anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
Answer: It's the leading cause of blindness for all adults in the U. S. You might not have any signs of diabetic retinopathy until it becomes serious. When you do have symptoms, you might notice: Loss of central vision, which is used when you read or drive Not being able to see colors Blurry vision Holes or black spots in your vision Floaters, or small spots in your vision caused by bleeding If your blood glucose level (blood sugar) is too high for too long, it blocks off the small blood vessels that keep your retina healthy. Your doctor will tell you if any of these treatments are right for you.
Question: What is laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy?
Answer: It can make your vision blurry. Your eye doctor can usually tell if you have diabetic retinopathy during your eye exam. It shows if any of your blood vessels are leaking or damaged.
Question: How is diabetic retinopathy treated?
Answer: It can make your vision blurry. It shows if any of your blood vessels are leaking or damaged. Scatter laser surgery. If blood vessels leak into your retina and vitreous humor and your vision clouds, you may need to have this procedure. It removes the leaked blood so you can see better. This can treat cloudy vision. Your doctor will tell you if any of these treatments are right for you.
Question: Is it common to get diabetic retinopathy?
Answer: When you do have symptoms, you might notice: Loss of central vision, which is used when you read or drive Not being able to see colors Blurry vision Holes or black spots in your vision Floaters, or small spots in your vision caused by bleeding If your blood glucose level (blood sugar) is too high for too long, it blocks off the small blood vessels that keep your retina healthy. If you have any form of diabetes -- type 1, type 2, or gestational -- you may get diabetic retinopathy. This can change the way your retina looks. You're more likely to get DME at later stages of diabetic retinopathy, but it can happen at any point. This will slow down diabetic retinopathy and maybe even stop it from happening.
Question: How can fruits and vegetables keep your child's teeth healthy?
Answer: Tips for selecting and eating foods that are more healthful to your child's teeth: Keep lots of fruits and vegetables in your house -- to offer as "healthy snacks" -- instead of carbohydrates. Choose fruits and vegetables that contain a high volume of water, such as pears, melons, celery, and cucumbers. Limit bananas and raisins, as these contain concentrated sugar, or urge your child to brush after these fruits are eaten.
Question: Why should you brush your child's teeth after giving him or her medicine?
Answer: Be sure to brush your child's teeth after giving him or her medicine. Medicines such as cough syrups contain sugar that bacteria in the mouth use to make acids. These acids can eat away at the enamel -- the protective top layer of the tooth.
Question: Is  xylitol-sweetened or sugar-free gum OK for children's teeth?
Answer: Other tips: If your child chews gum, encourage him or her to choose xylitol-sweetened or sugar-free gum. Xylitol has been shown to reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth and the chewing action helps increase the flow of saliva.
Question: How can offering your child plain water keep his teeth healthy?
Answer: Offer your child plain water instead of juice or soda. Juices, sodas, and even milk contain sugar. Water does not harm the teeth and aids in washing away any food particles that may be clinging to teeth.
Question: What sticky, chewy foods should your child avoid to keep his teeth healthy?
Answer: Raisins, dried figs, granola bars, oatmeal or peanut butter cookies, jelly beans, caramel, honey, molasses, and syrup stick to teeth making it difficult for saliva to wash away. If your child consumes these types of products, have him or her brush their teeth immediately after eating. Avoid sugary foods that linger on the teeth.
Question: What are the symptoms of pinworm infection?
Answer: Most people who are infected don't have any. If you do, they might include any of the following: Anal itching, especially at night Restless sleep Itching of the vaginal area -- if adult worms move to the vagina Feeling irritable Abdominal pain that comes and goes Talk to your doctor if you have severe anal itching -- especially at night.
Question: Which over-the-counter medications may your doctor recommend for a pinworm infection?
Answer: Your doctor may recommend an over-the-counter treatment like pyrantel pamoate ( Reese's Pinworm Medication, Pin- X). He might also prescribe medication to everyone in your household to prevent infection and re-infection.
Question: What are the complications of pinworm infection?
Answer: Most of the time, pinworm infections don't cause serious problems. In rare cases, and especially if you have a lot of them, the pinworms can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and around the pelvic organs. This can cause inflammation of the vagina -- what doctors call vulvovaginitis.
Question: How do you get pinworm infection?
Answer: The eggs can also live on surfaces like clothing, bedding, or other objects. If you touch one of these items and then put your fingers in your mouth, you'll ingest the eggs. About a month later, the eggs hatch in your intestines and mature into adult worms. Female pinworms move to your anus area to lay their eggs. This causes anal itching. If you scratch the area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under your nails. If you touch other surfaces or objects, you could spread the worms.
Question: How is a pinworm infection diagnosed?
Answer: If you, your child, or someone in your household has symptoms of pinworm infection, call your doctor and ask about the tape test. Simply take a clear piece of tape and press the sticky side to the skin around the anus. Do this as soon as you or your child wake up -- before you use the bathroom, shower, or get dressed. The pinworm eggs will stick to the tape. You'll need to repeat this test three days in a row, then take all the pieces of tape to your doctor. He'll view them under a microscope.
Question: Are pinworm infections contagious?
Answer: It's also easily spread to family members and caregivers. People who live in crowded spaces, like institutions, have a higher risk of getting pinworm infections. He might also prescribe medication to everyone in your household to prevent infection and re-infection.
Question: How can I prevent pinworm infection?
Answer: Female pinworms move to your anus area to lay their eggs. Wash your anal area in the morning to reduce the number of eggs on your body. Shower to prevent possible re-contamination in bath water. Don't bathe with anyone or share towels during treatment and for two weeks after final treatment. Change your underwear and bed linens each day. This helps remove eggs. Wash bedsheets, nightclothes, underwear, washcloths, and towels in hot water to kill pinworm eggs. Dry them on high heat. Don't scratch your anal area. Trim your child's nails so there's less space for eggs to collect. Discourage nail biting. Wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before handling food. Teach your kids to do the same.
Question: What happens during a trigger point injection (TPI)?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } In the TPI procedure, a health care professional inserts a small needle into the patient's trigger point. The injection contains a local anesthetic or saline, and may include a corticosteroid. With the injection, the trigger point is made inactive and the pain is alleviated. Often, a brief course of treatment will result in sustained relief. Injections are given in a doctor's office and usually take just a few minutes.
Question: What is trigger point injection (TPI)?
Answer: TPI is a procedure used to treat painful areas of muscle that contain trigger points, or knots of muscle that form when muscles do not relax. Many times, such knots can be felt under the skin. Trigger points may irritate the nerves around them and cause referred pain, or pain that is felt in another part of the body.
Question: When should you call your doctor about using blood thinners?
Answer: Let your doctor know right away if you notice any signs of unusual bleeding, like: Heavier-than-normal menstrual periods Blood in your urine or stool Bleeding from your gums or nose Vomiting or coughing up blood Dizziness Weaknesses A severe headache or stomach ache If you take an anticoagulant like warfarin, you'll need regular blood tests so your doctor can adjust your levels if needed. Ask him about other steps you should take to stay safe while you're on this medication. Be careful with activities that can lead to head injuries.
Question: Can your diet affect blood thinners?
Answer: Don't start any new medicines without their OK. And remember that your diet is also very important. Some foods -- like green, leafy vegetables -- contain vitamin K. This can counteract the blood thinners. Talk to your doctor about your diet.
Question: Why do people use blood thinners?
Answer: If you have atrial fibrillation, blood thinners can help keep you from having a stroke. That's one of the most common reasons doctors prescribe it.
Question: What are antiplatelets?
Answer: These target tiny particles in the blood called platelets. They come in pill form, and include: Aspirin Clopidogrel ( Plavix) Dipyridamole ( Persantine) Prasugrel ( Effient) Ticagrelor ( Brilinta) Vorapaxar ( Zontivity) How They Work Blood thinners don't actually make your blood thinner.
Question: Who needs to use blood thinners?
Answer: About 2 million to 3 million people take blood thinners every year. You may need them if you've already had a heart attack or a stroke, since they can lower your risk of having a second one. You may also need this type of medicine if you have a heart or blood vessel disease, an irregular heart rhythm, lupus, or deep vein thrombosis. ( DVT is a dangerous type of blood clot that often forms in the leg.) You also have a greater risk for blood clots if you're overweight, recently had surgery, or have an artificial heart valve.
Question: What are the risks associated with using blood thinners?
Answer: Risks Clotting isn't always a bad thing: When you cut yourself, it's what seals your wound and keeps you from losing too much blood. Blood thinners prevent clotting. So, even tiny cuts or bruises will bleed a lot more if you take these drugs.
Question: What are anticoagulants?
Answer: These keep your blood from clotting, or turning into solid clumps of cells that stick together. Most come in pill form. Some popular ones in this category include: Apixaban ( Eliquis) Dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Edoxaban ( Savaysa) Fondaparinux ( Arixtra) Heparin ( Fragmin, Innohep, and Lovenox) Rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) Warfarin ( Coumadin, Jantoven) Other, more powerful types of this blood thinner are given as a shot or through an IV, either in the hospital or at home. Some of the more well-known ones are heparin and fondaparinux.
Question: How do blood thinners work?
Answer: Nor can they break up clots. But they do keep blood from forming new clots. They can also slow the growth of existing ones. Some anticoagulants do this by competing with vitamin K from the liver. Your body needs this to make proteins called clotting factors. These help blood cells and platelets (tiny pieces of blood cells) bind together. Antiplatelets keep platelets from sticking to each other and to the walls of blood vessels. These drugs are weaker than anticoagulants. They're often prescribed to people at risk for future blood clots, rather than to treat existing ones.
Question: Are blood thinners dangerous?
Answer: The lifesaving benefits of these drugs often outweigh the potential dangers. Still, it's important to learn about both before you start taking them.
Question: What do blood thinners do?
Answer: They can protect against heart attacks and strokes. But they also come with risks: For example, they'll cause you to bleed more than usual when you cut yourself. Types of Blood Thinners There are two. But they do keep blood from forming new clots. They're often prescribed to people at risk for future blood clots, rather than to treat existing ones.
Question: What are some considerations associated with taking blood thinners?
Answer: The lifesaving benefits of these drugs often outweigh the potential dangers. ( DVT is a dangerous type of blood clot that often forms in the leg.) If you get a dangerous bleeding problem while taking warfarin, doctors can turn to an "antidote" of vitamin K or a combination of prothrombin complex concentrate ( PCC) and fresh frozen plasma to stop it. In addition, approval has been given for using a reversal agent like andexanet alfa ( Andexxa) to reverse the anti-clotting effects of apixaban ( Eliquis) and rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) or idarucizumab ( Praxbind) to reverse the anti-clotting effects of dabigatran etexilate ( Pradaxa). Tell all of your doctors, including your dentist, that you're taking a blood thinner. Don't start any new medicines without their OK. And remember that your diet is also very important.
Question: How can exercise help depression?
Answer: You can do any activity. If your depression is more severe, being active is still a good idea, though you may need other treatments, too. Depression can keep you awake, and a lack of sleep can make you feel depressed. For people with SAD, this treatment can work just as well as antidepressants. In TMS, doctors use a magnetic field to treat depression that's resistant to medications. "
Question: Could my gender cause me to pee so much at night?
Answer: Your gender can play a role, too: Men: An enlarged prostate is common when you're an older guy. It usually isn't serious, but it can keep you from emptying your bladder. Women: After menopause, you make less estrogen. That can cause changes in the urinary tract that make you have to go more often. If you've had children, the muscles in your pelvis may be weaker, too.
Question: Is peeing at night a sign of old age?
Answer: As you age, your body produces less of a hormone that helps concentrate urine so that you can hold it until the morning. When you're older you're also more likely to have other health problems that make you need to pee overnight.
Question: How do I prepare for my doctor's visit for peeing so much at night?
Answer: It may hurt when you pee, your stomach may ache, and you might have a fever. Your doctor will want to know: How you're sleeping Whether you feel tired during the day What medications you take Any other symptoms you have
Question: Could sleeping problems make me pee so much at night?
Answer: When you're older you're also more likely to have other health problems that make you need to pee overnight. That can happen if you have restless legs syndrome, hot flashes, ongoing (chronic) pain, or depression. There's also a connection between sleep apnea and having to go at night. Treating the sleep disorder usually solves the nighttime peeing problem, too.
Question: What problems could happen after a corpus callosotomy?
Answer: The following symptoms may occur after having a corpus callosotomy, although they generally go away on their own: Scalp numbness Nausea Feeling tired or depressed Headaches Difficulty speaking, remembering things, or finding words Paralysis, weakness, loss of sensation Change in personality Serious problems are uncommon with a corpus callosotomy, but there are risks, including: Risks associated with surgery, including infection, bleeding, and an allergic reaction to anesthesia Swelling in the brain Lack of awareness of one side of the body Loss of coordination Problems with speech, such as stuttering Increase in partial seizures (occurring on one side of the brain) Stroke
Question: How well does a corpus callosotomy work?
Answer: Corpus callosotomy is successful in stopping drop attacks, or atonic seizures in which a person suddenly loses muscle tone and falls to the ground, in about 50% to 75% of cases. This can decrease the risk of injury and improve the person's quality of life.
Question: What tests do you get before a corpus callosotomy?
Answer: Candidates for corpus callosotomy undergo an extensive pre-surgery evaluation -- including seizure monitoring, electroencephalography ( EEG), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), and positron emission tomography ( PET). These tests help the doctor pinpoint where the seizures begin and how they spread in the brain. It also helps the doctor determine if a corpus callosotomy is an appropriate treatment.
Question: Who would get a corpus callosotomy?
Answer: A corpus callosotomy, sometimes called split-brain surgery, may be performed in people with the most extreme and uncontrollable forms of epilepsy, when frequent seizures affect both sides of the brain. People considered for corpus callosotomy are typically those who do not respond to treatment with antiseizure medications.
Question: What is recovery from a corpus callosotomy like?
Answer: The patient generally stays in the hospital for two to four days. Most people having a corpus callosotomy will be able to return to their normal activities, including work or school, in six to eight weeks after surgery. The hair over the incision will grow back and hide the surgical scar. The person will continue taking antiseizure drugs.
Question: What is a corpus callosotomy?
Answer: The corpus callosum is a band of nerve fibers located deep in the brain that connects the two halves (hemispheres) of the brain. It helps the hemispheres share information, but it also contributes to the spread of seizure impulses from one side of the brain to the other. However, the seizures usually become less severe, as they cannot spread to the opposite side of the brain.
Question: What is the phase II of clinical trial for arthritis?
Answer: Phase II clinical trials determine the effect of an experimental treatment on the particular disease or condition being evaluated. The best dosage is usually determined during this phase, as well.
Question: Who can participate in a clinical trial for arthritis?
Answer: Each study enrolls patients with certain conditions and symptoms. If you fit the guidelines for a trial, you may be able to participate. In some instances, you may be required to undergo certain tests to confirm your acceptability as a candidate.
Question: What is the phase IV of clinical trial for arthritis?
Answer: Phase IV clinical trials apply the new treatment to general patient care. For example, a new drug that was found effective in a clinical trial may be used together with other effective drugs to treat the particular disease or condition in a select group of patients.
Question: What is the phase I of clinical trial for arthritis?
Answer: In a phase I clinical trial, the new arthritis treatment being investigated is given to a small number of participants. The researchers determine the best way to give the new treatment and how much of it can be given safely.
Question: What conditions can lead exposure cause in adults?
Answer: In adults, lead exposure can cause: Anemia Fertility problems in both men and women Hearing and vision loss High blood pressure Kidney damage Nerve disorders Memory and concentration problems Muscle and joint pain Not all houses built before 1978 have lead-based paint, but the older your house is, the greater the likelihood is that it contains lead paint somewhere inside or out.
Question: Do home lead test kits work?
Answer: They're less expensive than a full inspection or assessment, their accuracy is questionable, and they don't provide the detail that an inspection or a risk assessment gives. You may also collect your own paint samples and send them to a lab for analysis. However, the samples you collect may not be as complete as the samples a certified professional would gather. A certified contractor will take precautions to keep the dust and lead paint chips contained until all surfaces can be cleaned and the lead removed.
Question: What does a risk assessment report tell you about lead paint in your home?
Answer: Risk assessment A risk assessment locates deteriorating paint in your home and evaluates the extent and cause of the deterioration. Painted surfaces in good condition are not tested. If there is a probability, the report will recommend a risk assessment.
Question: How can you treat a nickel allergy?
Answer: Once a nickel allergy develops, it often lasts your whole life. But there are ways to ease your symptoms. The most important thing you can do is avoid contact with objects that can cause a reaction. For mild symptoms, a hydrocortisone cream and antihistamine pills you can buy at the drugstore may help. For more severe symptoms, you doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or a drug that works on your immune system. If your symptoms are very severe, your treatment may also include steroids that you take by mouth and antihistamine pills. If your skin is cracked or blistered, you should take off any metal jewelry right away and see your doctor for treatment to avoid getting an infection.
Question: What are symptoms of being allergic to nickel?
Answer: Sometimes blisters follow. They may break, leaving crusts and scales. If left untreated, your skin may become darker, leathery, and cracked. Most likely, the rash is only on the part of your skin in direct contact with the nickel. In serious cases, the rash may spread. Sweating can make it worse. If your skin becomes infected, it will become warm and redder or filled with pus. Get medical care right away. The patches must stay on for 48 hours.
Question: What are 7 ways to avoid nickel?
Answer: If you're allergic to nickel, your skin will likely show a reaction after that amount of time. But there are ways to ease your symptoms. It's a good idea to avoid piercing guns, since they could contain nickel and can cause bacterial infections. Make sure your jewelry is made of surgical-grade stainless steel or either 14-, 18- or 24-karat yellow gold. White gold may contain nickel. Other nickel-free metals include pure sterling silver, copper, platinum, and titanium. Polycarbonate plastic is okay. If you must wear earrings that have nickel, add plastic covers made for earring studs. Buy eyeglass frames made of titanium or plastic. Choose clothes, including bras and other under-things, with buttons, snaps, rivets, or fasteners that are made of plastic or are plastic-coated or painted metal. If your clothes have nickel items, switch to plastic or plastic coated. Wear watchbands made of leather, cloth, or plastic. If a good piece of jewelry that you wear daily -- such as a wedding ring -- causes a reaction, ask a jeweler about having it plated in a less-allergic metal, such as platinum.
Question: How can you tell if you may be allergic to nickel?
Answer: It's one of the most common skin allergies, in part because nickel is used so many things, including jewelry, cell phones, coins, zippers, eyeglass frames, belt buckles, and keys. If you're allergic to nickel, your skin will likely show a reaction after that amount of time.
Question: How can I prevent tooth and gym disease if I have diabetes?
Answer: Regular brushing and flossing, as well as rinsing with antiseptic mouthwash will get rid of it and stop gingivitis in its tracks.
Question: What other fungal infections does diabetes put me at risk for?
Answer: Thrush is just one kind of mouth infection diabetes puts you at risk for. There are others, including other fungal infections. Both thrush and dry mouth can lead to burning mouth syndrome. So can certain medications, including some for high blood pressure.
Question: How can I prevent oral health problems if I have diabetes?
Answer: The good news is that controlling your diabetes will go a long way toward protecting your teeth and gums. And that, in turn, will also help you manage your diabetes. If you have diabetes, keep an eye out for these oral health conditions -- especially if you've already reached the half-century mark.