anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: With regard to idiopathic macular holes, which one of the following statements is MOST  likely to be correct?
A. It is acceptable to omit face down posturing following vitrectomy and gas for a  small macular hole
B. It is not usually necessary to peel the internal limiting membrane when  operating on a small macular hole
C. OCT scans at routine optometric examinations are advisable to screen for  macular holes
D. Prompt repair of a small asymptomatic hole is generally advised to improve  long -term visual outcome
Answer: A
Question: According to the ESCRS 2013 guidelines, which one of the following drugs is the drug of  choice in preventing  post -operative endophthalmitis?
A. Intracameral amikacin
B. Intracameral cefotaxime
C. Intracameral cefuroxime
D. Intracameral vancomycin
Answer: C
Question: You are considering performing cataract surgery on a 50 year old patient with a refractio n  of -0.50 sphere.  The patient had excimer laser for myopia ten years previously.  Which one  of the following is the MOST likely complication of cataract surgery?
A. Cystoid macular oedema
B. Dislocated intra ocular lens
C. Hypermetropic refractive surprise
D. Retinal detachment
Answer: C
Question: During a phaco -emulsification procedure a patient develops “Reverse pupil block”.  Which  manoeuvre is MOST likely to be effective at preventing excessive depth of the anterior  chamber?
A. Intravenous mannitol
B. Reducing the bottle height on the Phako machine
C. Surgical Iridotomy
D. Using a second instrument to lift the iris forward
Answer: D
Question: Specular microscopy reveals a patient’s cornea to have 60% non -hexagonal  endothelial  cells.  Which one of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A. Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy
B. Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy
C. Maumenee’s corneal dystrophy
D. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy
Answer: B
Question: What is the MOST common autoimmune condition associated with peripheral ulcerative  keratitis?
A. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis)
B. Relapsing polychondritis
C. Rheumatoid Arthritis
D. Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
Answer: C
Question: A patient has splashed a detergent into their eye.  After irrigation there is conjunctival  injection and punctate keratopathy.  There is no obvious limbal ischaemia and no epithelial  defect.  What would be the MOST appropriate next line of management?
A. Topical antibiotic and analgesia
B. Topical antibiotic, steroid and analgesia
C. Topical potassium ascorbate, antibiotic and steroid
D. Topical potassium citrate and antibiotic
Answer: A
Question: With regard to ocular cicatricia l pemphigoid (OCP) which one of the following is MOST  likely to be correct?
A. A negative biopsy does not exclude the diagnosis of OCP
B. OCP is usually self -limiting and will enter a “burnt -out” period without  treatment in most cases
C. Presence of lymp hocytes and goblet cells at the basement layer is the  pathognomonic feature of OCP
D. When a conjunctival biopsy is taken, only an incisional biopsy within the  scarred conjunctiva should be taken
Answer: A
Question: With regard to squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva, which one of the following is  MOST likely to be correct?
A. Enucleation is required in the majority of the patients
B. If left untreated it is most likely to metastasise to lungs and liver
C. It typica lly affects patients between 20 and 40 years old
D. The mortality rate is approximately 1 -2%
Answer: D
Question: A 55 year old female presents with a past history of herpes simplex keratitis and a painful  eye. On examination an anterior uveitis is present. Which of the following would LEAST  likely to be consistent with the underlying diagnosis of herpes simplex uveitis?
A. Mutton fat keratic precipitates
B. Raised intraocular pressure
C. ReduReduced corneal sensation
D. Sectoral iris transilluminat ion
Answer: A
Question: Which one of the following conditions is MOST likely to have a well -recognised association  with necrotising anterior scleritis?
A. Behçet’s disease
B. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
C. Systemic sclerosis
D. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome
Answer: B
Question: A 24 year old man has been feeling slightly unwell for two weeks and complains of  constant headaches.  His visual acuity is 0.00 LogMAR each eye.  His optic discs appear  swollen.  There are scattered retinal haemorrhages and cotton wool spots in both eyes.   Which one of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A. Diabetic retinopathy
B. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
C. Malignant hypertension
D. Optic nerve drusen
Answer: C
Question: A 64 year old male driving instructor presents with a six year history of episodic horizontal  double vision.  His symptoms are worse when he is tired but are extremely variable and on  some days he is fine.  He h as had four squint operations in the past.  On examination  abduction is variable in each eye but his saccades are brisk.  Convergence is excellent.   What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A. Mitochondrial myopathy
B. Myasthenia gravis
C. Paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome
D. Thyroid eye disease
Answer: B
Question: A 24 year old woman, with a known history of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is  22 weeks pregnant presents with worsening headaches and visual obscurations.  She has  good visual acuity but florid papilloedema.  She is on no treatment.  What is the MOST  appropriate immediate treatment?
A. Lumbar puncture
B. Optic nerve sheath decompression
C. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
D. Weight loss
Answer: A
Question: A 75 year old hypertensive woman wakes with painless loss of vision in the right eye.  She  has a visual acuity of 6/12 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye.  Her right visual field  shows an altitudinal defect.  Her right optic disc is swollen.  She has a CRP of 5 mg /L and a  blood sugar of 13.5 mmol/L.  Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?
A. Arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
B. Diabetic papillopathy
C. Non -arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
D. Optic neuritis
Answer: C
Question: Which ONE of the following exhibits X -linked dominant inheritance?
A. Aicardi’s syndrome
B. Fabry’s disease
C. Myotonic dystrophy
D. Norrie disease
Answer: A
Question: With regard to Ranibizumab, which of the following statements is MOST likely to be  correct?
A. Estimated vitreous elimination half -life is approximately 30 days
B. Ranibizumab binds to all isoforms of VEGF -A (Vascular Endothelial Growth  Factor A)
C. Ranibizumab contains an Fc antibody fragment
D. Ranibizu mab is glycosylated with a molecular weight of 149kD
Answer: B
Question: Which one of the following is LEAST likely to be a possible effect of topical pilocarpine 4%?
A. Bradycardia
B. Deepening of the anterior chamber
C. Increased aqueous outflow
D. Increased refractive power
Answer: B
Question: Which one of the following statements is LEAST likely to be correct concerning indocyanine  green (ICG) angiography?
A. ICG absorption and reflection occurs at 805 and 835 nm respectively
B. ICG has high first past metabolism so angiography is not affected by  recirculation of dye
C. It is safe to use in someone on renal dialysis
D. It is the investigation of choice in acute multifocal placoid pigment  epitheliopathy
Answer: C
Question: Which one of the following statements is MOST accurate when describing the properties of  a placido -disc based topography system?
A. Accurate fixation is essential
B. Patient movement is compensated for
C. The second Purkinje -Sanson i mage is captured
D. Useful data is obtained from the central cornea
Answer: A
Question: Which one of the following tests for stereopsis relies upon the use of polarised light?
A. Frisby test
B. Lang stereotest
C. Titmus Wirt test
D. TNO test
Answer: C
Question: With regard to the Hess chart, which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be  correct?
A. A compressed field implies a restrictive pathology
B. A patient requires normal retinal correspondence in order to perform the test
C. Each small square subtends an angle of 5 degrees
D. Sloping fields indicate cyclotorsion
Answer: D
Question: Which one of the following would be the MOST useful MRI scan mode to detect  inflammation involving extraocular muscles?
A. FLAIR sequence
B. STIR sequence
C. T1 weighted
D. T2 weighted
Answer: B
Question: In the ETDRS study for laser treatment of diabetic macular oedema moderate visual loss  occurred in 12% of treated eyes compared to 24%  of untreated eyes in 3 years.   What is the value of NNT (numbers needed to treat) in this study approximately?
A. 2
B. 6
C. 9
D. 12
Answer: C
Question: Which one of the following trials showed that Argon laser panretinal photocoagulation  reduced the risk of severe visual loss by more than 50% in proliferative or severe non - proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
A. Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS)
B. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS)
C. Early Treatment Diabetic Ret inopathy Study (ETDRS)
D. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS)
Answer: A
Question: A 40 year old female carrier of X linked retinitis pigmentosa attends a genetic clinic with  her 15 year old daughter and asks for predictive testing for the daughter.  The causative  mutation has been identified in the family.  Which one of the following is the MOST  appropriate course of action to take?
A. Carry out the test as requested
B. Carry out the test if the daughter agrees and understands the implications
C. Decline testing until the daughter is of adult age (16)
D. Delay the decision until both parents are in attendance and agree to testing
Answer: B
Question: According to the guidance published by The Royal College of Ophthalmologists which one  of the following isolated findings would NOT qualify for referral to a tertiary centre in a  patient with a suspected ocular tumour?
A. A choroidal lesion, 2.0 mm thick, with orange pigment
B. An asymptomatic melanocytic choroida l lesion which is 2.5 mm thick
C. A palpebral conjunctival melanocytic lesion 3.5 mm diameter
D. A pigmented iris nodule, which is 2.0 mm in diameter
Answer: D