anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How to diagnose Syphilis - primary ? (Also called: Primary syphilis; Secondary syphilis; Late syphilis; Tertiary syphilis)
Answer: The doctor or nurse will examine you. Tests that may be done include:  - Examination of fluid from sore  - Echocardiogram, aortic angiogram, and cardiac catheterization to look at the major blood vessels and the heart  - Spinal tap and examination of spinal fluid  - Blood tests to screen for syphillis bacteria (RPR, VDRL, or TRUST)    If the RPR, VDRL, or TRUST tests are positive, one of the following tests will be needed to confirm the diagnosis:   - FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody test)  - MHA-TP  - TP-EIA  - TP-PA)
Question: What are the treatments for Syphilis - primary ? (Also called: Primary syphilis; Secondary syphilis; Late syphilis; Tertiary syphilis)
Answer: Syphilis can be treated with antibiotics, such as:   - Doxycycline  - Penicillin G benzathine  - Tetracycline (for patients who are allergic to penicillin)    Length of treatment depends on how severe the syphilis is, and factors such as the patient's overall health.  To treat syphilis during pregnancy, penicillin is the drug of choice. Tetracycline cannot be used for treatment because it is dangerous to the unborn baby. Erythromycin may not prevent congenital syphilis in the baby. People who are allergic to penicillin should ideally be desensitized to it, and then treated with penicillin.  Several hours after getting treatment for the early stages of syphilis, people may experience the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. This process is caused by an immune reaction to the breakdown products of the infection.  Symptoms and signs of this reaction include:  - Chills  - Fever  - General ill feeling (malaise)  - Headache  - Joint aches  - Muscle aches  - Nausea  - Rash    These symptoms usually disappear within 24 hours.  Follow-up blood tests must be done at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months to ensure that the infection is gone. Avoid sexual contact when the chancre is present. Use condoms until two follow-up tests have shown that the infection has been cured, to reduce the chance of transmitting the infection.  All sexual partners of the person with syphilis should also be treated. Syphilis is extremely contagious in the primary and secondary stages.)
Question: How to prevent Syphilis - primary ? (Also called: Primary syphilis; Secondary syphilis; Late syphilis; Tertiary syphilis)
Answer: If you are sexually active, practice safe sex and always use a condom.  All pregnant women should be screened for syphilis.)
Question: What causes Laryngeal nerve damage ? (Also called: Vocal cord paralysis)
Answer: Injury to the laryngeal nerves is uncommon.  When it does occur, it can be from:  - A complication of neck or chest surgery (especially thyroid, lung, heart surgery, or cervical spine surgery)  - A breathing tube in the windpipe (endotracheal tube)  - A viral infection that affects the nerves  - Tumors in the neck or upper chest, such as thyroid or lung cancer  - Part of a neurological condition)
Question: What causes Granulomatosis with polyangiitis ? (Also called: Formerly: Wegener's granulomatosis)
Answer: GPA mainly affects blood vessels in the nose, sinuses, ears, lungs, and kidneys. Other areas may also be affected in some cases. The disease can be severe and prompt treatment is important.   The exact cause is unknown, but it is an autoimmune disorder.  GPA is most common in middle-aged adults of northern European descent. It is rare in children, but has been seen in infants as young as 3 months old.)
Question: What is (are) Streptococcal Infections ? (Also called: Strep)
Answer: Strep is short for Streptococcus, a type of bacteria. There are two types: group A and group B.    Group A strep causes       - Strep throat - a sore, red throat, sometimes with white spots on the tonsils    - Scarlet fever - an illness that follows strep throat. It causes a red rash on the body.    - Impetigo - a skin infection    - Toxic shock syndrome    - Cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)       Group B strep can cause blood infections, pneumonia and meningitis in newborns. A screening test during pregnancy can tell if you have it. If you do, I.V. antibiotics during labor can save your baby's life. Adults can also get group B strep infections, especially if they are elderly or already have health problems. Strep B can cause urinary tract infections, blood infections, skin infections and pneumonia in adults.    Antibiotics are used to treat strep infections.    NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)
Question: What causes Macular degeneration - age-related ? (Also called: Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD); AMD)
Answer: The retina is at the back of the eye. It changes light and images that enter the eye into nerve signals that are sent to the brain. A part of the retina called the macula makes vision sharper and more detailed.It is a yellow spot in the center of the retina. It is made up of 2 natural colors (pigments) called lutein and zeaxanthin.  AMD is caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply the macula. This change also harms the macula.  There are two types of AMD:  -  Dry AMD occurs when the blood vessels under the macula become thin and brittle. Small yellow deposits, called drusen, form. Almost all people with macular degeneration start with the dry form.  -  Wet AMD occurs in about 10% of people with macular degeneration. New abnormal and very fragile blood vessels grow under the macula. These vessels leak blood and fluid. Thistype of AMDcauses most of the vision loss associated with the condition.   Doctorsare not sure what causes AMD. The condition is rare before age 55. It occurs most inpersons 75 years or older.  Risk factors for AMD are:  - Family history of AMD  - Being White  - Cigarette smoking  - High-fat diet  - Being a woman)
Question: What are the genetic changes related to age-related macular degeneration ? (Also called: age-related maculopathy; AMD; ARMD; macular degeneration, age-related)
Answer: Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown.  Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body's immune response known as the complement system. This system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders (such as bacteria and viruses), trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues. Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person's risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. It is unclear how these genetic changes are related to the retinal damage and vision loss characteristic of this condition.  Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. The 10q26 region contains two genes of interest, ARMS2 and HTRA1. Changes in both genes have been studied as possible risk factors for the disease. However, because the two genes are so close together, it is difficult to tell which gene is associated with age-related macular degeneration risk, or whether increased risk results from variations in both genes.  Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoprotein (HDL, also known as "good" cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease.  Researchers have also examined nongenetic factors that contribute to the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Age appears to be the most important risk factor; the chance of developing the condition increases significantly as a person gets older. Smoking is another established risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Other factors that may increase the risk of this condition include high blood pressure, heart disease, a high-fat diet or one that is low in certain nutrients (such as antioxidants and zinc), obesity, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. However, studies of these factors in age-related macular degeneration have had conflicting results)
Question: What causes Hydatidiform mole ? (Also called: Hydatid mole; Molar pregnancy)
Answer: Hydatidiform mole, or molar pregnancy, results from too much production of the tissue that is supposed to develop into the placenta. The placenta feeds the fetus during pregnancy. With a molar pregnancy, the tissues develop into an abnormal growth, called a mass.  There are 2 types of these masses:  - Partial molar pregnancy. There is an abnormal placenta and some fetal development.  - Complete molar pregnancy. There is an abnormal placenta and no fetus.    Both forms are due to problems during fertilization. The exact cause of fertilization problems is unknown.   There are no known ways to prevent these masses from forming.)
Question: What is (are) Ear discharge ? (Also called: Drainage from the ear; Otorrhea; Ear bleeding; Bleeding from ear)
Answer: Ear discharge is drainage of blood, ear wax, pus, or fluid from the ear.)
Question: What causes Ear discharge ? (Also called: Drainage from the ear; Otorrhea; Ear bleeding; Bleeding from ear)
Answer: Most of the time, any fluid leaking out of an ear is ear wax.  A ruptured eardrum can cause a white, slightly bloody, or yellow discharge from the ear. Dry crusted material on a child's pillow is often a sign of a ruptured eardrum. The eardrum may also bleed.  Causes of a ruptured eardrum include:  - Foreign object in the ear canal  - Injury from a blow to the head, foreign object, very loud noises, or sudden pressure changes (such as in airplanes)  - Inserting cotton-tipped swabs or other small objects into the ear  - Middle ear infection    Other causes of ear discharge include:  - Eczema and other skin irritations in the ear canal  - Swimmer's ear -- with symptoms such as itching, scaling, a red or moist ear canal, and pain that increases when you move the earlobe)
Question: What to do for Ear discharge ? (Also called: Drainage from the ear; Otorrhea; Ear bleeding; Bleeding from ear)
Answer: Caring for ear discharge at home depends on the cause.)
Question: What is (are) Swimmer's ear ? (Also called: Ear infection - outer ear - acute; Otitis externa - acute; Chronic swimmer's ear; Otitis externa - chronic; Ear infection - outer ear - chronic)
Answer: Swimmer's ear is inflammation, irritation, or infection of the outer ear and ear canal. The medical term for swimmer's ear is otitis externa.  Swimmer's ear may be acute or chronic.)
Question: What is (are) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ?
Answer: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a growth disorder that causes large body size, large organs, and other symptoms. It is a congenital condition, which means it is present at birth. The signs and symptoms of the disorder vary somewhat from child to child.  Infancy can be a critical period in babies with this condition because of the possibility of:  - Low blood sugar  - A type of hernia called an omphalocele (when present)  - An enlarged tongue (macroglossia)  - An increased rate of tumor growth. Wilms tumors and hepatoblastomas are the most common tumors in children with this syndrome.)
Question: What causes Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ?
Answer: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is caused by a defect in the genes on chromosome 11. About 10% of cases can be passed down through families.)
Question: What are the symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ?
Answer: Signs and symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome include:  - Large size for a newborn  - Red birth mark on forehead or eyelids (Nevus flammeus)  - Creases in ear lobes  - Large tongue (macroglossia)  - Low blood sugar  - Abdominal wall defect (umbilical hernia or omphalocele)  - Enlargement of some organs  - Overgrowth of one side of the body (hemihyperplasia/hemihypertrophy)  - Tumor growth, such as Wilms tumors and hepatoblastomas)
Question: What are the complications of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ?
Answer: These complications can occur:  - Development of tumors  - Feeding problems due to enlarged tongue  - Breathing problems due to enlarged tongue  - Scoliosis due to hemihypertrophy)
Question: Do I need to see a doctor for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ?
Answer: If you have a child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and worrisome symptoms develop, call your pediatrician right away.)
Question: How to prevent Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ?
Answer: There is no known prevention for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Genetic counseling may be of value for families who would like to have more children.)
Question: What is (are) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ? (Also called: BWS; Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS))
Answer: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a condition that affects many parts of the body. It is classified as an overgrowth syndrome, which means that affected infants are considerably larger than normal (macrosomia) and tend to be taller than their peers during childhood. Growth begins to slow by about age 8, and adults with this condition are not unusually tall. In some children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, specific parts of the body on one side or the other may grow abnormally large, leading to an asymmetric or uneven appearance. This unusual growth pattern, which is known as hemihyperplasia, usually becomes less apparent over time.  The signs and symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome vary among affected individuals. Some children with this condition are born with an opening in the wall of the abdomen (an omphalocele) that allows the abdominal organs to protrude through the belly-button. Other abdominal wall defects, such as a soft out-pouching around the belly-button (an umbilical hernia), are also common. Some infants with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have an abnormally large tongue (macroglossia), which may interfere with breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Other major features of this condition include abnormally large abdominal organs (visceromegaly), creases or pits in the skin near the ears, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in infancy, and kidney abnormalities.  Children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome are at an increased risk of developing several types of cancerous and noncancerous tumors, particularly a form of kidney cancer called Wilms tumor and a form of liver cancer called hepatoblastoma. Tumors develop in about 10 percent of people with this condition and almost always appear in childhood.  Most children and adults with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome do not have serious medical problems associated with the condition. Their life expectancy is usually normal.)
Question: How many people are affected by Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ? (Also called: BWS; Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS))
Answer: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome affects an estimated 1 in 13,700 newborns worldwide. The condition may actually be more common than this estimate because some people with mild symptoms are never diagnosed.)
Question: What are the genetic changes related to Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ? (Also called: BWS; Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS))
Answer: The genetic causes of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome are complex. The condition usually results from the abnormal regulation of genes in a particular region of chromosome 11. People normally inherit one copy of this chromosome from each parent. For most genes on chromosome 11, both copies of the gene are expressed, or "turned on," in cells. For some genes, however, only the copy inherited from a person's father (the paternally inherited copy) is expressed. For other genes, only the copy inherited from a person's mother (the maternally inherited copy) is expressed. These parent-specific differences in gene expression are caused by a phenomenon called genomic imprinting. Abnormalities involving genes on chromosome 11 that undergo genomic imprinting are responsible for most cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.  At least half of all cases result from changes in a process called methylation. Methylation is a chemical reaction that attaches small molecules called methyl groups to certain segments of DNA. In genes that undergo genomic imprinting, methylation is one way that a gene's parent of origin is marked during the formation of egg and sperm cells. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is often associated with changes in regions of DNA on chromosome 11 called imprinting centers (ICs). ICs control the methylation of several genes that are involved in normal growth, including the CDKN1C, H19, IGF2, and KCNQ1OT1 genes. Abnormal methylation disrupts the regulation of these genes, which leads to overgrowth and the other characteristic features of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.  About twenty percent of cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome are caused by a genetic change known as paternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Paternal UPD causes people to have two active copies of paternally inherited genes rather than one active copy from the father and one inactive copy from the mother. People with paternal UPD are also missing genes that are active only on the maternally inherited copy of the chromosome. In Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, paternal UPD usually occurs early in embryonic development and affects only some of the body's cells. This phenomenon is called mosaicism. Mosaic paternal UPD leads to an imbalance in active paternal and maternal genes on chromosome 11, which underlies the signs and symptoms of the disorder.  Less commonly, mutations in the CDKN1C gene cause Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps control growth before birth. Mutations in the CDKN1C gene prevent this protein from restraining growth, which leads to the abnormalities characteristic of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.  About 1 percent of all people with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have a chromosomal abnormality such as a rearrangement (translocation), abnormal copying (duplication), or loss (deletion) of genetic material from chromosome 11. Like the other genetic changes responsible for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, these abnormalities disrupt the normal regulation of certain genes on this chromosome.)
Question: Is Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome inherited ? (Also called: BWS; Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS))
Answer: In about 85 percent of cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, only one person in a family has been diagnosed with the condition. However, parents of one child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome may be at risk of having other children with the disorder. This risk depends on the genetic cause of the condition.  Another 10 to 15 percent of people with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome are part of families with more than one affected family member. In most of these families, the condition appears to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that one copy of an altered gene in each cell is typically sufficient to cause the disorder. In most of these cases, individuals with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome inherit the genetic change from their mothers. Occasionally, a person who inherits the altered gene will not have any of the characteristic signs and symptoms of the condition.  Rarely, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome results from changes in the structure of chromosome 11. Some of these chromosomal abnormalities are inherited from a parent, while others occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or in the earliest stages of development before birth.)
Question: What are the treatments for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome ? (Also called: BWS; Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS))
Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome  - Genetic Testing Registry: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Macroglossia  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Omphalocele   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care)
Question: What causes Uveitis ? (Also called: Iritis; Pars planitis; Choroiditis; Chorioretinitis; Anterior uveitis; Posterior uveitis)
Answer: Uveitis can be caused by autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis. It can also be caused byinfection or exposure to toxins. In many cases, the cause is unknown.  The most common form of uveitis is anterior uveitis. This involves inflammation in the front part of the eye. It is often called iritis because it usually only affects the iris, the colored part of the eye. The inflammation may be linked with autoimmune diseases, but most cases occur in healthy people. The disorder may affect only one eye. It is most common in young and middle-aged people.  Posterior uveitis affects the back part of the uvea. It involves primarily the choroid, which is a layer of blood vessels and connective tissue in the middle part of the eye. This type of uveitis is called choroiditis. If the retina is also involved, it is called chorioretinitis. You may develop this condition if you have had a body-wide (systemic) infection or if you have an autoimmune disease.  Another form of uveitis is pars planitis. This inflammation affects the narrowed area (pars plana) between the colored part of the eye (iris) and the choroid. Pars planitis most often occurs in young men. It is generally not associated with any other disease. However, it may be linked to Crohn's disease and possibly multiple sclerosis.  Uveitis can be associated with any of the following:  - AIDS  - Ankylosing spondylitis  - Behcet syndrome  - CMV retinitis  - Herpes zoster infection  - Histoplasmosis  - Injury  - Kawasaki disease  - Psoriasis  - Reactive arthritis  - Rheumatoid arthritis  - Sarcoidosis  - Syphilis  - Toxoplasmosis  - Tuberculosis  - Ulcerative colitis)
Question: Do you have information about Urine and Urination
Answer: Summary : Your kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from your blood. The waste is called urea. Your blood carries it to the kidneys. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until you are ready to urinate. It swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty. If your urinary system is healthy, your bladder can hold up to 16 ounces (2 cups) of urine comfortably for 2 to 5 hours.    You may have problems with urination if you have       - Kidney failure    - Urinary tract infections     - An enlarged prostate    - Bladder control problems like incontinence, overactive bladder, or interstitial cystitis    - A blockage that prevents you from emptying your bladder        Some conditions may also cause you to have blood or protein in your urine. If you have a urinary problem, see your healthcare provider. Urinalysis and other urine tests can help to diagnose the problem. Treatment depends on the cause.    NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
Question: What causes Diaphragmatic hernia ? (Also called: Hernia - diaphragmatic; Congenital hernia of the diaphragm (CDH))
Answer: A diaphragmatic hernia is a rare defect. It occurs while the baby is developing in the womb. Because the diaphragm is not fully developed, organs, such as the stomach, small intestine, spleen, part of the liver, and the kidney, may take up part of the chest cavity.  CDH most often involves only one side of the diaphragm. It is more common on the left side. Often, the lung tissue and blood vessels in the area do not develop normally either. It is not clear if the diaphragmatic hernia causes the underdeveloped lung tissue and blood vessels, or the other way around.  40% of babies with this condition have other problems as well. Having a parent or sibling with the condition increases the risk.)