anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is total hip replacement surgery for osteoarthritis?
Answer: Osteoarthritis occurs when inflammation and injury to a joint cause a breaking down of cartilage tissue. Treatment plans can involve: Rest and joint care Use of a cane to take weight off the affected hip Nondrug pain relief techniques to control pain Losing excess weight Exercise Medications, including acetaminophen ( Tylenol), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as ibuprofen ( Advil), or a prescription pain medication Surgery Complementary and alternative therapies The hip joint is a ball-and-socket mechanism. The ball is located at the top of the thigh bone (femur). Total hip replacement surgery replaces the damaged ball with a metal ball. The hip socket is resurfaced using a metal shell and a plastic liner.
Question: What causes osteoarthritis of the hip joint?
Answer: There are many types of arthritis, but osteoarthritis is the most common. Osteoarthritis occurs when inflammation and injury to a joint cause a breaking down of cartilage tissue. The person may be putting extra stress on his or her joints, either by being overweight or through activities that involve the hip.
Question: When does osteoarthritis occur?
Answer: Osteoarthritis occurs when inflammation and injury to a joint cause a breaking down of cartilage tissue. In turn, that breakdown causes pain, swelling, and deformity. The primary function of cartilage is to reduce friction in the joints and serve as a "shock absorber." Although cartilage may undergo some repair when damaged, the body does not grow new cartilage after it is injured.
Question: What should you ask your doctor about a sprain or strain?
Answer: Make sure you have answers to these questions: What is my injury? What's OK for me to do? What activities should I avoid? What can I safely take for pain and how often? How long will my recovery take? What can I expect during that time? When is it safe to return to full activity? When do I need to get my injury re-evaluated?
Question: What are the different grades of a sprain?
Answer: If you have a sprain, your doctor may mention its âgradeâ: Grade I is stretching of the ligament or a very mild tear, with little or no instability at the joint. Grade II is a more serious but still incomplete tear, with some looseness in the joint. Grade III is a completely torn or ruptured ligament. This is not a broken bone, but can feel like one since it's often impossible to put weight on the joint or use the affected limb because the joint isn't stable.
Question: How long does it take to recover from a sprain or strain?
Answer: The time frame for recovery depends on the severity of the injury and can vary from person to person. It may take just a few days for a slight sprain of an ankle to heal, or it may take months for a knee that needs surgery to reconstruct it. For most mild to moderate sprains and strains, you can expect to regain full mobility within 3 to 8 weeks. More severe injuries can take months for a full recovery.
Question: Who's most likely to get strains?
Answer: Athletes in contact sports, like football, hockey, and boxing, have the biggest chance of strains. Even in noncontact sports like tennis, golf, or rowing, doing the same motions over and over can lead to strains of the hand and forearm.
Question: What causes sprains?
Answer: Sprains usually happen when a person falls, twists, or is hit in a way that forces the body out of its normal position. Wrist and thumb sprains are also common, particularly in sports like skiing, where it's not unusual to fall and land on an outstretched palm. Even in noncontact sports like tennis, golf, or rowing, doing the same motions over and over can lead to strains of the hand and forearm.
Question: What's the difference between a sprain and a strain?
Answer: People use the words âsprainâ and âstrainâ almost interchangeably, to describe everything from a twisted ankle to a pulled hamstring. But they're not the same. A strain is also a stretch or tear, but it happens in a muscle or a tendon. Tendons link muscles to the bones.
Question: What can help someone who "freezes" in place because of Parkinson's disease?
Answer: If you have trouble with "freezing" in place: Rock from foot to foot to get moving again. Have someone place their foot in front of you, or visualize something you need to step over, to get moving again.
Question: What can help with the stress of having Parkinson's disease?
Answer: The most important step you can take is to seek help as soon as you feel less able to cope with Parkinson's disease. Taking action early will enable you to understand and deal with the many effects of your condition. A mental health care provider can design a treatment plan to meet your specific needs. Strategies can be designed to help you regain a sense of control over your life and improve your quality of life.
Question: Who can get deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson's disease?
Answer: One of the most important criteria is that you try drug treatment first. Surgery is not recommended if medications can adequately control the disease. However, surgery should be considered if you do not achieve satisfactory control with medications. Strategies can be designed to help you regain a sense of control over your life and improve your quality of life.
Question: Will drinking water and other fluids cure constipation?
Answer: Extra fluids help keep the stool soft and easy to pass, but drinking more liquids does not cure constipation.
Question: How much fluid is enough to ease chronic constipation?
Answer: When it comes to thirst, most experts say you should let your body be your guide. The Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board suggests that women get 91 ounces of water each day from foods and drinks and men should get 125 ounces. Remember, this recommendation includes the fluids that you take in from your food. In general, for healthy, average people, 8 cups a day is a good goal. Talk to your doctor about how much water is good for you. People with some medical conditions may need to drink less than that. Others may need more than 8 cups a day.
Question: What causes chronic constipation?
Answer: If you don't have enough water in your body already, the large intestine soaks up water from your food waste. This makes you have hard stools that are difficult to pass. There are other causes of chronic constipation too, including what you eat, traveling, medicines, irritable bowel syndrome, and pregnancy.
Question: Are there fluids you should avoid if you have constipation?
Answer: It is a diuretic, which gets rid of water from your body and leads to dehydration. Caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea, and colas are also diuretics, but as long as you drink moderate amounts, they probably won't cause dehydration.
Question: How can you prevent dehydration?
Answer: Watch the amount of fluid you drink, listen to your body, and drink more liquids during exercise and hot weather. You get dehydrated when your body gets rid of more fluids -- usually through sweating or going to the bathroom more than normal -- than it takes in. Drinking too little water during exercise, hot weather, or daily activities can also cause your body to use up its stored water.
Question: Besides water, what other fluids are hydrating for constipation?
Answer: Fruit and vegetable juices, clear soups, and herbal teas are also good sources of fluids.
Question: How can water affect your digestion?
Answer: It keeps the food you eat moving through your intestines, and it keeps your intestines smooth and flexible, too. Talk to your doctor about how much water is good for you.
Question: How can you treat chronic constipation?
Answer: If you're looking for a simple way to ease chronic constipation, drink plenty of fluids every day. Staying well-hydrated can be a key part of your plan to "get things moving" again. Dehydration is one of the most common causes of chronic constipation.
Question: What are some common thoughts that people diagnosed with hepatitis C have?
Answer: If you've just been diagnosed with hepatitis C, you may wonder how you got it and worry about passing on the virus to a loved one. If you've had the disease for a long time without knowing it, you could dwell on every little incident in the past where you might have accidentally exposed a family member to the disease.
Question: How common is it for someone to catch hepatitis C through everyday contact?
Answer: It cannot be spread through: Coughing Sneezing Hugging Kissing Breastfeeding (unless nipples are cracked or bleeding) Sharing utensils or glasses Casual contact Sharing food and water Mosquito or other insect bites That means everyday contact isn't risky. The odds of it spreading between people in a household are near zero.
Question: What should someone with hepatitis C do to encourage others to get tested?
Answer: While the odds of passing on the hepatitis C virus are low, you should still tell anyone at risk that you have hepatitis C. You should tell sexual partners, spouses, and family members. Your infection may be difficult to discuss, but anyone at potential risk must know.
Question: What are some precautions someone with hepatitis C can take?
Answer: Get into a treatment program if you can. At the very least, don't share needles or equipment with anyone else. This includes razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers, or anything else that could have your blood on it. Cover any open wounds or sores with bandages. Carefully dispose of tampons, sanitary napkins, tissues, used bandages, and anything else that might have your blood on it. Hepatitis C can spread through sexual intercourse, but it's rare. You can't give blood if you currently have symptoms or have ever tested positive for hepatitis C. But you can probably donate organs or tissue, since risk of transmission is low and hepatitis C is curable.
Question: How common is hepatitis C spread through sexual activity?
Answer: Hepatitis C can spread through sexual intercourse, but it's rare. In fact, the CDC considers the risk of sexual transmission between monogamous couples so low that it doesn't even recommend using condoms. Also, there's no evidence that hepatitis C is spread by oral sex. If you have HIV or if you have multiple partners, you should take precautions. Using condoms will protect you and your partners.
Question: How common is it for a family member to catch hepatitis C?
Answer: If you've just been diagnosed with hepatitis C, you may wonder how you got it and worry about passing on the virus to a loved one. It's important to remember that hepatitis C isn't easy to catch. If you take a few precautions, it's almost impossible to pass on the disease to someone else. The odds of it spreading between people in a household are near zero.
Question: What are decongestant sprays?
Answer: Decongestant sprays shrink swollen blood vessels and tissues in your nose that cause congestion. Oxymetazoline hydrochloride ( Afrin, Dristan, Sinex) and phenylephrine hydrochloride ( Neo- Synephrine) are some examples of these medicines. You can buy them over the counter. Don't use decongestant nasal sprays longer than three days. Using them longer can actually make your nose more stopped up. Ask your doctor before using them if you have glaucoma or high blood pressure that's not under control.
Question: Is cromolyn safe to use for allergies?
Answer: Cromolyn sodium is safe for most people. Ask your doctor before using it if you have wheezing from asthma or sinus pain. Side effects can include sneezing and nasal burning.
Question: What are examples of steroid nasal sprays?
Answer: Examples of steroid nasal sprays available by prescription include beclomethasone ( Beconase, Qnasl), ciclesonide ( Zetonna), fluticasone furoate ( Veramyst), and mometasone ( Nasonex). Three medications can be purchased over the counter -- budesonide ( Rhinocort Allergy), fluticasone ( Flonase Allergy Relief), and triamcinolone ( Nasacort Allergy 24 HR). Side effects can include headache, sore throat, nosebleed, or cough.
Question: What are steroid nasal sprays?
Answer: These sprays work very well to reduce congestion, sneezing, and itchy, watery eyes. They also help stop a drippy nose. They're often the first drug recommended for allergies, but it takes about a week before you'll notice your symptoms getting better.
Question: Can nasal sprays help allergies?
Answer: You can buy them at the drugstore, or your doctor can prescribe one to relieve a stuffy or runny nose. It can also help a stuffy nose.
Question: When should you call your doctor about eczema?
Answer: You develop an itchy rash and have a family history of eczema or asthma. The inflammation doesn't respond within a week to treatment with over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams. You may need more aggressive forms of treatment. You develop yellowish to light brown crust or pus-filled blisters over existing patches of eczema. This may indicate a bacterial infection that should be treated with an antibiotic. During a flare-up of eczema, you are exposed to anyone with a viral skin disease such as cold sores or genital herpes. Having eczema puts you at increased risk of contracting the herpes simplex virus. You develop numerous painful, small, fluid-filled blisters in the areas of eczema. You may have eczema herpeticum, a rare but potentially serious complication caused by the herpes simplex virus.
Question: How do insulin pumps deliver insulin?
Answer: Between meals and overnights, a small amount of insulin is constantly delivered to keep the blood sugar in the target range. This is called the basal rate. When food is eaten, a bolus dose of insulin can be programmed into the pump. You can measure how much of a bolus you need using calculations based on the grams of carbohydrates consumed.
Question: Why should I use an insulin pump for diabetes?
Answer: Some health care providers prefer the insulin pump for diabetes because its slow release of insulin mimics how a normally working pancreas would release insulin. One large study concluded the insulin pump is a safe and valuable treatment option for those with poorly controlled blood sugar. Another advantage of the insulin pump is that it frees you from having to measure insulin into a syringe.
Question: What are rare symptoms of malignant hypertension due to brain swelling?
Answer: Other symptoms of malignant hypertension include: Blurred vision Chest pain (angina) Difficulty breathing Dizziness Numbness in the arms, legs, and face Severe headache Shortness of breath In rare cases, malignant hypertension can cause brain swelling, which leads to a dangerous condition called hypertensive encephalopathy. Symptoms include: Blindness Changes in mental status Coma Confusion Drowsiness Headache that continues to get worse Nausea and vomiting Seizures High blood pressure, in general, makes it difficult for kidneys to filter wastes and toxins from the blood.
Question: What are complications of malignant hypertension?
Answer: Untreated, malignant hypertension causes death. Complications of malignant hypertension also may include: Aortic dissection, which is a sudden rupture of the main blood vessel leaving the heart Coma Fluid in the lungs, called pulmonary edema Heart attack Heart failure Stroke Sudden kidney failure Immediate medical treatment decreases your chances for life-threatening complications.
Question: What are the main symptoms for malignant hypertension?
Answer: The main symptoms of malignant hypertension are a rapidly increasing blood pressure of 180/120 or higher and signs of organ damage. Usually, the damage happens to the kidneys or the eyes. Other symptoms depend on how the rise in blood pressure affects your organs. A common symptom is bleeding and swelling in the tiny blood vessels in the retina. The retina is the layer of nerves that line the back of the eye. It senses light and sends signals to the brain through the optic nerve, which can also be affected by malignant hypertension. When the eye is involved, malignant hypertension can cause changes in vision.
Question: What are other symptoms of malignant hypertension?
Answer: Other symptoms of malignant hypertension include: Blurred vision Chest pain (angina) Difficulty breathing Dizziness Numbness in the arms, legs, and face Severe headache Shortness of breath In rare cases, malignant hypertension can cause brain swelling, which leads to a dangerous condition called hypertensive encephalopathy.
Question: How is malignant hypertension treated?
Answer: The doctor will also ask for imaging tests, including: Echocardiogram to check heart function and blood flow through the heart Electrocardiogram ( ECG) to check the heart's electrical function Chest X-ray to look at the shape and size of the heart structures and to detect fluid in the lungs Other imaging tests to evaluate the kidneys and their arteries Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency and needs to be treated in a hospital, often in an intensive care unit. The doctor will consider your symptoms and overall health when deciding what treatment plan is best for you. The goal of treatment is to carefully lower your blood pressure within a matter of minutes. You will receive blood pressure medicines through an IV, which is the quickest way to treat extremely high blood pressure. Once blood pressure is at a safe level, the medications may be switched to oral forms. If you develop kidney failure, you may need kidney dialysis. Other treatments depend on your specific symptoms and possible causes of the malignant hypertension.
Question: Why can malignant hypertension cause kidney problems?
Answer: Symptoms include: Blindness Changes in mental status Coma Confusion Drowsiness Headache that continues to get worse Nausea and vomiting Seizures High blood pressure, in general, makes it difficult for kidneys to filter wastes and toxins from the blood. It is a leading cause of kidney failure. Malignant hypertension can cause your kidneys to suddenly stop working properly.
Question: What imaging tests will a doctor use to check for malignant hypertension?
Answer: The doctor will also ask for imaging tests, including: Echocardiogram to check heart function and blood flow through the heart Electrocardiogram ( ECG) to check the heart's electrical function Chest X-ray to look at the shape and size of the heart structures and to detect fluid in the lungs Other imaging tests to evaluate the kidneys and their arteries Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency and needs to be treated in a hospital, often in an intensive care unit.
Question: What causes malignant hypertension?
Answer: In many people, high blood pressure is the main cause of malignant hypertension. Missing doses of blood pressure medications can also cause it. In addition, there are certain medical conditions that can cause it. They include: Collagen vascular disease, such as scleroderma Kidney disease Spinal cord injuries Tumor of the adrenal gland Use of certain medications, including birth control pills and MAOIs Use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine Malignant hypertension is rare.
Question: Who's at risk for malignant hypertension?
Answer: About 1% of people who have a history of high blood pressure develop this life-threatening condition. You are at greater risk of developing it if you are a man, African- American, or someone of lower economic status. Poor access to health care increases the risk. Other symptoms of malignant hypertension include: Blurred vision Chest pain (angina) Difficulty breathing Dizziness Numbness in the arms, legs, and face Severe headache Shortness of breath In rare cases, malignant hypertension can cause brain swelling, which leads to a dangerous condition called hypertensive encephalopathy.
Question: What is malignant hypertension?
Answer: A person with malignant hypertension has a blood pressure that's typically above 180/120. Malignant hypertension should be treated as a medical emergency. The main symptoms of malignant hypertension are a rapidly increasing blood pressure of 180/120 or higher and signs of organ damage.
Question: When should someone with schizophrenia call 911?
Answer: If you're afraid help from your doctor isn't going to be fast enough, you may need call to 911. To decide when you should call for help, ask yourself these questions: Is your loved one threatening to harm himself or someone else, including you? Has he ever attempted suicide before? Is he unable to feed or dress himself? Is he living on the streets? If you answered âyesâ to any of these, call 911 or a local emergency number. Don't try to solve the situation on your own or put yourself at risk. If you think there's any chance that he will try to commit suicide, ask someone to stay with him while you call for emergency help.
Question: When should someone with schizophrenia call their doctor?
Answer: You'll probably notice signs leading up to a psychotic episode. Symptoms vary, but there are some common ones, including: Mistrustful or suspicious beliefs or ideas Unexpected outbursts Isolation from friends and family Noticeable mood changes Trouble sleeping Bizarre behavior Call your doctor for advice if your loved one's mood changes or his thinking seems unusual. If he's stopped taking his medication, but doesn't seem like he's going to hurt you or anyone else, encourage him to visit the doctor with you.
Question: Is surgery an option for strabismus?
Answer: It works best when done during childhood, but adults can have it, too The surgeon opens the eyeball's outer layer to reach a muscle. To strengthen the muscle, the surgeon removes a small section from one end and reattaches at the same location. This makes the muscle shorter, which turns the eye toward that side. To weaken a muscle, the doctor moves it back or makes a partial cut across it. The eye turns away from that side. Any double vision after surgery should go away within a few weeks as the brain adjusts to improved sight.
Question: How is strabismus in children treated?
Answer: He may start treatment with eyeglasses or a patch to force your child to use the off-kilter eye until he sees normally. Sometimes, farsightedness is to blame. Glasses may solve the problem. The main goal is to get the problem eye working like it should before your child turns 8 years old. After that, permanent vision loss can set in.
Question: What causes strabismus?
Answer: There may be a problem with the part of his nervous system that controls eye muscles. Or he could have a tumor or eye disorder. If it doesn't appear until later in life, it will cause double vision. If an adult's eyes cross without warning, he could have a serious condition like a stroke. If either one happens, see a doctor immediately. However, that may lead to "lazy eye," a condition your doctor will refer to as amblyopia. Most adults with crossed eyes were born that way.
Question: How does allogeneic stem cell transplant help in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Answer: Allogeneic stem cell transplant. It's the only potential cure. The procedure is usually done if you're young and don't have any medical issues besides CML. It replaces abnormal white blood cells with stem cells you get from a donor and lets your body make healthy blood cells. But there are serious risks, including a disease called GVHD (graft-versus-host disease). When this happens, the new stem cells attack your normal cells by mistake.
Question: Does chemotherapy help in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Answer: It kills the abnormal cells in your body, but it doesn't work as well for CML as other types of leukemia. It's usually used if you're in the "blast" phase of the disease, a period when infections and bleeding are common and can be life-threatening.
Question: How do you know if your treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia is working?
Answer: For instance, he'll look to see that you have: Normal blood cell counts with no signs of abnormal white blood cells, called a complete hematologic response. No blood or bone marrow cells that contain the " Philadelphia" chromosome, which creates the BCR- ABL gene. This is called a complete cytogenetic response. No sign of BCR- ABL in your blood, also called a complete molecular response.
Question: How does immunotherapy help in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Answer: It helps your immune system, your body's defense against germs, destroy the cancer.