anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What does deep vein thrombophlebitis affect?
Answer: Deep vein thrombophlebitis affects the larger blood vessels, usually deep in the legs. Large blood clots can form, which may break off and travel to the lungs. This is a serious condition called pulmonary embolism.
Question: What are risk factors for thrombophlebitis?
Answer: Some risk factors for thrombophlebitis include the following: Prolonged inactivity - Staying in bed or sitting for many hours, as in a car or on an airplane, creating stagnant or slow flow of blood from the legs in a dependent position ( This pooling of blood in the legs leads to thrombus formation.) Sedentary lifestyle - Not getting any exercise Obesity Smoking cigarettes Certain medical conditions, such as cancer or blood disorders, that increase the clotting potential of the blood Injury to your arms or legs Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills Pregnancy Varicose veins Superficial phlebitis There is usually a slow onset of a tender red area along the superficial veins on the skin.
Question: What does superficial phlebitis affect?
Answer: Superficial phlebitis affects veins on the skin surface. The condition is rarely serious and, with proper care, usually resolves rapidly. Sometimes people with superficial phlebitis also get deep vein thrombophlebitis, so a medical evaluation is necessary.
Question: What are symptoms of superficial phlebitis?
Answer: Sedentary lifestyle - Not getting any exercise Obesity Smoking cigarettes Certain medical conditions, such as cancer or blood disorders, that increase the clotting potential of the blood Injury to your arms or legs Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills Pregnancy Varicose veins Superficial phlebitis There is usually a slow onset of a tender red area along the superficial veins on the skin. A long, thin red area may be seen as the inflammation follows a superficial vein. This area may feel hard, warm, and tender. The skin around the vein may be itchy and swollen. The area may begin to throb or burn. Symptoms may be worse when the leg is lowered, especially when first getting out of bed in the morning. A low-grade fever may occur. Sometimes phlebitis may occur where a peripheral intravenous line was started. The surrounding area may be sore and tender along the vein. If an infection is present, symptoms may include redness, fever, pain, swelling, or breakdown of the skin.
Question: What are symptoms of deep vein phlebitis?
Answer: Deep vein phlebitis This can be similar in presentation to superficial phlebitis, but some people may have no symptoms. One may have pain and swelling throughout the entire limb. For example, the lower leg may swell for no apparent reason. Some people also get fever from a superimposed bacterial infection and skin discoloration or ulcers if the condition becomes chronic and was inadequately treated earlier.
Question: What is the outlook for superficial phlebitis?
Answer: Phlebitis in the superficial veins is rarely serious and usually responds to pain control, elevation, and warm compresses for 1-2 weeks.
Question: What is the medical treatment for superficial phlebitis?
Answer: If your evaluation shows superficial phlebitis and you are otherwise healthy, you can likely go home. You will need to use compression stockings and probably anti-inflammatory medications to control your symptoms. Additional management involves elevation of the arm/leg and application of warm compresses. Only a few cases require antibiotics.
Question: What causes superficial phlebitis?
Answer: Superficial phlebitis can be a complication due to a medical or surgical procedure. Injury to a vein increases the risk of forming a blood clot. Sometimes clots occur without an injury.
Question: What is the medical treatment for deep vein phlebitis?
Answer: If you have a history of deep vein thrombophlebitis, or if the phlebitis might possibly spread to the deep veins, you will need to take a blood thinner (anticoagulant). The duration of anticoagulant treatment is usually between 3-6 months. If you have signs of infection, you will need to take an antibiotic. If the superficial phlebitis has progressed to involve the deep veins, then it is a serious condition that may even require hospital admission for treatment and further evaluation.
Question: When should you seek medical care for phlebitis?
Answer: If you are not better in a week or two or if it gets any worse, get reevaluated to make sure you don't have a more serious condition. Your health care provider will examine you and ask questions about your symptoms.
Question: How is phlebitis diagnosed?
Answer: Call your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms of swelling, pain, and inflamed superficial veins on the arms or legs. D-dimer is a blood test that measures a substance that is released as a blood clot dissolves. If this blood test is negative, and you have no risk factors, then it is unlikely that you have a blood clot. Ultrasound can detect clots or blockage of blood flow, especially in larger, more proximal (upper leg) veins. A small hand-held instrument (probe) is pressed against your skin to help identify blood clots and where the obstruction is. This is a painless, noninvasive test. Occasionally a venogram is needed to identify blood clots in the smaller, more distal veins. This is an invasive procedure that requires injecting X-ray dye or contrast material into a vein on the foot, then an X-ray is taken of the flow of the dye up the leg.
Question: What is phlebitis?
Answer: Thrombophlebitis usually occurs in leg veins, but it may occur in an arm. The thrombus in the vein causes pain and irritation and may block blood flow in the veins. Phlebitis can occur in both the surface (superficial) or deep veins. phlebitis, blood clot in the arm, blood clot in the leg, deep venous thrombophlebitis, thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombophlebitis, superficial phlebitis, thrombus, inflammation of a vein, deep vein thrombophlebitis
Question: When do you need to go to the emergency department for evaluation?
Answer: If you have any of these signs and symptoms, go to a hospital emergency department for evaluation: High fever with any symptoms in an arm or leg Lumps in a leg Severe pain and swelling in an arm or leg New, unexplained significant shortness of breath, which could be the first tip-off that a blood clot has already traveled to your lung; call 911if you are having trouble breathing. phlebitis, blood clot in the arm, blood clot in the leg, deep venous thrombophlebitis, thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombophlebitis, superficial phlebitis, thrombus, inflammation of a vein, deep vein thrombophlebitis
Question: How can you treat phlebitis at home?
Answer: An anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can help lessen the pain and inflammation of superficial phlebitis. If you increase your walking, you increase blood flow. This helps prevent blood clots from developing. Prescription leg compression stockings (knee or thigh high) improve your blood flow and may help to relieve your pain and swelling. Avoid bed rest for prolonged periods. If you have a history of deep vein thrombophlebitis, or if the phlebitis might possibly spread to the deep veins, you will need to take a blood thinner (anticoagulant).
Question: How can dogs get Cushing’s syndrome?
Answer: This chemical helps him respond to stress, control his weight, fight infections, and keep his blood sugar levels in check. But too much or too little of it can cause problems. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Cushing’s, which is also known as hypercortisolism and hyperadrenocorticism, can be tricky for a vet to diagnose, because it has the same symptoms as other conditions. The key is to let your vet know about anything that’s different about your pet.
Question: What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs?
Answer: The condition mostly affects middle-aged and older dogs, and the warning signs may be harder to spot in the beginning. You might notice your dog: Is thirstier than usual Seems hungrier Pees more often; housebroken dogs may have indoor accidents.
Question: How is Cushing’s syndrome in dogs treated?
Answer: If Cushing’s syndrome comes from a tumor on your pet’s adrenal glands, the vet might be able to remove it with surgery, which will cure him of the problem. But if the tumor has spread to other parts of his body or he has other health problems, surgery may not be an option. Usually, a dog can live an active, normal life with medication to treat the condition, though he’ll need it for the rest of his life. Drugs are best for dogs with Cushing’s syndrome caused by the pituitary gland or for those with a tumor on their adrenal gland that can't be removed with surgery. The most common drug is trilostane ( Vetoryl). Your pup will need regular check-ups and blood tests to make sure his treatment is working.
Question: What are blood clotting disorders?
Answer: Some illnesses make your blood more likely to form clots. You could be born with one, or something may happen to you. These disorders can cause: Higher-than-normal levels of clot-forming substances, including fibrinogen, factor 8, and prothrombin Not enough blood-thinning (anticoagulant) proteins, including antithrombin, protein C, and protein S Trouble breaking down fibrin, the protein mesh that holds clots together Damage to the endothelium, the lining of the blood vessel Your lymphatic system doesn't have a pump like your blood circulation system does.
Question: What role does plaque play in peripheral artery disease?
Answer: Arteries move blood away from the heart. Peripheral arteries carry blood to other tissues and organs throughout your body. Both can have deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances on their inside walls. These deposits are known as plaque. Over time, plaque can build up, narrowing the vessel and making it hard for blood to flow.
Question: What is Buerger's disease?
Answer: Any condition that affects this system is considered vascular disease. This rare disease most often affects the small and medium sized arteries and veins in your arms and legs. They swell up and may get blocked by clots, cutting off blood supply to your fingers, hands, toes, or feet. These body parts will hurt, even when you're resting. If it's severe, you might need to amputate fingers or toes that have died. People with Buerger's disease may also have Raynaud's phenomenon. Although the cause is unknown, there's a strong association with tobacco use -- including cigars and chewing tobacco -- and secondhand smoke.
Question: What is vascular disease?
Answer: A system of flexible tubes -- some big, some very tiny -- move fluids throughout your body. This whole network of vessels is known as your vascular or circulatory system. " Any condition that affects this system is considered vascular disease. The diseases range from problems with your arteries, veins, and vessels that carry lymph to disorders that affect how blood flows. A disease can lead to your tissues not getting enough blood, a condition called ischemia, as well as other serious, even life-threatening, problems.
Question: How can a secondary lymphedema happen?
Answer: It relies on valves in the vessels and muscle contractions to keep the lymph moving. When vessels or nodes are missing or don't work right, fluid can build up and cause swelling, most often in your arms or legs. This is called lymphedema. A blockage or interruption of the lymphatic system is called secondary lymphedema. It can happen because of: Cancer and cancer treatments, including radiation Deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) Infection Scar tissue formation Serious injury Surgery
Question: What can damaged vein valves cause?
Answer: Unlike arteries, veins have flaps inside called valves. They're usually caused by: Conditions that slow blood flow or make blood thicker, such as congestive heart failure and certain tumors Damaged valves in a vein Damaged veins from injury or infection Genetic disorders that make your blood more likely to clot Hormones, such as estrogen from pregnancy and birth control pills Long bed rest or not being able to move much Surgery, especially some operations on your hips and legs Damaged vein valves or a DVT can cause long-term blood pooling and swelling in your legs, too. That's called chronic venous insufficiency. If you don't do anything about it, fluid will leak into the tissues in your ankles and feet. It may eventually make your skin break down and wear away.
Question: What are different problems of peripheral artery disease?
Answer: Peripheral arteries carry blood to other tissues and organs throughout your body. For example: Blockage in coronary arteries can cause chest pain (angina) or a heart attack. If it's in the carotid arteries that supply your brain, it can lead to a stroke or mini stroke, which is called a transient ischemic attack or TIA. Blockage in the kidneys can lead to trouble with how they work, uncontrolled high blood pressure, and heart failure. A blockage in a leg can lead to leg pain or cramps when you're active -- a condition called claudication -- skin color change, sores or ulcers, and your legs feeling tired. When you don't have any blood flow to a part of your body, the tissues could die.
Question: What is Raynaud's Phenomenon (Raynaud's Disease or Raynaud's Syndrome)?
Answer: Any condition that affects this system is considered vascular disease. This can temporarily shut down blood supply to the area, making your skin look white or bluish and feel cold or numb. The working conditions of some jobs bring on Raynaud's. Or the symptoms might be related to underlying diseases, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. It happens when you're born without certain lymph vessels or when you have a problem with the tubes themselves.
Question: How does light therapy work in treating seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?
Answer: A full-spectrum bright light shines indirectly into your eyes. You sit about 2 feet away from a bright light -- about 20 times brighter than normal room lighting. The therapy starts with one 10- to 15-minute session per day. Then the times increase to 30 to 45 minutes a day, depending on your response. Don't look directly at the light source of any light box for long times to avoid possible damage to your eyes.
Question: Is melatonin linked to seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD)?
Answer: Some researchers link seasonal depression to the natural hormone melatonin, which causes drowsiness. Light affects the biological clock in our brains that regulates circadian rhythms -- a physiological function that may include mood changes when less sunlight is available in winter . Natural or "full spectrum" light can have an antidepressant effect.
Question: Do antidepressants treat seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD)?
Answer: There are different treatments, depending on the severity of your symptoms. Also, if you have another type of depression or bipolar disorder, the treatment may be different. Traditional antidepressants are often used to treat seasonal depression. Bupropion XL is currently the only medication that is FDA-approved specifically to prevent major depressive episodes in people with SAD.
Question: How can hormonal changes cause seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?
Answer: While we don't know the exact causes of SAD, some scientists think that certain hormones made deep in the brain trigger attitude-related changes at certain times of year. Experts believe that SAD may be related to these hormonal changes. One theory is that less sunlight during fall and winter leads to the brain making less serotonin, a chemical linked to brain pathways that regulate mood. When nerve cell pathways in the brain that regulate mood don't function normally, the result can be feelings of depression, along with symptoms of fatigue and weight gain.
Question: What can you do to treat seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD) if you can't go outside early in the morning?
Answer: Many doctors recommend that people with SAD get outside early in the morning to get more natural light. If this is impossible because of the dark winter months, antidepressant medications or light therapy (phototherapy) may help.
Question: How can you prevent seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?
Answer: Spend some time outside every day, even when it's cloudy. The effects of daylight still help. Begin using a 10,000 lux light box when fall starts, even before you feel the effects of winter SAD. Eat a well-balanced diet. This will help you have more energy, even if you're craving starchy and sweet foods. Exercise for 30 minutes a day, five times a week. Stay involved with your social circle and regular activities. Social support is very important.
Question: When should I call my doctor about seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?
Answer: If you feel depressed, fatigued, and irritable the same time each year, and these feelings seem to be seasonal in nature, you may have a form of SAD. Talk openly with your doctor about your feelings.
Question: What are the winter symptoms of seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD)?
Answer: People with SAD have many of the normal warning signs of depression, including: Less energy Trouble concentrating Fatigue Greater appetite Increased desire to be alone Greater need for sleep Weight gain Less appetite Trouble sleeping Weight loss If you've been feeling depressed and have some of the above symptoms, see your doctor for an assessment.
Question: Who is commonly affected by seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?
Answer: In general, though, seasonal affective disorder starts in fall or winter and ends in spring or early summer. Some people with SAD have mild symptoms and feel out of sorts or irritable. Others have worse symptoms that interfere with relationships and work. Because the lack of enough daylight during wintertime is related to SAD, it's less often found in countries where there's plenty of sunshine year-round.
Question: What is seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?
Answer: A rare form of seasonal depression, known as "summer depression," begins in late spring or early summer and ends in fall. In general, though, seasonal affective disorder starts in fall or winter and ends in spring or early summer. If you feel depressed, fatigued, and irritable the same time each year, and these feelings seem to be seasonal in nature, you may have a form of SAD.
Question: How do these drugs affect children with multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Scientists haven't done as much research on how these drugs affect children as they have for adults. But the results of small studies have shown that they work well and are safe for kids. Doctors can also treat specific symptoms related to MS, such as muscle spasms, fatigue, and depression.
Question: What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms?
Answer: Symptoms such as fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle stiffness, and depression may not go away entirely after an attack. But there are many treatments to help relieve them, including physical and occupational therapy, counseling, and medications. Also, not every symptom your child might have is a result of the disease. Children with MS get the same illnesses other kids get. Fevers or infections may make MS symptoms worse for a little while, but they usually get better once the fever goes down or an infection is under control.
Question: What are some medications for children with multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Answer: Medications for children with MS include: Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Your child will get these meds by injection -- either into the muscle or beneath the skin. The doctor or nurse can work with you on how to make them easier for your child. Teenagers may be able to give themselves the shots.
Question: Do children with multiple sclerosis have seizures?
Answer: The symptoms are similar to those in adults and may include: Problems with bladder or bowel control Weakness Problems with walking Vision changes Muscle spasms Sensory changes, tingling, or numbness Tremors Children also might have seizures and a total lack of energy that adults with the condition usually don't have.
Question: How are medications given to children to treat multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Medications for children with MS include: Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Your child will get these meds by injection -- either into the muscle or beneath the skin. The doctor or nurse can work with you on how to make them easier for your child. Teenagers may be able to give themselves the shots. Scientists haven't done as much research on how these drugs affect children as they have for adults.
Question: What are the symptoms for multiple sclerosis treatment?
Answer: Symptoms such as fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle stiffness, and depression may not go away entirely after an attack. But there are many treatments to help relieve them, including physical and occupational therapy, counseling, and medications. Also, not every symptom your child might have is a result of the disease. Children with MS get the same illnesses other kids get. Fevers or infections may make MS symptoms worse for a little while, but they usually get better once the fever goes down or an infection is under control.
Question: What are multiple sclerosis symptoms of children?
Answer: The symptoms are similar to those in adults and may include: Problems with bladder or bowel control Weakness Problems with walking Vision changes Muscle spasms Sensory changes, tingling, or numbness Tremors Children also might have seizures and a total lack of energy that adults with the condition usually don't have.
Question: Can doctors treat specific symptoms of multiple sclerosis in children?
Answer: Symptoms such as fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle stiffness, and depression may not go away entirely after an attack.
Question: How is multiple sclerosis (MS) different in children?
Answer: The first signs of the disease are different for children. It might start after a child has a nerve disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM). Most of the time, the symptoms of ADEM -- including headache, confusion, coma, seizures, stiff neck, fever, and major lack of energy -- go away after a few weeks. But some children will keep having problems that are the same as MS.
Question: Is multiple sclerosis different for children then for adults?
Answer: The first signs of the disease are different for children. It might start after a child has a nerve disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM). Most of the time, the symptoms of ADEM -- including headache, confusion, coma, seizures, stiff neck, fever, and major lack of energy -- go away after a few weeks. But some children will keep having problems that are the same as MS.
Question: What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks in children?
Answer: Corticosteroid medications reduce inflammation in the brain and spinal cord during attacks. The main one is methylprednisolone ( Solu-medrol), which you get through an IV once a day for 3-5 days. Sometimes doctors prescribe a corticosteroid pill called prednisone for a short time after the IV medication.