anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Is Gardasil-9 more effective than Gardasil in preventing genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?
Answer: If you have genital warts: Keep the area as dry as possible. Gardasil protects against infection from four strains of the HPV virus and offers modest protection against genital warts. It is 90% effective in protecting against cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers in females, and anal cancer in females and males as well as protecting against genital warts.
Question: What causes genital warts?
Answer: Those that show up in the genital area are caused by the human papillomavirus, commonly called HPV, and are easily transmitted by sexual contact. In women, warts can develop on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the cervix (the opening to the uterus), or around the anus.
Question: Do vaginal estrogen creams help with menopause symptoms?
Answer: As an alternative treatment for menopause symptoms of the vagina, your doctor may prescribe a vaginal estrogen cream to help stop the thinning of vaginal tissues and improve lubrication.
Question: How safe is hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as treatment for menopause?
Answer: Recently, research on HRT through the Women's Health Initiative turned up some controversial findings: Heart attacks, strokes, blood clots, and breast cancer occurred more often in women taking combination HRT. Taking estrogen alone slightly increased the risk of stroke and blood clots and didn't appear to increase or decrease the risk of heart disease. No increased risk of breast cancer was found for those women on estrogen-only therapy. Combination and estrogen-only HRT are still effective therapies for relieving menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. While not appropriate for everyone, these treatments may still have their place for some women facing menopause or menopause-related issues.
Question: How common is lung disease?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Lung diseases are some of the most common medical conditions in the world. Tens of millions of people suffer from lung disease in the U. S. Smoking, infections, and genetics are responsible for most lung diseases.
Question: What is the structure of trachea (windpipe)?
Answer: The trachea (windpipe) branches into tubes called bronchi, which in turn branch to become progressively smaller tubes throughout the lungs.
Question: What  lung diseases affect the interstitium?
Answer: The interstitium is the microscopically thin, delicate lining between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli). Tiny blood vessels run through the interstitium and allow gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood. Various lung diseases affect the interstitium: Interstitial lung disease ( ILD): A broad collection of lung conditions affecting the interstitium. Sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune disease are among the many types of ILD. Pneumonias and pulmonary edemas can also affect the interstitium.
Question: What is the main function of the lungs and how do you get lung disease?
Answer: The lungs are part of a complex apparatus, expanding and relaxing thousands of times each day to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Lung disease can result from problems in any part of this system.
Question: What type of lung diseases can affect the airways?
Answer: Diseases that affect the airways include: Asthma: The airways are persistently inflamed, and may occasionally spasm, causing wheezing and shortness of breath. Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma's symptoms. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD): Lung conditions defined by an inability to exhale normally, which causes difficulty breathing. Chronic bronchitis: A form of COPD characterized by a chronic productive cough. Emphysema: Lung damage allows air to be trapped in the lungs in this form of COPD. Difficulty blowing air out is its hallmark. Acute bronchitis: A sudden infection of the airways, usually by a virus. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition causing poor clearance of mucus from the bronchi.
Question: What lung diseases that affect the alveoli?
Answer: The airways eventually branch into tiny tubes (bronchioles) that dead-end into clusters of air sacs called alveoli. These air sacs make up most of the lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting the alveoli include: Pneumonia: An infection of the alveoli, usually by bacteria. Acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS): Severe, sudden injury to the lungs caused by a serious illness. Pneumoconiosis: A category of conditions caused by the inhalation of a substance that injures the lungs.
Question: How do lung diseases affect the blood vessels?
Answer: The right side of the heart receives low-oxygen blood from the veins. It pumps blood into the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. These blood vessels can suffer from disease, as well. This can cause shortness of breath and chest pain. When no cause is identified, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Question: What are symptoms of Graves' disease?
Answer: The symptoms of Graves' disease include: Weight loss despite increased appetite Faster heart rate, higher blood pressure, and increased nervousness Excessive perspiration Increased sensitivity to heat More frequent bowel movements Muscle weakness, trembling hands Development of a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling at the base of the neck).
Question: When should I call my doctor about Graves' disease?
Answer: Bulging eyes Reddish, thickened, and lumpy skin in front of the shins In women, change in frequency or total cessation of menstrual periods You are feverish, agitated, or delirious, and have a rapid pulse. You could be having a thyrotoxic crisis, in which the effects of too much thyroid hormone suddenly become life-threatening.
Question: What are skin changes that come with age?
Answer: As we grow older, changes like these naturally occur: Skin becomes rougher. Skin develops lesions such as benign tumors. Skin becomes slack. The loss of the elastic tissue (elastin) in the skin with age causes the skin to hang loosely. Skin becomes more transparent. This is caused by thinning of the epidermis (surface layer of the skin). Skin becomes more fragile. This is caused by a flattening of the area where the epidermis and dermis (layer of skin under the epidermis) come together. Skin becomes more easily bruised. This is due to thinner blood vessel walls.
Question: How does sun affect your skin?
Answer: Over time, the sun's ultraviolet ( UV) light damages certain fibers in the skin called elastin. The breakdown of elastin fibers causes the skin to sag, stretch, and lose its ability to snap back after stretching. The skin also bruises and tears more easily and takes longer to heal. So while sun damage may not show when you're young, it will later in life.
Question: What symptoms might you have if mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) spreads throughout your body?
Answer: If MAC goes all over your body, you may have: High fever or chills Night sweats Belly pain Diarrhea Weight loss Fatigue Swollen glands Fewer red blood cells (anemia) You could also have more serious symptoms like: Blood infections Hepatitis Pneumonia Many other infections can cause the same symptoms as MAC.
Question: How is a lung injury treated?
Answer: If you have mild lung injuries, you may receive oxygen through a mask or through a tube called a nasal cannula. If your injuries are more serious, you'll need a breathing machine to force air into the lungs and push fluid out. You may receive medication for pain, infections, clots or gastric reflux.
Question: What are the treatments for peripheral neuropathy?
Answer: Effective prognosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy relies heavily on the cause of the nerve damage. For example, a peripheral neuropathy caused by a vitamin deficiency can be treated -- even reversed -- with vitamin therapy and an improved diet. Likewise, nerve damage brought on by alcohol abuse can often be stopped and improved by avoiding alcohol. Peripheral neuropathy caused by toxic substances or medications can often be corrected in much the same way. When neuropathy is related to diabetes, careful monitoring of blood sugar levels may slow its progression and curb symptoms.
Question: How can peripheral neuropathy be avoided?
Answer: Some forms of peripheral neuropathy can be averted by maintaining sound health habits. Eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, and abstaining from excessive alcohol consumption can all help prevent nerve damage. Avoiding injuries and toxic chemicals and carefully managing underlying disorders, such as diabetes, can also help prevent peripheral neuropathy.
Question: How important is early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy?
Answer: Early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy is important, because the peripheral nerves have a limited capacity to regenerate, and treatment may only stop the progression -- not reverse damage. If you have become severely impaired, you may need physical therapy to help retain strength and avoid muscle cramping and spasms.
Question: How can diet affect your risk for prostate cancer?
Answer: Research also suggests high dietary fat may be linked to prostate cancer. Men in countries with a high-fat diet tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables.
Question: How can race affect your risk for prostate cancer?
Answer: Prostate cancer happens about 60% more often in African- American men than in white American men. And when it is diagnosed, the cancer is more likely to be advanced. But Japanese and African men living in their native countries have low rates of prostate cancer. Numbers for these groups rise sharply when the men immigrate to the U. S. African- Americans should begin prostate cancer tests at age 50.
Question: How can family history affect your risk for prostate cancer?
Answer: Men whose relatives have had prostate cancer are considered to be at higher risk. Having a father or brother with the disease more than doubles your odds of having prostate cancer. Having a brother with prostate cancer appears to make it more likely than having an affected father does. Your chances go even higher when multiple family members are affected. Men with prostate cancer in their family should start getting screened at 40. Studies have identified several inherited genes that appear to raise the risk of prostate cancer. Experts estimate that the hereditary form of prostate cancer accounts for just 5% to 10% of all cases.
Question: How can age affect your risk for prostate cancer?
Answer: All men are at risk of having prostate cancer. The thing that raises your odds of having prostate cancer the most is age. If you're white and have no family history, your odds go up sharply at 50. But the older you are, the less aggressive the disease is, especially after 70.
Question: When should you see a doctor about an ankle sprain?
Answer: Most fully heal between 2 and 12 weeks after you hurt it. But if your pain is bothersome, especially when you put weight on the injured ankle, it's a good idea to see your doctor. She will be able to diagnose whether you have sprain and rule out any more serious injuries with similar symptoms. You should also see your doctor if the sprain doesn't seem to be improving over time. Remember, swelling is a natural response to an injury as your body rushes blood to the affected area to help heal it. Since your ankle is so far away from your heart, it takes time to pump blood to and away from the injury. Because of this, you may see swelling long after the ankle has healed. Speak to your doctor if you have: Prolonged pain Bruising Weakness Sprains can range from minor to severe.
Question: What is an ankle sprain?
Answer: This injury happens when the ligaments in your ankle tear or get stretched too much. Ligaments are the strong, stretchy bands that help stabilize your ankle. They hold the bones of your ankle together, but they allow for some movement. When there is too much movement, you may get a sprain.
Question: Where do ankle sprains most happen?
Answer: This causes the ligament on the outside of your ankle to stretch more than it is able to. Most ankle sprains happen when you're playing sports.
Question: What are the causes of an ankle sprain?
Answer: Most ankle sprains happen when you're playing sports. This is especially true for games where there's a lot of jumping or a chance of stepping on someone's foot. Those include: Basketball Soccer Volleyball Yet it's also just as easy to sprain your ankle by stepping off a curb the wrong way or taking a walk on the beach. You may have a greater chance for an ankle sprain if you've had one before. It's also more likely if you have weak muscles along the outside of the ankles. Even genetics can play a role. It's easier to turn your ankle and put strain on the ligament if your heel naturally turns more inward. That's known as âhindfoot varus.â One very clear sign of an ankle sprain is it hurts.
Question: What are symptoms of an ankle sprain?
Answer: That's known as âhindfoot varus.â One very clear sign of an ankle sprain is it hurts. A lot. Other symptoms you might have when your ankle is sprained: Tenderness to the touch Swelling Bruising Itching Cold or numb feet Stiffness If you tear your ligaments severely, you feel a pop or even hear a noise when the injury happens.
Question: What are the three grades of an ankle sprain?
Answer: Speak to your doctor if you have: Prolonged pain Bruising Weakness Sprains can range from minor to severe. Your doctor likely will put your sprain at one of three "grades" based on the amount of damage: Grade 1: Your ankle will probably feel sore and may be slightly swollen. In this case, the ligament has been overstretched but not torn. Grade 2: You have a partial tear in the ligament. This causes prolonged pain and swelling. It might prevent you from putting your full weight on the ankle. You may also notice bruising. This is because the tear has caused bleeding under your skin. Grade 3: This is a full tear of the ankle ligament. You may have heard a popping sound when it happened. This level of sprain causes severe pain, swelling and bruising. Because the ligament is no longer able to do its job, your ankle will feel unstable and will be unable to support any of your weight.
Question: What relieves symptoms of essential tremor nerve disorder?
Answer: Tremors can be classified as those that occur when: A person is moving (action tremor) A person is not moving (rest tremor) A person attempts to maintain posture against gravity (postural tremor), as in holding arms out in front of his/her body Essential Tremor is a postural tremor, so symptoms are usually relieved with rest. But as the disorder advances, the tremors of ET may begin to occur when the muscles are relaxed.
Question: What symptoms suggest essential tremor nerve disorder?
Answer: Uncontrollable tremors that occur for brief periods of time A shaking voice Nodding head Tremors that worsen during periods of emotional stress Tremors that get worse with purposeful movement Tremor lessens with rest Tremors are the only symptom ( Although rare, a person with ET may suffer from balance problems.)
Question: How can cleaning your face gently help with treating eczema?
Answer: Clean gently. Soap can irritate your skin, but washing with water alone may not be enough, especially if your face is oily. Use a gentle non-soap cleanser instead.
Question: How do steroid creams help treat eczema?
Answer: These are a key part of eczema treatment. Over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream can help with red, itchy skin. Put it on once or twice a day for several weeks. If that doesn't work well enough, you may need a stronger prescription steroid. Use it only for a short time, though, because it can thin your skin.
Question: Do humidity and temperature affect eczema?
Answer: Use only cool -- not hot -- water on your face, and for as little time as possible. Stay away from places that are too hot or activities that make you sweat. They can make you itchy. Air that's either too dry or too humid also can irritate your eczema.
Question: Does phototherapy (ultraviolet light therapy) help treat eczema?
Answer: This may help if your eczema is moderate to severe and cream medications haven't worked. Keep in mind that using this type of treatment for a long time can raise your odds for skin cancer.
Question: Does the sun help with eczema?
Answer: Some people's eczema gets worse in sunlight, while it's the opposite for others.
Question: When might I need an anti-yeast medication for eczema treatment?
Answer: Check for fungus. Your doctor may prescribe anti-yeast ointments or creams if your eczema is caused by a fungal infection. High levels of one kind of yeast normally found on skin can show up on people with atopic eczema on their heads or necks.
Question: What kinds of moisturizers help if you have eczema on your face?
Answer: The best way to keep your skin from drying out is with thick creams ( Cetaphil, Eucerin) and ointments ( Aquaphor, Vaseline), not with thinner lotions. The best time to do this is right after you wash your face. If ointments are too greasy for your face, try using them only at night.
Question: How can calcineurin inhibitors help with treating eczema on the face?
Answer: Your doctor may prescribe these instead of a steroid cream. These creams and ointments block chemicals that can make your eczema flare. They're used particularly to treat eczema on your face, including your eyelids, neck, and skin folds.
Question: How can I prevent trichomoniasis?
Answer: Here are ways to prevent trichomoniasis: Use a latex condom when having sex Have a monogamous partner who is not infected Abstain from sexual activity
Question: How do I know if I have trichomoniasis?
Answer: Your safest course is to get tested if you think you may have been exposed to the parasite. Nine out of 10 people with trichomoniasis are cured with a single course of antibiotics.
Question: How is trichomoniasis treated?
Answer: Trichomoniasis occasionally shows up on Pap tests in women with no symptoms. Partners should also avoid intercourse until one week after the last dose of antibiotic. Your partner should also be treated to reduce risk of reinfection.
Question: Can heart failure affect your emotions?
Answer: Living with this condition can stir up a whole range of feelings, from fear and sadness to anxiety, depression, and even anger.
Question: Can knowing what you are dealing with in terms of heart failure, help deal with your emotions?
Answer: Also try these tips to help you manage your emotions: Know what you're dealing with. When you understand heart failure it will seem less scary. Ask your doctor about the disease and its outlook. Find out what you can do to help yourself feel better.
Question: Can talking about my heart failute help me deal with my emotions?
Answer: One of the best ways to deal with emotions like depression, anxiety, or anger is to talk about them. Turn to friends, family, co-workers, and members of your religious group for a caring shoulder to lean on.
Question: Is it important to treat your emotions if you have heart disease?
Answer: When you're diagnosed with a long-term disease like heart failure, it's normal to feel a lot of different emotions, including: Fear about the future Worry you'll lose control over your health Anger that you have heart failure, or that it interferes with your life Stress over your ability to manage your condition Loneliness because you worry other people don't understand what you're going through If you have these feelings and let them build up, it could make matters worse. Stress and anger can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work even harder. Both can be as bad for your heart as high blood pressure and cholesterol. Depression â which includes feeling sad for at least 2 weeks -- affects up to 70% of people with heart failure. If you don't treat your depression, it might be harder for you to control your heart disease.
Question: Are women who are diagnosed with heart failure more likely to be stressed and depressed than men?
Answer: Women are more likely than men to say that they feel stressed and depressed. Men can feel that way, too, but they may be less likely to say so.
Question: How do I know if I am becoming depressed by my heart failure, and what can I do?
Answer: Focus on what you can do. Don't ignore it. Watch out for the signs so you can get treated. Along with sadness, you might have: Fatigue Lack of energy Appetite loss Feelings of emptiness Loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed Trouble sleeping, or sleeping too much If these symptoms last for more than two weeks, discuss them with your doctor, a psychologist, or a therapist. The doctor might recommend treatments such as counseling or talk therapy, an antidepressant, or both.
Question: Can exercise help you deal with your emotions?
Answer: When you're diagnosed with a long-term disease like heart failure, it's normal to feel a lot of different emotions, including: Fear about the future Worry you'll lose control over your health Anger that you have heart failure, or that it interferes with your life Stress over your ability to manage your condition Loneliness because you worry other people don't understand what you're going through If you have these feelings and let them build up, it could make matters worse. Exercise.
Question: Can keeping a positive outlook help with heart failure?
Answer: Research shows people with positive outlooks are more likely to take their medicine. They also stick to heart-healthy habits like eating nutritious food and exercise. Managing your emotions is one way to gain more control so you can start to feel better. Try to find the hope in your situation. Focus on what you can do. Set goals and work toward them to give yourself a sense of purpose.
Question: How can you calm down your baby with colic?
Answer: Your baby may calm down if you: Lay him on his back in a dark, quiet room. Swaddle him snugly in a blanket. Lay him across your lap and gently rub his back. Try infant massage. Put a warm water bottle on your baby's belly. Have him suck on a pacifier. Soak him in a warm bath.
Question: When should you call the doctor about your baby's colic?
Answer: Also call your doctor if your baby: Has diarrhea, especially if you notice blood in it Doesn't eat or gain weight Has a fever of 100.4 F or more Vomits Might be sick or injured Seems less alert or more sleepy than usual
Question: How can taking a break help with your baby's colic?
Answer: Colic isn't just hard on your baby. It can wear you out, too. When the pressure of trying to calm your crying baby gets to be too much, leave him with a sitter, family member, or trusted friend and get out of the house. Even if you just go for a walk or grab lunch, take a break to relieve some stress. When no one is around to help, it's OK to leave your baby in the crib or playpen and go into another room briefly until you regroup.
Question: How can you soothe your baby with colic?
Answer: The combined warmth and rhythm may lull her to sleep. Hold and rock him or put him in a swing or stroller. Use sound to calm your baby. Fan Vacuum White-noise machine You could also try classical music or a "heartbeat soundtrack" next to the crib. It's best not to use these. When no one is around to help, it's OK to leave your baby in the crib or playpen and go into another room briefly until you regroup.
Question: What are some feeding tips to help with colic?
Answer: Some parents worry that what they feed their baby or what they eat if they are breastfeeding can upset him. Generally it's not a cause of colic, but it can cause irritation. If you think it might be the cause of your baby's crying, talk to his pediatrician. Help him swallow less air. Try a special bottle designed to reduce gas or a nipple with a smaller hole. Sit him up while he eats so he swallows less air. Remember to burp him during and after feedings. It's a big choking hazard, and it is not proven to work.