anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: What is an MRA?
Answer: Your doctor may ask you to get one in order to look for and treat problems with your blood vessels. The test can check the blood vessels in many different parts of your body: Brain or neck Heart or chest Abdomen or belly, including organs, like your liver or kidneys Pelvis or lower belly Arms and legs Your doctor may order this exam for different reasons that include: Check for aneurysms or weakened blood vessels Find plaque that blocks or narrows blood vessels Look for problems with the structure of your blood vessels Help to prepare for surgery, or check results after surgery Locate injured blood vessels after an accident Help with cancer treatment Diagnose blood clots You will get instructions, usually from the place where you'll have your MRA.
Question: Which body parts are checked by an MRA?
Answer: The test can check the blood vessels in many different parts of your body: Brain or neck Heart or chest Abdomen or belly, including organs, like your liver or kidneys Pelvis or lower belly Arms and legs Your doctor may order this exam for different reasons that include: Check for aneurysms or weakened blood vessels Find plaque that blocks or narrows blood vessels Look for problems with the structure of your blood vessels Help to prepare for surgery, or check results after surgery Locate injured blood vessels after an accident Help with cancer treatment Diagnose blood clots You will get instructions, usually from the place where you'll have your MRA.
Question: What are conditions that I should tell my doctor or the staff at the MRA  facility about before the test?
Answer: So you'll need to take off anything metal, such as: Jewelry and watches Body piercings Eye glasses and hearing aids Clothing with metal snaps or zippers Make sure you tell your doctor or the staff at the MRA facility if you: Have medical problems, like kidney disease Are allergic to anything Are pregnant or breastfeeding Have any medical devices or implants, like heart valves, drug ports, artificial limbs or joints, metal pins, screws, plates, staples or stents Also let them know if you have other metal: Left from an accident or injury In some tattoo dye From dental work MRA is safe for people with most types of metal implants, except: Some cardiac defibrillators Some pacemakers Cochlear or ear implants Some clips for brain aneurysm repair Some coils for blood vessel repair Tell your doctor, too, if you're afraid of closed or small spaces.
Question: What happens after my MRA is finished?
Answer: Unless you had medicine to help you relax, you can usually get back to your normal activities. If you had the medication then you may need to rest. You won't be able to drive until it wears off. Your doctor will call you with the results of the exam.
Question: How can liver transplant help with treating cirrhosis?
Answer: This is called liver failure. A transplant means your damaged liver is replaced with a healthy one from a donor. You can wait on an organ transplant list for a deceased donor, or get part of a liver from a living friend or family member. It can help you live longer, but it's major surgery that comes with risks like bleeding and infection. After surgery, you'll need to take medicines to prevent your body from rejecting the new organ. Because these drugs suppress your immune system, they can increase your risk for infection. Cirrhosis damage makes it harder for your liver to process and remove medicines.
Question: What are treatments for alcohol abuse that can cause cirrhosis?
Answer: Alcohol abuse, hepatitis, and fatty liver disease are some of the main causes. Alcohol is a toxin. When you drink too much, your liver has to work extra hard to process it. To protect your liver, you must stop drinking. That can be hard to do, especially if you've become dependent on alcohol. Ask your doctor about things you can try that may help you stop drinking, such as: 12-step and other support programs like Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) One-on-one counseling with a therapist Support groups to help you manage the factors that make you drink Inpatient rehab programs Prescription medicines like naltrexone ( Revia, Vivitrol) and acamprosate ( Campral) Hepatitis B and C viruses cause liver damage that can lead to cirrhosis.
Question: What are treatments for hepatitis that can cause cirrhosis?
Answer: Your doctor will personalize your treatment based on what caused your cirrhosis, and the amount of liver damage you have. Ask your doctor about things you can try that may help you stop drinking, such as: 12-step and other support programs like Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) One-on-one counseling with a therapist Support groups to help you manage the factors that make you drink Inpatient rehab programs Prescription medicines like naltrexone ( Revia, Vivitrol) and acamprosate ( Campral) Hepatitis B and C viruses cause liver damage that can lead to cirrhosis. Treatments for these diseases can help prevent liver damage. The most common side effects from these medicines are weakness, headache, nausea, and sleep problems. Interferon (interferon alpha 2b, pegylated interferon). This helps your immune system fight off the hepatitis virus. Side effects can include trouble breathing, dizziness, weight changes, and depression.
Question: What are treatments for autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis?
Answer: This helps your immune system fight off the hepatitis virus. Side effects can include trouble breathing, dizziness, weight changes, and depression. With any liver disease, it is important to not drink alcohol and, in some cases, avoid taking vitamin E. In both of these diseases, your body's natural defense system (immune system) attacks and damages your liver. Primary biliary cirrhosis destroys the bile duct -- the tube that carries the digestive fluid (bile) from the liver to the gallbladder and intestine. The main treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis is to slow liver damage with the drug ursodiol ( Actigall, Urso). Ursodiol can cause side effects like diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, and back pain.
Question: When should you call the doctor about your loved one's wound from heart failure surgery?
Answer: Call the doctor if you see signs of an infection around the incision, such as: Increased drainage or oozing Opening of the wound Redness or warmth Fever greater than 100.4 F You should also call the doctor if your loved one says his sternum (the breastbone) feels like it moves, or if it pops or cracks with movement.
Question: How do you know when someone can drive after heart failure surgery?
Answer: This usually happens 6 to 8 weeks after surgery, or less if it was a type of operation called "minimally invasive." Until he gets the OK to drive, he can be a passenger as often as he likes. The doctor will tell your loved one when he's allowed to get back to his regular routine.
Question: What can help you loved one get sleep after heart failure surgery?
Answer: Some things can help: If your loved one has pain, suggest he take his pain medication about half an hour before bedtime. Offer to arrange the pillows so he can get into a comfortable position. Although it's important to balance activity with rest during recovery, encourage your loved one not to take frequent naps during the day. Tell him to avoid caffeine at night, such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and colas. Have him get into a bedtime routine. If he follows the same rituals, his body learns to know it's time to relax and go to sleep.
Question: Is it normal for your loved one to have sleeping problems after heart failure surgery?
Answer: Call the doctor if you see signs of an infection around the incision, such as: Increased drainage or oozing Opening of the wound Redness or warmth Fever greater than 100.4 F You should also call the doctor if your loved one says his sternum (the breastbone) feels like it moves, or if it pops or cracks with movement. It's common for someone who's had surgery for heart failure surgery to feel sad. These feelings should go away after the first few weeks.
Question: How much alcohol is safe for someone with atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
Answer: After you've been diagnosed, it's OK to have an adult beverage as long as you don't drink too much. Keep in mind that different drinks have different levels of alcohol. A single shot of hard liquor may have the same amount of alcohol as two glasses of wine. One to two drinks a day probably won't lead to health problems, even when you already have AFib. More than three drinks a day, though, can trigger an episode. If you're taking blood thinners, alcohol can raise your risk of bleeding. It can also be a problem if you take drugs that reduce blood clotting, like acenocoumarol or warfarin.
Question: What makes getting atrial fibrillation (AFib) more likely?
Answer: You don't have to drink regularly, either. Binge drinking, or having more than five drinks in a row, also makes getting AFib more likely. People in these studies drank wine or hard liquor. It's not clear if beer has the same effect.
Question: How much does heavy drinking increase the risk for atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
Answer: A recent study found a strong link between drinking one to three drinks a day (what doctors consider moderate) and getting AFib. Heavy drinking, or more than three drinks a day, bumps up your risk even more. And it seems to keep going up the more you have. Studies suggest that for every extra daily drink, your risk goes up by 8%.
Question: When should you call the doctor if you are pregnant with the flu?
Answer: You have trouble breathing. Your symptoms don't improve or get worse after 3 to 4 days. After feeling a little better, you start having signs of a more serious problem, like a sick-to-your-stomach feeling, vomiting, high fever, shaking chills, chest pain, or coughing with thick, yellow-green mucus.
Question: How do you prevent the flu if you are pregnant?
Answer: Get a flu shot. Don't use Flu Mist, the nasal spray influenza vaccine. It isn't recommended for pregnant women. To avoid catching the illness when you're pregnant: Wash your hands often. Avoid crowds. Stay away from people who have a cold. Don't touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Germs are often spread when you touch a contaminated surface and then touch these areas.
Question: What prescriptions can I use for the flu if I am pregnant?
Answer: Your doctor will know what prescription drug you can use. There are 4 to choose from: baloxavir marboxil ( Xofluza), oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), or zanamivir ( Relenza) in pregnant women with suspected or test-proven flu. Xofluza and oseltamivir are taken by mouth are preferred because of their safety and effectiveness.
Question: Is it safe to get the flu vaccine if you are pregnant?
Answer: It doesn't contain the live virus and can't give you the flu. You may have fatigue and muscle aches afterward as your immune system responds to the vaccine. The flu shot is also OK while you're breastfeeding. It can't cause you or your nursing baby to get sick. The shot takes about 2 weeks to work. Pregnant women should not get the nasal flu vaccine. Pregnant women should not use a nasal flu vaccine called Flu Mist that contains live but weakened viruses.
Question: Where should you get a flu shot if you're pregnant?
Answer: The American Lung Association offers an online flu vaccine clinic locator. Visit the site, enter a zip code and a date (or dates), and you'll get information about clinics in your area. Pharmacies offer the flu shots, as do local health departments and your doctor's office.
Question: When should you get a flu shot if you're pregnant?
Answer: The vaccine is the number one way to prevent this illness. You can get the shot no matter how far along you are -- even the third trimester isn't too late. Flu season can begin as early as October and last as late as May. October or November is the best time to get vaccinated, but you can get the shot as long as it's being offered. The shot will protect both you and the baby from getting the flu for 6 months after you give birth. This is especially important, because the flu shot isn't safe for infants less than 6 months old. If you have had contact with someone who has the flu, your doctor may recommend that you take an antiviral medication as a prevention measure.
Question: How can I treat my flu symptoms if I'm pregnant?
Answer: Call your doctor before you take any over-the-counter treatment. Your doctor may suggest: Acetaminophen , the preferred treatment for fever, aches, and pains Saline nasal spray or nasal irrigation Pseudoephedrine, the decongestant, may be helpful. Avoid it in the first trimester or if you have high blood pressure. You can usually find these treatments among over-the-counter cold and flu remedies. Check labels carefully.
Question: Are there natural flu treatments for pregnant women?
Answer: Pregnant women should not get the nasal flu vaccine. You can usually find these treatments among over-the-counter cold and flu remedies. Get a flu shot.
Question: What medications are used to treat depression-related insomnia?
Answer: Doctors may sometimes treat depression and insomnia by prescribing an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) or other antidepressant along with a sedating antidepressant or with a hypnotic medication (medication that helps people sleep).
Question: What tricyclic antidepressants are used to treat depression-related insomnia?
Answer: Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline ( Elavil) and nortriptyline ( Pamelor).
Question: What hypnotics are used to depression-related insomnia?
Answer: Hypnotics include: Ambien/ Ambien CR (zolpidem) Sonata (zaleplon) Lunesta (eszopiclone) Restoril (temazepam) Serax ( Oxazepam) The over-the-counter hormone melatonin also is sometimes recommended for insomnia or sleep disrupted by depression.
Question: What serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are used to treat depression-related insomnia?
Answer: SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) like desvenlafaxine ( Pristiq, Khedezla), duloxetine ( Cymbalta), levomilnacipran ( Fetzima), and venlafaxine ( Effexor). These medicines affect two neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) thought to be involved in depression -- serotonin and norepinephrine -- and are sometimes favored when an SSRI is not effective or when depression occurs with other problems such as pain disorders or certain forms of anxiety.
Question: What is chafing?
Answer: If you are an exercise enthusiast, or if you are overweight, you have probably experienced skin chafing, the annoying and often painful result of skin rubbing against skin or clothing. Chafing can occur anywhere on your body, but the thighs, groin, underarms, and nipples are particularly vulnerable.
Question: How can staying dry prevent chafing?
Answer: Wet skin can make chafing worse. Before you head out the door, apply talcum and alum powders to areas that get the most sweaty. Powders can help wick moisture away from the skin. Don't stay in wet or sweaty clothes.
Question: What should you wear to prevent chafing?
Answer: Do not exercise in cotton. Compression shorts, such as those worn by cyclists, may help reduce thigh chafing. Also, less is more when it comes to dressing for exercise. If it is warm outside, consider running without a shirt if you are a man and in only a jogging bra if you are a woman. Lastly, choose exercise clothes and bras that have smooth seams to avoid rubbing.
Question: How do you treat chafing?
Answer: After cleaning the area, apply a substance like petroleum jelly. If the area is very painful, swollen, bleeding, or crusted, your health care provider may recommend a medicated ointment. Give your skin some time to heal from chafing before being active again. Continued friction will only make it worse and could lead to infection. If your skin chafing does not improve after trying these self-care measures, make an appointment to see your doctor. You may need an antibiotic ointment if the area becomes infected.
Question: How can lubricating your skin prevent chafing?
Answer: Apply petroleum jelly, or a similar product, to hot spots. Lubricants can help reduce friction to the skin. Petroleum jelly is inexpensive and widely available; several types of lubricants are available over the counter. You may have to try a few before you find the one that works best for you.
Question: What do you need to know about abdominal pain?
Answer: Just about everybody at one time or another will get a bellyache. Most causes of abdominal pain aren't worrisome, and your doctor can easily diagnose and treat the problem. Sometimes, though, it can be a sign of a serious illness. Learn which symptoms to watch out for and when you should get medical help.
Question: What are the most common causes of abdominal pain?
Answer: Whether you've got a mild ache, sharp pain, or cramps, abdominal pain can have many causes. For instance, you might have indigestion, constipation, a stomach virus, or, if you're a woman, menstrual cramps.
Question: How does your doctor figure out the cause of your abdominal pain?
Answer: For example, get medical care right away if you have abdominal pain and you also: Vomit blood Notice bloody or black, tarry bowel movements Have trouble breathing Vomit constantly Have swelling in your belly Have yellow skin Are pregnant Since there are so many possible causes, your doctor will do a thorough physical exam. She'll also ask you some questions about your symptoms. She'll want to know what type of pain you have. For instance, is it a severe stabbing pain or a dull ache?
Question: What questions might your doctor ask you to figure out the cause of your abdominal pain?
Answer: Some other questions your doctor may ask you: Does it hurt throughout your abdomen, or is it just in one particular area? When does it hurt? Always? More often in the morning or at night? If the pain comes and goes, about how long does it last each time? Does it hurt after you eat certain foods or drink alcohol? Are you in pain during menstruation? How long have you been hurting? Does the pain sometimes move into your lower back, shoulder, groin, or buttocks? Do you take any medications or herbal supplements? Are you pregnant? Does any activity ease the pain, such as eating or lying on one side? Does an activity or position make the pain worse? Were you injured recently?
Question: What are other possible causes of abdominal pain?
Answer: Other possible causes include: Irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) Crohn's disease Food poisoning Food allergies Gas You may also get abdominal pain if you're lactose intolerant or have ulcers or pelvic inflammatory disease. Some other causes include: Hernia Gallstones Kidney stones Endometriosis Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Appendicitis Diverticulitis If your abdominal pain is severe, doesn't go away, or keeps coming back, talk to your doctor.
Question: When should you contact your doctor about your abdominal pain?
Answer: Some other causes include: Hernia Gallstones Kidney stones Endometriosis Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Appendicitis Diverticulitis If your abdominal pain is severe, doesn't go away, or keeps coming back, talk to your doctor. Call 911 right away if your belly hurts because you had a recent injury there or if you have any chest pain. You should also contact her as soon as you can if you have symptoms along with the pain, such as: Fever Can't keep food down for more than 2 days Signs you're getting dehydrated, including not urinating frequently, dark-colored urine, and being very thirsty Can't have a bowel movement, especially if you're also vomiting Pain when you pee, or you need to urinate often Also call your doctor if: Your belly is tender to the touch.
Question: What might your doctor recommend after your examination for stomach pain?
Answer: After your exam is over and your doctor is done asking you questions, she may recommend you get tests to help find the cause of your pain. These may include stool or urine tests, blood tests, barium swallows or enemas, an endoscopy, X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan.
Question: How do you know if you need medical care right away if you have abdominal pain?
Answer: You may also get symptoms that could be a sign of a problem inside your body that needs treatment as soon as possible. For example, get medical care right away if you have abdominal pain and you also: Vomit blood Notice bloody or black, tarry bowel movements Have trouble breathing Vomit constantly Have swelling in your belly Have yellow skin Are pregnant Since there are so many possible causes, your doctor will do a thorough physical exam.
Question: How does the eye exam change for my older child?
Answer: If your child is a bit older, she may be asked to identify pictures such as a plane, a house, a duck, or a hand. Correcting poor visual acuity is very important in a child's sight development.
Question: What should I expect from my child's eye exam?
Answer: Talk to your doctor to see what's right for you. Amblyopia is the most common cause of vision problems in children.
Question: How can I tell if it's time to start feeding solid food to my baby?
Answer: If your baby is between 4 and 6 months old, can hold her head up, and can sit in a high chair independently, then she's ready to try eating. ( If you breastfeed, ask your doctor if you should hold off on solid foods until your baby is 6 months old. The reason: to provide her with the best nutrition.) If you try feeding her a small spoonful and the food just dribbles out, you may want to try again in a few weeks. Babies are born with a reflex that makes them push out their tongue when something is put in their mouth. Over time it goes away.
Question: How can I watch out for allergies when starting solid foods for my baby?
Answer: For safety's sake, serve your baby only one new ingredient at a time. Each time you give her a new food to taste, wait 3 to 5 days before you offer another new one. This way, if your baby has a bad reaction -- a rash, an upset stomach, a food allergy -- it's much easier to figure which food may have caused the problem. Serve new foods during the daytime, so you can watch for any reactions after she eats.
Question: Iâve started feeding my baby solid foods. How can I make sure he gets a variety of foods?
Answer: Within a short period of time, your baby will try many different foods, so she won't miss out on anything for long. After a few months, your baby will eat cereals, grains, vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, egg yolks, and dairy products like yogurt and cheese.
Question: Should I serve my baby solid foods that children are more likely to be allergic to?
Answer: There are several foods that babies and children are more likely to be allergic to, such as peanuts, eggs, and shellfish. In years past, doctors told parents to keep these foods away from babies, but new research has changed that thinking. Now, parents can serve eggs, peanuts, tree nuts (in butter form), wheat, shellfish, and other foods that are common allergens to babies as young as 4 to 6 months old. If someone in your family has a food allergy, check in with your doctor to discuss any specific questions/concerns when it comes to introducing allergenic foods to your baby.
Question: How much solid food should I feed my baby?
Answer: At first, a spoonful or two may be all that your baby wants to eat. That's OK. She'll still get most of her calories from breast milk or baby formula. By the time she's 9 to 12 months old, she'll eat three solid-food meals a day in addition to breast milk or formula. How will you know she's full? Once she's gotten the hang of eating, she'll turn her head, push away the spoon, play with her food instead of eating it, or even spit it out. Babies very rarely overeat. Don't force her to finish if she's showing you she's full.