anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How to diagnose Autoimmune disorders ?
Answer: The health care provider will do a physical exam. Signs depend on the type of disease.  Tests that may be done to diagnose an autoimmune disorder include:  - Antinuclear antibody tests  - Autoantibody tests  - CBC  - Comprehensive metabolic panel  - C-reactive protein (CRP)  - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)  - Urinalysis)
Question: What is (are) Aortic stenosis ? (Also called: Aortic valve stenosis; Rheumatic aortic stenosis; Calcific aortic stenosis)
Answer: The aorta is the main artery that carries blood out of the heart to the rest of the body. Blood flows out of the heart and into the aorta through the aortic valve. In aortic stenosis, the aortic valve does not open fully. This decreases blood flow from the heart.)
Question: What causes Aortic stenosis ? (Also called: Aortic valve stenosis; Rheumatic aortic stenosis; Calcific aortic stenosis)
Answer: As the aortic valve narrows, the left ventricle has to work harder to pump blood out through the valve. To do this extra work, the muscles in the ventricle walls become thicker. This can lead to chest pain.   As the pressure continues to rise, blood may back up into the lungs. Severe aortic stenosis can limit the amount of blood that reaches the brain and the rest of the body.  Aortic stenosis may be present from birth (congenital), but most often it develops later in life. Children with aortic stenosis may have other conditions present from birth.  Aortic stenosis mainly occurs due to the buildup of calcium deposits that narrow the valve. This is called calcific aortic stenosis. The problem mostly affects older people.   Calcification of the valve happens sooner in people who are born with abnormal aortic or bicuspid valves. In rare cases, calcification can develop more quickly when a person has received chest radiation (such as for cancer treatment).  Another cause is rheumatic fever. This condition can develop after strep throat or scarlet fever. Valve problems do not develop for 5 - 10 years or longer after rheumatic fever occurs. Rheumatic fever is becoming rarer in the United States.  Aortic stenosis occurs in about 2% of people over 65 years of age. It occurs more often in men than in women.)
Question: What are the symptoms of Aortic stenosis ? (Also called: Aortic valve stenosis; Rheumatic aortic stenosis; Calcific aortic stenosis)
Answer: Most people with aortic stenosis do not develop symptoms until the disease is advanced. The diagnosis may have been made when the health care provider heard a heart murmur and performed tests.  Symptoms of aortic stenosis include:  - Chest discomfort: The chest pain may get worse with activity and reach into the arm, neck, or jaw. The chest may also feel tight or squeezed.  - Cough, possibly bloody  - Breathing problems when exercising  - Becoming easily tired  - Feeling the heart beat (palpitations)  - Fainting, weakness, or dizziness with activity   In infants and children, symptoms include:  - Becoming easily tired with exertion (in mild cases)  - Failure to gain weight  - Poor feeding  - Serious breathing problems that develop within days or weeks of birth (in severe cases)   Children with mild or moderate aortic stenosis may get worse as they get older. They are also at risk for a heart infection called bacterial endocarditis.)
Question: How to diagnose Aortic stenosis ? (Also called: Aortic valve stenosis; Rheumatic aortic stenosis; Calcific aortic stenosis)
Answer: A heart murmur, click, or other abnormal sound is almost always heard through a stethoscope. The health care provider may be able to feel a vibration or movement when placing a hand over the heart. There may be a faint pulse or changes in the quality of the pulse in the neck.  Blood pressure may be low.  Aortic stenosis is most often detected and then followed using a test called an echocardiogram.  The following tests may also be performed:  - ECG  - Exercise stress testing  - Left cardiac catheterization  - MRI of the heart  - Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE))
Question: What are the treatments for Aortic stenosis ? (Also called: Aortic valve stenosis; Rheumatic aortic stenosis; Calcific aortic stenosis)
Answer: Regular checkups by a health provider may be all that is needed if your symptoms are not severe. The health care provider should ask about your health history, do a physical exam, and perform an echocardiogram.  People with severe aortic stenosis may be told not to play competitive sports, even if they have no symptoms. If symptoms do occur, strenuous activity must often be limited.  Medicines are used to treat symptoms of heart failure or abnormal heart rhythms (most commonly atrial fibrillation). These include diuretics (water pills), nitrates, and beta-blockers. High blood pressure should also be treated. If aortic stenosis is severe, this treatment must be done carefully so blood pressure does not drop too far.  In the past, most people with heart valve problems were given antibiotics before dental work or a procedure such as colonoscopy. The antibiotics were given to prevent an infection of the damaged heart. However, antibiotics are now used much less often before dental work and other procedures. Check with your health care provider to find out whether you need antibiotics.  People with this and other heart conditions should stop smoking and be tested for high cholesterol.  Surgery to repair or replace the valve is often done for adults or children who develop symptoms. Even if symptoms are not very bad, the doctor may recommend surgery based on test results.  A less invasive procedure called balloon valvuloplasty may be done instead of surgery.  - A balloon is placed into an artery in the groin, threaded to the heart, placed across the valve, and inflated. However, narrowing often occurs again after this procedure.  - A newer procedure done at the same time as valvuloplasty can implant an artificial valve. This procedure is most often done in patients who cannot have surgery, but itis becoming more common.    Some children may need aortic valve repair or replacement. Children with mild aortic stenosis may be able to take part in most activities.)
Question: What is the outlook for Aortic stenosis ? (Also called: Aortic valve stenosis; Rheumatic aortic stenosis; Calcific aortic stenosis)
Answer: The outcome varies. The disorder may be mild and not produce symptoms. Over time, the aortic valve may become narrower. This may result in more severe heart problems such as:   - Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter  - Blood clots to the brain (stroke), intestines, kidneys, or other areas  - Fainting spells (syncope)  - Heart failure  - High blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs (pulmonary hypertension)    The results of aortic valve replacement are often excellent. To get the best treatment, go to a center that regularly performs this type of surgery.)
Question: Do I need to see a doctor for Aortic stenosis ? (Also called: Aortic valve stenosis; Rheumatic aortic stenosis; Calcific aortic stenosis)
Answer: Call your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms of aortic stenosis.  Also contact your doctor right away if you have been diagnosed with this condition and your symptoms get worse or new symptoms develop.)
Question: What is (are) supravalvular aortic stenosis ? (Also called: aortic stenosis, supravalvular; stenosis, aortic supravalvular; stenosis, supravalvular aortic; supravalvular stenosis, aortic; SVAS)
Answer: Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is a heart defect that develops before birth. This defect is a narrowing (stenosis) of the large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body (the aorta). The condition is described as supravalvular because the section of the aorta that is narrowed is located just above the valve that connects the aorta with the heart (the aortic valve). Some people with SVAS also have defects in other blood vessels, most commonly stenosis of the artery from the heart to the lungs (the pulmonary artery). An abnormal heart sound during a heartbeat (heart murmur) can often be heard during a chest exam. If SVAS is not treated, the aortic narrowing can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and ultimately heart failure.  The severity of SVAS varies considerably, even among family members. Some affected individuals die in infancy, while others never experience symptoms of the disorder.)
Question: What are the genetic changes related to supravalvular aortic stenosis ? (Also called: aortic stenosis, supravalvular; stenosis, aortic supravalvular; stenosis, supravalvular aortic; supravalvular stenosis, aortic; SVAS)
Answer: Mutations in the ELN gene cause SVAS. The ELN gene provides instructions for making a protein called tropoelastin. Multiple copies of the tropoelastin protein attach to one another and are processed to form a mature protein called elastin. Elastin is the major component of elastic fibers, which are slender bundles of proteins that provide strength and flexibility to connective tissue (tissue that supports the body's joints and organs). Elastic fibers are found in the intricate lattice that forms in the spaces between cells (the extracellular matrix), where they give structural support to organs and tissues such as the heart, skin, lungs, ligaments, and blood vessels. Elastic fibers make up approximately 50 percent of the aorta, the rest being primarily muscle cells called vascular smooth muscle cells that line the aorta. Together, elastic fibers and vascular smooth muscle cells provide flexibility and resilience to the aorta.  Most of the ELN gene mutations that cause SVAS lead to a decrease in the production of tropoelastin. A shortage of tropoelastin reduces the amount of mature elastin protein that is processed and available for forming elastic fibers. As a result, elastic fibers that make up the aorta are thinner than normal. To compensate, the smooth muscle cells that line the aorta increase in number, making the aorta thicker and narrower than usual. A thickened aorta is less flexible and resilient to the stress of constant blood flow and pumping of the heart. Over time, the wall of the aorta can become damaged. Aortic narrowing causes the heart to work harder to pump blood through the aorta, resulting in the signs and symptoms of SVAS.)
Question: Is supravalvular aortic stenosis inherited ? (Also called: aortic stenosis, supravalvular; stenosis, aortic supravalvular; stenosis, supravalvular aortic; supravalvular stenosis, aortic; SVAS)
Answer: This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. However, some people who inherit the altered gene never develop features of SVAS. (This situation is known as reduced penetrance.)  In some cases, a person inherits the mutation from one parent who has the mutation. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.)
Question: What should I know about storage and disposal of Glimepiride ?
Answer: Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.)