have an HSV infection as the result of a sexual encounter -- either genital or oral -- contact your health care provider.
Question: What causes symptoms of genital herpes to come back?
Answer: From time to time, the virus may become active. Symptom triggers can include: Fatigue Illness Sexual intercourse Menstruation Stress Surgery Trauma There are things you can do to relieve the discomfort and severity of the symptoms during an outbreak.
Question: What can you do to prevent spreading genital herpes?
Answer: Symptom triggers can include: Fatigue Illness Sexual intercourse Menstruation Stress Surgery Trauma There are things you can do to relieve the discomfort and severity of the symptoms during an outbreak. Avoid oral sex when either partner has oral or genital sores. Don't have genital or anal contact when any sores are present. Wash your hands with soap and water after touching infected areas. Don't wet your contact lenses with saliva.
Question: What is the treatment for breast cancer recurrence?
Answer: The type of treatment you get for local breast cancer recurrences depends on the type of treatment you got at first. If you had a lumpectomy, local recurrence is usually treated with a mastectomy. If you had a mastectomy, recurrence near the mastectomy site is treated by removing the tumor if possible, usually followed by radiation. In either case, you may have hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or radiation after surgery. Sometimes, you doctor will use a combination. If breast cancer is found in the other breast, it may be a new tumor unrelated to the first breast cancer. This would be treated like a new case of breast cancer. You would get either a lumpectomy or mastectomy, followed by more treatments if necessary. If the cancer comes back in another part of the body, such as the bones, lungs, liver, or brain, you may get surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or a combination. It depends on your specific situation. Doctors may recommend that women whose cancer cells have high levels of the HER2 protein undergo targeted therapy, alone or with chemotherapy, with one of these drugs: Ado-trastuzumab emtansine ( Kadcyla) Lapatinib ( Tykerb) Neratinib ( Nerlynx) Pertuzumab ( Perjeta) Trastuzumab ( Herceptin) Immunotherapy stimulates you own immune system to find and destroy cancer cells.
Question: How often should you see your doctor to check for breast cancer recurrence?
Answer: At first, your follow-up appointments may be every 3 to 4 months. The longer you are cancer-free, the less often you will need to see your doctor.
Question: What are the risk factors for a breast cancer recurrence?
Answer: Tumor size. The larger the tumor was, the greater the chance of recurrence. Cancer spread. If your breast cancer had spread to your lymph nodes, the more lymph nodes that had cancer cells, the more likely your risk of recurrence. Your risk is also higher if cancer cells were found in the lymph vessels or blood vessels of your breast. Hormone receptors . About two-thirds of all breast cancers have receptors for estrogen (called ER+) or progesterone ( PR+) or both types. HER2. This gene triggers the growth of cancer cells. Histologic grade. This term refers to how much the tumor cells resemble normal cells when viewed under the microscope. The higher the histologic grade, the higher the odds of recurrence. Nuclear grade. This is the rate at which cancer cells in the tumor divide to form more cells. Cancer cells with a high nuclear grade are usually more aggressive (faster growing).
Question: How do you know if there is a recurrence of breast cancer?
Answer: You should keep doing breast self-exams, checking the treated area and your other breast each month. You should tell your doctor about any changes right away. Also, keep getting regular mammograms. In some screening centers, three-dimensional mammograms are available in addition to traditional digital mammograms. If genetic tests show you have the BRCA mutations, you may also need an MRI of your breast. Talk to your doctor about the best screening tests for you.
Question: What does breast cancer recurrence mean?
Answer: For some women it does, and for others it doesn't. When breast cancer comes back, it's called recurrence.
Question: What breast changes might be a recurrence?
Answer: Breast changes that might be a recurrence include: A lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm that doesn't go away after your period A change in the size, shape, or contour of the breast A marble-like area under the skin A change in the feel or appearance of the skin on the breast or nipple, including skin that is dimpled, puckered, scaly, red, warm, or swollen Blood or clear fluid coming out of a nipple Along with monthly breast self-exams, you should go to follow-up appointments with your doctor.
Question: What physical changes might you get with Alzheimer's disease?
Answer: Some of the changes you might experience are: Loss of balance or coordination Stiff muscles Feet that shuffle or drag when you walk Trouble standing or sitting up in a chair Weak muscles and fatigue When and how much you sleep Trouble controlling your bladder or bowels Seizures and uncontrollable twitches Over time, most people with Alzheimer's lose the ability to take care of themselves.
Question: What happens to people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease?
Answer: The damage usually starts in the area of your brain that forms memories. People with early-stage Alzheimer's disease often have trouble remembering things. As the disease gets worse, the plaques and clusters also appear in the parts of the brain in charge of bodily behaviors. Everyday activities like walking, eating, going to the bathroom, and talking become harder.
Question: What health problems can Alzheimer's disease cause?
Answer: Infections may develop as your immune system begins to fail. Pneumonia can set in, especially if you inhale food or drinks by accident. Injuries from falls are more likely to happen. Most people with Alzheimer's disease die from pneumonia, another infection, or a heart attack.
Question: What is the life expectancy with Alzheimer's disease?
Answer: The pace can be slow. Some people live up to 20 years after a diagnosis. The average life expectancy, though, is 4 to 8 years.
Question: How does Alzheimer's disease affect a person's body?
Answer: But the symptoms can be physical as well as mental. It can change the way you walk, talk, and how your body works. Some people have physical problems before serious memory loss. In one study, people who walked slowly and had poor balance were more likely to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in the following 6 years. Most people with Alzheimer's disease die from pneumonia, another infection, or a heart attack.
Question: What are challenges in caring for someone with Alzheimer's disease?
Answer: Some of the changes you might experience are: Loss of balance or coordination Stiff muscles Feet that shuffle or drag when you walk Trouble standing or sitting up in a chair Weak muscles and fatigue When and how much you sleep Trouble controlling your bladder or bowels Seizures and uncontrollable twitches Over time, most people with Alzheimer's lose the ability to take care of themselves. You may need help with basic things such as brushing your teeth, washing your hair and body, and changing your clothes. It might be hard to have a meaningful conversation. In the later stages, you might lose your ability to speak. At some point, you may need to move to a residential care facility to get the care you need.
Question: What causes Alzheimer's disease?
Answer: These proteins form large clumps, called tangles and plaques. They get in the way of normal brain function and kill healthy cells. As the disease gets worse, the plaques and clusters also appear in the parts of the brain in charge of bodily behaviors.
Question: What causes mastitis?
Answer: Mastitis is a common condition in women who breastfeed. As many as 1 in 10 breastfeeding women in the U. S. get it. It's caused by a backup of milk in the milk ducts. This happens when your baby isn't sucking or attaching properly, or favors one breast over the other. Mastitis can also happen if you don't feed or pump regularly. Breastfeeding women aren't the only ones who get mastitis. If you're not breastfeeding, a cracked nipple or nipple piercing can cause the breast infection. Both allow bacteria to get into the milk ducts. This is especially common in women who smoke.
Question: How can you prevent mastitis?
Answer: Tight bras and clothing put pressure on your breasts. Keep things light and loose. To keep milk from backing up, make sure your baby attaches correctly, and get all the milk out of each breast during every feeding. A lactation consultant can help if you need support.
Question: What are the symptoms of mastitis?
Answer: The catchall name for an infection of the breast tissue is mastitis. Mastitis can make you feel like you have the flu, but it can be cured a lot quicker. Just like any other infection, the tissue around the infected area becomes inflamed to keep it from spreading to other parts of the body. You may also have discharge from your nipple or feel a hard lump in your breast.
Question: What is mastitis?
Answer: If you're not, it's called periductal mastitis. Mastitis can make you feel like you have the flu, but it can be cured a lot quicker. Just like any other infection, the tissue around the infected area becomes inflamed to keep it from spreading to other parts of the body.
Question: How is mastitis treated?
Answer: If you're not, it's called periductal mastitis. Mastitis can make you feel like you have the flu, but it can be cured a lot quicker. As many as 1 in 10 breastfeeding women in the U. S. get it. Drink lots of water, wear loose bras, and rest as much as possible. Your doctor may suggest ibuprofen, or something like it, to take care of the fever and pain. It's important to keep breastfeeding and move that milk in and out of the ducts. Even though it might be painful, it won't harm your baby.
Question: When should I call my doctor about a sore throat?
Answer: You may also have: Sneezing and coughing Hoarseness Runny nose Mild fever General fatigue Swollen glands in the neck Belly pain Rash You also have a fever higher than 101 degrees F without other cold symptoms. This could mean you have strep throat. It's a bacterial infection that needs to get treated. You also have flu-like symptoms that don't get better after a few days. This could be infectious mononucleosis or other viral infections. Your child or teen has flu-like symptoms. Influenza can also lead to problems if you're pregnant, extremely obese, or have an ongoing illness such as COPD, asthma, or diabetes. Extreme obesity with a BMI of 40 or greater is a risk factor for flu complications. You've got any pain or hoarseness that lasts longer than 2 weeks. There's a chance that this could be a warning sign of throat cancer or oral cancer if you have other risk factors for cancer such as smoking. Your sore throat lingers for more than a week and you also have postnasal drip, sneezing, and itchy eyes. You might have allergies. Your sore throat comes with drooling, or you have trouble swallowing or breathing. This might mean your epiglottis, the structure that overhangs the opening to your throat, is inflamed. You could also have an abscess in the back of your throat. You need to get treated ASAP for these two rare conditions. You have a sore throat and pain that moves to your ear. This may be a sign of an ear infection or a more serious problem.
Question: How much sleep do you need for your immune system to work properly?
Answer: You need 7 to 8 hours of shut-eye each night to boost your defenses.
Question: What is the immune system?
Answer: Simply put, it's a balanced network of cells and organs that work together to defend you against disease. It stops threats like bacteria or viruses from getting into your body. Think of it as a powerful "search and destroy" task force that sends immune-cell forces out to hunt down the unwanted intruders and get rid of them.
Question: How can lifestyle changes that are good for the immune system prevent sickness?
Answer: These tactics also bump up your levels of Ig A, a protein in your immune system that fights infections. It helps keep threats out of your body -- and zaps any that do get in.
Question: How does the immune system work?
Answer: You also have a backup response known as the "cell-mediated immune system." This involves immune system cells rather than antibodies. They help your body create memories of past defenses against certain threats. When your body sees that invader again, it calls up that memory and sets out to destroy the threat before the disease develops. This is what makes vaccines or immunizations work for illnesses like the flu, measles, chicken pox, or hepatitis. The shot has a small but harmless amount of the disease in it so your immune cells can react, learn, and remember how to protect you from it next time.
Question: Can lifestyle changes boost your immune system?
Answer: That's why doctors urge you to make certain lifestyle changes.
Question: What vaccines do children and teens need?
Answer: Children and teens need these: Hepatitis A and B Rotavirus Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Measles, mumps, rubella Varicella Polio Pneumococcus Human papillomavirus ( HPV) Meningococcal Influenza Haemophilus influenza type B -- called Hi B The CDC says all children ages 11 to 12 need a vaccine for meningitis with a booster at ages 16 to 18. Also get one if you're traveling to countries with high rates of meningococcal disease.
Question: Can helping my immune system keep me from getting the flu?
Answer: When it's working well, it can help you avoid illness. But if you let it get run down, you're more likely to get sick. Learn what your body's defenses do and how to strengthen them so you can boost your odds of staying well.
Question: What vaccines should adults get?
Answer: They help fend off common ailments like the flu or a cold, and protect you against major illnesses like cancer or heart disease. Update your tetanus vaccine once every 10 years. If you have a high-risk job (like hospital worker) get vaccines for hepatitis A and B. Also get one if you're traveling to countries with high rates of meningococcal disease.
Question: How can stress in your life affect your immune system?
Answer: Relaxation techniques, daily exercise, and stress-management techniques can all help. It helps keep threats out of your body -- and zaps any that do get in.
Question: What are the symptoms of emphysema?
Answer: As you get older, your lungs slowly lose function -- even if you don't smoke. In addition to shortness of breath, you may also have: Wheezing A cough that won't go away Chest tightness or pain Many times, smoking causes a persistent cough.
Question: What is scotoma?
Answer: This is another type of vision change that may occur as part of a migraine aura. A scotoma means a loss of vision.
Question: How long do the symptoms of familial hemiplegic migraines last?
Answer: The episodes of muscle weakness and movement abnormalities can last for hours or days. In some cases, people can become comatose during the migraine.
Question: What is photopsia/fortification spectra?
Answer: The vision changes that can occur during an aura may involve a complex array of lights and images that appear before your eyes. Photopsia is the medical term for flashes of light. Fortification spectra are more complicated images that can float in your vision during a migraine. These get their name from their resemblance to an aerial view of an intricately built fort.
Question: What is photosensitivity?
Answer: During a migraine, being around sunlight or artificial light may make you feel even more uncomfortable. This is called photosensitivity. Another term that is sometimes used to describe this problem is photophobia.
Question: What are photopsia and fortification spectra?
Answer: The vision changes that can occur during an aura may involve a complex array of lights and images that appear before your eyes. Photopsia is the medical term for flashes of light. Fortification spectra are more complicated images that can float in your vision during a migraine. These get their name from their resemblance to an aerial view of an intricately built fort.
Question: What is a familial hemiplegic migraine?
Answer: This is a rare type of migraine with an aura that includes muscle weakness. During the attack, people with this form of migraine have trouble moving their body. The severity can range from muscle weakness to a total inability to move. The muscle weakness is fully reversible. This type of migraine is often mistaken for epilepsy. People may feel confused during these attacks.