anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is a pelvic exam?
Answer: The word "pelvic" refers to the pelvis. The exam is used to look at a woman's: Vulva (external genital organs) Uterus (the womb) Cervix (opening from the vagina to the uterus) Fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs to the womb) Ovaries (organs that produce eggs) Bladder (the sac that holds urine) Rectum (the chamber that connects the colon to the anus) Pelvic exams are performed: During a yearly physical exam When a woman is pregnant When a doctor is checking for an infection (such as chlamydia, vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and others) When a woman is having pain in her pelvic area or low back Because a Pap test is typically performed during a routine pelvic exam, you should schedule the exam when you are not having your period.
Question: How is a pelvic exam performed?
Answer: During a typical pelvic exam, your doctor or nurse will: Ask you to take off your clothes in private ( You will be given a gown or other covering.) Talk to you about any health concerns Ask you to lie on your back and relax Press down on areas of the lower stomach to feel the organs from the outside Help you get in position for the speculum exam ( You may be asked to slide down to the end of the table.) Ask you to bend your knees and to place your feet in holders called stirrups Perform the speculum exam. During the exam, a device called a speculum will be inserted into the vagina. The speculum is opened to widen the vagina so that the vagina and cervix can be seen. Perform a Pap smear. Your doctor will use a plastic spatula and small brush to take a sample of cells from the cervix ( A sample of fluid also may be taken from the vagina to test for infection.) Remove the speculum. Perform a bimanual exam. Your doctor will place two fingers inside the vagina and uses the other hand to gently press down on the area he or she is feeling. Your doctor is noting if the organs have changed in size or shape. Sometimes a rectal exam is performed. Your doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to detect any tumors or other abnormalities. Talk to you about the exam ( You may be asked to return to get test results.)
Question: Do I need to do anything to prepare for a pelvic exam?
Answer: The exam is used to look at a woman's: Vulva (external genital organs) Uterus (the womb) Cervix (opening from the vagina to the uterus) Fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs to the womb) Ovaries (organs that produce eggs) Bladder (the sac that holds urine) Rectum (the chamber that connects the colon to the anus) Pelvic exams are performed: During a yearly physical exam When a woman is pregnant When a doctor is checking for an infection (such as chlamydia, vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and others) When a woman is having pain in her pelvic area or low back Because a Pap test is typically performed during a routine pelvic exam, you should schedule the exam when you are not having your period. In addition, for 48 hours prior to the exam, you should not: Douche Use a tampon Have sex Use birth control foam, cream, or jelly Use medicine or cream in your vagina You can expect to feel a little discomfort, but you should not feel pain during a pelvic exam.
Question: When are pelvic exams done?
Answer: The exam is used to look at a woman's: Vulva (external genital organs) Uterus (the womb) Cervix (opening from the vagina to the uterus) Fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs to the womb) Ovaries (organs that produce eggs) Bladder (the sac that holds urine) Rectum (the chamber that connects the colon to the anus) Pelvic exams are performed: During a yearly physical exam When a woman is pregnant When a doctor is checking for an infection (such as chlamydia, vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and others) When a woman is having pain in her pelvic area or low back Because a Pap test is typically performed during a routine pelvic exam, you should schedule the exam when you are not having your period.
Question: What tests are taken during the pelvic exam?
Answer: A sample of cells may be taken as part of regular test called a Pap smear, or Pap test, to screen for cervical cancer or cells that look like they might lead to cancer. The sample is placed in a solution and sent to a lab where it is examined. Tests also may be taken to screen for sexually transmitted diseases.
Question: What can I expect during a pelvic exam?
Answer: In addition, for 48 hours prior to the exam, you should not: Douche Use a tampon Have sex Use birth control foam, cream, or jelly Use medicine or cream in your vagina You can expect to feel a little discomfort, but you should not feel pain during a pelvic exam. The exam itself takes about 10 minutes. If you have any questions during the exam, be sure to ask your doctor.
Question: How is neuromyelitis optica treated?
Answer: There's no cure for NMO, but you can do things to feel better or treat an attack. Symptoms often get better with steroids or corticosteroids that help with inflammation. Other drugs may help keep your body from fighting off the good cells and prevent future attacks. You also might need several medicines to treat symptoms such as pain or bladder or bowel issues. Your doctor also might suggest a treatment called plasmapheresis. This is when your blood is circulated through a machine that gets rid of the antibodies.
Question: What are the main signs of chronic prostatitis (CP) or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS)?
Answer: The main symptom of CP/ CPPS is pain that lasts more than 3 months in at least one of these body parts: Penis (often at the tip) Scrotum Between your scrotum and rectum (the perineum) Lower abdomen You may also have pain when you pee or ejaculate. You might not be able to hold your urine, or you may have to pee more than 8 times a day. A weak urine stream is another common symptom of CP/ CPPS.
Question: When are you most likely to have problems with prostatitis?
Answer: You're more likely to have problems with your prostate if: You've had a UTI You've had a groin injury You use a urinary catheter You've had a prostate biopsy You have HIV/ AIDS You've had prostatitis before An inflamed or infected prostate gland is common in men of all ages. If you have prostatitis, your doctor can help you find ways to manage your symptoms and control your pain. Researchers are also trying to better understand what causes it. This will allow them to find more treatments that work.
Question: What is radionuclide venticulography?
Answer: EF is a measure of how much blood is pumped out of the heart with each beat, and how much blood pumps through the heart with each beat. A normal EF is generally greater than 50%, which means that over half of the blood volume in the heart's main pumping chamber is pumped out with each beat. Radionuclide ventriculography to show the pumping function of the left and right ventricles (the heart's large pumping chambers) during heart contractions. This test can also measure EF.
Question: How is a radionuclide ventriculography used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Radionuclide ventriculography to show the pumping function of the left and right ventricles (the heart's large pumping chambers) during heart contractions. This test can also measure EF. Rarely performed by itself, this test may be part of an exercise stress test.
Question: How are angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Angiotensin Receptor- Neprilysin Inhibitor ( ARNs) is a combination of a neprilysin inhibitor and an ARB. Approved in 2015, Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan) is seen as a possible replacement for ACE inhibitors or other ARB.
Question: How are urine tests used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Urine tests to look for signs of kidney problems or diabetes, a cause of heart disease Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG) to assess the heart rate and rhythm.
Question: How is digoxin used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Digoxin , sold under the brand name Lanoxin, may improve heart pumping function and control certain heart rhythm problems. Digoxin is an older medication and not used as frequently as in the past, because many of the newer agents appear to have more profound effects on symptom control and overall outcome. Nevertheless, it may still be a reasonable add-on for those patients in whom symptoms don't improve with diuretics and ACE inhibitors.
Question: How are beta-blockers used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Beta-blockers can improve the heart's ability to relax, and decrease the production of harmful hormones produced by the body in response to heart failure. Beta-blockers used to treat heart failure include carvedilol ( Coreg) and metoprolol.
Question: How is an electrocardiogram used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Urine tests to look for signs of kidney problems or diabetes, a cause of heart disease Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG) to assess the heart rate and rhythm. This test can often detect heart disease, heart attack, an enlarged heart, or abnormal heart rhythms that may cause heart failure.
Question: How are potassium supplements used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Potassium supplementsreplace the potassium that may be lost because of increased urination from diuretics.
Question: How do doctors diagnose heart failure?
Answer: During the medical history your doctor will want to know if: You have any other health problems such as diabetes, kidney disease, angina (chest pain), high blood pressure, or other heart problems You smoke You drink alcohol, and if so, how much You are taking medications. During the physical, the doctor will check your blood pressure, use a stethoscope to hear sounds associated with heart failure in the heart and lungs, and look for swollen neck veins, an enlarged liver, and swollen feet. Tests your doctor might order to diagnose heart failure include: Blood tests to check for anemia, thyroid problems, and high cholesterol, conditions that can be related to heart failure.
Question: How are selective sinus node inhibitors used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Selective sinus node inhibitors is a new class of drug which targets a specific area of the heart, the sinoatrial pacemaker. The first of these drugs is ivabradine ( Corlanor) which lowers the heart rate and helps the lower left ventricle contract more efficiently.
Question: What diuretics or water pills are used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Drugs used to treat heart failure, often in combination, include: Diuretics or water pills to help the body eliminate excess salt and water. Examples include: bumetanide ( Bumex), chlorothiazide ( Diuril), Microzide, Esidrix), furosemide ( Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide ( Hydrodiuril, indapamide ( Lozol), metolazone ( Zaroxolyn), spironolactone/hydrochlorothiazide ( Aldactazide), spironolactone ( Aldactone), torsemide ( Demadex), and triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide ( Maxide), and triamterene ( Dyazide).
Question: How is a cardiac MRI ventriculography used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Cardiac MRIto distinguish scar from normal tissue and abnormalities in the heart muscle. This can also measure EF. This test is generally available only in large heart centers and is rarely used as a first step in heart disease diagnosis.
Question: How are angiotensin receptor blockers used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Angiotensin receptor blockers ( ARBS) work in similar ways as ACE inhibitors. They are prescribed when patients develop side effects to ACE inhibitors, such as cough or high potassium levels.
Question: How can digoxin be used to treat heart failure?
Answer: Digoxin , sold under the brand name Lanoxin, may improve heart pumping function and control certain heart rhythm problems. Digoxin is an older medication and not used as frequently as in the past, because many of the newer agents appear to have more profound effects on symptom control and overall outcome. Nevertheless, it may still be a reasonable add-on for those patients in whom symptoms don't improve with diuretics and ACE inhibitors.
Question: Can urine tests be used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Urine tests to look for signs of kidney problems or diabetes, a cause of heart disease Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG) to assess the heart rate and rhythm.
Question: How is a chest X-ray used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Chest X-ray to see if the heart is enlarged and if the lungs are congested with fluid.
Question: How are ACE inhibitors used to treat heart failure?
Answer: ACE inhibitors , which have a multitude of beneficial effects in patients with heart failure, including serving as vasodilators -- they expand blood vessels and increase blood flow, thus helping the heart pump more efficiently. ACE inhibitors are important heart failure drugs since they have been shown to significantly prolong life and improve the quality of life for most people with heart failure. ACE inhibitors include: captopril ( Capoten), enalapril ( Vasotec), fosinopril ( Monopril), lisinopril ( Prinivil, Zestril), quinapril ( Accupril), ramipril ( Altace) and trandolapril ( Mavik).
Question: How is an echocardiogram used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Echocardiogram , an ultrasound test, to evaluate heart muscle function, to see how well the heart is pumping, and to detect problems with the heart valves that may cause heart failure. Ejection fraction ( EF) also can be measured. EF is a measure of how much blood is pumped out of the heart with each beat, and how much blood pumps through the heart with each beat. A normal EF is generally greater than 50%, which means that over half of the blood volume in the heart's main pumping chamber is pumped out with each beat.
Question: How is an exercise stress test used to diagnose heart failure?
Answer: Exercise stress test, an ECG performed while either walking on a treadmill, riding a stationary bike, or using medications to simulate exercise to check for any heart function problems brought on by exercise, which may indicate coronary artery disease.
Question: When is surgery needed to treat heart failure?
Answer: Echocardiogram , an ultrasound test, to evaluate heart muscle function, to see how well the heart is pumping, and to detect problems with the heart valves that may cause heart failure. Some of these drugs may cause unwanted side effects. Heart transplants are used to treat severe CHF.
Question: What can happen from using medications for heart failure?
Answer: During the medical history your doctor will want to know if: You have any other health problems such as diabetes, kidney disease, angina (chest pain), high blood pressure, or other heart problems You smoke You drink alcohol, and if so, how much You are taking medications. They are prescribed when patients develop side effects to ACE inhibitors, such as cough or high potassium levels.
Question: What are the treatments for heart failure?
Answer: During the medical history your doctor will want to know if: You have any other health problems such as diabetes, kidney disease, angina (chest pain), high blood pressure, or other heart problems You smoke You drink alcohol, and if so, how much You are taking medications. You will need to work with your doctor to find the right balance of rest and activity -- mobility is important to keep blood circulating. You will also need to weigh yourself daily and record your weight to detect fluid retention. Your doctor will also prescribe several medications to manage your heart failure or the underlying problem that caused the heart failure.
Question: How do I know if I have heart failure?
Answer: Tests your doctor might order to diagnose heart failure include: Blood tests to check for anemia, thyroid problems, and high cholesterol, conditions that can be related to heart failure. Chest X-ray to see if the heart is enlarged and if the lungs are congested with fluid. If you smoke or chew tobacco, you'll be advised to stop.
Question: When should tongue-tie in babies be treated?
Answer: The doctor will: Ask how feeding is going Check your child's tongue, mouth, and teeth Use a tongue depressor, which is like a big popsicle stick, to look under your child's tongue and check the range of motion The doctor may ask older kids to move their tongue around and make certain sounds, like of an r or l. Not all doctors agree on this. Some say to take care of it right away to ward off any issues. Others think it's better to wait. That's because it might not cause any problems or may loosen up over time. There's no way to know for sure what'll happen.
Question: When should you see a doctor for sun poisoning?
Answer: Seek immediate medical care for these symptoms: A sunburn that forms blisters, covers a large area, or is very painful Facial swelling Fever and chills Upset stomach Headache, confusion, or faintness Signs of dehydration Follow the basics of sun safety: Wear a sunscreen that has an SPF of at least 30 and says "broad-spectrum" on the label, which means that it protects against the sun's UVA and UVB rays.
Question: What are symptoms of solar urticaria?
Answer: Symptoms may develop within minutes of exposure to sun. If large areas of skin are involved, symptoms may include: Itchiness Redness Raised areas on the skin (hives or wheals) Wheezing Dizziness Loss of consciousness Although the rash usually goes away within hours, you may experience the reaction off and on throughout the years.
Question: How do you treat polymorphous light eruption?
Answer: They include: Fatigue Chills Headache Nausea Treatment for PMLE depends on its severity. Other than staying out of the sun and protecting yourself when you are in the sun, you may not need treatment. The rash can clear by itself within 7 to 10 days. Other treatment or prevention for PMLE or solar urticaria may include: Steroids that go on your skin Sunscreen that says "broad-spectrum" on the label, which means it protects against the sun's UVA and UVB radiation Phototherapy with psoralen UV light ( PUVA) to desensitize skin to UV light
Question: How can you prevent sun poisoning?
Answer: Seek immediate medical care for these symptoms: A sunburn that forms blisters, covers a large area, or is very painful Facial swelling Fever and chills Upset stomach Headache, confusion, or faintness Signs of dehydration Follow the basics of sun safety: Wear a sunscreen that has an SPF of at least 30 and says "broad-spectrum" on the label, which means that it protects against the sun's UVA and UVB rays. Limit your sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., and remember that water, snow, and sand can intensify the sun's damaging rays. Wear sunglasses, a hat, and protective clothing. Check on your medications. Ask your doctor if anything you take might make your skin more sensitive to sunlight.
Question: How can diabetes cause dry eye?
Answer: Most people with diabetes know that it can cause eye problems like retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma. While infrequent, people with diabetes may have dry eyes, as well. That's because the nerve damage that causes you to lose feeling in your hands, legs, and feet -- so you don't notice cuts and sores -- can also affect your eyes. Severe dryness that's not treated can damage your cornea, the dome that covers the front part of your eye.
Question: How can inflammation from auto immune disease case dry eye?
Answer: One thing all these diseases have in common is inflammation, which can lead to pain, swelling, and other trouble. If you have diabetes, get your eyes checked regularly, perhaps every year, including the corneas. Inflammation damages your tear-making glands, so they can't make enough moisture to keep your eyes healthy. When you can't shut your eyes tight, your tears will evaporate too fast.
Question: How can lupus affect your eyes?
Answer: Inflammation can damage your tear glands, so they don't make enough fluid. If you don't have it and you have dry eyes, especially if your vision is blurry and you're often thirsty, too, you may want to get tested for diabetes.
Question: How is perioral dermatitis diagnosed?
Answer: A doctor is likely to diagnose perioral dermatitis based on the skin's appearance. No tests are usually done. In some cases, a culture for bacteria may be needed to eliminate the possibility of infection.
Question: What is perioral dermatitis?
Answer: Perioral dermatitis is a facial rash that causes bumps to develop around the mouth. In some cases, a similar rash may appear around the eyes, nose, forehead, or sometimes the genitals. The condition is most commonly seen in young women (90% of cases), but it can affect men as well.
Question: What causes perioral dermatitis?
Answer: The exact cause of perioral dermatitis is not known. It may be from an external source that is irritating your skin such as toothpaste or a skin care product, or something that you are allergic to. However, it may appear after topical steroid creams are applied to the face to treat other conditions.
Question: What is osteoarthritis?
Answer: Some of the more common types include: Osteoarthritis : This is the most common type of arthritis. It occurs when the cartilage covering the end of the bones gradually wears away. Without the protection of the cartilage, the bones begin to rub against each other and the resulting friction leads to pain and swelling. Osteoarthritis can occur in any joint, but most often affects the hands and weight-bearing joints such as the knee, hip, and facet joints (in the spine). Osteoarthritis often occurs as the cartilage breaks down, or degenerates, with age.
Question: How does arthritis develop?
Answer: With arthritis, an area in or around a joint becomes inflamed, causing pain, stiffness and, sometimes, difficulty moving. Some types of arthritis also affect other parts of the body, such as the skin and internal organs.
Question: Are you more likely to get arthritis as you get older?
Answer: Risk factors for arthritis include: Age.
Question: Can your job raise your odds of getting arthritis?
Answer: Some jobs that require repetitive movements or heavy lifting can stress the joints and/or cause an injury, which can lead to arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis.
Question: What is the outlook for people with arthritis?
Answer: In addition, early diagnosis and treatment may be able to prevent tissue damage caused by arthritis. Early, aggressive treatment is particularly important for rheumatoid arthritis in order to help prevent further damage and disability down the road. Although it may not be possible to prevent arthritis, there are steps to take to reduce your risk of developing the disease and to slow or prevent permanent joint damage.
Question: Can your genes make you more likely to get arthritis?
Answer: Certain types of arthritis run in families and are at least partially inherited.
Question: What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis: RA is a long-lasting disease that can affect joints in any part of the body, but most commonly involves the hands, wrists, and knees. With rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system -- the body's defense system against disease -- mistakenly attacks the body's jointsand causes the joint lining to swell. The inflammation then spreads to the surrounding tissues, and can eventually damage cartilage and bone. In more severe cases, rheumatoid arthritis can affect other areas of the body, such as the skin, eyes, and nerves.
Question: Can being overweight make you more likely to get arthritis?
Answer: Being overweight puts extra stress on weight-bearing joints, increasing wear and tear, and increasing the risk of arthritis, especially osteoarthritis.
Question: How common is arthritis?
Answer: Some of the more common types include: Osteoarthritis : This is the most common type of arthritis. It is a major cause of lost work time and serious disability for many people. Osteoarthritis, the most common form, affects more than 20 million Americans. Arthritis affects people of all ages, but is more common in older adults.
Question: Is kidney failure common from lupus nephritis?
Answer: Although lupus nephritis is a serious problem, most people who receive treatment do not go on to have kidney failure.