anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is a radioactive seed implant performed to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: The procedure is performed as follows: After general or spinal anesthesia, the legs are elevated and padded very carefully. The ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum and is used to take pictures of the prostate. The probe remains in place throughout the procedure. The radioactive seeds are loaded into the designated number of needles. In a specific order, each needle is inserted through the skin in the perineum (the area between the base of the scrotum and the anus) and into the prostate using continuous ultrasound guidance. Once accurate needle placement is confirmed, the seeds in that needle are released. This process is continued until all of the radioactive seeds have been implanted. No surgical incision or cutting is necessary. For HDR, once the needle or catheter placements are confirmed, they are filled with a radioactive material. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed. The urologist inserts a tube with a camera called a cystoscope through the penis and into the bladder. If he or she detects any loose radioactive seeds within the urethra or bladder, they are removed. If some blood is in the urine, the urologist may place a catheter into the bladder for a short period of time to ensure proper drainage. All patients are instructed how to drain urine from the bladder, if necessary.
Question: What happens before a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?
Answer: A transrectal ultrasound is done to provide the radiation oncologist with specific details about your case. Newer techniques using a CAT scan or MRI may be used to guide the proper placement of the implants. This information is used to custom-design the treatment plan for you. Another option is for the ultrasound and treatment plan to be done at the same time as the radioactive seeds are implanted.
Question: What are the side effects of radioactive seed implants for prostate cancer?
Answer: Urinary symptoms are the most common. These include frequent urination and a need to get to the bathroom quickly. Some men have a burning with urination and, in a few cases, an inability to empty the bladder completely. These symptoms can usually be managed with medicine, and they improve over time. Temporary self-catheterization may be necessary to help drain the bladder. Urinary incontinence from brachytherapy is rare. The risk may be somewhat increased in patients who have undergone a previous surgical procedure to remove a part of the prostate called a TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate). A doctor can minimize this risk by doing a careful prostate ultrasound before the procedure to determine how much prostate tissue is still present to implant the seeds. Rectal bleeding occurs in less than 1% of patients. Diarrhea is rare. The impotence rate at five years after the procedure is about 25% using brachytherapy alone. If hormone therapy is added, the impotence rate rises depending on the duration of the hormonal treatment.
Question: What are the results from a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?
Answer: Results from this treatment approach show that in patients with similar types of prostate cancer, brachytherapy alone or in combination with external beam radiation therapy appears as effective as a radical prostatectomy and regular external radiation therapy.
Question: What happens during a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?
Answer: A radiation oncologist and urologist perform the procedure. Both physicians are actively involved in all aspects of the implantation, from the planning to the post-operative care. During the procedure, the urologist provides ultrasound guidance and the radiation oncologist places the radioactive seeds. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed. Urinary symptoms are the most common.
Question: What are radioactive seed implants?
Answer: Brachytherapy, or internal radiation therapy, are also terms used to describe this procedure. There are two types of prostate brachytherapy: permanent and temporary. Results from this treatment approach show that in patients with similar types of prostate cancer, brachytherapy alone or in combination with external beam radiation therapy appears as effective as a radical prostatectomy and regular external radiation therapy.
Question: How is a temporary (high dose rate) brachytherapy done to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: With this technique, hollow needles or hollow catheters are placed into the prostate gland, which are then filled with radioactive material (iridium-192 or cesium 137) for 5-15 minutes. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed.
Question: Who can get radioactive seed implants to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: Radioactive seed implants are a form of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Therefore, the best candidates for these procedures are patients who have a cancer that is contained within the prostate and is not very aggressive. Rectal bleeding occurs in less than 1% of patients.
Question: How is a permanent (low dose rate) brachytherapy done to treat prostate cancer?
Answer: Anywhere from 40 to 100 seeds are commonly implanted. The implants remain in place permanently, and become biologically inert (no longer useful) after a period of months. This technique allows a high dose of radiation to be delivered to the prostate with limited damage to surrounding tissues. With this technique, hollow needles or hollow catheters are placed into the prostate gland, which are then filled with radioactive material (iridium-192 or cesium 137) for 5-15 minutes. Another option is for the ultrasound and treatment plan to be done at the same time as the radioactive seeds are implanted.
Question: Does sunlight affect eczema?
Answer: Know how the sun affects you. Sunlight can be a salve for eczema. In fact, people with severe cases can benefit from ultraviolet ray treatments. But others find that sunlight is a trigger. If you're one of them, shield yourself with clothes and a hat.
Question: How can I avoid indoor allergens to ease eczema symptoms?
Answer: Sweating dries out your skin, and the salt in sweat can sting and irritate it. Wear layers, and take them off and put them on as needed to stay comfortable.
Question: Are summer weather and sweat bad for eczema?
Answer: Hot, cold, humid, and dry -- any type of weather can cause an eczema flare-up in some people. Others find that the hot weather triggers prickly heat and a frenzy of scratching. To ease symptoms, try these tips: Don't get too sweaty. Sweating dries out your skin, and the salt in sweat can sting and irritate it. So try to stay cool. Take it easy on hot days and stick to indoor activities. Use air conditioning or a fan if you need one.
Question: Why should you avoid hot water for showers or baths if you have eczema?
Answer: If you're outside more in the warmer months and huddled under a blanket in the winter, you'll be exposed to different eczema triggers in different seasons. Hot water can trigger symptoms, especially if you're changing temperatures quickly -- like coming inside from shoveling snow and hopping into a hot bath.
Question: What is gastroparesis?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Gastroparesis is a condition in which your stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal fashion. It can be caused by damage to the vagus nerve, which regulates the digestive system. A damaged vagus nerve prevents the muscles in the stomach and intestine from functioning, preventing food from moving through the digestive system properly. Often, the cause of gastroparesis is unknown.
Question: How is gastroparesis diagnosed using ultrasound?
Answer: Ultrasound : This is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of body organs. Your doctor may use ultrasound to eliminate other diseases.
Question: What medications can you use for gastroparesis?
Answer: Some patients may benefit from medications, including: Reglan (metoclopramide): You take this drug before eating and it causes the stomach muscles to contract and move food along. Reglan also decreases the incidence of vomiting and nausea. Side effects include diarrhea, drowsiness, anxiety, and, rarely, a serious neurological disorder. Erythromycin: This is an antibiotic that also causes stomach contractions and helps move food out. Side effects include diarrhea and development of resistant bacteria from prolonged exposure to the antibiotic. Antiemetics: These are drugs that help control nausea.
Question: What is the treatment for gastroparesis?
Answer: This means that treatment usually doesn't cure the disease. But there are steps you can take to manage and control the condition.
Question: What causes gastroparesis?
Answer: However, the causes of gastroparesis can include: Uncontrolled diabetes Gastric surgery with injury to the vagus nerve Medications such as narcotics and some antidepressants Parkinson's disease Multiple sclerosis Rare conditions such as: amyloidosis (deposits of protein fibers in tissues and organs) and scleroderma (a connective tissue disorder that affects the skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, and internal organs) There are many symptoms of gastroparesis, including: Heartburn or GERD Nausea Vomiting undigested food Feeling full quickly when eating Abdominal bloating Poor appetite and weight loss Poor blood sugar control Some of the complications of gastroparesis include: Food that stays in the stomach too long can ferment, which can lead to the growth of bacteria.
Question: What are other treatment options for gastroparesis?
Answer: Bezoars can cause obstructions in the stomach that keep food from passing into the small intestine. This can relax the valve, keeping it open for a longer period of time to allow the stomach to empty. Another treatment option is intravenous or parenteral nutrition. This is a feeding method in which nutrients go directly into the bloodstream through a catheter placed into a vein in your chest. Parenteral nutrition is intended to be a temporary measure for a severe case of gastroparesis.
Question: Are there warning signs of panic attacks?
Answer: The physical changes may start about an hour before an attack. In one study, people with panic disorder wore devices that tracked their heart activity, sweating, and breathing. The results showed lower-than-normal levels of carbon dioxide, a sign of rapid, deep breathing that can leave you breathless, as early as about 45 minutes before the panic attack.
Question: What happens in my brain during a panic attack?
Answer: These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. It's possible that the parts of the brain that are tied to fear become more active during an episode. One recent study found that people with panic disorder had lots of activity in a part of their brains tied to the âfight or flightâ response. Other studies have found possible links between panic disorder and the chemicals in your brain. The condition may also be linked to an imbalance in serotonin levels, which can affect your moods.
Question: What should you do if you have a panic attack?
Answer: These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. To get through a panic attack, try to take control of your breathing first. Find a place where you can sit or be comfortable. Concentrate on making your breath slow and even. Try to inhale through your nose for 4 seconds, hold it for 2 seconds, then exhale through your mouth for 6 seconds. Tell yourself that you're not in danger and that the attack will pass. If you're not sure if you're having a panic attack, it's a good idea to go to the hospital to rule out any other health problems. Panic disorder is one of the most treatable types of anxiety disorders. Medication and a type of talk therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy can help. See your doctor if you have panic attacks often.
Question: What happens inside my body during a panic attack?
Answer: These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. Your body's âfight or flightâ response is behind these intense physical symptoms. Normally when you encounter a threat -- whether it's a grizzly bear or a swerving car -- your nervous system springs into action. The hormone adrenaline floods into your bloodstream, putting your body on high alert. Your heartbeat quickens, which sends more blood to your muscles. Your breathing becomes fast and shallow, so you can take in more oxygen. Your blood sugar spikes. Your senses get sharper. All of these changes -- which happen in an instant -- give you the energy you need to confront a dangerous situation or get out of harm's way quickly. With random panic attacks, your body goes on alert for no reason.
Question: What does a panic attack feel like?
Answer: You can't catch your breath. You feel consumed by fear and may even think you're dying -- even though you're really in no danger. This is what it feels like to have a panic attack. These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. You may have one or more panic attacks during your life, or you may never have one. Your body's âfight or flightâ response is behind these intense physical symptoms.
Question: How is rosacea linked to dry eye?
Answer: Rosacea is a common skin disease that causes rosy patches on your skin and dry or oily spots, usually on the face. There's a related condition called ocular rosacea that can cause dry eye. Rosacea and ocular rosacea seem to be linked to autoimmune disorders, which happen when the immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- kicks into overdrive and attacks different parts of your body. Ocular rosacea may also be related to mites that live on your eyelashes or bacteria from the skin that end up on your eyelid.
Question: How can ocular rosacea affect your eyes?
Answer: There's a related condition called ocular rosacea that can cause dry eye. They're located on the rim of your upper and lower eyelids -- the spot where they meet when your eyes close. These glands make the oily surface layer on the eyes, which keeps them moist and prevents tears from drying up. Ocular rosacea may also damage the lacrimal gland, which makes tears. As with ocular rosacea and blepharitis, pruritus may involve problems with the glands on the eyelids.
Question: How can blepharitis affect your eyes?
Answer: There's a related condition called ocular rosacea that can cause dry eye. When you have blepharitis, your eyelids become inflamed or swollen. Blepharitis that's on the inside of your eyelid (the part that touches the eyeball) is called posterior blepharitis. Blepharitis that affects the place where your lashes attach to the eyelid, called anterior blepharitis, can be caused by scalp or eyebrow dandruff. As with ocular rosacea and blepharitis, pruritus may involve problems with the glands on the eyelids.
Question: How can pruritus cause dry eye?
Answer: Rosacea, blepharitis, and pruritus on the eyelids or near the eye are some of the skin conditions that are linked to dry eye. Pruritus is the medical term for itching. Various skin problems can cause it. Besides feeling itchy, you may get swelling of the area around your eyelid or scales on your eyelids. As with ocular rosacea and blepharitis, pruritus may involve problems with the glands on the eyelids. The itchiness may stop at night, possibly because closed eyelids keep the oily film made by the glands in place, which prevents your tears from drying up.
Question: When do I need a tooth extraction for periodontal (gum) disease?
Answer: If periodontal disease -- an infection of the tissues and bones that surround and support the teeth -- have caused loosening of the teeth, it may be necessary to the pull the tooth or teeth.
Question: What happens before a tooth extraction?
Answer: Dentists and oral surgeons (dentists with special training to perform surgery) perform tooth extractions. Before pulling the tooth, your dentist will give you an injection of a local anesthetic to numb the area where the tooth will be removed. In some instances, your dentist may use a strong general anesthetic. This will prevent pain throughout your body and make you sleep through the procedure.
Question: What does recovery after a tooth extraction entail?
Answer: You should also call your dentist if you experience any of the following: Signs of infection, including fever and chills Nausea or vomiting Redness, swelling, or excessive discharge from the affected area Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting The initial healing period usually takes about one to two weeks. New bone and gum tissue will grow into the gap. Over time, however, having a tooth (or teeth) missing can cause the remaining teeth to shift, affecting your bite and making it difficult to chew. For that reason, your dentist may advise replacing the missing tooth or teeth with an implant, fixed bridge, or denture.
Question: When should you call the dentist about a tooth extraction?
Answer: It is normal to feel some pain after the anesthesia wears off. For 24 hours after having a tooth pulled, you should also expect some swelling and residual bleeding. However, if either bleeding or pain is still severe more than four hours after your tooth is pulled, you should call your dentist. You should also call your dentist if you experience any of the following: Signs of infection, including fever and chills Nausea or vomiting Redness, swelling, or excessive discharge from the affected area Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting The initial healing period usually takes about one to two weeks.
Question: When do I need a tooth extraction to avoid infection?
Answer: If your immune system is compromised (for example, if you are receiving chemotherapy or are having an organ transplant), even the risk of infection in a particular tooth may be reason enough to pull the tooth.
Question: When do I need a tooth extraction for an infection?
Answer: Infection. If periodontal disease -- an infection of the tissues and bones that surround and support the teeth -- have caused loosening of the teeth, it may be necessary to the pull the tooth or teeth.
Question: What should I tell your dentist before I have a tooth pulled?
Answer: Having a tooth pulled in adulthood is sometimes necessary. Risk of infection. If you have a condition that puts you at high risk for developing a severe infection, you may need to take antibiotics before and after the extraction. Before having a tooth pulled, let your dentist know your complete medical history, the medications and supplements you take, and if you have one of the following: Damaged or man-made heart valves Congenital heart defect Impaired immune system Liver disease (cirrhosis) Artificial joint, such as a hip replacement History of bacterial endocarditis Following an extraction, your dentist will send you home to recover.
Question: What are examples of questions your doctor might ask you when screening for depression?
Answer: When you take this test, you will be asked to answer two questions: During the past month, have you been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? During the past month, have you been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things?
Question: What central nervous system illnesses can lead to depression?
Answer: Many central nervous system illnesses and injuries can also lead to depression. For example, depression might be associated with any of the following conditions: Central nervous system tumors Head trauma Multiple sclerosis Stroke Syphilis Various cancers (pancreas, prostate, breast) Corticosteroid medications such as prednisone, which people take for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or asthma, are also associated with depression.
Question: What is the goal of a physical exam  when diagnosing depression?
Answer: Again, the goal with a physical exam is usually to rule out another medical cause for depression. Other endocrine disorders associated with depression include hyperthyroidism -- caused by an overactive thyroid -- and Cushing's disease -- a disorder of the adrenal gland.
Question: What depression screening instruments  measure the severity of depression?
Answer: Your doctor can usually tell if you have depression by asking you specific questions and doing a physical exam. Examples include: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ( PHQ-9) -- a 9-item self-administered diagnostic screening and severity tool based on current diagnostic criteria for major depression Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI), -- a 21-question multiple-choice self-report that measures the severity of depression symptoms and feelings Zung Self- Rating Depression Scale -- a short survey that measures the level of depression, ranging from normal to severely depressed Center for Epidemiologic Studies- Depression Scale ( CES- D) -- an instrument that allows patients to evaluate their feelings, behavior, and outlook from the previous week Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HRSD), also known as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HDRS) or abbreviated to HAM- D -- a multiple choice questionnaire that doctors may use to rate the severity of a patient's depression When you take a test or inventory, you may feel uncomfortable responding honestly to questions or statements that are made.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose depression?
Answer: In most cases, the doctor will do a physical exam and ask for specific lab tests to make sure your depression symptoms aren't related to a condition such as thyroid disease, vitamin D deficiency, or another medical problem. If your symptoms are related to another serious illness, treating that illness may also help ease the depression. Your doctor can usually tell if you have depression by asking you specific questions and doing a physical exam.
Question: How can lumbar puncture (spinal tap) help in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?
Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Lumbar Puncture ( Spinal Tap) This test uses a needle to remove a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF), the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The CSF is examined under a microscope to see if it contains leukemia cells.
Question: What gene tests can help diagnose acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?
Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. These tests look for immature or abnormal cells in your blood and bone marrow: Blood tests Bone marrow tests Lumbar puncture Imaging tests Gene tests Blood Tests During a blood test, your doctor uses a needle to take a sample of blood from a vein in your arm. Gene Tests There are several forms of AML. Your doctor can find out which one you have by looking for gene changes in a sample of your blood or bone marrow. These tests include: Cytogenetic analysis looks for chromosome changes in your cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH) looks for abnormal chromosomes in your cells using special dyes that attach to certain parts of the chromosome. Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) uses chemicals to find changes in genes.
Question: How can peripheral blood smear help in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?
Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Peripheral blood smear.