anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is coronary artery disease, and how is it sometimes linked to heart failure?
Answer: This is at the root of many types of heart disease, including heart failure. When you have it, your arteries are clogged with cholesterol and other types of fats. That forces the heart to work harder to push blood through narrowed blood vessels. Coronary artery disease can also lead to high blood pressure. This also can cause heart failure.
Question: What is marfan syndrome, and can it raise your chances of getting heart failure?
Answer: This inherited disorder affects the heart, along with many other areas of the body. A faulty gene often causes people with Marfan to grow very tall. That can weaken the connective tissues inside your body. This can hurt your arteries and also affect your heart valves, which regulate the flow of blood, and cause blood to back up. That forces the heart to work harder until it becomes enlarged and less able to pump blood.
Question: Can congenital heart disease raise your chances of getting heart failure?
Answer: If you were born with congenital heart disease, you are more likely to have heart failure. Congenital problems usually affect the heart's structure, such as the arteries or the valves. The core issue is that the heart must work overtime to keep things running smoothly.
Question: What is cardiomyopathy, and how can it lead to heart failure?
Answer: This is a problem with the heart muscle. Usually it gets too thick or enlarged. The heart has four valves that direct the flow of blood. A problem with any valve forces the heart to pump harder, decreasing its ability to function properly. That decrease can lead to heart failure. A heart attack can bring on cardiomyopathy. So can something unrelated to the heart, such as a viral infection or alcohol overuse. Cardiomyopathy can also lead to arrhythmias.
Question: What is pericardial disease, and why is it sometimes linked to heart failure?
Answer: This is a problem with the heart muscle. It can fill with fluid as a result of chest injury, infection, heart attack,an endocrine issue (such as a thyroid issue), or autoimmune problems, as a result of cancer,. If it does, it taxes the heart and raises the odds of heart failure.
Question: What are side effects of a thigh lift?
Answer: You will have bruising, swelling, and numbness after surgery. That usually disappears within several weeks to months. In rare cases, infection, bleeding, fluid build-up, and open wounds can occur.
Question: Are there side effects if you get a buttock lift?
Answer: That usually disappears within several weeks to months. In rare cases, infection, bleeding, fluid build-up, and open wounds can occur.
Question: How does a thigh lift work?
Answer: During a thigh lift, a surgeon makes a cut on the upper and inner thigh and removes excess fat and skin. The surgeon also often does liposuction before, during, or after the procedure. People usually get a thigh lift on an outpatient basis, meaning they don't need to stay overnight. But ask your doctor ahead of time. Some doctors prefer their patients to stay in the hospital overnight. The surgery takes up to four hours.
Question: What are side effects of an upper arm lift?
Answer: For the first 10 to 14 days after an arm lift, your arms will be quite swollen. There will be some temporary bruising, swelling, and numbness, but this usually disappears in time. The large arm scars will fade over time with the help of scar creams, massage, and silicone tape, but they will never completely go away. For some people, the scars can be noticeable. In rare cases, bleeding, infection, fluid build-up, permanent numbness of the inner arm, and asymmetry of the arms can occur.
Question: How does an upper arm lift work?
Answer: Each procedure is major surgery requiring extensive recovery. For the first 10 to 14 days after an arm lift, your arms will be quite swollen. You will need to wear supportive wraps for up to six weeks while the swelling improves. The surgical site can take up to one year to fully heal. During the procedure, the surgeon makes cuts underneath the buttock area, where the surgical scar won't be noticeable. Then, the surgeon removes excess skin and fat. All this is typically done as an outpatient procedure, meaning no overnight stay.
Question: How does a buttock lift work?
Answer: Each procedure is major surgery requiring extensive recovery. During the procedure, the surgeon makes cuts underneath the buttock area, where the surgical scar won't be noticeable. Then, the surgeon removes excess skin and fat. To improve the buttocks' overall look, the surgeon may also do liposuction. All this is typically done as an outpatient procedure, meaning no overnight stay. But gradually, as the surgical cuts heal, you can get back to normal activity, including sitting down.
Question: What can I do for my child when he wets the bed so he doesn't feel guilty ?
Answer: What you can do: Don't complain about wet sheets in front of your child, since this may make him feel guilty. And don't punish him, since it's not his fault.
Question: How can you choose the best type of estrogen replacement therapy?
Answer: When deciding what type of estrogen therapy to get, work closely with your doctor. While oral estrogen has been around for a long time and is well studied, some of these newer ways of getting hormone therapy are not. They may have lower risks or different risks that we don't know about yet. Your doctor should be up to date on the latest research. Right now, the full risks of hormone therapy are unclear. So if you do decide to get ERT, experts generally recommend that you get it at the lowest dose for the shortest time possible. Talk to your doctor about how long you should expect to take ERT and how you can limit your risks.
Question: What are the pros to using estrogen replacement therapy topical creams, gels, and sprays?
Answer: As with patches, this type of estrogen treatment is absorbed through the skin directly into the bloodstream.
Question: What are the pros to using estrogen replacement therapy pills?
Answer: Like other types of estrogen therapy, estrogen pills can reduce or resolve troublesome symptoms of menopause. They can also lower the risk of osteoporosis. While there are newer ways of getting ERT, oral estrogen medicines are the best-studied type of estrogen therapy.
Question: Which type of estrogen hormone therapy is right for you?
Answer: There are many types of estrogen therapy in many different forms -- pills, patches, suppositories, and more. The best type of hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) depends on your health, your symptoms, personal preference, and what you need to get out of treatment. For example, if you still have your uterus, then estrogen will be given in combination with the hormone progestin.
Question: What are estrogen replacement therapy pills?
Answer: Oral medication is the most common form of ERT. Examples are conjugated Estrogens ( Premarin), estradiol ( Estrace), and Estratab. Follow your doctor's instructions for dosing. Most estrogen pills are taken once a day without food. Some have more complicated dosing schedules.
Question: What should you know about using estrogen replacement therapy topical creams, gels, and sprays?
Answer: Because the estrogen is absorbed right through the skin, don't let other people in your family touch these creams or gels. If they do, they could get dosed with estrogen themselves. For the same reason, make sure your hands are clean and dry after applying the medication.
Question: What are the cons to using estrogen replacement therapy topical creams, gels, and sprays?
Answer: Estrogen gels, creams, and sprays have not been well-studied. While they could be safer than oral estrogen, experts aren't sure. So assume that they pose the same slight risk of serious conditions, like cancer and stroke. One potential problem with using this type of estrogen treatment is that the gel, cream or spray can rub or wash off before it's been fully absorbed. Make sure you let the topical dry before you put on clothes. Always apply it after you bathe or shower.
Question: What are the cons to using estrogen replacement therapy pills?
Answer: On its own, estrogen causes a slight increase in the risk of strokes, blood clots, and other problems. When combined with the hormone progestin, the risks of breast cancer and heart attack may rise as well. Oral estrogen -- like any estrogen therapy -- can also cause side effects. These include painful and swollen breasts, vaginal discharge, headache, and nausea. Because oral estrogen can be hard on the liver, people with liver damage should not take it. Instead, they should choose a different way of getting estrogen. Estrogen is also sometimes not well absorbed, especially if you take certain medicines or have stomach problems. It may also increase your cholesterol, because it is metabolized in the liver. Estrogen gels, creams, and sprays have not been well-studied.
Question: What are the pros to using estrogen replacement therapy patches?
Answer: While estrogen pills can be dangerous for people with liver problems, patches are OK, because the estrogen bypasses the liver and goes directly into the blood. A 2007 study also showed that the patch does not pose a risk of blood clots in postmenopausal women like oral estrogen does, though more studies are needed before making definitive conclusions on whether patches are safer than pills. Right now, all estrogens carry the same black-box warning with respect to clot formation. As with patches, this type of estrogen treatment is absorbed through the skin directly into the bloodstream. Estrogel is applied on one arm, from the wrist to the shoulder. Like patches, some of these treatments might be more convenient than taking a pill each day.
Question: What are the cons to using estrogen replacement therapy patches?
Answer: Because oral estrogen can be hard on the liver, people with liver damage should not take it. While some experts believe that estrogen patches may be safer than oral estrogen in other ways, it's too early to know. So, for now, assume that estrogen patches pose most of the same risks -- a very small increase in the risk of serious problems, like cancer and stroke. They also have many similar -- although perhaps milder -- side effects. These include painful and swollen breasts, vaginal discharge, headache, and nausea. So don't use tanning beds or saunas while you're wearing an estrogen patch.
Question: What surgeries are used for treating keratoacanthoma?
Answer: There are a few different surgeries your doctor may use. He can: Scrape off the tumor and seal up the wound. Apply liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy the tumor. This is called cryosurgery. Cut the tumor out and use stitches to close the area. Remove one layer of tissue at a time and examine each one under a microscope to make sure all abnormal cells are gone. This is called Mohs surgery. It's the most precise way to get rid of keratoacanthoma but also the most expensive.
Question: What makes you more like to get keratoacanthoma?
Answer: Doctors don't know what causes keratoacanthoma, but some things make you more likely to get it: Sun exposure HPV infection Some cancer-causing chemicals Your genes A weak immune system Your doctor will probably take a biopsy, or a piece of the tumor, to send to an expert called a pathologist, who will examine the sample under a microscope.
Question: What is the outlook for keratoacanthoma?
Answer: But it may leave a worse scar than one from surgery. It could also come back, so it's best to get it removed. If you don't treat it, keratoacanthoma can spread throughout your body.
Question: What is keratoacanthoma?
Answer: Once you spot it, it's important to talk to your doctor. It sometimes happens to people before they get squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common type of skin cancer. If you catch the problem early, treatment usually works well. You might think you have a pimple or boil at first, but keratoacanthoma can grow fast and get as big as a quarter in a couple of months. It looks like a small, red or skin-colored volcano -- there's a distinctive crater at the top of the lump that often has keratin, or dead skin cells, inside.
Question: What are some other treatments used to keratoacanthomas?
Answer: If you can't have surgery, or if you have multiple keratoacanthomas, you can try other treatments: The chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil. You can get it as a cream to rub on your skin or as a shot. Injections of the chemotherapy drugs bleomycin or methotrexate Radiation Drugs like retinoids that you take by mouth It's not unusual for a single keratoacanthoma to shrink and disappear on its own after several months.
Question: What are the treatments for keratoacanthoma?
Answer: Your doctor will have to remove a large-enough piece so the pathologist can see the shape of the tumor with its distinctive crater. It's the most common type of multiple keratoacanthoma.
Question: What conditions are related to keratoacanthoma?
Answer: The most common treatment is surgery to remove the keratoacanthoma. There can be so many that doctors can't remove them all with surgery. Ferguson- Smith. This can cause as many as 100 keratoacanthomas at one time. It's a condition you can get through your genes and may start as early as age 8. You may take retinoid medicine to try to reduce the number of additional tumors. Grzybowski syndrome is even more rare. It causes tumors that are smaller but itch intensely. They may even show up in the mouth.
Question: What conditions are obese children at risk for?
Answer: Obese children are at risk for a number of conditions, including: High cholesterol High blood pressure Early heart disease Diabetes Bone problems Skin conditions such as heat rash, fungal infections, and acne The best person to determine whether or not your child is overweight is your child's doctor.
Question: How do I know if my child is overweight or obese?
Answer: Obese children are at risk for a number of conditions, including: High cholesterol High blood pressure Early heart disease Diabetes Bone problems Skin conditions such as heat rash, fungal infections, and acne The best person to determine whether or not your child is overweight is your child's doctor. In determining whether or not your child is overweight, the doctor will measure your child's weight and height and compute his '' BMI,'' or body mass index, to compare this value to standard values. The doctor will also consider your child's age and growth patterns.
Question: How can spironolactone (Aldactone) help with treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Answer: If birth control doesn't stop hair growth after 6 months, your doctor may prescribe spironolactone ( Aldactone). It lowers the level of a type of sex hormone called androgens. But you shouldn't take it if you're pregnant or plan to become pregnant, because it can cause birth defects.
Question: How can birth control help with treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Answer: Hormonal birth control -- pills, a skin patch, vaginal ring, shots, or a hormonal IUD (intrauterine device) -- can help restore regular periods. The hormones also treat acne and unwanted hair growth. These birth control methods may also lower your chance of having endometrial cancer, in the inner lining of the uterus.
Question: How can you help with reading if your child has dyslexia?
Answer: There are all kinds of ways to support your child's reading. Try some of these ideas: Listen to audio books and have your child read along with them. Make sure he spends some time reading alone, both quietly and aloud. Re-read his favorite books. It may be a little boring for you, but it helps him learn. Take turns reading books aloud together. Talk about the stories you read together and ask questions like, â What do you think happens next?â Use schoolbooks, but you can also branch out into graphic novels and comic books, too. And don't forget that you need to read on your own, too. A lot of times, close enough is a huge success.
Question: How can you help your child at school if they have dyslexia?
Answer: Next, you'll want to work closely with your child's school to make sure all the right services and resources are in place. There should be a support team helping to create an Individualized Education Plan ( IEP) for your child. This will provide classroom accommodations and extra support to facilitate learning. You could ask about the qualifications of the teachers to support your child's learning and you may want to research schools designed for dyslexic students. The earlier you start, the better it will be for your child. You need to be firm about schoolwork and routine, but make sure to show constant love, support, and patience.
Question: How can you successfully set a bedtime routine for helping a baby sleep through the night?
Answer: Some parents start their baby's bedtime routine as early as 6 to 8 weeks old. Your baby's routine can be any combination of regular bedtime activities. The keys to success: Play active games during the day and quiet games in the evening. This keeps your baby from getting too excited right before bedtime but gets her tired from the day's activities. Keep activities the same and in the same order, night after night. Make every activity calm and peaceful, especially toward the end of the routine. Many babies enjoy bathing right before bedtime, which calms them down.
Question: How can I understand my baby's sleep needs?
Answer: Your baby may sleep from 10 to 18 hours a day, sometimes for 3 to 4 hours at a time. But babies don't know the difference between day and night. So they sleep with no regard for what time it is. That means your baby's wide-awake time may be from 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. By 3 to 6 months, many babies are able to sleep for a stretch of 6 hours. But just as you think your baby is getting into a nice routine -- usually between 6 and 9 months -- normal developmental stages can throw things off. For instance, when your baby begins to associate bedtime with being left alone, she may start crying just to keep you around.
Question: When should you put your baby to bed?
Answer: Starting when your baby is 6 to 12 weeks old, soothe her until she is drowsy. When she's on the verge of sleep, put her down and let her drift off on her own. Don't wait until she's fully asleep in your arms; this could be a behavior that may become a struggle to get rid of later in her life. This routine will teach your baby to soothe herself to sleep, and you won't need to rock or cuddle her to sleep every time she wakes up during the night.
Question: What is the Ferber Method of sleep training?
Answer: One crying-it-out type of sleep training is the well-known Ferber Method, also known as " Progressive Watching" or " Graduated Extinction." The goal is to teach your baby how to sleep on her own and put herself back to sleep if she wakes up during the night. Richard Ferber, MD, director of the Center for Pediatric Sleep Disorders at Children's Hospital Boston, developed this method. He advises parents not to start this training until their baby is at least 5 or 6 months old. Here's an overview of how it's done: Put your baby in her crib -- drowsy, but awake. Once you've finished her bedtime routine, leave the room. If your baby cries, wait a few minutes before you check on her. The amount of time you wait depends on you and your baby. You might start waiting somewhere between 1 and 5 minutes. When you re-enter your baby's room, try to console her. But do not pick her up and do not stay for more than 2 or 3 minutes, even if she's still crying when you leave. Seeing your face will be enough to assure your baby that you are close by so she can eventually fall asleep on her own. If she continues crying, gradually increase the amount of time you wait before going in to check on her again. For instance, if you wait 3 minutes the first time, wait 5 minutes the second time, and 10 minutes each time after that. The next night, wait 5 minutes the first time, 10 minutes the second time, and 12 minutes each time after that. Adopting this method might be difficult during the first few nights. But you'll likely see improvement in your baby's sleep pattern by day 3 or 4. Most parents see an improvement within a week.
Question: What should I know before trying the Ferber Method of sleep training my baby?
Answer: Tip: If you want to try the Ferber Method, make sure you're well rested before the first night of sleep training. For the first nights especially, you'll spend a lot of time listening for your baby's cries, checking your watch, and entering and exiting her room.
Question: Does the Ferber Method work for most parents in terms of getting their baby to sleep through the night?
Answer: Adopting this method might be difficult during the first few nights. Studies show that, even if parents make it through the first night or two, they usually find that enforcing sleep this way is too stressful. Many parents were not able to ignore their babies long enough or consistently enough for them to stop crying and eventually fall asleep on their own.
Question: Does sugar or TV cause ADHD?
Answer: Although it's been debated, research does not show that ADHD is linked to eating too much sugar or watching a lot of TV.
Question: Can problems during pregnancy increase risk of ADHD?
Answer: The same is true for children with head injuries to the frontal lobe of the brain, the area that controls impulses and emotions. Studies show that pregnant women who smoke or drink alcohol may have a higher risk of having a child with ADHD.
Question: What happens chemically in the brain of someone with ADHD?
Answer: Studies show that brain chemicals, called neurotransmitters, don't work the same in children and adults with ADHD. There also tend to be differences in the way nerve pathways work. Certain parts of the brain may be less active or smaller in children with ADHD than those without the disorder. The brain chemical dopamine may also play a role.
Question: Can exposure to toxins or other substances during pregnancy cause ADHD?
Answer: Studies show that pregnant women who smoke or drink alcohol may have a higher risk of having a child with ADHD. Exposure to lead, PCBs, or pesticides may also have a role. Researchers believe that some toxins may interfere with brain development.
Question: Does risk of ADHD increase if a parent or sibling has it?
Answer: There are genetic characteristics that seem to be passed down. If a parent has ADHD, a child has more than a 50% chance of having it. If an older sibling has it, a child has more than a 30% chance. Certain parts of the brain may be less active or smaller in children with ADHD than those without the disorder.
Question: When should I call my doctor about impetigo?
Answer: Call Your Doctor About Impetigo if: You have sores or a rash that worsens or becomes more uncomfortable. An impetigo infection needs prompt medical attention. Small, pus-filled sores form, with a dark brown crust. This indicates ecthyma, a deeper form of skin infection that penetrates into the skin. If left untreated, it may cause scarring and permanent changes in skin pigmentation.
Question: Does impetigo look like herpes?
Answer: NOTE: Sores associated with impetigo may be mistaken for herpes, a viral infection. Impetigo spreads faster and never develops inside the mouth. If in doubt, see a doctor for an accurate diagnosis.
Question: What does impetigo look like?
Answer: The infection may continue to spread at the edges of the infected area or affect other areas of skin. This indicates ecthyma, a deeper form of skin infection that penetrates into the skin.
Question: What blood pressure reading means you have hypertension?
Answer: A blood pressure of 130/80 or higher is considered high. This is called hypertension A blood pressure between 120 and 129 and less than 80 is considered elevated. This means that you do not have hypertension, but you are likely to develop it in the future unless you adopt lifestyle changes to keep your blood pressure under control.