anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How does chemotherapy for bone metastasis work?
Answer: In most cases, you take chemo by mouth or through a vein (by IV). This can often shrink the tumors, which will ease your pain and help you feel better. These drugs contain radioactive elements that target cancer cells.
Question: How does immunotherapy work to treat bone metastasis?
Answer: Chemo can kill normal cells in addition to cancer cells. Examples of immunotherapy for cancer include: Cytokines -- substances secreted by the immune system that have an effect on other cells Monoclonal antibodies -- a class of antibodies made in the lab from a single population of cells Tumor vaccines -- vaccines using a substance that prompts the immune system to respond to a tumor Possible side effects.
Question: How is bone metastasis treated?
Answer: Treatment can't cure bone metastasis, but it can relieve pain, help prevent complications, and improve your quality of life. Doctors use two types of treatments for metastatic cancer in the bones. Systemic treatments can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Local treatments directly target the cancer in the bone. If your cancer has spread to many bones, these drugs may be a better option than standard radiation, which uses a beam to aim radiation at each bone metastasis.
Question: Who gets cavities?
Answer: Many people think only children get cavities, but changes in your mouth as you age make them an adult problem, too. As you get older, your gums pull away from your teeth. They can also pull away because of gum disease. This exposes the roots of your teeth to plaque. And if you eat a lot of sugary or high-carb foods, you're more likely to get cavities. Older adults sometimes get decay around the edges of fillings. Seniors often have a lot of dental work because they didn't get fluoride or good oral care when they were kids. Over the years, these fillings can weaken teeth and break. Bacteria gather in the gaps and cause decay.
Question: How do I know if I have cavities?
Answer: He'll probe your teeth, looking for soft spots, or use X-rays to check between your teeth. If you've had a cavity for a while, you might get a toothache, especially after you eat or drink something sweet, hot, or cold. Sometimes you can see pits or holes in your teeth.
Question: What should you know about cavities?
Answer: Cavities are what you get from tooth decay -- damage to the tooth. Tooth decay can affect both the outer coating of a tooth (called enamel) and the inner layer (called dentin). When foods with carbohydrates like bread, cereal, milk, soda, fruit, cake, or candy stay on your teeth. The acids in plaque dissolve the enamel, creating holes called cavities. This exposes the roots of your teeth to plaque.
Question: How are cavities treated?
Answer: Sometimes you can see pits or holes in your teeth. He fills in the hole with a filling made of either silver alloy, gold, porcelain, or a composite resin. These materials are safe. Crowns are used when a tooth is so badly decayed that not much of it remains. Your dentist removes and repairs the damaged part. The dentist removes the nerve, blood vessels, and tissue along with the decayed portions of the tooth. You may need a crown over the filled tooth.
Question: How can knowing how to handle anger help me?
Answer: If you can react without hurting someone else, it can be a positive feeling. If you hold your anger inside, it can lead to passive-aggressive behavior like ''getting back'' at people without telling them why or being critical and hostile. Knowing how to recognize and express these feelings in appropriate ways can help you handle emergencies, solve problems, and hold on to meaningful relationships.
Question: What can help me control my anger?
Answer: A psychologist or other licensed mental health professional can work with you to learn techniques for changing your thinking and your behavior. A mental health professional can help you deal with your anger in an appropriate way. Ask your doctor if medicines could be helpful. Sometimes, antidepressants, certain anticonvulsants, and low-dose antipsychotics can help manage sudden attacks of rage or anger. Avoid alcohol, short-acting benzodiazepines like Xanax, or street drugs that can make you say or do things more impulsively. Choose your therapist carefully, and make sure to talk to a professional who is trained to teach anger management and assertiveness skills.
Question: How can I manage anger in the moment?
Answer: When you start feeling angry, try deep breathing, positive self-talk, or stopping your angry thoughts. Although expressing anger is better than keeping it in, there's a right way to do it. Talk through your feelings and try to work on changing your behaviors. Try to gain a different perspective by putting yourself in another's place. Learn to assert yourself, expressing your feelings calmly and directly without becoming defensive, hostile, or emotionally charged. Read self-help books or seek help from a professional therapist to learn how to use assertiveness and anger management skills.
Question: When should I call the doctor about a baby's diaper rash?
Answer: The rash gets worse or doesn't respond to treatment in 2 or 3 days. Your baby has a fever or seems sluggish. You see yellow, fluid-filled bumps (pustules) and honey-colored crusty areas. This might be a bacterial infection that requires antibiotics. You notice symptoms of a yeast infection: A swollen red rash with white scales and lesions Small red pimples outside of the diaper area Redness in the folds of the baby's skin Your pediatrician can prescribe an antifungal medicine to clear it up.
Question: What changes can lead to fewer diaper rashes?
Answer: Some parents find these changes lead to fewer diaper rashes: Change the type of diaper. If you use cloth, try disposables. Or try a different brand of disposable diaper. If you wash your own cloth diapers, change your detergent. Choose a mild, hypoallergenic detergent.
Question: When do babies get a diaper rash more often?
Answer: Babies get a diaper rash more often when they: Get older -- especially between 9 and 12 months old Sleep in poopy diapers Have diarrhea Start eating solid foods Are taking antibiotics, or if you take antibiotics and are nursing Wash your hands before and after every diaper change.
Question: What should I know about diaper rash?
Answer: Learn how to treat diaper rash and prevent flare-ups. Your baby's little bottom will thank you! To avoid a mess, do it right after a bowel movement. These products aim to soothe a baby's sore skin or create a protective barrier -- or both.
Question: What products can help with a diaper rash?
Answer: Try a squirt bottle to wash the area well, without rubbing sore skin. Smooth on cream or ointment to your baby's clean, dry bottom before putting on a clean diaper. Look for zinc oxide or petrolatum (petroleum jelly) on the ingredients list. If you use baby powder, keep it away from your baby's face. The talc or cornstarch in the powder can cause breathing problems. Place it in your hand, then apply it to the diaper area.
Question: What causes nystagmus?
Answer: It may be a sign of another eye problem or medical condition. You may be born with it, or you might develop it later in life. Nystagmus is caused by many different things, including: Being passed down from your parents Other eye issues, like cataracts or strabismus Diseases like stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Meniere's disease Head injuries Albinism (lack of skin pigment) Inner ear problems Certain medications, like lithium or drugs for seizures Alcohol or drug use Sometimes, your doctor may not know what causes it.
Question: What helps people with nystagmus see?
Answer: More lighting may help with vision, too. If your child has nystagmus, encourage her to use her eyes. Big and brightly colored toys are easiest to use. Choose toys that make noise and have unique textures. Let your child hold books close to her eyes with her head tilted. Let her wear a hat or tinted glasses -- even indoors -- to reduce glare. Talk to your child's teacher to make things easier at school.
Question: How is nystagmus diagnosed?
Answer: You might get other tests, including: Ear exam Neurological exam Brain MRI Brain CT scan Recording your eye movement Your doctor may ask you to spin around in the chair for about 30 seconds, stop, and then try to stare at an object. If you have nystagmus, your eyes will first move slowly in one direction. Then they'll move quickly the other way.
Question: How can eye muscle surgery help with nystagmus?
Answer: The goal is to help with the head tilt that often comes with nystagmus. Sometimes surgery improves vision, too.
Question: What are the symptoms of nystagmus?
Answer: Your eyes move without your control. It might be fast, then slow, then fast again. The movement might be in one eye, but it's usually in both eyes. You may notice that you nod your head or keep it in strange positions. You do that because it helps you focus when you can't hold your gaze steady. Things look clearer when you tilt or turn your head. Objects may seem a little blurry to children with nystagmus. But the world doesn't look shaky to them. It's different if you develop the condition as an adult. Then the world appears to move a little when you look around. Nystagmus may also affect your vision. You might have a hard time seeing in the dark, or you may be sensitive to bright light. You may have problems with balance and dizziness. These can be worse if you're tired or stressed.
Question: What is nystagmus?
Answer: It's a condition where you can't control your eye movements.
Question: How much fiber should you have to prevent diverticulosis?
Answer: The American Dietetic Association recommends 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day. Every person, regardless of the presence of diverticula, should try to consume this much fiber every day. Fiber is the indigestible part of plant foods. High-fiber foods include whole grain breads, cereals, and crackers; berries; fruit; vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, spinach, carrots, asparagus, squash, and beans; brown rice; bran products; and cooked dried peas and beans, among other foods.
Question: What can you do to prevent diverticulosis?
Answer: To prevent diverticular disease or reduce the complications from it, maintain good bowel habits.
Question: What does diverticular disease consist of?
Answer: Diverticular Bleeding Diverticular bleeding occurs with chronic injury to the small blood vessels that are next to the diverticula.
Question: How does diverticular bleeding occur?
Answer: Diverticular Bleeding Diverticular bleeding occurs with chronic injury to the small blood vessels that are next to the diverticula.
Question: How is diverticulosis diagnosed?
Answer: Symptoms of diverticulitis may include: Diarrhea and/or constipation Painful cramps or tenderness in the lower abdomen Chills or fever Because people with diverticulosis do not have any symptoms, it is usually found through tests ordered for an unrelated reason. They usually include barium enema, sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy.
Question: How do complications occur in diverticulosis?
Answer: Complications can occur in about 20% of people with diverticulosis. One of these complications is rectal bleeding, called diverticular bleeding, and another is diverticular infection, called diverticulitis.
Question: How does diverticulitis occur?
Answer: Diverticulitis Diverticulitis occurs when there is inflammation and infection in one or more diverticula. This usually happens when outpouchings become blocked with waste, allowing bacteria to build up, causing infection.
Question: What are symptoms of diverticulosis?
Answer: Diverticulosis does not cause any troublesome symptoms.
Question: How can diverticulosis be prevented?
Answer: Diverticula can form while straining during a bowel movement, such as with constipation. People who have diverticulosis without symptoms or complications do not need specific treatment, yet it is important to adopt a high-fiber diet to prevent the further formation of diverticula. Most of them are the result of the development of a tear or perforation of the intestinal wall.
Question: How common is diverticulosis?
Answer: Complications can occur in about 20% of people with diverticulosis. Symptoms of diverticulitis may include: Diarrhea and/or constipation Painful cramps or tenderness in the lower abdomen Chills or fever Because people with diverticulosis do not have any symptoms, it is usually found through tests ordered for an unrelated reason.
Question: Iâm considering taking a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and Iâm worried about side effects. What are things to tell my doctor about?
Answer: You have stomach ulcers or bleeding in your digestive system.
Question: What are some risks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Answer: Although aspirin taken in low doses with a doctor's supervision can help protect some people from a heart attack, some NSAIDs can raise your risk of heart disease and strokes, especially when you take high doses or take them for a long time. They can also interfere with blood pressure medicine, making it less effective. Children and teenagers under 18 years old shouldn't take aspirin unless directed by their doctor, due to the risk of a serious condition called Reye's syndrome.
Question: What will a doctor consider before recommending a specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
Answer: Before recommending a specific pain pill, your doctor will consider: Your medical history Your current health concerns Other medicines you take Allergies and past reactions to meds How well your liver and kidneys work Any surgeries you've had Your overall treatment plan and goals For most people, side effects from NSAIDs, if any, are minor.
Question: How does vitamin D help joint pain?
Answer: Research shows that people with low levels of vitamin D may have more joint pain.
Question: How do omega-3s help joint pain?
Answer: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil and other foods, encourage the body to produce chemicals that help control inflammation. This supplement may help ease stiffness caused by inflammation in people with rheumatoid arthritis, but more research is needed.
Question: What supplements may help arthritis?
Answer: Glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3, and green tea are just a few of them.
Question: How does glucosamine help joint pain?
Answer: Glucosamine Glucosamine helps keep the cartilage in joints healthy and may have an anti-inflammatory effect. Natural glucosamine levels drop as people age.
Question: How does green tea help joint pain?
Answer: Green tea Green tea contains compounds that have powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may be helpful in combating join pain.
Question: What causes colic?
Answer: Colic's exact cause is unknown, and that's why there's not a clear way to help it. Some theories of what's behind it include: A growing digestive system with muscles that often spasm Gas Hormones that cause stomach pain or a fussy mood Oversensitivity or overstimulation by light, noise, etc. A moody baby A still-developing nervous system Remember, there are many things that can seem like colic but aren't.
Question: How is colic treated?
Answer: She could be irritable because of: An infection Acid reflux or stomach problems Pressure or inflammation of the brain and nervous system Eye trouble, like a scratch or increased pressure Irregular heartbeat Injury to bones, muscles, or fingers Based on your baby's needs for colic, your doctor can help. You'll likely have to try one thing at a time to see if it calms her. If it doesn't in a few days, move on to another one. You may find one you think works. Know that colic can get better on its own and you may just have to wait for the fussiness to improve on its own at 4 months or so.
Question: What is colic?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Colic is a bit of a mystery. The term applies to any healthy, well-fed infant who cries more than 3 hours a day, more than 3 days a week, for more than 3 weeks. Here's what we know about it: Colic is likely to start around age 2 weeks if your infant is full-term (or later if premature). It almost always goes away on its own by 3 or 4 months. Your baby's sex and birth order, and whether you breast- or bottle-feed, don't affect it. Kids who had colic as babies are no different from those who didn't.
Question: What could cause your baby to be fussy other than colic?
Answer: A moody baby A still-developing nervous system Remember, there are many things that can seem like colic but aren't. If you're concerned about your baby, your doctor can do a full exam to rule out a medical cause for why your baby cries and is fussy. She could be irritable because of: An infection Acid reflux or stomach problems Pressure or inflammation of the brain and nervous system Eye trouble, like a scratch or increased pressure Irregular heartbeat Injury to bones, muscles, or fingers Based on your baby's needs for colic, your doctor can help.
Question: What can you do when colic is stressing you out?
Answer: When you're a new mom or dad, it can be a huge challenge to parent a baby who's always cranky. You are not a bad parent to feel that way, so don't feel guilty. If you're at the end of the rope, remember it is OK to leave baby in his crib or play pen for a short time while you leave the room to collect yourself.
Question: How do genetic tests work for diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?
Answer: Changes in these other genes could also suggest you have He FH: Apolipoprotein B-100 PCSK9 LDLRAP1 You'll need to give a small sample of tissue for this test. You can swab the inside of your cheek to scrape off a few cells, which get sent to a lab to see what gene changes you may have. Babies can get a small skin prick on the heel to collect a little blood instead of a cheek swab.
Question: What are signs that you or your child has heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?
Answer: Family history of high cholesterol You have male relatives who had a heart attack or heart disease before 60, or female relatives who had it before 70. Xanthomas, or bumps under the skin of your elbows, knees, or knuckles Swollen Achilles tendons just above your heels Sore, swollen feet Yellow or white patches on your eyes Chest pain Your doctor will ask about any medical problems that you or your relatives have.
Question: Why do you need an early diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?
Answer: It's important to get the right diagnosis as early as you can to start treatment to bring your cholesterol levels down. You'll learn your total cholesterol number and also find out your levels of HDL "good" cholesterol and LDL "bad cholesterol. If high cholesterol or heart attacks run in your family, everyone can be tested for these gene problems.
Question: What blood tests help diagnose heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?
Answer: If you or your child has any of these signs, talk to your doctor to see if you need to get checked for He FH: High LDL cholesterol on a blood test that won't go down with changes in diet. You'll learn your total cholesterol number and also find out your levels of HDL "good" cholesterol and LDL "bad cholesterol. If your total cholesterol level is above 300 mg/d L, or your child's is above 250 mg/d L, it's one sign of He FH. LDL cholesterol levels higher than 200 mg/d L are another sign. Your doctor can also rule out other causes for your high cholesterol, like your diet, or give you blood tests to check for kidney, liver, or thyroid problems.
Question: What genetic changes may mean you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?
Answer: There are some simple exams that can help your doctor figure out if you or your child has heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia ( He FH), a condition that sends your cholesterol numbers way up. He FH runs in families. If your total cholesterol level is above 300 mg/d L, or your child's is above 250 mg/d L, it's one sign of He FH.
Question: What is polyarthritis?
Answer: Polyarthritis, also called polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (p JIA), involves five or more joints in the first six months of the disease -- often the same joints on each side of the body. This type of arthritis can affect the joints in the jaw and neck as well as those in the hands and feet. This type also is also more common in girls than in boys and more closely resembles the adult form.
Question: Are there different types of juvenile arthritis?
Answer: There are five types of juvenile arthritis: Systemic arthritis, also called Still's disease, can affect the entire body or involve many systems of the body.
Question: How is juvenile arthritis diagnosed?
Answer: Persistent fever Rash Weight loss Fatigue Irritability Eye redness or eye pain Blurred vision Because a child may have no symptoms of juvenile arthritis, and because some of the symptoms can be associated with other diseases, a diagnosis may be difficult. Because there is no actual test for juvenile arthritis, the diagnosis is made by excluding other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as bone disorders or breaks, fibromyalgia, infection, Lyme disease, lupus, or cancer.
Question: What is psoriatic juvenile arthritis?
Answer: Psoriatic arthritis affects children who have both arthritis and the skin disorder psoriasis. The child might get either the psoriasis or the arthritis years before developing the other part of the disease. Children with this type of arthritis often have pitted fingernails.
Question: What are the goals of treatment for juvenile arthritis?
Answer: In general, though, treatment for juvenile arthritis has several main goals: To relieve pain To reduce swelling To increase joint mobility and strength To prevent joint damage and complications The following types of drugs may be used to treat juvenile arthritis: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) are used to treat pain and swelling.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose juvenile arthritis?
Answer: Some of the other tests that might be ordered include: Complete blood count (white cells, red cells, and platelets) Lab tests on blood or urine X-rays (to rule out breaks or damage to bones) Imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scans Blood culture to check for bacteria, which could indicate an infection in the bloodstream Tests for viruses Tests for Lyme disease Bone marrow exam, which is used to check for leukemia Erythrocyte sedimentation rate to see how quickly the red blood cells fall to the bottom of a test tube ( The rate is faster in most people who have a disease that causes inflammation.)
Question: How are corticosteroids used to treat juvenile arthritis?
Answer: Corticosteroids are also used to treat pain and swelling. Sometimes, before any other treatment is tried, steroids are given as an injection into the affected joint. In certain cases, the doctor might prescribe oral steroids (taken by mouth), but these are generally avoided in children because of adverse side effects, which may include poor growth and weight gain.
Question: What is systemic juvenile arthritis?
Answer: There are five types of juvenile arthritis: Systemic arthritis, also called Still's disease, can affect the entire body or involve many systems of the body. Systemic juvenile arthritis usually causes high fever and a rash. The rash is usually on the trunk, arms, and legs. Systemic juvenile arthritis can also affect internal organs, such as the heart, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, but usually not the eyes. Boys and girls are equally affected.
Question: How are antimetabolites used to treat juvenile arthritis?
Answer: Antimetabolites are a type of drug that is an aggressive therapy aimed at helping reduce further joint damage and preserve joint function. The new drug Xatmep is an oral form of methotrexate that can be used to treat polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in pediatric patients, usually when NSAIDs have been proven to be ineffective.