anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for breast cancer?
Answer: In breast cancer patients, for example, a FISH test on breast cancer tissue removed during a biopsy can show whether the cells have extra copies of the HER2 gene. Cells with extra copies of the gene have more HER2 receptors, which receive signals that stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells. So patients with extra copies of the gene are more likely to respond to treatment with Herceptin (trastuzumab), a drug that blocks the ability of HER2 receptors to receive growth signals. Because FISH testing is expensive and not widely available, it's not as commonly used as another breast cancer test: Immuno Histo Chemistry ( IHC).
Question: How do  fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests diagnose leukemia?
Answer: FISH also can identify chromosomal abnormalities in leukemias, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL) cells, some of which are associated with aggressive forms of the disease. Patients with more aggressive forms of CLL may need urgent treatment, while those with less aggressive forms may only require observation.
Question: Why is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test useful for diagnosing some types of cancer?
Answer: Because a FISH test can detect genetic abnormalities associated with cancer, it's useful for diagnosing some types of the disease. When the type of cancer has previously been diagnosed, a FISH test also may provide additional information to help predict a patient's outcome and whether he or she is likely to respond to chemotherapy drugs.
Question: How does a fluorescence in situ hybridization test work?
Answer: During a FISH test using a sample of the patient's tissue, special colored dyes are attached to specific parts of certain chromosomes in order to visualize and count them under a fluorescent microscope and to detect cancer-promoting abnormalities.
Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for bladder cancer?
Answer: Although the FISH test is often used to analyze genetic abnormalities in breast cancer, it also can provide important information about many other types of cancer. In the diagnosis of bladder cancer, for example, FISH testing of urinary cells may be more reliable than a standard test that looks for abnormal cells. In addition, FISH may detect bladder cancer recurrences three to six months earlier.
Question: What can cause childhood depression?
Answer: It could be caused by any combination of factors that relate to physical health, life events, family history, environment, genetic vulnerability, and biochemical disturbance.
Question: What percentage of children and teens have symptoms of depression?
Answer: Studies show that, at any point in time, 10% to 15% of children and adolescents have some symptoms of depression. A child has an increased chance of childhood depression if he or she has a family history of depression, particularly a parent who had depression at an early age. Once a child experiences major depression, he or she is at risk of developing another depression within the next five years.
Question: How long does childhood depression last?
Answer: Warning signs of suicidal behavior in children include: A focus on morbid and negative themes Frequent accidents Giving away possessions Increased acting-out behaviors Increased crying or reduced emotional expression Increased risk-taking behaviors Many depressive symptoms (changes in eating, sleeping, or activities) Social isolation Substance abuse Talking about death and dying Talking about suicide or feeling hopeless or helpless Childhood depression tends to come and go in episodes. There can be spontaneous recovery from childhood depression. However, once a child has one bout of childhood depression, he or she is more likely to get depressed again. Without treatment for childhood depression, the consequences of depression can be extremely serious, even deadly.
Question: What are the warning signs of suicidal behavior in children with childhood depression?
Answer: Parents should be particularly vigilant for signs that may indicate that a child with depression is at risk for suicide. Warning signs of suicidal behavior in children include: A focus on morbid and negative themes Frequent accidents Giving away possessions Increased acting-out behaviors Increased crying or reduced emotional expression Increased risk-taking behaviors Many depressive symptoms (changes in eating, sleeping, or activities) Social isolation Substance abuse Talking about death and dying Talking about suicide or feeling hopeless or helpless Childhood depression tends to come and go in episodes.
Question: How is bipolar disorder treated in children?
Answer: Children with severe bipolar disorder-like symptoms are often treated with psychotherapy and a combination of medicines. The medications usually include a mood stabilizing medicine (such as lamotrigine or lithium) sometimes in combination with an antidepressant. Antidepressants need to be used with caution in children with suspected bipolar disorder because they have a small but significant risk for triggering mania (elation or hyperactive behavior).
Question: Who can get childhood depression?
Answer: Children with a family history of depression are at greater risk of experiencing childhood depression themselves. Children who have parents that suffer from depression tend to develop their first episode of depression earlier than children whose parents do not have depression. Children from chaotic or conflicted families are also at greater risk of childhood depression. So are kids who abuse alcohol and drugs.
Question: How many children in the U.S. have depression?
Answer: About one out of every 40 children in the United States suffers from childhood depression. Under the age of 10, childhood depression is significantly more common in boys. By age 16, girls have a greater incidence of depression.
Question: What are the risks of antidepressant medications to children?
Answer: The FDA warns that antidepressant medications may increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. If you have questions or concerns, discuss them with your health care provider.
Question: What should you do if your child has symptoms of depression that have lasted for at least two weeks?
Answer: If your child has symptoms of depression that have lasted for at least two weeks, you should schedule a visit with his or her health care provider. You will want to make sure that there are no physical reasons for the symptoms. You'll also want to make sure that your child receives proper treatment. A consultation with a mental health professional that specializes in treating kids with childhood depression is also recommended.
Question: How do doctors diagnose childhood depression?
Answer: But tools such as questionnaires (for both the child and parents) and interviews by a mental health professional that include taking a careful history can help to make an accurate diagnosis. There can be spontaneous recovery from childhood depression.
Question: Are the symptoms of childhood depression always the same?
Answer: The symptoms of childhood depression may vary. In fact, kids have different symptoms of childhood depression at different times and in different settings. Some children may continue to function reasonably well in structured environments. But most kids with childhood depression will suffer a very noticeable change in social activities, a loss of interest in school, poor academic performance, or a change in appearance. Children may also begin using drugs or alcohol. Or they may start smoking cigarettes, especially if they are over age 12.
Question: How is childhood depression different from regular sadness?
Answer: Childhood depression is different from the everyday "blues" that most kids get as they develop. The fact that a child feels sad, lonely, or irritable does not mean he or she has childhood depression. Childhood depression is persistent sadness. When it occurs, the child feels alone, hopeless, helpless, and worthless. When this type of sadness is unending, it disrupts every part of the child's life. It interferes with the child's daily activities, schoolwork, and peer relationships. Treatment options for kids with childhood depression are similar to those for adults.
Question: What's the treatment for childhood depression?
Answer: The good news is that health care professionals can accurately diagnose, treat, and manage mental health problems -- including childhood depression -- with psychotherapy and medication. So are those with symptoms of childhood depression. The best studies to date indicate that a combination of psychotherapy and medication is the most effective method to successfully treat childhood depression. Children with severe bipolar disorder-like symptoms are often treated with psychotherapy and a combination of medicines.
Question: What inflammatory conditions are commonly linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis?
Answer: Inflammatory conditions commonly linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis are: Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Connective tissue diseases such as lupus, sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis Diverticulitis, inflammation of the lining of the large intestine Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas With mesenteric lymphadenitis, an upper respiratory tract infection may occur right before any other symptoms appear.
Question: What are the signs and symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis?
Answer: Inflammatory conditions commonly linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis are: Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Connective tissue diseases such as lupus, sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis Diverticulitis, inflammation of the lining of the large intestine Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas With mesenteric lymphadenitis, an upper respiratory tract infection may occur right before any other symptoms appear. This may cause symptoms such as a sore throat. Common symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis are: Tenderness or pain, often in the center or lower right side of the abdomen High fever Mesenteric lymphadenitis often causes symptoms in the lower right abdomen. So people often mistake it for appendicitis. You may have other signs and symptoms as well. This depends upon the cause of the inflammation. Signs and symptoms include: Feeling ill Loss of appetite Fatigue or lack of energy Raised white blood cell count Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Call your doctor right away if you or your child has severe or sudden abdominal pain.
Question: What causes infections that lead to mesenteric lymphadenitis?
Answer: Much less often, inflamed mesenteric lymph nodes result from cancer, including: Lymphoma Breast cancer Lung cancer Pancreatic cancer Gastrointestinal cancer Infections that cause mesenteric lymphadenitis may be located in one place (local) or throughout the body (systemic). The infections may be caused by: Viruses Bacteria Parasites Common infections that cause mesenteric lymphadenitis include: Gastroenteritis.
Question: What causes mesenteric lymphadenitis?
Answer: This is the most common cause of mesenteric lymphadenitis in children. Sometimes mesenteric lymphadenitis causes no symptoms. Many conditions are linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis -- some serious, others not.
Question: How is mesenteric lymphadenitis diagnosed?
Answer: Mesenteric lymphadenitis often causes abdominal pain. Sometimes mesenteric lymphadenitis causes no symptoms. The doctor may simply spot it while doing imaging tests for some other problem. Blood tests may help spot an infection. Urine tests may help rule out a urinary tract infection. An abdominal ultrasound or CT scan can help rule out other causes of symptoms.
Question: How is mesenteric lymphadenitis treated?
Answer: Mesenteric lymphadenitis often causes abdominal pain. Still, you may need medicine to reduce a fever or control pain. Rest, fluids, and warm heat applied to the abdomen may also help relieve symptoms. You may need treatment for the cause of the inflammation. Antibiotics can prevent complications from a severe bacterial infection (septicemia), which can cause death.
Question: What foods with protein can you eat when you're pregnant with type 1 or 2 diabetes?
Answer: Protein can include: Eggs Lean meat or fish Cheese Beans Tofu Nuts or nut butter Carbs can include: Starches, like bread, cooked or dry cereal, rice, pasta, popcorn, or pretzels.
Question: What do you need to skip eating when you're pregnant and have type 1 or 2 diabetes?
Answer: All the rules of a good diet apply during pregnancy. Protein can include: Eggs Lean meat or fish Cheese Beans Tofu Nuts or nut butter Carbs can include: Starches, like bread, cooked or dry cereal, rice, pasta, popcorn, or pretzels. Don't drink alcohol. Skip unpasteurized milk products, juices, and soft cheeses, like Brie and feta, unless they are labeled as pasteurized. Only eat meat, eggs, and poultry that are fully cooked. Don't drink more than 200 milligrams of caffeine a day -- about 1 1/2 8-ounce cups of coffee.
Question: Can I use baking soda to style my hair?
Answer: Style your hair: Some people skip shampoo and use a mixture of baking soda and apple cider vinegar on their hair. Over time this will make a bad hair day worse. Like your scalp, your hair is naturally acidic. Baking soda might shine your locks up at first, but over time it'll cause frizz, tangles, and breaks.
Question: How can baking soda treat insect bites and stings?
Answer: Treat insect bites and stings: While it isn't good for everyday use on your skin, it can soothe the redness, itching, and stinging that are signs of a mild reaction to an insect bite. Many over-the-counter creams contain baking soda. You can also make your own paste of one part baking soda to three parts water. This also works for poison ivy and rashes.
Question: How can I use baking soda to keep my mouth healthy?
Answer: Keep your mouth healthy: Brushing your teeth with toothpaste that has baking soda can hold off tooth decay and keep your gums and mouth in good shape. A half-teaspoon of baking soda mixed in a glass of water can also freshen your breath.
Question: How can I use baking soda to help chemotherapy work?
Answer: Help chemotherapy work: While no scientific studies have found that baking soda cures cancer, research does show that it can help some cancer treatments work better. Some chemotherapy drugs need alkaline conditions. Others become more toxic in an acid environment. That's why some doctors suggest using some form of sodium bicarbonate for best treatment results. Your oncologist can tell you if your drugs will get a boost from baking soda. Mouth and throat changes are common chemo side effects. If this happens to you, rinse your mouth three times daily with a mixture of 1 cup warm water, 1/4 teaspoon baking soda, and 1/8 teaspoon salt, followed by a rinse with plain water.
Question: How can I use baking soda to control odors?
Answer: Control odors: Most bad smells come from either strong acids (think sour milk) or bases (like spoiled fish). When you add baking soda and change the p H balance, the odors in your fridge or your carpet come into a neutral state. Try it for yourself.
Question: Can I use baking soda boost my athletic performance?
Answer: Boost athletic performance: You might hear about runners drinking a large amount of baking soda before a race or meet. This is called soda loading, and it can make you sick if you get too much too often.
Question: How can I use baking soda to calm indigestion?
Answer: You can use it to: Calm indigestion: Add 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda to a glass of water to zap acid in your stomach. But acid doesn't cause all kinds of indigestion, so if your symptoms don't improve after 2 weeks, call your doctor. Don't take baking soda within 2 hours of other medications. When the baking soda lowers stomach acid, it can slow the rate at which your body absorbs some medicines and change the way others work. Don't give it to a child under 6 unless your pediatrician tells you to.
Question: How does osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) work?
Answer: One of the keys to osteopathic medicine is the idea that tightness and restriction in your nerves and muscles can be caused by or lead to other problems. So DOs are trained to use their hands to gently move your joints and tissues to correct any restrictions in your range of motion. OMT is the way that they do that.
Question: What is osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)?
Answer: If your doctor of osteopathic medicine ( DO) recommends âosteopathic manipulative treatment, or â OMT,â and youï¿½ï¿½ve never had it before, you'll want to know what it is and what it will feel like. All DOs learn this hands-on technique in medical school. Many use it in the practice along with -- or, in some cases, instead of -- other treatments, such as medication and surgery.
Question: What are different techniques used in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)?
Answer: The practice includes 40 different techniques, including: Soft tissue: You'll feel stretching and pressure on your muscles. Muscle energy: In this technique, you move your muscles in a specific direction while the DO counters that movement. Think push-pull. Myofascial release: Your DO uses firm but gentle pressure to release tension in the fascia, which is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds your bones, muscles, and organs. Osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine: Your DO applies soft pressure to your skull to stimulate healing.
Question: What can osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) treat?
Answer: DOs often use OMT to relieve pain. This technique may also ease migraines. OMT can also treat other conditions, such as: Shoulder problems Headaches Neck pain Knee problems Depending on your case, your DO may find that you also need other treatments, such as medicine or surgery.
Question: How does osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) feel?
Answer: So DOs are trained to use their hands to gently move your joints and tissues to correct any restrictions in your range of motion. It should not hurt.
Question: What should I do before a spinal tap?
Answer: Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the counter and prescription drugs. Also tell your doctor if you're allergic to any medicine. Do not stop taking your medications without talking with your primary doctor and the doctor who orders the spinal tap. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant (or think you might be), or if you have diabetes. Make sure your doctor knows if you take any blood thinners -- like clopidogrel ( Plavix), dipyridamole ( Persantine), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you do take blood thinners, ask if and when they should be stopped before the test. Let your doctor know if you have been taking aspirin or any products that contain it, and ask if you should stop taking it before the procedure. Ask your doctor about alcohol use before the test. Generally, you should not drink any beer, wine, or liquor for at least 24 hours beforehand. Make arrangements for someone to take you home when it's over. You should not drive right after the test. Do not bring valuables such as jewelry or credit cards. You'll need to give verbal and written consent for the spinal tap. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before you give consent. For example, you may want to know about the steps of the procedure and its risks and benefits.
Question: Can I eat before a spinal tap?
Answer: You may be allowed to eat a light breakfast the morning of the test, or you may be told to fast.
Question: What should I do if I have diabetes and am having a spinal tap?
Answer: Your doctor will likely tell you to take your usual dose of insulin and eat a light breakfast on the morning of your test. When you arrive for the test, be sure to remind the doctor that you have diabetes.
Question: What should you do before a spinal tap if you have diabetes?
Answer: Your doctor will likely tell you to take your usual dose of insulin and eat a light breakfast on the morning of your test. When you arrive for the test, be sure to remind the doctor that you have diabetes.
Question: What should you do before a spinal tap?
Answer: Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the counter and prescription drugs. Also tell your doctor if you're allergic to any medicine. Do not stop taking your medications without talking with your primary doctor and the doctor who orders the spinal tap. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant (or think you might be), or if you have diabetes. Make sure your doctor knows if you take any blood thinners -- like clopidogrel ( Plavix), dipyridamole ( Persantine), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you do take blood thinners, ask if and when they should be stopped before the test. Let your doctor know if you have been taking aspirin or any products that contain it, and ask if you should stop taking it before the procedure. Ask your doctor about alcohol use before the test. Generally, you should not drink any beer, wine, or liquor for at least 24 hours beforehand. Make arrangements for someone to take you home when it's over. You should not drive right after the test. Do not bring valuables such as jewelry or credit cards. You'll need to give verbal and written consent for the spinal tap. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before you give consent. For example, you may want to know about the steps of the procedure and its risks and benefits.
Question: What should I do after the first 24 hours after a spinal tap?
Answer: You will either lie on your side with your knees drawn as close to your chest as possible and your chin toward your chest or sit while leaning over a stable surface. Drink plenty of fluid.
Question: What is the medical treatment for muscle strain?
Answer: Medical treatment is similar to the treatment at home. The doctor, however, also can determine the extent of muscle and tendon injury and if crutches or a brace is needed for healing. The doctor can also determine if you need to restrict your activity or take days off work and if rehabilitation exercises or physical therapy are required to help you recover.
Question: How can I take care of my muscle strain at home?
Answer: The amount of swelling or local bleeding into the muscle (from torn blood vessels) can best be managed early by applying ice packs and maintaining the strained muscle in a stretched position. Heat can be applied when the swelling has lessened. However, the early application of heat can increase swelling and pain. Note: Ice or heat should not be applied to bare skin. Always use a protective covering such as a towel between the ice or heat and the skin.
Question: How should I protect, rest, ice, compress, and elevate my muscle strain?
Answer: Here's how: First, remove all constrictive clothing, including jewelry, in the area of muscle strain. Then: Protect the strained muscle from further injury. Rest the strained muscle. Avoid the activities that caused the strain and other activities that are painful. Ice the muscle area (20 minutes every hour while awake). Ice is a very effective anti-inflammatory and pain-reliever. Small ice packs, such as packages of frozen vegetables or water frozen in foam coffee cups, applied to the area may help decrease inflammation. Compression can be gently applied with an Ace or other elastic bandage, which can both provide support and decrease swelling. Do not wrap tightly. Elevate the injured area to decrease swelling. Prop up a strained leg muscle while sitting, for example. Activities that increase muscle pain or work the affected body part are not recommended until the pain has significantly improved.
Question: What are the symptoms of a muscle strain?
Answer: Symptoms of muscle strain include: Swelling, bruising, or redness due to the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons Inability to use the muscle at all If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor.