anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the different types of adrenal insufficiency?
Answer: When they don't make enough of those hormones, you have a condition called adrenal insufficiency, also called adrenocortical insufficiency or hypocortisolism. You can have either primary, secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency. Primary adrenal insufficiency is when your adrenal glands are damaged and can't make the cortisol you need. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is more common than Addison's disease. The condition happens because of a problem with your pituitary gland, a pea-sized bulge at the base of your brain. It makes a hormone called adrenocorticotropin ( ACTH). This is the chemical that signals your adrenal glands to make cortisol when your body needs it. If your adrenal glands don't get that message, they may eventually shrink. Tertiary starts in the hypothalamus, which is a small area located near the pituitary. It makes a hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH) which tells the pituitary to make ACTH. When the hypothalamus is not making enough CRH, then it affects the pituitary's ability to produce ACTH , in turn keeping the adrenal glands from producing enough cortisol.
Question: What is an adenovirus infection?
Answer: The infections usually cause only mild symptoms and get better on their own in a few days. But they can be more serious in people with weak immune systems, especially children. These viruses are common in places with large groups of kids, such as day care centers, schools, and summer camps. They're very contagious.
Question: What tests are used to diagnose adenovirus infections?
Answer: Swab test: A nurse will use a cotton swab to get a sample of mucus from your child's nose. Stool test: You'll collect a sample of your child's poop at home and bring it to the doctor's office. Chest X-ray: Your child will lie still while a technician uses a small amount of radiation to take pictures of the inside of her chest.
Question: How can I keep my child from getting adenovirus infections?
Answer: Wash your child's hands -- and yours -- often during the day, and especially before meals. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if you don't have soap and water nearby. Clean surfaces, like sinks and counters, to get rid of germs. Don't let her swim in pools that aren't well maintained. Keep your child home when she's sick to avoid spreading adenoviruses to others.
Question: What are serious symptoms of adenovirus infection in children?
Answer: Call the doctor right away if your child has any of these more serious symptoms: Trouble breathing Swelling around his eyes Fever that doesn't go away after a few days Signs of dehydration, such as few tears or less wet diapers Your child's doctor may want to do a physical exam and possibly one or more of these tests to see if a virus or bacteria caused the infection: Blood test: A nurse will take a sample of your child's blood from a vein in his arm.
Question: What are treatments for adenovirus infections?
Answer: Antibiotics won't help adenovirus infections because these drugs only kill bacteria. Children often get over the illness on their own within a few days. Water or 100% fruit juice are the best choices to keep kids hydrated. Turn on a cool-mist humidifier. The moisture will loosen congestion and help your child breathe more easily. Ask your doctor if you can give your child acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Motrin) to relieve aches and fever. Don't give children products that contain aspirin, which can lead to a rare but serious condition called Reye syndrome. Tell her to cover her nose and mouth whenever she sneezes or coughs.
Question: What are symptoms of ovarian cancer when you are in menopause?
Answer: When you're nearing or in menopause, it's important to know the symptoms of ovarian cancer and what to look for. They include weight loss, bloating, swelling, pelvic pain, and constipation.
Question: What's the link between hormone therapy and ovarian cancer?
Answer: That can lower your chance of developing ovarian cancer. You may want to talk to your doctor. You can weigh the risks and benefits of birth control pills and your risk of cancer. Often, women take hormone therapy to cope with menopause symptoms like hot flashes and osteoporosis. Some studies suggest that taking those hormones may increase your risk of developing ovarian cancer. Hormone therapy usually involves taking only estrogen, estrogen plus progesterone, or estrogen and progestin, which is a fake hormone that acts like progesterone.
Question: What is the link between menopause and ovarian cancer?
Answer: Although it can happen at any age, it's most common in women over age 50. Half of ovarian cancer cases are found in women age 63 or older, according to the American Cancer Society. But your chances of developing it go up as you get older. There are a few things related to menopause that may affect your risk of developing ovarian cancer. If you start menopause late -- usually after age 52 -- your chances may be higher. That could be because you've had more ovulations. Those are the times when your menstrual cycle triggers your hormones to release an egg.
Question: What does the calories count on a food label mean?
Answer: ( Remember, you'll need to adjust this if your portion is different from the serving size on the label.) This part of the label also tells you how much of that energy comes from the fat in a serving.
Question: Is the information on the food label still accurate if my daily calorie intake isn't 2000?
Answer: If your daily calorie intake isn't 2,000, you may need to do a little math. Some nutrient goals change with the number of daily calories. Some, including sodium and calcium, are based on things like your age, sex, or health, not the number of calories you eat. Talk to your doctor or your diabetes educator about how to adjust the % Daily Values on labels for your diet. In general, when it comes to fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium, choose foods with a low % Daily Value. For total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and vitamins and minerals, try to reach your daily target for each nutrient.
Question: What does a "% Daily Value" on a food label mean for people with diabetes?
Answer: "% Daily Value" shows how much a serving of that food gives you for each key nutrient listed. These daily goals are set by the government, based on current nutrition recommendations. The percentages are based on a 2,000 calorie/day diet, which would be right for an average- or large-size man who gets little exercise. Women or seniors with diabetes, or people trying to lose weight, need fewer calories.
Question: What does the serving size on a food label mean?
Answer: The size of the serving determines the amounts listed on the label. It helps you figure how many calories and nutrients are in your food on your plate. This means a food is made up of the heaviest amount of the first ingredient and the least amount of the last ingredient.
Question: What can I tell from the ingredients section of a food label?
Answer: Pay attention to that serving size, including the number of servings in the package, and compare it to how much you're actually eating. This means a food is made up of the heaviest amount of the first ingredient and the least amount of the last ingredient.
Question: How should people with diabetes use the serving size information on a food label?
Answer: Don't confuse portion size with serving size. A portion is what you choose to eat -- and there are no standard measures for this. For example, if a slice of bread is a serving size and you eat a sandwich with two slices of bread, you've had two servings of bread in your one portion, so you'll have to double all the nutritional numbers like calories and carbs. If a package has four servings and you eat the whole thing (like a bag of crunchy snacks), you get 4 times the calories, fat, and everything else listed on the label. This part of the label also tells you how much of that energy comes from the fat in a serving.
Question: What should people with diabetes look at on food labels?
Answer: It has measurements of fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals for a typical amount of that food. This information can make it easier for you to choose foods that will fit into your meal plan and help control your blood sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, and weight. Here's an example of a Nutrition Facts label. Talk to your doctor or your diabetes educator about how to adjust the % Daily Values on labels for your diet.
Question: What are treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Answer: Steroids like prednisone calm the inflammation that damages your nerves. Plasma exchange is another therapy if steroids don't work. Your doctor will use a machine to remove the plasma portion of your blood. The plasma gets mixed with a protein solution and put back into your body.
Question: What can treatments for Parkinsonâs disease do?
Answer: It's also an option to treat another type called relapsing-remitting MS. Other disease-modifying medicines for relapse-remitting MS include beta interferons as well as: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Cladribine ( Mavenclad) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Siponimod ( Mayzent) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Medications to treat Parkinson's either raise your dopamine levels or offer a substitute. They can ease Parkinson's symptoms like tremors. Over time, they may become less effective.
Question: What are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsonâs disease?
Answer: Common symptoms of both diseases include: Shaky fingers, hands, lips, or limbs Slurred speech that's hard for others to understand Numb or weak limbs that make your walk unsteady Loss of muscle control that often affects one side of your body at first, then later both Spastic limb movements that are hard to control Loss of bladder or bowel control Poor balance Depression is another symptom common to both conditions.
Question: What can multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments do?
Answer: MS treatments can ease your symptoms during an attack or slow down the disease's effects on your body.
Question: What symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are not usually found in Parkinsonâs disease?
Answer: They not usually found in Parkinson's: Fatigue Dizziness or vertigo, where you feel like the room spins around and you lose your balance Double vision, partial or total vision loss, or eye pain Pain or tingling in any area of your body Electric shock feeling or sharp pain in your neck when you move your head or chest a certain way (your doctor will call it Lhermitte's sign). It can travel to your spine, arms, and legs. Itching Seizures Hearing loss Headaches Parkinson's can have some symptoms that people with MS typically don't have: Slowed movement (your doctor will call it bradykinesia) Feet drag or shuffle Stiff, rigid muscles Poor posture Loss of control over how you blink, smile, swallow, or swing your arms when you walk Small, cramped handwriting Some people have MS and Parkinson's, but it could be a coincidence.
Question: How are multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsonâs disease alike?
Answer: Both diseases can cause your hands to shake, for example. These diseases both affect your nerves. As myelin breaks down, your nerves and nerve fibers get frayed. In Parkinson's, certain brain cells start to die off. If lesions form in certain spots in your brain, they can affect how it makes dopamine. Over time, they may become less effective.
Question: What medicines are used to treat Parkinsonâs disease?
Answer: It's also an option to treat another type called relapsing-remitting MS. Other disease-modifying medicines for relapse-remitting MS include beta interferons as well as: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Cladribine ( Mavenclad) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Siponimod ( Mayzent) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Medications to treat Parkinson's either raise your dopamine levels or offer a substitute. Anticholinergic drugs to help control tremors Carbidopa-levodopa, or an infusion of both drugs called Duopa, to help boost dopamine levels COMT inhibitors like entacapone ( Comtan) or tolcapone ( Tasmar), to help drugs that boost dopamine levels work better Dopamine agonists: pramipexole ( Mirapex, Mirapex ER), ropinirole ( Requip, Requip XL), and rotigotine ( Neupro) to mimic the way dopamine works in your brain.
Question: What makes multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsonâs disease different?
Answer: While some signs of MS and Parkinson's look the same, they're different diseases. MS often affects people between ages 20 and 50, but children get it, too. Parkinson's usually starts at age 60 or older, but some younger adults get it. MS is an autoimmune disease. That means your body's immune system goes haywire for some reason. In Parkinson's, certain brain cells start to die off. Your brain makes less and less of a chemical called dopamine that helps control your movement. As your levels dip, you lose more of this control.
Question: How can Epworth Sleepiness Scale test help diagnose narcolepsy?
Answer: During the Epworth Sleepiness Scale test, you will be asked to answer eight questions using a scale from zero (not at all likely to fall asleep) to three (very likely to fall asleep). The resulting total score is between 0 and 24. Scores of 0 to 10 are normal. Total scores 10 or above generally warrant further investigation.
Question: How can multiple sleep latency test help diagnose narcolepsy?
Answer: Performed the morning after the overnight polysomnogram, also in a sleep lab, this test measures how long it takes a person to fall asleep (sleep latency) during the day. During this test, you will be asked to take four or five scheduled naps every two hours. The first nap starts two hours after awakening that morning. People with normal sleep and alertness take about 10-20 minutes to fall asleep. People with narcolepsy (and other causes of abnormal sleepiness) take a much shorter time (less than five minutes) to fall asleep.
Question: How can polysomnogram (PSG) help in the diagnosis of narcolepsy?
Answer: A sleep study, or polysomnogram ( PSG), is a test performed in a sleep lab. It electronically transmits and records specific physical actions of the body while you sleep, such as muscle movement, breathing patterns, and brain activity. The recordings are analyzed by a qualified sleep specialist to determine whether or not you have a particular sleep disorder.
Question: What can you expect during a polysomnogram (PSG) for narcolepsy?
Answer: It electronically transmits and records specific physical actions of the body while you sleep, such as muscle movement, breathing patterns, and brain activity. The recordings are analyzed by a qualified sleep specialist to determine whether or not you have a particular sleep disorder. What to Expect During a PSG If you're scheduled for a PSG, you will arrive at the sleep lab about two hours prior to bedtime without making any changes in your daily habits. You will be assigned to a private bedroom in a sleep center or hospital.
Question: What types of cancer does immunotherapy treat?
Answer: Cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation use medications or high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Immunotherapy is different because it uses your own immune system to fight off the cancer. Some immunotherapy treatments help your immune system find the cancer or work harder to attack it. Others give you man-made versions of proteins or other substances to help your body fight the disease. Immunotherapy is a type of biologic therapy. Immunotherapy is approved to treat certain kinds of cancer, including melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer. Immune-based treatments for many other types are being tested in clinical trials.
Question: How do doctors use immunotherapy?
Answer: It's a relatively new treatment compared with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, but it's commonly used to treat some cancers. It works better on certain forms of the disease than others. Depending on the type of cancer you have, you might get immunotherapy: With or after another treatment, like surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy By itself as a first treatment As part of a clinical trial if other treatments haven't worked and your cancer has spread This type of treatment isn't right for everyone.
Question: What are some examples of monoclonal antibodies and the cancers they treat?
Answer: It's a relatively new treatment compared with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, but it's commonly used to treat some cancers.
Question: What are checkpoint inhibitors and the cancers they treat?
Answer: Some immunotherapy treatments help your immune system find the cancer or work harder to attack it. Immunotherapy is approved to treat certain kinds of cancer, including melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer.
Question: What are some examples of immunotherapy treatments that do not target cancer cells directly?
Answer: Cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation use medications or high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Immunotherapy is different because it uses your own immune system to fight off the cancer. Immunotherapy is approved to treat certain kinds of cancer, including melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer.
Question: Why should you eat prunes?
Answer: Prunes ( Dried Plums) Prunes, which are dried plums, do much more than keep your digestion regular. They're also high in antioxidants and fiber. A quarter-cup has 104 calories and 12% of the fiber you need in a day. You can eat them as-is, chop them up and add them to muffins or other baked goods, or include them in smoothies, cereals, sauces, or stews.
Question: Why should you eat cauliflower?
Answer: Cauliflower Broccoli is the relative that gets all the attention, but its paler cousin is no wallflower. Like other cruciferous veggies, cauliflower is a good source of vitamin C and fiber. Like broccoli, it also has a natural plant chemical called sulforaphane that may hold promise against cancer, according to early lab tests done in animals. Many other things also affect your cancer risk, but diet is one of the easiest to control.
Question: Why should you eat beets?
Answer: Beets These brightly colored root vegetables look rough on the outside, but they're softer and sweeter once you cook them. Beets are high in antioxidants, which may help protect against cancer and other chronic diseases. Plus, their juice, which is rich in nitrates,has been found to lower blood pressure and increase blood flow to the brain. If you're an athlete, snacking on beets might even help improve your performance.
Question: Why should you eat artichokes?
Answer: Artichokes You can grill it, bake it, and eat the leaves or the heart. Finish off the whole artichoke, and you'll only get about 60 calories and almost no fat, not counting any dip or sauce you ate it with. High in fiber, it will fill you up so you won't splurge on higher-fat foods.
Question: Why should you eat kefir?
Answer: Kefir This bubbly form of fermented milk has been a dietary staple in the Caucasus Mountains of Eastern Europe for many years. Recently, it's started to catch on in the U. S. Kefir is high in "good" bacteria called probiotics. It's also being studied for its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.
Question: What is the source of chronic pain?
Answer: Some kinds of chronic pain have numerous causes. Back pain, for example, may be caused by a single factor, or any combination of these factors: Years of poor posture Improper lifting and carrying of heavy objects Being overweight, which puts excess strain on the back and knees A congenital condition such as curvature of the spine Traumatic injury Wearing high heels Sleeping on a poor mattress No obvious physical cause Ordinary aging of the spine (degenerative changes) Disease can also be the underlying cause of chronic pain. Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia are well-known culprits, but persistent pain may also be due to such ailments as cancer, multiple sclerosis, stomach ulcers, AIDS, and gallbladder disease. In many cases, however, the source of chronic pain can be a very complex and even mysterious issue to untangle. Although it may begin with an injury or illness, ongoing pain can develop a psychological dimension after the physical problem has healed. This fact alone makes pinning down a single course of treatment tricky, and it is why health care providers often find they have to try a number of different types of curative steps.
Question: What factors can cause chronic pain?
Answer: Some kinds of chronic pain have numerous causes. Back pain, for example, may be caused by a single factor, or any combination of these factors: Years of poor posture Improper lifting and carrying of heavy objects Being overweight, which puts excess strain on the back and knees A congenital condition such as curvature of the spine Traumatic injury Wearing high heels Sleeping on a poor mattress No obvious physical cause Ordinary aging of the spine (degenerative changes) Disease can also be the underlying cause of chronic pain.
Question: How does a cauliflower ear form?
Answer: When blood flow is blocked, the affected cartilage may die and, without the supportive tissue, fold in on itself. Scar tissue may form, contributing to a swollen and deformed look. Over time, the effects may become more prominent, and they may be permanent. The good news is that cauliflower ear can usually be prevented, even after such an injury occurs.
Question: What causes cauliflower ear?
Answer: The most common cause of cauliflower ear is a hit to the ear -- or repeated hits to the ear -- that leads to hematomas, or small collections of blood that clot and block the flow of blood and nutrients. These can also occur when skin is pulled away from cartilage, the semi-rigid tissue that gives the ear its shape. Usually, cauliflower ear is related to sports injuries, but not always. Any trauma to the ear can cause it. Cauliflower ear can even be the result of an infection in the ear lobe.
Question: How is cauliflower ear treated?
Answer: If you experience an injury that causes a blockage in the tissues of your ear, there's still a chance you can avoid developing cauliflower ear. The goal of treatment is to ease the blockage so that blood can again flow to the affected tissues. A doctor can accomplish this by making a small incision and draining accumulating blood or removing a clot and preventing further bleeding. He or she may need to reconnect tissues using stitches and apply a special bandage to put pressure on the area. This pressure dressing may need to stay in place for several days to a week. The site will require monitoring for signs of infection or signs that additional treatment may be needed. Your doctor may also prescribe antibiotics.
Question: What are symptoms of cauliflower ear?
Answer: The initial symptoms of the types of injuries that lead to cauliflower ear are similar to the symptoms one might experience from blunt trauma elsewhere in the body. You may have swelling, and the area may be red or bruised. So it's important not to shrug off such symptoms if you have received a blow, or multiple blows, to the ear. Prompt treatment can prevent the development of cauliflower ear.
Question: What is cauliflower ear?
Answer: The most common cause of cauliflower ear is a hit to the ear -- or repeated hits to the ear -- that leads to hematomas, or small collections of blood that clot and block the flow of blood and nutrients. The initial symptoms of the types of injuries that lead to cauliflower ear are similar to the symptoms one might experience from blunt trauma elsewhere in the body. The most important thing you can do to prevent cauliflower ear is to wear the appropriate head gear when engaging in activities that increase your risk for ear trauma, such as wrestling, boxing, rugby, and other close-contact sports. Treatment can help prevent the unsightly, often permanent, cosmetic effects of cauliflower ear.