anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the symptoms of vitiligo?
Answer: You'll often lose pigment quickly on several areas of your skin. After the white patches appear, they may stay the same for a while, but later on, they might get bigger. You may have cycles of pigment loss and stability. Vitiligo commonly affects body folds (such as armpits), places that have been injured in the past, and areas exposed to sun, around moles, or around body openings. It can also affect eyelids and hair. It's rare for pigment to return once the white patches have developed.
Question: What causes vitiligo?
Answer: Any location on the body can be affected, and most people with vitiligo have white patches on many areas. Although vitiligo affects all races equally, it's more noticeable in dark-skinned people. It's rare for pigment to return once the white patches have developed.
Question: How does Crohn's disease affect you?
Answer: Crohn's disease most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine. That part is called the ileum. The disease can, though, occur in any part of the large or small intestine, stomach, esophagus, or even the mouth. It can occur at any age, but it is most common between ages 15 and 30.
Question: Should pregnant women undergo testing for Crohn's disease?
Answer: When you are pregnant and have Crohn's disease, you may safely undergo any of the following if they're needed: colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy upper endoscopy rectal biopsy abdominal ultrasound X-rays and CT (computed tomography) scans, though, should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans appear to be safe during pregnancy.
Question: What vitamins should you take if you have Crohn's disease and are planning to be pregnant?
Answer: If you are taking vitamins before becoming pregnant, you can continue taking them. If you are taking sulfasalazine, you need to be particularly sure you get enough folic acid. Folic acid prevents neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida. Sulfasalazine blocks the absorption of folic acid.
Question: Are biologic drugs for Crohn's disease safe to use during pregnancy?
Answer: Biologic drugs such as adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira, infliximab ( Remicade), and infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) and infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), biosimilars to Remicade, seem to be safe for use during pregnancy. They also do not appear to be secreted in breast milk.
Question: What is the effect of surgery for Crohn's disease on pregnancy?
Answer: Crohn's disease is a chronic illness in which the intestine, bowel, or another part of the digestive tract become inflamed and ulcerated. That happens so the body won't reject the fetus. Women who have had bowel resections (surgeries to remove part of the bowel) do not appear to have any problems during pregnancy. Women who have had ileostomies may have lower fertility rates. It may be best to wait for a year after this surgery to become pregnant in order to reduce the risk of the ileostomy dropping or becoming blocked during pregnancy. Some women with Crohn's disease develop fistulas -- abnormal passageways between organs. If you have a fistula or an abscess -- a cavity filled with pus -- that's near the rectum and vaginal area you will likely be advised to deliver your baby by cesarean section, or C-section.
Question: Can pregnant women take medication for Crohn's disease?
Answer: If a man who wants to become a father is taking sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) for Crohn's disease, he should ask his doctor to change his medication. It might, though, if you have a change in your condition. As for specific types of drugs to treat Crohn's disease, only antibiotics and methotrexate must be avoided. That's because of the harm they can do to the fetus. If you are taking sulfasalazine, you need to be particularly sure you get enough folic acid.
Question: How do drugs for Crohn's disease affect pregnancy?
Answer: That part is called the ileum. The exception is methotrexate. Methotrexate should not be taken if you are pregnant. Nor should it be taken by either a man or a woman who is trying to conceive. Methotrexate can cause the death of the fetus. It can also cause congenital abnormalities. If you are taking methotrexate, you also should not breastfeed. If you are on steroids, you should not get pregnant. If you are taking a corticosteroid such as prednisone or another steroid and do get pregnant, your doctor will prescribe the smallest possible dose. If you are breastfeeding while taking steroids in moderate to high doses, your baby should be monitored by a pediatrician. Women who have had bowel resections (surgeries to remove part of the bowel) do not appear to have any problems during pregnancy.
Question: What flu-like symptoms are associated with inflammation?
Answer: Inflammation may also be associated with general flu-like symptoms including: Fever Chills Fatigue/loss of energy Headaches Loss of appetite Muscle stiffness When inflammation occurs, chemicals from the body's white blood cells are released into the blood or affected tissues to protect your body from foreign substances.
Question: What are treatment options for inflammatory diseases?
Answer: The type of treatment prescribed will depend on several factors, including the type of disease, the person's age, type of medications he or she is taking, overall health, medical history, and severity of symptoms. The goals of treatment are the following: Correct, control, or slow down the underlying disease process Avoid or modify activities that aggravate pain Relieve pain through pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs Maintain joint movement and muscle strength through physical therapy Decrease stress on the joints by using braces, splints, or canes as needed There are many drugs available to decrease joint pain, swelling and inflammation, and possibly prevent or minimize the progression of the inflammatory disease.
Question: What are the goals of treatment for inflammatory diseases?
Answer: The goals of treatment are the following: Correct, control, or slow down the underlying disease process Avoid or modify activities that aggravate pain Relieve pain through pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs Maintain joint movement and muscle strength through physical therapy Decrease stress on the joints by using braces, splints, or canes as needed There are many drugs available to decrease joint pain, swelling and inflammation, and possibly prevent or minimize the progression of the inflammatory disease.
Question: What is treatment of inflammation directed at?
Answer: This protective process may stimulate nerves and cause pain. The increased number of cells and inflammatory substances within the joint cause irritation, swelling of the joint lining and, eventually, wearing down of cartilage (cushions at the end of bones).
Question: What drugs are used to treat inflammatory diseases?
Answer: The goals of treatment are the following: Correct, control, or slow down the underlying disease process Avoid or modify activities that aggravate pain Relieve pain through pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs Maintain joint movement and muscle strength through physical therapy Decrease stress on the joints by using braces, splints, or canes as needed There are many drugs available to decrease joint pain, swelling and inflammation, and possibly prevent or minimize the progression of the inflammatory disease. They are often used in combination due to their differing effects. The medications include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen) Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine) Other oral drugs known as DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide Biologic drugs such as infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, abatacept, tocilizumab, and rituximab Some of these medications are also used to treat other conditions such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, or to reduce the risk of rejection of a transplanted organ.
Question: How are medications for inflammatory diseases used?
Answer: The medications include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen) Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine) Other oral drugs known as DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide Biologic drugs such as infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, abatacept, tocilizumab, and rituximab Some of these medications are also used to treat other conditions such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, or to reduce the risk of rejection of a transplanted organ. However, when "chemotherapy" types of medications (such as methotrexate or cyclophosphamide) are used to treat inflammatory diseases, the doses are sometimes significantly lower and the risks of side effects tend to be less than when prescribed in higher doses for cancer treatment.
Question: Can inflammation affect internal organs?
Answer: Inflammation can affect organs as part of an autoimmune disorder. The type of symptoms depend on which organs are affected. For example: Inflammation of the heart (myocarditis) may cause shortness of breath or fluid retention. Inflammation of the small tubes that transport air to the lungs may cause shortness of breath. Inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) may cause high blood pressure or kidney failure.
Question: What are the physical signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: PMS shows up in many different ways. Everything in this list could be a sign of PMS. But most women get just a few of these, not all of them. Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.
Question: What are the emotional signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.
Question: What are the behavioral signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.
Question: What can your doctor do to help you manage premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: If you've tried different things, but still have bad PMS, it's probably time to get help. Make an appointment with your doctor or gynecologist. She'll ask about your symptoms, your health, and medicines you take. She may take some blood tests to make sure the problem is PMS and not something else. Your doctor may prescribe medicine. Birth control pills sometimes help with headache and cramps. Antidepressants (medicines that help treat depression) may be an option. Some women take medicine to get rid of extra fluid that makes them feel bloated. Doctors call these diuretics (water pills). Your doctor might suggest talk therapy. It's a way to feel better and learn new skills to overcome challenges by talking with a mental health counselor. If you have notes about your symptoms, bring it to the appointment. Plan ahead about the questions you want to ask. That way you'll get the best help from your doctor.
Question: Who is most likely to get premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS. But it's most common in women who: Are in their late 20s to early 40s. Have had a child. Have family members with depression. Had baby blues (postpartum depression), depression or bipolar disorder.
Question: What causes premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: Even though PMS is common, doctors don't know exactly what causes it. It probably has to do with changes in your body chemistry around the time of your period. Some conditions affect PMS, but don't cause it. PMS can be brought on, or can get worse if you: Smoke Are under lots of stress Don't exercise Don't sleep enough Drink too much alcohol or eat too much salt, red meat, or sugar Are depressed Women with other health problems may find that those problems get worse before their period. Some of those are migraine headaches, asthma, and allergies.
Question: What can you do to treat or manage premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: Even if you can't totally fix it, it's nice to know you have the power to help yourself. These ideas might help: Exercise about 30 minutes a day. Eat healthy foods like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Try to get enough calcium from foods (think dairy, green leafy vegetables, and canned salmon). Avoid salt, caffeine, and alcohol. Don't smoke. Get plenty of sleep. Work to lower stress. Track your moods and symptoms in a journal. Try over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or naproxen. Be sure to follow the dosing instructions exactly as it says on the label. Make an appointment with your doctor or gynecologist.
Question: What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
Answer: You probably get some signs that your period is coming. If it messes with your daily life, you might have premenstrual syndrome ( PMS). Your period is a natural part of your life. Once your period starts, they go away. Another way to know is if you have symptoms on the 5 days before your period, for 3 months in a row. Women with PMS deal with it in lots of ways. Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS. It probably has to do with changes in your body chemistry around the time of your period.
Question: When should you call your doctor about a blister?
Answer: The blister was caused by contact with a chemical -- or if you have an autoimmune blistering disease. Other reasons to seek medical advice is if you have multiple blisters, or they progress in number and location, or if you can't figure out why you are getting them.
Question: What's a blister and what symptoms can it bring on?
Answer: A blister is a bubble of skin filled with clear fluid, ranging from pinpoint size to more than an inch in diameter. They are different than pustules, which contain thicker, yellow-white material called pus. Depending on the cause, blistering may be accompanied by pain, redness, or itching.
Question: How do I know if my plastic baby bottles have BPA in them?
Answer: The ban on BPA means you can confidently buy new plastic baby bottles, knowing that they are free of the potentially harmful chemical. If you are using older plastic bottles, for example bottles given to you by family members, check the recycling symbol on the bottom. The symbol #7 or the label PC (which stands for polycarbonate) is a sign that the bottle likely contains BPA. Bottles with the symbol #1, #2, or #4 are made of polyethylene, and #5 bottles are made of polypropylene. Both kinds of bottle can be used safely since neither type contains BPA.
Question: What are some tips on caring for baby bottles?
Answer: Here are some tips on caring for your child's baby bottle: Never store breast milk or formula in plastic bottles. Pour it into the bottle just before your baby is ready to eat. Throw out anything that is left over. Don't use hot water or a harsh cleaner on polycarbonate bottles, because this also can cause the plastic to break down more quickly. Instead, use a gentle cleaner and warm water. Replace any glass bottles that have cracks or chips in them.
Question: What triggers tinnitus?
Answer: Triggers may include: Age-related hearing loss Loud noises like concerts, sporting events, machinery, or backfiring engines Sinus pressure from sinus or ear infections, cold, flu, or allergies Too much earwax Certain medications like aspirin, some antibiotics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Migraines and other headaches High blood pressure and hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) Jaw problems Other medical issues like head and neck injuries, fibromyalgia, Lyme disease, changes in your inner ear bones, and an inner ear disorder called Meniere's disease.
Question: What are other treatment options for tinnitus?
Answer: Other treatment options may include: Hearing aids. These devices can help with age-related hearing loss and tinnitus. They make the sounds you need to hear louder and make the ringing harder to notice. Sound maskers. You wear them in or behind your ear to create constant low-level white noise. This helps block the ringing. You might also try a white noise machine near your bed at night to help you sleep. Retraining therapy. You get counseling and wear a gadget that masks the ringing with tonal music. Relaxation techniques. Tinnitus can get worse when you're stressed. You might find ways to ease your worries, like exercise, deep breathing, or biofeedback. Medicines. There are several medications that show some promise in treating tinnitus, including certain hormones, topical anesthetics, and anti-anxiety medication. Ask your doctor if any of them may be right for you.
Question: Is there a treatment for tinnitus?
Answer: It depends on what's to blame for the ringing. If a medication is the trigger, your doctor might suggest you stop taking it or change to a different drug. Never stop a medicine on your own without talking to your doctor first. If a health issue like high blood pressure is the cause, your doctor can work with you to treat it. Often the ringing will improve when you get the condition under control. If the problem is too much earwax, the doctor can remove the buildup gently. Don't use cotton swabs to try to do it yourself.
Question: How is tinnitus diagnosed?
Answer: Your doctor will discuss your medical history. He'll ask about any medicines you take, including supplements. He'll do a hearing test, examine your head and neck, and look inside your ears. He might ask you to clench your jaw, move your eyes, and move your neck, arms, and legs. If the ringing gets worse when you move, that may help find a cause for it. You may also need imaging tests like CT or MRI scans.
Question: What does tinnitus sound like?
Answer: Do you hear ringing in your ears when there isn't any sound around you? You might hear it all the time or it might come and go.
Question: What are the warning signs of suicide due to bipolar disorder?
Answer: People who also have a substance abuse problem may need more specialized treatment. Some people who have bipolar disorder may become suicidal. Learn the warning signs and seek immediate medical help for them: Depression (changes in eating, sleeping, activities) Isolating yourself Talking about suicide, hopelessness, or helplessness Acting recklessly Taking more risks Having more accidents Abusing alcohol or other drugs Focusing on morbid and negative themes Talking about death and dying Crying more, or becoming less emotionally expressive Giving away possessions
Question: What are the symptoms of mania from bipolar disorder?
Answer: Symptoms of mania ("the highs"): Excessive happiness, hopefulness, and excitement Sudden changes from being joyful to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restlessness Rapid speech and poor concentration Increased energy and less need for sleep Unusually high sex drive Making grand and unrealistic plans Showing poor judgment Drug and alcohol abuse Becoming more impulsive During depressive periods ("the lows"), a person with bipolar disorder may have: Sadness Loss of energy Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Not enjoying things they once liked Trouble concentrating Uncontrollable crying Trouble making decisions Irritability Needing more sleep Insomnia Appetite changes that make them lose or gain weight Thoughts of death or suicide Attempting suicide When someone develops bipolar disorder, it usually starts when they're in late adolescence or young adulthood.
Question: What does hypomania bipolar disorder mean?
Answer: Hypomania" describes milder symptoms of mania, in which someone does not have delusions or hallucinations, and their high symptoms do not interfere with their everyday life.
Question: What are the symptoms of depressive periods in bipolar disorder?
Answer: Symptoms of mania ("the highs"): Excessive happiness, hopefulness, and excitement Sudden changes from being joyful to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restlessness Rapid speech and poor concentration Increased energy and less need for sleep Unusually high sex drive Making grand and unrealistic plans Showing poor judgment Drug and alcohol abuse Becoming more impulsive During depressive periods ("the lows"), a person with bipolar disorder may have: Sadness Loss of energy Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Not enjoying things they once liked Trouble concentrating Uncontrollable crying Trouble making decisions Irritability Needing more sleep Insomnia Appetite changes that make them lose or gain weight Thoughts of death or suicide Attempting suicide When someone develops bipolar disorder, it usually starts when they're in late adolescence or young adulthood.
Question: What can I expect after bipolar disorder treatment?
Answer: Ongoing treatment is more effective than dealing with problems as they come up. People who also have a substance abuse problem may need more specialized treatment.
Question: What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?
Answer: In bipolar disorder, the dramatic episodes of high and low moods do not follow a set pattern. Someone may feel the same mood state (depressed or manic) several times before switching to the opposite mood. These episodes can happen over a period of weeks, months, and sometimes even years. How severe it gets differs from person to person and can also change over time, becoming more or less severe.
Question: How is bipolar disorder treated?
Answer: Bipolar disorder can be treated. It's a long-term condition that needs ongoing care. Medication is the main treatment, usually involving "mood stabilizers" such as carbamazepine ( Tegretol), lamotrigine ( Lamictal), lithium, or valproate ( Depakote). Sometimes antipsychotic drugs are also used such as olanzapine ( Zyprexa), quetiapine ( Seroquel), lurasidone ( Latuda) and cariprazine ( Vraylar)), as well as antidepressants. Combinations of medicines are often used. Psychotherapy, or "talk therapy," is often recommended, too. People who have four or more mood episodes in a year, or who also have drug or alcohol problems, can have forms of the illness that are much harder to treat.