anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Why are women with diabetes more likely to have urinary tract and vaginal infections?
Answer: You may reach menopause early if you have type 1 diabetes, but if you're overweight and have type 2, your changes could start later. Estrogen levels go down during menopause, causing vaginal dryness and other things.
Question: How does age affect your blood sugar if you have diabetes?
Answer: And as you age, your body doesn't use the insulin it makes as well as it did when you were younger. If you have type 1 diabetes, you may notice low blood sugar levels more often as you get closer to menopause.
Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis treated?
Answer: Treatments include medications, rest, exercise, and, in some cases, surgery to correct joint damage. Your options will depend on several things, including your age, overall health, medical history, and how severe your case is.
Question: What strong medications are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: They work by interfering with or suppressing your immune system's attack on your joints. Traditional DMARDs are often the first-line treatment for RA: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), which was created to treat malaria Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall), which was first developed to treat cancer Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) Biologic response modifiers are man made versions of proteins in human genes.
Question: Why are rest and exercise important for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Answer: Biologics approved for RA include: Abatacept ( Orencia), Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita) Anakinra ( Kineret) Baricitinib ( Olumiant) Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel), etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi) Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) Rituximab ( Rituxan) Sarilumab ( Kevzara) Tocilizumab ( Actemra) Tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) Upadacitinib ( Rinvoq) You need to be active, but you also have to pace yourself. During flare-ups, when inflammation gets worse, it's best to rest your joints. Using a cane or joint splints can help. When the inflammation eases, it's a good idea to exercise. It'll keep your joints flexible and strengthen the muscles that surround them. Low-impact activities, like brisk walking or swimming, and gentle stretching can help. You may want to work with a physical therapist at first.
Question: What are the warnings signs of rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently.
Question: What is the cyclic citrulline antibody test for rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Cyclic citrulline antibody test (anti- CCP): This more specific test checks for anti- CCP antibodies, which suggest you might have a more aggressive form of rheumatoid arthritis.
Question: Why are rest and exercise important for rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Biologics approved for RA include: Abatacept ( Orencia), Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita) Anakinra ( Kineret) Baricitinib ( Olumiant) Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel), etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi) Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) Rituximab ( Rituxan) Sarilumab ( Kevzara) Tocilizumab ( Actemra) Tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) Upadacitinib ( Rinvoq) You need to be active, but you also have to pace yourself. During flare-ups, when inflammation gets worse, it's best to rest your joints. Using a cane or joint splints can help. When the inflammation eases, it's a good idea to exercise. It'll keep your joints flexible and strengthen the muscles that surround them. Low-impact activities, like brisk walking or swimming, and gentle stretching can help. You may want to work with a physical therapist at first.
Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have mild anemia?
Answer: She'll be looking for: Anemia: People with rheumatoid arthritis may have a low number of red blood cells. C-reactive protein ( CRP): High levels are also signs of inflammation.
Question: How do doctors diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: There is no single test that shows whether you have RA. Your doctor will give you a checkup, ask you about your symptoms, and possibly perform X-rays and blood tests. Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed from a combination of things, including: The location and symmetry of painful joints, especially the hand joints Joint stiffness in the morning Bumps and nodules under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Results of X-rays and blood tests In addition to checking for joint problems, your doctor will also do blood tests to diagnose RA.
Question: What disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: They work by interfering with or suppressing your immune system's attack on your joints. Traditional DMARDs are often the first-line treatment for RA: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), which was created to treat malaria Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall), which was first developed to treat cancer Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) Biologic response modifiers are man made versions of proteins in human genes.
Question: When is surgery needed for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Answer: When joint damage from rheumatoid arthritis has become severe, surgery may help.
Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have a positive antinuclear antibody test?
Answer: Rheumatoid factor ( RF): Most, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis have this antibody in their blood.
Question: Does rheumatoid arthritis affect everyone differently?
Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. For some, joint symptoms happen gradually over several years. In others, it may come on quickly. Some people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a short time and then go into remission, which means they don't have symptoms.
Question: How are people affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. For some, joint symptoms happen gradually over several years. In others, it may come on quickly. Some people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a short time and then go into remission, which means they don't have symptoms.
Question: Who can get rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Answer: Anyone can get RA. It affects about 1% of Americans. The disease is 2 to 3 times more common in women than in men, but men tend to have more severe symptoms. It usually starts in middle age.
Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affect the body?
Answer: It causes inflammation in the lining of your joints (the synovium). Immune system cells move from the blood into your joints and the tissue that lines them. Once the cells arrive, they create inflammation. Your joints become painful, swollen, and warm to the touch. As you lose cartilage, the space between your bones narrows. As time goes on, they could rub against each other or move out of place. The cells that cause inflammation also make substances that damage your bones.
Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have rheumatoid-factor antibody in their blood?
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed from a combination of things, including: The location and symmetry of painful joints, especially the hand joints Joint stiffness in the morning Bumps and nodules under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Results of X-rays and blood tests In addition to checking for joint problems, your doctor will also do blood tests to diagnose RA. Rheumatoid factor ( RF): Most, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis have this antibody in their blood.
Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosed?
Answer: There is no single test that shows whether you have RA. Your doctor will give you a checkup, ask you about your symptoms, and possibly perform X-rays and blood tests. Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed from a combination of things, including: The location and symmetry of painful joints, especially the hand joints Joint stiffness in the morning Bumps and nodules under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Results of X-rays and blood tests In addition to checking for joint problems, your doctor will also do blood tests to diagnose RA. Rheumatoid factor ( RF): Most, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis have this antibody in their blood.
Question: How can you have delusions if you have schizophrenia?
Answer: These are beliefs that seem strange to most people and are easy to prove wrong. The person affected might think someone is trying to control their brain through TVs or that the FBI is out to get them. They might believe they're someone else, like a famous actor or the president, or that they have superpowers.
Question: What is it like to have severe schizophrenia?
Answer: When the disease is in full swing and symptoms are severe, the person with schizophrenia can't tell when certain ideas and perceptions they have are real or not. This happens less often as they get older.
Question: What are cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
Answer: These symptoms reflect how well the person's brain learns, stores, and uses information. Someone with schizophrenia might have a hard time with their working memory. For example, they may not be able to keep track of different kinds of facts at the same time, like a phone number plus instructions. Along with having trouble paying attention, it can be hard for them to organize their thoughts and make decisions.
Question: Who is likely to get affected by schizophrenia?
Answer: They usually start between ages 16 and 30. Men often get them earlier than women.
Question: How can you have trouble concentrating if you have schizophrenia?
Answer: For example, someone might lose track of what's going on in a TV show as they're watching.
Question: How  does schizophrenia affect movement?
Answer: Some people with schizophrenia can seem jumpy. Sometimes they'll make the same movements over and over again. But sometimes they might be perfectly still for hours at a stretch, which experts call being catatonic. Contrary to popular belief, people with the disease usually aren't violent.
Question: How can you have confused thoughts and speech if you have schizophrenia?
Answer: They might not be able to follow along when you talk to them. Instead, it might seem like they're zoning out or distracted. When they talk, their words can come out jumbled and not make sense. Someone with schizophrenia might have a hard time with their working memory.
Question: What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
Answer: The person may not seem to enjoy anything anymore. They can be hard to spot, especially in teens, because even healthy teens can have big emotional swings between highs and lows. These symptoms reflect how well the person's brain learns, stores, and uses information.
Question: How can you protect an infant or newborn from the flu?
Answer: If you have a newborn, it's important to protect him from people who have flu symptoms. Ask your day care about its "sick child" policy. Can parents drop off kids who have fever or other symptoms? Babies under 6 months can't get flu shots. That means parents, family members, and caregivers should get vaccinated to protect little ones from the flu.
Question: How can you protect your child from the flu?
Answer: Watch what he puts in his mouth. Wash teething rings, pacifiers, and other "mouth" toys often with soap and water, then dry them. Wash his hands with soap and water often. Replace his toothbrush frequently, and keep it apart from other family members' brushes.
Question: How does young age affect risk for the flu?
Answer: It's normal for a tot to get as many as six to eight colds a year, along with ear and sinus infections, bronchitis, and croup. Seniors also have a higher risk for getting other problems along with the flu.
Question: Is there a flu vaccine for seniors?
Answer: In addition, there is a âneedle-lessâ option for people 18-64 years old: the jet injector vaccine with Afluria, which uses a tool with high pressure to deliver the vaccine. Scrub them clean for about 20 seconds -- as long as it takes to sing â Happy Birthdayâ twice. That means it can do a better job of getting an older immune system up and running.
Question: How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?
Answer: This exam may reveal a lump in the pelvic area. Ultrasound. This scan uses sound waves to create an image of the ovaries. This helps the doctor determine the size and location of a cyst.
Question: How is ovarian remnant syndrome diagnosed?
Answer: These scans create images of the area. They help the doctor locate the remaining piece of ovary tissue.
Question: How can pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to ovarian pain?
Answer: Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) is an infection in the ovaries, uterus, or fallopian tubes. It is most often caused by sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea or chlamydia. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain in women.
Question: How is ovarian remnant syndrome treated?
Answer: These procedures are done to remove the remaining piece or pieces of ovary.
Question: How is radiation used to treat ovarian tumors?
Answer: This treatment uses high-energy X-rays to kill or shrink cancer cells. Radiation is either delivered from outside the body, or placed inside the body near the site of the tumor. This treatment also can cause side effects. These can include inflamed skin, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue. Radiation is not often used to treat ovarian cancer.
Question: How is laparotomy used to treat ovarian tumors?
Answer: This is surgery performed through an incision into the abdomen. The surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as possible. The removal of tumor tissue is called debulking. If the tumor is cancerous and has spread, the surgeon may also remove the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, omentum (fatty tissue covering the intestines), and nearby lymph nodes. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery may also be used.
Question: What are other symptoms of ovarian cysts?
Answer: Other symptoms of ovarian cysts: Irregular menstrual periods Pain during intercourse or bowel movements Nausea or vomiting Feeling full after eating a small amount Bloating How ovarian cysts are diagnosed Pelvic exam.
Question: How are ovarian cysts treated?
Answer: Treatment of ovarian cysts Watchful waiting. Most ovarian cysts will go away on their own. If you don't have any bothersome symptoms, especially if you haven't yet gone through menopause, your doctor may advocate "watchful waiting." The doctor won't treat you. Instead, the doctor might check you periodically to see if there has been any change in your condition. Laparoscopy. This is a form of surgery that uses small incisions and a tiny, lighted camera on the end of a metal tube that's inserted into the abdomen to remove small cysts. Larger cysts may need to be removed through a bigger incision in the abdomen. This is done with a technique called laparotomy. Birth control pills . Birth control pills prevent ovulation.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose ovarian pain?
Answer: Tumors can form in the ovaries, just as they form in other parts of the body.
Question: What are the different types of ovarian pain?
Answer: Pain in the ovaries can either be acute or chronic. Chronic ovarian pain usually starts more gradually. Or it may come and go. It may get worse with certain activities, such as exercise or urination. It can be so mild that you hardly notice it. Or pain in the ovaries can be so severe that it interferes with daily life.
Question: How can ovarian tumors form?
Answer: Pain in the ovaries can either be acute or chronic. Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the ovaries.
Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat ovarian tumors?
Answer: Chemotherapy involves drugs given through a vein ( IV), by mouth, or directly into the abdomen. The drugs kill cancer cells. These side effects should go away after the treatment is stopped. These can include inflamed skin, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue.
Question: What conditions can cause ovarian pain?
Answer: That means if you have ovarian pain, you'll most likely feel it in your lower abdomen -- below your belly button -- and pelvis. It's important to have any pelvic pain checked out by your regular doctor or obstetrician/gynecologist. Several different conditions can cause it. The pill prevents the monthly buildup of endometrial tissue on the ovaries and anywhere else the endometriosis may be in the abdomen and pelvis.
Question: How does endometriosis lead to ovarian pain?
Answer: It can happen when the egg is not released or when the sac -- follicle -- holding the egg doesn't dissolve after the egg is released. In some women, tissue like the lining of the uterus develops elsewhere in the body. This tissue swells and bleeds each month. It has nowhere to shed, though, and may form scar tissue that can be very painful. Surgery to remove the uterus and ovaries is known as hysterectomy and oophorectomy.
Question: How is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosed?
Answer: These scans may help the doctor to spot endometriosis, if there is an endometrioma, a benign cyst, on the ovary or ovaries. Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) is an infection in the ovaries, uterus, or fallopian tubes. These lab tests can help identify the infection. So can cultures of any discharge seen during a pelvic exam. Ultrasound. This test creates an image of the pelvic area so the doctor can see if the reproductive organs are enlarged. The doctor can also see if there is a pocket of infection known as an abscess. Laparoscopy. Occasionally this procedure, which uses a thin lighted scope inserted into a tiny hole in the abdomen, is used to confirm the diagnosis.
Question: How can you prevent food poisoning from vegetables?
Answer: Vegetables: These can also be the source of food poisoning, particularly sprouts of all kinds (alfalfa, mung, clover, and radish). This is because sprouting requires warmer temperatures, which are ideal for bacterial growth. Avoid raw sprouts if you are pregnant or have a weakened immune system.
Question: Why should you go for hot foods when traveling?
Answer: Here are some tips to avoid food poisoning no matter where you are in the world: Go for hot foods: Heat kills germs. Eat packaged or dry foods: Many of the bugs that cause food poisoning prefer moisture. Go for bottled, canned, or hot drinks: Carbonated drinks are a good choice, because the bubbles will tell you it's been sealed properly. Avoid the following: Raw food Local wild game Tap water and ice in developing countries Breastfeed your baby if possible.
Question: How can you prevent food poisoning from eggs and dairy?
Answer: Some tips: Don't drink unpasteurized milk. Pasteurized foods are heated before being sold to kill bacteria. Avoid soft cheeses such as feta, brie, camembert, blue-veined, and Mexican-style cheese -- or other unpasteurized cheeses. Hard cheeses, processed cheeses, cream cheese, and cottage cheese are safe. Check the expiration dates on eggs before purchasing and again before preparing. A couple of other food-related tips: Don't set out eggs, meats, poultry, seafood, or milk at room temperature for long.
Question: What are the side effects of the J-pouch procedure for ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: The pouch can become irritated or inflamed, which is called pouchitis. Antibiotics usually take care of the problem.
Question: Can surgery help treat ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: Your doctor may suggest an operation if your UC is severe and you don't get enough help from other treatments, like medicines and changes in your diet. It could also be an option to help you prevent colon cancer. You'll still go to the bathroom often, but probably not as much as before the operation.
Question: What does coronary angiography indicated for heart disease?
Answer: This procedure, also known as cardiac catheterization, can help your doctor check how many artery blockages you have and how severe they are.
Question: What does a carotid ultrasound indicate for heart disease?
Answer: It uses high-frequency sound waves to give your doctor a view of your major neck arteries, called the carotids. He'll be able to see if you have any narrowing of your arteries that's caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque.
Question: What does an echocardiograph (echo) indicate for heart disease?
Answer: It uses ultrasound to give your doctor a graphic outline of your heart chambers and their movement. He'll be able to check your heart's structure and motion, and see how thick the heart muscle is and how well the heart pumps.
Question: What does an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) indicate for heart disease?
Answer: It's a test that measures the electrical activity of your heart. Your doctor will be able to check for things like: Heart rhythms that aren't normal A larger-than-usual heart chamber Poor blood flow Heart attack Ambulatory electrocardiogram ( Holter monitor).
Question: What does a blood pressure check indicate for heart disease?
Answer: It's a painless test that uses a special meter to measure the force of blood pushing against your vessel walls. If you don't get your high blood pressure under control, you could get health problems like: Stroke Heart attack Heart failure Kidney failure Carotid ultrasound.
Question: Can I prevent or reduce my risk of heart disease if I have diabetes?
Answer: When you have diabetes, your chance of heart disease goes up, so you may need tests that check how well your ticker is working. They'll help your doctor see if you have signs of heart trouble and figure out the best treatment for you.
Question: What does a computerized tomography (CT) of the heart and calcium scores indicate for heart disease?
Answer: This imaging test can spot calcium deposits in vessels on your heart. More calcium means more coronary atherosclerosis -- a hardening and narrowing of your arteries. Your doctor can use this info to figure out what a safe level of exercise is for you.
Question: What are symptoms of athlete's foot?
Answer: But with any kind you have, you'll probably see: Itchy, scaly red rash between your toes Small, red blisters (usually on your soles or between your toes) Ongoing dryness and scaling on the soles and up the sides of your foot Ulcers or sores that leak fluid, smell bad, and look red The fungus that causes ringworm and jock itch is usually the one to blame for athlete's foot.
Question: What is treatment for athlete's foot?
Answer: You should treat athlete's foot as soon as you notice even minor symptoms. It's fine to try over-the-counter products, or you may have a home remedy you like to use. But sometimes they don't work, and that's when you need to make an appointment with your doctor.
Question: What is diaper dermatitis?
Answer: Red, irritated, or scaly skin on your baby's bottom is likely due to diaper dermatitis -- better known as diaper rash. This common condition is usually seen in infants ages 9 to 12 months. It shows up around the folds of the thighs and genitals -- places covered by a diaper Diaper rash can result from an allergy or irritated skin.
Question: Who is most likely to get lichen planus?
Answer: Middle-aged adults are most likely to get it. Doctors aren't sure what causes lichen planus. It may be an autoimmune disorder. It's often seen in people who have hepatitis C. If you get it, ask your doctor about screening for hepatitis.
Question: What is the main symptom of actinic keratosis?
Answer: The main symptom is a thick, scaly, discolored patch of skin. Sometimes the area feels rough or like sandpaper but looks normal. It may be painful to touch. It can flake off, and your skin may feel normal again. However, the problem spot typically comes back when you're exposed to sunlight.