anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How likely is it that I've been infected with genital herpes if my partner has it?
Answer: That depends on several things, including whether you and your partner always use a condom and how long you've been sexually intimate with each other. If you've had sex only once or twice, and if you used a condom each time, the risk is lower than if you've had unprotected sex for a long time. But you could have been infected during any one encounter.
Question: What are hamartomas?
Answer: These are some of the more common types of benign lung tumors: Hamartomas are the most common type of benign lung tumor and the third most common cause of solitary pulmonary nodules. These firm marble-like tumors are made up of tissue from the lung's lining as well as tissue such as fat and cartilage. They are usually located in the periphery of the lung.
Question: What are benign lung tumors
Answer: Benign lung tumors may grow from many different structures in the lung. Determining whether a nodule is a benign tumor or an early stage of cancer is very important. That's because early detection and treatment of lung cancer can greatly enhance your survival.
Question: How are benign lung nodules and tumors diagnosed?
Answer: In addition to taking a history and doing a physical exam, your doctor may simply "watch" a nodule, taking repeated X-rays, over a period of two years or longer if the nodule is smaller than 6 millimeters and your risk is low. If the nodule remains the same size for at least two years, it is considered benign. That's because benign lung nodules grow slowly, if at all. On the other hand, cancerous nodules, on average, double in size every four months. Your doctor may continue to a check your lung nodule each year for up to five years to ensure that it is benign.
Question: What is a lung nodule?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A nodule is a "spot on the lung," seen on an X-ray or computed tomography ( CT) scan. In fact, a nodule shows up on about one in every 500 chest X-rays. Normal lung tissue surrounds this small round or oval solid overgrowth of tissue. It may be a single or solitary pulmonary nodule. Or, you may have multiple nodules.
Question: Are lung nodules different than lung cancer?
Answer: In many cases, though, a lung nodule turns out to be benign.
Question: What are the most common benign lung tumors?
Answer: These firm marble-like tumors are made up of tissue from the lung's lining as well as tissue such as fat and cartilage. They are usually located in the periphery of the lung. Bronchial adenomas make up about half of all benign lung tumors. They are a diverse group of tumors that arise from mucous glands and ducts of the windpipe or large airways of the lung. A mucous gland adenoma is an example of a true benign bronchial adenoma. Rare neoplasms may include chondromas, fibromas, or lipomas -- benign tumors made up of connective tissue or fatty tissue.
Question: What birth defects cause benign lung tumors?
Answer: But in general, they often result from problems like these: Inflammation from infections such as: An infectious fungus (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, or aspergillosis, for example) Tuberculosis ( TB) A lung abscess Round pneumonia (rare in adults) Inflammation from noninfectious causes such as: Rheumatoid arthritis Wegener granulomatosis Sarcoidosis Birth defects such as a lung cyst or other lung malformation.
Question: How do you know if your lung nodule is benign?
Answer: Your lung nodule is more likely to be benign if: You are younger than age 40.
Question: How is a biopsy done for benign lung tumors and nodules?
Answer: You could have one or more of these tests: Blood tests Tuberculin skin test to check for TB Positron emission tomography ( PET) scan Single-photo emission CT ( SPECT) Magnetic resonance imaging (in rare cases) Biopsy, tissue removal, and examination under a microscope to confirm whether the tumor is benign or cancerous A biopsy can be done using a variety of methods such as aspirating cells through a needle or removing a sample of them using bronchoscopy. This procedure allows your doctor to look at your airway through a thin viewing instrument.
Question: What are noninfectious causes of benign lung tumors?
Answer: But in general, they often result from problems like these: Inflammation from infections such as: An infectious fungus (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, or aspergillosis, for example) Tuberculosis ( TB) A lung abscess Round pneumonia (rare in adults) Inflammation from noninfectious causes such as: Rheumatoid arthritis Wegener granulomatosis Sarcoidosis Birth defects such as a lung cyst or other lung malformation.
Question: How is surgery used to remove benign lung nodules and tumors?
Answer: The nodule is small. If your nodule is benign, you will not need any further treatment, except to manage any underlying problems or complications related to the nodule such as pneumonia or an obstruction.
Question: What tests will my doctor recommend before invasive surgery to remove benign lung nodules and tumors?
Answer: Your doctor may continue to a check your lung nodule each year for up to five years to ensure that it is benign. These might include blood tests or kidney, liver, or pulmonary (lung) function tests.
Question: How do doctors treat benign lung nodules and tumors?
Answer: In addition to taking a history and doing a physical exam, your doctor may simply "watch" a nodule, taking repeated X-rays, over a period of two years or longer if the nodule is smaller than 6 millimeters and your risk is low. However, your doctor may suggest a biopsy or removal of an entire nodule in situations like these: You are a smoker and the nodule is large. You have symptoms. A scan suggests the nodule might be cancerous. The nodule has grown.
Question: What are the differences between benign nodules and cancerous nodules?
Answer: Or, you may have multiple nodules. This is why they are almost always found accidentally on a chest X-ray or CT scan.
Question: Who is a candidate for hormone treatment for prostate cancer?
Answer: Hormone treatment can be used in men with various degrees of prostate cancer. For example, it is often used in men after surgery for better results, as well as in men who don't want to have any other type of treatment or who have an advanced case of prostate cancer. Factors to consider are quality of life, cost of the treatment, and how effective and safe hormone treatment may be in a particular case.
Question: Why is hormone treatment used for prostate cancer?
Answer: Hormone treatment for prostate cancer is used to lower or stop the production of testosterone and all androgens either temporarily or permanently. Hormone treatment may include: The use of various drugs such as anti-androgens that block the activity of male hormones in the body The use of drugs that lower testosterone levels, including luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) analogs or agonists; newer agents may also block the production of androgens by the adrenal glands.
Question: What is hormone treatment used for prostate cancer?
Answer: Prostate cancer grows when exposed to the male hormone testosterone and its related hormones, called androgens. Hormone treatment for prostate cancer is used to lower or stop the production of testosterone and all androgens either temporarily or permanently. Hormone treatments can be given in many ways, such as by injection or as pills. The use of combined hormone therapy that decreases testosterone production from the testicles, as well as from glands located on the kidneys, called adrenal glands Hormone treatment may also include surgical removal of the testicles (called orchiectomy), where testosterone is produced.
Question: What do hormone treatments for prostate cancer include?
Answer: Hormone treatment may include: The use of various drugs such as anti-androgens that block the activity of male hormones in the body The use of drugs that lower testosterone levels, including luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) analogs or agonists; newer agents may also block the production of androgens by the adrenal glands. The use of combined hormone therapy that decreases testosterone production from the testicles, as well as from glands located on the kidneys, called adrenal glands Hormone treatment may also include surgical removal of the testicles (called orchiectomy), where testosterone is produced. This prevents male hormones from further stimulating the growth of the prostate cancer. Hormone treatment can be used in men with various degrees of prostate cancer.
Question: When is hormone treatment used for prostate cancer?
Answer: Hormone treatment (also called androgen deprivation therapy or androgen suppression therapy) removes, blocks, or adds hormones to treat prostate cancer. Hormone treatment can be used in men with various degrees of prostate cancer. Factors to consider are quality of life, cost of the treatment, and how effective and safe hormone treatment may be in a particular case.
Question: What is hormone therapy for prostate cancer?
Answer: Hormones are chemical substances produced by glands in the body that enter the bloodstream and affect other tissues. It is also used if cancer remains or recurs after treatment with surgery or radiation therapy.
Question: What are some tips to help with restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
Answer: Here are 10 steps you can take to lessen the symptoms of RLS and get you sleeping better: Avoid or limit alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine for at least several hours before bedtime. Review all the medications you take (prescription and nonprescription) with your doctor. Exercise every day. Stretch your legs at the beginning and end of each day. Massage your legs regularly. Avoid eating a heavy meal close to bedtime. Maintain a regular sleep schedule. Avoid daytime naps. Use your bed only for sleeping or sex. Try not to use bedtime as worry time. Have your blood tested for iron levels and kidney function. Soak your legs in warm water.
Question: What is leukoplakia?
Answer: Leukoplakia is a white or gray patch that develops on the tongue, the inside of the cheek, or on the floor of the mouth. It is the mouth's reaction to chronic irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth. Leukoplakia patches can also develop on the female genital area; however, the cause of this is unknown.
Question: What are the symptoms of leukoplakia?
Answer: Causes of leukoplakia can include: Irritation from rough teeth, fillings, or crowns, or ill-fitting dentures that rub against your cheek or gum Chronic smoking, pipe smoking, or other tobacco use Sun exposure to the lips Oral cancer (although rare) HIV or AIDS The presence of white or gray colored patches on your tongue, gums, roof of your mouth, or the inside of the cheeks of your mouth may be a sign of leukoplakia. The patch may have developed slowly over weeks to months and be thick, slightly raised, and may eventually take on a hardened and rough texture. It usually is painless, but may be sensitive to touch, heat, spicy foods, or other irritation.
Question: What is the treatment for leukoplakia?
Answer: Treatment for leukoplakia, if needed, involves removing the source of irritation. For example, if leukoplakia is caused by a rough tooth or an irregular surface on a denture or a filling, the tooth will be smoothed and dental appliances repaired. If eliminating the source of irritation is ineffective in reducing leukoplakia, the lesion may need to be surgically removed.
Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia diagnosed?
Answer: There's no one test for fibromyalgia. Doctors make that diagnosis if you have widespread pain that's not from another medical condition for more than 3 months. Because its symptoms overlap with other conditions, it's often hard to spot. On average, it takes 5 years to diagnose fibromyalgia. Many fibromyalgia symptoms are like those of RA. But there are some key differences: RA causes inflammation in the joints. The pain can come and go. With fibromyalgia, the ache is constant, and it happens all over your body. You feel dull pain that lasts at least 3 months. With fibromyalgia, you often feel tenderness when someone touches you.
Question: What drugs can help to treat fibromyalgia?
Answer: If you have fibromyalgia, some drugs can ease the pain and help you sleep better: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen and naproxen ( Aleve). Antidepressants. These medications can ease aches and fatigue. They can also help you get a better night's rest. Anti-seizure medicines. Drugs that treat epilepsy can give you relief by making you less sensitive to pain.
Question: How are rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and fibromyalgia diagnosed?
Answer: Doctors make that diagnosis if you have widespread pain that's not from another medical condition for more than 3 months. Because its symptoms overlap with other conditions, it's often hard to spot.
Question: What are common risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and fibromyalgia?
Answer: Your lifestyle, weight, and stress level may all raise your chances for both conditions.
Question: What can psoriasis be associated with?
Answer: Psoriasis can also be associated with psoriatic arthritis, which causes achy, swollen joints. Between 10% and 30% of people with psoriasis also have this painful joint condition.
Question: What are common signs and symptoms of psoriasis?
Answer: The signs and symptoms of psoriasis can vary depending on the type of psoriasis you have. The 5 most common symptoms of psoriasis include: Rashes or patches of red, inflamed skin, often covered with loose, silver-colored scales. In severe cases, the plaques will grow and merge into one another, covering large areas. Itchy, painful skin that can crack or bleed. Small areas of bleeding where the involved skin is scratched. Problems with your fingernails and toenails, including discoloration and pitting. The nails may also begin to crumble or detach from the nail bed. Scaly plaques on the scalp.
Question: Is psoriasis associated with psoriatic arthritis?
Answer: Psoriasis can also be associated with psoriatic arthritis, which causes achy, swollen joints. Between 10% and 30% of people with psoriasis also have this painful joint condition.
Question: How is fatty liver disease treated?
Answer: The normal treatment for fatty liver disease, whether it's alcohol-related or not, is to reach a healthy weight through diet and exercise.
Question: Can a Mediterranean diet help with fatty liver disease?
Answer: Although it wasn't created for people with fatty liver disease, this style of eating combines the kinds of foods that help reduce fat in your liver: healthy fats, antioxidants, and complex carbohydrates. Things you'll see on the table that you should reach for include: Fish and seafood Fruits Whole grains Nuts Olive oil Vegetables Avocados Legumes Your cells use glucose, a kind of sugar, for energy.
Question: Can I drink alcohol if I have fatty liver disease?
Answer: You shouldn't drink at all if your fatty liver disease results from heavy drinking. It can lead to more serious liver damage. If you have NAFLD, it may be OK to have a drink once in a while, but not more than every other month.
Question: Are people with fatty liver disease resistant to insulin?
Answer: That means your body makes insulin but can't use it well. Glucose builds up in your blood, and your liver turns it into fat.
Question: What fats are OK if I have fatty liver disease?
Answer: Certain fats in your diet can help your body use insulin better. That means your cells can take in glucose and your liver doesn't need to make and store fat. Get more of these: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish, fish oil, vegetable oils, nuts (especially walnuts), flaxseeds and flaxseed oil, and leafy veggies Monounsaturated fats in plant sources like olives, nuts, and avocados Steer clear of saturated fats, which lead to more fatty deposits in your liver. This includes: Poultry, except for lean white meat Full-fat cheese Yogurt, except low-fat Red meat Baked goods and fried foods made with palm or coconut oils. You can also get it in some dairy products. It can lead to more serious liver damage.
Question: Can vitamins help with fatty liver disease?
Answer: People with fatty liver disease often have a condition called insulin resistance. Your body makes vitamin D when you're in the sun.
Question: Can I take supplements if I have fatty liver disease?
Answer: They could change how your medicines work, or they might cause other health problems. They may not be helpful if you don't take the right amount in the right way. Ask your doctor first.
Question: What carbs can I eat with fatty liver disease eat?
Answer: Although it wasn't created for people with fatty liver disease, this style of eating combines the kinds of foods that help reduce fat in your liver: healthy fats, antioxidants, and complex carbohydrates. Things you'll see on the table that you should reach for include: Fish and seafood Fruits Whole grains Nuts Olive oil Vegetables Avocados Legumes Your cells use glucose, a kind of sugar, for energy. Choose low-fat dairy items because they have less saturated fat. This can help keep your cholesterol and your triglycerides in check.
Question: How does a birth control sponge work?
Answer: The device protects against pregnancy in three ways: It releases a spermicide to kill sperm cells for 24 hours. You can have sex during that time without needing more spermicide. It's designed to trap and absorb semen before the sperm have a chance to enter the cervix, which connects the vagina to the uterus. It acts as a barrier between the sperm and the cervix.
Question: What is a birth control sponge?
Answer: You don't need a prescription for the sponge, which is made of polyurethane foam. Out of 100 women who use the sponge, 9-11 will get pregnant in a typical year.
Question: Where can you get a birth control sponge?
Answer: It's available at most pharmacies and clinics.
Question: Does a birth control sponge protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
Answer: To protect against STDs such as HIV, the male condom provides the best protection.
Question: How effective is the birth control sponge?
Answer: It's a form of birth control that some women use. To protect against STDs such as HIV, the male condom provides the best protection.
Question: What is eczema and who gets it?
Answer: Eczema is the term for a few different skin conditions. But most of the time, it refers to a common skin disease called atopic dermatitis, which causes a dry, itchy, red rash. If you scratch it, it can start to ooze and crust over. Do it over a long period of time, and your skin can get thick and dark. Most people with eczema get it as children. Symptoms often improve by age 5 or 6, and flare-ups stop for more than half of kids by their teenage years. But many people still have the disease as adults, though their symptoms tend to be milder. It's less common to get eczema for the first time as an adult.
Question: How can genes play a role in the link between eczema and allergies?
Answer: Researchers have found that some people with the condition have a gene flaw that causes a lack of a type of protein, called filaggrin, in their skin. It helps form the protective outer layer of our skin and keeps out germs and more. A lack of filaggrin dries out and weakens that skin barrier. This makes skin vulnerable to irritants, like soaps and detergents. It also makes it easier for allergens to get into the body. Scientists believe that that makes people more sensitive to those allergens and even some foods.
Question: How can too many antibodies play a role in the link between eczema and allergies?
Answer: Immunoglobulin E ( Ig E) is a type of antibody that plays a role in the body's allergic response. People with eczema have higher-than-normal levels of it. Researchers are working to understand why people with the skin condition make too much Ig E and what role this may play in the disease.
Question: How can how your body reacts to an allergen play a role in the link between eczema and allergies?
Answer: Some research has found that people with eczema may have a defect in their skin barrier. Small gaps in the skin make it dry out quickly, and let germs and allergens into the body. When allergens enter the skin, they prompt the body to make chemicals that lead to redness and swelling, called inflammation. Research also points to a problem with a type of white blood cell that releases chemicals that help control allergic reactions in the body. This may help explain why people with eczema have outbreaks when they're around allergens.
Question: What is the link between allergies and eczema?
Answer: Does your child have red, itchy rashes while you or your partner have seasonal allergies or asthma? Studies show that if one or both parents have eczema, asthma, or seasonal allergies, their child is more likely to have eczema. But understanding the connection can help you manage the disease.
Question: How is eczema connected to allergies?
Answer: But the disease can flare up when you're around things that cause an allergic reaction. Your body's immune system overreacts to substances, called allergens, that are usually not harmful. You might get hives, itching, swelling, sneezing, and a runny nose. Allergens can include: Dust mites Pollen Pet dander Some foods Children with eczema are also more likely to have food allergies, such as to eggs, nuts, or milk. They often make eczema symptoms worse for kids but not for adults. Pollen, mold, pet dander, dust mites, and other allergens may make eczema flare up.
Question: How can you avoid allergy triggers to prevent eczema?
Answer: But the disease can flare up when you're around things that cause an allergic reaction. It can help you figure out what things might be triggering them. Share the journal with your doctor during appointments. Stay away from things that irritate your skin. Common ones include wool, soaps and detergents, perfume, chemicals, sand, and cigarette smoke. Avoid allergy triggers. Pollen, mold, pet dander, dust mites, and other allergens may make eczema flare up. You could try a dust-proof mattress and pillow covers, remove carpets, avoid contact with animals, and stay indoors when pollen counts are high.
Question: What are stain-making types of foods and drinks?
Answer: Stain-makers to watch out for include: Coffee or tea Soda Red and white wine Grape or cranberry juice Blueberries Beets Soy sauce Tomato sauce Drink with a straw.
Question: How can being diagnosed with hepatitis C change your life?
Answer: Being diagnosed with hepatitis C can inspire you to live a healthier and more fulfilling life, both physically and emotionally.
Question: What is the treatment for insomnia caused by hepatitis C?
Answer: But there are steps you can take to get a good night's rest. Go to bed at the same time and get up at the same time. Reserve your bedroom for sleep and sex only - no pets, TVs, work, or gadgets. Keep the room cool. Use soft fabrics for PJs, sheets and blankets. Skip naps. Avoid exercise, large meals or alcohol within 2-3 hours of bedtime.
Question: How can learning to relax help with hepatitis C?
Answer: To combat anxiety and depression, exercise regularly. It helps your state of mind as much as your body. Try out some relaxation and massage techniques. There isn't any scientific evidence that these approaches will help, but many people have benefited from them. Most of all, keep living your life. Don't isolate yourself. Go out with friends. Do things you enjoy. Don't let your worries about hepatitis C keep you from doing the things you've always done.