anand-s/m_qalm huggingface dataset:
Question: How is mono treated?
Answer: Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. Drink a lot of water and other liquids to stay hydrated. Suck on lozenges or ice pops, or gargle with warm salt water, to make your sore throat feel better. Take painkillers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring down fever and relieve body aches. ( Don't give aspirin to children under 19 years of age because of the risk of a rare but serious condition called Reye's syndrome.)
Question: What is Epstein-Barr virus?
Answer: You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Like other viruses, Epstein- Barr can't be treated with antibiotics.
Question: How is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used to treat bipolar I disorder?
Answer: Electroconvulsive Therapy ( ECT) Despite its scary reputation, electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) is a safe and effective treatment for both manic and depressive symptoms. ECT is often used to treat severe forms of depression or mania in bipolar I disorder when medicines may not be effective or likely to work fast enough to bring symptom relief.
Question: Who is at risk for bipolar I disorder?
Answer: Understanding Bipolar Disorder Virtually anyone can develop bipolar I disorder. About 2.5% of the U. S. population suffers from bipolar disorder -- almost 6 million people. Most people are in their teens or early 20s when symptoms of bipolar disorder first appear. Nearly everyone with bipolar I disorder develops it before age 50. People with an immediate family member who has bipolar are at higher risk.
Question: How does bipolar I disorder differ from other types of bipolar I disorder?
Answer: People with bipolar I disorder experience full episodes of mania -- the often severe abnormally elevated mood and behavior described above. These manic symptoms can lead to serious disruptions in life (for example, spending the family fortune, or having an unintended pregnancy). In bipolar II disorder, the symptoms of elevated mood never reach full-blown mania. They often pass for extreme cheerfulness, even making someone a lot of fun to be around -- the "life of the party." Not so bad, you might think -- except bipolar II disorder usually involves extensive and disabling periods of significant depression, which can often be harder to treat than if episodes of hypomania had never occurred.
Question: Which antipsychotic medications are used to treat bipolar I disorder?
Answer: Antipsychotics For severe manic episodes, traditional antipsychotics (such as Haldol, Loxapine, or Thorazine) as well as newer antipsychotic drugs -- also called atypical antipsychotics -- may be necessary. Cariprazine ( Vraylar) is a newly approved antipsychotic to treat manic or mixed episodes. Aripiprazole ( Abilify), asenapine ( Saphris), clozapine ( Clozaril), olanzapine ( Zyprexa), quetiapine ( Seroquel), risperidone ( Risperdal), and ziprasidone ( Geodon) are often used, and many other drugs are available. The antipsychotic lurasidone ( Latuda)is approved for use -- either alone or with lithium or valproate ( Depakote) -- in cases of bipolar I depression. Antipsychotic medicines are also sometimes used for preventive treatment.
Question: How are manic bipolar I disorder episodes treated?
Answer: Manic episodes in bipolar I disorder require treatment with drugs, such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, and sometimes sedative-hypnotics which include benzodiazepines such as clonazepam ( Klonopin) or lorazepam ( Ativan).
Question: How is lithium used to treat bipolar I disorder?
Answer: Mood Stabilizers Lithium: This simple metal in pill form is especially effective at controlling mania that involves classical euphoria rather than mixtures of mania and depression simultaneously. Lithium has been used for more than 60 years to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium can take weeks to work fully, making it better for maintenance treatment than for sudden manic episodes. Blood levels of lithium as well as tests to measure kidney and thyroid functioning must be monitored to avoid side effects.
Question: Can bipolar disorder be prevented?
Answer: Other antiseizure medicines that are less well-established but still sometimes used experimentally for the treatment of bipolar disorder, such as oxcarbazapine ( Trileptal). It's not known if bipolar I disorder can be prevented entirely. It is possible to lower the risk of episodes of mania or depression once bipolar disorder has developed. Regular therapy sessions with a psychologist or social worker can help people to identify factors that can destabilize mood (such as poor medication adherence, sleep deprivation, drug or alcohol abuse, and poor stress management), leading to fewer hospitalizations and feeling better overall. Taking medicine on a regular basis can help to prevent future manic or depressive episodes.
Question: What are the symptoms of bipolar I disorder?
Answer: Abnormal behavior during manic episodes includes: Flying suddenly from one idea to the next Rapid, "pressured" (uninterruptable), and loud speech Increased energy, with hyperactivity and a decreased need for sleep Inflated self-image Excessive spending Hypersexuality Substance abuse People in manic episodes may spend money far beyond their means, have sex with people they wouldn't otherwise, or pursue grandiose, unrealistic plans. In severe manic episodes, a person loses touch with reality. They may become delusional and behave bizarrely. As a mood stabilizer that can be used by a "loading dose" method -- beginning at a very high dose -- valproate allows the possibility of significant improvement in mood as early as four to five days.
Question: What is "nursemaid's elbow"?
Answer: Nursemaid's Elbow, or "pulled elbow," occurs in small children as a result of being lifted, yanked, swung by the hand or wrist, or falling on an outstretched arm. One of the arm bones slips out of place slightly. The child may: Complain that the elbow hurts Cry when the arm is moved or touched Hold the arm close to his or her side or support it with the other arm. Not use the arm The health care provider may see the child or refer you to a hospital emergency room.
Question: How do the drugs Ditropan and Levsin work for bed-wetting, and what are their side effects?
Answer: Ditropan and Levsin Ditropan and Levsin work by reducing unwanted bladder contractions. Side effects may include: Dry mouth Drowsiness Flushing Heat sensitivity Constipation
Question: What is Tofranil and how is it used to treat bed-wetting?
Answer: Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years. How it works is not clear, but it is known to have a relaxing effect on the bladder, allowing the bladder to hold more urine comfortably. Side effects of Tofranil tend to be rare with correct dosage but may include: Nervousness Anxiety Constipation Personality changes A warning: Tofranil can have toxic side effects if taken improperly. Deaths have been attributed to accidental overdoses.
Question: Are there medications to help with bedwetting?
Answer: The two drugs approved by the FDA specifically for bed-wetting are DDAVP and Tofranil. Other medications that are sometimes used to treat bed-wetting include Ditropan and Levsin. Drug therapy does not work for everyone, and these medications can have significant side effects. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child.
Question: Does my child need medication for bed-wetting?
Answer: Bed-wetting tends to go away by itself. However, if after talking to your child's doctor you decide to treat your child with medications, several drug therapies are available. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child.
Question: What is DDAVP and how is it used to treat bed-wetting?
Answer: Here's an overview of each drug used to treat bed-wetting: DDAVP DDAVP is a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH), a substance that occurs naturally in the body. This drug works by imitating ADH in the body, which reduces the amount of urine that the body produces and also increases the concentration of the urine. Its main use is for children who have not been helped by an alarm. It is also used as a stopgap measure to help children attend camps or sleepovers without embarrassment. It is an FDA-approved treatment for bed-wetting. Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years.
Question: When should you call your doctor immediately about back pain?
Answer: Certain back pain symptoms mean you should call your doctor ASAP. * New or progressive motor weakness, sometimes with numbness or tingling. * Loss of bowel or bladder function. * Pain for 6 weeks or more. Other red flags indicating that your back pain should be evaluated immediately include: * History of cancer or unexplained weight loss * History of immune system problems * Fever All is fine during the day, but as soon as your head hits the pillow your back starts to hurt, making sleep near impossible.
Question: Are teachers able to recognize ADHD in children?
Answer: Since teachers work with many different children, they also come to know how students typically behave in classroom situations requiring concentration and self-control. So when they notice something outside the norm, they may speak with the school psychologist or the parents about their concerns. But teachers can't diagnose ADHD. They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on.
Question: Is there a test I can give my child if the teacher suggests they have ADHD?
Answer: Instead, the ADHD diagnosis is based on observations of a child's behavior in multiple settings. The teacher, sometimes past teachers, will play a key role in the process. The professional who makes the diagnosis is usually a specially trained doctor (apsychiatrist or pediatrician), psychologist, counselor, or social worker. They will ask you and your child's teachers to rate their observations of your child's behavior on standardized evaluation or rating scales.
Question: Is it acceptable for my child's teacher to suggest my child has ADHD?
Answer: Teachers are often the first ones to recognize or suspect ADHD in children. That's because ADHD symptoms typically affect school performance or disrupt the rest of the class. Also, teachers are with children for most of the day and for months out of the year.
Question: Do I need to tell the teacher if my child is diagnosed with ADHD?
Answer: As a parent, you'll need to keep open the lines of communication with the teacher to ensure a consistent system of incentives and discipline between school and home. For example, a younger child's teacher may make a checklist and reward the child with a star or smiley face each time he or she completes a certain number of items on the list. You may have a similar system at home or provide a bigger reward -- such as a special dinner, a family movie night, or an extra hour of TV or computer time -- when your child gets a certain number of stars or smiley faces.
Question: Should my child's teacher help and support me if they are diagnosed with ADHD?
Answer: Your child's teacher can be a good supporter and resource, but you may want more help dealing with the challenges and emotions of parenting a child with ADHD, or with concerns about medications or other issues.
Question: Do I need to tell the school nurse if my child is diagnosed with ADHD?
Answer: They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on. The school nurse may play a role in dispensing ADHD medications and monitoring for side effects. Your child's teacher will be important in carrying out the behavioral part of a treatment plan and in communicating about the effectiveness of medications.
Question: What are the benefits of testosterone therapy?
Answer: What can you expect from testosterone treatment? It's impossible to predict, because every man is different. Many men report improvement in energy level, sex drive, and quality of erections. Testosterone also increases bone density, muscle mass, and insulin sensitivity in some men. Men also often report an improvement in mood from testosterone replacement. Whether these effects are barely noticeable, or a major boost, is highly individualized.
Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen prostate cancer?
Answer: Prostate cancer: Testosterone can stimulate prostate cancer to grow. Most experts recommend screening for prostate cancer before starting testosterone replacement. Men with prostate cancer or elevated prostate specific antigen ( PSA) should probably avoid testosterone treatment.
Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen blood clots?
Answer: Blood clots: The FDA requires that testosterone replacement products carry a warning about the risk of blood clots in veins. This could increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism , a potentially life threatening clot that occurs in the lungs. Products already carried a warning about the risk of blood clots due to polycythemia, an abnormal rise in the number of red blood cells that sometimes occurs with testosterone treatment. Now the warning is more general to include men who don't have polycythemia.
Question: Is low testosterone treated if there are no symptoms?
Answer: Symptoms of low testosterone include: Low sex drive (libido) Erectile dysfunction Fatigue and poor energy level Decreased muscle mass Body and facial hair loss Difficulty concentrating Depression Irritability Low sense of well-being If a man has symptoms of low testosterone and tests show he has an abnormally low testosterone level, a doctor may suggest treatment. For millions of men who have low testosterone levels but no symptoms, no treatment is currently recommended. It is has also not been approved for treating men with low levels because of aging.
Question: What are the risks of testosterone therapy?
Answer: Testosterone replacement therapy side effects most often include rash, itching, or irritation at the site where the testosterone is applied. However, there is also evidence of a possible increased risk of heart attack or stroke associated with testosterone use. Experts emphasize that the benefits and risks of long-term testosterone therapy are unknown, because large clinical trials haven't yet been done.
Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?
Answer: Testosterone levels decline naturally in men as they age over decades. The result is difficulty urinating. This condition, benign prostatic hypertrophy, can be made worse by testosterone therapy.
Question: What is the difference between testosterone replacement and performance-enhancing steroids?
Answer: Only men with symptoms of low testosterone and blood levels that confirm this as the cause of symptoms should consider testosterone replacement. Isn't taking testosterone replacement basically the same as taking steroids, like athletes that "dope"? It's true that anabolic steroids used by some bodybuilders and athletes contain testosterone or chemicals that act like testosterone.
Question: Is testosterone replacement therapy always a good solution to low testosterone levels?
Answer: Only men with symptoms of low testosterone and blood levels that confirm this as the cause of symptoms should consider testosterone replacement. Talking with your doctor is the only way to know if testosterone therapy is right for you. Symptoms of low testosterone include: Low sex drive (libido) Erectile dysfunction Fatigue and poor energy level Decreased muscle mass Body and facial hair loss Difficulty concentrating Depression Irritability Low sense of well-being If a man has symptoms of low testosterone and tests show he has an abnormally low testosterone level, a doctor may suggest treatment. Experts emphasize that the benefits and risks of long-term testosterone therapy are unknown, because large clinical trials haven't yet been done.
Question: What is the psychological cost of psoriasis?
Answer: But it affects a lot more than your skin. â That can be difficult to deal with at times. And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. That may take a toll on your mood, your self-confidence, and even your relationships.â One study found that people with psoriasis have higher chances for depression and anxiety. And a third of adults with the condition say it interferes with their love life. Trouble is, stress can trigger psoriasis flares and pain. You might feel like you're stuck in a vicious cycle. Those steps can help you feel healthy and in control -- and ease your psoriasis symptoms, too.
Question: What are the emotional effects of psoriasis?
Answer: And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. â They may not âget it' until you open up to them. 'â A long-term disease like psoriasis can make you feel like you're not in control.
Question: What is the emotional toll of psoriasis?
Answer: And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. When you take care of yourself mentally and emotionally, you'll be more likely to feel in control of your psoriasis. When they do, they may feel itchy, tight, and painful. â They may not âget it' until you open up to them. You can't catch it. 'â A long-term disease like psoriasis can make you feel like you're not in control.
Question: What are the pyschological side effects of psoriasis?
Answer: â That can be difficult to deal with at times. That may take a toll on your mood, your self-confidence, and even your relationships.â One study found that people with psoriasis have higher chances for depression and anxiety. Trouble is, stress can trigger psoriasis flares and pain. You might feel like you're stuck in a vicious cycle. Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. Those steps can help you feel healthy and in control -- and ease your psoriasis symptoms, too.
Question: How can I handle other people's reactions to my psoriasis?
Answer: Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. You can't catch it. Others might have told you that you have to âlearn to live with it.â That's not true, says Crutchfield, who has psoriasis himself.
Question: Should I keep going to the doctor if I have psoriasis?
Answer: But treatment and some small changes to your daily habits can help you stay happy and healthy, Kaminska says. Your doctor should be able to recommend a therapist. But when you do, they'll want to support you,â Kaminska says. Others might have told you that you have to âlearn to live with it.â That's not true, says Crutchfield, who has psoriasis himself.
Question: Can I get professional help for the emotional side of psoriasis?
Answer: Your doctor should be able to recommend a therapist. â I tell people who make comments, â I have psoriasis, which is a genetic condition.
Question: When should you call your doctor about vaginal infections and vaginitis?
Answer: You should call your doctor when: Your vaginal discharge changes color, is heavier, or smells different.
Question: How do you know if you have a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis?
Answer: Two of the most common causes are related to organisms that live in your vagina. They can have very similar symptoms. Yeast infections are an overgrowth of the yeast that you normally have in your body. Bacterial vaginosis happens when the balance of bacteria is thrown off. With both conditions, you may notice white or grayish discharge. How can you tell them apart? If there's a fishy smell, bacterial vaginosis is a better guess. If your discharge looks like cottage cheese, a yeast infection may be to blame. That's also more likely to cause itching and burning, though bacterial vaginosis might make you itchy, too. And you could have both at the same time.
Question: How can you prevent vaginitis?
Answer: Keep yourself clean and dry. But doctors don't recommend vaginal sprays or heavily perfumed soaps for this area. Douching may cause irritation, too, and more importantly, could hide or spread an infection. It also removes the healthy bacteria that do the housekeeping in your vagina. Douching is never recommended. Avoid clothes that hold in heat and moisture. Nylon underwear, tight jeans, non-breathable gym shorts and leggings, and pantyhose without a cotton panel can lead to yeast infections. Eating yogurt with active cultures (check the label) might help you get fewer infections. Condoms are the best way to prevent passing infections between sexual partners. Get a complete gynecologic exam every year, including a Pap smear if your doctor recommends it.
Question: What are the different types of vaginitis?
Answer: Doctors refer to the various conditions that cause an infection or inflammation of the vagina as "vaginitis." The most common kinds are: Bacterial vaginosis Candida or "yeast" infections Chlamydia Gonorrhea Reactions or allergies (non-infectious vaginitis) Trichomoniasis Viral vaginitis Although they may have different symptoms, a diagnosis can be tricky even for an experienced doctor.
Question: What causes non-infectious vaginitis?
Answer: You could also have an infection without any symptoms. Most often, it's an allergic reaction to or irritation from products such as: Detergents Douches Fabric softeners Perfumed soaps Spermicides Vaginal sprays It could also be from a lower level of hormones because of menopause or because you've had your ovaries removed. This can make your vagina dry, a condition called atrophic vaginitis. Sexual intercourse could be painful, and you may notice vaginal itching and burning.
Question: What are symptoms of vaginal infections and vaginitis?
Answer: Having sex can make some symptoms worse. It burns when you pee. And you could have both at the same time.
Question: How are middle ear implants used for hearing loss?
Answer: This type happens when the outer or middle ear can't bring sound to the inner ear. Sensorineural. In-the-ear. They also don't cause feedback and can stay in place when you swim or bathe, depending on the type of implant you have.
Question: How are bone-anchored hearing aids used for hearing loss?
Answer: In-the-ear. These devices are usually recommended for people with: Hearing loss in one ear Problems with the shape of their ear canals Conductive or mixed hearing loss with long-term ear infections Cochlear implants.
Question: What are some tips for your babyâs ninth month?
Answer: Your 9-month-old is eager to move around. Give him plenty of opportunities to crawl, stand, and cruise -- with you nearby to supervise, of course. Nine months isn't too young to start setting limits. Your baby should understand the word ânoâ or a similar means of communication by now. Use it whenever your little one is about to do something he should not do. Hold your baby's hands and walk around the room together so he can practice getting around on two feet.
Question: What brainpower milestones should you expect in your 9-month-old?
Answer: Your baby's first year is a crucial time for brain development. Trillions of tiny connections are forming that will create the foundation for a lifetime of learning. You can accelerate baby's brain growth by providing a stimulating environment. But you don't need to invest in a series of expensive videos or teaching tools to nurture a smart baby. No DVD can ever replace the value of human interaction. Reading, singing, and talking to your baby every day are the best ways to bolster brain development. And remember, your child doesn't need to start reading at nine months to be a smart baby -- he just needs to learn and explore new things every day.