anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What happens before heartburn surgery?
Answer: Surgery may also be an option when you have: Severe inflammation of your esophagus, the tube that runs from your mouth to your stomach A narrowing of your esophagus that's not caused by cancer Barrett's esophagus, a change in the cells because of acid reflux Before surgery, you'll probably get tests to check how well the muscles in your esophagus work, including esophageal manometry and esophageal motility studies. Because you're taking a risk with any operation, you should consider surgery for acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) only after other treatments don't work, and when there's a good chance the operation will turn out well.
Question: What should you know about heartburn surgery?
Answer: Surgery may also be an option when you have: Severe inflammation of your esophagus, the tube that runs from your mouth to your stomach A narrowing of your esophagus that's not caused by cancer Barrett's esophagus, a change in the cells because of acid reflux Before surgery, you'll probably get tests to check how well the muscles in your esophagus work, including esophageal manometry and esophageal motility studies. Because you're taking a risk with any operation, you should consider surgery for acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) only after other treatments don't work, and when there's a good chance the operation will turn out well. The main surgery for stubborn heartburn is called fundoplication.
Question: How is heartburn surgery done?
Answer: The main surgery for stubborn heartburn is called fundoplication. The surgeon can either directly touch the parts of your body they're working on (open fundoplication), or they can use special tools, including a thin tube with a light and camera called a laparoscope, to operate on you from the outside. With the LINX procedure, your doctor uses a laparoscope to put a ring of titanium beads around the outside of your lower esophagus. This strengthens the valve between the esophagus and stomach. Food and liquids can still pass through. With a set of small tools at the tip of an endoscope, he can tightly bind the end of the esophagus to the top of the stomach.
Question: What should you expect after heartburn surgery?
Answer: The most common reason for surgery is heartburn that doesn't go away with medications and lifestyle changes. But surgery won't get rid of all your symptoms. You may need to keep taking medication. About 1 in 10 people will need to have surgery again. You might: Have a hard time swallowing after the surgery Feel bloated often, called gas bloat syndrome Get an infection where you were cut You should talk to your doctor about the pros and cons in your situation to decide whether surgery is a good choice for you.
Question: How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat lung cancer?
Answer: Monoclonal antibodies: Made in a lab, these molecules target specific signs, called antigens, that are found on tumors. Examples used to treat lung cancer are bevacizumab ( Avastin) and ramucirumab ( Cyramza).
Question: How does image-guided radiation therapy help with lung cancer detection?
Answer: Machines with built-in imaging scanners make it possible for your doctor to give radiation more precisely. He can take pictures of your lung and then adjust his aim right before giving you the radiation. It's a way to zero in on your cancer. It may also bring fewer side effects.
Question: How effective is low-dose computed tomography scan in preventing lung cancer deaths?
Answer: Research shows that people who got LDCT had their risk of dying from the disease drop by 16% against those who got chest X-rays. The test is recommended for 55 to 74 year olds who've smoked one or more packs of cigarettes a day for at least 30 years and are still smoking or have quite in the past 15 years.
Question: What are targeted treatments for lung cancer?
Answer: Scientists have learned that people with specific genetic combinations may benefit from targeted therapies like EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) blockers. afatinib ( Gilotrif), erlotinib ( Tarceva), gefitinib ( Iressa), necitumumab ( Portrazza) and Osimertinib ( Tagrisso) block a signal that tells cells to grow. The drugs alectinib ( Alecensa), brigatinib ( Alunbrig), certinib ( Zykadia), and crizotinib ( Xalkori) have been found to help treat certain cancers with a change in the ALK gene. Some of these drugs are also used to treat tumors with an ROS1 gene change. Dabrafenib ( Tafinlar) and Trametinib ( Mekinist) target certain proteins in tumors that have changes in the BRAF gene.
Question: How much time and radiation is involved in a low-dose computed tomography scan?
Answer: It takes about 15 minutes and gives you about the same amount of radiation as a mammogram.
Question: How are checkpoint inhibitors used to treat lung cancer?
Answer: There are a couple of different types: Checkpoint inhibitors: Part of your immune system's job is to not attack normal cells in the body. To do this it uses so-called âcheckpoints,â molecules that must be turned on or off to trigger an immune response. Cancer cells sometimes use these checkpoints to avoid being targeted by your immune system. But four new drugs -- atezolizumab ( Tecentriq), durvalumab ( Imfinzi), nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) -- target these checkpoints and basically take the brakes off your immune system so that it can mount a better attack.
Question: Is there a way to screen people at high risk for lung cancer?
Answer: There are surgical advances, improvements in radiation, and new drugs that target specific traits of the cancer and stimulate your immune system to fight the disease. One of the things that makes lung cancer dangerous is the fact that symptoms don't usually appear until the disease is at a late stage. Doctors can now check for lung cancer in people at high risk for it using what's known as a low-dose computed tomography ( LDCT) scan.
Question: How does video-assisted thoracic surgery help with lung cancer detection?
Answer: Doctors can treat some small lung tumors using this operation. Your surgeon removes parts of your lung through smaller incisions. This makes the procedure less painful. It also can make your recovery faster. A newer approach to VATS is known as ârobotic-assisted surgery.â Your surgeon sits at a control panel inside the operating room to maneuver long surgical instruments using robotic arms.
Question: Are there any new treatments for lung cancer?
Answer: There are surgical advances, improvements in radiation, and new drugs that target specific traits of the cancer and stimulate your immune system to fight the disease.
Question: What happens after surgery for thyroid cancer?
Answer: Thyroid surgery usually takes place without problems. You will have pain in the neck area, but medicine will help. You may also have a hoarse voice or sore throat for a few days. There may be a drain from the site of the incision. It helps with healing and will later be removed. You'll either stay overnight at the hospital, or go home the day of the surgery. Again, it depends on what type of operation you have and well you do. You'll get instructions about how to take care of yourself after the operation, and when to see your doctor for follow-up. Other cancer treatments may begin soon after the operation.
Question: What happens before surgery for thyroid cancer?
Answer: Before surgery, you'll have lab and imaging tests. They help the doctor know as much as possible about the cancer. You may have other exams or tests to check your overall health. You'll be given instructions about what to eat and drink, and what medicines to take the day before your operation.
Question: What happens during surgery for thyroid cancer?
Answer: You'll probably have general anesthesia during your surgery. This means you will sleep through the whole thing. The doctor may make one or more incisions (cuts) in your neck, but that will depend on which type of surgery you have.
Question: What kind of surgeries are there for thyroid cancer?
Answer: A thyroidectomy is when all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. A lobectomy is when one of the two lobes of your thyroid is removed. If the cancer has spread, lymph nodes in the neck area may be taken out, as well. Tissue around the thyroid gland may also be removed, depending on the size and location of the tumor.
Question: How can cutting back on caffeine improve your mood?
Answer: It's a stimulant, which means it can make you anxious and keep you up at night. So limit how much soda, coffee, tea, and chocolate you have.
Question: How can avoiding alcohol and illegal drugs improve your mood?
Answer: They can cause depression and affect how well antidepressants or other medicines for mood work. Also, many people who are depressed battle substance abuse, too. If you think you have a problem, you need to get help. Addiction can keep you from recovering from your depression.
Question: How can foods with omega-3 fatty acids improve your mood?
Answer: Some research has shown that these fats can help with mood, but experts need to do more studies to know for sure. Some fish, walnuts, soybeans, flaxseed, and other foods have omega-3s, as do some supplements. Talk to your doctor or dietitian about how much of them you should get every day.
Question: Does depression affect your appetite?
Answer: Depression or its treatment can sometimes affect how hungry you feel. That can mean weight gain or loss. If you've noticed a change in your appetite, your doctor can help you get back on track.
Question: What is the outlook for cystic fibrosis?
Answer: Although CF is a severe condition that needs daily care, there are many ways to treat it, and there's been a great improvement in those treatments over the years. People who have CF now can expect to live a much longer life than those who had it in the past.
Question: Which parts of the body does cystic fibrosis affect?
Answer: The lungs aren't the only part of your body CF damages. Cystic fibrosis also affects the following organs: Pancreas. This stops proteins that break down your food, called digestive enzymes, from reaching your intestine. As a result, your body has a hard time getting the nutrients it needs. Over time, this can also lead to diabetes. Liver. Because it can be hard to break down high-acid foods that come from your stomach, the lining of the small intestine can wear away. Large intestine. This can lead to blockages. In some cases, your intestine may also start to fold in on itself like an accordion, a condition called intussusception. Bladder. This means that you leak a little pee when you cough, sneeze, laugh, or lift something. Though it's more common in women, men can have it, too. Kidneys. These small, hard globs of minerals can cause nausea, vomiting, and pain. If you don't treat them, you could get a kidney infection. Reproductive organs. Women with CF have very thick cervical mucus, which can make it harder for a sperm to fertilize an egg. Other parts of the body. Because it upsets the balance of minerals in your blood, it can also cause low blood pressure, fatigue, a fast heart rate, and a general feeling of weakness.
Question: What are some tips for healthy eating if you have ulcerative colitis and are pregnant?
Answer: Pregnant or not, it makes sense when you have ulcerative colitis to avoid greasy, fried, high-sugar, and spicy foods. Stay away from nuts, popcorn, and corn, because they can make swelling worse. Make sure you drink plenty of water, since diarrhea can cause dehydration. Sometimes, five or six small meals a day are easier to handle than three big ones. This habit also helps when you get nausea and heartburn because of your pregnancy.
Question: What are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids to eat when pregnant with ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: If you need to be lactose-free, try: Lactose-free milk or calcium-fortified soy milk Lactase pills or drops, which help you digest lactose Fish is a great way to get omega-3 fatty acids, which help build your baby's brain and eyes. They may also cut down on UC symptoms and prevent flares. Some seafood is high in mercury. But when you're pregnant, you can eat other fish by following these guidelines: Have up to 12 ounces a week of low-mercury fish such as shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, and catfish. Don't eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish. They tend to be higher in mercury. Limit albacore tuna to 6 ounces a week.
Question: How much weight should you gain during pregnancy if you have ulcerative colitis?
Answer: If you're at a healthy weight, you should have put on 25 to 35 pounds by the end of your pregnancy. If you're underweight to start, you should aim to gain 28 to 40 pounds.
Question: What foods are good calcium sources if you're pregnant and have ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: Some options include: Yogurt or hard cheeses, which might be easier to digest Juices and other drinks, cereals, and breads with added calcium Tofu, soybeans, black-eyed peas, or canned fish with bones you can eat (such as sardines or salmon) Drinking milk with a meal, or adding it to cereal to make it easier on your system.
Question: Can you have lactose intolerance and ulcerative colitis?
Answer: Look for one who specializes in working with people who have long-term illnesses. Some people can't digest lactose, which is the sugar in milk. If you need to be lactose-free, try: Lactose-free milk or calcium-fortified soy milk Lactase pills or drops, which help you digest lactose Fish is a great way to get omega-3 fatty acids, which help build your baby's brain and eyes. If you're underweight to start, you should aim to gain 28 to 40 pounds.
Question: Who should you talk to for help about eating right for a healthy pregnancy if you have ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Answer: Look for one who specializes in working with people who have long-term illnesses. If you need help, talk to a dietitian about healthy food choices.
Question: How can traditional Chinese medicine help treat shingles?
Answer: They generally try to restore balance in your body. Some of these techniques include: Moxibustion: It's a type of heat therapy often done along with acupuncture. It uses moxa, which is typically made from the dried leaves of an herb called Chinese mugwort. During treatment, a practitioner burns the herb close to your skin. It is supposed to open up your pores to flush out toxins. During a session, a therapist heats air inside a cup made from glass, bamboo, or horn. Some research shows that cupping, especially along with other treatments such as acupuncture and light therapy, can ease shingles pain. Acupuncture: This ancient practice uses very thin needles to balance your qi. People get it to ease or stop pain from any number of causes, and it may help with shingles.
Question: What type of doctor may I need to see to diagnose pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?
Answer: Its symptoms can seem vague, and they're also signs of many other problems that aren't as serious. Your doctor will most likely try to rule out other causes of your symptoms first. You may need to see a heart specialist, called a cardiologist, or a lung specialist, called a pulmonologist. Or your doctor may send you to a center that specializes in diagnosing and treating PAH. An open-lung biopsy is a type of surgery in which a small sample of tissue is removed from your lungs under general anesthesia to check for a possible secondary cause of pulmonary hypertension.
Question: How do young children get the flu shot?
Answer: The first time a child younger than 9 gets a flu vaccine, she'll need two doses at least a month apart. Kids usually get the shot in the leg or arm.
Question: What other problems can the flu cause in children?
Answer: In children, these include: Congestion Sore throat Cough Fever -- as high as 103 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit Chills Headache Muscle and body aches Vomiting and nausea The flu itself isn't the only problem. If it weakens your child's immune system, she also could get a bacterial infection on top of it. Young children are at higher risk of problems from the flu, which include: Pneumonia Bronchitis Sinusitis Ear infection A flu shot is the best way to protect kids from the flu and problems that come along with it.
Question: Can the flu shot cause the flu in children?
Answer: The vaccine your child gets in a shot is made from dead influenza virus, whereas the spray is made from a live strain. Neither cause the flu.
Question: What are serious side effects or signs of an allergic reaction to the flu shot in children?
Answer: More serious side effects are rare, but your child could be allergic to the shot. Signs of allergic reaction to a flu vaccine include: Trouble breathing Hives Paleness Weakness Fast heartbeat Dizziness Vomiting If you see any of these signs, get emergency help.
Question: Is it safe for my child to get a flu vaccine?
Answer: Flu vaccines for children may not be safe for everyone. You may not like the idea of your child getting yet another shot, but you have to weigh the very small chance of a side effect with the much more serious risks of actually getting the flu. It's always better to prevent an illness than to treat it.
Question: Does the flu shot cause side effects in children?
Answer: They include: Redness or soreness in the body part that got the shot Low-grade fever Aches The vaccine can't give your child the flu. They exist, but supplies are limited. If your child is older than 2, she can get the nasal spray vaccine, which doesn't have it.
Question: What are symptoms of the flu in children?
Answer: Symptoms are pretty much the same no matter what the flu type. In children, these include: Congestion Sore throat Cough Fever -- as high as 103 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit Chills Headache Muscle and body aches Vomiting and nausea The flu itself isn't the only problem. Neither cause the flu. Each year, the illness shifts a little bit, so a new vaccine has to be prepared that contains the most common strains for that particular year.
Question: How does the flu shot work in children?
Answer: If it weakens your child's immune system, she also could get a bacterial infection on top of it. If she gets infected with the real flu later, her body will be ready to defend itself. If all goes well, her system will fight off the virus and future flus may not be as severe or last as long.
Question: How long does the flu vaccine work for children?
Answer: There are two types of vaccines: one is given as a shot and the other as a spray that your child breathes in. Vaccines don't always prevent the flu. Each year, the illness shifts a little bit, so a new vaccine has to be prepared that contains the most common strains for that particular year.
Question: What is gastric "sleeve" surgery?
Answer: Gastric â Sleeveâ Surgery In this operation, your surgeon will take out most of your stomach and shape your remaining stomach into a tube, or âsleeveâ shape. It will remain attached to your small intestine. After the surgery, your stomach will be able to hold only about 2-3 ounces of food. You'll feel full sooner because your stomach is smaller. You also won't be as hungry because most of the tissue that makes the "hunger hormone," called ghrelin, will be gone. This procedure is permanent. You cannot get it reversed.
Question: What can cause high iron levels?
Answer: A high iron level can be caused by: Taking too many iron supplements Hemochromatosis -- a condition that makes it harder for your body to remove excess iron Blood transfusions Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your test results. Find out what steps to take to treat your condition.
Question: What is an iron blood test?
Answer: It can check for conditions like anemia, or iron overload (excess iron). Your doctor might order a test if you have symptoms of either condition. The lab results will show whether iron levels in your blood are too high or too low.
Question: What are the types of iron blood tests?
Answer: Serum iron. This test measures the amount of iron in your blood. Serum ferritin. This test measures how much iron is stored in your body. Unsaturated iron-binding capacity ( UIBC). This test measures how much transferrin isn't attached to iron. Transferrin saturation. This test measures the percentage of transferrin that is attached to iron. If your iron level is too low, you could have anemia.
Question: How can styling yourself help with psoriasis?
Answer: And there are steps you can take to mask problem areas.
Question: Which makeup can you use if you have psoriasis?
Answer: There are makeups made to hide skin issues like psoriasis. Talk to your doctor about a good product for you. You'll want to consider thickness. You'll need a thicker makeup for larger patches that are harder to hide. Look for a color that closely matches the skin tone of the skin surrounding your psoriasis. Gently blend a small amount of the makeup over the area you want to cover. Follow with a dusting of loose powder to make it last longer. You can even use hairspray to help make it set.
Question: How should you remove your makeup if you have psoriasis?
Answer: You don't want to irritate your sensitive skin. You'll need a gentle makeup remover. Something with a petroleum base works well. And make sure to moisturize when you're done.
Question: How can priming help with psoriasis?
Answer: These products help prepare your face for the makeup to follow. They don't sink into your skin but stay on top of it, creating an extra layer. That gives you a smooth surface for your makeup. Don't put on too much primer. You just want a light layer. Wait again. Let the primer set on your skin. It should only take a few minutes.
Question: How can scalp oil help with psoriasis?
Answer: Massage a small amount into your scalp, then wrap your head in a towel and wait 30-60 minutes. Wash with your usual shampoo, then use a comb to gently loosen and remove the scales. Choose an ointment, oil, or thick cream.
Question: Which shampoos should you use if you have psoriasis?
Answer: These shampoos can help loosen rough scales on your scalp, but they won't always do a good job of cleaning your hair. After using one, follow with a regular shampoo. This will make sure you get rid of any odd âmedicineâ smell and make your hair easier to style. Talk to your doctor about a good product for you.
Question: How should you wash up if you have psoriasis?
Answer: That can make you feel better about how you look and get your day off to a good start. This will give your skin a smoother look. Flakes can make your skin appear bumpy and uneven, even when you're wearing makeup. That gives you a smooth surface for your makeup.
Question: How can shaving wet help with managing psoriasis?
Answer: Shaving wet instead of using an electric razor on dry skin is gentler on patches. Afterward, make sure to moisturize. You may find that skipping a day between shaves is easier on your skin. Look for a color that closely matches the skin tone of the skin surrounding your psoriasis.
Question: How do you treat a lipoma?
Answer: Since lipomas aren't harmful, doctors often leave them alone. You may need to keep an eye on it between visits. If one hurts or you don't like the way it looks, you might want to have it removed.
Question: On which part of your body does a lipoma usually form?
Answer: You most often find them in your upper body, arms, or thighs.
Question: Does a lipoma come back after it's been removed?
Answer: Lipomas rarely come back once removed.
Question: What are "giant lipomas"?
Answer: Lipomas bigger than 2 inches are sometimes called giant lipomas.
Question: What can help with suicidal patients with schizophrenia?
Answer: If you know someone who is thinking or talking about suicide, get them help. You can call 911 or a crisis line, such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255. If someone has schizophrenia and is not suicidal now, they need: Treatment for any depression symptoms Improvement in how well they follow their schizophrenia treatment People who can closely watch them, especially if they've had significant losses A safety plan that prepares for any failure to develope effective means of coping or a worsening of symptoms