anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound used to treat bone metastasis?
Answer: This is a noninvasive procedure that uses ultrasound energy guided by MRI scanning to destroy nerve endings in the area of the tumor. The procedure is used to relieve pain in people who have not had success with radiation or who are unable to be treated with radiation.
Question: What are the symptoms of bone metastasis?
Answer: Compression of the spinal cord if cancer in a bone of the spine grows and puts pressure on the spinal cord; this can cause nerve symptoms of numbness, weakness, urinary problems, and paralysis.
Question: How are radiopharmaceuticals used to treat bone metastasis?
Answer: Used only for cancer that spreads to bone, these are drugs with radioactive elements. When they are injected, they go to the bone with cancer, killing cancer cells and helping to relieve pain. Low blood counts can be a side effect of this type of therapy.
Question: How is bone metastasis usually treated?
Answer: Other factors include: Which bones the cancer has invaded Damage to the bones Which treatments you have already had Your state of health In most cases, doctors treat bone metastasis by treating the primary cancer. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy are examples of treatments commonly used to treat the primary cancer. These are systemic treatments, so they can travel through the bloodstream to reach different parts of the body.
Question: What factors are involved in the treatment of bone metastasis other than type of primary cancer?
Answer: Other factors include: Which bones the cancer has invaded Damage to the bones Which treatments you have already had Your state of health In most cases, doctors treat bone metastasis by treating the primary cancer.
Question: Which bones do cancer cells usually go to?
Answer: This includes bones in the: Spine Pelvis Ribs Upper arms Thighs In some cases, areas of bone are destroyed (osteolytic). When they are injected, they go to the bone with cancer, killing cancer cells and helping to relieve pain.
Question: What happens when cancer cells reach the bone?
Answer: Once in the bone, these cancer cells can form new metastatic tumors. So they may go through more changes. This means the new tumor may be somewhat different from the primary tumor. This can make it more difficult to treat.
Question: How are bisphosphonates used to treat bone metastasis?
Answer: Used only for cancer that spreads to bone, these are drugs with radioactive elements. Given intravenously ( IV) for bone mets, these drugs can reduce damage to the bone, lower the risk of breaks, reduce high blood calcium levels, and lessen pain.
Question: In which bones do cancer cells typically go?
Answer: This includes bones in the: Spine Pelvis Ribs Upper arms Thighs In some cases, areas of bone are destroyed (osteolytic). When they are injected, they go to the bone with cancer, killing cancer cells and helping to relieve pain.
Question: Where are the most common places for cancer cells to spread?
Answer: Once in the bone, these cancer cells can form new metastatic tumors. Do you then have bone cancer? For example, breast cancer that spreads is known as "metastatic breast cancer." Metastatic cancers in the bone are also called bone metastases, or bone "mets." Here are the types of cancer that are most likely to metastasize to the bone and what treatments can provide relief.
Question: If my cancer moves to my bones, do I have bone cancer?
Answer: Once in the bone, these cancer cells can form new metastatic tumors. Do you then have bone cancer? For example, breast cancer that spreads is known as "metastatic breast cancer." Metastatic cancers in the bone are also called bone metastases, or bone "mets."
Question: How does cancer immunotherapy work?
Answer: It spurs your own defenses to fight the cancer. White blood cells in your immune system spot cells that aren't supposed to be in your body, like bacteria or viruses. Immunotherapy drugs tell the white blood cells to sense certain proteins on the surface of cancer cells, then seek out and destroy those cells.
Question: How do checkpoint inhibitors treat mesothelioma?
Answer: Block the Blocker It sounds simple, but in mesothelioma, these proteins can block your immune system's attack. Immunotherapy drugs like atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab are called checkpoint inhibitors because they block the proteins' defense.
Question: How do I know if I have ankylosing spondylitis?
Answer: There is no specific test to diagnose ankylosing spondylitis, but imaging by X-ray and MRI may show evidence of inflammation of the sacroiliac joint between the sacrum (the triangular bone at the lowest part of the back) and the ilium (the bone felt on the upper part of the hip). Some symptoms may include: Inflammatory back pain (gradual in onset, lasting over three months, with stiffness and pain that is worse in the morning and improved with movement) Reduced mobility of the spine Reduced ability to expand the chest Your doctor may order a number of different blood tests that can suggest ankylosing spondylitis. For example, if you have the disorder, you are likely to have an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (the rate at which red blood cells settle out of your blood) and increased levels of C-reactive protein (a protein that is usually not in blood at high levels but may be elevated in cases of inflammation).
Question: How can I prevent ankylosing spondylitis?
Answer: If you are diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, it is important to seek help from a physical therapist. The condition is largely due to genetics, although you may not be aware of anyone in your family with similar symptoms.
Question: How should you lift objects to prevent back pain?
Answer: When you have to lift heavy objects, don't bend at the waist. Squat with your legs and keep your back upright as you grasp the object and stand upright again. Let your legs do the lifting, not your back.
Question: Does posture affect back pain?
Answer: First, analyze your posture by standing with your heels against a wall. Your calves, buttocks, shoulders, and the back of your head should touch the wall. You should be able to slip your hand behind the small of your back. Now step forward and stand normally. If your posture changes, correct it right away. If you stand for long periods at work, wear flat shoes with good arch support and get a box or step about 6 inches high to rest one foot on from time to time.
Question: How can you strengthen your back to prevent back pain?
Answer: Finally, ask your doctor or health club trainer about back-strengthening exercises. You might also check with your local YMCA or hospital for back-strengthening classes. These stretching and strengthening exercises can help chronic back pain and prevent future episodes. Also, some forms of yoga and tai chi may help you learn proper posture and improve strength, balance, and flexibility.
Question: Can my lifestyle help prevent back pain?
Answer: Excess weight puts a strain on the back, so maintaining a healthy weight is important. Regular exercise, especially core work, keeps the abdominal and back muscles firm. Smoking ages the spine, so avoid smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke. Practicing good posture is another way to help prevent back pain.
Question: How should you sit to prevent back pain?
Answer: You should be able to slip your hand behind the small of your back. Your chair back should be set at an angle of about 10 degrees and should cradle the small of your back comfortably. Your forearms should rest on your desk or work surface with your elbows almost at a right angle.
Question: Should I consider surgery for ulcerative colitis flares?
Answer: It's not an immediate fix, and not everyone needs an operation to keep UC in check. But for some people, it can help. Your doctor might suggest surgery if you've had the condition for a long time, or if your flares are so severe that drugs no longer control them. An operation might help prevent colon cancer, which people with UC are more likely to get.
Question: Should I self-medicate for ulcerative colitis flares?
Answer: Unless your doctor has OK'd it ahead of time, don't pick and choose your own treatment. Something you have in your medicine cabinet from a previous flare might have helped you in the past. But have those meds expired? And are they right for you this time? Check with your doctor first.
Question: What are the procedures for ulcerative colitis surgery?
Answer: There are two different types of procedures. Both surgeries remove the colon and rectum. Once those parts are gone, so are the pain, inflammation, and constant urges to go to the bathroom that happen during a flare. You'll still need to go often, but less than before. In one operation, the surgeon uses the end of your own small bowel to create a pouch connected to your anus on the inside of your body. ( You would temporarily need to wear a bag outside your body over the hole that your surgeon makes, until your body heals from the surgery and is ready for the internal pouch.) In the other procedure, the surgeon creates a small opening in the abdomen to collect waste in a removable pouch on the outside of the body. Your doctor can let you know if either operation would help you.
Question: When should I take my meds for ulcerative colitis flares?
Answer: Or you might think it's OK to skip them because you feel fine. But you need to stick with the plan your doctor prescribed to keep up those benefits. Many people with UC stay on low doses of drugs such as 5- ASAs, which ease inflammation in the colon, or meds such as 6- MP and azathioprine, which turn down an overactive immune system. Your doctor can also check on your treatment plan or see if you need to take another medicine for a short time to help you get through your discomfort.
Question: What do I do if I have an asthma attack while exercising?
Answer: It's when your airways constrict and you have asthma symptoms during exercise, such as: Coughing Wheezing Chest tightness Shortness of breath If this happens to you, stop and follow the instructions in your asthma action plan. Keep your rescue inhaler handy, and use it as directed as soon as you have symptoms. If your symptoms are not getting better, call for emergency medical help.
Question: What activities are beneficial to people with asthma?
Answer: Team sports that involve short bursts of exertion -- like volleyball, gymnastics, baseball, and wrestling -- are good, and so are solo or group leisure activities like walking, biking, and hiking. Swimming is also a good choice because you usually breathe in plenty of warm, moist air while you do it. It's also a great way to build upper-body strength.
Question: What should I do to control my asthma when I exercise?
Answer: Before starting an exercise program, talk to your doctor. Always use your pre-exercise asthma medicine (inhaled bronchodilators or cromolyn), if directed by your asthma action plan, before beginning exercise. Perform warm-up exercises, and have a good cool-down period after exercise. If the weather is cold, exercise indoors or wear a mask or scarf over your nose and mouth. If you have allergic asthma, avoid exercising outdoors when pollen counts or air pollution counts are high. Restrict exercise when you have a viral infection, like a cold.
Question: What types of exercise are best for people with asthma?
Answer: Team sports that involve short bursts of exertion -- like volleyball, gymnastics, baseball, and wrestling -- are good, and so are solo or group leisure activities like walking, biking, and hiking. Activities that involve long periods of exertion, such as soccer, distance running, basketball, and field hockey, may not be as easy. Also, cold-weather sports, such as ice hockey, cross-country skiing, and ice skating, may pose challenges. But many people with asthma are able to fully take part in these activities.
Question: What opportunistic infections can occur in children with HIV?
Answer: Some of the more common are: Failure to thrive, which means not gaining weight or growing like doctors expect Not having the skills or doing the things doctors expect a child that age would (not reaching developmental milestones) Brain or nervous system problems such as seizures, trouble walking, or doing poorly in school Being sick often with childhood illnesses such as an ear infection, a cold, an upset stomach, or diarrhea As with adults, when an HIV infection advances, kids start to develop infections that rarely affect healthy people but can be deadly for someone whose immune system isn't working well. These "opportunistic infections" include: Pneumocystis pneumonia, a fungal infection of the lungs Cytomegalovirus ( CMV) A kind of lung scarring called lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis ( LIP) Oral thrush or severe diaper rash from a yeast infection Children get pretty much the same treatment as adults: a combination of medications called ART (antiretroviral therapy).
Question: What is the cause of HIV and AIDS in children?
Answer: Most children who have HIV got it from their mother when she was pregnant, during the birth process, or from breastfeeding. Women who are tested, and then stick with treatment if they're positive, greatly lower the chance of passing the virus to their babies. This is the best way to prevent HIV in children. Kids in communities affected by AIDS who have lost parents and family members are also more vulnerable to HIV infection. They may lack caregivers, access to school, or the ability to stand up for their rights. Children can be infected through sexual abuse or rape. In central and Eastern Europe, injected drug use spreads HIV among young people living on the streets. The U. S. and Western European countries have medical safeguards to prevent this problem.
Question: What happens to my HIV test results?
Answer: Your HIV test results become part of your medical record. Therefore, the results could be disclosed to third-party payers (such as medical insurance companies) and other authorized parties. A positive test result will also be reported to the appropriate health department.
Question: What do HIV results mean?
Answer: It generally takes two to 8 weeks for your body to produce antibodies, but in some cases it can take up to six months. No. Being infected with HIV does not necessarily mean that you have AIDS. A negative test does not always mean that you do not have HIV. Signs of HIV may not show up in the blood for several months after infection. For this reason, you should be tested again if you could have been exposed to HIV or are at risk for HIV infection.
Question: Can I still exercise if I have a cold?
Answer: It's usually safe to do it as long as you listen to your body. You'll need to watch out for certain risky situations. Physical activity increases your heart rate, but so can some cold medicines. So a combo of exercise and decongestants can cause your heart to pump very hard. You may become short of breath and have trouble breathing. If you have asthma and a cold, make sure you talk with your doctor before you exercise. It may cause you to cough and wheeze more and make you short of breath.
Question: Is it good to exercise if I have a fever?
Answer: When your cold comes with a fever, exercise could stress your body even more. So wait a few days to get back to your regular exercise program. Also be careful about working out too hard when you have a cold. It can make you feel worse and slow down your recovery.
Question: Can exercise help prevent colds?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If you're looking for a safe way to prevent colds, regular exercise may be the ticket. And you don't have to run a marathon, either. Moderate activity is all you need. Exercise improves your overall fitness, which can help boost your immune system -- the body's defense against infections.
Question: Can you exercise so much it makes you sick?
Answer: It's not a problem for most of us, but if you're an exercise fiend, make sure you take time for rest and recovery after periods of intense training. Your immune system works best when it isn't stressed. Scientists say athletes who train intensely without building in recovery time are more likely to get colds or flu. When workouts get too strenuous, the number of infection-fighting white blood cells in your body can go down. At the same time, your stress hormone cortisol may go up, which may interfere with the ability of certain immune cells to work right.
Question: How does exercise affect white blood cell count?
Answer: Researchers found that regular walking may lead to a higher number of white blood cells, which fight infections. In another study, researchers found that in 65-year-olds who did regular exercise, the number of T-cells -- a specific type of white blood cell -- was as high as those of people in their 30s.
Question: What are signs that I should stop exercising if I have a cold?
Answer: Stop your activity and get emergency medical help if you: Feel chest tightness or pressure Have trouble breathing or get very short of breath Get lightheaded or dizzy Have problems with balance
Question: How much exercise is necessary to reduce illness?
Answer: Some studies show that "moderate intensity" exercise may cut down the number of colds you get. That type of activity includes things like a 20- to 30-minute walk every day, going to the gym every other day, or biking with your kids a few times a week. In one study in the American Journal of Medicine, women who walked for a half-hour every day for 1 year had half the number of colds as those who didn't exercise.
Question: How should I manage allergies and prevent asthma?
Answer: If you have allergies and asthma, it's important to keep your distance from allergens (things you're allergic to). Allergen exposure can increase the inflammation in your airways for a while, making an attack more likely.
Question: How can an asthma diary help in asthma prevention?
Answer: Keep track of your symptoms in an asthma diary for several weeks. Detail all the environmental and emotional things that affect your asthma. When you have an asthma attack, check the diary to see which thing, or combination of things, might have led to it. Some common asthma triggers, like molds and cockroaches, aren't always obvious. Ask your asthma specialist about tests to find the allergens you respond to. Then take steps to avoid them.
Question: What do I need to know about preventing asthma symptoms?
Answer: If you have asthma, you need to do what you can to cut your exposure to asthma triggers. Asthma triggers can aggravate your symptoms -- coughing, wheezing, and having a hard time catching your breath. While there's no cure, there are steps you can take to keep your asthma in control and prevent an attack.
Question: How should I allergy-proof my environment for asthma prevention?
Answer: Whether you're at home, work, or traveling, there are things you can do to allergy-proof your environment and lower your chances of an asthma attack. Don't eat in restaurants that are smoky or allow cigarette smoking. Reserve a smoke-free hotel room. If you can, bring your own bedding and pillows in case the hotel only supplies feather pillows and down comforters.
Question: How do allergy shots (immunotherapy) help prevent asthma?
Answer: If your doctor finds that you have allergies, allergy shots (immunotherapy) may help prevent allergy symptoms and keep your asthma from getting worse. With allergy shots, the doctor injects small doses of allergens under your skin on a regular schedule. Over time, your body may get used to the allergen and respond less when you're exposed.
Question: Why should I avoid colds to prevent asthma?
Answer: Avoid close contact with people who have a cold or the flu, because catching it will make your asthma symptoms worse. Wash your hands well if you handle items that someone with a respiratory infection may have touched.
Question: What are examples of asthma triggers?
Answer: Certain asthma triggers can set off a cascade of asthma symptoms. These include: Air pollution Allergies Cold air A cold or flu virus Sinusitis Smoke Fragrances It's vital to learn to identify your asthma triggers and take steps to avoid them.
Question: How do I prevent exercise-induced asthma?
Answer: If you have exercise-induced asthma, are planning a heavy workout, or plan to exercise in cold, humid, or dry air, take steps to prevent an asthma attack.
Question: How should I adjust my devices to prevent eyestrain?
Answer: You can also make sure your devices are set for eye health. Raise the contrast on your screen. Make text larger. Change the brightness of the screen. It shouldn't be lighter or darker than your surroundings. Lower the color temperature of your screen. That means it will give off less blue light, which is linked to more eyestrain. Raise the device's refresh rate. That will cause less flickering of the screen.
Question: How can I prevent digital eyestrain?
Answer: But a few changes to how your use your devices can be easier on your eyes. Make sure your computer screen is about 25 inches, or an arm's length, away from your face. The center of the screen should be about 10-15 degrees below eye level. Cut glare by using a matte screen filter. You can find them for all types of computers, phones, and tablets. Follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at an object at least 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. Take a longer break of about 15 minutes after every 2 hours you spend on your devices. Use artificial tears to refresh your eyes when they feel dry. Try putting a humidifier in the room where you most often use a computer or other device. Make sure the lighting in the room you're in is bright enough. You don't want your device to be brighter than the surroundings. If you wear contact lenses, give your eyes a break by wearing your glasses. Get regular eye exams. You might need to use a different pair of glasses when you're working on a computer.
Question: Why do screens cause eyestrain?
Answer: That spreads tears evenly over your eyes, which keeps them from getting dry and irritated. But researchers have found that people blink less than half as often when they're reading, watching, or playing on a screen. Also, the contrast of text against the background, the glare, and flickering from digital screens can be hard on your eyes. Follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at an object at least 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds.
Question: What causes diabetic macular edema?
Answer: High blood sugar weakens the blood vessels in your eyes. That can make them leak or grow out of control in your retina, the light-sensitive area at the back of your eye. This is called diabetic retinopathy. When fluid seeps into your retina, it can cause diabetic macular edema. The leaking makes your retina swell, which hampers the work of your macula, the special, sensitive part that gives you sharp vision.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose diabetic macular edema?
Answer: If your doctor thinks you have diabetic macular edema, you may also need one or both of these tests: A fluorescein angiogram ( FA) takes pictures of your retina using a special dye that helps find any leaking blood vessels. The dye is injected into your arm, but travels quickly to your eye. Optical coherence tomography ( OCT) uses a special camera to photograph your retina. It is very sensitive and can find even small amounts of fluid and swelling.