anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the signs of stroke?
Answer: The F- A- S- T test is an easy way to remember them: Face: Smile. Does one side of your face sag? Arms: Raise both and see if one droops. Speech: Say a common phrase: Does it sound strange or slurred? Time: Call 9-1-1 right away if you notice any of these symptoms. Note what time they started.
Question: What is the most common kind of stroke?
Answer: Your doctor may: Ask when your symptoms started and get information about your medical history Check how alert you are, and see if you can't move one side of the face or you have trouble with coordination and balance Check if you feel numb or weak in any part of your body See if you have trouble with your vision or speech Do a physical exam, take your blood pressure, and listen to your heart Your doctor then will need to do blood tests and imaging tests to figure out which type of stroke you might have had. The most common kind is called ischemic stroke. Almost 90% of people who have a stroke have this, and it happens when a clot blocks blood flow. A hemorrhagic stroke is when you have bleeding in your brain.
Question: How is stroke diagnosed?
Answer: At the hospital, your doctor will want to rule out other conditions that might cause your symptoms. These could include seizure, migraine, low blood sugar, or a heart problem. Your doctor may: Ask when your symptoms started and get information about your medical history Check how alert you are, and see if you can't move one side of the face or you have trouble with coordination and balance Check if you feel numb or weak in any part of your body See if you have trouble with your vision or speech Do a physical exam, take your blood pressure, and listen to your heart Your doctor then will need to do blood tests and imaging tests to figure out which type of stroke you might have had.
Question: How can angiograms of your head and neck help diagnose a stroke?
Answer: Your doctor will put dye in your blood so they can see your blood vessels with X-rays. This can help find a blockage or aneurysm.
Question: How can echocardiogram help diagnose a stroke?
Answer: Sometimes a clot forms in another part of the body (often the heart) and travels to the brain. This imaging test of the heart can look for clots in the heart or enlarged parts of the heart.
Question: How can computerized tomography (CT) help with the diagnosis of stroke?
Answer: A hemorrhagic stroke is when you have bleeding in your brain. They may put dye in your vein first to look for an aneurysm, a thin or weak spot on an artery.
Question: How is ischemic stroke treated?
Answer: A stroke happens when the flow of blood to part of your brain gets cut off. Almost 90% of people who have a stroke have this, and it happens when a clot blocks blood flow. Your doctor may put a clot-busting drug called t PA in your arm. You should get it within 3 hours of the stroke. In some situations, you can get it 4.5 hours later. You'll probably have it while you're still in the ER. If you can't have t PA, which is a powerful drug and can cause bleeding, you might take aspirin or another medicine to thin your blood or keep clots from getting bigger. Another option is to remove the clot after you arrive at the hospital. Your doctor will thread a device called a stent up the artery to grab the clot, or take it out with a suction tube. They also can use a tiny, flexible tube called a catheter to send drugs up to your brain and directly to the clot.
Question: What treatments besides medication an help with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe: Physical therapy Exercise Hot and cold compresses to help with the pain As a last resort, you may have surgery on your joints or tendons.
Question: What does it mean if I'm wheezing or hear whistling sound when I breathe?
Answer: A high-pitched whistling sound when you breathe in or out means that your airways have narrowed. This could be due to asthma, but it can also be because of an infection or allergic reaction. Wheezing can also signal that you inhaled something by mistake and it's stuck in your airway.
Question: What does it mean if I have chest pain while breathing?
Answer: But if you also feel short of breath, it can be a sign of another condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD.) A high-pitched whistling sound when you breathe in or out means that your airways have narrowed. It can also be a symptom of a heart problem. Chest pain after a workout or stressful event can be due to angina, in which the muscles of your heart don't get enough blood. Your doctor will want to know if you have those symptoms, so he can test you to see if the problem is likely to lead to other health conditions, like a heart attack. If you have chest pain lasts longer than 15 minutes or spreads to other parts of your body, or if you feel nauseous, sweaty, or cough up blood, you may be having a heart attack. Call 911 right away.
Question: What does it mean if I'm suddenly short of breath?
Answer: But if you also feel short of breath, it can be a sign of another condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD.) If you're stressed or very anxious, you'll take faster, more shallow breaths than normal. It could be a sign there's a problem with your airways or heart. For instance, an asthma attack can make it hard to get enough air into your lungs. Shortness of breath that comes out of the blue can also signal a problem with how your heart beats or pumps blood. If that happens to you, get medical help right away.
Question: What does it mean if I get easily winded while breathing?
Answer: If you're not getting enough, it can make you feel short of breath or have chest pain when you exercise. You may also feel run down, weak, or hear a pounding in your ears. It's common to have low iron, especially for women or vegetarians and vegans. The problem is usually easy to treat, though -- you can eat more iron-rich foods (like lean meat, beans, or dark, leafy greens) or take an iron supplement. Your doctor can help you figure out the best fix for you. It could be a sign there's a problem with your airways or heart.
Question: What problems can coughing signal?
Answer: But if you also feel short of breath, it can be a sign of another condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD.) People with COPD have airways that are inflamed, clogged with mucus, or don't work as well as they used to. Smoking is the biggest cause of the condition, but breathing secondhand smoke, polluted air, or toxic chemicals can also hurt your airways. A morning cough can be an early sign of COPD. In severe cases, you may also notice weight loss or swelling in your ankles, feet, or legs. If you have chest pain lasts longer than 15 minutes or spreads to other parts of your body, or if you feel nauseous, sweaty, or cough up blood, you may be having a heart attack.
Question: What is hyperventilation?
Answer: You can try treatments for anxiety or learn healthy ways to handle your stress so it won't make you feel short of breath. If you're not getting enough, it can make you feel short of breath or have chest pain when you exercise. It's normal to get out of breath if you're more active than usual.
Question: Is there an anthrax vaccine, and for whom is it intended?
Answer: The anthrax vaccine isn't approved for use after exposure, but that might change in an emergency situation, such as if anthrax were used in terrorism. In that case, people who are exposed would need three shots of the vaccine over 4 weeks, and also take antibiotics of 60 days.
Question: How do you get anthrax?
Answer: You can't get it unless the spores get into your body, either through a cut or because you breathe them in or drink or eat something that's contaminated with spores that contain the bacteria. You cannot catch anthrax from someone else.
Question: What should I do if I think I've been exposed to anthrax?
Answer: If he thinks you may have breathed in the spores that yield anthrax bacteria, you may get a chest X-ray or CT scan. The treatment you need will depend on what happened and how you were exposed. Anthrax antitoxins include obiltoxaximab ( Anthim) or raxibacumab ( ABthrax) to help treat inhaled anthrax. If your case is serious, you'll get the treatment in a hospital. You can't get it unless the spores get into your body, either through a cut or because you breathe them in or drink or eat something that's contaminated with spores that contain the bacteria.
Question: When should I see a pediatrician about my child's development?
Answer: Examples of this can include: Repetitive behaviors like hand-flapping, rocking, jumping, or twirling Constant moving (pacing) and âhyperâ behavior Fixations on certain activities or objects Specific routines or rituals (and getting upset when a routine is changed, even slightly) Extreme sensitivity to touch, light, and sound Not taking part in âmake-believeâ play or imitating others' behaviors Fussy eating habits Lack of coordination, clumsiness Impulsiveness (acting without thinking) Aggressive behavior, both with self and others Short attention span The earlier treatment for autism spectrum disorder begins, the more like it is to be effective. That's why knowing how to identify the signs and symptoms is so important. Make an appointment with your child's pediatrician if he doesn't meet these specific developmental milestones, or if he meets but loses them later on: Smiles by 6 months Imitates facial expressions or sounds by 9 months Coos or babbles by 12 months Gestures (points or waves) by 14 months Speaks with single words by 16 months and uses phrases of two words or more by 24 months Plays pretend or âmake-believeâ by 18 months
Question: What are common behavioral problems for people with autism?
Answer: Examples of this can include: Repetitive behaviors like hand-flapping, rocking, jumping, or twirling Constant moving (pacing) and âhyperâ behavior Fixations on certain activities or objects Specific routines or rituals (and getting upset when a routine is changed, even slightly) Extreme sensitivity to touch, light, and sound Not taking part in âmake-believeâ play or imitating others' behaviors Fussy eating habits Lack of coordination, clumsiness Impulsiveness (acting without thinking) Aggressive behavior, both with self and others Short attention span The earlier treatment for autism spectrum disorder begins, the more like it is to be effective.
Question: How early do signs of childhood autism show up?
Answer: But up to half of parents of children with ASD noticed issues by the time their child reached 12 months, and between 80% and 90% noticed problems by 2 years. Children with ASD will have symptoms throughout their lives, but it's possible for them to get better as they get older. If your child is on the spectrum, he might show some social symptoms by the time he's 8 to 10 months old.
Question: What are the social symptoms of autism?
Answer: Problems with social skills are some of the most common signs. If your child is on the spectrum, he might show some social symptoms by the time he's 8 to 10 months old. Playing, sharing, or talking with other people doesn't interest him. He prefers to be alone. He avoids or rejects physical contact. He avoids eye contact. When he's upset, he doesn't like to be comforted. He doesn't understand emotions -- his own or others'. He may not stretch out his arms to be picked up or guided with walking.
Question: How is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) diagnosed?
Answer: PHN usually is diagnosed when pain lasts three months or more after an acute attack of shingles or appears after the skin lesions of shingles have healed.
Question: What are symptoms of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)?
Answer: In PHN, pain is intense and may be described as burning, stabbing, or gnawing. Affected areas of the body may be hypersensitive or may have decreased sensation. In addition, areas previously affected by shingles may show evidence of scarring.
Question: How is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) treated?
Answer: For many people, PHN may improve over time without treatment.
Question: Who is more likely to get postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)?
Answer: PHN occurs most often in elderly people and in people whose immune systems have been compromised. The pain of PHN, which occurs in the same area as the pain and rash of shingles, results from damage to nerve fibers during the shingles infection. Shingles is caused by a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Anyone who has had chickenpox can get shingles, but the disorder is most common in people over age 60.
Question: Can diabetes that develops after an organ transplant go away eventually?
Answer: After an organ transplant, you need to take drugs for the rest of your life so your body doesn't reject the donor organ. These drugs help organ transplants succeed, but many of them, such as the medication tacrolimus ( Astagraf, Prograf) or steroids, can cause diabetes or worsen it.
Question: What organ transplant recipients are at risk for developing diabetes?
Answer: Apart from those medicines, you are also more likely to get diabetes if: You're obese. Diabetes runs in your family. You're African- American or Latino. You're older than 40. You have hepatitis C. Talk to your doctor if you think that you're at high risk of getting diabetes. He may be able to prescribe medicines that are less likely to cause it.
Question: What organ transplant medications cause diabetes?
Answer: After an organ transplant, you need to take drugs for the rest of your life so your body doesn't reject the donor organ. These drugs help organ transplants succeed, but many of them, such as the medication tacrolimus ( Astagraf, Prograf) or steroids, can cause diabetes or worsen it.
Question: Why do doctors prescribe tamoxifen for breast cancer?
Answer: There are different reasons, including: To treat breast cancer after surgery or radiation To treat cancer in one breast and reduce the risk of the disease in the other breast To prevent invasive breast cancer in women at high risk To treat the earliest stage of breast cancer, called ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), after surgery and radiation To prompt ovulation in women with fertility problems To treat other cancers such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, and brain tumors In higher than normal doses, tamoxifen may even kill some breast cancer cells that don't depend on estrogen.
Question: How does tamoxifen prevent breast cancer?
Answer: Tamoxifen is a medication that blocks the female hormone estrogen in the body. It blocks estrogen from acting on cells that are not cancerous. Tamoxifen also keeps healthy breast cells from growing and multiplying. That way, it also reduces the number of cells that could become cancer.
Question: How does tamoxifen for breast cancer work?
Answer: Tamoxifen is a medication that blocks the female hormone estrogen in the body. For more than 30 years, doctors have prescribed it to fight breast cancer tumors that depend on estrogen to grow. In order to fuel that growth, estrogen must attach itself to those breast cancer cells. Doctors think that tamoxifen stops estrogen from attaching to the cell. There are different reasons, including: To treat breast cancer after surgery or radiation To treat cancer in one breast and reduce the risk of the disease in the other breast To prevent invasive breast cancer in women at high risk To treat the earliest stage of breast cancer, called ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), after surgery and radiation To prompt ovulation in women with fertility problems To treat other cancers such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, and brain tumors In higher than normal doses, tamoxifen may even kill some breast cancer cells that don't depend on estrogen.
Question: What is a lumbar laminotomy?
Answer: Sometimes your surgeon will also need to remove a small piece of bone called the lamina from the vertebra. The lamina forms a protective cover over your spinal cord. Removing part or all of it helps the surgeon access your herniated disk. It also can relieve pressure on your nerves and eliminate leg pain and sciatica.
Question: What is a diskectomy?
Answer: During this procedure, your surgeon removes your damaged disk to relieve pressure on your nerves. He can perform the surgery in a couple of ways: Your surgeons performs open diskectomy is via a cut in your back or neck. Microdiscectomy is done through a much smaller incision. Your surgeon inserts a thin tube with a camera on one end to see and remove the damaged disk.
Question: How can I prevent getting another herniated disk?
Answer: To protect your spine and prevent another herniated disk, you should always sit and stand up straight. If you have to stand for a long period of time, rest one foot on a stool or box to take pressure off your back. Be careful when you lift anything heavy. Squat from your knees to pick it up. Don't bend from the waist. It puts too much pressure on your back. Stay at a good weight for you. Extra pounds put more strain on your back. Don't smoke. It can cause hardening of the arteries, which can damage the disks in your spine.
Question: What is a spinal fusion?
Answer: After a diskectomy or laminotomy, your surgeon may fuse together the two vertebrae on either side of the disk to stabilize your spine. This is called spinal fusion. Fusing the two disks will stop the bones from moving and prevent you from having any more pain.
Question: Will surgery treat a herniated disk?
Answer: Most people with a herniated disk don't need surgery. Rest and other treatments should start to improve your symptoms within 4 to 6 weeks. But if your pain doesn't improve, surgery might be an option. Talk to your doctor about surgery if: You're not getting relief from pain relievers, injections, and physical therapy. Your symptoms keep getting worse. You have trouble standing or walking. You can't control your bowels or bladder.
Question: Why does pregnancy cause acid reflux?
Answer: Many women experience acid reflux for the first time during pregnancy. This is caused by increasing levels of hormones combined with pressure from the growing fetus. Usually worst during the third trimester, the symptoms almost always go away after delivery.
Question: What medications can cause acid reflux?
Answer: Other common causes of acid reflux disease include: Being overweight or obese Eating a heavy meal and lying on your back or bending over at the waist Snacking close to bedtime or lying down right after a meal Taking aspirin or ibuprofen, some muscle relaxers, or certain blood pressure medications
Question: What can cause acid reflux disease?
Answer: Doctors aren't always sure. Other common causes of acid reflux disease include: Being overweight or obese Eating a heavy meal and lying on your back or bending over at the waist Snacking close to bedtime or lying down right after a meal Taking aspirin or ibuprofen, some muscle relaxers, or certain blood pressure medications
Question: How does a nicotine test work?
Answer: There are a couple of ways to test for nicotine and cotinine, the product created after nicotine enters your body: Qualitative testing: It simply looks for whether or not you have nicotine in your body. Quantitative testing: It actually measures the concentration of nicotine or cotinine in your body. It gives more information about your tobacco habits. It can tell whether you're an active smoker or if you've recently quit. If you're not a tobacco user, it can tell if you've been breathing in a lot of tobacco smoke or not.
Question: Why would you need a nicotine test?
Answer: Some of the most common reasons include: Court-ordered testing in child custody cases For smoking cessation programs When applying for health or life insurance Before certain surgeries For employment If your doctor suspects nicotine overdose The amount of nicotine in your blood rises just seconds after you light up.
Question: What chemicals does a nicotine test look for?
Answer: Usually, the tests look for cotinine, not nicotine. That's because cotinine is more stable and lasts longer in your body. Cotinine can show up in a blood or urine test. If you've quit smoking or using other tobacco products and you're now on a nicotine replacement product, you may need a test that looks for nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine, a substance that's found in tobacco but not in nicotine replacement products. If you test positive -- meaning anabasine is present in your body -- that indicates you're actually still using tobacco. It wouldn't show up if you were just using nicotine replacement products.
Question: What can you do to protect your ears and prevent swimmer's ear?
Answer: Don't stick stuff in your ear! You've probably heard this before, but never put cotton swabs, hairpins, pen caps, pencils, your finger, tissues, or anything else into your ear canal. It not only damages your skin, but bits of cotton or tissue can get stuck and break down in your ear, raising the chances of an infection. Leave earwax alone. Earwax plays an important role in protecting your ears. So when you try to pry it out, you raise your odds of getting swimmer's ear. What's more, you're also probably pushing wax farther into your ear. If you think you really do have too much earwax, talk to your doctor about safe ways to treat the problem. Take off your headphones. Headphones -- especially ones you stick into your ear canal, like earbuds -- can sometimes scratch the skin, leading to infections. Keep hearing aids clean. Just like earbuds, hearing aids can rub against the ear canal and lead to swimmer's ear. To lower your risk, make sure to take out your hearing aid each night to clean it regularly. Put cotton balls in your ears before using hair spray, dye, or other products. Some people get swimmer's ear from chemicals in cosmetics, which irritate the skin.
Question: What can you do before swimming to prevent swimmer's ear?
Answer: Put in earplugs. If you can keep water out of your ear canal, you're much less likely to have a problem. Choose earplugs that are designed for swimming. A bathing cap that covers your ears can help, too. Don't swim in lakes, ponds, or rivers with lots of bacteria. Check for posted signs about bacteria levels and whether it's safe to swim. High bacteria levels in the water can mean more bacteria in your ears. Make sure pools and spas are clean. Dirty water is more likely to have bacteria. If you don't know if a pool or spa is clean, don't get in.
Question: What can you do after swimming to prevent swimmer's ear?
Answer: Shake or drain water from your ears. Just tilt your head and let gravity do its thing. Pulling your earlobe at different angles can also help. Dry your ears. Use a clean towel to gently rub the outside of your ear. You can also use a hair dryer. Just make sure to set it on low and hold it about 12 inches away from your ear. Use eardrops. You can buy over-the-counter eardrops that will help dry up any leftover water. You can also make eardrops at home. Just mix a half-teaspoon of white vinegar and a half-teaspoon of rubbing alcohol and pour it into each ear. Then let it drain out. Don't put eardrops in your ear if you have had any ear pain, ear surgery, or have a tear in your eardrum (perforated eardrum).
Question: How can you get swimmer's ear?
Answer: Despite the name, swimmer's ear isn't always caused by swimming. You can sometimes get it after scratching the inside of your ear canal, which can break the skin and let in germs.
Question: How can I prevent swimmer's ear?
Answer: To protect yourself before and after you swim -- or get in a spa or bath -- keep your ears dry. Put in earplugs. Dirty water is more likely to have bacteria. Shake or drain water from your ears. Dry your ears. Use a clean towel to gently rub the outside of your ear. Just make sure to set it on low and hold it about 12 inches away from your ear. Use eardrops. Just mix a half-teaspoon of white vinegar and a half-teaspoon of rubbing alcohol and pour it into each ear. Then let it drain out. You can sometimes get it after scratching the inside of your ear canal, which can break the skin and let in germs. To lower your risk, make sure to take out your hearing aid each night to clean it regularly. You may have a greater chance of getting swimmer's ear and serious complications.