anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: Is multiple sclerosis worse in children than adults?
Answer: But people who had the condition in childhood or adolescence can have physical disability at an earlier age. The disease also may cause greater challenges with thinking and emotions for children and teens, and may affect their schoolwork, self-image, and relationships with peers.
Question: How many children are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Answer: Of the 400,000 diagnosed cases of MS in the U. S., 8,000 to 10,000 are in people younger than age 18. Neurologists think there are probably many more kids with MS that haven't been diagnosed. Multiple sclerosis may get worse more slowly in children than in adults.
Question: What medications has the FDA approved to treat multiple sclerosis in children?
Answer: Of the 400,000 diagnosed cases of MS in the U. S., 8,000 to 10,000 are in people younger than age 18. But doctors use some of them to treat children with the condition, but at a different dose than adults get. Medications for children with MS include: Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Your child will get these meds by injection -- either into the muscle or beneath the skin.
Question: What is the cure for multiple sclerosis (MS) in children?
Answer: Corticosteroids can ease attacks, but they don't prevent them. But there are many treatments to help relieve them, including physical and occupational therapy, counseling, and medications.
Question: Do children get multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Of the 400,000 diagnosed cases of MS in the U. S., 8,000 to 10,000 are in people younger than age 18. Neurologists think there are probably many more kids with MS that haven't been diagnosed. Multiple sclerosis may get worse more slowly in children than in adults.
Question: What are anti-inflammatory inhalers?
Answer: Anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers prevent asthma attacks and reduce swelling and mucus in your airways. They include: Steroids ( Aerospan, Alvesco, Asmanex, Flovent, Pulmicort, and Qvar) Mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn sodium) For in-depth information, see Web MD's article on Asthma, Steroids, and Other Anti- Inflammatory Drugs.
Question: What drugs are in the inhaler?
Answer: Many inhalers contain steroids, like prednisone, to treat inflammation. Others have a type of drug called a bronchodilator to open up your airways. Some have both -- this is known as a combination inhaler.
Question: What is an asthma inhaler?
Answer: An asthma inhaler is a handheld device that delivers medication straight into your lungs. You get the drugs faster -- and with fewer side effects -- than you would if you took it by pill or IV.
Question: Do I need a spacer in my inhaler?
Answer: An asthma inhaler is a handheld device that delivers medication straight into your lungs. You push the inhaler, it sprays out the medicine, and you breathe it in. Not all inhalers are used with a spacer, so ask your pharmacist if you need one. Spacers with masks are available for use by small children or anyone else who can't breathe in through a standard spacer. See Web MD's articles for instructions on using an MDI inhaler with a spacer, without a spacer, and with a mask spacer.
Question: What is a nebulizer and how do they work?
Answer: Asthma inhalers can deliver drugs in a variety of ways. That makes them good for children or people with severe asthma who may not be able to use an HFA or DPI properly. This makes the device easier to use and helps get the medication into your lungs.
Question: How do you know if there is enough medicine in your inhaler?
Answer: You push the inhaler, it sprays out the medicine, and you breathe it in. Many inhalers contain steroids, like prednisone, to treat inflammation. The best way to tell how many doses remain is to mark the number of doses used on the inhaler and then toss it after you've used this number of puffs. You can find the total number of doses on the box or canister. Mark the date on your calendar when you expect to use all of the available puffs in the new inhaler, and replace it before then. Keep one or two extra quick-relief inhalers at home.
Question: What are hydrofluoroalkane inhalers or HFAs and how do they work?
Answer: They work like a spray can. You push the inhaler, it sprays out the medicine, and you breathe it in. A tube-like gadget called a spacer can help kids or people with trouble breathing use an HFA more easily. You can find the total number of doses on the box or canister.
Question: What are bronchodilator asthma inhalers?
Answer: Others have a type of drug called a bronchodilator to open up your airways. They include: Short-acting beta-agonists ( Pro Air HFA, Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, and Xoponex) Long-acting beta-agonists ( Foradil and Serevent). The combination inhalers containing both a long-acting beta-agonist and a steroid include Advair, Dulera, and Symbicort. Long-acting anticholinergics such as tiotropium bromide ( Spiriva Respimat), available for anyone ages 6 and older. This medicine can be used in addition to your regular maintenance medication. Combivent and Duo Neb inhalers contain both albuterol and ipratropium (a bronchodilator); albuterol and ipratropium may also be given using a nebulizer. For in-depth information, see Web MD's article on Bronchodilators: Relieving Asthma Symptoms.
Question: What are dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and how do they work?
Answer: Do you puff and breathe, or breathe and puff? Read the instructions carefully if you get a different brand, because they vary widely and the new one may not work like your old one. That makes them good for children or people with severe asthma who may not be able to use an HFA or DPI properly.
Question: How do I find a sex therapist?
Answer: Also, ask your doctor if he or she can recommend a therapist.
Question: Should my partner go to sex therapy with me?
Answer: Sex therapy is most effective when a man's sexual partner is willing to be part of the treatment. Studies have shown that for men with stress-related ED, having the partner involved in the therapy resolves the problem 50%-70% of the time. When the man must go through counseling alone, the results are somewhat lower.
Question: Does health insurance cover sex therapy?
Answer: Some insurance plans cover sex therapy. Once you select a therapist, call him/her to ask whether services are covered by your insurance provider. If payment cannot be worked out through insurance, many therapists can adjust their fees.
Question: How does sex therapy work for erectile dysfunction?
Answer: A typical session may be one hour every week or every other week. During the session, the counselor will give the patient "assignments" to do at home, such as: Reading books about sexuality Touching exercises that are designed to take away the pressure to perform during sex Practicing better sexual communication skills Sex therapy may be useful for treating erectile dysfunction if a man is able to have a normal erection during sleep, the results of his physical exam and blood tests are normal, and he is generally in good health. Sex therapy is most effective when a man's sexual partner is willing to be part of the treatment.
Question: What are ways to incorporate omega-3s into breakfast?
Answer: Try these options: A bowl of cereal with fortified milk, soy milk, or almond milk An omelet with fortified eggs Cold cereal or oatmeal with chopped walnuts, pumpkin seeds, ground flaxseeds, or chia seeds A breakfast shake with fortified milk, tofu, frozen berries, fruit juice, and ice Soups and salads with walnuts, flaxseeds, or chia seeds Leafy greens and albacore tuna salad with low-fat mayonnaise A tossed salad with walnut oil and balsamic vinegar A grilled salmon burger with fresh baby spinach Sardines in mustard or tomato sauce with flaxseed crackers A handful of walnuts and dried fruit Yogurt with chia seeds and fresh fruit Edamame (steamed green soybeans) with a little bit of salt Salmon, trout, or halibut.
Question: What is ALA omega-3?
Answer: Another type, called ALA, comes from plant foods like walnuts, canola oil, chia seeds, soy, flaxseeds, leafy green vegetables, and navy beans. Your body can change it into EPA and DHA, but it doesn't do this very well. Some cereals, milks, eggs, and yogurt are fortified with omega-3s.
Question: What are ways to incorporate omega-3s into dinner?
Answer: Your body can change it into EPA and DHA, but it doesn't do this very well. Some cereals, milks, eggs, and yogurt are fortified with omega-3s. Try these options: A bowl of cereal with fortified milk, soy milk, or almond milk An omelet with fortified eggs Cold cereal or oatmeal with chopped walnuts, pumpkin seeds, ground flaxseeds, or chia seeds A breakfast shake with fortified milk, tofu, frozen berries, fruit juice, and ice Soups and salads with walnuts, flaxseeds, or chia seeds Leafy greens and albacore tuna salad with low-fat mayonnaise A tossed salad with walnut oil and balsamic vinegar A grilled salmon burger with fresh baby spinach Sardines in mustard or tomato sauce with flaxseed crackers A handful of walnuts and dried fruit Yogurt with chia seeds and fresh fruit Edamame (steamed green soybeans) with a little bit of salt Salmon, trout, or halibut. Kale and white bean stew Navy bean and ham soup Chili with kidney beans and ground turkey Soybean pasta with ground turkey breast and light tomato sauce
Question: How does bad cell communication cause type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Sometimes cells send the wrong signals or don't pick up messages correctly. When these problems affect how your cells make and use insulin or glucose, a chain reaction can lead to diabetes.
Question: What lifestyle habits are risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Your doctor may be able to help if you have: Prediabetes Heart and blood vessel disease High blood pressure, even if it's treated and under control Low HDL ("good") cholesterol High triglycerides Being overweight or obese Having a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds Having gestational diabetes while you were pregnant Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition with dark rashes around your neck or armpits Depression Other things that raise your risk of diabetes have to do with your daily habits and lifestyle. These are the ones you can do something about: Getting little or no exercise Smoking Stress Sleeping too little or too much You can't change what happened in the past.
Question: How can I avoid complications of type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Take your diabetes medications or insulin on time. Check your blood glucose. Eat right, and don't skip meals. See your doctor regularly to check for early signs of trouble.
Question: How does bad communication between cells cause type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Sometimes cells send the wrong signals or don't pick up messages correctly. When these problems affect how your cells make and use insulin or glucose, a chain reaction can lead to diabetes.
Question: How does extra weight cause type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Being overweight or obese can cause insulin resistance, especially if you carry your extra pounds around the middle.
Question: Who is more likely to get type 2 diabetes?
Answer: While certain things make getting type 2 diabetes more likely, they won't give you the disease. But the more that apply to you, the higher your chances of getting it are. Some things, you can't control: Age: 45 or older Family: A parent, sister, or brother with diabetes Ethnicity: African- American, Alaska Native, Native American, Asian- American, Hispanic or Latino, or Pacific Islander- American Some things are related to your health and medical history.
Question: How many people are affected by diabetes?
Answer: Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong disease that prevents your body from using insulin the right way. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. It's the most common type of diabetes. There are about 27 million people in the U. S. with type 2. Another 86 million have prediabetes: Their blood glucose is not normal, but not high enough to be diabetes yet.
Question: What is a fasting plasma glucose test for type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Fasting plasma glucose: This measures your blood sugar on an empty stomach. You won't be able to eat or drink anything except water for 8 hours before the test.
Question: What is an oral glucose tolerance test for type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT): This checks your blood glucose before and 2 hours after you drink a sweet drink to see how your body handles the sugar.
Question: How does too much glucose from your liver cause type 2 diabetes?
Answer: When your blood sugar is low, your liver makes and sends out glucose. After you eat, your blood sugar goes up, and usually the liver will slow down and store its glucose for later. But some people's livers don't. They keep cranking out sugar.
Question: What can you do to prevent type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Focus instead on what you can do now and going forward. Take medications and follow your doctor's suggestions to be healthy. Simple changes at home can make a big difference, too. Lose weight. Dropping just 7% to 10% of your weight can cut your risk of type 2 diabetes in half. Get active. Moving muscles use insulin. Thirty minutes of brisk walking a day will cut your risk by almost a third. Eat right. Avoid highly processed carbs, sugary drinks, and trans and saturated fats. Limit red and processed meats. Quit smoking.
Question: How does metabolic syndrome cause type 2 diabetes?
Answer: People with insulin resistance often have a group of conditions including high blood glucose, extra fat around the waist, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.
Question: What is the fasting plasma glucose test for type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Fasting plasma glucose: This measures your blood sugar on an empty stomach. You won't be able to eat or drink anything except water for 8 hours before the test.
Question: What should I stop eating to prevent type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Avoid highly processed carbs, sugary drinks, and trans and saturated fats. Limit red and processed meats.
Question: What is insulin resistance?
Answer: It helps your cells turn glucose from the food you eat into energy. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their cells don't use it as well as they should. Doctors call this insulin resistance. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to try to get glucose into your cells. But eventually it can't keep up, and the sugar builds up in your blood instead.
Question: What other conditions are common in people with type 2 diabetes?
Answer: People with insulin resistance often have a group of conditions including high blood glucose, extra fat around the waist, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.
Question: What is the oral glucose tolerance test for type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT): This checks your blood glucose before and 2 hours after you drink a sweet drink to see how your body handles the sugar.
Question: What problems are caused by type 2 diabetes over time?
Answer: Over time, high blood sugar can damage and cause problems with your: Heart and blood vessels Kidneys Eyes Nerves, which can lead to trouble with digestion, the feeling in your feet, and your sexual response Wound healing Pregnancy The best way to avoid these complications is to manage your type 2 diabetes well.
Question: What is diabetes and how many people have it?
Answer: Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong disease that prevents your body from using insulin the right way. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. It's the most common type of diabetes. There are about 27 million people in the U. S. with type 2. Another 86 million have prediabetes: Their blood glucose is not normal, but not high enough to be diabetes yet.
Question: How does body weight affect type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Being overweight or obese can cause insulin resistance, especially if you carry your extra pounds around the middle.
Question: What causes diabetes?
Answer: It helps your cells turn glucose from the food you eat into energy. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their cells don't use it as well as they should. Doctors call this insulin resistance. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to try to get glucose into your cells. But eventually it can't keep up, and the sugar builds up in your blood instead.
Question: What are health or medical related risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Your doctor may be able to help if you have: Prediabetes Heart and blood vessel disease High blood pressure, even if it's treated and under control Low HDL ("good") cholesterol High triglycerides Being overweight or obese Having a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds Having gestational diabetes while you were pregnant Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition with dark rashes around your neck or armpits Depression Other things that raise your risk of diabetes have to do with your daily habits and lifestyle. Your doctor can test your blood for signs of type 2 diabetes.
Question: If I quit smoking will I prevent type 2 diabetes?
Answer: While certain things make getting type 2 diabetes more likely, they won't give you the disease. Work with your doctor to avoid gaining weight, so you don't create one problem by solving another. Your doctor can test your blood for signs of type 2 diabetes.
Question: What is borderline leprosy?
Answer: People with this type of leprosy have symptoms of both the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms.
Question: What is tuberculoid leprosy?
Answer: A mild, less severe form of leprosy. People with this type have only one or a few patches of flat, pale-colored skin (paucibacillary leprosy). The affected area of skin may feel numb because of nerve damage underneath. Tuberculoid leprosy is less contagious than other forms.
Question: How is leprosy treated?
Answer: Treatment depends on the type of leprosy that you have. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. Long-term treatment with two or more antibiotics is recommended, usually from six months to a year. People with severe leprosy may need to take antibiotics longer. Antibiotics cannot treat the nerve damage. Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to control nerve pain and damage related to leprosy. This may include steroids, such as prednisone. Patients with leprosy may also be given thalidomide, a potent medication that suppresses the body's immune system. It helps treat leprosy skin nodules. Thalidomide is known to cause severe, life-threatening birth defects and should never be taken by women who are pregnant or women who may become pregnant.
Question: What are the complications of leprosy?
Answer: Complications of leprosy can include: Blindness or glaucoma Disfiguration of the face (including permanent swelling, bumps, and lumps) Erectile dysfunction and infertility in men Kidney failure Muscle weakness that leads to claw-like hands or an inability to flex the feet Permanent damage to the inside of the nose, which can lead to nosebleeds and a chronic, stuffy nose Permanent damage to the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including those in the arms, legs, and feet Nerve damage can lead to a dangerous loss of feeling. A person with leprosy-related nerve damage may not feel pain when the hands, legs, or feet are cut, burned, or otherwise injured.
Question: What causes leprosy?
Answer: Leprosy is caused by a slow-growing type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae ( M. leprae). Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease, after the scientist who discovered M. leprae in 1873.
Question: What is traditional sling surgery?
Answer: With women, doctors use two types of sling surgery: Mid-urethral sling surgery is the most common. Traditional sling surgery is more involved than mid-urethral surgery. Your surgeon will take a strip of tissue from your stomach or thigh to make the sling, or they might use tissue from a donor. Then they'll make two cuts, one in your vagina and one in your belly. They'll stretch the sling through the cut in your stomach, then stitch it to the inside of your stomach wall. Men also can have sling surgery. The surgeon will make a small cut between the scrotum and anus and put the sling around part of the urethral bulb (the enlarged end of the urethra in men). This will squeeze and lift the urethra, which helps prevent leaks.
Question: What is sling surgery?
Answer: The sling is like a hammock that lifts and supports your urethra and the neck of your bladder (where your bladder connects to your urethra) to help prevent leaks. Lifestyle changes like losing weight and doing Kegel exercises may help if you have a mild case of urinary stress incontinence. But if you've tried those and still have symptoms that affect your quality of life, sling surgery might be an option. In most cases, it lessens or stops urine leaks. With women, doctors use two types of sling surgery: Mid-urethral sling surgery is the most common. The sling is then put under your urethra. Your surgeon will take a strip of tissue from your stomach or thigh to make the sling, or they might use tissue from a donor. That's a thin, flexible tube that helps drain pee from your body when you can't use the bathroom on your own.
Question: Who is sedation dentistry good for?
Answer: Sedation is most appropriate for people with a real fear or anxiety that is preventing them from going to the dentist. Sedation dentistry may also be appropriate for people who: have a low pain threshold can't sit still in the dentist's chair have very sensitive teeth have a bad gag reflex need a large amount of dental work completed Sometimes, children are given sedation if they are terrified of going to the dentist or refuse to cooperate during the visit.
Question: What is sedation dentristy?
Answer: Sedation can be used for everything from invasive procedures to a simple tooth cleaning. Sedation dentistry uses medication to help patients relax during dental procedures. It's sometimes referred to as "sleep dentistry," although that's not entirely accurate. Patients are usually awake with the exception of those who are under general anesthesia. Regardless of which type of sedation you receive, you'll also typically need a local anesthetic -- numbing medication at the site where the dentist is working in the mouth -- to relieve pain if the procedure causes any discomfort.
Question: What specific questions about lung cancer should I ask my doctor?
Answer: What kind of lung cancer do I have? Where is the cancer and how far has it spread? What stage is my cancer? What treatment do you recommend? Why? What are the side effects? What would help make them less of a problem? Can you remove my lung cancer with surgery? Will I need chemotherapy or radiation? Would newer types of medicine, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy,also help me? Should I get a second opinion? Could I join a clinical trial? Will you help me find one? What other resources (like a support group or counselor) might be helpful? What lifestyle habits will help me as I go through treatment? Would integrative medicine help me feel better or ease side effects?
Question: Which other cases of cancer is a radioembolization used for?
Answer: The disease may take one of two forms: Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the liver from a primary tumor elsewhere (such as colon or breast cancer) Cancer that first arises in the liver (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) Metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma are the cancers most often considered for radioembolization treatment. Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal.