anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are other names for brain swelling?
Answer: Brain swelling goes by many names: Brain edema Elevated intracranial pressure Cerebral edema Swelling can occur in specific locations or throughout the brain.
Question: How does a ventriculostomy treat brain swelling?
Answer: Ventriculostomy: In this procedure, a surgeon cuts a small hole in the skull and inserts a plastic drain tube. Cerebrospinal fluid is drained from inside the brain, helping to relieve the pressure.
Question: How does medication treat brain swelling?
Answer: Medication: In some cases of brain edema, your doctor may start a drug to help relieve the swelling. Medication may also be given for other reasons, such as to slow your body's response to the swelling or to dissolve any clots. The drugs your doctor gives you depend on the cause and symptoms of brain swelling.
Question: How does surgery treat brain swelling?
Answer: Surgery: Surgery may have one or more of these goals: Removing part of the skull to relieve intracranial pressure; this procedure is called decompressive craniectomy. Removing or repairing the source of the swelling, such as repairing a damaged artery or vein or removing a growth It's common to have lingering effects from brain swelling.
Question: How can I protect my head to prevent brain swelling?
Answer: To protect the brain, keep these tips in mind as you go about your daily activities: Use a helmet when biking, skating, playing contact sports, or performing other activities in which you might fall and hit your head. Wear seat belts properly when driving or riding in vehicles. Make sure you are doing all you can to control high blood pressure and heart disease. Avoid smoking. When traveling to high elevations, take your time -- allow your body to adjust to the altitude.
Question: Can high altitudes cause brain swelling?
Answer: High altitudes: Although researchers don't know the exact causes, brain swelling is more likely to occur at altitudes above 4,900 feet. This type of brain edema is usually associated with severe acute mountain sickness ( AMS) or high-altitude cerebral edema ( HACE).
Question: How is brain swelling diagnosed?
Answer: It depends on the cause. Common exams and tests used in the diagnosis include: Head and neck exam Neurologic exam CT scan of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling MRI of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling Blood tests to check for causes of the swelling Minor cases of brain swelling due to causes such as moderate altitude sickness or a slight concussion often resolve within a few days.
Question: What are the long-term effects of brain swelling?
Answer: It depends on the cause. Symptoms may be noticed with any of the following: Sleeping Thinking and attention skills Headaches Depression Communication skills Movement Your health care team is available to help you deal with these challenges. While some problems may continue to diminish over time, others may require ongoing treatment.
Question: What is brain swelling?
Answer: Your brain can also swell as a result of injury, illness, or other reasons. The body's response to the injury may also increase swelling.
Question: What are some guidelines for taking potassium and magnesium?
Answer: While taking potassium or magnesium, have your blood pressure checked regularly as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the lab so that he can see how you're responding to the supplements. Blood tests might be done to help monitor the level and decide on the dose.
Question: What are examples of magnesium supplements?
Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food.
Question: What are some examples of potassium supplements?
Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food.
Question: What are some other guidelines when taking potassium and magnesium supplements?
Answer: While taking potassium or magnesium, have your blood pressure checked regularly as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the lab so that he can see how you're responding to the supplements. Blood tests might be done to help monitor the level and decide on the dose.
Question: What are some examples of magnesium supplements?
Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food.
Question: How does someone take potassium and magnesium supplements?
Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food. Follow the label on how often to take it. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you take it will depend on which medicines you were prescribed and your condition.
Question: How do I take potassium and magnesium supplements?
Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food. Follow the label on how often to take it. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you take it will depend on which medicines you were prescribed and your condition.
Question: What are some side effects of potassium and magnesium supplements?
Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food. If you take controlled-release tablets or capsules and have severe vomiting, vomit blood, or have abdominal pain or swelling, stop taking the medication and call your doctor right away. If you have them, call your doctor right away.
Question: Why are potassium and magnesium prescribed to heart patients?
Answer: They replace the electrolytes you lose because of the water pills. You are using ACE inhibitors or certain diuretics.
Question: When should someone call their doctor when experiencing side effects of potassium and magnesium supplements?
Answer: If you take controlled-release tablets or capsules and have severe vomiting, vomit blood, or have abdominal pain or swelling, stop taking the medication and call your doctor right away. Black, tarry, or bloody stools. You should also call your doctor if you have: Confusion Irregular or slow heartbeat Numbness Tingling in hands, feet, or lips Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Anxiety Unusual tiredness or weakness If you are taking magnesium or potassium supplements, let your doctor know if: You are using a salt substitute (many salt substitutes contain potassium).
Question: What are symptoms of mallet finger?
Answer: Symptoms may include the following: Pain, tenderness, and swelling at the outermost joint immediately after the injury Swelling and redness soon after the injury Inability to completely extend the finger while still being able to move it with help Call a doctor immediately to evaluate the injury to determine the need for X-rays and to repair any deep cuts.
Question: When is surgery needed for mallet finger?
Answer: You may need to have surgery if the injury involves a large fracture that is causing tendon damage. A hand specialist or surgeon will perform this surgery.
Question: How can I prevent mallet finger?
Answer: Take care not to injure the finger even more. If a cut has been repaired, you may need to go back to the doctor in 10 days to have the sutures removed. To help prevent injuries from happening again to the same finger, leave the splint on for the entire time the doctor has recommended.
Question: What is mallet finger?
Answer: Basketball and baseball players routinely experience jammed fingers, but the injury can occur because of a crushing accident on the job or even because of a cut finger while working in the kitchen. With mallet finger, the tendon on the back of the finger (not the palm side) is separated from the muscles it connects. With a splint, the outermost joint on the injured finger is not bendable, but the rest of your finger is.
Question: How do exams and tests help doctors in diagnosing mallet finger?
Answer: Imaging studies may also help the doctor see any foreign debris in the cut. If your finger is not broken or cut, or if only a small fracture is present, the doctor will apply a splint to the end of the finger so it remains extended.
Question: Does climate change produce actual nerve damage in patients with multiple sclerosis?
Answer: It is important to remember that while climate may worsen the symptoms of MS, climate changes do not produce more actual nerve damage. The adverse effects of temperature and humidity are generally temporary. However, it can take longer (a few days) to recover if you get overheated.
Question: Do hot temperatures affect multiple sclerosis symptoms?
Answer: Doctors believe that this occurs because heat causes nerves (whose myelin covering has been destroyed from MS) to conduct electrical signals even less efficiently. Most people with MS avoid hot baths, hot showers, and heated swimming pools. Extreme temperatures may worsen your symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
Question: What surgical techniques are used to treat glaucoma?
Answer: If the glaucoma does not respond to medication, or if you cannot tolerate the side effects, your doctor may change medications or recommend one of several surgical techniques: Laser trabeculoplasty creates small laser burns in the area where the fluid drains, improving the outflow rate of aqueous fluid. This relatively brief procedure can often be done in an ophthalmologist's clinic. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure that creates a new channel for fluid outflow in cases in which the intraocular pressure is high and the optic nerve damage progresses. Long-term results vary, but generally, the success rate is good. Surgical implants that shunt fluid out of the eye may also be used to decrease pressure in the eye. Remember, all forms of medical or surgical treatment have potential benefits and risks. Before giving your consent, always ask the surgeon to clearly explain any treatment or surgery as well as the proposed benefits, effective alternatives, and potential risks or complications.
Question: What are the best ways to treat glaucoma?
Answer: Both drugs and surgery have high rates of success in treating chronic open-angle glaucoma, but you can help yourself by carefully following the doctor's treatment plan. Some patients may find it difficult to follow a regimen involving two or three different eye drops. Be candid and tell the doctor if you cannot follow the medication schedule or if the eye drops cause unwanted side effects. There are frequently alternative treatments. Because of potential drug interactions, be sure to tell your doctor about any other medical problems you have or other medications you take. If glaucoma drops causes the eyes to become chronically red, consult your doctor about switching to preservative-free glaucoma drops that may alleviate the redness from preservatives.
Question: What should you know about treating open-angle glaucoma?
Answer: That is why it's so important to have your eye doctor test you regularly for glaucoma. Once diagnosed, glaucoma is usually controlled with eye drops that reduce eye pressure. Glaucoma is a life-long condition and needs continual follow-up with your eye doctor. Both drugs and surgery have high rates of success in treating chronic open-angle glaucoma, but you can help yourself by carefully following the doctor's treatment plan. Some patients may find it difficult to follow a regimen involving two or three different eye drops. Be candid and tell the doctor if you cannot follow the medication schedule or if the eye drops cause unwanted side effects. There are frequently alternative treatments. Because of potential drug interactions, be sure to tell your doctor about any other medical problems you have or other medications you take. If glaucoma drops causes the eyes to become chronically red, consult your doctor about switching to preservative-free glaucoma drops that may alleviate the redness from preservatives. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is different from chronic open-angle glaucoma in several important ways: The symptoms usually occur with relative suddenness; the eye is painful and red. If the high pressure in the eye is not relieved quickly, blindness can occur.
Question: Is surgery for glaucoma dangerous?
Answer: Before giving your consent, always ask the surgeon to clearly explain any treatment or surgery as well as the proposed benefits, effective alternatives, and potential risks or complications.
Question: How is acute closed-angle glaucoma treated?
Answer: Acute angle-closure glaucoma is different from chronic open-angle glaucoma in several important ways: The symptoms usually occur with relative suddenness; the eye is painful and red. If the high pressure in the eye is not relieved quickly, blindness can occur. On the other hand, treatments for acute angle-closure glaucoma -- usually laser treatment -- are permanent and do not require long-term therapy. For this type of glaucoma, making a hole in the iris to allow fluid to drain, called an iridectomy, is the standard treatment to cure it. The unaffected eye also is usually treated to prevent a future attack. However, it's important to get your eyes checked regularly, as some people may develop a case of chronic angle-closure glaucoma later in life, even after laser treatment.
Question: Is it important to diagnose glaucoma early?
Answer: That is why it's so important to have your eye doctor test you regularly for glaucoma. Once diagnosed, glaucoma is usually controlled with eye drops that reduce eye pressure. Glaucoma is a life-long condition and needs continual follow-up with your eye doctor. If the high pressure in the eye is not relieved quickly, blindness can occur.
Question: What is the appropriate treatment for glaucoma?
Answer: Treatment of open-angle glaucoma -- the most common form of the disease -- requires lowering the eye's pressure by increasing the drainage of aqueous humor fluid or decreasing the production of that fluid. On the other hand, treatments for acute angle-closure glaucoma -- usually laser treatment -- are permanent and do not require long-term therapy. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure that creates a new channel for fluid outflow in cases in which the intraocular pressure is high and the optic nerve damage progresses.
Question: Will I need surgery if I have glaucoma?
Answer: Be candid and tell the doctor if you cannot follow the medication schedule or if the eye drops cause unwanted side effects. This relatively brief procedure can often be done in an ophthalmologist's clinic. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure that creates a new channel for fluid outflow in cases in which the intraocular pressure is high and the optic nerve damage progresses. Long-term results vary, but generally, the success rate is good. Surgical implants that shunt fluid out of the eye may also be used to decrease pressure in the eye.
Question: What is a tuberculin skin test for solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)?
Answer: The test involves injecting the tuberculin antigen (a substance that triggers the immune system to produce cells that attack and try to destroy the antigen) into the skin and observing the body's response. If the injection site swells and reddens, there is a chance that the SPN has been caused by tuberculosis.
Question: what is a bronchoscopy for a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)?
Answer: Bronchoscopy: This procedure is used for SPNs that are situated closer to the walls of the airways. A bronchoscope (a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a tiny camera at the end) is inserted through the mouth or nose and down the windpipe. From there, it can be inserted into the airways (bronchi) of the lungs. During bronchoscopy, the health care professional takes a biopsy sample from the SPN. If the lesion is not easily accessible on the airway wall or is smaller than 2 cm in diameter, a needle biopsy may be performed. This procedure is called a transbronchial needle aspiration ( TBNA) biopsy.
Question: What is a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)?
Answer: Generally, a pulmonary nodule must grow to at least 1 cm in diameter before it can be seen on a chest X-ray. An SPN is surrounded by normal lung tissue and is not associated with any other abnormality in the lung or nearby lymph nodes (small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body). However, the accuracy decreases (60%-80%) in nodules that are smaller than 2 cm in diameter.
Question: How can I treat my headache without drugs?
Answer: The good news is there are several simple things you can do to ease the pain without a trip to the doctor or drugstore. Keep the compress on your head for 15 minutes, then take a break for 15 minutes. If you have a tension headache, place a heating pad on your neck or the back of your head. If you have a sinus headache, hold a warm cloth to the area that hurts. A warm shower might also do the trick. You might even talk to your doctor about physical therapy if you have muscle spasms in your neck. Take painkillers as soon as you feel pain. And be sure to talk to your doctor about what headache symptoms you should not try to treat at home.
Question: What are the symptoms of shellfish poisoning?
Answer: Symptoms of shellfish poisoning begin 4-48 hours after eating and include: Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Cramps. A person who has blood in the stool and a fever may have a bacterial infection.
Question: How is radiation therapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: This treatment uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. You may get it to make your tumors smaller and ease symptoms.
Question: When should you start chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: If other treatments stop working and your cancer grows, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy. When to start chemo depends upon many things, such as: Which types of treatment you already had Whether you need radiation first How well you tolerate chemo Which other options are available to you There are many types of chemo drugs. You get them by IV or as a pill. They travel throughout your body to destroy cancer cells. Doctors often combine the chemo drug docetaxel ( Taxotere) with prednisone, a steroid, for men with hormone-resistant prostate cancer that has spread.
Question: When is surgery used to treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: Your testicles make most of your testosterone. Surgery to remove the testicles (called an orchiectomy) is a type of hormone therapy because it quickly cuts your testosterone levels. This operation used to be common, but most men with prostate cancer don't get it any more. Instead, they take medicines that lower hormone levels while leaving the testicles in place.
Question: What are the goals of hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: The goal is to cut the supply of hormones that fuel your prostate cancer.
Question: How is hormone therapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: The goal is to cut the supply of hormones that fuel your prostate cancer. Hormone therapy shuts down this process. It will: Dramatically lower your testosterone levels Prevent prostate cancer cells from using low levels of androgens Most doctors think it makes sense to start this type of treatment as soon as prostate cancer becomes advanced.
Question: What are newer types of hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: Newer types of hormone therapy include: Abiraterone acetate ( Zytiga). It's approved for men with advanced prostate cancer who have tried other hormone therapies. Enzalutamide ( Xtandi): It's a pill that blocks cells from receiving androgens. It's approved for men with advanced prostate cancer who have tried other hormone therapies.
Question: How do you take hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: There are several hormone therapy drugs. Doctors implant others under your skin. Your doctor will set your drug schedule based on your particular needs and how your cancer responds. If you become resistant to hormone therapy or have problems with side effects, your doctor may try "intermittent therapy." This means you'll take the drugs for a while, then stop, then start again. This can improve your quality of life and make the hormone therapy work better.
Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?
Answer: It uses your immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- to attack the cancer cells. Sipuleucel- T ( Provenge) is used to treat advanced prostate cancer. To make it, the doctor removes white blood cells from your blood. These go to a lab, where experts genetically engineer them to fight your prostate cancer. You then get these cancer-killing cells by IV injection in three separate treatments. If other treatments stop working and your cancer grows, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy.
Question: When should I get tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Answer: You could have an HIV infection if you: Have had several sexual partners Had unprotected sex with someone who is or could be HIV-positive, including someone whose sexual history you don't know Injected drugs with a needle, syringe, or other equipment someone else had used first Have had or are getting tested for TB, hepatitis, or any sexually transmitted disease, including syphilis, gonorrhea, or herpes. Have had sex for drugs or money Had sex with someone who has a history of any of these Pregnant women should also get tested. And in fact, the CDC recommends that all persons in the United States between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once.
Question: How do antibody screening tests help diagnose HIV?
Answer: These tests check for a kind of protein that your body makes in response to the HIV infection, 2-8 weeks later. They're also called immunoassay or ELISA tests. They're generally very accurate, but they won't catch early infections. Usually, a technician will take a small blood sample and send it to a lab for testing. Some immunoassay tests check urine or fluids from your mouth (not saliva), but there aren't as many antibodies in these, so you may not get a positive result even if you're infected. ( That's called a false negative.)
Question: Are there in-home tests I can take to figure out if I have HIV?
Answer: A rapid antibody/antigen test can give you results in 20 minutes. One option is to prick your finger to get a small blood sample that you send to a lab. You call to get your result within a few business days, and it's anonymous (you don't have to give your name). Maybe 1 in 12 people who are infected get a false negative from this test. You should get a lab test of your blood if it's positive. And in fact, the CDC recommends that all persons in the United States between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once.
Question: How do  antibody/antigen combination tests help diagnose HIV?
Answer: The CDC recommends these blood tests. They can detect HIV earlier than antibody screening tests. They check for HIV antigen, a protein called p24 that's part of the virus that shows up 2-4 weeks after infection. They also check for HIV antibodies. You get a result in 20 minutes.