anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What problems can skin lightening cause?
Answer: Long-term use may increase the risk of skin cancer from sun exposure. Always use a broad-spectrum sunscreen when using a skin lightener and going outside. Steroids in some skin lighteners may increase risk for skin infections, skin thinning, acne, and poor wound healing. Applying steroids to large areas of skin may put you at risk for health problems related to steroid being absorbed by the body. Hydroquinone may cause unwanted and untreatable skin discoloration (ochronosis). Various bleaching agents, including natural ingredients, can cause skin irritation or allergic reaction.
Question: Is skin bleaching dangerous?
Answer: Skin bleaching is a cosmetic treatment to reduce the prominence of skin discolorations and even out the color of the skin. You can buy bleaching creams over the counter and by prescription. Some people apply skin lightener to their entire body to change their complexion, but this can be very risky. The active ingredient in some skin lighteners is mercury, so bleaching can lead to mercury poisoning. Mercury is a toxic agent that can cause serious psychiatric, neurological, and kidney problems. Pregnant women who use a skin lightener with mercury can pass the mercury to their unborn child.
Question: What are the active ingredients in skin lighteners?
Answer: The active ingredient in some skin lighteners is mercury, so bleaching can lead to mercury poisoning. The most widely used ingredient in skin lighteners sold in the U. S. is hydroquinone. The FDA regulates the use of hydroquinone in the U. S. Over-the-counter skin lighteners can contain up to 2% hydroquinone. Dermatologists can write prescriptions for lighteners that contain 4%-6% hydroquinone. Other skin lighteners use drugs such as steroids and retinoic acid, which comes from vitamin A, as active ingredients. And some skin lighteners use natural ingredients such as kojic acid -- a compound that comes from a fungus -- and arbutin, a compound found in various plants.
Question: When should you call a doctor about a nosebleed?
Answer: See a health care provider immediately if: Nosebleed doesn't stop after 10 minutes of home treatment. There is so much bleeding that it is hard to breathe. The person is taking blood thinners, such as warfarin ( Coumadin), dabigatran ( Pradaxa), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), fondaparinux sodium ( Arixtra), or aspirin, or has a bleeding disorder. Nosebleed happens after a severe head injury or a blow to the face.
Question: How can you stop a nosebleed?
Answer: Don't have the person lie down or tilt the head backward. With thumb and index finger, firmly pinch the nose just below the bone up against the face. Apply pressure for 5 minutes. Time yourself with a clock. If bleeding continues after 5 minutes, repeat the process.
Question: Why is early diagnosis of osteosarcoma important?
Answer: Treatment works best when it's started before the cancer spreads beyond the bones to other tissues or organs. Most tumors are found early because kids speak up about pain or parents notice swelling or a limp. So let the doctor know about warning signs like these as soon as possible.
Question: What treatments are available for osteosarcoma?
Answer: There are different kinds of treatment for osteosarcoma. It depends on several things, such as where the tumor is, how fast it's growing, and whether it has spread. Age and overall health are also factored in. Most people with osteosarcoma need both surgery and chemotherapy. Some also get radiation therapy.
Question: When is treatment for osteosarcoma most effective?
Answer: Treatment works best when it's started before the cancer spreads beyond the bones to other tissues or organs. Most tumors are found early because kids speak up about pain or parents notice swelling or a limp. So let the doctor know about warning signs like these as soon as possible.
Question: What causes osteosarcoma?
Answer: The condition stems from an error in your child's DNA, or genetic code. Bone-growing cells make osteosarcoma tumors by mistake. Teenagers who are having a âgrowth spurtâ are most likely to get it, and taller kids may be more at risk. There may also be a link between the speed of the growth spurt and tumor development, but scientists are still studying this. Treatments like radiation therapy for other types of cancer, or cancer medicines called alkylating agents, can also make this disease more likely. Certain illnesses, like Paget's disease of the bone or a type of eye cancer called hereditary retinoblastoma, may also raise the risk.
Question: What are the warning signs of osteosarcoma?
Answer: Warning signs include: Swelling or lumps around bones or the ends of bones. Bone or joint pain or soreness. This pain may come and go for months. Broken bones that don't seem to be caused by normal events like a fall. Your child may have pain at night or after he plays or exercises. He might get a limp if osteosarcoma affects his legs. Tell your doctor about these symptoms right away. Your child may need to be tested to see if cancer is causing the pain, swelling, or breaks.
Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat osteosarcoma?
Answer: â Chemoâ uses powerful medications to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. You usually get them through an IV tube. Doctors treat most osteosarcomas with chemo. Your child's doctor will talk with you about the timing of the chemo and surgery. Chemo may shrink the tumor, which makes surgery easier. It also gets rid of small clusters of cancer cells in the body that doctors may not be able to see on medical scans. Children tend to have less severe side effects from chemo than adults. Because of this, your child's cancer doctor may use higher doses of chemo to try to kill the tumor. Some side effects may include nausea and vomiting, not feeling hungry, and diarrhea.
Question: What does a biopsy for osteosarcoma entail?
Answer: If your doctor sees signs of the disease on imaging tests, your child may need a biopsy. A surgeon will take a small sample of bone or tissue from a painful or swollen area. This test may show cancer cells in the bone, or if cancer cells have spread to muscles or other areas around the bone.
Question: Who is most likely to get osteosarcoma?
Answer: Osteosarcoma, sometimes called osteogenic sarcoma, is the most common kind of bone cancer in children and teens. It can affect adults, too, but teenage boys are most likely to get it.
Question: What should I do if my child has symptoms of osteosarcoma?
Answer: Tell your doctor about these symptoms right away. Your child may need to be tested to see if cancer is causing the pain, swelling, or breaks.
Question: What are the symptoms of osteosarcoma?
Answer: Warning signs include: Swelling or lumps around bones or the ends of bones. He might get a limp if osteosarcoma affects his legs.
Question: How do hydrofluoroalkane inhalers (HFA) work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Answer: There are three basic types: Hydrofluoroalkane inhalers or HFA (formerly metered dose inhaler or MDI) Dry powder inhalers ( DPI) Soft mist inhalers ( SMI) HFAs contain a liquid medication that you get through an aerosol spray. The medicine is in a pressurized canister that has a metering valve. You can close your lips around the mouthpiece or place the mouthpiece 1 to 2 inches from your mouth and breathe in slowly as you press down on the inhaler. Another method that many people like is to use a spacer. It's a hollow plastic tube that is attached between the mouthpiece and the canister of medicine. A spacer makes it easier to get the full dose of medication all the way to your lungs.
Question: How do soft mist inhalers (SMI) work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Answer: An SMI is a newer type of inhaler that provides a pre-measured amount of medicine in a slow-moving mist that helps you inhale the medicine. You put your lips on the mouthpiece while you hold the device horizontally. Be careful not to cover the air vents. This type of device actively delivers medicine in a way that doesn't depend on how fast you breathe in the air from the inhaler.
Question: Do all inhalers work the same way?
Answer: While inhalers use the same general principle, they don't all work the same way. For instance, you should shake an HFA before using it, but you never shake a DPI. Each device is cleaned differently and has a different way of tracking when it's empty. Always follow the instructions for your specific device.
Question: What two ways can inhaled medicine be used to help with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Answer: There are two main ways inhaled medicine is used: with an inhaler, and with a nebulizer. Inhalers and nebulizers have the same purpose: to get the medicine into your lungs. Both deliver the same type of medicine, and they work equally well when you use them properly. Inhalers and nebulizers are only available by prescription. While you might see some bronchodilator inhalers sold over the counter, don't use them unless your doctor recommends it. They could be dangerous for people with certain health conditions, such as heart problems.
Question: How do nebulizers work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Answer: These machines change a liquid medicine into a mist that you inhale into your lungs. Nebulizers aren't particularly portable, so you keep a nebulizer at home. To use it, you measure out the medicine into a cup and attach the cup with tubing to the machine. Then you turn it on, relax, and breathe the mist in deeply through a mouthpiece or mask. Depending on the medication, it usually takes 20 minutes or less to inhale the medicine. Afterward, you need to clean the nebulizer and mouthpiece or mask with water (and soap every now and then) before you use it again.
Question: How do dry powder inhalers (DPI) work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Answer: A DPI is similar to an HFA, but it releases a puff of dry powder instead of a liquid mist. You shouldn't use a DPI with a spacer. Instead, close your mouth tightly around the mouthpiece of the DPI inhaler and inhale rapidly and steadily. It's important to remove the device from your mouth before you exhale, so that humid air doesn't get into the device and make the powder clump.
Question: What are 5 tips for using inhaled chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) medicine?
Answer: Most people with COPD use an inhaler. They also can help temporarily if you have a COPD flare-up. Know how to use it. When you first get the prescription, go over the instructions with your doctor or pharmacist -- or if you have a nebulizer, with a representative from the medical supply company. Or do you need it every day? Know how much you need. Always follow the prescription exactly. Never take more or less than your doctor recommends. If you have a COPD flare-up and your normal dosage doesn't help, don't keep taking more. Instead, get medical help right away. Know what the drug does. You might need more than one kind of inhaled medication. The most common treatment for COPD is a bronchodilator, which relaxes the muscles around the airways, allowing them to open up. Since it's so important to control your COPD, make sure you always know how much medicine you have left. Get refills on time.
Question: What are the three basic types of inhalers?
Answer: There are three basic types: Hydrofluoroalkane inhalers or HFA (formerly metered dose inhaler or MDI) Dry powder inhalers ( DPI) Soft mist inhalers ( SMI) HFAs contain a liquid medication that you get through an aerosol spray. These machines change a liquid medicine into a mist that you inhale into your lungs.
Question: What are the risks of arginine supplementation?
Answer: In clinical trials, arginine has been used safely with minor side effects for up to three months. Possible side effects include abdominal pain and bloating, diarrhea, and gout. It may also cause a worsening of breathing in people with asthma. Arginine may interact with certain medications that lower blood pressure. It may also interact with certain heart medications and drugs such as Viagra that treat erectile dysfunction.
Question: What are heart benefits of arginine?
Answer: In the body, the amino acid arginine changes into nitric oxide ( NO). Nitric oxide is a powerful neurotransmitter that helps blood vessels relax and also improves circulation. Some evidence shows that arginine may help improve blood flow in the arteries of the heart. That may improve symptoms of clogged arteries, chest pain or angina, and coronary artery disease. However, there currently is no data on how the long-term use of arginine affects cholesterol or heart health.
Question: What are considerations regarding the arginine supplementation?
Answer: Not all studies on arginine have been positive. A 2006 study showed that arginine was not helpful -- and may have been harmful -- for treating heart attacks in combination with standard treatment.
Question: How much arginine is needed daily?
Answer: There is no recommended daily amount established for arginine, because the human body normally makes enough. If taken as a supplement, higher doses of arginine are often needed, and up to 1200 mg per day have been shown to be helpful. Before taking it, discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
Question: What are other potential health benefits of arginine?
Answer: Arginine, also known as L-arginine, is involved in a number of different functions in the body. Some evidence shows that arginine may help improve blood flow in the arteries of the heart. Not all studies on arginine have been positive.
Question: Why do we need arginine?
Answer: It's abundant in many different types of foods, and your body can also make it. They include: Wound healing Helping the kidneys remove waste products from the body Maintaining immune and hormone function Dilates and relaxes the arteries As a natural dietary supplement, arginine has garnered particular attention for its possible heart benefits.
Question: What is the best way to take care of the skin on the hands when treating eczema?
Answer: If you have eczema on your hands, put on a layer of cream every time you wash them. Also put cream on your hands just before you go to bed. Then cover your hands with a pair of cotton gloves to help the cream absorb into your skin while you sleep.
Question: What are some gentle bathing tips for eczema skin?
Answer: The best ways to relieve eczema damage and heal faster are to moisturize and take extra care to protect your skin. Eczema prevents your skin from holding in water. Skip the soap and instead use gentle scent- and dye-free cleansing products. Emollient soap substitutes and bath oils clean as well as soap and are less irritating. Wash your skin gently. Don't scrub. Pat off water gently after your shower and seal in moisture right away with a thick cream or ointment.
Question: When is the best time to apply product to the affected skin?
Answer: Also, moisturize during the day whenever your skin feels dry. Pat off water gently after your shower and seal in moisture right away with a thick cream or ointment.
Question: What is the best way to relieve eczema damage?
Answer: That means your skin dries out more quickly and breaks open more easily than usual. It reduces the itch and helps your skin heal faster. These medicines stop the itch that makes you want to scratch.
Question: Who is at risk for histoplasmosis?
Answer: Disseminated disease is more frequently seen in people with cancer or AIDS or those on drugs that suppress the immune system, such as TNF blockers like infliximab ( Remicade) or steroids. Severe cases of acute histoplasmosis and all cases of chronic and disseminated disease are treated with antifungal medications, sometimes for life in those with compromised immune systems.
Question: What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Answer: Red, itchy skin rash: Call your doctor. Don't treat the rash yourself. Dizziness , lightheadedness, or faintness upon rising: These may be strongest after the first dose, especially if you have been taking a diuretic (water pill). Get up more slowly. Call your doctor if these symptoms persist or are severe. Salty or metallic taste and a decreased ability to taste: This effect usually goes away as you continue taking the medication. Cough: If this symptom persists or is severe, call your doctor. Otherwise, ask him what type of cough medicine you may use.
Question: How do I take ACE inhibitors?
Answer: Examples of them include: Benazepril ( Lotensin) Captopril ( Capoten) Enalapril ( Vasotec) Fosinopril ( Monopril) Lisinopril ( Prinivil, Zestril) Moexipril ( Univasc) Perindopril ( Aceon) Quinapril ( Accupril) Ramipril ( Altace) Trandolapril ( Mavik) They're usually taken on an empty stomach an hour before meals. Follow the label on how often to take them. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you'll take your ACE inhibitor will depend on what you were prescribed as well as your condition.
Question: What are some examples of ACE inhibitors to treat heart failure?
Answer: Examples of them include: Benazepril ( Lotensin) Captopril ( Capoten) Enalapril ( Vasotec) Fosinopril ( Monopril) Lisinopril ( Prinivil, Zestril) Moexipril ( Univasc) Perindopril ( Aceon) Quinapril ( Accupril) Ramipril ( Altace) Trandolapril ( Mavik) They're usually taken on an empty stomach an hour before meals.
Question: When should you call the doctor right away about side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Answer: If you have any of the following side effects, call your doctor right away: Sore throat Fever Mouth sores Unusual bruising Fast or irregular heartbeat Chest pain Swelling of feet, ankles, or lower legs Confusion Nervousness Numbness or tingling in hands, feet, or lips Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Weakness or heaviness in legs If you have swelling of your neck, face, or tongue , get emergency medical help immediately. Call 9-1-1 or go to the nearest emergency room.
Question: How do I take ACE inhibitors for heart failure?
Answer: Examples of them include: Benazepril ( Lotensin) Captopril ( Capoten) Enalapril ( Vasotec) Fosinopril ( Monopril) Lisinopril ( Prinivil, Zestril) Moexipril ( Univasc) Perindopril ( Aceon) Quinapril ( Accupril) Ramipril ( Altace) Trandolapril ( Mavik) They're usually taken on an empty stomach an hour before meals. Follow the label on how often to take them. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you'll take your ACE inhibitor will depend on what you were prescribed as well as your condition.
Question: Should I avoid certain foods or medicine while taking ACE inhibitors?
Answer: These include: Salt substitutes: They have potassium, and ACE inhibitors make your body retain potassium. Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs (like aspirin, ibuprofen , and naproxen ): These may cause your body to retain sodium and water and decrease the effect of an ACE inhibitor. Check with your doctor before taking any anti-inflammatory drugs. It is important that your doctor know about all the medicines you're taking, as some may interact with ACE inhibitors. Talk to your doctor before taking any new medication, including over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and supplements.
Question: What foods and medicines should you avoid while taking ACE inhibitors?
Answer: These include: Salt substitutes: They have potassium, and ACE inhibitors make your body retain potassium. Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs (like aspirin, ibuprofen , and naproxen ): These may cause your body to retain sodium and water and decrease the effect of an ACE inhibitor. Check with your doctor before taking any anti-inflammatory drugs.
Question: When should you call your doctor about the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Answer: If you have any of the following side effects, call your doctor right away: Sore throat Fever Mouth sores Unusual bruising Fast or irregular heartbeat Chest pain Swelling of feet, ankles, or lower legs Confusion Nervousness Numbness or tingling in hands, feet, or lips Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Weakness or heaviness in legs If you have swelling of your neck, face, or tongue , get emergency medical help immediately. Call 9-1-1 or go to the nearest emergency room. If you become sick with severe vomiting or diarrhea, you may become dehydrated, which can lead to low blood pressure. Call your doctor. Also contact your doctor if you have any other symptoms that cause concern.
Question: How do ACE inhibitors work to treat heart failure?
Answer: They also help block a substance in the blood called angiotensin that is made as a result of heart failure. Angiotensin is one of the most powerful blood vessel narrowers in the body. ACE inhibitors are critical in the treatment of heart failure. They are also used to control high blood pressure, prevent kidney damage from diabetes, and prevent more heart damage after a heart attack. Your heart failure symptoms may not improve right away when taking ACE inhibitors. But long-term use of ACE inhibitors helps manage chronic heart failure and reduces the risk that it will get worse.
Question: What are some of the common side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Answer: Don't treat the rash yourself. Dizziness , lightheadedness, or faintness upon rising: These may be strongest after the first dose, especially if you have been taking a diuretic (water pill). Call your doctor if these symptoms persist or are severe. Call your doctor.
Question: Should you tell your doctor about all medications you are taking while taking ACE inhibitors?
Answer: Check with your doctor before taking any anti-inflammatory drugs. Never stop taking your medication, even if you feel that it is not working.
Question: What are some other guidelines for taking ACE inhibitors?
Answer: Call your doctor. Never stop taking your medication, even if you feel that it is not working. Your heart failure symptoms may not improve right away when taking ACE inhibitors.
Question: Where on food labels should I check for trans fats?
Answer: Check the Nutrition Facts label and the ingredient list. If the Nutrition Facts label says the product has "0 g trans fat," that doesn't necessarily mean it has no trans fats. It could have up to half a gram of trans fats per serving. So check the ingredient label to see if "partially hydrogenated oils" is on the list. Those are trans fats.
Question: Why do I need to check food labels for trans fats?
Answer: You might have seen those trans fats listed as "partially hydrogenated oils." While food companies slowly remove trans fats from their products, you still need to check labels.
Question: How can I keep from spreading the flu when I am sick?
Answer: Stay away from family members, colleagues, and friends. You're contagious 1 day before symptoms start and for 5-7 days after symptoms start.
Question: How much sleep do I need if I have the flu?
Answer: Your body needs extra downtime to fight the viral infection. Aim for 7 to 9 hours of shuteye a night.
Question: Should I treat congestion when I have the flu?
Answer: That stuffy nose is best treated mildly or not at all. A decongestant slows the flow to the blood vessels in your nose and throat. But often you want an increased blood flow because it warms the infected area and helps all that gunk clear the germs from your body.
Question: Can dietary supplements ease flu symptoms?
Answer: Many dietary supplements get credit for easing flu symptoms, but there's no proof they work. Talk to your doctor before you try any. Some natural herbal products can cause allergic reactions. Others may not work well with prescription medications you're taking. A few can even cause liver damage, so be careful.
Question: Why do you get a cough when you have the flu?
Answer: It helps clear the thick mucus in your airways that carry germs to your lungs and the rest of your body.