anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How effective is vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) at reducing the risk for age-related macular degeneration?
Answer: A recent study showed that vitamin B-12, used with folic acid and vitamin B6, reduces the risk for age-related macular degeneration ( AMD) in women with heart disease or multiple risk factors for heart disease.
Question: What are good food sources of vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)?
Answer: Some good food sources of vitamin B-12 are: Fish and shellfish Meats Poultry and eggs Dairy products Fortified cereals Generally, it's best to get vitamins from whole foods.
Question: What is vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) plays a role in making DNA and also helps keep nerve cells and red blood cells healthy.
Question: Why do people take vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)?
Answer: Vitamin B-12 has been looked at as a treatment for many diseases and conditions. These include fatigue, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, breast cancer, high cholesterol, and sickle cell disease. However, the results have been inconclusive. Studies suggest that vitamin B-12 does not help with stroke risk or lung cancer. Vitamin B-12 supplements do help people who have a deficiency. Low levels of vitamin B-12 are more likely in people over age 50. Vitamin B-12 is also more common in those with certain conditions, like digestive problems and some types of anemia. Low vitamin B-12 can cause fatigue, weakness, memory loss, and other problems with the nervous system.
Question: What are the risks of taking vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)?
Answer: Low vitamin B-12 can cause fatigue, weakness, memory loss, and other problems with the nervous system. Side effects and risks. Taken at normal doses, side effects are rare. Drugs for acid reflux, diabetes, and other conditions may make it harder for your body to absorb vitamin B-12.
Question: What should you do if you want to try specific diets for eczema?
Answer: Despite the uncertain links between food and eczema, there's no doubt that enjoying plenty of fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and whole grains is good for your overall health.
Question: What are symptoms of a bristleworm sting?
Answer: The bristleworm bite or sting may cause the following symptoms: Inflammation Burning Swelling Numbness Redness Pain Treatment for a bristleworm bite or sting includes the following: Apply topical acetic acid (vinegar) or isopropyl alcohol.
Question: What's the treatment for a bristleworm sting?
Answer: Of the many species of worms, the bristleworm is one of the most dangerous. The bristleworm bite or sting may cause the following symptoms: Inflammation Burning Swelling Numbness Redness Pain Treatment for a bristleworm bite or sting includes the following: Apply topical acetic acid (vinegar) or isopropyl alcohol. Remove bristles with tweezers or adhesive tape. If severe inflammation and a continual burning sensation develop, apply hydrocortisone cream 3 times per day. If signs of infection are present, such as pus, redness, or heat, apply topical antibiotic ointment and contact your doctor. Oral antibiotics are usually recommended if there are signs of infection. Pain may be relieved with 1-2 acetaminophen ( Tylenol) every 4 hours or 1-2 ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil) every 6-8 hours. Consult a doctor about treatment with available medications if bitten or stung by a bristleworm.
Question: Why do some people with tuberculosis not have symptoms?
Answer: That's because the germs that cause this illness can live in your body without making you sick. In fact, most people who get infected with TB are able to fight the germs before they spread. Doctors call this âlatent TBâ infection.
Question: What is radial keratotomy eye surgery?
Answer: This procedure was once of the most common ways to correct nearsightedness. But with the rise of more effective procedures like LASEK, LASIK and PRK, it's now considered outdated.
Question: How does oral human papillomavirus (HPV) spread?
Answer: That's far fewer than the number who have the genital version, which is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the U. S. Scientists are still learning how oral HPV spreads. Only a few studies have looked into how people get infected. Many doctors suspect it's passed on through oral sex, but no one can say for sure. It's also uncertain if you can get the virus from deep " French" kissing. But it is clear that you can't get oral HPV from casual contact, like kissing on the cheek or sharing a drink with an infected person.
Question: What is the link between oral human papillomavirus (HPV) and cancer?
Answer: Most people who get oral HPV don't get cancer. Your body usually fights the virus before you even know you have it. But head and neck cancers are on the rise, and scientists say oral HPV may be the cause. About 7% of Americans have oral HPV. Can they also protect against an oral infection and head and neck cancer?
Question: How can steroid treatment lead to moon facies?
Answer: Although millions of Americans take these types of medications, many others may be affected by moon facies but not know its cause. In fact, weight gain with fat redistribution such as moon facies is one of the most common signs of steroid use. Your risk of developing these signs depends on the dose of medication and how long you take it. With steroid use, an increase in appetite and food intake may contribute to weight gain. Symptoms usually occur as the result of long-term use of oral steroids. But less commonly, injected or inhaled steroids may cause Cushing's signs and symptoms, too. The best way to reduce the impact of symptoms is to reduce the dose of medication or discontinue it altogether, but you should never do this on your own. If you need to continue using it, your doctor will have you try the lowest effective dose. For example, taking the medication every other day can sometimes lessen Cushingoid changes. If this does not resolve moon facies and other symptoms, your doctor may suggest trying other types of therapies.
Question: What are the symptoms of moon facies?
Answer: The sides of your face may become so round from the buildup of fat that the ears can't be seen from the front of your face. Fat deposits in the sides of the skull can also make the face look rounder.
Question: What causes moon facies?
Answer: This is called hyperadrenocorticalism or hypercortisolism. The adrenal glands, triangular-shaped glands that sit on top of the kidneys, release the cortisol. To confirm the cause of high cortisol levels, you may need other tests, such as an MRI or CT scan.
Question: How is moon facies related to Cushing's syndrome?
Answer: It is often related to obesity but can be from Cushing's syndrome. That's because signs and symptoms such as facial swelling can be caused by other conditions. But it is more likely to be Cushing's syndrome if moon facies gets worse gradually along with other characteristic symptoms. For example, fat may also gradually build up in the back of the neck, abdomen, or trunk, but legs and arms often stay thin. This type of central obesity is the most common feature of Cushing's syndrome.
Question: How common is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Answer: About 20% of adults in the U. S. experience symptoms such as heartburn and acid regurgitation at least once a week. But if you have heartburn frequently and it is untreated, your stomach's acid may inflame the lining of your esophagus or swallowing tube, potentially narrowing it.
Question: How can diet and lifestyle cause gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Answer: Fatty foods, mints, chocolate, alcohol, coffee, and tea, all relax the LES. So does nicotine from cigarettes or chewing tobacco. Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy can temporarily weaken the LES, too. Obesity can lead to GERD because the pressure of extra weight pushing on your abdomen may "overpower" the LES, allowing reflux to occur.
Question: How many children go to emergency rooms for injuries at the backyard each year?
Answer: Each year, more than 200,000 children go to emergency rooms for playground-related injuries. And while deaths from such injuries are rare, most happen at home.
Question: What should I do if there's a strange particle in my eye?
Answer: For a Foreign Particle in Eye Don't rub the eye. Pull the upper lid down and blink repeatedly. If particle is still there, rinse with eyewash. If rinsing doesn't help, close eye, bandage it lightly, and see a doctor.
Question: When should I call 911 for an eye injury?
Answer: An object such as a piece of glass or metal is sticking out of the eye.
Question: What should do if my eye is exposed to chemicals?
Answer: Immediately wash out the eye with lots of water. Use whatever is closest -- water fountain, shower, garden hose. Get medical help while you are doing this, or after 15 to 20 minutes of continuous flushing Don't bandage the eye. 2. For a Blow to the Eye Apply a cold compress, but don't put pressure on the eye.
Question: What should I do if I get hit in the eye?
Answer: For a Blow to the Eye Apply a cold compress, but don't put pressure on the eye. Take over-the-counter acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) for pain. If there is bruising, bleeding, change in vision, or it hurts when your eye moves, see a doctor right away.
Question: What is the treatment for an eye injury from a blow to the eye?
Answer: If there is bruising, bleeding, change in vision, or it hurts when your eye moves, see a doctor right away. 3. For a Foreign Particle in Eye Don't rub the eye.
Question: What is the treatment for an eye injury from a foreign particle in the eye?
Answer: For a Foreign Particle in Eye Don't rub the eye. Pull the upper lid down and blink repeatedly. If particle is still there, rinse with eyewash. If rinsing doesn't help, close eye, bandage it lightly, and see a doctor.
Question: When should you call 911 for eye injuries?
Answer: An object such as a piece of glass or metal is sticking out of the eye.
Question: What is the treatment for an eye injury from chemical exposure?
Answer: Immediately wash out the eye with lots of water. Use whatever is closest -- water fountain, shower, garden hose. Get medical help while you are doing this, or after 15 to 20 minutes of continuous flushing Don't bandage the eye. For a Foreign Particle in Eye Don't rub the eye.
Question: What is adoptive cell therapy for lung cancer?
Answer: Adoptive cell therapy: Your doctor removes your T cells and treats them with cancer-fighting chemicals. They're multiplied in a lab and put back into your body where they destroy cancer cells. Trials are under way.
Question: Who can get immunotherapy for lung cancer?
Answer: Doctors thought for a long time that immunotherapy wouldn't work for non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer ( SCLC), the two most common types. But the past few years have seen several breakthroughs. By the time most people with lung cancer are diagnosed, the disease is in an advanced stage. Options for treatment were once limited to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Your doctor may suggest immunotherapy if other options haven't worked or if your tumor has traces of certain proteins.
Question: What are some serious potential side effects of immunotherapy?
Answer: You might notice: Fever/chills Fatigue Rashes Diarrhea Aches in your joints or muscles Vomiting/nausea Sometimes, these drugs work too well and your immune system goes into overdrive. That could lead to more serious side effects like inflammation of your lungs, liver, kidneys, or thyroid and pituitary glands, or autoimmune disorders that may damage an organ or gland. Alert your doctor early on to any side problems. The sooner they're treated, the less likely they are to get worse.
Question: What is immunotherapy for lung cancer?
Answer: This new type of treatment, called immunotherapy, helps your immune system fight cancer in much the same way it fights off colds and viruses.
Question: What monoclonal antibody drugs has the FDA approved to treat lung cancer?
Answer: The FDA has approved several checkpoint inhibitors within the last several years to treat lung cancer: Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq) Duryalumab ( Imfinzi) Nivolumab ( Opdivo) Pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies for lung cancer include bevacizumab ( Avastin) and ramucirumab ( Cyramza). These drugs cut off nutrients that help create blood vessels that feed cancer growth. Other are being tested in clinical trials. So are vaccine treatments and adoptive cell therapy.
Question: What do our cells do when we have cancer?
Answer: Rev Up Your Immune System White blood cells are your body's main response to attacks from germs and abnormal cells like those that cause cancer. Another way our bodies fight disease is to attack antigens. This is the name for any substance your bodies doesn't recognize and works to fight off. Our bodies produce antibodies to fight foreign substances. These man-made versions act like normal antibodies, but go after cancer cells. The sooner they're treated, the less likely they are to get worse.
Question: How do you take immunotherapy drugs and what are side effects?
Answer: It does this in one of two ways: Helps your immune system work harder Places a bullseye on cancer cells so your immune system can find and destroy them Who Can Get This Treatment? Side effects usually result from of the boost to your immune system. You might notice: Fever/chills Fatigue Rashes Diarrhea Aches in your joints or muscles Vomiting/nausea Sometimes, these drugs work too well and your immune system goes into overdrive.
Question: What immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitor drugs has the FDA approved to treat lung cancer?
Answer: Your doctor may suggest immunotherapy if other options haven't worked or if your tumor has traces of certain proteins. Tumors that produce proteins called PD- L1 turn on these âcheckpointsâ and slow your immune system.
Question: What is the function of the external female reproductive structure?
Answer: The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.
Question: What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
Answer: During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the following events occur: Two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH) and luteinizing hormone ( LH), are released from the brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries. The hormones stimulate the growth of about 15 to 20 eggs in the ovaries, each in its own "shell," called a follicle. These hormones ( FSH and LH) also trigger an increase in the production of the female hormone estrogen. As estrogen levels rise, like a switch, it turns off the production of follicle-stimulating hormone. This careful balance of hormones allows the body to limit the number of follicles that mature. As the follicular phase progresses, one follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and continues to mature. This dominant follicle suppresses all of the other follicles in the group. As a result, they stop growing and die. The dominant follicle continues to produce estrogen. The ovulatory phase, or ovulation, starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started.
Question: How many eggs does a woman have?
Answer: The vast majority of the eggs within the ovaries steadily die, until they are depleted at menopause. At birth, there are approximately 1 million to 2 million eggs; by the time of puberty, only about 300,000 remain. Of these, only about 500 will be ovulated during a woman's reproductive lifetime. Any remaining eggs gradually die out at menopause.
Question: What should you know about the female reproductive system?
Answer: It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
Question: What are the main external structures of the female reproductive system?
Answer: The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genitals) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body). Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
Question: What happens during the menstrual cycle?
Answer: If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). There are four major hormones (chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs) involved in the menstrual cycle: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone. The ovulatory phase, or ovulation, starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started. The woman is now considered pregnant.
Question: What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
Answer: The average menstrual cycle takes about 28 days and occurs in phases: the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase (ovulation), and the luteal phase. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg to implant. If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg (a process called conception), the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterus. The woman is now considered pregnant. If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a pregnancy, the lining of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual period begins.
Question: What happens during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Answer: The average menstrual cycle takes about 28 days and occurs in phases: the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase (ovulation), and the luteal phase. During this phase, the following events occur: The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle triggers a surge in the amount of luteinizing hormone that is produced by the brain. This causes the dominant follicle to release its egg from the ovary. As the egg is released (a process called ovulation), it is captured by finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae). The fimbriae sweep the egg into the tube. Also during this phase, there is an increase in the amount and thickness of mucus produced by the cervix (lower part of the uterus). If a woman were to have intercourse during this time, the thick mucus captures the man's sperm, nourishes it, and helps it to move towards the egg for fertilization.
Question: What are the main internal structures of the female reproductive system?
Answer: They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body). The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit. Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones. Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the lining of the uterine wall. As the egg is released (a process called ovulation), it is captured by finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae).
Question: What is it like to live with chronic illness and depression?
Answer: Chronic medical conditions can bring on bouts of depression, which, in turn get in the way of successful treatment of the disease. Living with a chronic illness is a challenge, and it's normal to feel grief and sadness as you come to grips with your condition and its implications. But if these feelings don't go away, or you are having trouble sleeping or eating, or you've lost interest in the activities you normally enjoy, seek help.
Question: What is chronic illness?
Answer: A chronic illness is a condition that lasts for a very long time and usually cannot be cured completely, although some illnesses can be controlled or managed through lifestyle (diet and exercise) and certain medications. Examples of chronic illnesses include diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, kidney disease, HIV/ AIDS, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
Question: How can you avoid depression if you have a chronic illness?
Answer: More than 80% of people with depression can be treated successfully with medicine, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. But if these feelings don't go away, or you are having trouble sleeping or eating, or you've lost interest in the activities you normally enjoy, seek help. To avoid depression: Try not to isolate yourself. Reach out to family and friends. Learn as much as you can about your condition. Make sure that you have medical support from experts you trust and can talk to openly about your ongoing questions and concerns. If you suspect that your medication is bringing you down, talk to your doctor about other possible treatments. Talk with your doctor about pain management. Find a therapist or counselor you trust.
Question: What is the risk of depression if you have a chronic illness?
Answer: A chronic illness is a condition that lasts for a very long time and usually cannot be cured completely, although some illnesses can be controlled or managed through lifestyle (diet and exercise) and certain medications. It's estimated that up to one-third of people with a serious medical condition have symptoms of depression. Risk is especially high in someone who has a history of depression. Depression caused by chronic disease often makes the condition worse, especially if the illness causes pain and fatigue or it limits a person's ability to interact with others. Depression can intensify pain, as well as fatigue and sluggishness. The combination of chronic illness and depression might lead you to isolate yourself, which is likely to make the depression even worse.