anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the definition of atrial septal defect?
Answer: Atrial Septal Defect: An abnormal hole located in the walls between the two atria. Tiny defects called patent foramen ovale are present in up to 30% of people and are of no consequence except in unusual circumstances. Moderate size to larger size defects should be corrected and may require heart surgery, though there are now devices that can close the hole without open heart surgery.
Question: What is the definition of atrium?
Answer: Atrium: The top chamber of the heart. There are two atria -- the left and the right, divided by a muscular wall, called the septum. The atrium contracts before the ventricle to allow optimal filling of the ventricle.
Question: What is the definition of magnetic resonance imaging?
Answer: This test is used to help your doctor find out the cause of your rhythm disturbance and the best treatment for you. MRI uses large magnets and radio-frequency waves to produce pictures of the body's internal structures.
Question: What is the definition of antioxidant?
Answer: Antioxidant: Vitamins ( A, C, and E) that may help to limit the cellular damage caused by free radicals (which are released when tissue is being injured, such as during the progression of heart disease.) It is an inherited disease of the heart that causes thickening of the heart muscle and other changes to the heart that significantly impair its function.
Question: How can I prevent tendinitis?
Answer: Vary your exercises and gently stretch all the muscles and tendons you are planning to exercise. Include warm-up and cool-down exercises and stretches in your routine. As a general rule, a good warm-up is five minutes for every 30 minutes of planned exercise.
Question: How can ultrasound and whirlpool treatments help with treating tendinitis?
Answer: Ultrasound and whirlpool treatments are useful for relaxing muscles and tendons, improving circulation, and promoting healing.
Question: How will my doctor diagnose tendinitis?
Answer: Tendinitis, also called overuse tendinopathy, typically is diagnosed by a physical exam alone.
Question: What can treatment do for tendinitis?
Answer: The goals of treatment for overuse tendinopathy are to restore movement to the joint without pain and to maintain strength in surrounding muscles while giving the tissues time to heal.
Question: How can your physical therapist help with treating tendinitis?
Answer: A physical therapist can propose an exercise plan that rests the tendon while strengthening nearby muscle groups and maintaining overall muscle tone. Only gradually will you begin to exercise the tendon itself. Your program may also include "eccentric" exercises, in which you gradually strengthen the muscle while stretching, stopping at the first sign of pain. You may also work into easy stretching exercises, done several times a day.
Question: What is the first treatment for tendinitis?
Answer: As an immediate treatment for overuse tendinopathy, doctors and physical therapists often recommend the RICE program: rest, ice, compression, and elevation of the injured tendon. They may also suggest a short course of aspirin, ibuprofen, or other anti-inflammatory drugs to help inflammation and pain. Occasionally, your doctor may discuss injecting corticosteroids (a stronger anti-inflammatory drug) around the tendon for an acute injury, but these are not used in chronic overuse tendinopathy due to potential harmful effects of use.
Question: How expensive is biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: If your doctor prescribes a biologic to treat your RA and your insurance covers it, your portion of the payment can still sometimes run hundreds of dollars per month.
Question: Is it expensive to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis are effective. They reduce some of the signs and symptoms of RA, like the number of tender or swollen joints, pain, and disability. And they can slow or stop joint damage. Still, relief doesn't come cheap. Biologics can be expensive, even with medical insurance.
Question: How did the Healthcare Reform Act work to make biologics more affordable?
Answer: They reduce some of the signs and symptoms of RA, like the number of tender or swollen joints, pain, and disability. Trials must show that a biosimilar drug is as safe and effective as the original biologic. The FDA is still refining the requirements a drug will have to meet to be called "biosimilar."
Question: Why are biologic treatments for rheumatoid arthritis so expensive?
Answer: Biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis are effective. The materials needed to create them cost more, and the manufacturing process, which uses live organisms, is more complex. The cost of research and development is higher, too. Biologics use technology called genetic modification. Simply put, biologics target specific parts of RA's inflammatory process while sparing others. Drugmakers say the cost of researching and developing these drugs makes them much more expensive than chemical drugs. There isn't as much brand competition. Because many biologics work in different ways to ease inflammation, there aren't as many similar drugs. As a result, pharmacy benefit managers can't negotiate prices for them. The way they are given. You'll get some biologics by IV in a rheumatologist's office or infusion center. You take DMARDs by mouth at home. The fact that some biologics are taken by IV also affects the way Medicare will reimburse you for them. If you can't afford that, there are still ways to get the medications your doctor recommends: Patient assistance plans: Most, if not all, companies that make biologics offer plans to help people who can't afford them. To find out if the drug company that makes your biologic offers assistance, talk with your doctor or check the company's website.
Question: What drugs interact with hypothyroidism medicine?
Answer: Some medicines can affect the way your thyroid drug works, including: Anti-seizure medicines like carbamazepine ( Tegretol) and phenytoin sodium ( Dilantin) Birth control pills and estrogen Cancer drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors Medicines for depression, like sertraline ( Zoloft) Testosterone If you take one of these meds, talk to your doctor about how you should time taking your other medications based on when you take your thyroid medication.
Question: What are the side effects of moedications used for hypothyroidism?
Answer: The main risk of thyroid medicine is if you take too much of it, you can get symptoms of an overactive thyroid, like: Fast heartbeat Sensitivity to heat Hunger Nervousness and anxiety Shakiness Sweating Thin skin and brittle hair Tiredness Trouble sleeping Weight loss If you have any of these, see your doctor for a blood test. He may need to lower your dose.
Question: How should I take my hypothyroid medicine?
Answer: To make sure your hypothyroidism stays under control: Stick with the same brand. Different types of thyroid hormone medicine may contain slightly different doses. That could mess with your hormone levels. Follow a schedule. Take your medicine at the same time each day. Aim for about an hour before a meal or at bedtime. Don't take it when you eat. Food can affect the way your body uses it. Don't skip doses. If you miss one, take it as soon as you remember. You can take two pills in one day if you need to. Follow instructions carefully. Don't stop taking your medicine without first checking with your doctor.
Question: How long will I have to take medicine for my hypothyroidism>
Answer: You'll need to keep taking thyroid medicine throughout your life to control your hormone levels. Keep up with your treatment and you'll see results. You'll feel better, and your levels won't drop again.
Question: What is the most common treatment for hypothyroidism?
Answer: It's not a cure, but it can keep your condition under control for the rest of your life. The most common treatment is levothyroxine ( Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, Unithroid, Unithroid Direct), a man-made version of the thyroid hormone thyroxine ( T4). It acts just like the hormone your thyroid gland normally makes. The right dose can make you feel a lot better. You'll need to keep taking thyroid medicine throughout your life to control your hormone levels.
Question: What can I expect from my hypothyroid treatment?
Answer: About 6 weeks after you start taking the medicine, you'll go back to your doctor for a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels. But it may take a few months for your thyroid hormone levels to get back to normal. If your levels get better, but you still have symptoms like fatigue and weight gain, your doctor may need to change your treatment.
Question: What is Celiac disease and how is it related to IBS?
Answer: Research suggests that as many as 1 in 5 people with this condition, in which the body can't digest a protein in wheat called gluten, also have IBS. The intestinal inflammation they get when they eat foods like pasta, bread, and beer may make them more likely to get IBS. Symptoms typically go away once you stop eating foods that have gluten.
Question: Do people with IBS also have lactose intolerance?
Answer: One in three people with IBS don't feel good after they eat dairy products, a condition called lactose intolerance. They may have diarrhea, bloating, and gas. It could be that those foods irritate the already sensitive intestines of people with IBS. If you don't feel good 30 minutes to 2 hours after you eat milk, cheese, or yogurt, talk to your doctor. She might order tests to see how your body handles lactose, the sugar in dairy foods. You might need to cut back on the milk products you eat, but you can also try taking lactase tablets or drops to help you digest them.
Question: Do people with IBS have too much gut bacteria?
Answer: But people with IBS are more likely to have too many of these germs, a condition called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth ( SIBO). It can cause diarrhea that doesn't get better, weight loss, and a lack of vitamins in the body. Your doctor can do some tests to see if SIBO is the cause of your symptoms. If it is, antibiotics can kill the extra bacteria in your gut.
Question: What does pain management involve for Peyronie's disease?
Answer: In most men who have penile pain due to Peyronie's disease, the discomfort usually will fade on its own as the penile inflammation subsides. This process may take as long as 6 to 18 months.
Question: What are other ways to treat Peyronie's disease?
Answer: But because radiation therapy can only relieve pain associated with Peyronie's disease and pain often stops without treatment, it's rarely done.
Question: How effective is surgery for Peyronie's disease?
Answer: But because of the possibility of complications that can't be corrected, most doctors prefer to operate only on the small number of men with curvature so severe that it prevents sex.
Question: How do doctors diagnose Peyronie's disease?
Answer: You'll get an exam in which your doctor will feel the hardened tissue caused by the disease during an exam. It's not always necessary, but if the penis has to be erect for the exam, the doctor would inject a medicine to make that happen. There's a chance you may need to get an X-ray or ultrasound of the penis. It's rare, but in some cases where the doctor's exam does not confirm Peyronie's disease, or if the condition develops rapidly, your doctor may do a biopsy. That involves removing a little bit of tissue from the affected area for lab tests.
Question: How is Peyronie's disease treated?
Answer: If you need treatment, your doctor will consider surgery or medicine. First, your doctor will probably prescribe a pill, such as pentoxifylline or potassium para-aminobenzoate ( Potaba). If those don't work, you may get a shot of verapamil or collagenase ( Xiaflex) into the scar tissue of the penis. If nothing else works, your doctor may consider surgery, but usually only for men who can't have sex because of their Peyronie's disease.
Question: Who gets Peyronie's disease?
Answer: In some men, injury and genes could both be involved. It becomes more common as a man gets older.
Question: What causes Peyronie's disease?
Answer: Many researchers believe the fibrous plaque can start after trauma (hitting or bending) that causes bleeding inside the penis. You might not notice the injury or trauma. Other cases, which develop over time, may be linked to genes. In some men, injury and genes could both be involved. Some medications list Peyronie's disease as a possible side effect. Also, the pain that comes from Peyronie's disease happens only with an erection and is usually mild.
Question: What are the symptoms of reactive arthritis?
Answer: The first symptoms of reactive arthritis are painful urination and a discharge from the penis if there is inflammation of the urethra. Diarrhea may occur if the intestines are affected. This is then followed by arthritis four to 28 days later that usually affects the fingers, toes, ankles, hips, and knee joints. Typically, only one or a few of these joints may be affected at one time. Other symptoms include: Mouth ulcers Inflammation of the eye Keratoderma blennorrhagica (patches of scaly skin on the palms, soles, trunk, or scalp) Back pain from sacroiliac ( SI) joint involvement Pain from inflammation of the ligaments and tendons at the sites of their insertion into the bone (enthesitis) Diagnosis of reactive arthritis can be complicated by the fact that symptoms often occur several weeks apart.
Question: What is the outlook for people with reactive arthritis?
Answer: Reactive arthritis, formerly referred to as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of arthritis that affects the joints, eyes, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), and skin. Most people recover in three to four months, but about half have recurrences for several years. Some people develop complications that may include inflammation of the heart muscle, inflammation with stiffening of the spine, glaucoma, progressive blindness, feet abnormalities, or accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
Question: What is reactive arthritis?
Answer: Reactive arthritis, formerly referred to as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of arthritis that affects the joints, eyes, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), and skin. It may come on quickly and severely or more slowly, with sudden remissions or recurrences. The first symptoms of reactive arthritis are painful urination and a discharge from the penis if there is inflammation of the urethra.
Question: Where can you get support if you're HIV-positive?
Answer: A wide range of people can help provide you with the emotional and physical support you may need to cope with your diagnosis of HIV. Discuss with your doctor the information you get from these sources. Some are accurate; some are not. A person at the hotline can provide you with practical advice or emotional support over the phone. They can also refer you to local HIV/ AIDS self-help organizations.
Question: What should I know about primary tooth eruption?
Answer: Primary Teeth Development Chart Upper Teeth When tooth emerges When tooth falls out Central incisor 8 to 12 months 6 to 7 years Lateral incisor 9 to 13 months 7 to 8 years Canine (cuspid) 16 to 22 months 10 to 12 years First molar 13 to 19 months 9 to 11 years Second molar 25 to 33 months 10 to 12 years Lower Teeth Second molar 23 to 31 months 10 to 12 years First molar 14 to 18 months 9 to 11 years Canine (cuspid) 17 to 23 months 9 to 12 years Lateral incisor 10 to 16 months 7 to 8 years Central incisor 6 to 10 months 6 to 7 years Other primary tooth eruption facts: A general rule of thumb is that for every 6 months of life, approximately 4 teeth will erupt. Girls generally precede boys in tooth eruption. Lower teeth usually erupt before upper teeth. Teeth in both jaws usually erupt in pairs -- one on the right and one on the left. Primary teeth are smaller in size and whiter in color than the permanent teeth that will follow. By the time a child is 2 to 3 years of age, all primary teeth should have erupted.
Question: What is the natural growth process for my child's teeth?
Answer: The complete set of primary teeth is in the mouth from the age of 2 ½ to 3 years of age to 6 to 7 years of age. This is a perfectly natural growth process that provides the necessary space for the larger permanent teeth to emerge. Between the ages of 6 and 12, a mixture of both primary teeth and permanent teeth reside in the mouth.
Question: How is atrial fibrillation treated?
Answer: AFib treatments also prevent clots and help keep your heart healthy. These can prevent clots and strokes, slow your heart rate, and control your heart rhythm.
Question: What is it like if you have atrial fibrillation?
Answer: With AFib, your heart quivers, beats too quickly, or skips beats. It can't pump blood through its chambers and out to your body as well as it should. Sometimes blood can pool in the heart and form clots, which could lead to a stroke.
Question: When do you need surgery for atrial fibrillation?
Answer: You and your doctor have treatment options if your symptoms become too severe.
Question: How are the causes of atrial fibrillation treated?
Answer: If problems such as high blood pressure, cholesterol, or an overactive thyroid caused your AFib, you'll need to treat the root cause. Your doctor might prescribe medications to get those conditions under control. Your doctor may also recommend screening and treatment for sleep apnea, a disorder in which breathing starts and stops throughout the night.
Question: What is the maze procedure for atrial fibrillation?
Answer: The surgeon makes small cuts in the upper part of your heart. They're stitched together to form the scar tissue that stops abnormal signals. Mini maze: Most people with AFib don't need open-heart surgery.
Question: What is ablation for atrial fibrillation?
Answer: With AFib, your heart quivers, beats too quickly, or skips beats. Your doctor puts a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel in your leg or neck. They're stitched together to form the scar tissue that stops abnormal signals. She'll send radiofrequency energy through the catheter to destroy the AV node. Your doctor also might recommend you take some simple steps to help keep your heart healthy: Change your diet -- eat heart-healthy, low-salt food.
Question: What is left atrial appendage occlusion for atrial fibrillation?
Answer: These can prevent clots and strokes, slow your heart rate, and control your heart rhythm. Your doctor puts a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel in your leg or neck. The surgeon makes small cuts in the upper part of your heart.
Question: What are the symptoms of pinkeye?
Answer: They depend on the cause of the inflammation, but may include: Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid Swollen conjunctiva More tears than usual Thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, especially after sleep.
Question: How is pinkeye from bacteria treated?
Answer: If bacteria, including those related to STDs, caused your pinkeye, you'll take antibiotics in the form of eyedrops, ointments, or pills. You may need to apply eyedrops or ointments to the inside of your eyelid 3 to 4 times a day for 5 to 7 days. You would take pills for several days. The infection should improve within a week. Take or use the medicines as instructed by your doctor, even if the symptoms go away.
Question: What are the complications of pinkeye?
Answer: Usually, pinkeye clears up on its own or after you take any medicines your doctor prescribes, with no lasting problems. Mild pinkeye is almost always harmless and will get better without treatment. But some forms of conjunctivitis can become serious and sight-threatening, because they can scar your cornea. They include conjunctivitis caused by gonorrhea, chlamydia, or certain strains of the adenovirus.
Question: How is pinkeye from allergies treated?
Answer: Conjunctivitis tied to allergies should improve once you get your allergy treated and avoid your allergy trigger. Antihistamines (either oral or drops) can give relief in the meantime. ( But remember that if you have dry eyes, taking antihistamines by mouth can make your eyes even drier.) See your doctor if you think your pinkeye is due to an allergy.
Question: How is pinkeye from irritants treated?
Answer: For pinkeye caused by an irritating substance, use water to wash the substance from the eye for 5 minutes. Your eyes should begin to improve within 4 hours. If your conjunctivitis was caused by acid or alkaline material such as bleach, immediately rinse the eyes with lots of water and call your doctor right away.
Question: How can I prevent spreading pinkeye?
Answer: Wash your hands often with soap and warm water, especially before eating. Afterward, discard the cotton ball or paper towel and wash your hands with soap and warm water. When you do the laundry, clean your bed linens, pillowcases, and towels in hot water and detergent. Don 't touch or rub your infected eye with your fingers. Don 't wear, and never share, eye makeup, eyedrops, or contact lenses. Wear glasses. And throw away disposable lenses, or be sure to clean extended-wear lenses and all eyewear cases. If your child has bacterial or viral pinkeye, keep them home from school or day care until they are no longer contagious. It's usually safe to return to school when symptoms are gone.
Question: What can I do to relieve symptoms of pinkeye?
Answer: Don 't wear, and never share, eye makeup, eyedrops, or contact lenses. Protect your eyes from dirt and other things that irritate them. Nonprescription "artificial tears," a type of eyedrops, may help ease itching and burning from the irritating things that cause your pinkeye. But you shouldn't use other types of eyedrops because they may irritate the eyes, including those promoted to treat eye redness. Don't use the same bottle of drops in an uninfected eye.
Question: How can I avoid getting pinkeye?
Answer: Viral pinkeye: Red, irritated eyes. You can treat it with antibotics. ( But remember that if you have dry eyes, taking antihistamines by mouth can make your eyes even drier.) Wash your hands often with soap and warm water, especially before eating. Keep your own towels, washcloths, and pillows separate from others, or use paper towels. Don 't wear, and never share, eye makeup, eyedrops, or contact lenses. It also helps to learn how to use eyedrops the right way.
Question: How is pinkeye from viruses treated?
Answer: Viruses. This type of pinkeye often results from the viruses that cause a common cold. Just as a cold must run its course, the same is true for this form of pinkeye, which usually lasts from 4 to 7 days. Remember, it can be very contagious, so do everything you can to prevent its spread. See your doctor if you think your pinkeye is due to an allergy. Wear glasses. For instance, if you share a computer or other gear with others, make sure you wash your hands before you touch your face, especially during cold and flu season.
Question: What are some urine tests that doctors do to help diagnose bladder cancer?
Answer: Urine culture. Your doctor will send your urine to a lab. Urine tumor marker tests. These look for substances that are released by bladder cancer cells. Your doctor may use one or more of these along with a urine cytology to see if you have the disease. If cancer in your bladder spread to your lungs, this test will allow your doctor to see it.
Question: How does psychotherapy treat schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: Psychotherapy: The goal is to help the person recognize and learn about the illness and its treatment, set goals, and manage everyday problems related to the condition. It can also help the person handle the feelings of distress linked to the symptoms.
Question: What to expect with schizophreniform disorder?
Answer: People with schizophreniform disorder recover within 6 months. If the symptoms don't improve, the person likely has schizophrenia, which is a lifelong illness. According to the American Psychiatric Association, about two-thirds of people with schizophreniform disorder go on to develop schizophrenia.