anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Who may need a lung transplant?
Answer: Most people with severe, end-stage lung disease can be considered for a lung transplant. The procedure should be considered when someone seems likely to die without the surgery and no other options are available. A lung transplant can also be considered in people whose lung disease is so severe that they can no longer enjoy life. The most common lung diseases for which people undergo lung transplant are: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Among people with these conditions, lung transplant reasons can vary. For example, in emphysema, lung tissue is destroyed by smoking; in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scar tissue replaces healthy lung. Lung transplant centers may hesitate when considering people over age 60 or 65 for lung transplant.
Question: When do you need a lung transplant?
Answer: A lung transplant is an effective treatment for disease that has destroyed most of the lungs' function. For people with severe lung disease, a transplant can bring back easier breathing and provide years of life. However, lung transplant surgery has major risks and complications are common.
Question: What happens during a lung transplant?
Answer: When a compatible donor's lungs become available, the transplant candidate will be called urgently to the transplant center to prepare for the surgery. Members of the surgical team travel to examine the deceased donor's lungs to make sure they are suitable for transplant. If they are, surgery on the recipient begins immediately, while the lungs are in transit to the center. Surgeons may perform either a single lung transplant or a double lung transplant. There are advantages and disadvantages to each option, and the choice varies with the recipient's lung disease and other factors. A surgeon will make a large incision in the chest during a lung transplant. The incision varies by the type of lung transplant: An incision on one side of the chest only (for a single lung transplant) An incision across the entire width of the front of the chest, or an incision on either side (for a double lung transplant) Complete unconsciousness is maintained with general anesthesia during the surgery. Some people receiving a lung transplant will need to go on cardiopulmonary bypass during the surgery. While on bypass, the blood is pumped and enriched with oxygen by a machine, rather than by the heart and lungs.
Question: When is a lung transplant not recommended?
Answer: Numerous tests are performed during a lung transplant evaluation, which can include: Pulmonary function tests Cardiac stress test Coronary artery catheterization Bone mineral density test Chest X-ray Computed tomography ( CT scan) of the chest Blood tests for kidney function and liver function, and a complete blood count ( CBC) Blood type and antibodies present in the blood, for matching against potential organ donors Doctors usually won't recommend a lung transplant if these conditions are present: significant heart, liver, or kidney disease; alcohol or drug abuse; ongoing infections; or cancer (although if there's significant heart disease, some patients may be considered for a combined heart-lung transplant). Also, anyone who continues to smoke cannot receive a lung transplant. Also, the necessary powerful immune-suppressing drugs have unavoidable side effects, including diabetes, kidney damage, and vulnerability to infections.
Question: How do you prepare for a lung transplant?
Answer: First, a doctor refers a patient to a regional transplant center. At the transplant center, doctors, psychologists, social workers, and other staff meet with the person to gather information. This may take place on several visits occurring over many weeks or months. Besides the patient's lung condition, the team considers the person's family and social support, financial situation, psychological makeup, and any other medical conditions. Numerous tests are performed during a lung transplant evaluation, which can include: Pulmonary function tests Cardiac stress test Coronary artery catheterization Bone mineral density test Chest X-ray Computed tomography ( CT scan) of the chest Blood tests for kidney function and liver function, and a complete blood count ( CBC) Blood type and antibodies present in the blood, for matching against potential organ donors Doctors usually won't recommend a lung transplant if these conditions are present: significant heart, liver, or kidney disease; alcohol or drug abuse; ongoing infections; or cancer (although if there's significant heart disease, some patients may be considered for a combined heart-lung transplant). A person's place on the list is determined by the Lung Allocation Score, a complicated calculation that tries to predict two things: How long a patient is likely to live without a lung transplant How long a patient would be expected to live after receiving a lung transplant People with higher scores are considered first when organ donors' lungs become available.
Question: What is a secondary brain tumor?
Answer: These cancers start somewhere else in the body and travel to the brain. Lung, breast, kidney, colon, and skin cancers are among the most common cancers that can spread to the brain.
Question: What is a primary brain tumor?
Answer: A brain tumor is a mass of cells in your brain that are not normal. There are two general groups of brain tumors: Primary brain tumors start in brain tissue and tend to stay there.
Question: What should you know about benign brain tumor?
Answer: Some brain tumors contain cancer cells and others don't: Benign brain tumors don't have cancer cells. They grow slowly, can often be removed, and rarely spread to the brain tissue around them. They can cause problems if they press on certain areas of the brain, though. Depending on where they are located in the brain, they can be life-threatening.
Question: What are meningiomas?
Answer: These are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. They are most likely to occur in your 70s or 80s. They arise in the meninges, the lining of the brain. They can be grade 1, 2, or 3. They are often benign and grow slowly.
Question: How can surgery help with treating brain cancer?
Answer: Surgery is usually the first treatment. For grade 1 tumors, it may be enough. It's possible that all the cancer can be removed. But even if it isn't, the surgery can reduce the size and ease symptoms.
Question: How can targeted therapy help with treating brain cancer?
Answer: Targeted therapy can be used to treat certain types of brain tumors. These drugs attack specific parts of cancer cells and help stop tumors from growing and spreading.
Question: What are astrocytomas?
Answer: These usually arise in the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum. They can be any grade. They often cause seizures or changes in behavior.
Question: How do doctors grade a brain tumor?
Answer: The grading also gives you an idea of how fast the tumor may grow and spread. Grade 1. The cells look nearly normal and grow slowly. Long-term survival is likely. The cells look slightly abnormal and grow slowly. The tumor may spread to nearby tissue and can recur later, maybe at a more life-threatening grade. These tumors tend to recur. The cells look most abnormal and grow and spread quickly.
Question: How can chemotherapy help with treating brain cancer?
Answer: They often cause seizures or changes in behavior. Radiation therapy is used after surgery to kill any tumor cells that remain in the area.
Question: What should you about malignant brain tumor?
Answer: Some brain tumors contain cancer cells and others don't: Benign brain tumors don't have cancer cells. The rates of growth vary, but cells can invade healthy brain tissue nearby. Malignant tumors rarely spread beyond the brain or spinal cord.
Question: What health organizations provide information on diabetes?
Answer: Looking for organizations that provide information that can help you manage your diabetes? You may want to start with these groups.
Question: What are some diabetes journals/newsletters?
Answer: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (formerly the American Dietetic Association) 120 South Riverside Plaza, Suite 2000 Chicago, IL 60606-6995 800-877-1600www.eatright.org American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ( AACE) 245 Riverside Avenue, Suite 200 Jacksonville, FL 32202 (904) 353-7878www.aace.com American Diabetes Association ( ADA) 2451 Crystal Drive, Suite 900 Arlington, VA 22202 800-342-2383www.diabetes.org American Association of Diabetes Educators ( AADE) 200 West Madison Street, Suite 800 Chicago, IL 60606 800-338-3633www.diabeteseducator.org Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International ( JDRF) 26 Broadway New York, NY 10004 800-533-2873www.jdrf.org National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( NIDDK) 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20892 (301) 496-3583http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/ Type One Nation Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International typeonenation.org Diabetes Forecast: The Healthy Living Magazine from the American Diabetes Associationhttp://www.diabetesforecast.org/ My Food Advisor: Recipes for Healthy Living from the American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/myfoodadvisor.html
Question: What sleep milestones should you expect in your 10-month-old?
Answer: but there's nothing to worry about if they are still taking 2 naps. If you're going to skip a nap, it's better to skip the morning one. An after-lunch nap will help baby stay awake through the afternoon and avoid pre-bedtime crankiness. Your baby should make up for the lost nap by sleeping for an extra hour or two at night, and sleeping through the night.
Question: What motor skills milestones should you expect in your 10-month-old?
Answer: In this portion of Web MD's month-by-month guide, you'll discover what baby milestones you can expect your child to achieve when she's 10 months old. Your 10-month-old is enjoying the freedom of exploring in many different ways. Babies at this age can crawl, pull from a seated position to standing, squat while holding on or sit back down, and cruise around while holding onto the furniture or your hands. Walking is now just a couple of months away, so you can expect your baby to soon be on the go even more. At 10 months, your baby's coordination has improved a lot. Children at this age are pretty adept at picking up small objects in their pincer grasp. They can also spot items easily at this age and quickly get to them.
Question: What are some tips for your babyâs 10th month?
Answer: Even though your baby isn't talking yet, engage her in real conversations. For instance, respond to her babbles with â Really?â or â That's so interesting!â Or carry on a conversation using a stuffed animal or puppet. You'll encourage your baby to keep talking and learning new words. Turn on the tunes. Any type of music will work, whether it's pop, country, or show tunes. Your baby will love bopping and bouncing along to the rhythm. Hide toys and help your little one look for them to practice object permanence-the idea that things continue to exist, even when she can't see them. At 10 months, your baby should be babbling, making eye contact, and responding to your words and actions. If you are worried that your baby isn't communicating appropriately, call your pediatrician for an evaluation.
Question: What communication milestones should you expect in your 10-month-old?
Answer: Babies at this age are mimics, and you may notice your baby copying just about everything you do, from brushing your hair to picking up the phone. Your baby will listen to the sound of your words and will watch you carefully to gauge your reactions to situations. If you cry at a sad movie, for example, you may see your baby's face crumple up, too. Ten-month-olds can understand and follow simple, one-step commands, such as âwave bye-byeâ or "clap hands." They also can attach meanings to certain words. When you say âcarâ or âdog,â your baby may point at the object, and she should respond to the sound of her own name.
Question: What eating milestones should you expect in your 10-month-old?
Answer: Be sure to avoid choking hazards such as popcorn, raisins, nuts, hard candy, whole grapes, and hot dogs cut into circles. Now that a few teeth have come in, introduce thicker consistencies and more table foods cut up into small pieces that you serve as finger foods. Letting her feed herself these finger foods allows her to practice her pincer grasp, and it helps her practice her coordination skills by picking the food up and putting it in her mouth. If you haven't done so already, try giving your baby a spoon and letting her feed herself. Pick a utensil with a large, easy-to-grasp handle. Some parents make their baby food by boiling fruits, vegetables, and meats and then grinding them or blending them for baby to eat.
Question: What milestones should you expect in your 10-month-old?
Answer: At 10 months, your baby's coordination has improved a lot. Now that a few teeth have come in, introduce thicker consistencies and more table foods cut up into small pieces that you serve as finger foods. When you say âcarâ or âdog,â your baby may point at the object, and she should respond to the sound of her own name.
Question: Who is at risk of getting colorectal cancer?
Answer: You're also more likely to develop it if you smoke or eat a high-fat diet. If you're at risk for colorectal cancer, or if the results suggest you might have it, your doctor will likely order a colonoscopy.
Question: What are the side effects of the ketogenic diet for epilepsy?
Answer: If she stops the ketogenic diet suddenly, it could trigger seizures. Right after your child starts the diet, she may feel tired. Other side effects include: Constipation Kidney stones Slow growth and low weight Weak bones (which may be more likely to break) High cholesterol If your child has side effects, tell her doctor. You may be able to treat them with changes to her diet or medication. If the side effects are too much for your child, ask the doctor about other epilepsy diets, like the modified Atkins diet and the low glycemic index treatment diet. They can be a little easier to handle.
Question: Who should think about trying the ketogenic diet for epilepsy?
Answer: About half of kids who follow it have a big drop in how many they get. As many as 1 in 7 stop having seizures completely. The diet helps with many types of epilepsy, but works especially well with Lennox- Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic astatic epilepsy ( Doose syndrome), and others. Some pediatric epilepsy syndromes respond very well to the ketogenic diet and most adult epilepsies do not. Because the ketogenic diet is so demanding, doctors usually only recommend it if a child has already tried two or three medications and they haven't worked. If she stops the ketogenic diet suddenly, it could trigger seizures.
Question: What factors play into deciding treatment for breast cancer?
Answer: Your doctor will also consider the tumor size and grade, the number of hormone receptors in your cancer, and your age before recommending a treatment plan. A large study called the TAILORx trial is under way with women who have a mid-range score. Researchers want more precise information on which types of breast cancer need chemo to stop them from coming back, and which cancers don't.
Question: What do the scores mean in an Oncotype DX if you have carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
Answer: If you've been diagnosed with DCIS, the results are called a DCIS score , and the numbers are different: A score of 38 or lower means you have a low risk of cancer returning, and the risks of radiation treatments outweigh any benefits for you. A score between 39-54 means you're at medium risk and it's unclear if radiation will help. A score greater than 54 means you're at high risk of the cancer coming back. You'll likely benefit most from radiation therapy.
Question: How can gene tests help with treating breast cancer?
Answer: Other genome tests show promise in helping treat early-stage breast cancer, but more research is needed. Mamma Print looks at 70 different genes within the cells of a breast tumor and helps predict whether cancer is likely to spread beyond the breast. This test can be used for tumors that are ER+ or ER-. The Mammostrat test measures five genes to determine the risk for early-stage hormone receptor-positive disease coming back. The Prosigna assay looks at early-stage hormone receptor-positive disease in postmenopausal women (with up to three positive lymph nodes). It analyzes 58 genes and calculates the risk of cancer coming back somewhere else in the body within 10 years of diagnosis after hormone therapy.
Question: What do scores mean in an Oncotype DX test for breast cancer?
Answer: The test looks at 21 different genes within the cells of a tumor sample. Certain patterns suggest a more aggressive cancer that is more likely to come back after treatment. The test results show a score between 0 and 100.
Question: Iâm looking for a car seat for my child. How can I make sure itâs good quality?
Answer: Here are a few features to look for: Safety label. Make sure the seat has a label stating that it meets or exceeds Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213. Five-point harness. It will protect your baby better than a three-point harness or seatbelt. Ratings. Check the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's ( NHTSA) five-star ease of use ratings system. A seat that's earned four or five stars will have clear instructions and be easy to use. New car seat. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends buying a new car seat - unless you know the accident history of a used car seat.
Question: Should my child ride in the front seat or the back seat of my car, and which way should they face?
Answer: The CDC says all children younger than age 13 should ride in the back seat. That holds true if they're in a car seat, booster seat, or seat belt. The reason: air bags can hurt or even kill young children riding in the front. Experts recommend keeping babies under 2 in a rear-facing seat until they outgrow the car seat manufacturer's height and weight limit. A rear-facing car seat will protect your baby's delicate neck during a crash.
Question: My child rides in a car seat. How can I make sure that he wonât accidentally be left behind in a car or get trapped inside?
Answer: To minimize the risk that a child will accidentally be left behind in a car or get trapped inside: Leave a purse, briefcase, or cell phone in the back seat. That way, you get in the habit of checking in the back seat before leaving the vehicle. Make an arrangement with your child's daycare to have them call you if the child doesn't show up as expected. Always lock your car and car trunk, even if the car is parked in the driveway at home, and always keep keys and fobs out of the reach of little ones.
Question: What are some tips for installing a rear-facing or convertible car seat?
Answer: ONLY install the car seat in the back seat. That's where your child is safest until he or she turns 13 or reaches a height of 4 feet 9 inches. Follow the car seat's instructions exactly as you thread the seat belt through the car seat belt path and tighten it. Buckle and lock the seat belt. Press down on the seat firmly to tighten it. The car seat should not move more than 1 inch from side to side or forward and backward once it's installed. Check the car seat manufacturer's instructions to make sure the safety seat is reclined at the correct angle.
Question: What things do I need to know before I buy a child safety seat?
Answer: Yet buying and installing a car seat can seem overwhelming. Don't get intimidated. You just need to consider three things: Your baby's age Your baby's weight and height Whether the car seat meets safety standards Here's a quick guide from the CDC on how to choose a seat based on your child's age, weight, and height: Birth to age 2.
Question: Why do I need a child safety seat?
Answer: Because it's an essential part of car safety. Child seats save lives. If your baby is securely strapped in a car seat, his or her risk of dying in a car accident goes down by 71%, according to the CDC. Every state has different laws on children's car seats. Some states will fine you $100 or more for failing to secure your child in the correct child seat.
Question: Is early treatment effective for rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: If you have RA, early treatment can greatly limit joint damage. Your treatment plan will likely include these key parts: Medications.
Question: When should I see my doctor for my joint stiffness?
Answer: See a doctor if your joint stiffness, pain, or swelling lasts more than 2 weeks. She may refer you to a rheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in arthritis and other diseases of joints, muscles, and bones. At your appointment, share your list of symptoms and also mention anything that's not related to your joints, such as fatigue or weight loss. Your doctor may ask you to move the joint so he can see its range of motion. He will also check your joint for swelling, enlargement, and tenderness. You might also take some blood tests to help find out what the problem is.
Question: How can pacing yourself help with rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: At least once a day, gently move your joints through their range of motion. If needed, use assistive devices to make your daily tasks easier.
Question: How do you know if your joint stiffness is caused by rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: See a doctor if your joint stiffness, pain, or swelling lasts more than 2 weeks. She may refer you to a rheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in arthritis and other diseases of joints, muscles, and bones.
Question: Does joint stiffness mean I have rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Although stiff joints are a classic symptom of rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), you can also get them for other reasons.
Question: How does your doctor check if your joint stiffness is caused by rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: At your appointment, share your list of symptoms and also mention anything that's not related to your joints, such as fatigue or weight loss. Your doctor may ask you to move the joint so he can see its range of motion. He will also check your joint for swelling, enlargement, and tenderness. You might also take some blood tests to help find out what the problem is.
Question: How does physical therapy and exercise help with rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: These will help you move better and with less pain. You can also use moist heat (like a warm shower) to loosen up stiff joints, and ice packs (or even a bag of frozen peas) to curb inflamed joints. Relaxation techniques also ease muscle tension. An occupational therapist can show you how to do everyday activities.
Question: How can I track my joint stiffness symptoms to tell my doctor?
Answer: You may feel it in these areas: Fingers and hands Wrists Elbows Knees Ankles Feet Shoulders Hips Jaw Make a list of your symptoms and when they happen. Has it changed in intensity over time or moved to new joints? You might also take some blood tests to help find out what the problem is. Pace yourself.
Question: Is it important to stay at a healthy weight to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: At your appointment, share your list of symptoms and also mention anything that's not related to your joints, such as fatigue or weight loss. If you're not sure what your weight goal should be, ask your doctor.
Question: How does maintaining a healthy weight help with rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: At your appointment, share your list of symptoms and also mention anything that's not related to your joints, such as fatigue or weight loss. If you're not sure what your weight goal should be, ask your doctor.
Question: How do medications help with rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Although stiff joints are a classic symptom of rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), you can also get them for other reasons. You may need to take more than one. Some stop the disease from getting worse. Others ease symptoms of joint stiffness and pain.