anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are chemotherapy drugs for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)?
Answer: Kaposi's sarcoma ( KS) is a type of cancer. Researchers have found that Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by a herpes virus, HHV-8, also called KSHV. A machine can direct it toward the lesions on your body, or your doctor may put radioactive needles, seeds, or wires inside you near the cancer. Chemotherapy drugs for Kaposi's sarcoma include: Doxorubicin ( Adriamycin, Doxil) Paclitaxel ( Taxol) Vinblastine ( Velban) Chemotherapy can have side effects, including hair loss, vomiting, and fatigue.
Question: What is retinis pigmentosa?
Answer: Retinitis pigmentosa ( RP) is a term for a group of eye diseases that can lead to loss of sight. What they have in common is a coloring your doctor sees when he looks at your retina -- a bundle of tissue at the back of your eye. When you have RP, cells in the retina called photoreceptors don't work the way they're supposed to, and over time, you lose your sight. It's a rare disorder that's passed from parent to child. Only 1 out of every 4,000 people get it. About half of all people with RP have a family member who also has it.
Question: What are the differences between rods and cones?
Answer: The retina has two types of cells that gather light: rods and cones. The rods are around the outer ring of the retina and are active in dim light. Most forms of retinitis pigmentosa affect the rods first. Your night vision and your ability to see to the side -- peripheral vision -- go away. Cones are mostly in the center of your retina. They help you see color and fine detail. When RP affects them, you slowly lose your central vision and your ability to see color.
Question: What are the treatment options for retinitis pigmentosa?
Answer: A few options can slow your vision loss and may even restore some sight: Acetazolamide: In the later stages, the tiny area at the center of your retina can swell. This is called macular edema, and it, too, can reduce your vision. This medication can ease swelling and improve your vision. Vitamin A palmitate: High doses of this compound may slow retinitis pigmentosa a little each year. But you have to be careful, because too much can be toxic. Work closely with your doctor and follow her recommendations. Sunglasses: These make your eyes less sensitive to light and protect your eyes from harmful ultraviolet rays that may speed vision loss. Retinal implant: If you have late-stage RP, you may be a candidate a retinal implant that could provide partial sight. Argus II is the implant available in the US. It's implanted into a single eye and paired with glasses equipped with a camera. Images are converted to electrical pulses that are sent to the retina. Many were able to locate lights and windows. Some were able to determine where other people were located in a room and about half of the subjects were able to read letter that were about 9 inches high. Other treatments under review include: Replacement of damaged cells or tissues with healthy ones Gene therapy to put healthy genes into the retina Devices and tools can help you make the most of your vision, and rehab services can help you stay independent.
Question: How does an eye doctor diagnose retinitis pigmentosa?
Answer: He'll look into your eyes and do some special tests: Ophthalmoscope: The doctor will put drops into your eyes to make your pupil wider to get a better look at your retina. He will use a handheld tool to look into the back of your eye. If you have RP, there will be specific kinds of dark spots on your retina. Visual field test: You'll look through a tabletop machine at a point in the center of your vision. While staring at that point, objects or lights will appear to the side. You'll press a button when you see them, and the machine will create a map of how far to the side you can see. Electroretinogram: The eye doctor will put a film of gold foil or a special contact lens on your eye. Then he will measure how your retina responds to flashes of light. Genetic test: You'll submit a DNA sample to find out which form of RP you have. If you or anyone in your family is diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa, all family members should go to the eye doctor for screening.
Question: What causes retinitis pigmentosa?
Answer: More than 60 different genes can cause the different types of retinitis pigmentosa. Parents can pass the problem genes on to their children in three different ways: Autosomal recessive RP: Each parent has one problem copy and one normal copy of the gene that's responsible, but they don't have any symptoms. A child that inherits two problem copies of the gene (one from each parent) will develop this type of retinitis pigmentosa. Since two copies of the problem gene are needed, each child in the family has a 25% chance of being affected. Autosomal dominant RP: This type of retinitis pigmentosa requires only one copy of the problem gene to develop. A parent with that gene has a 50% chance of passing it to each child. X-linked RP: A mother who carries the problem gene can pass it down to her children. Each one of them has a 50% chance of getting it. Most women who carry the gene won't have any symptoms. But about 1 out of every 5 will have mild symptoms. Most men who get it will have more severe cases. Fathers who have the gene can't pass it to their children.
Question: What are the symptoms of retinis pigmentosa?
Answer: Because rods are usually affected first, the first symptom you may notice is that it takes longer to adjust to darkness (called ânight blindness). You may lose your peripheral vision at the same time or soon after your night vision declines. You may get "tunnel vision," which means you can't see things to the side without turning your head. In later stages, your cones may be affected. That will make it harder for you to do detail work, and you may have trouble seeing colors. It's rare, but sometimes the cones die first. You might find bright lights uncomfortable -- a symptom your doctor may call photophobia. You also may start to see flashes of light that shimmer or blink. This is called photopsia.
Question: How can the doctor accurately diagnose prostate cancer?
Answer: Your doctor is likely to discuss your medical history with you. Answering questions about any history of genital or urinary disease in your family can help your doctor make an accurate diagnosis. Your doctor may also ask about any changes in your pattern of urinating.
Question: Why are these prostate cancer tests not completely accurate?
Answer: Neither of these initial tests for prostate cancer is perfect. Many men with a mildly elevated PSA do not have prostate cancer, and men with prostate cancer may have normal levels of PSA. Also, the digital rectal exam does not detect all prostate cancers, as it can only assess the back portion of the prostate gland.
Question: What medications are used to treat vertigo?
Answer: In some cases, medication may be given to relieve symptoms such as nausea or motion sickness associated with vertigo. If vertigo is caused by an infection or inflammation, antibiotics or steroids may reduce swelling and cure infection. For Meniere's disease, diuretics (water pills) may be prescribed to reduce pressure from fluid buildup.
Question: How do you know if your vertigo is caused by vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis?
Answer: This is an inner ear problem usually related to infection (usually viral). The infection causes inflammation in the inner ear around nerves that are important for helping the body sense balance Less often vertigo may be associated with: Head or neck injury Brain problems such as stroke or tumor Certain medications that cause ear damage Migraine headaches Vertigo is often triggered by a change in the position of your head.
Question: How is vertigo treated by canalith repositioning maneuvers?
Answer: Guidelines from the American Academy of Neurology recommend a series of specific head and body movements for BPPV. The movements are done to move the calcium deposits out of the canal into an inner ear chamber so they can be absorbed by the body. You will likely have vertigo symptoms during the procedure as the canaliths move. A doctor or physical therapist can guide you through the movements.
Question: How do you know if your vertigo is caused by Meniere's disease?
Answer: This is an inner ear disorder thought to be caused by a buildup of fluid and changing pressure in the ear. It can cause episodes of vertigo along with ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and hearing loss.
Question: What is vertigo associated with?
Answer: The infection causes inflammation in the inner ear around nerves that are important for helping the body sense balance Less often vertigo may be associated with: Head or neck injury Brain problems such as stroke or tumor Certain medications that cause ear damage Migraine headaches Vertigo is often triggered by a change in the position of your head.
Question: How is surgery used to treat vertigo?
Answer: In a few cases, surgery may be needed for vertigo. If vertigo is caused by a more serious underlying problem, such as a tumor or injury to the brain or neck, treatment for those problems may help to alleviate the vertigo.
Question: How should I eat if I have dumping syndrome?
Answer: Here are some other ways to lessen symptoms of dumping syndrome: Eat five or six small meals or snacks a day. Keep portions small, such as 1 ounce of meat or 1/4 cup of vegetables. Cut food into very small pieces. Chew well before swallowing. Combine proteins or fats along with fruits or starches. ( For example, combine fruit with cottage cheese.) Stop eating when you first begin to feel full. Drink liquids 30 to 45 minutes after meals. Reclining after eating may help prevent light-headedness.
Question: What blood thinners are used to treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: Blood thinners include: Apixaban ( Eliquis) Betrixaban ( BEVYXXA) Dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Edoxaban ( Savaysa) Fondaparinux ( Arixtra) Heparin Rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) Warfarin ( Coumadin) In the hospital, your doctor may give you heparin at first, by a needle into your vein or as a shot.
Question: How effective Is clot-busting medicine for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: Your doctor may recommend a clot-busting medicine called a thrombolytic agent if you: Have large clots causing pain, swelling, and problems with circulation Are at high risk for a pulmonary embolism Have DVT in your arm, rather than your leg This procedure quickly breaks up a clot and restores blood flow. It may also save the valves in that vein. But it's riskier than taking blood thinners. You have a greater chance of bleeding problems and stroke.
Question: When is surgery done for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: When taking blood thinners or clot-busting isn't possible or doesn't work well, your doctor may want to try a more involved procedure.
Question: How are blood thinners used to treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: These drugs, also called anticoagulants, are the most common treatment for DVT. They can keep a clot from growing or breaking off, and they prevent new clots from forming. But they can't thin your blood, despite their name, or dissolve an existing clot.
Question: How is dabigatran used to treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: Dabigatran is a pill that stops a specific protein that helps your blood clot from working. That's why it's called a direct thrombin inhibitor.
Question: What will treating deep vein thrombosis (DVT) do for you?
Answer: Treatment prevents future blood clots, too. They can keep a clot from growing or breaking off, and they prevent new clots from forming. Your doctor may recommend a clot-busting medicine called a thrombolytic agent if you: Have large clots causing pain, swelling, and problems with circulation Are at high risk for a pulmonary embolism Have DVT in your arm, rather than your leg This procedure quickly breaks up a clot and restores blood flow. In very rare cases, you may need to have a deep vein clot cut out.
Question: How do you know what treatment works best to treat your deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: What will treating DVT, a blood clot deep in a vein, do for you? But you may need surgery. Talk to your doctor about which medical treatment options are right for you.
Question: How does warfarin (Coumadin) treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: When you take heparin by IV, you'll need blood tests, too. While you take it, you'll need regular blood tests to make sure you've got the right amount in your system -- too little won't prevent clots, too much makes dangerous bleeding more likely. It can also interact with other medicines, vitamins, and foods with a lot of vitamin K, which is another good reason to get your blood checked often. Let your doctor know if you're pregnant, because warfarin can cause birth defects. You'll have to take something else.
Question: When is a venous thrombectomy used to treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Answer: What will treating DVT, a blood clot deep in a vein, do for you? Venous thrombectomy. A severe type of DVT, called phlegmasia cerulea dolens, doesn't respond well to other kinds of treatment.
Question: What are sources of insoluble fiber?
Answer: You find soluble fiber in foods such as: Oats Peas Beans Apples Citrus fruits Carrots Barley Insoluble fiber, on the other hand, is found in things like: Whole-wheat flour Wheat bran Nuts Beans Cauliflower Green beans Potatoes Although meeting your daily fiber needs is best accomplished by eating the right foods, taking a fiber supplement can also help. Examples of supplements include psyllium, methylcellulose, wheat dextrin, and calcium polycarbophil. If you take a fiber supplement, increase the amount you take slowly to help prevent gas and cramping. It's also important to drink enough liquids when you increase your fiber intake.
Question: How much water should you drink if you have irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea?
Answer: As long as your doctor has not restricted your fluids, shoot for six to eight 8-ounce glasses of plain H2 O each day, but not always with meals. " Water just makes everything run through a little more rapidly," Bonci says. She suggests you drink it an hour before or an hour after meals.
Question: Does how I eat affect my irritable bowel syndrome?
Answer: How you eat may also give you trouble. You might be bothered by foods with extreme temperatures, especially if you have them together, like ice-cold water with steaming hot soup. Many people get symptoms after large meals. Try to eat less at each meal, or have four or five small meals a day. Remember, your reactions to what you eat are unique, Bonci says.
Question: Which foods have insoluble fiber?
Answer: You find soluble fiber in foods such as: Oats Peas Beans Apples Citrus fruits Carrots Barley Insoluble fiber, on the other hand, is found in things like: Whole-wheat flour Wheat bran Nuts Beans Cauliflower Green beans Potatoes Although meeting your daily fiber needs is best accomplished by eating the right foods, taking a fiber supplement can also help.
Question: If I have IBS, does it matter what I eat?
Answer: Smart eating habits can make your life a little easier when you have irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, or IBS- D. And you don't have to completely give up any foods you like. " Moderation is important," says Leslie Bonci, MPH, RD, author of the American Dietetic Association ( ADA) Guide to Better Digestion. It's important to stick to a balanced diet when you have IBS. So never totally avoid certain groups of food, or you may be depriving yourself of nutrients you need.
Question: Should I eat less fiber if I have IBS-D?
Answer: Don't avoid fiber if you have diarrhea. It helps protect your body against heart disease, by lowering your LDL cholesterol, and certain cancers, so you need it. Simply eat more soluble fiber, rather than the insoluble kind, Bonci says. Soluble fiber stays in the gut longer, which helps the colon work normally. You find soluble fiber in foods such as: Oats Peas Beans Apples Citrus fruits Carrots Barley Insoluble fiber, on the other hand, is found in things like: Whole-wheat flour Wheat bran Nuts Beans Cauliflower Green beans Potatoes Although meeting your daily fiber needs is best accomplished by eating the right foods, taking a fiber supplement can also help.
Question: Should you avoid fiber if you have irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea?
Answer: Don't avoid fiber if you have diarrhea. It helps protect your body against heart disease, by lowering your LDL cholesterol, and certain cancers, so you need it. Simply eat more soluble fiber, rather than the insoluble kind, Bonci says. Soluble fiber stays in the gut longer, which helps the colon work normally.
Question: How much water should I drink each day to help my IBS?
Answer: Don't avoid fiber if you have diarrhea. As long as your doctor has not restricted your fluids, shoot for six to eight 8-ounce glasses of plain H2 O each day, but not always with meals. " She suggests you drink it an hour before or an hour after meals.
Question: What can help with your irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea?
Answer: So never totally avoid certain groups of food, or you may be depriving yourself of nutrients you need. Don't avoid fiber if you have diarrhea.
Question: How can I tell the difference between a cold and allergies?
Answer: They have different causes. You get a cold when a tiny living thing called a virus gets into your body. There are hundreds of different types that can get you sick.
Question: What is the difference between the duration of a cold vs. allergies?
Answer: Characteristic Cold Allergy How Long It Lasts 3-14 days Days to months -- as long as you're in contact with the allergy trigger and a short time after When It Happens Most often in the winter, but possible at any time Any time of the year -- although the appearance of some allergy triggers is seasonal When It Starts Symptoms take a few days to appear after infection with the virus Symptoms can begin immediately after contact with allergy triggers Symptom Cold Allergy Cough Often Sometimes Aches Sometimes Never Fatigue Sometimes Sometimes Fever Rarely Never Itchy, watery eyes Rarely Often Sore throat Often Sometimes Runny or stuffy nose Often Often The most important difference is that colds usually don't last longer than 14 days. So see your doctor if you still have symptoms after 2 weeks. These may be allergy symptoms or signs of another problem.
Question: Are allergies contagious?
Answer: The viruses that cause colds are contagious.
Question: What causes allergies?
Answer: They're caused by an overactive immune system. For some reason, your body mistakes harmless things, such as dust or pollen, for germs and mounts an attack on them. When that happens, your body releases chemicals such as histamine, just as it does when fighting a cold. This can cause a swelling in the passageways of your nose, and you'll start sneezing and coughing.
Question: Are cold viruses contagious?
Answer: The viruses that cause colds are contagious. You can pick them up when someone who's infected sneezes, coughs, or shakes hands with you. After a couple of weeks, at the most, your immune system fights off the illness and you should stop having symptoms.
Question: What causes cold symptoms?
Answer: You get a cold when a tiny living thing called a virus gets into your body. This can cause a swelling in the passageways of your nose, and you'll start sneezing and coughing.
Question: What are challenges for older people who need treatment for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and how can they be handled?
Answer: But because older people are often diagnosed later, the disease may have had time to do more damage to the immune system. After you've tested positive, even if you don't feel any different, it's important to find an HIV doctor right away. Because of your age, your treatment plan may involve several health care providers to treat a range of physical and mental needs. HIV raises your odds of age-related health problems, including heart disease, thin bones, dementia and certain cancers. To stay healthy, you'll need to take care of yourself. Exercise regularly, keep a healthy weight, eat well, and quit smoking.
Question: What are the symptoms of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and how can they be different in older people?
Answer: The symptoms of HIV can be mistaken for the regular process of aging. Some people may not see any symptoms at first, while others may feel like they have the flu a few weeks after they're infected, with: Cough Diarrhea Fever Headache Sweats It can take as long as 10 years for other symptoms to show up, such as: Weight loss Swollen glands Little energy Loss of appetite Skin rashes, sores in your mouth or genital area, or repeated yeast infections Gut cramps Short-term memory loss If you think you could have HIV, talk to your doctor.
Question: What problems can depression cause in older people who have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Answer: So they feel more alone. Depression in older people can also look like memory problems, general complaints about pain, and seeing or hearing things. And when you're depressed, you may not care as much about sticking to your treatment. Let your doctor know if you've been struggling for more than a couple of weeks. Treating depression can help you feel better mentally and physically.
Question: What should I do if I think I have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and where can I get tested?
Answer: An early diagnosis means you can start treatment and prevent the disease from becoming AIDS. You could get tested at your doctor's office or a clinic, hospital, or community health center, and it's often free. A diagnosis of HIV could make it even harder to talk to people you care about, if you're worried about what they might think or say about you.
Question: What are short-acting medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: They include: Amphetamines: Mixed amphetamine salts ( Adderall, Evekeo) Dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine, Pro Centra) Methylphenidates: Dexmethylphenidate SR ( Focalin) Methylphenidate immediate release ( Ritalin, Methylin) This kind of medicine helps if you need to focus for just a few hours. Perhaps you're working on spreadsheets or writing a report and need to be sharp. A short-acting med peaks and falls in your bloodstream quickly. You might feel irritable when it wears off. That's called a rebound effect. If you want to control symptoms all day, you'll need to pop more than one pill. That can be inconvenient and hard to remember to do when you're busy.
Question: What are the symptoms of thrombocytopenia?
Answer: Sometimes you don't have any symptoms from thrombocytopenia. When you do, the main one is bleeding in the skin that look like tiny red or purple spots on the skin, called petechiae, or bruising. You can bleed outside or inside your body. Sometimes it can be heavy or hard to stop. Some people get nosebleeds or bleeding gums. You might also have: Blood in your urine or bowel movement Heavy menstrual periods These symptoms might not start until your platelet count is very low. If you notice any of them, call your doctor.
Question: What factors lead to thrombocytopenia?
Answer: Your body can destroy too many platelets by: Autoimmune diseases such as lupus or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ( ITP), where your own body attacks healthy cells Medicines, such as antibiotics that contain sulfa, heparin used to prevent blood clots, and antiseizure drugs such as phenytoin ( Dilantin) and vancomycin ( Vancocin) Rare diseases that make blood clots form in the body, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ( TTP) and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC) Viruses like Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV), hepatitis C, and HIV Sometimes, you don't have enough platelets because they get trapped in your spleen, an organ that fights infection. And women may get thrombocytopenia during pregnancy, because their bodies get rid of platelets more quickly than usual.