anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How to diagnose Diverticulosis ? (Also called: Diverticula - diverticulosis; Diverticulitis - diverticulosis; Diverticular disease - diverticulosis; G.I. bleed - diverticulosis; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage - diverticulosis; Gastrointestinal bleed - diverticulosis)
Answer: Diverticulosis is often found during an exam for another health problem. For example, it is often discovered during a colonoscopy.  If you do have symptoms, you may have one or more of the following tests:  - Blood tests to see if you have an infection or have lost too much blood  - CT scan or ultrasound of the abdomen if you have bleeding, loose stools, or pain   A colonoscopy is needed to make the diagnosis:  - A colonoscopy is an exam that views the inside of the colon and rectum.  - A small camera attached to a tube can reach the length of the colon.   Angiography  - Angiography is an imaging test that uses x-rays and a special dye to see inside the blood vessels.  - This test may be used if the area of bleeding is not seen during a colonoscopy.)
Question: What is (are) Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis ? (Also called: Diverticular disease)
Answer: Diverticula are small pouches that bulge outward through the colon, or large intestine. If you have these pouches, you have a condition called diverticulosis. It becomes more common as people age. About half of all people over age 60 have it. Doctors believe the main cause is a low-fiber diet.    Most people with diverticulosis don't have symptoms. Sometimes it causes mild cramps, bloating or constipation. Diverticulosis is often found through tests ordered for something else. For example, it is often found during a colonoscopy to screen for cancer. A high-fiber diet and mild pain reliever will often relieve symptoms.    If the pouches become inflamed or infected, you have a condition called diverticulitis. The most common symptom is abdominal pain, usually on the left side. You may also have fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, cramping, and constipation. In serious cases, diverticulitis can lead to bleeding, tears, or blockages. Your doctor will do a physical exam and imaging tests to diagnose it. Treatment may include antibiotics, pain relievers, and a liquid diet. A serious case may require a hospital stay or surgery.    NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
Question: What causes Common cold ? (Also called: Upper respiratory infection - viral; Cold)
Answer: It is called the common cold for good reason. There are over one billion colds in the United States each year. You and your children will probably have more colds than any other type of illness.  Colds are the most common reason that children miss school and parents miss work. Parents often get colds from their children.  Children can get many colds every year. They usually get them from other children. A cold can spread quickly through schools or daycares.  Colds can occur at any time of the year, but they are most common in the winter or rainy seasons.  A cold virus spreads through tiny, air droplets that are released when the sick person sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose.  You can catch a cold if:  - A person with a cold sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose near you  - You touch your nose, eyes, or mouth after you have touched something contaminated by the virus, such as a toy or doorknob.    People are most contagious for the first 2 to 3 days of a cold. A cold is most often not contagious after the first week.)
Question: What is (are) hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets ? (Also called: hypophosphatemia; VDRR; vitamin D-resistant rickets)
Answer: Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets is a disorder related to low levels of phosphate in the blood (hypophosphatemia). Phosphate is a mineral that is essential for the normal formation of bones and teeth.  In most cases, the signs and symptoms of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets begin in early childhood. The features of the disorder vary widely, even among affected members of the same family. Mildly affected individuals may have hypophosphatemia without other signs and symptoms. More severely affected children experience slow growth and are shorter than their peers. They develop bone abnormalities that can interfere with movement and cause bone pain. The most noticeable of these abnormalities are bowed legs or knock knees (a condition in which the lower legs are positioned at an outward angle). These abnormalities become apparent with weight-bearing activities such as walking. If untreated, they tend to worsen with time.  Other signs and symptoms of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets can include premature fusion of the skull bones (craniosynostosis) and dental abnormalities. The disorder may also cause abnormal bone growth where ligaments and tendons attach to joints (enthesopathy). In adults, hypophosphatemia is characterized by a softening of the bones known as osteomalacia.  Researchers have described several forms of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, which are distinguished by their pattern of inheritance and genetic cause. The most common form of the disorder is known as X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH). It has an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance. X-linked recessive, autosomal dominant, and autosomal recessive forms of the disorder are much rarer. The different inheritance patterns are described below.  Another rare type of the disorder is known as hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). In addition to hypophosphatemia, this condition is characterized by the excretion of high levels of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria).)
Question: How many people are affected by hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets ? (Also called: hypophosphatemia; VDRR; vitamin D-resistant rickets)
Answer: X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets is the most common form of rickets that runs in families. It affects about 1 in 20,000 newborns. Each of the other forms of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets has been identified in only a few families.)
Question: What are the genetic changes related to hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets ? (Also called: hypophosphatemia; VDRR; vitamin D-resistant rickets)
Answer: Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets can result from mutations in several genes. Mutations in the PHEX gene, which are responsible for X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, occur most frequently. Mutations in other genes cause the less common forms of the condition.  Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets is characterized by a phosphate imbalance in the body. Among its many functions, phosphate plays a critical role in the formation and growth of bones in childhood and helps maintain bone strength in adults. Phosphate levels are controlled in large part by the kidneys. The kidneys normally excrete excess phosphate in urine, and they reabsorb this mineral into the bloodstream when more is needed. However, in people with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, the kidneys cannot reabsorb phosphate effectively and too much of this mineral is excreted from the body in urine. As a result, not enough phosphate is available in the bloodstream to participate in normal bone development and maintenance.  The genes associated with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets are involved in maintaining the proper balance of phosphate. Many of these genes, including the PHEX gene, directly or indirectly regulate a protein called fibroblast growth factor 23 (produced from the FGF23 gene). This protein normally inhibits the kidneys' ability to reabsorb phosphate into the bloodstream. Gene mutations increase the production or reduce the breakdown of fibroblast growth factor 23. The resulting overactivity of this protein reduces phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys, leading to hypophosphatemia and the related features of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets.)
Question: Is hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets inherited ? (Also called: hypophosphatemia; VDRR; vitamin D-resistant rickets)
Answer: Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets can have several patterns of inheritance. When the condition results from mutations in the PHEX gene, it is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern. The PHEX gene is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.  Less commonly, hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets can have an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance. This form of the condition is often called Dent disease. Like the PHEX gene, the gene associated with Dent disease is located on the X chromosome. In males, one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females, a mutation would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder. Because it is unlikely that females will have two altered copies of this gene, males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females.  In a few families, hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets has had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. The rare condition HHRH has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, which means both copies of a gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. However, some parents of children with HHRH have experienced hypercalcuria and kidney stones.)
Question: How to prevent Shingles ? (Also called: Herpes zoster)
Answer: Do not touch the rash and blisters on persons with shingles or chickenpox if you have never had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine.  A herpes zoster vaccine is available. It is different than the chickenpox vaccine. Older adults who receive the herpes zoster vaccine are less likely to have complications from shingles.)
Question: What to do for Leg pain ? (Also called: Pain - leg; Aches - leg; Cramps - leg)
Answer: If you have leg pain from cramps or overuse, take these steps first:  - Rest as much as possible.  - Elevate your leg.  - Apply ice for up to 15 minutes. Do this 4 times per day, more often for the first few days.  - Gently stretch and massage cramping muscles.  - Take over-the-counter pain medicines like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.    Other homecare will depend on the cause of your leg pain.)
Question: What is (are) Diabetes ? (Also called: Diabetes - type 1; Diabetes - type 2; Diabetes - gestational; Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes; Gestational diabetes; Diabetes mellitus)
Answer: Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.)
Question: What causes Diabetes ? (Also called: Diabetes - type 1; Diabetes - type 2; Diabetes - gestational; Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes; Gestational diabetes; Diabetes mellitus)
Answer: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both.  To understand diabetes, it is important to first understand the normal process by which food is broken down and used by the body for energy. Several things happen when food is digested:  - A sugar called glucose enters the bloodstream. Glucose is a source of fuel for the body.  - An organ called the pancreas makes insulin. The role of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be stored or used as fuel.     People with diabetes have high blood sugar because their body cannot move sugar from the bloodinto muscle and fat cells to be burned or stored for energy, and because their liver makestoo much glucose and releases it into the blood. This is because either:  - Their pancreas does not make enough insulin  - Their cells do not respond to insulin normally  - Both of the above    There are 2 major types of diabetes. The causes and risk factors are different for each type:   - Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children, teens, or young adults. In this disease, the body makes little or no insulin. This is because the pancreas cells that make insulin stop working. Daily injections of insulin are needed. The exact cause is unknown.  - Type 2 diabetes is much more common. It most often occurs in adulthood, but because of high obesity rates, children and teens are now being diagnosed with this disease.Some people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it. With type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to insulin and doesn't use insulin as well as it should.  - There are other causes of diabetes, and some people cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2.    Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that develops at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes.  If your parent, brother, or sister has diabetes, you may be more likely to develop the disease.)
Question: What is (are) Diabetes ? (Also called: Diabetes mellitus; DM)
Answer: Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood. You can also have prediabetes. This means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. Having prediabetes puts you at a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes.    Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious problems. It can damage your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke and even the need to remove a limb. Pregnant women can also get diabetes, called gestational diabetes.    Blood tests can show if you have diabetes. One type of test, the A1C, can also check on how you are managing your diabetes. Exercise, weight control and sticking to your meal plan can help control your diabetes. You should also monitor your blood glucose level and take medicine if prescribed.     NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
Question: What is (are) Diabetes Type 1 ? (Also called: Insulin-dependent diabetes; Juvenile diabetes; Type I diabetes)
Answer: Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. With type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and gums and teeth.     Type 1 diabetes happens most often in children and young adults but can appear at any age. Symptoms may include       -  Being very thirsty     -  Urinating often     -  Feeling very hungry or tired     -  Losing weight without trying     -  Having sores that heal slowly     -  Having dry, itchy skin     -  Losing the feeling in your feet or having tingling in your feet     -  Having blurry eyesight        A blood test can show if you have diabetes. If you do, you will need to take insulin for the rest of your life. A blood test called the A1C can check to see how well you are managing your diabetes.    NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
Question: What are the complications of Cervicitis ? (Also called: Cervical inflammation; Inflammation - cervix)
Answer: Cervicitis may last for months to years. Cervicitis may lead to pain with intercourse (dyspareunia).)
Question: What are the side effects or risks of Nicotine Gum ?
Answer: If you experience any of the following symptoms, stop using nicotine gum and call your doctor immediately or get emergency medical treatment:   - mouth, tooth, or jaw problems  - dizziness  - nausea  - vomiting  - diarrhea  - weakness  - fast, pounding, or irregular heartbeat  - difficulty breathing  - rash  - blisters in the mouth   Nicotine gum may cause other side effects. Call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while taking this medication.  If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088).)
Question: What is (are) Foot, leg, and ankle swelling ? (Also called: Swelling of the ankles - feet - legs; Ankle swelling; Foot swelling; Leg swelling; Edema - peripheral; Peripheral edema)
Answer: Painless swelling of the feet and ankles is a common problem, especially among older people.  Abnormal buildup of fluid in the ankles, feet, and legs can cause swelling. This fluid buildup and swelling is called edema.)
Question: What to do for Foot, leg, and ankle swelling ? (Also called: Swelling of the ankles - feet - legs; Ankle swelling; Foot swelling; Leg swelling; Edema - peripheral; Peripheral edema)
Answer: Painless swelling may affect both legs and may include the calves or even the thighs. The effect of gravity makes the swelling most noticeable in the lower part of the body.)
Some tips that may help reduce swelling:  - Put your legs on pillows to raise them above your heart while lying down.  - Exercise your legs. This helps pump fluid from your legs back to your heart.  - Follow a low-salt diet, which may reduce fluid buildup and swelling.  - Wear support stockings (sold at most drugstores and medical supply stores).  - When traveling, take breaks often to stand up and move around.  - Avoid wearing tight clothing or garters around your thighs.  - Lose weight if you need to.   Never stop taking any medicines you think may be causing swelling without first talking to your health care provider.)
Question: What causes Foot, leg, and ankle swelling ? (Also called: Swelling of the ankles - feet - legs; Ankle swelling; Foot swelling; Leg swelling; Edema - peripheral; Peripheral edema)
Answer: Foot, leg, and ankle swelling is common when the person also:  - Is overweight  - Has a blood clot in the leg  - Is older  - Has a leg infection  - Has veins in the legs that cannot properly pump blood back to the heart    Injury or surgery involving the leg, ankle, or foot can also cause swelling. Swelling may also occur after pelvic surgery, especially for cancer.  Long airplane flights or car rides, as well as standing for long periods of time, often lead to some swelling in the feet and ankles.  Swelling may occur in women who take estrogen, or during parts of the menstrual cycle. Most women have some swelling during pregnancy. More severe swelling during pregnancy may be a sign of preeclampsia, a serious condition that includes high blood pressure and swelling.   Swollen legs may be a sign of heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure. In these conditions, there is too much fluid in the body.  Certain medicines may also cause your legs to swell. Some of these are:  - Antidepressants, including MAO inhibitors and tricyclics   - Blood pressure medicines called calcium channel blockers   - Hormones, such as estrogen (in birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy) and testosterone  - Steroids)
Question: What is the outlook for Foot, leg, and ankle swelling ? (Also called: Swelling of the ankles - feet - legs; Ankle swelling; Foot swelling; Leg swelling; Edema - peripheral; Peripheral edema)
Answer: Your provider will take a medical history and do a thorough physical examination, paying special attention to your heart, lungs, abdomen, lymph nodes, legs, and feet.  Your provider will ask questions like the following:  - What body parts swell? Your ankles, feet, legs? Above the knee or below?  - Do you have swelling at all times or is it worse in the morning or evening?  - What makes your swelling better?  - What makes your swelling worse?  - Does the swelling get better when you raise your legs?  - Have you had blood clots in your legs or lungs?  - Have you had varicose veins?  - What other symptoms do you have?    Diagnostic tests that may be done include:  - Blood tests such as a CBC or blood chemistry  - Chest x-ray or extremity x-ray  - Doppler ultrasound examination of your leg veins  - ECG  - Urinalysis   Your treatment will focus on the cause of the swelling. Your provider may prescribe diuretics to reduce the swelling, but these can have side effects. Home treatment for leg swelling that is not related to a serious medical condition should be tried before drug therapy.)
Question: What causes Plantar fasciitis ?
Answer: Plantar fasciitis occurs when the thick band of tissue on the bottom of the foot is overstretched or overused. This can be painful and make walking more difficult.   You are more likely to get plantar fasciitis if you:   - Have foot arch problems (both flat feet and high arches)  - Run long distances, downhill or on uneven surfaces  - Are obese or gain weight suddenly   - Have a tight Achilles tendon (the tendon connecting the calf muscles to the heel)  - Wear shoes with poor arch support or soft soles  - Change your activities   Plantar fasciitis is seen in both men and women. However, it most often affects active men ages 40 - 70. It is one of the most common orthopedic foot complaints.   Plantar fasciitis was commonly thought to be caused by a heel spur. However, research has found that this is not the case. On x-ray, heel spurs are seen in people with and without plantar fasciitis.)
Question: How to prevent Plantar fasciitis ?
Answer: Making sure your ankle, Achilles tendon, and calf muscles are flexible can help prevent plantar fasciitis. Stretch your plantar fascia in the morning before you get out of bed. Doing activities in moderation can also help.)
Question: How to diagnose Liver cancer - hepatocellular carcinoma ? (Also called: Primary liver cell carcinoma; Tumor - liver; Cancer - liver; Hepatoma)
Answer: Thedoctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. The physical exam may show an enlarged, tender liver or other signs of cirrhosis.  If thedoctor suspects liver cancer, tests that may be ordered include:  - Abdominal CT scan  - Abdominal ultrasound  - Liver biopsy  - Liver enzymes (liver function tests)  - Liver MRI  - Serum alpha fetoprotein   Some people who have a high chance of developing liver cancer may get regular blood tests and ultrasounds to see whether tumors are developing.  To accurately diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma, a biopsy of the tumor must be done.)
Question: How to diagnose Liver metastases ? (Also called: Metastases to the liver; Metastatic liver cancer; Liver cancer - metastatic)
Answer: Tests that may be done to diagnose liver metastases include:  - CT scan of the abdomen  - Liver function tests  - Liver biopsy  - MRI of the abdomen  - PET scan  - Ultrasound of the abdomen)
Question: How to diagnose Stroke ? (Also called: Cerebrovascular disease; CVA; Cerebral infarction; Cerebral hemorrhage; Ischemic stroke; Stroke - ischemic; Cerebrovascular accident; Stroke - hemorrhagic; Carotid artery - stroke)
Answer: The doctor will do a physical exam to:   - Check for problems with vision, movement, feeling, reflexes, understanding, and speaking. Your doctor and nurses will repeat this exam over time to see if your stroke is getting worse or improving.  - Listen to the carotid arteries in the neck with a stethoscope for an abnormal sound, called a bruit, which is caused by abnormal blood flow.  - Check for high blood pressure.     You may have the following tests to help find the type, location, and cause of the stroke and rule out other problems:   - Angiogram of the head to look for a blood vessel that is blocked or bleeding  - Carotid duplex (ultrasound) to see if the carotid arteries in your neck have narrowed  - Echocardiogram to see if the stroke could have been caused by a blood clot from the heart  - Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or CT angiography to check for abnormal blood vessels in the brain    Other tests include:   - Blood tests  - Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rhythm monitoring)