anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How are tests used to diagnose lung cancer?
Answer: Though tests of mucus or lung fluid may reveal fully developed cancer cells, diagnosis is usually confirmed through a biopsy. Using bronchoscopy, the patient lightly anesthetized, the doctor guides a thin, lighted tube through the nose or mouth and down the air passages to the site of the tumor, where a tiny tissue sample can be removed. Another procedure uses a CT scan to guide a needle into an abnormality in order to take a biopsy. If the biopsy confirms cancer, other tests will determine the type of cancer and how far it has spread. Nearby lymph nodes can be tested for cancer cells, using a procedure called a mediastinoscopy, which requires general anesthesia, and involves having a small cut made in the front of the neck to pass a hollow, lighted tube into the chest to take biopsies. Endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic esophageal ultrasound are two other ways to biopsy lymph nodes to test for cancer cells. Both require light anesthesia. Imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, PET, and bone scans can detect cancer that may have spread.
Question: What is the cure rate for skin cancer?
Answer: When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery.
Question: What type of surgery do doctors use to remove small skin cancer lesions?
Answer: During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes.
Question: What is the outlook for skin cancer?
Answer: Stereotactic radiosurgery and radiofrequency ablation have been used to treat early lung cancers in persons who are not candidates for surgery.
Question: What type of surgery do doctors use to remove larger skin cancer tumors?
Answer: During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes.
Question: What drugs attack ALK gene rearrangement in lung cancer?
Answer: The drugs alectinib ( Alecensa), brigatinib ( Alunbrig), certinib ( Zykadia), crizotinib ( Xalkori), and lorlatinib ( Lorbrena) have been found to attack a certain molecule,an ALK gene rearrangement, seen in some lung cancers. Dabrafenib ( Tafinlar) and Trametinib ( Mekinist) target certain proteins in tumors that have changes in the BRAF gene. Entrectinib ( Rozlytrek) and larotrectinab ( Vitrakvi) work to target a gene called neurotrophic tyrosine kinase ( NTRK) found in some tumors. It is now common for patients to be tested to determine if these drugs can effectively fight their type of lung cancer.
Question: Are skin cancer web sites that I can visit?
Answer: However, groups such as the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute say CT screening should be offered to those at high risk of lung cancer.
Question: What immunotherapy drugs have shown promise in treating lung cancer?
Answer: Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq), durvalumab ( Imfinzi), nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) are immunotherapy drugs which block a protein that keeps the body from fighting cancer. These drugs are given by IV infusion every 2 â 3 weeks.
Question: What does home care for lung cancer entail?
Answer: If you've had lung surgery, a nurse or doctor can show you special exercises to improve breathing and strengthen chest muscles. You can relieve skin irritation associated with radiation therapy by wearing loose clothes and keeping your chest protected from the sun. Avoid using skin lotions unless approved by your doctor.
Question: Is surgery a common treatment for skin cancer?
Answer: When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery.
Question: What are the typical signs of cancerous melanomas?
Answer: New combinations of chemotherapy, new forms of radiation, and the use of drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation are always being studied.
Question: Do skin cancer symptoms vary based on the type of skin cancer?
Answer: The decision to perform surgery is based not only on the type of lung cancer and how far it has spread but also on the patient's overall health, especially the function of their lungs.
Question: What are the best ways to prevent skin cancer?
Answer: Both require light anesthesia. Because sputum tests and chest X-rays have not proved particularly effective in detecting small tumors characteristic of early lung cancer, annual chest X-rays for lung cancer screening are not recommended. These drugs are given by IV infusion every 2 â 3 weeks. You can relieve skin irritation associated with radiation therapy by wearing loose clothes and keeping your chest protected from the sun. Avoid using skin lotions unless approved by your doctor.
Question: Are stereotactic radiosurgery and radiofrequency ablation used to treat lung cancer?
Answer: Because sputum tests and chest X-rays have not proved particularly effective in detecting small tumors characteristic of early lung cancer, annual chest X-rays for lung cancer screening are not recommended. This type of therapy may be used to treat localized recurrent tumors as well.
Question: If a biopsy confirms the presence of a melanoma, what further tests can determine the spread of the disease?
Answer: If the biopsy confirms cancer, other tests will determine the type of cancer and how far it has spread. This is uncommon.
Question: Are the number of skin cancer cases increasing in the United States?
Answer: A pack-year is the number of cigarette packs smoked each day multiplied by the number of years a person has smoked. The decision to perform surgery is based not only on the type of lung cancer and how far it has spread but also on the patient's overall health, especially the function of their lungs.
Question: What are the basic things we should know about skin cancer?
Answer: A pack-year is the number of cigarette packs smoked each day multiplied by the number of years a person has smoked. Non-small-cell lung cancers that cannot be treated surgically are usually treated with radiation therapy, usually in combination with chemotherapy. Patients whose cancers have metastasized, or spread to distant parts of the body, are usually treated with either chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Question: Is radiation therapy used to treat skin cancer?
Answer: Once a malignant tumor begins to cause symptoms, it is usually visible on an X-ray. Non-small-cell lung cancers that cannot be treated surgically are usually treated with radiation therapy, usually in combination with chemotherapy. New combinations of chemotherapy, new forms of radiation, and the use of drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation are always being studied. Gefitinib ( Iressa) has been most recently approved as a first-line treatment of patients with metastatic NSCLC and offers another targeted therapy for tumors with specific EGFR mutations. You can relieve skin irritation associated with radiation therapy by wearing loose clothes and keeping your chest protected from the sun.
Question: How do lung tumors start?
Answer: If a routine physical exam reveals swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone, a mass in the abdomen, weak breathing, abnormal sounds in the lungs, dullness when the chest is tapped, abnormalities of the pupils, weakness or swollen veins in one of the arms, or even changes in the fingernails, a doctor may suspect a lung tumor. When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery. Because of its tendency to spread extensively, small-cell lung cancer is typically treated with combination chemotherapy -- the use of more than one drug -- often in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Question: When should I seek medical care for skin cancer?
Answer: If a routine physical exam reveals swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone, a mass in the abdomen, weak breathing, abnormal sounds in the lungs, dullness when the chest is tapped, abnormalities of the pupils, weakness or swollen veins in one of the arms, or even changes in the fingernails, a doctor may suspect a lung tumor. Many patients with lung cancer -- especially smokers -- have existing lung or heart problems that make surgery difficult. After surgery, patients stay in the hospital for several days.
Question: How is skin cancer treated?
Answer: When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery. During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes. Radiation therapy may be necessary to kill remaining cancer cells, but it is usually delayed for at least a month while the surgical wound heals. New combinations of chemotherapy, new forms of radiation, and the use of drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation are always being studied.
Question: How is skin cancer treated at home?
Answer: Both require light anesthesia. The challenge comes in detecting lung cancer early enough to make surgery possible. When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery.
Question: How is malignant melanoma skin cancer treated?
Answer: Nearby lymph nodes can be tested for cancer cells, using a procedure called a mediastinoscopy, which requires general anesthesia, and involves having a small cut made in the front of the neck to pass a hollow, lighted tube into the chest to take biopsies. Endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic esophageal ultrasound are two other ways to biopsy lymph nodes to test for cancer cells. During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes. Because of its tendency to spread extensively, small-cell lung cancer is typically treated with combination chemotherapy -- the use of more than one drug -- often in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Question: What tests can diagnose skin cancer?
Answer: If a routine physical exam reveals swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone, a mass in the abdomen, weak breathing, abnormal sounds in the lungs, dullness when the chest is tapped, abnormalities of the pupils, weakness or swollen veins in one of the arms, or even changes in the fingernails, a doctor may suspect a lung tumor. A CT scan of the chest may be ordered for a more detailed look. If the biopsy confirms cancer, other tests will determine the type of cancer and how far it has spread. Sometimes, the entire lung must be taken out. Surgery is occasionally used, but only if the cancer is thought to be at a very early stage.
Question: When is surgery used to treat lung cancer?
Answer: If the biopsy confirms cancer, other tests will determine the type of cancer and how far it has spread. Many patients with lung cancer -- especially smokers -- have existing lung or heart problems that make surgery difficult. Cancer that has spread to lymph nodes between the lungs was once considered inoperable, but combining surgery with chemotherapy afterwards has improved survival rates. When feasible, the preferred treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is surgery. During the operation, the surgeon removes the tumor along with surrounding lung tissue and lymph nodes. Sometimes, the entire lung must be taken out. After surgery, patients stay in the hospital for several days.
Question: What is Paget's disease of the nipple associated with?
Answer: It may be linked with an underlying breast cancer, either ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer.
Question: What causes Paget's disease of the nipple?
Answer: You might also notice: Tingling Itching Increased sensitivity Burning Pain Bloody or yellowish discharge from your nipple Your nipple looks flattened against your breast Thickened skin in the nipple area In most cases, Paget's disease of the breast starts in the nipple, then spreads to the areola (the circular area of darker skin that surrounds it) or other areas of your breast.
Question: What is Paget's disease of the nipple?
Answer: Paget's disease of the breast is an uncommon type of cancer that forms in or around the nipple.
Question: What is the treatment for Paget's disease of the nipple?
Answer: Paget's disease of the breast is an uncommon type of cancer that forms in or around the nipple. Radiation: If you got radiation to your chest as a child or young adult, you're more likely to get breast cancer.
Question: How is Paget's disease of the nipple diagnosed?
Answer: Paget's disease of the breast is an uncommon type of cancer that forms in or around the nipple. The doctor will remove a small sample of tissue from your nipple and send it to a lab where they'll check for the presence of Paget's cells. Because most people with this condition also have underlying breast cancer, your diagnosis will probably include: A physical exam Imaging tests: A mammogram ( X-ray of the breast) Breast MRI (a scan that creates a detailed picture of the inside of your breast) Breast ultrasound (uses sound waves to make a picture of your breast) Surgery is the most common treatment.
Question: How is Paget's disease of the nipple treated?
Answer: Because most people with this condition also have underlying breast cancer, your diagnosis will probably include: A physical exam Imaging tests: A mammogram ( X-ray of the breast) Breast MRI (a scan that creates a detailed picture of the inside of your breast) Breast ultrasound (uses sound waves to make a picture of your breast) Surgery is the most common treatment. The surgeon removes the entire breast. If your disease is confined to the nipple and the surrounding area, your doctor could suggest this treatment to save your breast (you might hear it called breast-conserving surgery). The surgeon will remove your nipple, areola, and the entire portion of the breast believed to contain the cancer. Most women get follow-up radiation therapy to make sure the cancer doesn't come back. The specific treatment often depends on the underlying breast cancer. The outlook depends on: If you have a tumor in the affected breast If the tumor is ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer The stage of invasive breast cancer in that breast If you have invasive cancer in the affected breast and it has spread to nearby lymph nodes The 5-year relative survival for all women in the U. S. diagnosed with this condition from 1988 to 2001 was 82.6%.
Question: What are the symptoms of Paget's disease of the nipple?
Answer: Early symptoms include redness and light scaling and flaking of the skin on your nipple. You might also notice: Tingling Itching Increased sensitivity Burning Pain Bloody or yellowish discharge from your nipple Your nipple looks flattened against your breast Thickened skin in the nipple area In most cases, Paget's disease of the breast starts in the nipple, then spreads to the areola (the circular area of darker skin that surrounds it) or other areas of your breast.
Question: Is a CT scan painful or dangerous?
Answer: The test can help your doctor rule out other causes of your pain, such as: A brain tumor An infection of the brain, called an abscess The buildup of fluid in the brain, a condition called hydrocephalus A sinus blockage Injuries A bulging, weak part of a brain artery, called an aneurysm, or bleeding in the brain The test is painless. To get the scan, you'll lie on a table. You may get a shot of "contrast material" into one of your veins, which will help doctors see parts of your brain more clearly on the image. Be sure to tell the doctor or nurse if you've had an allergic reaction to contrast material in the past. Your doctor will also need to check your kidney function before using contrast. The dyes have iodine, which can cause a reaction in some people.
Question: How should someone prepare for their CT scan?
Answer: Don't eat anything 4 hours before your test. Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor. Plan for your test to take at least an hour. Most scans take from 15 to 60 minutes. Ask your doctor any questions you have before the scan.
Question: When might I need a CT scan to diagnose my headache?
Answer: You might need one if you have headaches daily or almost every day or have a sudden onset severe headache. Doctors can't diagnose migraines with the test, though.
Question: What happens before a CT scan?
Answer: You may need to change into a hospital gown, because snaps and zippers in street clothes can interfere with the scan. You also may need to take off your watch, rings, or jewelry. It's a good idea to leave your valuables, including jewelry, at home. If you get a shot of contrast material, you may feel flushed, or you may have a metallic taste in your mouth.
Question: How does a CT scan help with migraines and headaches?
Answer: The test can help your doctor rule out other causes of your pain, such as: A brain tumor An infection of the brain, called an abscess The buildup of fluid in the brain, a condition called hydrocephalus A sinus blockage Injuries A bulging, weak part of a brain artery, called an aneurysm, or bleeding in the brain The test is painless.
Question: Should I tell my doctor if I am pregnant before I have a CT scan?
Answer: The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum. But if you are or think you may be pregnant, let the doctor know -- X-rays can be harmful to a growing baby.
Question: What happens after the CT scan?
Answer: Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor.
Question: How should I prepare for a CT scan?
Answer: Don't eat anything 4 hours before your test. Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor. Plan for your test to take at least an hour. Most scans take from 15 to 60 minutes. Ask your doctor any questions you have before the scan.
Question: What happens after a CT scan?
Answer: Keep taking your medications as usual after you check with your doctor.
Question: What happens during the CT scan?
Answer: If you get a shot of contrast material, you may feel flushed, or you may have a metallic taste in your mouth. These are common reactions. If you have shortness of breath or any unusual symptoms, tell the person who's giving you the test -- the technologist. The technologist will help you lie in the correct position on the examining table. The table will then automatically move into place for imaging. It's very important that you lie as still as possible during the procedure. Movement could blur the images. The technicians may ask you to hold your breath briefly at some points when they're taking the X-ray images.
Question: What does the CT scanner use to diagnose migraines and headaches?
Answer: The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum. But if you are or think you may be pregnant, let the doctor know -- X-rays can be harmful to a growing baby. A child who needs to have a CT scan should get it at a facility that often works with children, so that the lowest possible dose of radiation can be used.
Question: How does a CT scan diagnose headaches?
Answer: You might need one if you have headaches daily or almost every day or have a sudden onset severe headache. Doctors can't diagnose migraines with the test, though. The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum.
Question: How uncomfortable or dangerous is a CT scan?
Answer: You may get a shot of "contrast material" into one of your veins, which will help doctors see parts of your brain more clearly on the image. Be sure to tell the doctor or nurse if you've had an allergic reaction to contrast material in the past. Your doctor will also need to check your kidney function before using contrast. The dyes have iodine, which can cause a reaction in some people. The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum. The technologist will help you lie in the correct position on the examining table.
Question: How does a CT scan help diagnose a migraine?
Answer: Doctors can't diagnose migraines with the test, though. The CT scanner uses X-rays, but the amount of radiation you get from them is kept to a minimum.
Question: Why is breastfeeding good for my baby?
Answer: Breastfeeding has been linked to higher IQ scores in later childhood in some studies. What's more, the physical closeness, skin-to-skin touching, and eye contact all help your baby bond with you and feel secure. Breastfed infants are more likely to gain the right amount of weight as they grow rather than become overweight children. The AAP says breastfeeding also plays a role in the prevention of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). It's been thought to lower the risk of diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers as well, but more research is needed.
Question: Why is breastfeeding good for me?
Answer: Breastfeeding burns extra calories, so it can help you lose pregnancy weight faster. It releases the hormone oxytocin, which helps your uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size and may reduce uterine bleeding after birth. Breastfeeding also lowers your risk of breast and ovarian cancer. It may lower your risk of osteoporosis, too. Since you don't have to buy and measure formula, sterilize nipples, or warm bottles, it saves you time and money. It also gives you regular time to relax quietly with your newborn as you bond.
Question: What is breast engorgement?
Answer: But breast engorgement means the blood vessels in your breast have become congested. This traps fluid in your breasts and makes them feel hard, painful, and swollen. Alternate heat and cold, for instance using ice packs and hot showers, to relieve mild symptoms. It can also help to release your milk by hand or use a breast pump.
Question: Can I breastfeed if I'm sick or taking prescription medication?
Answer: Talk with your doctor before starting to breastfeed if you're taking prescription drugs of any kind. Your doctor can help you make an informed decision based on your particular medication. Having a cold or flu should not prevent you from breastfeeding. Breast milk won't give your baby the illness and may even give antibodies to your baby to help fight off the illness.
Question: Will I make enough milk to breastfeed?
Answer: As your baby needs more milk and nurses more, your breasts respond by making more milk. Experts recommend breastfeeding exclusively (no formula, juice, or water) for 6 months. If you supplement with formula, your breasts might make less milk. Even if you breastfeed less than the recommended 6 months, it's better to breastfeed for a short time than no time at all. You can add solid food at 6 months but also continue to breastfeed if you want to keep producing milk.
Question: Can you get blocked ducts from breastfeeding?
Answer: A single sore spot on your breast, which may be red and hot, can signal a plugged milk duct. This can often be relieved by warm compresses and gentle massage over the area to release the blockage. More frequent nursing can also help.
Question: What is colustrum?
Answer: The first few days after birth, your breasts make an ideal "first milk." It's called colostrum. Colostrum is thick, yellowish, and scant, but there's plenty to meet your baby's nutritional needs. Colostrum helps a newborn's digestive tract develop and prepare itself to digest breast milk.
Question: Can breastfeeding cause dry, cracked nipples?
Answer: Avoid soaps, perfumed creams, or lotions with alcohol in them, which can make nipples even more dry and cracked. You can gently apply pure lanolin to your nipples after a feeding, but be sure you gently wash the lanolin off before breastfeeding again. Changing your bra pads often will help your nipples stay dry. And you should use only cotton bra pads.
Question: Can I breastfeed if I have inverted nipples?
Answer: An inverted nipple doesn't poke forward when you pinch the areola, the dark skin around the nipple. A lactation consultant -- a specialist in breastfeeding education -- can give simple tips that have allowed women with inverted nipples to breastfeed successfully.
Question: What is the football position for breastfeeding?
Answer: Line your baby's back along your forearm to hold your baby like a football, supporting his head and neck in your palm. This works best with newborns and small babies. It's also a good position if you're recovering from a cesarean birth and need to protect your belly from the pressure or weight of your baby.