anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is raloxifene (Evista)?
Answer: It is FDA-approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and to reduce risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high risk or with osteoporosis. SERMs were developed to reap the benefits of estrogen while avoiding the hormone's potential side effects. Raloxifene, a so-called ''designer'' estrogen, can act like estrogen on bone -- protecting its density -- but as an anti-estrogen on the lining of the uterus.
Question: What can I take if I have bad side effects in my diabetic nephropathy medication?
Answer: If a person has side effects from taking ACE inhibitors, another class of drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers ( ARBs) can often be given instead.
Question: What are the symptoms of diabetic nephropathy?
Answer: There are often no symptoms with early diabetic nephropathy. As the kidney function worsens, symptoms may include: Swelling of the hands, feet, and face Trouble sleeping or concentrating Poor appetite Nausea Weakness Itching (end-stage kidney disease) and extremely dry skin Drowsiness (end-stage kidney disease) Abnormalities in the hearts' regular rhythm, because of increased potassium in the blood Muscle twitching As kidney damage progresses, your kidneys cannot remove the waste from your blood. The waste then builds up in your body and can reach poisonous levels, a condition known as uremia. People with uremia are often confused and occasionally become comatose.
Question: How is Stage I lung cancer defined?
Answer: How It's Defined In stage IA, the tumor is no larger than 3 centimeters (about 1 1/4 inches) across and hasn't spread to any other tissues or lymph nodes. In stage IB, it's no more than 4 centimeters and has spread to the main bronchus of the lung's lining, or both.
Question: How is photodynamic therapy used to treat stage IV lung cancer?
Answer: Photodynamic therapy: Doctors use light to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
Question: How is Stage IIIB lung cancer defined?
Answer: How It's Defined The cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the opposite lung or in your neck. These cancers can't be completely removed by surgery.
Question: How are chemotherapy and radiation used to treat Stage IV lung cancer?
Answer: Treatments: Chemotherapy and radiation: A cancer that's spread to distant sites in your body can be hard to cure. As long as you're in fairly good health and can handle the side effects, treatments like chemotherapy and radiation can ease your symptoms and help you live longer.
Question: How is Stage IIIA lung cancer defined?
Answer: Stage III has three subtypes: How It's Defined If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where it began, it's called stage IIIA.
Question: How is Stage 0 lung cancer defined?
Answer: How It's Defined The cancer is only in the lining of your airways.
Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat Stage I lung cancer?
Answer: Sleeve resection Segmentectomy or wedge resection (for tumors smaller than 2 centimeters across) Lobectomy Chemotherapy: With any of these surgeries, nearby lymph nodes are also removed to see if the cancer has spread. If your medical team feels your cancer could come back, they'll probably suggest you get chemo after surgery to destroy any leftover cancer cells. You might hear this called adjuvant chemotherapy. You could take a chemo drug by mouth or get it in a vein.
Question: What surgical procedures are used to treat stage I lung cancer?
Answer: Treatments Surgery: If you're in good health, surgery may be all you need. Based on the tumor's size and placement and how well your lungs work, your surgeon may suggest one of these procedures.
Question: How is radiation used to treat Stage I lung cancer?
Answer: Radiation: If you're not healthy enough for surgery, your doctor may go with this therapy. It uses powerful X-rays to kill cancer cells. You may hear the doctor call it external radiation.
Question: What is stage IIIA lung cancer?
Answer: Stage III has three subtypes: How It's Defined If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where it began, it's called stage IIIA.
Question: What is stage IV lung cancer?
Answer: How It's Defined The cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid in the area surrounding the lungs, or to other organs.
Question: How is radiation or chemotherapy used to treat Stage IIIB lung cancer?
Answer: Radiation or chemotherapy: If you can't handle the combo treatment, you'll probably get radiation therapy alone. Chemo by itself is less common.
Question: How is surgery used to treat Stage IIIA lung cancer?
Answer: Surgery: If you're healthy enough and your doctor thinks there's a good chance he can remove any cancer that remains, he may suggest surgery. In some cases, it may be his first choice of treatment. It's often followed by chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The type of surgery depends on the size and location of the tumor, how far the cancer has spread into the lymph nodes, and whether you've had surgery before.
Question: How is radiation used to treat Stage II lung cancer?
Answer: Radiation: If you're not healthy enough for surgery, you may get radiation instead.
Question: How are clinical trials used to treat Stage IIIB lung cancer?
Answer: Clinical trials: These cancers can be difficult to treat, so you may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial of newer treatments.
Question: How is targeted therapy used to treat Stage IV lung cancer?
Answer: Targeted therapy: A test can tell your doctor if your cancer will respond to one of these new treatments. These drugs only attack cancer cells and do little damage to healthy cells nearby. They don't work for everyone, and some are still in trial phase and not on the market yet. If there's one that might work for you, your doctor can help you find out more about how to get into a clinical trial.
Question: How are chemotherapy and radiation used to treat Stage IIIA lung cancer?
Answer: Treatments Chemotherapy and radiation: If you can stand the side effects, treatment usually starts with chemo. It might be combined with radiation.
Question: What is stage 0 lung cancer?
Answer: How It's Defined The cancer is only in the lining of your airways.
Question: How can clinical trials help with treating stage IIIB lung cancer?
Answer: Clinical trials: These cancers can be difficult to treat, so you may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial of newer treatments.
Question: What is stage IIIB lung cancer?
Answer: How It's Defined The cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the opposite lung or in your neck. These cancers can't be completely removed by surgery.
Question: How is photodynamic therapy (PDT) used to treat Stage 0 lung cancer?
Answer: Photodynamic therapy ( PDT): This process uses a drug called a photosensitizer and a certain type of light to create a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells. It can help shrink tumors without the side effects of other drugs. Stage III has three subtypes: How It's Defined If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where it began, it's called stage IIIA.
Question: How is brachytherapy used to treat Stage 0 lung cancer?
Answer: Brachytherapy: This is a form of internal radiation where radioactive material is put into a tumor or into an airway next to a tumor. Surgery: If you're healthy enough, the doctor will likely recommend one of the following: Lobectomy Sleeve resection Pneumonectomy After surgery, your doctor will check the tissue he removed to see if cancer cells are at the edges. Treatments: Chemotherapy and radiation: A cancer that's spread to distant sites in your body can be hard to cure.
Question: Which surgical procedures are used to treat stage II lung cancer?
Answer: Sleeve resection Segmentectomy or wedge resection (for tumors smaller than 2 centimeters across) Lobectomy Chemotherapy: With any of these surgeries, nearby lymph nodes are also removed to see if the cancer has spread. Surgery: If you're healthy enough, the doctor will likely recommend one of the following: Lobectomy Sleeve resection Pneumonectomy After surgery, your doctor will check the tissue he removed to see if cancer cells are at the edges. If so, you may need another operation to remove more cancer cells.
Question: How can you get heart failure?
Answer: Heart failure usually doesn't sneak up on people, but develops over time and for a number of reasons. It's important to know if you're more likely to get it so you can take the steps to help prevent it. Certain problems can make your heart work harder than it should and weaken the muscle. Some of these are: High blood pressure Diabetes Coronary artery disease Past heart attack Being too overweight Things like drinking too much alcohol, smoking, and using illegal drugs are all known to damage your heart.
Question: Should I talk to my doctor if I think I'm likely to have heart failure?
Answer: If you think you could be likely to have heart failure, talk to your doctor. She may start you on medications to help manage the condition.
Question: How can eating healthier foods help prevent weight gain during menopause?
Answer: In astudy, women lost weightat menopause by eating a diet with more nutrients and fewer calories. They ditched sugary drinks, fried foods, meats, cheese, and desserts for fish, fruits, and vegetables.
Question: Why do you need to manage your menopause symptoms to prevent weight gain?
Answer: Hot flashes and poor sleep can raise your stress levels. Stress packs on pounds. Exercise can help. Ask your doctor what else might work for you.
Question: Why do you need to avoid weight gain during menopause?
Answer: Belly fat is linked to heart problems, stroke, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, and breast and colon cancer. Even when body mass index ( BMI -- a measure of body fat based on height and weight) is normal, a large waist (35 inches or more for women) along with other risks is linked to more chances of getting diabetes in women.
Question: How do you prevent weight gain during menopause?
Answer: Here's what helps: Eat a bit less. Pounds gained now may be more likely to go right to your middle. Since your goal should be to lessen weight gain overall, eating just 200 fewer calories a day in your 50s can help. Eat healthier. They ditched sugary drinks, fried foods, meats, cheese, and desserts for fish, fruits, and vegetables. Maintain muscle.
Question: How can regular exercise help prevent weight gain during menopause?
Answer: Here's what helps: Eat a bit less. Maintain muscle. Walking, jogging, and strength training also help you shed pounds.
Question: Why does weight gain strike around the time of menopause?
Answer: Falling hormone levels, plus your genes, cause your body to store fat in new places after menopause. Whatever the cause, more menopausal women in the U. S. are overweight than at their normal weight. Maintain muscle.
Question: How can menopause cause weight gain?
Answer: But because extra pounds can creep on as women age, a spare tire around the middle has often been dubbed the "meno-pot" or "meno-pudge." What doesn't add pounds?
Question: What are tests to diagnose atherosclerosis?
Answer: Diseases caused by atherosclerosis are the most common cause of death in the U. S. The one test that can directly show blocked arteries is called angiography. It's an invasive test: A thin tube is put inside an artery in the leg or arm. It's then threaded through the body's maze of branching arteries. Injected dye shows arteries -- and any blockages -- on a monitor.
Question: How does an electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) help in diagnosing =?
Answer: Electron beam computed tomography ( EBCT): A special CT scanner ( CAT scan) snaps pictures of the heart. A computer figures out the amount of calcium in your heart's arteries. More calcium can mean more atherosclerosis.
Question: How does angiography help in diagnosing atherosclerosis?
Answer: Angiography: This test can show a picture of blockages caused by atherosclerosis. It can be done on arteries in your heart, brain, or legs. Because it has some risk, angiography is usually done only on people with symptoms from their atherosclerosis. Typically, this means people with symptoms of blockages, such as chest pain.
Question: How does a stress test help in diagnosing atherosclerosis?
Answer: Once your doctor has identified your risk group, more tests may be needed, such as: Stress test: With medicines or walking on an exercise treadmill, your heart is made to pump almost as hard as it can. That allows your doctor to see what symptoms you may have. If needed, images of the heart or EKGs can show any blockages.
Question: How can your eating habits affect swallowing problems?
Answer: Amount and rate Eat slowly. Cut food into small pieces and chew it thoroughly. Chew food until it becomes liquid in your mouth before swallowing. Do not try to eat more than 1/2 teaspoon of food at a time.
Question: How should you take medications if you have swallowing problems?
Answer: Taking medications Crush pills and mix them with applesauce or pudding. Ask your pharmacist for his or her recommendations on which pills should not be crushed and which medications can be purchased in a liquid form.
Question: What diseases can cause swallowing problems?
Answer: A wide range of diseases can cause swallowing problems, which your doctor may call "dysphagia." These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal.
Question: What can you do to make more saliva?
Answer: Saliva management Drink plenty of fluids. Periodically suck on Popsicles, ice chips or lemon ice, or drink lemon-flavored water to increase saliva production, which will increase swallowing frequency.
Question: How do I know if I have a swallowing problem?
Answer: These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal. Occasionally, food will stick in the esophagus for a few seconds (especially solid foods), but will pass spontaneously or can be washed down easily with liquids. But there are a number of symptoms that you should get checked for a possible swallowing problem, including: Frequent choking on food Hesitancy in food passage for more than a few seconds Pain when swallowing Recurring pneumonia (an indication that food may be going into the lungs rather than the esophagus) Immediate medical attention is needed when food becomes lodged in the esophagus for more than 15 minutes and doesn't pass spontaneously or with liquids.
Question: What can I do to help with swallowing problems?
Answer: Remain sitting upright or standing for 15 to 20 minutes after eating a meal.
Question: What are the phases of swallowing?
Answer: The act of swallowing normally happens in three phases. The food is thrust from the oral cavity into the throat (pharynx). At the same time, two other things happen: A muscular valve at the bottom of the pharynx opens, allowing food to enter the esophagus, and other muscles close the airway (trachea) to prevent food from entering the airways. The third phase starts when food enters the esophagus. As the esophagus contracts, a muscular valve at the end of the esophagus opens and food is propelled into the stomach.
Question: How do doctors diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome?
Answer: The doctor may focus on your wrist to see if the area is tender, swollen, warm, or discolored. He'll probably test each finger to see if you've lost any feeling. And he'll check the strength of the muscles in your hand. After that, he may do or order any of the following tests. They'll focus on the median nerve, which runs through your forearm into your hand. When that nerve gets pressed or squeezed through the carpal tunnel, it causes carpal tunnel syndrome.
Question: How can a nerve conduction velocity test help in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Answer: This test provides some of the strongest evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. It measures how fast an electric signal can travel along a nerve or from the nerve to a muscle. The doctor places a small electrode on your skin near your elbow. It sends a mild electrical current down your median nerve. The more time it takes for the current to travel from your elbow to your fingers, the more damage to your median nerve.
Question: What should you know about menopause and weight gain?
Answer: It may seem that way, especially because gaining weight is so common after menopause. About 30% of women ages 50 to 59 are not just overweight, but obese. Here's what you need to know about the risks of weight gain and how exercise can help you lose weight and keep it off after menopause.
Question: What are the risks of weight gain after menopause?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Many of the risks of weight gain are well known: high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes, to name a few. Extra fat at your waistline raises these risks more. Unfortunately, a bigger waistline is more likely after menopause. If you now have a waist measurement of more than 35 inches, it's time to take steps to reverse this trend.
Question: What is the impact of estrogen on weight gain and menopause?
Answer: With lower estrogen levels, lab animals tend to eat more and be less physically active. Reduced estrogen may also lower metabolic rate, the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy. It's possible the same thing happens with women when estrogen levels drop after menopause. Some evidence suggests that estrogen hormone therapy increases a woman's resting metabolic rate. This might help slow weight gain. Lack of estrogen may also cause the body to use starches and blood sugar less effectively, which would increase fat storage and make it harder to lose weight.
Question: What are other benefits of exercise, besides helping with weight gain after menopause?
Answer: Exercise has many other perks aside from weight loss, including: Lower risk of osteoporosis Lower risks of metabolic syndrome, heart attack, and other cardiovascular diseases Improved insulin resistance Keeps joints and muscles strong Helps bowels work well Relieves depression and anxiety Improves overall health What types of exercise can best help you lose and maintain weight after menopause?
Question: What should you do after you begin exercising for weight gain after menopause?
Answer: Before you begin exercising: Talk to your doctor about a new exercise program. To do this, choose an activity that gently works major muscles. Before you work out, stretch the muscles that will absorb most of the shock of your exercise routine. If you have any new pain while exercising, stop and let your doctor know. Gradually boost the distance, length, or intensity of your workout. Mix it up. Do different exercises to keep from getting bored and to keep your body challenged.
Question: What are good exercise choices for weight gain after menopause?
Answer: Here's what you need to know about the risks of weight gain and how exercise can help you lose weight and keep it off after menopause. Strength training, or a weight-resistance exercise program, helps build muscle mass and improve metabolism. Strength training also helps you maintain bone mass. Because you lose muscle mass as you age, add strength training to your workouts, if you haven't before. Aim for two or three times a week. Examples of strength training include weight machines, dumbbells, exercise bands, yoga, and gardening. Low-impact aerobics are good for your heart and lungs. Walking, for example, is one of the best choices, because you can do it anywhere, anytime. Other examples of aerobic exercises include swimming, cycling, aerobics, tennis, and dance. Exercise moderately for at least 30 minutes most, if not all, days of the week. Whenever you can, add activity to your day. Wash the car, play hide and seek with your kids or grandchildren, get in a game of ping pong, etc.
Question: How does exercise help with weight gain after menopause?
Answer: For example: You're less likely to exercise. And exercising while you're in the process of losing weight -- as well as after you've lost it -- may be critical to maintaining weight loss.
Question: How do I treat an inflamed eyelid?
Answer: Wash hands with warm, soapy water. With the person's eyes closed, clean the eyelids with diluted baby shampoo, using a clean cotton ball for each eye. Rinse with cool water and pat dry with a clean towel. Repeat this process twice daily. The person should avoid wearing contact lenses until the condition improves.
Question: How do I treat eyelid inflammation?
Answer: If the person seeks medical help, the health care provider will do an eye exam and may do some tests. Treatment will depend on the cause of inflammation. If infection is the cause, the health care provider will prescribe an antibiotic ointment.
Question: How can osteoarthritis cause pain in your knees and hips?
Answer: Osteoarthritis often attacks these joints, along with your hands and spine. Your shoulder, elbow, wrist, and ankle can also get arthritis, but this is less common.
Question: How can osteoarthritis cause noises?
Answer: You may hear a crunching sound from pieces of bone rubbing on each other.
Question: Can osteoarthritis make your joints lock up?
Answer: Your joints, especially hips or knees, lock up or buckle under you. You may also lose your balance at times and feel weak in your muscles. When your symptoms act up.
Question: Why do people take glutathione?
Answer: Your glutathione levels may also decrease during certain health problems, such as: Cancer HIV/ AIDS Type 2 diabetes Hepatitis Parkinson's disease Some people take glutathione: For its antioxidant power As a detoxification agent To attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of radiation and chemotherapy for cancer; there is no evidence that glutathione works in this regard. People also take glutathione to try to treat weakened immune systems or infertility, as well as many other conditions. In a small study (40 subjects), glutathione administered intravenously was found to improve pain-free walking distance. In fact, taking glutathione by mouth does not appear to be an effective way to get it into your body. In one study, giving healthy people 500 milligrams twice a day for a month didn't raise the level of glutathione in their blood. Some other studies looking at its health effects have used it in injection form or as a treatment inhaled into the lungs.
Question: What supplements can boost your body's production of glutathione?
Answer: Certain other supplements may boost your body's production of glutathione, such as: Curcumin N-acetylcysteine Selenium Silymarin Vitamin C Vitamin E Your body doesn't seem to absorb glutathione well from foods.
Question: How can I reduce the risk of getting pneumonia from people around me?
Answer: Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria and some viruses. So you need to make sure that people who touch you aren't transmitting any nasty germs.
Question: How can I prevent pneumonia before  surgery?
Answer: Follow your doctor's instructions about not eating or drinking before surgery. Usually, your doctor will tell you not to eat or drink after midnight the night before surgery. You must follow that advice. If you're going under anesthesia and still have food in your stomach, fluid or vomit may back up and get into your lungs. This can lead to one type of pneumonia called aspiration pneumonia.