anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are symptoms of separation anxiety disorder?
Answer: Following are some of the most common symptoms of separation anxiety disorder: An unrealistic and lasting worry that something bad will happen to the parent or caregiver if the child leaves An unrealistic and lasting worry that something bad will happen to the child if he or she leaves the caregiver Refusal to go to school in order to stay with the caregiver Refusal to go to sleep without the caregiver being nearby or to sleep away from home Fear of being alone Nightmares about being separated Bed wetting Complaints of physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachaches, on school days Repeated temper tantrums or pleading Separation anxiety often develops after a significant stressful or traumatic event in the child's life, such as a stay in the hospital, the death of a loved one or pet, or a change in environment (such as moving to another house or a change of schools).
Question: How do you diagnose separation anxiety disorder?
Answer: If symptoms are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical history and physical exam. Although there are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose separation anxiety disorder, the doctor may use various tests -- such as blood tests and other laboratory measures -- to rule out physical illness or medication side effects as the cause of the symptoms. If no physical illness is found, the child may be referred to a child and adolescent psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illness in children and teens. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a child for a mental illness. The doctor bases his or her diagnosis on reports of the child's symptoms and his or her observation of the child's attitude and behavior.
Question: What is the treatment for separation anxiety disorder?
Answer: Most mild cases of separation anxiety disorder do not need medical treatment. In more severe cases, or when the child refuses to go to school, treatment may be needed. Medication: Antidepressant or other anti-anxiety medications may be used to treat severe cases of separation anxiety disorder.
Question: How is biopsy used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
Answer: The doctor removes a sample of bile duct cells or tissue and checks them under a microscope to confirm your diagnosis. You may not always get one before surgery. If other tests suggest a bile duct tumor, you may go straight to surgery.
Question: Why is a physical exam needed to make a bile duct cancer diagnosis?
Answer: Symptoms may differ according to the location, but they usually include: Jaundice Pain in your belly or sides Nausea and vomiting Fever Loss of appetite/weight loss Weakness Itching Light-colored stools Dark urine Your doctor will use several methods to figure out if you have bile duct cancer. Physical exam . He'll do a complete medical checkup and ask about your general health, family history of cancer and liver disease, lifestyle, and habits, including drinking alcohol and smoking. He'll also look for symptoms of bile duct cancer, like jaundice, which can appear as a yellowish tint to your skin and eyes.
Question: How are liver transplants used to treat bile duct cancer?
Answer: This is a rare treatment option. It may be hard to get a new liver, but it can cure the cancer. You might benefit from other treatments, too. Ask your doctor about your options.
Question: What are my surgical treatment options for bile duct cancer?
Answer: Bile duct cancer treatment may include a combination of these: Surgery. There are two types. Curative means the surgeon can get all the cancer out. Palliative means the disease is too widespread to be completely removed, but the operation will relieve symptoms or treat complications. The recovery time can last several weeks.
Question: Should I expect treatment of bile duct cancer to be successful?
Answer: The chances of successfully treating this type of cancer depend on its location and how far along it is when you're diagnosed. The bile duct is deep within your body, so unlike other cancers you won't see or feel problems in the early stages. There are no good screening tests, so most cases aren't found until after the tumors are big enough to cause symptoms. Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found early enough to be completely removed by surgery. People with cancers outside the liver fare better than those whose are inside the organ. But if the cancer has spread to other organs, the outcome is about the same. For information and support, visit the American Cancer Society at www.cancer.org.
Question: How is surgery used to treat bile duct cancer?
Answer: There are two types. Curative means the surgeon can get all the cancer out. Palliative means the disease is too widespread to be completely removed, but the operation will relieve symptoms or treat complications. The recovery time can last several weeks.
Question: How is a physical exam used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
Answer: He'll do a complete medical checkup and ask about your general health, family history of cancer and liver disease, lifestyle, and habits, including drinking alcohol and smoking. He'll also look for symptoms of bile duct cancer, like jaundice, which can appear as a yellowish tint to your skin and eyes. He'll check for masses, tenderness, or fluid buildup in your belly.
Question: When is chemotherapy used to treat bile duct cancer?
Answer: This treatment is mostly used before surgery to shrink the tumor and raise the chances that the operation will be successful. It may be used afterward to lower odds that the cancer will return. You can take chemo by mouth or an injection into a vein.
Question: What conditions can increase risk for bile duct cancer?
Answer: A long-term inflammation makes you more likely to get this cancer. Some conditions that can bring this on include: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: This inflammation of the bile duct leads to scarring.
Question: Why are blood tests needed to make a bile duct cancer diagnosis?
Answer: Some make sure your liver is working like it should. Others look for signs of tumors, called markers, that show up when you have bile duct cancer. Your doctor may also check levels of bilirubin, the substance in your blood that causes jaundice.
Question: How is cholangioscopy used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?
Answer: These imaging tests check your bile ducts for problems. In ERCP, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, the doctor can look for tumors there. You'll be lightly sedated.
Question: Why is an abdominal ultrasound used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?
Answer: Abdominal ultrasound .
Question: Who does bile duct cancer affect most often?
Answer: Bile duct cancer, also called cholangiocarcinoma, affects men slightly more than women. It tends to develop in people who are between 50 and 70.
Question: What are symptoms of bile duct cancer?
Answer: Some other conditions that can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer include: Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Obesity Diabetes Viral hepatitis Drinking alcohol Cancer can grow in any part of the bile duct. There are three types: intrahepatic (inside the liver), perihilar (where the ducts leave the liver), and distal (closer to the intestine). Symptoms may differ according to the location, but they usually include: Jaundice Pain in your belly or sides Nausea and vomiting Fever Loss of appetite/weight loss Weakness Itching Light-colored stools Dark urine Your doctor will use several methods to figure out if you have bile duct cancer.
Question: How is a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
Answer: A CT scan is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. An MRI uses high-powered magnets to make images of organs and structures inside your body. These show the tumor and pinpoint its size and location in your liver. They also help gauge how healthy the organ is. Your doctor will decide whether you need one or both.
Question: What is bile duct cancer?
Answer: This is a thin tube about 4 to 5 inches long that moves a fluid called bile from your liver and gallbladder to your small intestine. When it gets there, it helps digest fat in the food you eat.
Question: How is endoscopy used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?
Answer: It lets your doctor see inside your body without surgery. He can examine your esophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the lower intestine.
Question: How is radiation used to treat bile duct cancer?
Answer: This method uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells. Your doctor may use it before surgery to shrink the tumor and make the operation easier. After surgery it can kill any cancer cells that remain. If the cancer can't be surgically removed but hasn't spread throughout your body, radiation can help keep the disease under control.
Question: How is an ultrasound used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
Answer: You'll be asleep when the doctor does this test because it requires an incision in your belly.
Question: How is stent placement used to treat bile duct cancer?
Answer: A tube called a stent can go into a blocked duct. It allows bile to drain more easily from the liver to your intestine.
Question: What other conditions can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer?
Answer: Some other conditions that can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer include: Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Obesity Diabetes Viral hepatitis Drinking alcohol Cancer can grow in any part of the bile duct.
Question: Where can you get support if you have bile duct cancer?
Answer: For some people, treatment can destroy the cancer.
Question: What are the symptoms of bile duct cancer?
Answer: Some other conditions that can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer include: Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Obesity Diabetes Viral hepatitis Drinking alcohol Cancer can grow in any part of the bile duct. There are three types: intrahepatic (inside the liver), perihilar (where the ducts leave the liver), and distal (closer to the intestine). Symptoms may differ according to the location, but they usually include: Jaundice Pain in your belly or sides Nausea and vomiting Fever Loss of appetite/weight loss Weakness Itching Light-colored stools Dark urine Your doctor will use several methods to figure out if you have bile duct cancer.
Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about bile duct cancer?
Answer: Where is my cancer? Has it spread beyond the bile duct? What stage is it? Do you think you'll be able to remove it completely through surgery? What are my treatment choices? What do you recommend and why? How much experience do you have treating this cancer? Should I get a second opinion? What's the goal of my treatment plan? What are the risks and side effects of the treatment? How will treatment affect my daily life? What are the chances my cancer will return after treatment? If it recurs or if treatment doesn't work, what else can we do? What type of follow-up care will I need?
Question: How is an endoscopy used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
Answer: This tool is sort of like a camera on the end of a cable. It lets your doctor see inside your body without surgery. He can examine your esophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the lower intestine.
Question: What should you expect if you have bile duct cancer?
Answer: The chances of successfully treating this type of cancer depend on its location and how far along it is when you're diagnosed. The bile duct is deep within your body, so unlike other cancers you won't see or feel problems in the early stages. There are no good screening tests, so most cases aren't found until after the tumors are big enough to cause symptoms. Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found early enough to be completely removed by surgery.
Question: How is laparoscopy used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?
Answer: You'll be asleep when the doctor does this test because it requires an incision in your belly. He'll insert a thin tube with a light and small video camera. Biopsy. But if the cancer has spread to other organs, the outcome is about the same.
Question: What is the treatment for bile duct cancer?
Answer: In others, it may never go away entirely. While this is hard to hear, you can live with it. You may need regular doses of chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatments to keep it in check. Though it's a challenge to manage the stress, worry, and concerns about the future that come along with a cancer diagnosis, it's important to learn about your illness and to gather support from your medical team, family, and friends. What are the chances my cancer will return after treatment?
Question: What can I do to help manage my bile duct cancer symptoms?
Answer: He'll do a complete medical checkup and ask about your general health, family history of cancer and liver disease, lifestyle, and habits, including drinking alcohol and smoking. He'll also look for symptoms of bile duct cancer, like jaundice, which can appear as a yellowish tint to your skin and eyes. Fatigue or extreme tiredness -- the kind that doesn't get better with rest -- can happen when you have cancer. You might be so tired that it's hard to work out or do other things you want to do. While you do need to get enough rest, following an exercise program that's tailored to you can help reduce fatigue. When you find out you have cancer, it's only normal to think about your future and your own mortality. This can be a distressing time, so seek support everywhere you can. Whether it's a family member or friend, a counselor, or a religious leader, talk to someone you trust.
Question: Is there a cure for bile duct cancer?
Answer: In others, it may never go away entirely. You may need regular doses of chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatments to keep it in check. What are the chances my cancer will return after treatment?
Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
Answer: Others look for signs of tumors, called markers, that show up when you have bile duct cancer. Your doctor may also check levels of bilirubin, the substance in your blood that causes jaundice. Should I get a second opinion?
Question: How is a laparoscopy used to diagnose bile duct cancer?
Answer: This imaging test helps your doctor see the tumor. He'll insert a thin tube with a light and small video camera. It lets him look at your bile duct, gallbladder, liver, and other organs and tissues. When he knows if -- and how far -- the cancer has spread, he can plan your surgery and treatments.
Question: How can calcium help with parathyroid and osteoporosis?
Answer: Calcium helps you move muscles, clot blood, and send messages through nerves. It also builds and strengthens bone. Your body can't make its own calcium -- it has to get it from the food you eat or from supplements. When you aren't getting enough calcium, your body takes it from your bones. Over time, your bones get weak and brittle -- you get osteoporosis. But even a high-calcium diet can't get your body the calcium it needs if your parathyroids aren't working correctly.
Question: What do you need to know about parathyroid and osteoporosis?
Answer: Your parathyroids control how much calcium is in your bones and blood. When they aren't working the way they should, calcium levels can get out of whack. Since calcium is key to good bone health, this puts you at a higher risk of getting osteoporosis.
Question: What are parathyroid glands?
Answer: Since calcium is key to good bone health, this puts you at a higher risk of getting osteoporosis. But even a high-calcium diet can't get your body the calcium it needs if your parathyroids aren't working correctly. These four tiny glands just behind your thyroid work like a thermostat. Your body reacts by absorbing more calcium from food and keeping it from leaving through your urine.
Question: What is hyperparathyroid disease or hyperparathyroidism?
Answer: You may know that low levels of calcium in your bones can cause osteoporosis. When your body needs calcium, parathyroids make a hormone called parathyroid hormone ( PTH). This can happen for several reasons, including: â¢ A non-cancerous growth on one of the glands â¢ Two or more glands get too big â¢ A cancerous tumor (this is rare) You also can get hyperparathyroidism if something else is keeping your calcium levels low.
Question: What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
Answer: When your body needs calcium, parathyroids make a hormone called parathyroid hormone ( PTH). The parathyroid can cause osteoporosis by making too much PTH, which eventually makes your body take calcium from your bones. Your parathyroids will work overtime making PTH if you have: â¢ Not enough vitamin D â¢ Kidney failure â¢ Problems absorbing calcium When you have hyperparathyroidism, you might have symptoms like: â¢ Body aches and pains â¢ Bone and joint pain â¢ Confusion and memory loss â¢ Frequent urges to go the bathroom â¢ Heartburn â¢ High blood pressure â¢ Kidney stones â¢ Nausea or vomiting â¢ No appetite â¢ Stomach pain â¢ Tiredness You also may break bones easily -- a sign of bone weakness and osteoporosis.
Question: How is hyperparathyroid disease treated?
Answer: The parathyroid can cause osteoporosis by making too much PTH, which eventually makes your body take calcium from your bones. If your symptoms are mild, your doctor may decide to wait and see if they get worse. Or you may take medications like estrogen and bisphosphonates to get your body to make less PTH so your bones can rebuild. However, the medication won't cure your hyperparathyroidism. If you have a growth on your parathyroid glands and have symptoms, your doctor probably will recommend surgery to remove it. Your symptoms should stop within a month of having it taken off. The growth usually doesn't come back.
Question: How is diabetes related to kidney failure?
Answer: Diabetes is the No. 1 cause of kidney failure (and the leading cause of microalbumin in the urine) in the United States. When you have diabetes, the level of sugar (or âglucoseâ) in your blood is too high. Over time, that extra sugar damages the small blood vessels in your kidneys. It becomes harder for them to clean your blood. Diabetes can also harm your nerves, which may lead to kidney injury.
Question: What can affect the results of my albumin test?
Answer: Random Test Normal: less than 30 micrograms (mcg) per milligram (mg) of creatinine Microalbuminuria: 300 mcg per mg of creatinine Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mcg/mg creatinine Timed Test Normal: Less than 20 mcg/minute Microalbuminuria: 20-200 mcg/minute Clinical albuminuria: More than 200 mcg/minute 24- Hour Test Normal: Less than 30 mg Microalbuminuria: 30-300 mg Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mg If there is albumin in your pee, the amount likely varies during the day. That makes it a little harder to get an accurate measure. Plus, any of these could give you a result that's higher than normal: Blood in your urine Fever Lots of exercise right before the test Other kidney diseases Some medicines Urinary tract infection If your results show a high level, your doctor will probably want to repeat the test.
Question: How does diabetes and kidney disease relate?
Answer: Diabetes is the No. 1 cause of kidney failure (and the leading cause of microalbumin in the urine) in the United States. When you have diabetes, the level of sugar (or âglucoseâ) in your blood is too high. Over time, that extra sugar damages the small blood vessels in your kidneys. It becomes harder for them to clean your blood. Diabetes can also harm your nerves, which may lead to kidney injury.
Question: Why are microalbumin urine tests important for people with diabetes or high blood pressure?
Answer: When you find out about a health issue early on, you can often take steps to protect yourself and keep your body strong. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, one of the things to look out for is kidney disease. A microalbumin urine test helps because it can find kidney problems before they get too far.
Question: When should I get tested for kidney disease?
Answer: Your doctor will suggest one when you have: Type 1 diabetes. You'll get the test once a year starting 5 years from when you got the condition. Type 2 diabetes. You'll get the test once a year starting as soon as you find out you have it. High blood pressure Your doctor will talk to you about how often to get tested. You may also need to get tested if you: Are 65 or older with risk factors for heart or kidney disease Belong to an ethnic group more likely to get kidney disease, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians Have any family members who have or had kidney disease In these cases, talk to your doctor about when to start testing and how often you'll need it.
Question: What is a random albumin test?
Answer: They'll send you to a restroom and give you directions to pee into a cup. Your doctor will most likely ask the lab to check for creatinine as well as albumin. Creatinine is a normal waste product in your urine. When you measure both numbers, you get a clearer picture of what's happening.
Question: When should I start testing for kidney disease?
Answer: You may also need to get tested if you: Are 65 or older with risk factors for heart or kidney disease Belong to an ethnic group more likely to get kidney disease, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians Have any family members who have or had kidney disease In these cases, talk to your doctor about when to start testing and how often you'll need it.
Question: What does a microalbumin urine test look for?
Answer: A microalbumin urine test checks for small (or "micro") amounts of albumin in your urine -- at levels so small a regular urine test might not find them. It can be a sign of kidney disease. Your doctor can help you understand what they mean.
Question: What does a microalbumin urine test check?
Answer: A microalbumin urine test checks for small (or "micro") amounts of albumin in your urine -- at levels so small a regular urine test might not find them. It can be a sign of kidney disease. Your doctor can help you understand what they mean.
Question: What happens during a timed microalbumin urine test?
Answer: High blood pressure Your doctor will talk to you about how often to get tested. Your doctor will most likely ask the lab to check for creatinine as well as albumin. Timed test. You'll pee into it over 24 hours and take it back.
Question: What is a microalbumin test?
Answer: But if your kidneys aren't working quite right, albumin starts to leak into your urine. A microalbumin urine test helps because it can find kidney problems before they get too far. Your kidneys filter your blood. They keep the good stuff your body needs and send the waste out through your pee.
Question: What do the results of a random microalbumin urine test mean?
Answer: Creatinine is a normal waste product in your urine. For a short test, 2 hours, you'll probably stay at the doctor's office or lab. Random Test Normal: less than 30 micrograms (mcg) per milligram (mg) of creatinine Microalbuminuria: 300 mcg per mg of creatinine Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mcg/mg creatinine Timed Test Normal: Less than 20 mcg/minute Microalbuminuria: 20-200 mcg/minute Clinical albuminuria: More than 200 mcg/minute 24- Hour Test Normal: Less than 30 mg Microalbuminuria: 30-300 mg Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mg If there is albumin in your pee, the amount likely varies during the day. If the results are much higher than normal, it could be a sign of more advanced problems. Your doctor will help you figure out what the results mean and what steps you can take.
Question: Are there different types of spinal cord injury?
Answer: In a complete injury, a person loses all ability to feel and voluntarily move below the level of the injury. In an incomplete injury, there is some functioning or feeling below the level of the injury.