anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Can taking folic acid help you conceive?
Answer: Folic acid, which naturally occurs in leafy green vegetables and artificially in fortified flour and rice products, has been shown to lower the risk of certain birth defects. Experts recommend that in addition to a good diet, you should take a multivitamin with folic acid daily for three months before pregnancy and continue throughout your pregnancy. If you've had a previous pregnancy in which the fetus had birth defects of the brain and spinal cord, your doctor will probably recommend a higher dose of 4 mg of folic acid daily.
Question: What can you expect during a pre-pregnancy checkup?
Answer: Your doctor will want to start a pre-pregnancy checkup by getting a full medical history from both you and your partner. He or she may also want to run a number of tests -- such as blood tests and a Pap smear -- to make sure that neither of you have any medical conditions that could affect pregnancy or your chances of conceiving.
Question: What illnesses might your doctor test for in a pre-pregnancy checkup?
Answer: Your doctor might test for illnesses such as: Rubella, or German measles immunity Chickenpox immunity HIV Hepatitis B immunity Herpes Other STDs (such as chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea) Thyroid problems (with a TSH test) Other conditions, such as toxoplasmosis and parvovirus B19 (also called fifth disease) Finally, depending on your ethnicity, your doctor may recommend genetic tests for: Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia (an inherited form of anemia) Genetic diseases common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, such as Tay- Sachs disease If it's time for you to update your vaccines, it's important to do so before you are pregnant.
Question: If I'm pregnant, what can I do to check if my child has cystic fibrosis (CF)?
Answer: If you're pregnant, a follow-up genetic test can show if the fetus has CF. There are two types of tests: Chorionic villus sampling ( CVS): This checks cells from the placenta. It's done after 9 weeks of pregnancy, usually between the 10th and 12th weeks. Amniocentesis : This test uses cells from the amniotic fluid. You can get it between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy.
Question: Does a child need to inherit flawed genes from both parents in order to get cystic fibrosis?
Answer: To have CF, a child needs to inherit two flawed copies of the CFTR gene -- one from each parent. A child with only one copy is called a âcarrier.â That means he doesn't have the disease, but he can pass the gene on to his children.
Question: What causes cystic fibrosis (CF)?
Answer: Cystic fibrosis ( CF) is a serious disease that runs in families. It's caused by a gene that doesn't work properly. Genetic tests can tell if you have this faulty gene.
Question: How are genetic tests used to help patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)?
Answer: They can diagnose CF, or help your doctor prescribe a treatment. Genetic tests can also tell you your chances of having a child with the disease.
Question: Can cystic fibrosis (CF) genetic testing help in family planning?
Answer: Doctors offer genetic, or carrier, testing to all couples who are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant. This panel screen allows you to find out your chances of having a child with CF. It may help you make decisions when planning your family.
Question: If my partner and I are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, what are the odds of having a child with the disease?
Answer: If both of you are carriers, there's a 25% chance that your child will have CF.
Question: How is a genetic test for cystic fibrosis (CF) done?
Answer: Genetic material, called DNA, is in your cells. Your doctor will take some of your cells by either drawing blood or gently swabbing the inside of your cheek. He'll send the sample to a lab. There, scientists will look for changes (mutations) to a gene called CFTR.
Question: What is chondromalacia?
Answer: Chondromalacia refers to a softening of the cartilage under the kneecap (patella). It is a common cause of deep knee pain and stiffness in younger women and can be associated with pain and stiffness after prolonged sitting and climbing stairs or hills. While treatment with anti-inflammatory medications, ice packs, and rest can help, long-term relief is best achieved by strengthening exercises for the muscles of the front of the thigh.
Question: What diseases and conditions can cause knee pain?
Answer: Pain can occur in the knee from diseases or conditions that involve the knee joint, the soft tissues and bones surrounding the knee, or the nerves that supply sensation to the knee area. The knee joint is commonly affected by rheumatic diseases, immune diseases that affect various tissues of the body including the joints.
Question: How do you treat bursitis of the knee?
Answer: Bursitis is generally treated with ice packs, immobilization, and anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) or aspirin and may require local injections of corticosteroids (cortisone medication) as well as exercise therapy to develop the musculature of the front of the thigh.
Question: What do the collateral and cruciate ligaments of the knee do?
Answer: These ligaments provide stability and strength to the knee joint. Ligaments within the knee (cruciate ligaments) and on the inner and outer sides of the knee (collateral ligaments) stabilize the joint.
Question: What are surgical methods to repair injured knee ligaments?
Answer: These procedures can be done by either open knee surgery or arthroscopic surgery (described in the section below). The decision to perform various types of surgery depends on the level of damage to the ligaments and the activity expectations of the patient. Surgical repair of ligament injury can involve suturing, grafting, and synthetic graft repair.
Question: Is it important to exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: When you have joint pain and stiffness, you may not want to exercise. But stay as active as possible. It actually helps to lessen your symptoms and prevent long-term problems.
Question: How can I lower my stress level with rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Dealing with RA can be stressful, but there are lots of ways you can lower your stress level: Talk with your doctor or nurse. They may suggest counseling or have other ideas to help with your stress. Take time to rest during the day. Balancing activity and rest is an important part of self-care for RA. Try to relax. Simple deep breathing can make you feel better. Learn special techniques like yoga and meditation. They may help you relax. Get support from friends, family, and co-workers. Join a class or support group. There may be arthritis programs in your area. You can connect with others who have RA online or on social media.
Question: Will rheumatoid arthritis medication cause weight loss?
Answer: You may also have weight loss from RA or from some medicines you take. If you've lost weight, make sure you tell your doctor. If you need help with your diet, your doctor may recommend that you see a nutritionist or dietician.
Question: What types of medical professionals can help me exercise with rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Physical therapists ( PT) and occupational therapists ( OT) can teach you how to stay active in a way that both helps and protects your joints. Ask your doctor about seeing someone who specializes in RA.
Question: Do special diets help treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Although there have been many studies about diet and rheumatoid arthritis, there is no strong proof that a special diet helps.
Question: How can I take care of myself if I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Taking care of yourself is a big part of RA treatment. It includes activity and exercise, diet and weight management, and stress reduction. Take medicine as directed. Always tell your doctor about any side effects. Try and remember all your appointments -- they're important. Use your calendar, day planner, or smartphone to remind you.
Question: What should I do if I have a lot of pain from my rheumatoid arthritis when I exercise?
Answer: When you have joint pain and stiffness, you may not want to exercise. Dealing with RA can be stressful, but there are lots of ways you can lower your stress level: Talk with your doctor or nurse.
Question: Are there some ways I can treat rheumatoid arthritis on my own?
Answer: Your doctor will work with you to help ease your symptoms with medicine and other treatments. There may be arthritis programs in your area.
Question: How soon before I travel should I get a hepatitis A vaccine?
Answer: As an adult, you should get the shot if you: Travel to Africa, Asia (except Japan), the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central and South America, Mexico, and parts of the Caribbean Use recreational drugs Are in the military Work in a day care center, nursing home, or you're a health care professional Are a man who has sex with men Have long-term liver disease Take blood products to treat hemophilia or other conditions If you're planning a trip to a place where there are outbreaks of hepatitis A, keep in mind that the vaccine only starts to work 2 to 4 weeks after you get it. And if you want long-term protection, you'll need a follow-up shot 6 to 12 months later. If you didn't get your hepatitis A vaccine a month before you travel, you may be able to get a shot of hepatitis A immune globulin before you leave. This may prevent hepatitis A infection if you get it within 2 weeks before or after you come into contact with the virus.
Question: How can I prevent hepatitis C?
Answer: Don't use someone else's needle if you inject illicit drugs. If you think you may have been infected with hepatitis B and you never had a vaccine, let your doctor know. You may be able to prevent an infection if you get a hepatitis B immune globulin shot. If you think you may have picked picked up hepatitis B through sex, you'll need to get this shot within 14 days.
Question: What is amenorrhea?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If your doctor says you have âamenorrhea,â it means that you aren't getting your periods, although you've been through puberty, aren't pregnant, and haven't gone through menopause. It's not about having irregular periods. If you have amenorrhea, you never get your period. Although it's not a disease, you should tell your doctor about it, because it might be a symptom of a medical condition that can be treated.
Question: What are the two types of amenorrhea?
Answer: There are two types of amenorrhea: Primary amenorrhea. This is when a young woman has not had her first period by the age of 16. Secondary amenorrhea. This is when a woman who has had normal menstrual cycles stops getting her monthly period for 3 or more months.
Question: What are the causes of primary amenorrhea?
Answer: Many things could cause amenorrhea. Possible causes of primary amenorrhea (when a woman never gets her first period) include: Failure of the ovaries Problems in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or the pituitary gland (a gland in the brain that makes the hormones involved in menstruation) Problems with reproductive organs In many cases, doctors don't know why a girl never gets her first period. Common causes of secondary amenorrhea (when a woman who has had normal periods stops getting them) include: Pregnancy Breastfeeding Stopping the use of birth control Menopause Some birth control methods, such as Depo- Provera or certain types of intrauterine devices ( IUDs) Other causes of secondary amenorrhea include: Stress Poor nutrition Depression Certain prescription drugs Extreme weight loss Over-exercising Ongoing illness Sudden weight gain or being very overweight (obesity) Hormonal imbalance due to polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS) Thyroid gland disorders Tumors on the ovaries or brain (rare) A woman who has had her uterus or ovaries removed will also stop menstruating.
Question: What causes secondary amenorrhea?
Answer: Common causes of secondary amenorrhea (when a woman who has had normal periods stops getting them) include: Pregnancy Breastfeeding Stopping the use of birth control Menopause Some birth control methods, such as Depo- Provera or certain types of intrauterine devices ( IUDs) Other causes of secondary amenorrhea include: Stress Poor nutrition Depression Certain prescription drugs Extreme weight loss Over-exercising Ongoing illness Sudden weight gain or being very overweight (obesity) Hormonal imbalance due to polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS) Thyroid gland disorders Tumors on the ovaries or brain (rare) A woman who has had her uterus or ovaries removed will also stop menstruating.
Question: How can doctors tell how much pain a child is in?
Answer: The most difficult task involved in treating pain in children is obtaining an objective and accurate measurement of the pain. In general, there are three ways in which doctors can assess the level of pain a child is feeling: Self-reported measures of pain: Doctors may ask children to rate their pain on a scale of 1-10 or show pictures that reflect different emotions and ask them which best illustrates how they are feeling. Behavioral measures of pain: Doctors will evaluate the child's motor responses, facial expressions, crying and behavior (for example, sleep-wake patterns). Physiologic measures of pain: Doctors measure blood pressure and pulse changes, as well as take note of palm sweating.
Question: What medications are used to treat pain in children?
Answer: Your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription strength nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil). Aspirin should not be used in children under the age of 19 unless instructed by your doctor, as it can cause Reye's syndrome if used during or after a viral or fever-causing illness. Antidepressants: Antidepressants are drugs that can treat pain and/or emotional conditions by adjusting levels of neurotransmitters (natural chemicals) in the brain. Patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA): Children who are four to six years old may be able to use PCA with the help of a parent or nurse. Pain medication is injected into the epidural space of the spinal cord.
Question: What are side effects of hyaluronic acid for osteoarthritis?
Answer: These reactions generally are mild and do not last long. You should not take this product if you have had an allergic reaction to hyaluronan products in the past. Corticosteroid Injections Name How It's Given Methylprednisolone acetate 1 injection (can be repeated every 3 months, but should be limited as much as possible; no more than 4 times a year) Triamcinolone 1 injection (can be repeated every 3 months, but should be limited as much as possible) * Relief from higher doses may last 16 to 24 weeks. Side effects include short-term pain flare-up, flushing of the face, thinning of skin or fat near the injection site, and risk of serious allergic reaction.
Question: When should I avoid both types of injections for osteoarthritis?
Answer: For Both Types of Injections You should not have an injection into the knee if you have a knee joint infection or skin diseases or infections around the injection site.
Question: Where can I get folic acid to keep my hair healthy?
Answer: You can get folic acid with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits and tomatoes. Whole-grain and fortified-grain products, beans, and lentils also have it.
Question: Does your diet affect your hair?
Answer: If you're not getting certain nutrients from food, you might see the effects in your hair.
Question: Which foods has vitamin B6 that can help keep my hair healthy?
Answer: Foods with B6 include bananas, potatoes (both white and sweet), and spinach.
Question: How can foods that are rich in omega-3 keep my hair healthy?
Answer: You should eat some of these foods, which are rich in omega-3, every day: Salmon, tuna, mackerel, and other fatty fish Flaxseed oil Walnuts and almonds Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid are also important to your hair.
Question: How can medical care affect risk of heart disease in people with diabetes?
Answer: Some people with diabetes need to take medicine to lower their blood pressure or improve their cholesterol levels. Your doctor may recommend that you take a daily low-dose aspirin to protect against heart disease. Be sure to keep up with your medical care. Go to all your appointments and let your doctor know how you're doing. Together, you can work toward a healthier heart.
Question: Can exercise lower my risk for heart disease if I have diabetes?
Answer: Nearly everyone with diabetes can benefit from getting more exercise. It's good for your heart and helps control your blood sugar. Even brisk walking counts, so you don't need a gym. If you're not active now, let your doctor know you want to get started. She can let you know what's safe for you to do.
Question: What information do I need to manage my heart health if I have diabetes?
Answer: Besides diabetes, do you also have: A waist that's larger than 35 inches in women or 40 inches in men? Low levels of "good" ( HDL) cholesterol? High levels of "bad" ( LDL) cholesterol or triglycerides (another type of fat in the blood)? High blood pressure? Even borderline elevated at 130/85 If you're not sure, your doctor can check all those numbers for you. Also, do you: Smoke? Have a family member with heart disease? Eat a diet high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugars? Your doctor needs that information to work with you on a plan for better heart health.
Question: What kinds of heart diseases are people with diabetes at risk for?
Answer: People with diabetes are at risk for: Coronary artery disease. Your coronary arteries are in your heart. Fatty deposits, called plaques, can narrow them. If plaque suddenly breaks, it can cause a heart attack. Exercise, eating a healthy diet, and not smoking are musts. It could be from coronary artery disease or from the diabetes. It can be dangerous and fatal, so aggressive management and follow up is essential Congestive heart failure. This is an ongoing condition in which the heart loses the ability to pump blood effectively. The main symptoms are shortness of breath when you're moving and leg swelling. Many people have both conditions.
Question: How can exercise affect risk of heart disease in people with diabetes?
Answer: Nearly everyone with diabetes can benefit from getting more exercise. It's good for your heart and helps control your blood sugar. Even brisk walking counts, so you don't need a gym. If you're not active now, let your doctor know you want to get started. She can let you know what's safe for you to do.
Question: What are signs that you have a high risk for heart disease if you have diabetes?
Answer: Many people with diabetes also have heart disease. When you do things to take care of your diabetes, like manage your blood sugar, exercise, and eat a healthy diet, that's also good for your heart. Besides diabetes, do you also have: A waist that's larger than 35 inches in women or 40 inches in men? Low levels of "good" ( HDL) cholesterol? High levels of "bad" ( LDL) cholesterol or triglycerides (another type of fat in the blood)? High blood pressure? If you smoke, it's time to quit. Go to all your appointments and let your doctor know how you're doing.
Question: Can I prevent heart disease if I have diabetes?
Answer: When you do things to take care of your diabetes, like manage your blood sugar, exercise, and eat a healthy diet, that's also good for your heart. Many people have both conditions.
Question: What does diabetes do to my heart disease risk?
Answer: When you do things to take care of your diabetes, like manage your blood sugar, exercise, and eat a healthy diet, that's also good for your heart. Many people have both conditions.
Question: What are potential side effects of Plan B One-Step?
Answer: Potential side effects of levonorgestrel include: nausea abdominal pain fatigue headache menstrual changes dizziness breast tenderness vomiting If you vomit within two hours after taking the drug, call a healthcare professional to find out if you should repeat the dose.
Question: Does Plan B One-Step cause a miscarriage or abortion?
Answer: Levonorgestrel is not the same as RU-486, which is an abortion pill. It does not cause a miscarriage or abortion. In other words, it does not stop development of a fetus once the fertilized egg implants in the uterus. So it will not work if you are already pregnant when you take it.
Question: How safe is Plan B One-Step?
Answer: But it's a good idea to ask your doctor about possible interactions with other medications. Levonorgestrel is considered safe for most women. You should not take it if you are pregnant because it will not end the pregnancy.
Question: When shouldn't you take Plan B One-Step?
Answer: Do not take levonorgestrel if: You know you are pregnant or suspect you might be. You have a history of allergy or hypersensitivity to its ingredients. You have a history of recent abnormal vaginal bleeding that your doctor has not yet evaluated.
Question: Who can take Plan B One-Step?
Answer: You can take levonorgestrel if: You didn't use any birth control. The condom came off or broke. The diaphragm slipped out of place. You missed at least two or three active birth control pills in a row. You forgot to insert your ring or apply your patch. Your partner didn't pull out in time. You have another reason to think your birth control might not have worked. You were forced to have sex. Remember: levonorgestrel will not protect you from getting pregnant if you have sex after taking the pills. Instead, you need to take it right after you have unprotected sex.
Question: How effective is Plan B One-Step?
Answer: If you take it within 72 hours after you've had unprotected sex, levonorgestrel can reduce the risk of pregnancy by up to 89%. If you take Plan B One- Step within 24 hours, it is about 95% effective. But you should know that Plan B One- Step is not as effective as regular contraception. So don't take it as your main form of birth control. And, it does not protect you against sexually transmitted diseases. Think of it as a backup -- not for routine use. That's why it's called Plan B. Levonorgestrel can be purchased over the counter at drugstores without a prescription or proof of age.
Question: When should you call a doctor about Plan B One-Step?
Answer: Potential side effects of levonorgestrel include: nausea abdominal pain fatigue headache menstrual changes dizziness breast tenderness vomiting If you vomit within two hours after taking the drug, call a healthcare professional to find out if you should repeat the dose.
Question: How does Plan B One-Step work?
Answer: Depending upon where you are in your cycle, levonorgestrel may work in one of these ways: It may prevent or delay ovulation. It may interfere with fertilization of an egg. It is also possible that this type of emergency birth control prevents implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus by altering its lining.
Question: What is Plan B One-Step?
Answer: But you don't have to wait until the morning after sex to take it. In fact, levonorgestrel is more effective the sooner you take it. It is a one-dose regimen: you take one pill. The pill contains 1.5 milligrams of levonorgestrel, which is used in lower doses in many birth control pills. If you take it within 72 hours after you've had unprotected sex, levonorgestrel can reduce the risk of pregnancy by up to 89%. But you should know that Plan B One- Step is not as effective as regular contraception.
Question: What are the effects of severe low gamma-GT intrahepatic cholestasis?
Answer: In severe cases, the disease causes scar tissue to grow on the liver, a condition called cirrhosis.