anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What causes cervical radiculopathy?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Damage can occur as a result of pressure from material from a ruptured disc, degenerative changes in bones, arthritis or other injuries that put pressure on the nerve roots. In middle-aged people, normal degenerative changes in the discs can cause pressure on nerve roots. In younger people, cervical radiculopathy tends to be the result of a ruptured disc, perhaps as a result of trauma. This disc material then compresses or inflames the nerve root, causing pain.
Question: What is cervical radiculopathy?
Answer: Cervical radiculopathy is the damage or disturbance of nerve function that results if one of the nerve roots near the cervical vertebrae is compressed. Damage to nerve roots in the cervical area can cause pain and the loss of sensation along the nerve's pathway into the arm and hand, depending on where the damaged roots are located.
Question: What are the treatments for cervical radiculopathy?
Answer: Steroids may be prescribed either orally or injected epidurally (into the space surrounding the dura, which is the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord).
Question: What are the symptoms of cervical radiculopathy?
Answer: Cervical radiculopathy is the damage or disturbance of nerve function that results if one of the nerve roots near the cervical vertebrae is compressed. A person with radiculopathy may experience muscle weakness and/or numbness or tingling in fingers or hands. Other symptoms may include lack of coordination, especially in the hands.
Question: Which foods can cause food allergies in children?
Answer: There are eight foods that cause over 90% of food allergies in children -- cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts (such as walnuts, pecans, and almonds). In adults, 90% of food allergies are caused by peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish.
Question: How can a food allergy be treated?
Answer: The best way to cope with a food allergy is to strictly avoid the foods that cause a reaction. Mild reactions often will subside without treatment. For rashes, antihistamines may help reduce itching and may also relieve congestion and other symptoms. For more serious reactions, corticosteroids, such as prednisone, will help to reduce swelling. In life-threatening situations, an epinephrine injection can immediately begin to reverse symptoms and is the only effective treatment option.
Question: How can you avoid skin reactions from beauty products?
Answer: Do a patch test before using any product. Place a small amount on the inside of your elbow and wait 48 hours to 72 hours. If you have redness, swelling, itching, or burning, don't use that product. Always apply fragrance to your clothes, not your skin. This can help reduce the risk of reaction to the fragrance. It can also reduce the risk of the fragrance interacting with ingredients in other products and causing a skin reaction. Just because a label says something is "hypoallergenic," "dermatologist tested," "sensitivity tested," or "non-irritating," that's no guarantee that the products will be kind to your skin. Some companies do the testing, others don't. There are no rules about how these terms can be used on a label.
Question: Which beauty products tend to cause skin reactions?
Answer: Fragrances and preservatives are often to blame. The most common are parabens, imidazolidinyl urea, Quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, phenoxyethanol, methylchloroisothiazolinone, and formaldehyde.
Question: What are treatments for skin reactions from beauty products?
Answer: Some hydrocortisone preparations may cause side effects for sensitive areas like your face, so first check with your doctor before using it. This can help reduce the risk of reaction to the fragrance. It can also reduce the risk of the fragrance interacting with ingredients in other products and causing a skin reaction.
Question: What should I know about skin reactions to beauty products?
Answer: They can also cause irritated skin or an allergic reaction. If you have redness, swelling, itching, or burning, don't use that product.
Question: What are the different types of skin reactions to beauty products?
Answer: There are two types of skin reactions to beauty products. One, called irritant contact dermatitis, happens when something actually damages your skin. Your skin might burn, sting, itch, or get red right where you used the product. You might get blisters and have oozing, especially if you scratch. The other kind of reaction actually involves your immune system. It's called allergic contact dermatitis and symptoms can include redness, swelling, itching, and hives. You can even have a reaction that's a combination of the two.
Question: What are the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type?
Answer: A person with this type must have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type: Not paying attention to detail Making careless mistakes Failing to pay attention and keep on task Not listening Being unable to follow or understand instructions Avoiding tasks that involve effort Being distracted Being forgetful Losing things that are needed to complete tasks To have this type, a person has to have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of inattentive type: Fidgeting Squirming Getting up often when seated Running or climbing at inappropriate times Having trouble playing quietly Talking too much Talking out of turn or blurting out Interrupting Often âon the goâ as if âdriven by a motorâ This is the most common type of ADHD.
Question: Is there only one kind of ADHD?
Answer: Everyone is different. The American Psychiatric Association has identified three types.
Question: What is the most common type of ADHD?
Answer: A person with this type must have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type: Not paying attention to detail Making careless mistakes Failing to pay attention and keep on task Not listening Being unable to follow or understand instructions Avoiding tasks that involve effort Being distracted Being forgetful Losing things that are needed to complete tasks To have this type, a person has to have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of inattentive type: Fidgeting Squirming Getting up often when seated Running or climbing at inappropriate times Having trouble playing quietly Talking too much Talking out of turn or blurting out Interrupting Often âon the goâ as if âdriven by a motorâ This is the most common type of ADHD. People with it have symptoms of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive types.
Question: What are the symptoms of inattentive type ADHD?
Answer: A person with this type must have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive type: Not paying attention to detail Making careless mistakes Failing to pay attention and keep on task Not listening Being unable to follow or understand instructions Avoiding tasks that involve effort Being distracted Being forgetful Losing things that are needed to complete tasks To have this type, a person has to have at least six of these nine symptoms, and very few of the symptoms of inattentive type: Fidgeting Squirming Getting up often when seated Running or climbing at inappropriate times Having trouble playing quietly Talking too much Talking out of turn or blurting out Interrupting Often âon the goâ as if âdriven by a motorâ This is the most common type of ADHD.
Question: Are there different types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: When it comes to ADHD, no one diagnosis or treatment fits all. Everyone is different. The American Psychiatric Association has identified three types. Each has different symptoms, and treatments are based on those symptoms.
Question: Do antibiotics help treat gum disease?
Answer: This method reduces the size of the space between the gum and tooth, thereby decreasing the areas where harmful bacteria can grow and decreasing the chance of serious health problems associated with periodontal disease.
Question: How is flap surgery/pocket reduction surgery done to treat gum disease?
Answer: During this procedure the gums are lifted back and the tartar is removed. In some cases, irregular surfaces of the damaged bone are smoothed to limit areas where disease-causing bacteria can hide. The gums are then placed so that the tissue fits snugly around the tooth. This method reduces the size of the space between the gum and tooth, thereby decreasing the areas where harmful bacteria can grow and decreasing the chance of serious health problems associated with periodontal disease.
Question: What is guided tissue regeneration for gum disease treatment?
Answer: Performed when the bone supporting your teeth has been destroyed, this procedure stimulates bone and gum tissue growth. Done in combination with flap surgery, a small piece of mesh-like fabric is inserted between the bone and gum tissue. This keeps the gum tissue from growing into the area where the bone should be, allowing the bone and connective tissue to regrow to better support the teeth.
Question: How does chlorhexidine help in the treatment for gum disease?
Answer: The medication is available as a mouth rinse or as a gelatin-filled chip that is placed in pockets after root planing and releases the medication slowly over about 7 days.
Question: What causes overflow incontinence?
Answer: Unlike other types of incontinence, overflow incontinence is more common in men than women. The most common cause in men is an enlarged prostate, which impedes the flow of urine out of the bladder. Other possible causes of overflow incontinence include: Blockages of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body) from tumors, urinary stones, scar tissue, swelling from infection, or kinks caused by dropping of the bladder within the abdomen Weak bladder muscles, which are unable to squeeze the bladder empty Injury of nerves that affect the bladder Nerve damage from diseases such as diabetes, alcoholism, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or spina bifida Medications, including some anticonvulsants and antidepressants, that affect nerve signals to the bladder If you have problems with incontinence, it's important to speak with your doctor.
Question: How is overflow incontinence diagnosed?
Answer: Your doctor may ask questions such as: How often do you go to the bathroom? Next, your doctor will perform a physical examination and look for signs of damage to the nerves that affect the bladder and rectum. Depending on the findings of the examination, your doctor may refer you to a urologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary tract) or neurologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the nervous system).
Question: What are the treatments for overflow incontinence?
Answer: Your doctor may ask questions such as: How often do you go to the bathroom? Treating overflow incontinence can be difficult, but for some men with an enlarged prostate, treatment with a type of medication called an alpha-adrenergic blocker -- including doxazosin ( Cardura), alfuzosin ( Uroxatal), Minipress, tamulosin ( Flomax), silodosin ( Rapaflo), fesoterodine ( Toviaz) and terazosin ( Hytrin) -- can help relax the muscle at the base of the urethra and allow urine to pass from the bladder. If medications do not relieve overflow incontinence, your doctor will have you use a catheter to ensure your bladder is emptied when you go to the bathroom.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose overflow incontinence?
Answer: Your doctor checks to see if you lose urine when coughing. Catheterization. After having you go to the bathroom and empty your bladder, the doctor inserts a catheter to see if more urine comes out. Ultrasound . Urodynamic testing can evaluate bladder contractions, bladder pressure, urine flow, nerve signals, and leakage. Other tests to confirm a diagnosis may include: cystocopy, a test that examines the inside of the bladder with a small scope called a cytoscope; a CT scan to evaluate the kidneys and bladder; and IVP, a procedure in which a special solution is injected into a vein in your arm and an X-ray is taken of your kidneys, ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), and bladder.
Question: What is the best way to protect my eyes from injury?
Answer: Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes. Also put on safety glasses when you use tools like a lawnmower, trimmer, or leaf blower.
Question: What chemicals can seriously damage my eye?
Answer: Certain chemicals can cause very serious burns inside your eyes. Among the most dangerous chemicals are alkalis, such as oven or drain cleaners and fertilizers. They attack the tissues of the eye very quickly and cause damage or even blindness. Acids like bleach and swimming pool chemicals can also cause injury, but aren't as harmful. Vapors from chemicals can cause irritation.
Question: When should I call 911 for an eye injury?
Answer: Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes.
Question: How can your eye get scratched?
Answer: Grains of sand, wood chips, metal shavings, or slivers of glass can get into the eye. A sharp object inside your eye can scratch or cut your cornea. Having something in your eye will feel uncomfortable and it might make your eye water. When the cornea is scratched, it will feel like something is inside your eye and you can't get it out.
Question: Does radiation cause eye damage?
Answer: Grains of sand, wood chips, metal shavings, or slivers of glass can get into the eye. While these might burn a little bit, flushing out your eyes with water should help. Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes.
Question: When should I call a doctor if I have an eye injury?
Answer: A scratch can cause symptoms like: Blurred vision Light sensitivity Pain Redness Excess tears Small scratches usually heal on their own. A deep cut and injuries associated with a loss of vision, pain, or broken bone need medical help. Also see a doctor for anything sharp in your eye, like a piece of metal or glass. Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes.
Question: How can I prevent myself from swine flu daily?
Answer: Use the same steps to prevent all types of flu: Wash your hands often with soap and water. That includes before, during, and after preparing food; before eating; before and after touching someone who's sick; before and after treating a wound; after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or helping a child in the bathroom; and especially after you blow your nose, cough, or sneeze. Use hand sanitizer when you can't wash your hands. Don't touch your face unless you've washed your hands. Touching your mouth, nose, or eyes can spread the virus to your lungs and throat. Avoid crowded places and people who are sneezing or coughing whenever possible. Stay as healthy as you can: Eat healthy foods, drink a lot of liquids, and get plenty of sleep and exercise.
Question: How can the swine flu affect people with chronic conditions?
Answer: Most people call it swine flu. When you have a chronic health condition and get any kind of flu, you'll probably get sicker than someone who doesn't have the problem. You're more likely to get complications from the flu -- like bronchitis or pneumonia -- that can land you in the hospital. Not only that, but having the flu can make other health problems worse. If you have asthma, for instance, your attacks may be more severe when you have the flu. You are at high risk for severe swine flu if you have: Asthma or chronic lung disease A blood disorder A brain or central nervous system condition Diabetes or a kidney disorder Heart disease Liver disease Obesity A weakened immune system If you've had a flu shot this year, you have the best protection from swine flu.
Question: Should I make the people around me get the flu shot if I have a chronic condition?
Answer: Your family and caregivers -- anyone who is around you on most days -- can help prevent you from getting the flu by getting the vaccine themselves.
Question: What flu medications should I take if I have the flu and a chronic medical condition?
Answer: Flu medicines work best if you take them within 48 hours of your first symptoms. Plus, they can help keep you from getting more serious problems, like pneumonia. If you have any type of flu, your doctor may treat it with one of these antiviral medicines: Oseltamivir ( Tamiflu) Peramivir ( Rapivab) Zanamivir ( Relenza) Ask the doctor if it could affect other medications you take.
Question: What should I do if I have a chronic medical condition and someone in my house has swine flu?
Answer: Go to the emergency room if you: Have problems breathing Feel pain or pressure in your chest or abdomen Feel confused or dizzy all of a sudden Can't stop vomiting Have flu symptoms that get better but come back with a fever and worse cough If someone who lives with you comes down with swine flu, stay away from the person as much as possible. Also have him use a separate bathroom, if possible. If he needs to leave the sick room, have him wear a mask or cover his face when he coughs and sneezes. Don't be the caregiver for the sick person. Choose one person in your household to take care of the person who's ill. If you have a chronic health issue, that should not be you. Ask your doctor if you should take antiviral drugs to prevent the flu.
Question: How can you avoid mold allergy?
Answer: Like many other allergies, the warning signs can include: Wheezing Stuffy or runny nose Itchy, watery eyes Rash or hives You might not be able to totally avoid mold when you're allergic to it. But you can lower your risk of a reaction to food-borne mold by carefully choosing what you eat. Check everything you eat for signs of mold before you chow down. Don't smell foods to see if they're spoiled, because inhaling mold spores can set off an allergic reaction.
Question: What foods are likely to trigger a mold allergy?
Answer: Common culprits include: Cheese Mushrooms Vinegar and foods containing vinegar, such as salad dressing, catsup, and pickles Sour cream, sour milk, and buttermilk Meat or fish Breads and other food made with yeast Jarred jams and jellies Sauerkraut Pickled and smoked meats and fish Dried fruits such as dates, prunes, figs, and raisins Soy sauce Hot dogs, sausages Canned juices Leftovers that are more than 3 or 4 days old
Question: What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } All the blood in the body flows through the kidneys hundreds of times each day. The kidneys push the liquid part of blood through tiny filters (called nephrons), then reabsorb most of the fluid back into the blood. The fluid and waste products that the kidneys don't reabsorb are excreted as urine. The rate of blood flow through the kidneys is the glomerular filtration rate, or GFR. ( The glomeruli are microscopic bundles of blood vessels inside nephrons, and are crucial parts of the filtering system.) The glomerular filtration rate can't be measured directly -- that's where measuring creatinine and creatinine clearance comes in.
Question: What is often used to measure creatinine clearance?
Answer: For practical reasons, the blood test estimation method for GFR is used far more often than the 24-hour urine collection test for creatinine clearance. However, the use of 24-hour collections for creatinine clearance may still be useful in patients who have large muscle mass or a marked decrease in muscle mass.
Question: How can I manage kidney disease?
Answer: The main causes of chronic kidney disease are high blood pressure and diabetes. If you have these conditions, the first step is to get them under control with improved diet, exercise, and medications. If these conditions are not present, further testing may be needed to identify the cause of kidney disease.
Question: What is creatinine and creatinine clearance?
Answer: Creatinine is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue. The amount of blood the kidneys can make creatinine-free each minute is called the creatinine clearance. Creatinine clearance in a healthy young person is about 95 milliliters per minute for women/120 milliliters per minute for men. This means that each minute, that person's kidneys clear 95-120 m L of blood free of creatinine. The GFR can vary depending on age, sex, and size. Generally, the creatinine clearance is a good estimation of the glomerular filtration rate. Testing the rate of creatinine clearance shows the kidneys' ability to filter the blood.
Question: How do doctors determine the severity of chronic kidney disease relative to creatinine?
Answer: The rate of blood flow through the kidneys is the glomerular filtration rate, or GFR. Doctors determine the severity of chronic kidney disease with a staging system that uses GFR: Stage 1: GFR 90 or greater (normal kidney function) Stage 2: GFR 60-89 (mild decline in kidney function) Stage 3a: GFR 45 - 59 (mild to moderate decline in kidney function) Stage 3b GFR 30 - 44 (moderate to severe decline in kidney function) Stage 4: GFR 15-29 (severe decline in kidney function) Stage 5: GFR less than 15 (kidney failure, usually requiring dialysis) People over age 60 may have an apparently normal creatinine blood level, but still have a low GFR and creatinine clearance. The 24-hour urine collection method, or one of the GFR estimation formulas, can more accurately identify the decline in kidney function.