anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How can an MRI help determine why what's wrong with my knee?
Answer: In this test, a powerful magnet linked to a computer creates pictures of areas inside the knee. It's useful for finding damage to soft tissue, such as muscles, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons.
Question: How can an x-ray help determine what's wrong with my knee?
Answer: The test shows much more detail of the bones than regular X-rays, and it can help diagnose bone problems and find breaks in bones that X-rays may not pick up.
Question: How will my doctor figure out what's causing my knee pain?
Answer: First, your doctor will compare your painful knee with your healthy one, looking for any differences. In addition to redness, swelling, bruising, and discoloration, your doctor will check for differences in your muscles. Knee pain often happens the when the outer muscles of the thigh are stronger than those in the mid-thigh (causing the kneecap to be pulled âoff trackâ), so your doctor will pay particular attention to the vastus medialis, a muscle in your mid-thigh that extends to the knee. You doctor will also feel your knee, checking for pain, warmth, and swelling. He will then bend, straighten, rotate, or press on the knee to feel for injury and find out how well the knee moves and where the pain is.
Question: What questions might my doctor ask if I tell him my knee hurts?
Answer: Be ready to answer questions such as: When did the pain start? Where does it hurt: the front, center, side, or back of the knee? Did it start suddenly or slowly? How would you describe the pain: dull, sharp, or achy? Is the pain always there, or just now and then? Is there any swelling or redness? Does it feel warm? Do any activities make the pain better or worse? Did your pain start because of a specific injury? Your doctor will also ask about: Problems with any other joints Any knee injuries or surgeries you've had Other health issues that might be causing the pain A hip problem, for example, can cause you to walk awkwardly, which throws off alignment of your knees, causing pain.
Question: How should I talk to my infant?
Answer: You play "peek-a-boo" with your baby. Narrate your activities. During baths, meals, or play, tell her what you're doing and what she's looking at. Read to your baby and talk about the pictures you see. Celebrate, smile, and act excited when she makes sounds and smiles. At around 2 months, babies start making vowel sounds ("ah-ah" or "oh-oh"). Mimic these sounds, and mix in some real words, too. When she makes a sound, you should make the sound as well, and then wait for her to respond. This will teach her how to have a conversation.
Question: What is the best way to speak to my baby?
Answer: It's fun, but it's also crucial to her development. She's also listening to you -- she may smile, move her arms and legs, or coo when you speak to her a certain way. For example, hold a ball and say, " Do you want a ball?
Question: How should I talk to my baby?
Answer: For your little one to get the most benefits: Talk with her often. Get some alone time with your infant. Baby talk is most beneficial when it's one-on-one between parent and child, with no other adults or children around. When your baby tries to talk back to you, don't interrupt or look away. She needs to know you care about listening to her. Look your child in the eyes. She'll respond better to speech when she's looking right at you. Limit how much TV she sees and hears. Too much can stunt language growth. Your baby needs to hear how words sound in everyday conversation. Mimic these sounds, and mix in some real words, too.
Question: Does talking to my baby help them?
Answer: You talk to her while you're changing her diaper. You sing to her as you rock her to sleep. And when she happily coos, babbles, and gurgles, you make those sounds right along with her. It's fun, but it's also crucial to her development. Her young brain is soaking up the sounds, tones, and language she'll use to say her first words. You play a big role. Children who have parents who talk to them often tend to form stronger language and conversational skills than kids who don't. Talk, sing, coo, babble, and play peek-a-boo with your child.
Question: Does testosterone replacement therapy have side effects?
Answer: TRT has side effects, which may include: Acne and oily skin Lower sperm count, which can cause infertility Increased risk of blood clots Shrinkage of the testicles Larger breasts Increased risk of heart attack and stroke Guidelines from the Endocrine Society say you should not have TRT if you have prostate cancer or breast cancer.
Question: What tests do you need during testosterone replacement therapy?
Answer: Your doctor will measure your testosterone levels at the 3- and 6-month marks after treatment begins. After that you'll be tested once a year. At the same time, your doctor will check your red blood cell levels. Within 1 to 2 years of TRT, your doctor will measure your bone density if you had osteoporosis when treatment began. Your doctor will evaluate your prostate cancer risk at the start of treatment and may do more tests at the 3- and 6-month marks, and then annually.
Question: Can your artificial knee set off an airport metal detectors?
Answer: Chances are, your knee implant will almost always set off the airport metal detector. That can trigger a hand pat-down screening by a Transportation Security Administration ( TSA) agent. If the security checkpoint has a full-body scanner, you can go through that instead. You may still be searched a second time if the agents think they see something suspicious on the screen. You can print and carry a small TSA notification card to let the agent know you have an artificial knee, but this will not always stop them from searching you again. You also can speed things up by wearing clothes that easily let you reveal your surgical scar.
Question: How might your new knee feel after you get knee replacement surgery?
Answer: You'll have less pain, for one. You also may notice other strange differences. For example, your new knee may click and pop. That's the sound of the metal and plastic in your implant rubbing against each other. If it doesn't hurt, you don't need to worry. You might have trouble kneeling. Bending down won't harm your new joint. But about half of all people who have knee replacement surgery say they don't like the feeling when they kneel.
Question: What are the odds you'll need another surgery after you get an artificial knee?
Answer: Almost nine out of 10 people find that their new body part holds up for at least 20 years. More than two-thirds of these operations are done within the first year, usually because the joint gets infected. Repeat surgeries that happen later more often involve a loose implant, which can be painful or can leave your knee unstable. Always keep a watch on your artificial joint. If you suddenly have pain, swelling, and trouble moving, call your surgeon.
Question: How can poison ivy, oak, or sumac cause skin allergy?
Answer: This natural rubber is part of many products, such as: Condoms Balloons Disposable gloves Baby bottles Poison ivy, oak, or sumac. A type of oil in these plants called urushiol causes allergic reactions.
Question: What can trigger eczema?
Answer: They include: Animal dander Cleaning products Dust Narrowing down a culprit can be tricky.
Question: How can I relieve the symptoms of skin allergy?
Answer: Here's how: Wear loose clothing. Put cool compresses on the area or take a cool shower. Use calamine lotion and hydrocortisone creams. Soak in an oatmeal or milk bath.
Question: How can I prevent a skin allergy?
Answer: Your doctor can help you figure out exactly what the cause of your allergy is. You may get a patch test. Tiny amounts of allergens are put on your skin. You'll be asked to keep that area dry. After a few days, those areas are checked to see if you get a reaction. If you do touch a potential allergen, wash the area with soap and water as soon as possible. Most skin allergies fade on their own. In the meantime, relieve the symptoms.
Question: What is eczema?
Answer: You may hear this called âatopic dermatitis.â It's a chronic allergic condition that usually begins in childhood. About 11% of Americans have it. Experts aren't certain what leads to it. They do know certain triggers can make your skin itchy, red, and dry. They include: Animal dander Cleaning products Dust Narrowing down a culprit can be tricky.
Question: What everyday things have nickel in them?
Answer: Here are the most common kinds: Contact dermatitis.
Question: What are symptoms of contact dermatitis?
Answer: They include: Redness Swelling Cracking Burning Blisters Bumps Scaly patches Rashes You usually don't get a reaction right away. It can take anywhere from a few hours to 10 days. Typically, it takes from 12 hours to 3 days. Even with treatment, symptoms can last 2 to 4 weeks.
Question: What is a skin allergy?
Answer: That's when you encounter something your body thinks is dangerous, called an allergen. Your immune system overreacts, and releases antibodies to fight off these âinvaders.â That fight triggers symptoms like a rash or swelling.
Question: Which household items can have latex in them?
Answer: This natural rubber is part of many products, such as: Condoms Balloons Disposable gloves Baby bottles Poison ivy, oak, or sumac.
Question: What household products have ingredients that can cause skin allergy?
Answer: Your skin can react to common preservatives and metals in these things around your home: Cleaners Sunscreens Cosmetics Hair dye Antiperspirants Antibiotic creams.
Question: Can my doctor prescribe me anything for my skin allergy?
Answer: Your doctor can help you figure out exactly what the cause of your allergy is. He can prescribe stronger antihistamines or steroids to help you feel better faster. In rare cases, skin allergies can lead to a life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. If you -- or someone around you -- is wheezing, has chest tightness, or trouble breathing, get medical care immediately.
Question: What is a folate?
Answer: Folate, formerly known as folacin, is the generic term for both naturally occurring food folate and folic acid, the fully oxidized monoglutamate form of the vitamin that is used in dietary supplements and fortified foods. It is a B vitamin that's important for cell growth and metabolism. Studies show that many people in the U. S. don't get enough folic acid.
Question: What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Answer: Folate, formerly known as folacin, is the generic term for both naturally occurring food folate and folic acid, the fully oxidized monoglutamate form of the vitamin that is used in dietary supplements and fortified foods. They have the same effects. Folate is the natural version found in foods. Folic acid is the man-made version in supplements and added to foods.
Question: Why do I need to take folic acid supplements?
Answer: Folate is the natural version found in foods. Folic acid supplements are standard for pregnant women and women who plan to become pregnant. Folic acid may also lower the risk of preeclampsia and early labor. Folate deficiencies are more common in people who have digestive problems, kidney or liver disease, or who abuse alcohol. Folic acid is also used to reduce the toxicity of the drug methotrexate in psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Question: Who should have a copy of the asthma action plan for your child?
Answer: That's where an action plan can help. Also give a copy to everyone who cares for your child, including: Teachers or day-care workers School nurses Baby sitters Coaches Camp counselors Other family members Review the plan with your child's doctor at least once every 6 months.
Question: What is the green zone of an asthma action plan and what is involved?
Answer: You'll know he's in the green zone when he: Is breathing easy Isn't coughing or wheezing Can do his regular activities Sleeps through the night without coughing If you can say "yes" to those four items, he's doing well. Even when he's doing well, keep up his regular medication. This zone means DANGER. Your action plan won't "cure" your child's asthma, but it can make a huge difference in how well he keeps it under control.
Question: What is the yellow zone of the an asthma action plan and what is involved?
Answer: Think of this category as a big yellow "caution" sign. You'll know your child belongs here when he: Coughs Looks like he's short of breath Wheezes Has some trouble doing his usual activities Has a tight feeling in his chest Wakes up at night with breathing problems If he has some or all of those, make sure he's taking his regular treatment plus any additional medications his doctor recommends. She might prescribe some that give quick relief when your child has symptoms, called rescue medicines. What should you do if the medications don't help? Your action plan won't "cure" your child's asthma, but it can make a huge difference in how well he keeps it under control.
Question: What is an asthma action plan for my child?
Answer: When your child has an asthma flare, it's natural to worry that he's in serious trouble or wonder if he just needs a tweak to his medicine. That's where an action plan can help. Most use a simple system that's set up like a traffic light: green for "go," yellow for "caution," and red for "stop -- danger!" These days, many doctors instead ask you to watch your child's behavior and look for specific signs to see which zone he's in.
Question: Can I check my blood pressure at home?
Answer: Keeping track of blood pressure at home is important for many people, especially if you have high blood pressure. This helps you and your doctor find out if your treatment is working. Your doctor may also suggest that you check your pressure at home if she thinks you may have "white coat hypertension." It's a real condition. The stress of being in a doctor's office raises your blood pressure, but when you're home, it's normal.
Question: What can I use to measure my blood pressure at home?
Answer: Ask your doctor to recommend an easy-to-use home blood pressure monitor. Make sure the cuff fits properly. If your arm is too big for the cuff, the reading may be higher than your blood pressure really is. Ask your doctor for a larger cuff or make sure you buy a home monitor with a cuff that fits you. You also can use a wrist blood pressure monitor, but they often aren't as accurate. Follow the directions that come with the device to make sure you are using it correctly. No matter which type of blood pressure monitor you have, it's a good idea to take it to your doctor's office. You can compare its reading to the numbers your doctor gets. Avoid caffeine, cigarettes, and exercise for at least 30 minutes before the test.
Question: How is blood pressure measured?
Answer: Some cuffs go around the forearm or wrist, but often they aren't as accurate. Your doctor or nurse will use a stethoscope to listen to the blood moving through your artery. She'll inflate the cuff to a pressure higher than your systolic blood pressure, and it will tighten around your arm. Then she'll release it. As the cuff deflates, the first sound she hears through the stethoscope is the systolic blood pressure. It sounds like a whooshing noise. The point where this noise goes away marks the diastolic blood pressure. In a blood pressure reading, the systolic number always comes first, and then the diastolic number. For example, your numbers may be "120 over 80" or written as 120/80.
Question: What does the diastolic blood pressure number mean?
Answer: The diastolic reading, or the bottom number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. This is the time when the heart fills with blood and gets oxygen. A normal diastolic blood pressure is lower than 80. Keeping track of blood pressure at home is important for many people, especially if you have high blood pressure.
Question: How do I know if I have high blood pressure?
Answer: But even if your diastolic number is lower than 80, you can have elevated blood pressure if the systolic reading is 120-129. That's why it's often called the "silent killer." The first symptom of untreated high blood pressure may be a heart attack, stroke, or kidney damage
Question: How should you measure your blood pressure at home?
Answer: The stress of being in a doctor's office raises your blood pressure, but when you're home, it's normal. Ask your doctor or nurse to show you the right way to position your arm so you get accurate readings. Check it at the same time of day so the readings are consistent. Then, take several readings about 1 minute apart. Be sure to write down the results. Take the blood pressure journal to your doctor's office so you can talk about any changes in your numbers. Your doctor will decide whether you need medications.
Question: How often should I get my blood pressure checked?
Answer: If your blood pressure is normal (less than 120/80), get it checked every year or more frequently as your doctor suggests. If your blood pressure is elevated -- systolic blood pressure between 120 and 129 or diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 -- your doctor will probably want to check it every 3-6 months. It depends on what other health conditions or risk factors you have. Your doctor will decide whether you need medications. Even if your blood pressure is high, you probably won't have symptoms.
Question: What does the systolic blood pressure number mean?
Answer: This force creates pressure on those blood vessels, and that's your systolic blood pressure. A normal systolic pressure is below 120. 140 or more is stage 2 hypertension. The diastolic reading, or the bottom number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
Question: What are blood pressure numbers called?
Answer: Doctors call them systolic (the top number) and diastolic (the bottom number) blood pressure. Knowing both is important and could save your life. Take the blood pressure journal to your doctor's office so you can talk about any changes in your numbers.
Question: What should I tell my dentist regarding my general health?
Answer: Here's what you should consider: Talk with your dentist, other oral health care specialist, or hygienist about any special conditions in your mouth and any ways in which your medical/health conditions affect your teeth or oral health. For example, cancer treatments, pregnancy, heart diseases, diabetes, dental appliances (dentures, braces) can all impact your oral health and may necessitate a change in the care of your mouth and/or teeth. Be sure to tell your dentist if you have experienced a change in your general health or in any medications you are taking since your last dental visit.
Question: How often should I visit my dentist for my oral health?
Answer: Talk with your dentist about the frequency that is best for you.
Question: What questions should I ask my dentist about oral health care?
Answer: Here are questions you may want to ask: What are the treatment options for a particular dental condition? How do these options differ in cost and durability? Do all the options solve the problem? What are the benefits and drawbacks of each option? Of the dental treatments being recommended, which are absolutely necessary, which are less urgent, which are elective, and which are merely cosmetic? What are the consequences of delaying treatment? How much will the treatment cost? When is payment due? What method of payment does your dentist expect?
Question: How can I examine my mouth regularly for my oral health?
Answer: Become familiar with the appearance of your own mouth and teeth through frequent examination. This way, you will be able to catch any changes at an early stage and have these changes examined by a dentist. Look for the development of any spots, lesions, cuts, swellings, or growths on your gums, tongue, cheeks, inside of your lips, and floor and roof of your mouth. Examine your teeth for any signs of chipping or cracking, discoloration, and looseness. If you experience a change in your bite or develop pain, call your dentist as soon as possible. An oral exam is particularly important to conduct if you are a tobacco user, since you are at an increased risk of developing oral cancer.
Question: How often should I brush, floss, and rinse for my oral health care?
Answer: These activities remove plaque, which if not removed, combines with sugars to form acids that lead to tooth decay. Bacterial plaque also causes gum disease and other periodontal diseases. Antibacterial mouth rinses also reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, and fluoride mouth rinse can help prevent tooth decay. If you do snack, brush teeth afterward or chew sugarless gum.
Question: When should you tell someone you're dating that you have genital herpes?
Answer: It's up to you to decide the right time to tell a date that you have genital herpes. Follow two rules: First, don't wait until after having sex. Second, don't wait until you're just about to have sex -- in which case the attraction may be too strong for either of you to think rationally and act responsibly.
Question: How is estrogen related to postmenopausal depression?
Answer: At menopause, estrogen levels fall to very low levels. Interestingly, taking oral estrogen does not improve depression in women after menopause. In large trials evaluating hormone replacement therapy, women taking estrogen reported the same mental health as women taking placebo. After menopause, women's rates of depression fall, becoming similar to men of the same age.
Question: How is estrogen related to postpartum depression?
Answer: Is it too much estrogen? However, 10% to 25% of women experience a major depression within the first six months after childbirth. The abrupt drop in estrogen after delivery seems like the obvious culprit -- but this link has never been proved. Postpartum depression is treated like any other depression, with antidepressants, therapy, or both. Some preparations of estrogen do show promise as a potential add-on to these established treatments.
Question: How is estrogen related to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?
Answer: As many as 90% of women experience unpleasant symptoms before their periods. Some experts consider premenstrual dysphoric disorder to be a severe form of PMS. In PMDD, mood symptoms are more severe and often overshadow physical symptoms. The emotional disturbances are significant enough to cause problems with daily life. From 3% to 9% of women experience premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Estrogen appears to be involved in these mood disturbances, but exactly how is more of a mystery. Estrogen levels in women with PMS or PMDD are almost always normal. The problem may instead lie in the way estrogen "talks" to the parts of the brain involved in mood. Women with PMS or PMDD may also be more affected by the normal fluctuations of estrogen during the menstrual cycle.
Question: What are the effects of estrogen on the brain?
Answer: Not enough? Some of estrogen's effects include: Increasing serotonin, and the number of serotonin receptors in the brain. Modifying the production and the effects of endorphins, the "feel-good" chemicals in the brain. Protecting nerves from damage, and possibly stimulating nerve growth. What these effects mean in an individual woman is impossible to predict. Estrogen's actions are too complex for researchers to understand fully. As an example, despite estrogen's apparently positive effects on the brain, many women's moods improve after menopause, when estrogen levels are very low. Some experts believe that some women are more vulnerable to the menstrual cycle's normal changes in estrogen. They suggest it's the roller coaster of hormones during the reproductive years that create mood disturbances. The problem may instead lie in the way estrogen "talks" to the parts of the brain involved in mood.