anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are other symptoms of appendicitis?
Answer: Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting soon after belly pain begins Swollen belly Fever of 99-102 degrees Can't pass gas Other less common symptoms of appendicitis include: Dull or sharp pain anywhere in your upper or lower belly, back, or rear end Painful or difficult peeing Vomiting before your belly pain starts Severe cramps Constipation or diarrhea with gas If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor right away.
Question: How common is appendicitis?
Answer: In the U. S., 1 in 20 people will get appendicitis at some point in their lives. Although it can strike at any age, appendicitis is rare in children younger than 2.
Question: When should you call your doctor after an appendectomy?
Answer: After an appendectomy, call your doctor if you have: Uncontrolled vomiting Increased belly pain Dizziness/feelings of faintness Blood in your vomit or pee Increased pain and redness where your doctor cut into your belly Fever Pus in the wound Left untreated, an inflamed appendix will burst, spilling bacteria and debris into the abdominal cavity, the central part of your body that holds your liver, stomach, and intestines.
Question: How is appendicitis treated?
Answer: Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix. Generally, if your doctor suspects that you have appendicitis, they will quickly remove it to avoid a rupture. If you have an abscess, you may get two procedures: one to drain the abscess of pus and fluid, and a later one to take out the appendix. But some research shows that treating acute appendicitis with antibiotics may help you avoid surgery.
Question: How is appendicitis diagnosed?
Answer: Symptoms are often unclear or similar to those of other illnesses, including gallbladder problems, bladder or urinary tract infection, Crohn's disease, gastritis, kidney stones, intestinal infection, and ovary problems. It can be deadly unless it is treated quickly with strong antibiotics.
Question: What happens if you have appendicitis?
Answer: Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called an appendectomy, is the standard treatment for almost all cases of appendicitis. Sometimes, an abscess forms outside an inflamed appendix. Scar tissue then "walls off" the appendix from the rest of your organs. But an abscessed appendix can tear and lead to peritonitis.
Question: What should you expect from an appendectomy?
Answer: Before your appendix is taken out, you'll take antibiotics to fight infection. You'll usually get general anesthesia, meaning you'll be asleep for the procedure. If you have peritonitis, the surgeon will also clean out your belly and drain the pus. You can get up and move around within 12 hours after surgery. You should be able to go back to your normal routine in 2 to 3 weeks. If you had a laparoscopy, recovery is faster.
Question: How can I soothe a teething baby?
Answer: Try a cold pacifier, spoon, clean wet washcloth, or a solid (not liquid) refrigerated teething toy or ring. Some experts say frozen teething toys are too cold and may hurt your baby's mouth. A hard, unsweetened teething cracker can be comforting. If your baby is older than 6-9 months, you can offer cool water from a sippy cup, too. You can also massage her gums by gently rubbing them with your clean finger. If you're nursing your baby, try dipping your fingers in cool water and massaging her gums before each feeding. That may keep her from biting your nipple while nursing.
Question: What are the symptoms of HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: Other symptoms of HER2-positive breast cancer may include: Breast swelling A change in its shape Skin irritation or dimpling Pain in the breast or nipple Redness or thickness of the nipple or breast skin Discharge from the nipple (not breast milk) You may have noticed a difference in your breasts during a self-exam. Or you may have had a mammogram that showed a growth.
Question: How are the SPOT-light HER2 CISH and the Inform HER2 Dual ISH tests used to diagnosed HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: The SPOT- Light HER2 CISH and the Inform HER2 Dual ISH tests use stains that color HER2 genes in a tissue sample so they can be counted under a microscope.
Question: What causes HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: Doctors don't know the exact causes of breast cancer. Experts think it may be a combination of things, including your genes, environment, and lifestyle. You can't inherit a bad copy of the HER2 gene from a parent, and you won't pass it on to your children.
Question: How is the IHC test used to diagnose HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: She'll probably give you one or more of these tests: The IHC test uses certain antibodies that identify the HER2 protein in a sample of breast cancer tissue. If there is a lot of it, the cells change color in the sample.
Question: Where can you get support for HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: But new treatments like chemotherapy plus trastuzumab have boosted survival rates: 7-year disease-free: Around 93% 10-year disease-free: About 70%-75% Overall: 80%-85% The American Cancer Society is a good starting place to find the support you and your family may need throughout your treatment and afterward. You may want to join a support group. That's a good way to meet people who know what you're going through, because they've been through it, too. Let your family and friends know how you're feeling. Tell them what they can do to help you. They may want to help but don't know what to do. Also, consider talking with a counselor. That could help you handle the emotions that can come with having cancer.
Question: When might you need other tests to diagnose HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: Sometimes the results of a single test aren't clear. If that happens, your doctor may order another type.
Question: How is HER2-positive breast cancer diagnosed?
Answer: She'll probably give you one or more of these tests: The IHC test uses certain antibodies that identify the HER2 protein in a sample of breast cancer tissue. Because your breast cancer is HER2-positive, your doctor will treat it a special way.
Question: What is the treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: As a result, your breast cells grow and divide uncontrollably. About 1 of 5 of breast cancers are HER2-positive. How will the treatment make me feel? What if my cancer doesn't respond to the treatment? Because your breast cancer is HER2-positive, your doctor will treat it a special way. Targeted therapy: Doctors usually start HER2 treatment with special drugs called targeted therapies. It lowers the chances that your disease will come back.
Question: What should you expect if you have HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: There are two main types: Drugs that block estrogen receptors: Tamoxifen ( Nolvadex, Soltamox), toremifene ( Fareston), fulvestrant ( Faslodex) Drugs that lower estrogen levels (aromatase inhibitors, or AIs): Anastrozole ( Arimidex) Exemestane ( Aromasin) Letrozole ( Femara) Clinical trial: Ask your doctor if a clinical trial is a good option for you. These are studies that test treatments that aren't yet available to everyone to see how well they work and how safe they are. Many women do well with targeted treatments. Breast cancer of any kind is easier to treat when it's diagnosed early. If your disease spreads or comes back, there are still ways to treat it.
Question: What can help you while getting treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: How will the treatment make me feel? Radiation: You could get this treatment after surgery to lower the chances your cancer will return, or if your cancer has spread to other body parts. Exercise can help you feel better, but only when you're up for it. Stay nourished. If you don't have much of an appetite, eat smaller meals every few hours, rather than three big meals. That could help you handle the emotions that can come with having cancer.
Question: What is HER2-positive breast cancer?
Answer: HER2-positive breast cancer is a type of breast cancer in which breast cancer cells test positive for a protein receptor called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. About 1 of 5 of breast cancers are HER2-positive. While HER2 is more aggressive than other types of breast tumors, there are treatments that can help. You'll work with your doctor to review the treatment options and come up with a plan that's best for you. Doctors don't know the exact causes of breast cancer.
Question: Who is most likely to get breast cancer?
Answer: In the U. S., white and African- American women are more likely to get it than Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islander, and Native American women.
Question: What is the link between breast cancer and hormones?
Answer: A woman with dense breasts is 1.5 to 2 times more likely to get breast cancer. The more estrogen your body has made over time, the higher your risk. Alcohol is linked to breast cancer.
Question: Who is at a greater risk for breast cancer?
Answer: The risk goes up for women with certain types of benign breast lumps and for women who have had ovarian cancer. In about half of the cases, the woman has no known risk factors. Having a mother, sister, or daughter ("first-degree" relative) with breast cancer puts a woman at higher risk. Carriers of alterations in either of two genes, called BRCA1 or BRCA2, are at higher risk. There's a 69% chance that a woman with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene will get breast cancer by that age.
Question: What is the link between diet and breast cancer?
Answer: From 50 to 60, that goes up to 1 in 42. In the U. S., white and African- American women are more likely to get it than Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islander, and Native American women. Alcohol is linked to breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who drink one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who are moderate drinkers (2 to 3 drinks a day) have about a 20% higher risk.
Question: What are symptoms of colon and rectal cancer?
Answer: Both colon and rectal cancer are likely to cause many of the same symptoms, including: Stomach or gas pains Constipation or diarrhea Black, dark, or red colored stools, which can all indicate blood Feeling weak or tired Doctors also use the same approach to diagnose both types of colorectal cancer.
Question: What are treatments for colon cancer?
Answer: Your doctor will call this operation a partial colectomy. Most often, doctors can reconnect the separated sections of the colon after the surgery and you'll have normal bowel movements again. But sometimes, that can't happen. In those cases, you'll have an operation called a colostomy. Your surgeon will connect the colon to a hole in your abdomen, called an ostomy. You'll have a bag that attaches to the ostomy to collect bowel movements. If your colon cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or affects a thick section of the colon, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. For rectal cancer, surgery is the main treatment if doctors can completely remove your tumor.
Question: What is the difference between colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers?
Answer: If you or someone you're close to has it, you'll want to know what they have in common and how they differ. That will affect your treatment options and what you can expect -- or as doctors say, your prognosis. Both colon and rectal cancer affect the large intestine, which is the lowest part of the digestive system. Colon cancer can start anywhere in the colon, which is about 5 feet long and absorbs water from stool. Rectal cancer starts in the rectum, which is the last 12 centimeters (nearly 5 inches) of the colon. It's where the body stores stools until you have a bowel movement. Both colon and rectal cancer are likely to cause many of the same symptoms, including: Stomach or gas pains Constipation or diarrhea Black, dark, or red colored stools, which can all indicate blood Feeling weak or tired Doctors also use the same approach to diagnose both types of colorectal cancer.
Question: What tests are done to diagnose colon and rectal cancer?
Answer: You've probably heard of âcolorectal cancer,â but colon cancer and rectal cancer aren't the same. Both colon and rectal cancer are likely to cause many of the same symptoms, including: Stomach or gas pains Constipation or diarrhea Black, dark, or red colored stools, which can all indicate blood Feeling weak or tired Doctors also use the same approach to diagnose both types of colorectal cancer. You'll likely get a colonoscopy. Many people have small growths in the colon, called polyps, which aren't cancerous but may need to come out before they become a problem.
Question: What are the symtoms of irritant contact dermatitis?
Answer: Typical irritant contact dermatitis symptoms include: Dry, cracked skin Mild skin swelling Blisters or painful ulcers on the skin Stiff, tight-feeling skin This less common form is a true allergic reaction.
Question: What is photoallergic contact dermatitis?
Answer: This type happens only after the skin touches certain substances and then comes in contact with sunlight. These substances may include: Lime juice Sunscreens Aftershave lotions Antibiotics and some perfumes If you suspect that a certain product or substance is causing your dermatitis, avoid it and watch whether your rash improves.
Question: Can household products cause irritant dermatitis?
Answer: Also, if you do a lot of housework that exposes your skin to cleaning products, ranging from detergents to waxes, you can wear down your skin's protective barrier enough to develop irritant dermatitis.
Question: What are common substances that can trigger irritant contact dermatitis?
Answer: Some with sensitive skin can develop irritation from even mild soaps and detergents that they use frequently.
Question: What are common triggers of allergic contact dermatitis?
Answer: Common sources of allergic contact dermatitis include: Fragrances Preservatives Cosmetics Poison ivy Topical antibiotics Rubber or latex Metals in jewelry, such as nickel Some people are also allergic to over-the-counter topical triple-antibiotic ointments. All told, thousands of substances can cause allergic dermatitis.
Question: How can I find out if something triggers an allergic reaction?
Answer: These substances may include: Lime juice Sunscreens Aftershave lotions Antibiotics and some perfumes If you suspect that a certain product or substance is causing your dermatitis, avoid it and watch whether your rash improves.
Question: Can contact dermatitis go away?
Answer: To relieve itching, contact dermatitis is commonly treated with: Oral or topical steroids Oral antihistamines Skin emollients Oatmeal baths Once you're no longer exposed to the irritant or allergen, redness usually vanishes after a week. But itching, scaling, and temporary skin thickening may go on for days or weeks.
Question: What are symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis?
Answer: Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis include: Reddened skin Darkened, leathery, cracked skin Dry, scaly patches of skin Burning or intense itching Blisters that ooze Hives Sun sensitivity Swelling in the eyes, face or genital area In addition, some people get a form called photoallergic contact dermatitis.
Question: What tests will your doctor do to figure out the source my skin irritation?
Answer: In fact, people can be exposed to a substance for long periods, even years, before developing an allergy. But your doctor may do patch testing to see if you're sensitive to various types of allergens that are known to cause dermatitis. Small patches of these substances are placed on your skin for one to two days so that your doctor can check if a rash develops.
Question: What should you do if you can't figure out the source of skin irritation?
Answer: He or she will quiz you about your job, household chores, hobbies, drug and cosmetics use, and other factors in order to gain clues about the root of the problem. If no irritation occurs in that spot after a week, you can try using the product.
Question: Are there things I can do to keep from getting contact dermatitis?
Answer: Some with sensitive skin can develop irritation from even mild soaps and detergents that they use frequently. For example: Once you've identified an offending substance, avoid it. If your skin makes contact, wash the substance off right away with soap and water. If you have sensitive facial skin, consider using gentle, soap-free, liquid cleansers. Or use a moisturizing soap that's free of fragrance and dyes. Don't scrub your face vigorously with a rough washcloth or buff puff. Instead, cleanse gently and pat dry. Avoid deodorant or antibacterial soaps. Choose moisturizers, sunscreens, and cosmetics that are fragrance-free and don't contain acids or botanical ingredients.
Question: What is irritant contact dermatitis?
Answer: This skin reaction tends to be more painful than itchy. When a person who has become sensitized to an allergen becomes exposed by touching the substance, symptoms, such as itching and skin inflammation, are often delayed.
Question: How can magnetic resonance arteriography (MRA) help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?
Answer: Magnetic resonance arteriography ( MRA): This test provides images of blood vessels to show where they may be blocked. In general, this is used to look at larger arteries (those of the neck or other parts of the body) rather than the small arteries supplying blood to the heart.
Question: What high blood pressure drugs can help with treating atherosclerosis?
Answer: Your doctor may prescribe drugs to reduce high blood pressure and the risk of atherosclerosis. High blood pressure drugs include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and/or alpha blockers.
Question: What is the treatment for atherosclerosis?
Answer: In general, the treatment for atherosclerosis includes making changes to diet, increasing exercise, and often using medications to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Other treatments may include angioplasty and stenting for severe blockages. In some cases, open heart (bypass) surgery may even be required.
Question: How can carotid ultrasound help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?
Answer: Carotid ultrasound: This test uses ultrasound waves to provide pictures of blood flow in the arteries of the neck. Because atherosclerosis affects arteries in general, detecting blockages in the neck arteries suggests that it is highly likely that blockages are present in other parts of the circulatory system (including the coronary arteries).
Question: How can cardiac catheterization help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?
Answer: Cardiac catheterization: During this procedure, a catheter -- a small flexible tube -- is inserted into an artery and guided up to the coronary arteries, at which point dye is injected through the tube and observed as it flows inside those arteries. This allows the doctor an opportunity to directly locate and measure any blockages in the coronary arteries. During a cardiac catheterization, a cardiologist may also be able to open up any clogged arteries detected with a procedure called an angioplasty.
Question: How can computed tomography (CT) scan help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?
Answer: Computed tomography ( CT) scan: An X-ray and a computer are used to construct a cross-sectional image of the heart. This can provide information about the presence of calcium in heart arteries (an indication of underlying atherosclerosis). Some CT scanners are also able to provide much more detailed pictures of the heart arteries, yielding information similar to that obtained from a coronary angiogram.
Question: How is atherosclerosis related to high blood pressure?
Answer: Over time, this extra pressure can damage the arteries, making them more vulnerable to the narrowing and plaque buildup associated with atherosclerosis. The narrowed artery limits or blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle, depriving the heart of oxygen. Your doctor may prescribe drugs to reduce high blood pressure and the risk of atherosclerosis.
Question: What conditions are associated with acquired ichthyosis?
Answer: People with the acquired form often have other conditions, such as: Underactive thyroid gland Kidney disease Sarcoidosis, a rare disease that causes patches of inflammation inside the body Cancer such as Hodgkin lymphoma HIV infection Some medicines might also trigger the condition: Cancer drugs such as hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), protease inhibitors (a class of drugs used to treat HIV infections), and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf).
Question: What are complications of ichthyosis in men?
Answer: Men with ichthyosis are also at increased risk for: Testicular cancer Undescended or hidden testicles Low sperm count Other complications include: Vision loss from damage to the cornea (the clear layer in the front of the eye) Brain and nervous system problems Sometimes it's so mild that it looks like regular dry skin.
Question: When do symptoms of inherited ichthyosis show up?
Answer: Nicotinic acid, which is used to treat high cholesterol In the inherited forms, symptoms appear at birth or in the first few months of life.
Question: Where do ichthyosis scales form?
Answer: The scales form on only some parts of the body, such as the: Trunk Stomach Buttocks Legs Face and scalp The scales can be white, gray, or dark brown. They might have thick or thin cracks running through them. Dryness and scaling get worse in cold, dry weather. They usually improve in warmer weather.
Question: What is inherited ichthyosis?
Answer: Inherited ichthyosis: This is caused by mutations, or changes, to genes. Genes are the codes that tell your body to make proteins, which determine how your body looks and functions. Ichthyosis gene mutations affect that proteins that protect your skin and keep it moist. They also affect how quickly skin cells multiply or are shed. Parents pass these genes to their children. Sometimes children whose parents don't have ichthyosis get the disease before birth.
Question: What is acquired ichthyosis?
Answer: Acquired ichthyosis: This starts in adulthood. Doctors don't know what causes it.
Question: What medicines might trigger acquired ichthyosis?
Answer: People with the acquired form often have other conditions, such as: Underactive thyroid gland Kidney disease Sarcoidosis, a rare disease that causes patches of inflammation inside the body Cancer such as Hodgkin lymphoma HIV infection Some medicines might also trigger the condition: Cancer drugs such as hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), protease inhibitors (a class of drugs used to treat HIV infections), and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf).
Question: Besides scales, what are some other signs of ichthyosis?
Answer: Other signs of ichthyosis are: Skin redness Blisters Peeling Itchiness Pain Lines on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Tight skin that makes it hard to move Many people with ichthyosis also have eczema, a red, itchy rash.
Question: What are least rare types of ichthyosis?
Answer: Some types only cause dry and scaly skin. Others cause problems inside the body, too. Most forms of the disease are very rare. The two least rare types are: Ichthyosis vulgaris. It affects about 1 out of every 250 people. X-linked recessive ichthyosis. It affects about 1 out of 6,000 people, but only males.
Question: Besides scaling, what are other complications of ichthyosis?
Answer: Men with ichthyosis are also at increased risk for: Testicular cancer Undescended or hidden testicles Low sperm count Other complications include: Vision loss from damage to the cornea (the clear layer in the front of the eye) Brain and nervous system problems Sometimes it's so mild that it looks like regular dry skin.
Question: Besides moisturizing creams, lotions, and ointments, what things can help manage ichthyosis?
Answer: Rub your skin with a pumice stone. Remove dead skin with a product that contains salicylic acid, glycolic acid, or lactic acid.