anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What methods are used to diagnose bowel endometriosis?
Answer: Double-contrast barium enema (DCBE), transrectal endoscopic ultrasonography (REU), multidetector computerized tomography enema (MDCT-e), and computed tomography colonoscopy (CTC) have been successfully used for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis.
Question: Which processes are affected by pathogenic SPTBN1 variants?
Answer: SPTBN1 variants lead to effects that affect βII-spectrin stability, disrupt binding to key molecular partners, and disturb cytoskeleton organization and dynamics.
Question: What are the phases of hair follicle cycle?
Answer: Hair follicle cycle phases (anagen, catagen and telogen)
Question: What types of anti-tumor therapeutic antibodies are available?
Answer: Anti-tumor therapeutic antibodies include single-targeted antibodies, bi-specific antibodies (BsAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
Question: List second messengers.
Answer: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Ceramide
Cyclic diguanylate
Nitric oxide
Calcium
Diacylglycerol
Question: Which transporter is inhibited by Sotagliflozin?
Answer: Sotagliflozin, a dual inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporters 1 and 2.
Question: Which syndromes are caused by LAMA1 mutations?
Answer: Poretti-Boltshauser and Joubert syndromes
Poretti–Boltshauser syndrome, Joubert syndrome
Question: Which VKORC1 genotypes are associated with a need for lower warfarin maintenance dose?
Answer: Patients with VKORC1-1639GA or AA required a lower warfarin maintenance dose.
Question: Which R/bioconductor have been developed for copy number analysis?
Answer: CNVRanger, seqCNA, iGC, PLRS, SomatiCA, Copynumber, crlmm, KC-SMARTR are all R/bioconductor packages for copy number analysis
Question: Which neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with 16p13.11 genomic copy number variants?
Answer: 16p13.11 genomic copy number variants are implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, mental retardation, ADHD and epilepsy.
schizophrenia, autism, mental retardation, ADHD and epilepsy
schizophrenia, autism, mental retardation, ADHD, epilepsy
Question: List the main protein families found in human tears?
Answer: Lipocalin
Cystatin S (CST4), 
calcyclin (S100A6),
calgranulin A (S100A8) 
matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)
LTF, 
LYZ, 
ZAG,
DNAJC3
Question: List 4 monoclonal antibodies in development for the prevention of migraine.
Answer: Four monoclonal antibodies targeting either the CGRP ligand or receptor are being studied for migraine prevention: ALD403 (eptinezumab), AMG 334 (erenumab), LY2951742 (galcanezumab), and TEV-48125 (fremanezumab)
Question: Which enzyme is inhibited by Aramchol?
Answer: Arachidyl amido cholanoic acid (Aramchol) is a potent downregulator of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) protein expression.
Question: What is the cause of the Diamond Blackfan Anemia?
Answer: Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA) is a congenital bone marrow failure syndrome associated with ribosomal gene mutations that lead to ribosomal insufficiency.
Question: Which molecule is targeted by Fenebrutinib?
Answer: Fenebrutinib is a noncovalent, oral, and highly selective inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK).
Question: Which protein family is epiregulin a member of?
Answer: EREG (epiregulin), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family.
Question: What is the Daughterless gene?
Answer: The daughterless (da) gene in Drosophila encodes a broadly expressed transcriptional regulator whose specific functions in the control of sex determination and neurogenesis have been extensively examined.
Question: What is amphiregulin a ligand of?
Answer: Amphiregulin (AREG) is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand.
Question: What is the function of the protein calreticulin?
Answer: Calreticulin (CALR) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein involved in a spectrum of cellular processes. In healthy cells, CALR operates as a chaperone and Ca2+ buffer to assist correct protein folding within the ER.
Question: What is the effect of epiregulin on leptin secretion?
Answer: Epiregulin induces leptin secretion.
Question: Which JASPAR release is JASPAR 2022?
Answer: JASPAR (http://jaspar.genereg.net/) is an open-access database containing manually curated, non-redundant transcription factor (TF) binding profiles for TFs across six taxonomic groups. In JASPAR 2022, JASPAR's 9th release, the CORE collection was expanded with 341 new profiles (148 for plants, 101 for vertebrates, 85 for urochordates, and 7 for insects), which corresponds to a 19% expansion over the previous release.
Question: What is the SPRTN protein function?
Answer: The protease SPRTN emerged as the essential enzyme for DNA-protein crosslink proteolysis repair.
Question: What part of the body is associated with Cauda equina
Answer: The cauda equina is the sack of nerve roots (nerves that leave the spinal cord between spaces in the bones of the spine to connect to other parts of the body) at the lower end of the spinal cord.
Question: What does RUNX1T1 stand for?
Answer: RUNX1T1 stands for runt-related transcription factor 1.
Question: Is METTL3 an m6A writer, reader or eraser?
Answer: The methyltransferase METTL3 is an m6A writer.
Question: What is the drug  gantenerumab targeting?
Answer: Gantenerumab significantly reduced amyloid plaques, cerebrospinal fluid total tau, and phospho-tau181 and attenuated increases of neurofilament light chain.
Question: Which protein is targeted by Herceptin?
Answer: Her2 is targeted by Herceptin.
Question: What does PCAT6 stand for?
Answer: PCAT6 stands for prostate cancer-associated transcript 6.
Question: What organ is associated with a Gleason pattern or Gleason Score?
Answer: The Gleason score is an important parameter for clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients.
The Gleason score is an important parameter for clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients
Question: Which tool has been developed to identify the glycan shielding of glycosylated proteins?
Answer: GLYCO (GLYcan COverage) is an in silico approach to quantify the glycan shielding of a protein surface. The software provides insights into glycan-dense/sparse regions of the entire protein surface or a subset of the protein surface. GLYCO calculates glycan shielding from a single coordinate file or from multiple coordinate files, for instance, as obtained from molecular dynamics simulations or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy structure determination, enabling analysis of glycan dynamics.
GLYCO calculates glycan shielding from a single coordinate file or from multiple coordinate files, for instance, as obtained from molecular dynamics simulations or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy structure determination, enabling analysis of glycan dynamics.
Question: What does the gene symbol EREG stand for?
Answer: The gene symbol EREG stands for the gene epiregulin.
Question: Which tool has been developed for proteome-wide detection of membrane lipid-binding proteins?
Answer: MBPpred is a profile Hidden Markov Model based method capable of detecting Membrane Binding Proteins (MBPs) from information encoded in their amino acid sequence.
Question: What disease can be treated with Avacopan?
Answer: Avacopan is effective for ANCA-associated vasculitis.
Question: What disease is also known as Bechterew's Disease?
Answer: Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew's disease) is the most typical form of axial SpA whereby sacroiliitis can be found on X-rays of the SI joints.
Question: Through which pathway does epiregulin promote leptin secretion?
Answer: EREG increased leptin production and secretion in a dose-dependent manner in iAb fat explants via the EGFR/MAPK pathway.
Question: What is the target of Sotorasib?
Answer: Sotorasib is a KRASG12C inhibitor.
Question: What is Luteolin?
Answer: Luteolin has been reviewed as a flavonoid possessing potential cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities.
Luteolin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, has potent anti-inflammatory properties.
Question: Which is the literature-based database of phenotypes?
Answer: PheneBank is a Web-portal for retrieving human phenotype-disease associations that have been text-mined from the whole of Medline. This approach exploits state-of-the-art machine learning for concept identification by utilising an expert annotated rare disease corpus from the PMC Text Mining subset. Evaluation of the system for entities is conducted on a gold-standard corpus of rare disease sentences and for associations against the Monarch initiative data.
PheneBank is a Web-portal for retrieving human phenotype-disease associations that have been text-mined from the whole of Medline.
Question: Idecabtagene vicleucel can be used for treatment of which disease?
Answer: Idecabtagene vicleucel was shown to be effective for Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma.
Question: LINC00339 is a diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy biomarker for what disease?
Answer: LINC00339 as a cancer diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy biomarker.
Question: Which disease is caused by repeat expansion in VWA1?
Answer: An ancestral 10-bp repeat expansion in VWA1 causes recessive hereditary motor neuropathy.
Question: Is PPROM a condition that occurs in males or females?
Answer: Preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (PPROM) occurs in pregnant females.
Question: What is the target of Sutimlimab?
Answer: Sutimlimab is a novel humanized monoclonal antibody directed against classical pathway complement factor C1s.
Question: What is the mechanism of action of Toripalimab?
Answer: Toripalimab is IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1, which has been approved for treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma after previous systemic therapy.
Question: What is the effect of epiregulin expression in tumors?
Answer: Epiregulin has elevated expression in a variety of human cancers. Epiregulin expression promotes tumor progression and metastasis and reduces patient survival.
Question: What is Cereblon?
Answer: Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate recognition protein in the E3-ligase ubiquitin complex. The binding target of CRBN varies according to tissues and cells, and the protein regulates various biological functions by regulating tissue-specific targets.
Question: What is Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) used to determine?
Answer: The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an objective anatomically-based injury severity scoring system that classifies each injury by body region on a 6 point scale. AIS is the system used to determine the Injury Severity Score (ISS) of the multiply injured trauma patient.

AIS CLASSIFICATIONS
The AIS classifies individual injuries by body region as follows:
AIS 1 – Minor
AIS 2 – Moderate
AIS 3 – Serious
AIS 4 – Severe
AIS 5 – Critical
AIS 6 – Maximal (currently untreatable)
Question: Describe Cap Trap RNA-seq
Answer: Using the Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) technology, the FANTOM5 consortium provided one of the most comprehensive maps of transcription start sites (TSSs) in several species. Strikingly, ~72% of them could not be assigned to a specific gene and initiate at unconventional regions, outside promoters or enhancers. Cap Trap RNA-seq is a technology which combines cap trapping and long read MinION sequencing.
Question: What is the use of the Canadian C-Spine Rule?
Answer: The Canadian C-spine rule clinically clears cervical spine fracture without imaging.
Question: Describe InteractiveComplexHeatmap
Answer: InteractiveComplexHeatmap is an R package that brings interactivity to the widely used ComplexHeatmap package. InteractiveComplexHeatmap is designed with an easy-to-use interface where static complex heatmaps can be directly exported to an interactive Shiny web application only with one additional line of code. InteractiveComplexHeatmap also provides flexible functionalities for integrating interactive heatmap widgets to build more complex and customized Shiny web applications.
InteractiveComplexHeatmap is designed with an easy-to-use interface where static complex heatmaps can be directly exported to an interactive Shiny web application only with one additional line of code.
Question: What is the use of Brain Metastasis Velocity (BMV) Model?
Answer: Brain metastasis velocity (BMV) is a metric that describes the rate of development of new brain metastases (BM) after initial stereotactic radiosurgery.
Question: What is "cell competition"?
Answer: Cell competition is a social cellular phenomenon in which unfit cells are selectively eliminated to maintain tissue homeostasis.
At the initial stage of carcinogenesis, cell competition often occurs between newly emerging transformed cells and the neighboring normal cells, leading to the elimination of transformed cells from the epithelial layer.
Question: What is IDD in relation to organ transplantation?
Answer: Imminent death donation (IDD) is described as living organ donation prior to a planned withdrawal of life-sustaining care in an imminently dying patient.
Imminent death donation (IDD) is a proposal to procure organs from patients prior to the withdrawal of life support, which is anticipated to lead to death
Imminent death donation (IDD) has been proposed as a separate category of organ donation: distinct from living donation and donation after cardiac death
Question: What is the 4D nucleome project?
Answer: The 4D Nucleome Network aims to develop and apply approaches to map the structure and dynamics of the human and mouse genomes in space and time with the goal of gaining deeper mechanistic insights into how the nucleus is organized and functions. The project will develop and benchmark experimental and computational approaches for measuring genome conformation and nuclear organization, and investigate how these contribute to gene regulation and other genome functions. Validated experimental technologies will be combined with biophysical approaches to generate quantitative models of spatial genome organization in different biological states, both in cell populations and in single cells.
The 4D Nucleome Network aims to develop and apply approaches to map the structure and dynamics of the human and mouse genomes in space and time with the goal of gaining deeper mechanistic insights into how the nucleus is organized and functions.
The project will develop and benchmark experimental and computational approaches for measuring genome conformation and nuclear organization, and investigate how these contribute to gene regulation and other genome functions.
Question: Describe nextNEOpi
Answer: NextNEOpi is a comprehensive and fully-automated bioinformatic pipeline to predict tumor neoantigens from raw DNA and RNA sequencing data. In addition, nextNEOpi quantifies neoepitope- and patient-specific features associated with tumor immunogenicity and response to immunotherapy.
Question: What is the use of the ATRIA score?
Answer: ATRIA score determines bleeding risk for patients on warfarin.
Question: How does amphiregulin decrease the anti-proliferative effect of cetuximab?
Answer: In SNU-C4 and Caco-2 cells which were relatively sensitive to cetuximab among the seven CRC cell lines tested, AREG significantly decreased the anti-proliferative effect of cetuximab (p < 0.05) via AKT and ERK activation.
Question: Describe RCandy
Answer: RCandy is a platform-independent R package for rapid, simple, and flexible visualisation of recombination events in bacterial genomes.
Question: What is ASTRAL Score?
Answer: ASTRAL Score is used to predict prognosis of stroke patients.
Question: How does FTO suppress pancreatic tumorigenesis?
Answer: Reduced expression of the m6A demethylase, fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), was responsible for the high levels of m6A RNA modification in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, FTO demethylated the m6A modification of praja ring finger ubiquitin ligase 2 (PJA2), thereby reducing its mRNA decay, suppressing Wnt signaling, and ultimately restraining the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells.
Question: What is the function of BACH1
Answer: BACH1) is the first mammalian heme-binding transcription factor that belongs to the basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) family and a member of CNC (cap 'n' collar
Question: What is the role of PCAT6 in human cancers?
Answer: PCAT6, is a carcinogenic lncRNA. It is abnormally elevated in various human malignant tumors. PCAT6 has been found to sponge various miRNAs to activate the signaling pathways, which further affects tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle, apoptosis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. It is believed to have diagnostic and prognostic value and clinical applications in various human malignancies.
Question: What is Jackhammer esophagus?
Answer: Jackhammer esophagus (JE) is a recently recognized esophageal motility disorder that is characterized by hypercontractile peristalsis.
Jackhammer esophagus (JE) is a hypercontractile esophageal motor disorder defined by at least two swallows with a distal contractile integral (DCI) >8000 mm Hg.s.cm during high-resolution manometry (HRM).
Question: What is the use of the Apfel Score?
Answer: The Apfel simplified risk score, developed in 1999, is the most widely used tool for risk stratification of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Question: What is EpiMethylTag?
Answer: EpiMethylTag is a fast, low-input, low sequencing depth method, that combines ATAC-seq or ChIP-seq (M-ATAC or M-ChIP) with bisulfite conversion, to simultaneously examine accessibility/TF binding and methylation on the same DNA.
Question: Describe Multilocus Inherited Neoplasia Allele Syndrome (MINAS)
Answer: Genetic testing of hereditary cancer using comprehensive gene panels can identify patients with more than one pathogenic mutation in high and/or moderate-risk-associated cancer genes. This phenomenon is known as multilocus inherited neoplasia alleles syndrome (MINAS), which has been potentially linked to more severe clinical manifestations.
Question: What are the symptoms of an incidental durotomy (ID).
Answer: Incidental durotomy can cause postural headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, photophobia, tinnitus, and vertigo. Meningitis is a rare complication reported to occur with a frequency of 0.18%
Incidental durotomy can cause postural headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, photophobia, tinnitus, and vertigo.
Question: What are the functions of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes?
Answer: G-Quadruplex, a unique secondary structure in nucleic acids found throughout human genome, elicited widespread interest in the field of therapeutic research. Being present in key regulatory regions of oncogenes, RNAs and telomere, G-Quadruplex structure regulates transcription, translation, splicing, etc
Question: Name scRNA-seq workflows which harness graph attention networks
Answer: SCDRHA and CellVGAE
Question: Which genetic susceptibility loci are implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Answer: There have been six genetic susceptibility loci identified and confirmed for IBS. Implicated genes included NCAM1, CADM2, PHF2/FAM120A, DOCK9, CKAP2/TPTE2P3 and BAG6.
Implicated genes included NCAM1, CADM2, PHF2/FAM120A, DOCK9, CKAP2/TPTE2P3 and BAG6.
Question: Atlanto-axial rotary instability (Fielding type 1) is common to what diseases?
Answer: Atlanto-axial instability (AAI) is common in the connective tissue disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and increasingly recognized in the heritable disorders of Stickler, Loeys-Dietz, Marfan, Morquio, and Ehlers-Danlos (EDS) syndromes as well as infectious disease.
Atlanto-axial instability (AAI) is common in the connective tissue disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and increasingly recognized in the heritable disorders of Stickler, Loeys-Dietz, Marfan, Morquio, and Ehlers-Danlos (EDS) syndromes, where it typically presents as a rotary subluxation due to incompetence of the alar ligament.
Question: Which drugs were included in the polypill that was tested in TIPS-3 trial?
Answer: Polypill tested in the TIPS-3 trial was comprised of atenolol, ramipril, hydrochlorothiazide, and a statin.
Question: In which aspects of the immune response is m6A methylation implicated?
Answer: m6A is a novel regulator of immune system homeostasis and activation.  m6A modifications and m6A modifying proteins play a critical role in pathogen recognition, immune cell activation, immune cell fate decisions, and immune reactions. These modifications modulate the fate decisions of innate and adaptive immune cells and regulate immune responses in immune-associated diseases, including viral infections and cancer.
Question: What are the main clinical components of the brain death exam?
Answer: The three essential findings in brain death are coma, absence of brain stem reflexes by neurologic exam including ancillary testing, and apnea. Studies can highlight the variability in practice in regard to the AT and supports the use of ancillary tests to determine BD in patients. Coma and brain stem reflexes can be determined by several ancillary tests  Ancillary tests include electroencephalography,  brainstem auditory evoked potentials, included somatosensory evoked potentials, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, conventional cerebral angiography, and  nuclear medicine flow study
Question: What variables are included in the MuLBSTA score?
Answer: MuLBSTA score includes Multilobular infiltration, hypo-Lymphocytosis, Bacterial coinfection, Smoking history, hyper-Tension and Age.
Question: Which organisms are the focus of the Wormbase?
Answer: WormBase continues to advance its practices on data acquisition, curation and retrieval to most effectively deliver comprehensive knowledge about Caenorhabditis elegans, and genomic information about other nematodes and parasitic flatworms.
Question: What are the targets of Tirbanibulin?
Answer: Tirbanibulin is Src kinase signaling inhibitor and tubulin polymerisation inhibitor that is being developed for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis, and psoriasis.
Question: What are the targets of avapritinib?
Answer: Avapritinib is a novel inhibitor of KIT/PDGFRA. It is approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with PDGFRA exon 18-mutant unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors.