anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is heart muscle disease (Cardiomyopathy) and how can it lead to heart failure?
Answer: This disease damages your heart muscle and makes it so weak it can't pump blood like it should. Cardiomyopathy can run in families, or it can be caused by coronary artery disease, a virus, or another condition.
Question: What is an electrophysiology study?
Answer: Often, this can include what's called an âelectrophysiology studyâ so that doctors can learn in more detail how the different sections of your heart are sending electrical signals to each other. For this test, you are sedated at a hospital or clinic and soft, flexible wires are passed through your veins into your heart. You will need someone to drive you to and from your appointment.
Question: What will your doctor do during a physical exam to diagnose supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
Answer: Other things she'll ask you about: Whether the symptoms came on suddenly or slowly What they feel like to you and how long they tend to last Whether you've noticed that you've had a fast heartbeat after caffeine or stress Whether you or anyone in your family has had heart problems or procedures During your exam, your doctor probably will listen to your heart and lungs with a stethoscope. She might also: Feel your thyroid gland on your neck Get your temperature and measure your blood pressure Take a small blood sample with a thin needle If your doctor still suspects supraventricular tachycardia after hearing about your symptoms, examining you and running some basic tests, she might ask you to get an EKG.
Question: How is an electrocardiogram (ECG) done to diagnose supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
Answer: To set up the test, a nurse or technician will attach 12 to 15 sticky patches, called electrodes, to your chest. If you have a hairy chest, an aide may need to shave small areas so they stay put. Each one will go with a wire that leads to a machine. During the test, which takes just a few minutes, you'll be asked to lie still and breathe normally.
Question: What is the role of saliva in preventing tooth enamel erosion?
Answer: Tooth erosion happens when acids wear away the enamel on teeth. Not only does saliva increase the health of the body tissues, it protects enamel by coating the teeth in protective calcium and other minerals. Saliva also dilutes erosive agents such as acid, removes waste material from the mouth, and boosts protective substances that help fight mouth bacteria and disease.
Question: How does fluoride affect tooth enamel erosion?
Answer: While fluoride is useful in preventing tooth decay, too much fluoride can cause problems like enamel fluorosis. Children with enamel fluorosis may have ingested too much fluoride through supplements, or they took fluoride supplements in addition to drinking fluoridated water. Also, swallowing fluoride toothpaste increases the chances of enamel fluorosis. Yet in some severe cases, the teeth are discolored, pitted, and difficult to keep clean.
Question: How does tooth enamel protect your teeth?
Answer: Enamel is the thin outer covering of the tooth. Enamel helps protect your teeth from daily use such as chewing, biting, crunching, and grinding. Although enamel is a hard protector of teeth, it can chip and crack. Enamel also insulates the teeth from potentially painful temperatures and chemicals. Because enamel has no living cells, the body cannot repair chipped or cracked enamel.
Question: How can you prevent tooth enamel erosion?
Answer: Enamel is the thin outer covering of the tooth. See your dentist every six months for regular checkups and cleaning. You can also try the following: Eliminate highly acidic foods and drinks from your diet such as carbonated sodas, lemons, and other citrus fruits and juices. Rinse your mouth immediately with clear water after eating acidic foods or drinking acidic drinks. The mouth is acidic for a few hours after eating foods high in sugar and starches. Avoid snacking unless you're able to rinse your mouth and brush teeth. Chew sugar-free gum between meals. Drink more water throughout the day if you have low saliva volume or dry mouth. Use fluoride toothpaste. Ask your dentist if sealants may be helpful in preventing enamel erosion and tooth decay.
Question: What are signs of tooth enamel erosion?
Answer: Enamel is the thin outer covering of the tooth. The edges of teeth become more rough, irregular, and jagged as enamel erodes. Indentations appear on the surface of the teeth. When enamel erodes, the tooth is more susceptible to cavities or tooth decay. When the tooth decay enters the hard enamel, it has entry to the main body of the tooth.
Question: How does plaque cause tooth enamel erosion?
Answer: Plaque is a sticky film made up of saliva, food particles, bacteria, and other substances. Plaque forms between your teeth and gets inside tiny holes or pits in the molars. When this happens, the acids in plaque start to eat away at the healthy minerals in the tooth enamel. This causes the enamel to wear down and become pitted.
Question: What do I need to know about tooth enamel erosion and restoration?
Answer: This tough shell is the hardest tissue in the human body. Because enamel is translucent, you can see light through it. But the main portion of the tooth, the dentin, is the part that's responsible for your tooth color -- whether white, off white, grey, or yellowish. Sometimes coffee, tea, cola, red wine, fruit juices, and cigarettes stain the enamel on your teeth. Regular visits to your dentist for routine cleaning and polishing can help remove most surface stains and make sure your teeth stay healthy. If the enamel loss is significant, the dentist may recommend covering the tooth with a crown or veneer.
Question: How is a urinary tract infection treated relative to bladder pain?
Answer: Also, drink plenty of fluids to flush bacteria out of your urinary tract.
Question: What are the symptoms of interstitial cystitis relative to bladder pain?
Answer: A main symptom of IC is pain, which is strongest when the bladder fills and eases when the bladder empties. Pain may also be felt more generally in the lower back, abdomen, or groin. People with this condition may also urinate more frequently or feel an urgent need to urinate, yet they may only pass a little bit of urine each time. Sexual problems may also be related to interstitial cystitis.
Question: How is interstitial cystitis diagnosed?
Answer: Often, a diagnosis of IC is made by ruling out other conditions that cause similar symptoms, such as urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, kidney stones, and cancer. The doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical exam. You may be asked how often you go to the bathroom, if you feel an urgency to go, and when you experience pain. The following tests may be done: Urine sample Cystoscopy. The doctor will insert a long, thin scope (cystoscope) up your urethra to view the inside of your bladder. An ultrasound or CT scan of the pelvis may be done to rule out other conditions.
Question: What is the bladder?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The bladder is the hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. As the bladder fills, muscles in its walls relax so that it can expand. As the bladder empties during urination, the muscles contract to squeeze the urine out through the urethra.
Question: How can bladder distention help relieve bladder pain from interstitial cystitis?
Answer: While you are asleep under anesthesia, the doctor fills your bladder with a liquid to stretch its walls. Bladder distention is a technique used to diagnose IC, but it also helps relieve pain for some patients, possibly because it increases the bladder capacity or interferes with the nerves that transmit pain signals from the bladder.
Question: How is a urine cytology used to diagnose bladder cancer relative to bladder pain?
Answer: The urine is examined under a microscope to look for abnormal cells.
Question: What is bladder cancer relative to bladder pain?
Answer: The most common type of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma, which begins in the innermost layer of tissue lining the bladder.
Question: How is a urinary tract infection diagnosed relative to bladder pain?
Answer: Symptoms of a bladder infection may include: Pain or burning during urination Urgent need to urinate Pain or tenderness in the abdomen Cloudy, bloody, or foul-smelling urine Low-grade fever Frequent need to urinate Blood in the urine Doctors diagnose urinary tract infections by taking a urine sample and testing it for bacteria.
Question: What treatments can help relieve bladder pain from interstitial cystitis?
Answer: Several treatments may help relieve symptoms of bladder pain and urgency, but finding the one that works for you is often a matter of trial and error. Here are some treatment options: Medications.
Question: What imaging tests are used to diagnose bladder cancer relative to bladder pain?
Answer: A CT or MRI scan is used to take detailed images of the bladder, which are sent to a computer screen. Your doctor may inject a special dye to help the bladder show up more clearly. Intravenous pyelogram ( IVP) is a series of X-rays taken of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder using a contrast dye to highlight these organs.
Question: What are the symptoms of a bladder infection?
Answer: Symptoms of a bladder infection may include: Pain or burning during urination Urgent need to urinate Pain or tenderness in the abdomen Cloudy, bloody, or foul-smelling urine Low-grade fever Frequent need to urinate Blood in the urine Doctors diagnose urinary tract infections by taking a urine sample and testing it for bacteria.
Question: How can nerve stimulation help relieve bladder pain from interstitial cystitis?
Answer: For some patients, a technique called transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS) helps relieve pain and the urge to urinate. Electrodes placed on the skin or implanted in the body send electrical impulses to the nerves controlling the bladder. This technique can help strengthen the muscles controlling the bladder, and may trigger the release of chemicals that block pain.
Question: How can bladder training help relieve bladder pain from interstitial cystitis?
Answer: This method can help if you're constantly feeling the urge to urinate. Keep a diary of when you use the bathroom. Gradually try to increase the time between bathroom trips, for example, by 10-minute increments. Eventually you'll be able to go longer periods of time without urinating.
Question: What is interstitial cystitis relative to bladder pain?
Answer: Interstitial cystitis ( IC) is a chronic condition in which the bladder becomes inflamed and irritated. The inflammation stiffens the bladder wall, and makes it difficult for the bladder to fully expand when filling with urine. IC may be caused by a defect in the bladder lining, trauma to the bladder, spinal cord injury or another reason, but research hasn't defined the exact cause. Women are much more likely than men to have the condition.
Question: What bladder problems can cause pain?
Answer: The three most common causes of bladder pain are interstitial cystitis, urinary tract infection, and bladder cancer. Sexual problems may also be related to interstitial cystitis.
Question: How is a cystoscopy used to diagnose bladder cancer relative to bladder pain?
Answer: The doctor will insert a long, thin scope (cystoscope) up your urethra to view the inside of your bladder. During the test, the doctor can remove tissue samples from the bladder to be checked in the lab for cancer (biopsy).
Question: How can you get bladder pain from a urinary tract infection?
Answer: This treatment is thought to work by reducing inflammation and decreasing the sensation of pain. The urinary tract is normally sterile, but sometimes bacteria can sneak in through the urethra, which connects the bladder with the outside of the body.
Question: Does benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) increase your risk of developing prostate cancer?
Answer: However, BPH and prostate cancer have similar symptoms, and a man who has BPH may have undetected cancer at the same time. The entire procedure is computer-controlled, based on temperature recordings obtained in the urethra and rectum.
Question: What can cause white matter disease?
Answer: Many different diseases, injuries, and toxins can cause changes in your white matter. Doctors point to the same blood vessel problems that lead to heart trouble or strokes: Long-term high blood pressure Ongoing blood vessel inflammation Smoking It may be worse for women. You may also be more likely to get it if you have: Diabetes High cholesterol Parkinson's disease History of stroke Genetics may also play a role.
Question: What are the symptoms of white matter disease?
Answer: White matter helps you problem-solve and focus. It also plays an important role in mood, walking, and balance. So when something's wrong with it, you might notice: Trouble learning or remembering new things A hard time with problem solving Slowed thinking Leaking urine Depression Problems walking Balance issues and more falls White matter disease is different from Alzheimer's, which affects the brain's gray matter.
Question: What can I do to keep white matter disease from getting worse?
Answer: But you can take steps to stop it from spreading. Scientists think you might even be able to repair the damage, if you catch it early. Keep your blood pressure and blood sugar in check. That can lead to white matter changes. To keep your heart healthy, follow a low-fat, low-salt diet, and get about 2 and a half hours of moderate-intensity exercise each week. Manage diabetes if you have it and keep your cholesterol in check. If you smoke, stop now.
Question: How is white matter disease treated?
Answer: There isn't a specific treatment. The goal is to treat the cause of the damage and stop the disease from getting worse. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to lower your blood pressure or cholesterol.
Question: What is white matter disease?
Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } White matter disease is the wearing away of tissue in the largest and deepest part of your brain due to aging. The signals that help you do these things can't get through. White matter helps you problem-solve and focus.
Question: How is white matter disease diagnosed?
Answer: White matter disease happens in older or elderly people. You may need more tests to rule out other causes. The goal is to treat the cause of the damage and stop the disease from getting worse. That can lead to white matter changes.
Question: When do you need stitches for bleeding?
Answer: How big is it? You'll want to see a doctor if the wound: Looks very deep, even if it's not especially long or wide Is more than a half-inch long Opens so wide that you can't get the edges together with just a little pressure Has ragged edges Has debris in it such as dirt, glass, or gravel How badly is it bleeding? You'll likely need stitches if the wound: Bleeds enough to soak through a bandage Keeps bleeding even after you apply direct pressure for 5 to 10 minutes Spurts blood What caused it?
Question: Why are stitches important?
Answer: When you need them, stitches are important because they: Give you support and strength while your skin closes up Lower your chances of bleeding and infection Minimize scars So it helps to know when to take care of a cut on your own and when you need to see a doctor.
Question: What should you do before you go to the doctor for stitches?
Answer: You'll likely need stitches if the wound: Bleeds enough to soak through a bandage Keeps bleeding even after you apply direct pressure for 5 to 10 minutes Spurts blood What caused it? If you have an object, such as a nail, stuck through your skin, leave it there. It may keep the bleeding from getting worse. Don't eat or drink. Apply pressure. Use a clean towel or bandage to apply direct pressure to the wound. Clean the wound. Put a clean bandage over it.
Question: What causes schizophrenia?
Answer: An interaction between something in your genes and something in your environment probably causes the disease. Researchers still have a lot to learn about it, but it's likely that many things play a role. Some, like exposure to a virus or malnutrition (according to one theory about causes), might have happened while you were still in your mother's womb. No one knows exactly why it usually crops up in late adolescence, but there are many theories.
Question: When do schizophrenia symptoms usually start?
Answer: On average, men are diagnosed in their late teens to early 20s. Late-onset schizophrenia is diagnosed after the person is 45.
Question: Why does schizophrenia usually show up in late adolescence?
Answer: These shifts might trigger the disease in people who are at risk for it. Some scientists believe it has to do with development in an area of the brain called the frontal cortex. Others think it has to do with too many connections between nerve cells being eliminated as the brain matures. Hormones also play a major role in puberty. One theory is that women get schizophrenia later than men because they go through puberty earlier and the hormone estrogen might somehow protect them. Another issue is that many of the changes leading up to schizophrenia, called the prodome, can mirror other normal life changes.
Question: Why is schizophrenia hard to diagnose?
Answer: Schizophrenia can be hard to diagnose for a few reasons. One is that people with the disorder often don't realize they're ill, so they're unlikely to go to a doctor for help. Another issue is that many of the changes leading up to schizophrenia, called the prodome, can mirror other normal life changes. For example, a teen who's developing the illness might drop his group of friends and take up with new ones. He may also have trouble sleeping or suddenly start coming home with poor grades. Once you have full-blown schizophrenia, the symptoms are much more severe.
Question: Is there a medical difference between fatigue and tiredness?
Answer: Tiredness happens to everyone -- it is an expected feeling after certain activities or at the end of the day. Usually you know why you are tired and a good night's sleep solves the problem. Fatigue is a daily lack of energy; unusual or excessive whole-body tiredness not relieved by sleep.
Question: How can I be alert to my personal warnings signs of fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Fatigue is a daily lack of energy; unusual or excessive whole-body tiredness not relieved by sleep.
Question: What can I do about multiple sclerosis and fatigue?
Answer: The best way to combat fatigue related to your MS is to treat the underlying medical cause. Unfortunately, the exact cause of MS-related fatigue is often unknown, or there may be multiple causes.
Question: Should I schedule rest to help deal with fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Schedule rest.
Question: Should I decrease physical activity in order to deal with fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Decreased physical activity, which may be the result of illness or of treatment, can lead to tiredness and lack of energy. Scientists have found that even healthy athletes forced to spend extended periods in bed or sitting in chairs develop feelings of anxiety, depression, weakness, fatigue, and nausea. Regular, moderate exercise can decrease these feelings, help you stay active, and increase your energy.
Question: How can I limit work that requires reaching over your head in order to help fatigue from muscle sclerosis?
Answer: Limit work that requires reaching over your head. For example, use long-handled tools, store items lower, and delegate activities whenever possible.
Question: How should I practice proper body mechanics to help deal with multiple sclerosis?
Answer: When sitting, use a chair with good back support. Sit up with your back straight and your shoulders back. Adjust the level of your work. Work without bending over. When bending to lift something, bend your knees and use your leg muscles to lift, not your back. Do not bend forward at the waist with your knees straight. Also, try carrying several small loads instead of one large one, or use a cart.
Question: How can I learn how to manage stress to deal with fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Here are tips to help keep stress in check: Adjust your expectations. For example, if you have a list of 10 things you want to accomplish today, pare it down to two and leave the rest for other days. A sense of accomplishment goes a long way to reducing stress. Help others understand and support you. Family and friends can be helpful if they can "put themselves in your shoes" and understand what fatigue means to you. Support groups can be a source of comfort as well. Other people with MS understand what you are going through. Relaxation techniques. Audiotapes that teach deep breathing or visualization can help reduce stress. Participate in activities that divert your attention away from fatigue. For example, activities such as knitting, reading, or listening to music require little physical energy but require attention. If your stress seems out of control, talk to your doctor. They are there to help.
Question: What is the difference between tiredness and fatigue?
Answer: Tiredness happens to everyone -- it is an expected feeling after certain activities or at the end of the day. Usually you know why you are tired and a good night's sleep solves the problem. Fatigue is a daily lack of energy; unusual or excessive whole-body tiredness not relieved by sleep.
Question: When should I tell my doctor about my fatigue?
Answer: Although fatigue is a common and often expected symptom of MS, you should feel free to mention your concerns to your doctors. There are times when fatigue may be a clue to some other underlying medical problem. Other times, there may be medical interventions that can prevent fatigue.
Question: How can I plan ahead and organize my work to help treat my fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Plan ahead and organize your work. For example, change storage of items to reduce trips or reaching, delegate tasks when needed, and combine activities and simplify details.
Question: When should I tell my doctor about my fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Although fatigue is a common and often expected symptom of MS, you should feel free to mention your concerns to your doctors. There are times when fatigue may be a clue to some other underlying medical problem. Other times, there may be medical interventions that can prevent fatigue.
Question: Should I pace myself to help treat fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: Pace yourself. Alternate sitting and standing. Audiotapes that teach deep breathing or visualization can help reduce stress.
Question: Should I prioritize my activities to help deal with fatigue from multiple sclerosis?
Answer: MS-related fatigue tends to get worse as the day goes on, is often aggravated by heat and humidity, and comes on more easily and suddenly than normal fatigue. Note what you think may be contributing factors.
Question: What's the best thing to do for a stuffy nose at home?
Answer: Salt-water rinsing helps break nasal congestion, while also removing virus particles and bacteria from your nose. Here's a popular recipe: Mix 1/4 teaspoon salt and 1/4 teaspoon baking soda in 8 ounces of warm water. Use a bulb syringe or nasal irrigation kit to squirt water into the nose. Hold one nostril closed by applying light finger pressure while squirting the salt mixture into the other nostril. Let it drain. Repeat two to three times, then treat the other nostril.