anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How can polyps cause post-menopausal bleeding?
Answer: A number of conditions may lead to postmenopausal bleeding: Polyps: These tissue growths show up inside your uterus or cervical canal, or on your cervix. They're usually not cancer, but they can cause spotting, heavy bleeding, or bleeding after sex.
Question: How are radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy used to treat postmenopausal bleeding?
Answer: Your doctor will prescribe one based on what type of cancer you have and what stage it's in. The years before menopause are called perimenopause.
Question: Is bleeding during perimenopause normal?
Answer: D& C (dilation and curettage): During this procedure, the doctor opens your cervix. Your period may be heavier or lighter than usual. You may also have spotting. That's normal. You should also get checked out if you bleed after sex or more often than every 3 weeks.
Question: What are the treatments for psoriasis and depression?
Answer: For example, some drugs doctors use to treat psoriasis -- like adalimumab ( Humira), etanercept ( Enbrel), or ustekinumab ( Stelara) -- also can help with symptoms of depression. And there's evidence that some antidepressant drugs can help with psoriasis. In studies, paroxetine ( Paxil) and escitalopram ( Lexapro) eased both depression and psoriasis symptoms. A technique called cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT) is another way to manage the feelings psoriasis can bring on. CBT helps you change the negative thoughts that make you depressed. And mind-body techniques like meditation also can help you control your negative emotions.
Question: What are some side effects of psoriasis?
Answer: Psoriasis is uncomfortable. Psoriasis plaques itch, burn, crack, and bleed. Up to 42% of people with psoriasis also have the swollen, painful joints of psoriatic arthritis. Living with these uncomfortable symptoms can make you more likely to be depressed.
Question: Why does psoriasis make someone feel depressed?
Answer: There are several reasons for the link between psoriasis and depression: Psoriasis can be embarrassing. The most obvious reason psoriasis makes you feel down is what it does to your skin. The red, scaly patches can be hard to hide, especially in the summer. People around you might treat you differently because they don't understand what psoriasis is or they think it's contagious. Surveys show that 1 in 5 people with psoriasis have faced rejection and felt unwelcome at times because of their condition.
Question: What is the link between psoriasis and depression?
Answer: There are ways to treat both depression and psoriasis that can help clear up your skin and boost your mood. Psoriasis is uncomfortable. Psoriasis affects your brain chemicals.
Question: When should I take my child to the hospital about flu?
Answer: Get emergency care if your child: Has blue skin or lips Has serious or constant throwing up or stomach pain Has trouble breathing or is breathing fast Isn't drinking enough Is very irritable Is very sleepy, not waking, or not interacting with you Has symptoms that improve and then get worse
Question: What's the cure for flu?
Answer: Your doctor may suggest antiviral drugs to help your child feel better quicker.
Question: How does flu spread among children?
Answer: The flu spreads quickly in tight quarters, so schools and nurseries tend to be breeding grounds for these viruses. Your child may catch one if he gets close to a sick person who is coughing or sneezing. Or he might handle infected items like doorknobs, pens, pencils, or toys, and then touch his eyes, nose, or mouth. Children have a higher chance of getting a flu virus, because their immune systems aren't as developed as adults'.
Question: How long are kids contagious when they have the flu?
Answer: There are three types of viruses that cause it: types A, B, and C. The two that cause the yearly epidemics are influenza A and B. Most kids get better within a week, but they may still feel weak for up to a month.
Question: How do I get rid of dust mites in my bedroom?
Answer: These microscopic bugs can trigger allergies and asthma. They can often be found living in your bedding. You can take some steps to get rid of them: Put dust-mite-proof covers on pillows, comforters, mattresses, and box springs. Wash your blankets, sheets, and pillowcases every week in water that is at least 130 F. Dry everything in a hot dryer.
Question: How can roaches in bedrooms cause allergies?
Answer: These microscopic bugs can trigger allergies and asthma.
Question: How can pets cause allergy problems in bedrooms?
Answer: But dander, saliva, and pee from furry animals can carry allergens. Ideally, your dog or cat should sleep somewhere else. If not, do your best to reduce dander. For example, vacuum more often.
Question: How can I keep roaches out of my home?
Answer: If your allergies act up when you're at home, your bedroom is probably one of your problem areas. Try not to leave wet towels on the floor. Roaches thrive on water. Store food in tightly sealed containers. Keep your dishes clean. Hire an exterminator if you need to.
Question: How should I choose and clean a carpet for my bedroom?
Answer: Clean it using a vacuum with a HEPA filter and a double bag every week. Wear a dust mask while you vacuum so you don't inhale dust that floats up into the air. Both can trigger upper respiratory symptoms if you have allergies or asthma. Dust mites and mold like a warm, damp room, but you probably don't.
Question: How are chordomas removed?
Answer: Your treatment will depend on: Your age Your health Size of the tumor Where the tumor is Often, doctors remove the tumor with surgery. Taking out as much of the tumor as possible and some of the tissue around it can stop it from coming back. Sometimes surgeons can't remove the whole tumor because they might damage healthy cells in your brain or spine. Radiation -- high energy X-rays -- can kill any cancer cells that are left behind after surgery. This lowers the chance that the cancer will return.
Question: What determines treatment of a chordoma?
Answer: Your treatment will depend on: Your age Your health Size of the tumor Where the tumor is Often, doctors remove the tumor with surgery.
Question: What are symptoms of chordoma of the spine?
Answer: Chordoma in the skull causes symptoms like: Abnormal eye movements Changes to your voice or speech Double vision Headache Loss of feeling and movement in your face Neck pain Trouble swallowing Chordoma of the spine causes symptoms like: Loss of control over your bowels Lump in the lower part of your back Numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arms or legs Pain in your lower back Problems controlling your bladder Sometimes, chordomas in the brain can block the flow of fluid there and in the spine.
Question: How do chordomas cause issues with fluid in the brain?
Answer: Chordoma in the skull causes symptoms like: Abnormal eye movements Changes to your voice or speech Double vision Headache Loss of feeling and movement in your face Neck pain Trouble swallowing Chordoma of the spine causes symptoms like: Loss of control over your bowels Lump in the lower part of your back Numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arms or legs Pain in your lower back Problems controlling your bladder Sometimes, chordomas in the brain can block the flow of fluid there and in the spine. The fluid can build up and put pressure on the brain. This is called hydrocephalus.
Question: Are there current clinical trials for chordoma?
Answer: Researchers are studying several new treatments for chordoma. They test these in clinical trials to see if they're safe and if they work. These are often a way for people to try a new therapy that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if there's a trial that might be a good fit for you.
Question: Is it common for chordoma to return after treatment?
Answer: Still, chordoma often comes back after treatment. During the first year after your surgery, your doctor will check you with an MRI about once every 3 months to make sure it hasn't. If it does come back, you might need another surgery.
Question: How is diagnosis of a chordoma confirmed?
Answer: Chordoma is a kind of cancer that grows in the bones of your skull and spine. Your doctor will use a needle to take a small sample of cells from the tumor. A specialist will look at the cells under a microscope to see what kind of tumor you have. Your doctor might also do a blood test, a CT scan of your lungs, or a bone scan to see if the tumor has spread.
Question: How common is chordoma?
Answer: About 300 people are diagnosed with chordoma in the United States each year. Many grow in the bottom of your spine or at the base of your skull.
Question: Where do chordomas form?
Answer: From there, they can spread to other organs, like your lungs. But they usually grow slowly. Chordoma in the skull causes symptoms like: Abnormal eye movements Changes to your voice or speech Double vision Headache Loss of feeling and movement in your face Neck pain Trouble swallowing Chordoma of the spine causes symptoms like: Loss of control over your bowels Lump in the lower part of your back Numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arms or legs Pain in your lower back Problems controlling your bladder Sometimes, chordomas in the brain can block the flow of fluid there and in the spine.
Question: What are the side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors?
Answer: Some had no side effects, while others had mild to moderate side effects like diarrhea, fevers, fatigue, rashes, and nausea.
Question: How do general immunotherapies work?
Answer: Other immunotherapies work by boosting the activity of your immune system in general without targeting a tumor. A more active immune system can better fight cancer. General immunotherapies fall into a few different classes of drugs: Interleukins are a type of cytokine, a molecule produced by some immune cells to control the growth and activity of other immune cells.
Question: How does immunotherapy work?
Answer: Immunotherapy uses the natural power of your immune system to fight illnesses, including cancer. In the past few decades, it's become a key part of treatment for many different types of the disease. But not all immunotherapies work the same way. Some boost your immune system overall, while others try to teach it to attack very specific types of cells found in tumors. Each has different benefits and risks and is used in different cases.
Question: What are colony stimulating factors?
Answer: An interferon called IFN-alfa is used to treat cancers, including: Hairy cell leukemia Chronic myelogenous leukemia ( CML) Follicular non- Hodgkin's lymphoma Cutaneous (skin) T-cell lymphoma Kidney cancer Melanoma Kaposi sarcoma Colony stimulating factors strengthen your immune system by boosting the production of white blood cells in your bone marrow. This can help your immune system return to normal activity after chemotherapy.
Question: What are interleukin immunotherapies?
Answer: General immunotherapies fall into a few different classes of drugs: Interleukins are a type of cytokine, a molecule produced by some immune cells to control the growth and activity of other immune cells. A man-made version of an interleukin called IL-2 is approved to treat advanced kidney cancer and metastatic melanoma. Researchers are studying others.
Question: How do naked monoclonal antibodies work?
Answer: Different ones work in different ways: Naked monoclonal antibodies, the most common type for cancer treatment, don't have anything attached to them. They tell your immune system to attack cancer cells or block proteins within tumors that help the cancer grow.
Question: What other drugs are used in immunotherapy?
Answer: Other drugs including imiquimod ( Zyclara), lenalidomide ( Revlimid), pomalidomide ( Pomalyst), and thalidomide ( Thalomid) kick-start immune system reactions and are used to treat some cancers.
Question: How do bispecific monoclonal antibodies work?
Answer: Bispecific monoclonal antibodies are designed to bind to two different proteins at once. Some attach to both a cancer cell and an immune system cell, helping promote immune system attacks on the cancer.
Question: How do conjugate monoclonal antibodies work?
Answer: They're called "monoclonal" antibodies. Different ones work in different ways: Naked monoclonal antibodies, the most common type for cancer treatment, don't have anything attached to them. This lowers side effects and helps treatments like chemotherapy and radiation work their best. Some attach to both a cancer cell and an immune system cell, helping promote immune system attacks on the cancer.
Question: When are monoclonal antibodies used for treatment?
Answer: They're called "monoclonal" antibodies. Most people get this type of medication through a vein. Your doctor might also pair it with other treatments like chemotherapy or hormone therapy. How often you get it depends on your cancer type. Research is underway to see how monoclonal antibodies work for many cancer types. These inhibitors treat melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancers, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Question: How is immunotherapy used for adoptive T cell transfer?
Answer: T cells are a type of white blood cell your immune system makes to fight disease. After chemotherapy, your doctor puts the re-engineered T cells back in your body. First, doctors will take TILs from your tumor tissue and grow a large number of them in a lab. These proteins help your TILs find and destroy cancer cells. An interferon called IFN-alfa is used to treat cancers, including: Hairy cell leukemia Chronic myelogenous leukemia ( CML) Follicular non- Hodgkin's lymphoma Cutaneous (skin) T-cell lymphoma Kidney cancer Melanoma Kaposi sarcoma Colony stimulating factors strengthen your immune system by boosting the production of white blood cells in your bone marrow.
Question: What are interferons?
Answer: General immunotherapies fall into a few different classes of drugs: Interleukins are a type of cytokine, a molecule produced by some immune cells to control the growth and activity of other immune cells. An interferon called IFN-alfa is used to treat cancers, including: Hairy cell leukemia Chronic myelogenous leukemia ( CML) Follicular non- Hodgkin's lymphoma Cutaneous (skin) T-cell lymphoma Kidney cancer Melanoma Kaposi sarcoma Colony stimulating factors strengthen your immune system by boosting the production of white blood cells in your bone marrow.
Question: What are immune checkpoint inhibitors?
Answer: If these cells have gotten inside the cancer cells, it's a sign that your body is trying to fight the cancer on its own. To keep control, your immune system has molecular brakes called checkpoints. Cancer cells sometimes take advantage of them by turning them on or off so they can hide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs designed to release these brakes and let your immune system do its job.
Question: How is immunotherapy used as a cancer vaccine?
Answer: How often you get it depends on your cancer type. But it can be any compound that's put into your body to start an immune reaction. Vaccines treat cancer by spurring your immune system to attack tumor cells. They can be made of dead cancer cells, proteins or pieces or proteins from cancer cells, or immune system cells. Researchers are working on several right now, but only one is fully approved. Sipuleucel- T ( Provenge) is used to treat advanced prostate cancer that doesn't respond to other treatments.
Question: How is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed?
Answer: ( Most children can behave in those ways at some point or another, though.) Has a negative impact on the person's ability to function at home, in social environments, or at work. They also have to consistently display at least six of the above symptoms: For at least 6 months And in at least two settings, such as at home and in school Overall, hyperactivity tends to diminish with age.
Question: What does hyperactivity look like in toddlers and preschoolers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: Have trouble playing quietly or doing quiet hobbies Always be "on the go" Talk excessively Toddlers and preschoolers with ADHD tend to be constantly in motion, jumping on furniture and having trouble participating in group activities that call for them to sit still. For instance, they may have a hard time listening to a story.
Question: What does hyperactivity look like in kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: It may vary with age. You might be able to notice it in preschoolers. ADHD symptoms nearly always show up before middle school. Kids with hyperactivity may: Fidget and squirm when seated. Get up frequently to walk or run around. Run or climb a lot when it's not appropriate. ( In teens this may seem like restlessness.) Have trouble playing quietly or doing quiet hobbies Always be "on the go" Talk excessively Toddlers and preschoolers with ADHD tend to be constantly in motion, jumping on furniture and having trouble participating in group activities that call for them to sit still.
Question: What does inattention look like in someone with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: You might not notice it until a child goes to school. In adults, it may be easier to notice at work or in social situations. The person might procrastinate, not complete tasks like homework or chores, or frequently move from one uncompleted activity to another. They might also: Be disorganized Lack focus Have a hard time paying attention to details and a tendency to make careless mistakes. Their work might be messy and seem careless. Have trouble staying on topic while talking, not listening to others, and not following social rules Be forgetful about daily activities (for example, missing appointments, forgetting to bring lunch) Be easily distracted by things like trivial noises or events that are usually ignored by others.
Question: How can you know if someone has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: There are three groups of symptoms: Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity Get the facts on all of them, and learn examples of behaviors that can come with each.
Question: Do they symptoms of ADHD go away with age?
Answer: They also have to consistently display at least six of the above symptoms: For at least 6 months And in at least two settings, such as at home and in school Overall, hyperactivity tends to diminish with age. But inattention tends to last into adulthood.
Question: When is inattention usually noticed in someone with ADHD?
Answer: You might not notice it until a child goes to school. In adults, it may be easier to notice at work or in social situations.
Question: Does treatment help children with ADHD symptoms?
Answer: And a great many children with ADHD ultimately adjust. Some -- about 20% to 30% -- have learning problems that ADHD treatment may not help, though.
Question: What does hyperactivity look like in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: School-age children have similar habits, but you may notice those less often. They are unable to stay seated, squirm a lot, fidget, or talk a lot.
Question: How do kids with hyperactivity behave?
Answer: Kids with hyperactivity may: Fidget and squirm when seated. Get up frequently to walk or run around. Run or climb a lot when it's not appropriate. ( In teens this may seem like restlessness.) Have trouble playing quietly or doing quiet hobbies Always be "on the go" Talk excessively Toddlers and preschoolers with ADHD tend to be constantly in motion, jumping on furniture and having trouble participating in group activities that call for them to sit still.
Question: What does impulsivity look like in someone with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: Symptoms of this include: Impatience Having a hard time waiting to talk or react The person might: Have a hard time waiting for their turn.
Question: What does hyperactivity look like in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: ( In teens this may seem like restlessness.) Have trouble playing quietly or doing quiet hobbies Always be "on the go" Talk excessively Toddlers and preschoolers with ADHD tend to be constantly in motion, jumping on furniture and having trouble participating in group activities that call for them to sit still. For instance, they may have a hard time listening to a story.
Question: What is the outlook for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Answer: They also have to consistently display at least six of the above symptoms: For at least 6 months And in at least two settings, such as at home and in school Overall, hyperactivity tends to diminish with age. But inattention tends to last into adulthood. Treatment can help.
Question: When is hyperactivity usually noticed in someone with ADHD?
Answer: It may vary with age. You might be able to notice it in preschoolers.
Question: What are the signs that someone is inattentive and may have ADHD?
Answer: The person might procrastinate, not complete tasks like homework or chores, or frequently move from one uncompleted activity to another. They might also: Be disorganized Lack focus Have a hard time paying attention to details and a tendency to make careless mistakes. Their work might be messy and seem careless. Have trouble staying on topic while talking, not listening to others, and not following social rules Be forgetful about daily activities (for example, missing appointments, forgetting to bring lunch) Be easily distracted by things like trivial noises or events that are usually ignored by others.
Question: What is the long-term outlook for children who are not treated for ADHD?
Answer: Hyperactivity can show up as feelings of restlessness in teens and adults. A child with hyperactive behavior may get symptoms of other disruptive disorders, like oppositional-defiant disorder. These children are especially at risk to be more likely to drop out of school. If you're concerned, talk to your or your child's doctor about your treatment options. Medications, behavioral therapy, and other tactics can help.
Question: How do children with impulsive tendencies differ from children with ADHD?
Answer: Symptoms of this include: Impatience Having a hard time waiting to talk or react The person might: Have a hard time waiting for their turn. But in children with the disorder they happen a lot -- at home and school, or when visiting with friends. They also mess with the child's ability to function like other children who are the same age or developmental level.
Question: What should you know about seizures in children?
Answer: Here is a simplified explanation: Your brain is made up of billions of nerve cells called neurons, which communicate with one another through tiny electrical impulses. A seizure occurs when a large number of the cells send out an electrical charge at the same time. This abnormal and intense wave of electricity overwhelms the brain and results in a seizure, which can cause muscle spasms, a loss of consciousness, strange behavior, or other symptoms. Anyone can have a seizure under certain circumstances. For instance, a fever, lack of oxygen, head trauma, or illness could bring on a seizure. People are diagnosed with epilepsy when they have seizures that occur more than once without such a specific cause. In most cases -- about seven out of 10 -- the cause of the seizures can't be identified. This type of seizure is called "idiopathic" or "cryptogenic," meaning that we don't know what causes them. The problem may be with an uncontrolled firing of neurons in the brain that triggers a seizure.