USE OF RELAXIN TO TREAT DISEASES RELATED TO VASOCONSTRICTION

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of treating diseases related to vasodilation, generally comprising administering to an individual an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxin. Relaxin functions to increase both vasodilation and angiogenesis in males as well as females, and is therefore useful in treating a wide variety of diseases relating to vasoconstriction.

Description: USE OF RELAXIN TO TREAT DISEASES RELATED TO VASOCONSTRICTION CROSS-REFERENCE This application claims the benefit of U S provisional patent application nos 60/181,408, filed February 9, 2000, 60/200,284, filed Apnl 28, 2000, and 60/242,216, filed October 20. 2000, each of which is incorporated herein by reference m their entirety GOVERNMENT RIGHTS The United States Government may have certain nghts m this application pursuant to National Institutes of Health grants RO1 HD30325 and K04 HD01098 FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention is in the field of diseases related to vasoconstπction, and m particular to the use of relaxm to treat diseases related to vasoconstπction BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Vasoconstriction, or the reduction in the cross-sectional area of the lumen of small blood vessels, is a potentially lethal condition ansing m a variety of pathologies, and is due either to vasospasm, inadequate vasodilation, thickening of the vessel wall, or the accumulation of flow-restricting matenals on the internal wall surfaces or within the wall itself Vasoconstriction is a major factor in various hypertensive vascular diseases, as well as conditions which result from such diseases, including progressive generalized atherogenesis, myocardial infarct, stroke, hypertension, glaucoma, migraine, ischemia, and diabetes melhtus, among others Hypertension produced by renal disease is generally the result of either an alteration in the renal handling of sodium and fluids leading to volume expansion or an alteration m renal secretion of vasoactive mateπals, resulting m a systemic or local change in arteπolar tone The mam subdivisions of renal hypertension are renovascular hypertension, and renal parenchymal hypertension Hypertensive vascular disease is currently treated with drugs such as diuretics, antiadrenergic agents, vasodilators, calcium entry blockers, angiotensin-convertrng enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, and growth factors The extent of ischemic myocardial injury caused by coronary vessel occlusion may be mitigated by the provision of collateral blood flow to the myocardium and the subendocardial layers of the heart Charney et al (1993) Am Heart J 126 937-945 Currently, therapeutic angiogenesis is designed to promote the development of supplemental collateral vessels as a means of preserving heart function following an lschemic event Losordo et al (1998) Circulation 98 2800-2804, Patel et al (1999) Human Gene Therapy 10 1331-1348, and Henry (1999) British Med J 318 1536-1539 Collateral vessel formation and mcreased blood flow due to new vessel development and vasodilation of both new and pre-existing blood vessels have been shown to preserve certain aspects of heart function Two agents that have been used m therapeutic angiogenesis m animal models of chrome myocardial ischemia are vascular endothe al cell growth factor (VEGF), which is an angiogenic and vasodilatory growth factor, and the angiogenic protein basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) Harada et al (1994) J Clin Invest 94 623-630, Lopez et al (1998) Cardwvasc Res 40 272-281 and Unger et al (1994) Am J Physiol 266 H1588-H1595 However, negative consequences, such as hypotension, tachycardia and reduced cardiac output have been observed when VEGF is given to patients Yang et al (1998) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284 103-110 To minimize the side effect profile of systemic VEGF and FGF administration, current approaches to induce revasculaπzation and reoxygenation have moved toward direct myocardial or peπcardial injection of naked DNA for VEGF, or of VEGF or bFGF protein directly This requires invasive procedures, often mvolvmg thoracotomy A safe, non-toxic, non-mvasive method of promotmg angiogenic growth factor expression and a subsequent increase m collateral vessel development could have enormous impact Relaxm (RLX) is a low molecular weight protem of approximately 6,000 Da belonging to the insulin-growth factor family that circulates during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and throughout gestation in women It is also produced by the prostate in men RLX is also a pregnancy hormone in rats In both species, circulating levels deπve from the corpus luteum Relaxm consists of two peptide chams, referred to as A and B, jomed by disulfide bonds with an intra-chain disulfide loop m the A-cham in a manner analogous to that of insulin In view of the ongomg problems associated with hypertensive vascular disease, it is clear that there is a need in the art for additional means of treating hypertensive vascular disease The present invention addresses this need and provides related advantages as well SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present mvention provides methods for treating diseases or disorders related to vasoconstπction, generally compπsmg administering a formulation compπsmg a therapeutically effective amount of relaxm The formulation may be administered by injection, or by sustamed-release modes of administration, over a peπod of time and m amounts which are effective to treat the vasoconstπction-related disease or disorder Relaxm can act to mcrease vasodilation, to mcrease neovasculaπzation (1 e , stimulate, mcrease, or promote angiogenesis), or both, thereby alleviating the disorder, or symptoms of the disorder Thus, the 1m ention further provides methods for increasing vasodilation, and methods of stimulating angiogenesis in an individual, generally compπsmg administering a formulation comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier having therein therapeutically actπ e relaxm The mvention further provides methods for treating angιotensιn-II (AngΙI)-medιated vasoconstriction These methods generally compπse admmistering a formulation compπsmg an amount of relaxm effective to reverse, inhibit, or reduce the \ asoconstπcting effects of Angll The invention further provides methods for treating endothelιn-1 (ET-l)-medιated vasoconstπction These methods generally compπse admmistering a formulation comprismg an amount of relaxm effective to reverse, inhibit, or reduce the \ asoconstπcting effects of ET- 1 In some embodiments, the methods comprise increasing endothe n type B receptor activation in a cell in a blood vessel by administering relaxin to the individual The invention further provides methods for treatmg an ischemic condition, generally comprismg administering a formulation comprising an amount of relaxm effective to stimulate or promote angiogenesis and/or vasodilation, thereby treating the ischemic condition The methods are useful in treatmg a vaπety of ischemic conditions In some embodiments, methods are provided for treatmg an ischemic condition which arises as a result of myocardial lnfarct In other embodiments, methods are provided for treating an ischemic condition associated with a wound Thus, the invention further provides methods for promotmg wound healing The mvention further provides methods for stimulating angiogenic and or vasodilatory cytokine expression generally comprismg administering a formulation comprismg an amount of relaxin effective to vasodilate blood vessels and/or stimulate or promote angiogenic cytokine production In some embodiments, the methods provide for stimulating expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and or vascular endothehal cell growth factor (VEGF) Such methods are useful in treating a wide variety of diseases which can be treated by increasmg blood flow at or near the site of disease The mvention further provides a method of mcreasmg renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration, generally compπsmg admimstermg a formulation compπsmg an amount of relaxm These methods are useful m treatmg a variety of renal pathologies Accordmgly, the mvention further provides methods of treatmg a renal pathology related to vasoconstπction The mvention further provides a method of reducmg pulmonary hypertension, generally compπsmg admimstermg a formulation compπsmg an amount of relaxm An advantage of the present mvention lies m the fact that the safety profile of relaxm in humans is supeπor to other agents, such as VEGF and FGF A further advantage of the use of relaxm to treat hypertensive vascular diseases is that it is effective m both males and females Another object of the invention is a method whereby therapeutically effective amounts of relaxm are repeatedly administered to a patient over a peπod of time to obtain a beneficial therapeutic result Another aspect of the invention is to repeatedly or substantially continuous!} administer relaxin over a period of time in a manner so as to mamtain therapeutic blood levels of relaxin over peπods sufficient to obtain therapeutic results A feature of the mvention is injectable and sustained-release formulations of relaxin which are useful in the method of the invention wherein the formulation comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable earner and a therapeutically effective amount of relaxin These and other objects, advantages, and features of the invention will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading the details of the invention as more fully descπbed below BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figures 1 A-D depict the effect of long-term infusion of purified porcme RLX. recombinant human relaxin (rhRLX), or vehicle on mean arteπal pressure (A), glomerular filtration rate (B), effective renal plasma flow (C), and effective renal vascular resistance (D) The numbers in parentheses depict the number of rats tested * p < 0 05 vs baselme and vehicle Figures 2 A-D depict the effect of 5 -day administration of rhRLX to sham ovaπectomized and ovaπectomized rats (A) mean arteπal pressure, (B) glomerular filtration rate, (C) effective renal plasma flow, and (D) effective renal vascular resistance The numbers in parentheses depict the number of rats investigated *p < 0 05 vs baseline Figures 3A-D are graphs depictmg the effect of a 5-day infusion of either rhRLX (4 μg/hour) or vehicle (time-control) on MAP (panel A), GFR (B), ERPF (C) or ERVR (D) in conscious male rats * p < 0 05 vs baselme Figures 4A-D are graphs depictmg the effect of the specific ET B receptor antagonist, RES-701- 1, on MAP (panel A), GFR (B), ERPF (C), and ERVR (D) m rats administered either rhRLX (4 μg/h) or vehicle for 5 days + p < 0 05 relaxm baselme vs vehicle baselme * p < 0 05 RES-701-1 vs baseline Figure 5 is a graph depictmg real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis of expression of the rat VEGF ]64 and VEGF ]2 o isoforms and rat bFGF in the peπ-infarct area of rat hearts post-myocardial infarction Figure 6 is a graph depictmg real-time quantitative RT-PCR of the human VEGFι 65 and VEGF 121 isoforms and human bFGF following relaxin treatment in vitro Figure 7 is a graph depictmg the effect of chronic administration of relaxm on πght ventπcular pressure (RVP) m rats kept under conditions of normoxia (air) or hypoxia Figures 8 A and 8B are graphs depicting the effects of relaxin on VEGF and bFGF mRNA expression m wound cells Figure 8A depicts expression of transcπpts of the 164-amιno acid and 120- ammo acid isoforms of VEGF Figure 8B depicts the mcrease in expression of bFGF in wound cells Figure 9 is a graph depictmg the effect of relaxin on VEGF (165- and 121-aπuno acid isoforms) and bFGF mRNA expression in THP-1 cells Figure 10 is a graph depictmg the change in diasto c blood pressure from baselme over a period of 26 weeks in humans treated with 25 μg/kg/day relaxin (solid tπangles) or placebo (open squares) humans for 24 weeks Figure 11 is a graph depictmg the change in systolic blood pressure from baselme over a period of 26 weeks m humans treated with 25 μg/kg/day relaxm (solid triangles) or placebo (open squares) humans for 24 weeks Figure 12 is a graph depictmg predicted creatmme clearance versus time m humans treated with 10 μg/kg/day relaxm Figure 13 is a graph depictmg predicted creatmme clearance versus time m humans treated with 25 μg/kg/day relaxm Figure 14 is a graph depictmg myogemc reactivity of small renal arteπes Figure 15 is a graph depictmg myogemc reactivity of small mesenteπc arteπes DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Before the present invention is descπbed, it is to be understood that this mvention is not limited to particular embodiments descπbed, as such may, of course, vary It is also to be understood that the terminology used herem is for the purpose of descπbmg particular embodiments only, and is not mtended to be Imutmg, smce the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herem have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill m the art to which this mvention belongs Although any methods and mateπals similar or equivalent to those descπbed herem can be used in the practice or testmg of the present mvention. the preferred methods and mateπals are now descπbed All publications mentioned herem are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and descπbe the methods and/or mateπals in connection with which the publications are cited It must be noted that as used herem and m the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "and", and "the" mclude plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise Thus, for example, reference to "a disease" mcludes a plurality of such diseases and reference to "the method" includes reference to one or more methods and equivalents thereof known to those skilled m the art, and so forth The publications discussed herem are provided solely for their disclosure pπor to the filing date of the present application Nothing herem is to be construed as an admission that the present mvention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of pπor mvention Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be mdependently confirmed Definitions As used herem, the terms "disease related to vasoconstπction," "disorder related to vasoconstπction," "disease associated with vasoconstπction," and "disorder associated with vasoconstπction," used interchangeably herem, refer to a disease or condition or disorder mat mvolves vasoconstπction m some manner The disease may be a disease which is a direct result of vasoconstπction, a disease or condition that is exacerbated by vasoconstriction, and/or a disease or condition that is a sequelae of vasoconstπction Diseases and disorder related to vasoconstπction include, but are not limited to, pulmonary vasoconstπction and associated diseases and disorders, cerebral vasoconstriction and associated diseases and disorders, peπpheral vasoconstπction and associated diseases and disorders, cardiovascular vasoconstπction and associated diseases and disorders, renal vasoconstπction and associated diseases and disorders, and ischemic conditions Such diseases and disorders mclude, but are not limited to, chrome stable angma, unstable angma, vasospastic angma, microvascular angma, blood vessel damage due to invasive manipulation, e g , surgery, blood vessel damage due to ischemia, e g , ischemia associated with infection, trauma, and graft rejection, ischemia associated with stroke, cerebrovascular ischemia, renal ischemia, pulmonary ischemia, limb ischemia, ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia, reduction in renal function as a result of treatment with a nephrotoxic agent, e g , cyclosporme A, acute myocardial infarction, ischemic myocardium associated with hypertensive heart disease and impaired coronary vasodilator reserve, subarachnoid hemorrhage with secondary cerebral vasospasm, reversible cerebral vasoconstπction, migraine, disorders relatmg to uterine vascoconstπction, e g , preeclampsia of pregnancy, eclampsia, mtrauteπne growth restriction, madequate maternal vasodilation during pregnancy, post transplant cardiomyopathy, renovascular ischemia, cerebrovascular ischemia (Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) and stroke), pulmonary hypertension, renal hypertension, essential hypertension, atheroembo c diseases, renal vem thrombosis, renal artery stenosis, renal vasoconstπction secondary to shock, trauma, or sepsis, liver ischemia, peπpheral vascular disease, diabetes mel tus, thromboangntis obhterans, and burn/thermal injury As used herein, the term "relaxin" refers to biologically active (also referred to herem as "pharmaceutically active") relaxm from recombinant or native sources as well as relaxin vaπants, such as ammo acid sequence vaπants Naturally occurring biologically active relaxin may be derived from human, muπne (1 e , rat or mouse), porcine, or other mammalian sources The term "relaxin" encompasses human HI preprorelaxm, prorelaxm. and relaxin, and H2 preprorelaxm, prorelaxm, and relaxin. and recombinant human relaxin Also encompassed is relaxin modified to increase in v vo half life, e g . PEGylated relaxin (1 e , relaxm conjugated to a polyethylene glycol), and the like The term also encompasses relaxin comprismg A and B cha s having N- and/or C-termmal truncations In general, m H2 relaxm, the A cham can be varied from A(l-24) to A(10-24) and B chain from B( " l-33) to B( 10-22), and in HI relaxin, the A chain can be vaπed from A(l-24) to A( 10-24) and B chain from B(l-32) to B( 10-22) Also included within the scope of the term "relaxm" are other insertions, substitutions, or deletions of one or more ammo acid residues, glycosylation variants, unglycosylated relaxm. organic and inorganic salts, covalently modified derivatives of relaxm, preprorelaxm, and prorelaxm Also encompassed in the term is a relaxm analog having an ammo acid sequence which differs from a wild-type (e g , naturally-occurπng) sequence, including, but not limited to, relaxm analogs disclosed in U S Patent No 5,811,395 Possible modifications to relaxm ammo acid residues mclude the acetylation, formylation or similar protection of free ammo groups, including the N-termmal, anudation of C-termmal groups, or the formation of esters of hydroxyl or carboxy c groups, e g , modification of the tryptophan (Trp) residue at B2 by addition of a formyl group The formyl group is a typical example of a readily-removable protecting group Other possible modifications mclude replacement of one or more of the natural ammo-acids in the B and/or A chams with a different ammo acid (mcludmg the D-form of a natural ammo-acid), including, but not limited to, replacement of the Met moiety at B24 with norleucine (Nle), va ne (Val), alanine (Ala), glycme (Gly), seπne (Ser), or homoseπne (HomoSer) Other possible modifications include the deletion of a natural ammo acid from the cham or the addition of one or more extra ammo acids to the chain Additional modifications mclude ammo acid substitutions at the B/C and C/A junctions of prorelaxm, which modifications facilitate cleavage of the C cham from prorelaxm, and vaπant relaxm comprismg a non-naturally occurring C peptide, e g , as descπbed in U S Patent NO 5,759,807 Also encompassed by the term "relaxm" are fusion polypeptides comprising relaxm and a heterologous polypeptide A heterologous polypeptide (e g , a non-relaxm polypeptide) fusion partner may be C-termmal or N-termmal to the relaxm portion of the fusion protem Heterologous polypeptides include lmmunologically detectable polypeptides (e g , "epitope tags"), polypeptides capable of generatmg a detectable signal (e g , green fluorescent protem, enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, and others known m the art), therapeutic polypeptides, mcludmg, but not limited to, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors All such variations or alterations in the structure of the relaxin molecule resultmg m vaπants are included within the scope of this mvention so long as the functional (biological) actπ ltv of the relaxm is maintained Preferably, any modification of relaxm ammo acid sequence or structure is one that does not increase its lmmunogenicity m the individual being treated with the relaxm vaπant Those variants of relaxm having the descπbed functional activity can be readily identified usmg the in vitro and in vivo assays mentioned above As used herem the terms "isolated" and "substantially purified," used interchangeably herein, when used in the context of "isolated relaxm," refer to a relaxm polypeptide that is m an environment different from that m which the relaxm polypeptide naturally occurs As used herein, the term "substantially purified" refers to a relaxm polypeptide that is removed from its natural environment and is at least 60%> free, preferably 75% free, and most preferably 90% free from other components with which it is naturally associated The terms "effective amount" and "therapeutic amount" and the like are used interchangeably here to describe a relaxm formulation that is sufficient to treat a disease related to vasoconstriction The term "effective amount" means a dosage sufficient to provide treatment for the disease state being treated, I e , a disease related to vasodilation In general, an effective amount of relaxm is one that is effective to mcrease vasodilation and/or to mcrease neovasculaπzation The term "mcrease" is used interchangeably herein with "stimulate" and "promote " The Examples provide general guidance for effective amounts used in rats Those skilled m the art will readily be able to determine effective amounts for use m human subjects, given the guidance in the Examples In general, a dose is from about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of body weight per day, about 6 0 to 200 μg/kg, or about 12 0 to 100 μg/kg For administration to a 70 kg person, the dosage range would be about 7 0 μg to 3 5 mg per day, about about 42 0 μg to 2 1 mg per day, or about 84 0 to 700 μg per day In some embodiments, for administration to a human, an effective dose is from about 5 μg/kg body weight/day to about 50 μg/kg body weight/day, or from about 10 μg/kg body weight day to about 25 μg/kg body weight/day The amount of relaxin administered will, of course, be dependent on the size, sex and weight of the subject and the seventy of the disease or condition, the manner and schedule of administration, the likelihood of recurrence of the disease, and the judgment of the prescπbmg physician The terms "subject" or "individual" or "patient," used interchangeably herem, refer to any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, for whom diagnosis or therapy is desired, particularly humans Other subjects may include cattle, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, and so on A preferred subject is a human m need of treatment for a disease related to vasoconstπction, particularly a renal disease, and an ischemic condition The terms "treatment," "treatmg." "therapy," and the like are used herem to generally refer to obtaining a desired therapeutic, pharmacologic or physiologic effect The effect may be prophylactic m terms of completely or partially preventmg a disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic m terms of a partial or complete cure for a disease and/or adverse effect attributable to the disease "Treatment" as used herem covers any treatment of a disease in a mammal, e g a human, and includes (a) preventmg the disease from occumng in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it, (b) inhibiting the disease, 1 e , arresting its development, and (c) relieving the disease, 1 e , causmg regression of the disease Overview of the Invention The present invention provides methods of treating diseases related to vasoconstπction, compπsmg administering to an mdividual, who has a disease or condition relating to vasoconstriction, an effective amount of relaxm m a pharmaceutical formulation Relaxm formulations of die mvention can act both to increase vasodilation, and to mcrease formation of new blood vessels Thus, relaxin can be used to treat a wide vaπety of conditions related to vasoconstπction Further, it has been surprisingly found that relaxin, a pregnancy hormone, can function to promote vasodilation and to promote neovasculaπzation m males as well as females Relaxm can inhibit or reduce angiotenstn-II (Angll)- mediated and endothelin- 1 (ET- 1 )-medιated vasoconstπction It can also promote renal vasodilation and hyperfϊltration, which is particularly useful in the context of treating renal disease which result, directly or indirectly, from renal vasoconstπction It has further been found that relaxm stimulates angiogenic cytokine expression, mcludmg bFGF and VEGF, and hence promotes blood vessel formation It has also been found that relaxm stimulates ischemic wound healmg It has also been found that relaxm is effective in inhibiting progression of pulmonary hypertension Thus, relaxm's vasodilation- and neovasculaπzation-promotmg properties can be used to treat a wide variety of disease conditions ansmg from vasoconstriction, or inadequate blood supply METHODS OF TREATING DISEASES RELATED TO VASOCONSTRICTION The present mvention provides methods for treatmg diseases related to vasoconstπction The methods generally compπse admimstermg to an mdividual m need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation compπsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to treat the disease An effective amount of relaxm is one that is effective to mcrease, stimulate, or promote, vasodilation. and or to mcrease, stimulate, or promote, neovasculaπzation, and/or to promote wound healmg, and/or to treat an ischemic condition, and/or to reduce hypertension The effect of relaxm on vasodilation or neovasculaπzation may be direct or indirect Modes of administration, amounts of relaxm administered, and relaxm formulations, for use m the methods of the present mvention, are discussed below An effective amount of relaxm is one that is effective m treating a disease related to vasoconstπction Whether the disease has been treated is determined by measunng one or more diagnostic parameters indicative of the course of the disease, compared to a suitable control In the case of an animal experiment, a "suitable control" is an animal not treated with relaxm, or treated with the pharmaceutical formulation without relaxm In the case of a human subject, a "suitable control" ma\ be the individual before treatment, or may be a human (e g , an age-matched or similar control) treated with a placebo Methods for assessing whether a disease related to vasoconstriction has been treated are known m the art, and are descnbed in numerous publications, mcludmg, e g , Young et al , eds (1996) "Peπpheral Vascular Diseases", Mosby-Year Book, Inc St Louis, MO Additional methods are described herembelow In some embodiments, the mvention provides a method of increasing mtπc oxide production m a cell of a blood vessel, compπsing admimstermg to an mdividual a pharmaceutical formulation comprising pharmaceutically active relaxin m an amount effective to increase nitric oxide production in a cell of a blood vessel Administration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxm to an mdividual in need thereof mcreases nitnc oxide production by at least about 10%>, at least about 20%. at least about 30%, at least about 50%, or at least about 75% or more, compared to a suitable control By administering relaxm to an individual, a cell of a blood vessel m the mdividual is contacted with relaxm, and nitric oxide production by the cell is increased A suitable control may be a cell of a blood vessel not contacted with relaxm Cells of a blood vessel that produce mtπc oxide m response to admininstration of relaxm mclude, but are not limited to, endothe al cells and smooth muscle cells Methods of measunng nitric oxide production are known m the art, any such method can be used to determine whether nitric oxide production is increased See, e g , Gupta et al (1998) Hepatol 28 926-931 , Hill- Kapturczak et al (1999) 7 Am Soc Nephrol 10 481-491, Lee et al (2000) Microvasc Res 60 269- 280, and Berkels et al (2001) J Appl Phys ol 90 317-320 Production of nitric oxide by a cell of a blood vessel effects vasodilation, and is thus useful in treatmg a disease related to vasoconstπction In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of treatmg hypertension, compnsmg administering to a patient m need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation compnsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to reduce hypertension In some of these embodiments, methods are provided for treatmg renal hypertension, particularly by mcreasmg renal vasodilation In other embodiments, methods are provided for treatmg pulmonary hypertension In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for mcreasmg renal vasodilation Administration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxm to an individual m need thereof mcreases renal vasodilation by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%, or at least about 75% or more, compared to a suitable control Parameters of and methods for assessing whether renal vasodilation is increased following relaxm admmistration are known in the art. mcludmg, but not limited to, measunng one or more of the following parameters effective renal vascular resistance (ERVR). glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), hematocnt. plasma osmola ty, and plasma sodium concentration Admmistration of relaxm results m one or more of the following (1) an increase m values for GFR and ERPF, (2) a decrease in ERVR, (3) a decrease m hematocnt, (4) a decrease in plasma osmolahty, (5) a decrease m plasma sodium concentration, and (6) a decrease in serum creatmme A decrease m hematocnt, plasma osmolahty, and plasma sodium concentration are indicative of general vasodilation, resulting m an mcrease in blood volume and a resultmg dilution of red cell number and sodium concentration Methods for measunng these parameters are well known m the art, and are descπbed m Examples 1, 2, and 9 In some embodiments, methods are provided for treating pulmonary hypertension Example 5 provides data showing that admmistration of relaxm, e g by infusion over an extended time period, inhibits progression of pulmonary hypertension, as evidenced by an inhibition of collagen deposition in the vessel wall, and by ameliorative effects on compensatory πght ventπcular hypertrophy Admmistration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxm to an mdividual in need thereof reduces pulmonary hypertension by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%, at least about 75% or more, when compared to a suitable control Whether admmistration of relaxm reduces pulmonary hypertension can be determined usmg any method known in the art, mcludmg, but not limited to, measunng right ventricular pressure (RVP) Thus, the methods are effective to reduce right ventricular pressure by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%. at least about 20%, at least about 30%, or at least about 50% or more when compared to a suitable control In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for mcreasmg or stimulating the expression of angiogenic cytokine production Admmistration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxm to an mdividual m need thereof increases angiogenic cytokine production by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 100% (or two-fold), at least about 2 5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold or more, compared to a suitable control Angiogenic factors include, but are not limited to, FGF, mcludmg acidic FGF, basic FGF, VEGF, mcludmg VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and synthetic and recombinant forms which possess VEGF activity, specifically angiogenic activity, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-deπved growth factor (PDGF), placental growth factor, angιopoιetιn-1, pro feπn, insulin-like growth factor- 1, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), transformmg growth factor-α, and ιnterleukιn-8 Whether angiogenic cytokine production is mcreased following relaxm admmistration can be assessed using any method known m the art. mcludmg, but not limited to, measuring angiogenic levels using PCR, as described m Example 3 , using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or radioimmunoassay (RIA), usmg antibody specific for mdividual angiogenic factors, and bioassays for specific individual angiogenic factors See, e g , Nicosia et al (l994)Am J Pathol 145 1023-1029, Moπshita et al (1999) Hypertension 33 1379-1384, Kobhzek et al (1998) Curr Bwl 8 529-532, Schraufhagel et al (1992) J Thorac Cardwvasc Surg 104 1582-1588, and Yoshida et al (\997)Mol Cell Bwl 17 4015-4023 In some embodiments, methods are provided for mcreasmg (or stimulating or promotmg) angiogenesis Admmistration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxm to an mdividual in need thereof increases angiogenesis by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, or at least about 100%, or more when compared to a suitable control Whether angiogenesis is mcreased can be determined usmg any method known in the art, including, e g , stimulation of neovasculaπzation into implants impregnated with relaxm, stimulation of blood vessel growth m the cornea or anterior eye chamber, stimulation of endothehal cell proliferation, migration or tube formation in vitro, and the chick choπoallantoic membrane assay, the hamster cheek pouch assay, the polyvinyl alcohol sponge disk assay Such assays are well known in the art and have been descnbed in numerous publications, including, e g , Auerbach et al ((1991) Pharmac Ther 51 1-11), and references cited therein These methods are useful in treatmg Λ aπous conditions, mcludmg treatmg ischemia Thus, the invention provides methods of treating an ischemic condition Admmistration of an effective amount of pharmaceutically active relaxm results in an increase in blood supply to an ischemic tissue Following admmistration of relaxm, blood supply (blood flow) to the ischemic tissue is mcreased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, or at least about 100%. or more when compared to a suitable control Whether the blood supply to an ischemic tissue is increased can be measured by any method known m the art, mcludmg, but not Imuted to, thermography, infrared recorder, transcutaneous PO 2 , transcutaneous PC0 2 , laser Doppler, Doppler waveform, ankle brachial mdex, pulse volume recordmg, toe pressure, duplex waveform, magnetic resonance imaging profile, isotope washout, and NAD/NADH fluorometry Such methods are well known in the art and have been descπbed in numerous publications, mcludmg, e g , Lazarus et al ((1994) Arch Dermatol 130 491) and references cited therein In some embodiments, methods are provided for promoting or enhancing w ound healing Admmistration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxm to an mdividual in need thereof promotes wound healmg by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, or at least about 100%, or more when compared to a suitable control, e g , the amount of necrotic tissue m the wound is decreased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, or at least about 100%, or more when compared to a suitable control Whether administration of relaxin promotes wound healmg can be determined usmg any method known m the art, mcludmg, but not limited to, the methods descπbed in Example 4 For example, the amount of necrotic tissue can be measured, and/or histochermcal evaluation of a tissue biopsy can be conducted to determine the presence of and/or to measure the amount of tissue necrosis In some embodiments, methods are provided for reducing angiotensin II (AngΙI)-medιated vasoconstπction Admmistration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxin to an individual m need thereof reduces Angll-mediated vasoconstriction by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%. at least about 50%, at least about 75%, or at least about 100%, or more when compared to a suitable control Whether admmistration of relaxm reduces Angll-mediated vasoconstriction can be determined usmg any method known in the art for measunng vasodilation In some embodiments, methods are provided for reducmg ET-1 -mediated vasoconstriction Admmistration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active relaxm to an mdividual in need thereof reduces ET-1 -mediated vasoconstπction by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 50%. at least about 75%, or at least about 100%, or more when compared to a suitable control Whether admmistration of relaxm reduces ET- 1 -mediated vasoconstriction can be determined using any method known in the art for measuring vasodilation In some embodiments, the methods compπse mcreasmg endothelin type B receptor activation in a cell m a blood vessel by administering relaxm to the mdividual Methods of deteπnining whether endothelm type B receptor activation has been achieved are descnbed m Example 2 Cells m a blood vessel that would be expected to be affected mclude, but are not limited to, endothehal cells, and smooth muscle cells Admmistration of relaxin m the hypoxic rat model of pulmonary hypertension described m Example 5 resulted m decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis m the vessel wall Thus, in some embodiments, methods are provided for reducmg ECM deposition m the vessel wall by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, or at least about 50% or more when compared to a suitable control The methods of the present mvention are suitable for treatmg an mdividual who has been diagnosed with a disease related to vasoconstπction, who is suspected of havmg a disease related to vasoconstriction, who is known to be susceptible and who is considered likely to develop a disease related to vasoconstriction, or who is considered likely to develop a recurrence of a previously treated disease relatmg to vasoconstπction Methods of treatmg diseases related to vasoconstπction can be enhanced by administering relaxm in combmation with a known vasodilator and/or known angiogenic compounds Methods of treatmg wounds can be enhanced by admimstermg relaxm m combmation with known vasodilator and/or angiogenic compounds RELAXIN FORMULATIONS Relaxm formulations suitable for use m the methods of the mvention are pharmaceutical formulations compnsmg a therapeutically effective amount of pharmaceutically active relaxm, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient The formulation is preferably injectable and most preferably designed for intravenous injection Any known relaxm formulation can be used m the methods of the present invention, provided that the relaxm is pharmaceutically active "Pharmaceutically active" relaxm is a form of relaxm which results in increased vasodilation and/or mcreased angiogenesis when administered to an mdividual Relaxm may be administered as a polypeptide, or as a polynucleotide compπsmg a sequence which encodes relaxm Relaxin suitable for use m the methods of the present invention can be isolated from natural sources, may be chemically or enzymatically synthesized, or produced usmg standard recombinant techniques known in the art Examples of methods of making recombinant relaxm are found m vaπous publications, mcludmg, e g , U S Patent Nos 4,835,251, 5,326,694, 5,320,953, 5,464,756, and 5,759,807 Relaxm suitable for use mcludes, but is not limited to, human relaxm, recombinant human relaxm, relaxm denved from non-human mammals, such as porcme relaxm, and any of a vaπety of vaπants of relaxm known in the art Relaxin, pharmaceutically active relaxm vanants, and pharmaceutical formulations compnsmg relaxm are well known m the art See, e g , U S Patent Nos 5,451,572, 5,811,395, 5,945,402, 5,166,191, and 5,759,807, the contents of which are incorporated by reference m their entirety for then: teachings relatmg to relaxm formulations, and for teachings relatmg to production of relaxm In general, recombinant human relaxm (rhRLX) is identical m ammo acid sequence to the naturally occurring product of the human H2 gene, consistmg of an A cham of 24 ammo acids and a B cham of 29 ammo acids Relaxm can be administered to an mdividual in the form of a polynucleotide compnsmg a nucleotide sequence which encodes relaxm Relaxin-encodmg nucleotide sequences are known m the art, any of which can be used in the methods descnbed herem See, e g GenBank Accession Nos AF135824, AF076971, NM 006911, and NM_005059 The relaxm polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present mvention can be introduced mto a cell by a gene delivery vehicle Generally, gene delivery vehicles can encode either polypeptides or polynucleotides, such as antisense or πbozymes The gene delivery vehicle may be of viral or non-viral origin (see generally, Jolly, Cancer Gene Therapy (1994) 1 51-64, Kimura (1994) Human Gene Therapy 5 845-852, Connelly (1995) Human Gene Therapy 1 185-193, and Kaphtt (1994) Nα/wre Genetics 6 148-153) Gene therapy vehicles for delivery of constructs mcludmg a coding sequence of a polynucleotide of the invention can be administered either locally or systemically These constructs can utilize viral or non-viral vector approaches Expression of such codmg sequences can be induced using endogenous mammalian or heterologous promoters Expression of the coding sequence can be either constitutive or regulated The present invention can employ recombinant retroviruses which are constructed to carry or express a selected nucleic acid molecule of interest Retrovirus vectors that can be employed mclude those descπbed in EP 415 731, WO 90/07936, WO 94/03622, WO 93/25698, WO 93/25234, U S Patent No 5, 219,740, WO 93/11230, WO 93/10218, Vile and Hart (\993)Cancer Res 53 3860-3864, Vile and Hart (1993) Cancer Res 53 962-967, Ram et al (1993) Cancer Res 53 83-88, Takamiya et al (1992) J Neurosci Res 33 493-503, Baba et al (1993) J Neurosurg 79 729-735, U S Patent no 4,777,127, and EP 345,242 Packaging cell lines suitable for use with d e above-described retroviral vector constructs may be readily prepared (see PCT publications WO 95/30763 and WO 92/05266), and used to create producer cell lmes (also termed vector cell lmes) for the production of recombinant vector particles Within particularly preferred embodiments of the mvention, packagmg cell lines are made from human (such as HT1080 cells) or mink parent cell lmes, thereby allowing production of recombinant retroviruses that can survive inactivation in human serum Gene delivery vehicles of the present mvention can also employ parvovirus such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors Representative examples include the AAV vectors disclosed by Sπvastava m WO 93/09239, Samulski et al (1989) J Vir 63 3822-3828, Mendelson et al (1988) Virol 166 154-165, and Flotte et al (\993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 10613-10617 Also of mterest are adenoviral vectors, e g . those described by Berkner, Biotechmques (1988) 6 616-627, Rosenfeld et al (1991) Science 252 431-434, WO 93/19191, Kolls et al (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 215-219, Kass-Eisler et al (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 11498-11502, WO 94/12649, WO 93/03769, WO 93/19191, WO 94/28938, WO 95/11984 and WO 95/00655 Other gene delivery vehicles and methods may be employed, mcludmg polycationic condensed DNA linked or unlinked to killed adenovirus alone, for example Cuπel (1992) Hum Gene Ther 3 147-154, hgand hnked DNA, for example see Wu ( 1989) J Bwl Chem 264 16985-16987, eukaryotic cell delivery vehicles cells, deposition of photopolymeπzed hydrogel materials, hand-held gene transfer particle gun, as descnbed m U S Patent No 5,149,655, ionizing radiation as descnbed m U S Patent No 5,206,152 and in WO 92/11033, nucleic charge neutralization or fusion with cell membranes Additional approaches are described in Philip (1994) Mol Cell Bwl 14 2411-2418, and m Woffendm (1994) røc Natl Acad Sci 91 1581-1585 Naked DNA may also be employed Exemplary naked DNA introduction methods are described in WO 90/11092 and U S Patent No 5,580,859 Uptake efficiency may be improved usmg biodegradable latex beads DNA coated latex beads are efficiently transported into cells after endocytosis initiation by the beads The method may be improved further by treatment of the beads to increase hydrophobicity and facilitate disruption of the endosome and release of the DNA into the cytoplasm Liposomes that can act as gene delivery vehicles are described m U S Patent No 5,422,120, PCT Nos WO 95/13796. WO 94/23697, and WO 91/14445, and EP No 524 968 Further non- viral delivery suitable for use includes mechanical delivery systems such as the approach described m Woffendm et al (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 11581-11585 Moreover, the codmg sequence and the product of expression of such can be delivered through deposition of photopolymeπzed hydrogel materials Other conventional methods for gene delivery that can be used for delivery of the coding sequence include, for example, use of hand-held gene transfer particle gun, as described in U S Patent No 5,149,655, use of ionizing radiation for activating transferred gene, as descπbed in U S Patent No 5,206,152 and PCT No WO 92/11033 In general, a daily dose of relaxm may be from about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of body weight per day, from about 6 0 to 200 μg/kg, or from about 12 to 100 μg/kg In some embodiments, it is desirable to obtam a serum concentration of relaxm at or above about 1 0 ng/ml, from about 0 5 to about 50 ng/ml, from about 1 to about 20 ng/ml For administration to a 70 kg person, a dosage may be in a range of from about 2 μg to about 2 mg per day. from about 10 μg to 500 μg per day, or from about 50 μg to about 100 μg per day The amount of relaxm administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject and the seventy of the affliction, the manner and schedule of administration and the judgment of the prescπbmg physician In employing relaxm for treatment of diseases relatmg to vasoconstriction, any pharmaceutically acceptable mode of admmistration can be used Relaxin can be administered either alone or in combmation with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, mcludmg solid, semi-solid, liquid or aerosol dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, capsules, powders, liquids, gels, suspensions, suppositoπes, aerosols or the like Relaxm can also be administered in sustained or controlled release dosage forms (e g , employing a slow release bioerodable delivery system), mcludmg depot injections, osmotic pumps (such as the Alzet implant made by Alza), pills, transdermal and transcutaneous (mcludmg electrotransport) patches, and the like, for prolonged admmistration at a predetermined rate, preferably m unit dosage forms suitable for smgle admmistration of precise dosages The compositions will typically mclude a conventional pharmaceutical earner or excipient and relaxm In addition, these compositions may mclude other active agents (e g , other angiogenic agents, other vasodilation- promotmg agents), earners, adjuvants, etc Generally, dependmg on the mtended mode of admmistration, the pharmaceutically acceptable composition will contam about 0 1% to 90%, about 0 5% to 50%, or about 1%> to about 25%, by weight of relaxm, the remamder bemg suitable pharmaceutical excipients, carriers, etc Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled m this art, for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa , 15th Edition, 1995 The formulations of human relaxin descnbed m U S Pat No 5,451,572, are non-limiting examples of suitable formulations which can be used in the methods of the present mvention Parenteral admmistration is generally characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, lntradermally, intramuscularly or mtravenously, or subcutaneously Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension m liquid pnor to injection, or as emulsions Suitable excipients are, for example, water, salme, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol or the like In addition, if desired, the pharmaceutical compositions to be admmistered may also contam mmor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wettmg or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, solubility enhancers, and the like, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, tπethanolamme oleate, cyclodextπns, and the like The percentage of relaxm contamed m such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the needs of the subject However, percentages of active ingredient of 0 01% to 10% m solution are employable, and will be higher if the composition is a solid which will be subsequently diluted to the above percentages In general, the composition will compπse 0 2-2% of the relaxm m solution Parenteral admmistration may employ the implantation of a slow-release or sustained-release system, such that a constant level of dosage is maintained Vaπous matrices (e g , polymers, hydrophilic gels, and the like) for controlling the sustained release, and for progressively dimmishmg die rate of release of active agents such as relaxm are known in the art See, U S Pat No 3,845,770 (descπbmg elementary osmotic pumps), U S Pat Nos 3,995,651, 4,034,756 and 4,111,202 (descnbing miniature osmotic pumps), U S Pat Nos 4,320,759 and 4,449,983 (descπbmg multichamber osmotic systems refeπed to as push-pull and push-melt osmotic pumps), and U S Pat No 5,023,088 (descπbmg osmotic pumps patterned for the sequentially timed dispensmg of vaπous dosage units) Drug release devices suitable for use m admimstermg relaxm accordmg to the methods of the mvention may be based on any of a vaπety of modes of operation For example, the drug release device can be based upon a diffusive system, a convective system, or an erodible system (e g , an erosion-based system) For example, the drug release device can be an osmotic pump, an elecfroosmotic pump, a vapor pressure pump, or osmotic bursting matrix, e g , where the drug is incorporated mto a polymer and the polymer provides for release of drug formulation concomitant with degradation of a drug-impregnated polymeπc mateπal (e g , a biodegradable, drug-impregnated polymeric mateπal) In other embodiments, the drug release device is based upon an electrodiffusion system, an electrolytic pump, an effervescent pump, a piezoelectπc pump, a hydrolytic system, etc Drug release devices based upon a mechanical or electromechanical infusion pump, are also suitable for use with the present mvention Examples of such devices include those descπbed m. for example, U S Pat Nos 4,692,147, 4,360,019, 4,487,603, 4,360,019, 4,725,852, and the like In general, the present treatment methods can be accomplished usmg any of a variety of refillable, non- exchangeable pump systems Osmotic pumps have been amply descπbed in the literature See, e g . WO 97/27840, and U S Pat Nos 5,985,305 and 5,728.396 Relaxm may be admmistered over a penod of hours, days, weeks, or months, depending on several factors, mcludmg the seventy of the disease bemg treated, whether a recurrence of the disease is considered likely, etc The administration may be constant, e g , constant infusion over a penod of hours, days, weeks, months, etc Alternatively, the admmistration may be mtermittent, e g , relaxm may be admmistered once a day over a period of days, once an hour over a penod of hours, or any other such schedule as deemed suitable Formulations of relaxin may also be admmistered to the respiratory tract as a nasal or pulmonary inhalation aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in combmation with an inert carrier such as lactose, or with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients In such a case, the particles of the formulation may advantageously have diameters of less than 50 micrometers, preferably less than 10 micrometers EXAMPLES The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill m the art with a complete disclosure and descπption of how to make and use the present mvention, and are not mtended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their mvention nor are they mtended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e g amounts, temperature, etc ) but some experimental eπors and deviations should be accounted for Unless mdicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is m degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheπc Example 1 Relaxm is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats Materials and Methods Animal Preparation Long-Evans female rats aged 10-14 weeks were purchased from Harlan Sprague-Dawley (Frederick, MD) They were fed PROLAB RMH 2000 diet containing 048% sodium (PME Feeds Inc , St Louis, MO) and provided water ad libitum To prepare the rats for experimental procedures, they were framed for several hours m a Plexiglas restraining cage (Braintree Scientific Co , Bramtree, MA) on at least five different occasions before surgical intervention These cages afforded sufficient space for grooming of the face and front paws while enting the rat from turning around Thus, accurate timed- urine collections and blood samplings were made possible from the chromcally unplanted bladder and vascular catheters, respectively Rats failing to habituate to the cage were eliminated from the study (<1%) All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Magee-Womens Research Institute The details of the surgical procedures have been previously described See. e g , Conrad (1984) Kidney Int 26 24-29, and Damelson and Conrad (1995) J Cl n Invest 96 482-490 Briefly, usmg ketamine (6 0 mg/100 g body weight) and pentobarbital sodium (2 1 mg/100 g body weight) anesthesia, Tygon catheters were implanted in the abdominal aorta and mfeπor vena cava via the femoral artery and vem, respectively The bladder catheter, a silastic-covered stainless steel cannula. was sewn mto the urinary bladder with a purse-string suture and extenonzed through the ventral abdommal wall This catheter was then plugged allowing the ammal to urmate through the urethra while m her home cage In the ovaπectomized and sham ovaπectomized animals, the ovanes were first gated and then excised, or bnefly manipulated, respectively, via a small incision made m the lateral abdommal wall immediately after the insertion of vascular and bladder catheters All surgenes were conducted using aseptic technique At least a 7-day recovery period w as allowed before experimentation For chrome mfusion of relaxm, an osmotic minipump was inserted subcutaneously (s c ) in the back of the animal under ether anesthesia After shavmg and cleaning the skm with alcohol and betadme, a small incision was made and the mmipump containing either recombinant human relaxm (rhRLX), puπfied porcme relaxm (RLX), or vehicle was inserted Then the incision was closed with surgical staples The model 2001 and 2ML1 osmotic minipumps (Alza Co , Palo Alto, CA) were used for the purified porcme RLX and rhRLX, respectively Influence of chronic infusion of purified porcine RLX, rhRLX, or vehicle on renal function in intact, female rats At the beginning of each experiment, immediately after opening the arterial catheter and before mfusion of fluids, 100 μl of blood was collected mto a hepaπmzed tube After centπfugation to separate blood cells from plasma, the latter was frozen at -20°C until assay for osmolahty Then, three 30-mιnute baseline urine collections with midpoint blood samples and contmuous recording of MAP were made on one or two occasions separated by at least 48 hours, in order to accurately measure control MAP, GFR, ERPF, and ERVR (MAP/ERPF) The hematocnt was also routinely determined on these midpoint blood samples The renal clearances of IN and PAH were used to assess GFR and ERPF, respectively The femoral artenal catheter was connected to a Statham pressure transducer (Gould P23 ID, Statham Instruments, Hato Rev. PR) and a Gould Universal amplifier for measurement of MAP, which was displayed on a Gould 5900 Series Signal Conditioner Cage and TA11 chart recorder Next, an osmotic minipump contammg puπfied porcme RLX (4 μg/hour, n=7 rats), rhRLX (4 μg/hour, n=5) or vehicle (n=4) was implanted MAP, GFR, ERPF, and ERVR were assessed on days 2 and 5 of the mfusion, and 5-12 days after depletion of the 7-day mmipump Details of our methodologies for the assessment of GFR and ERPF m chromcally mstrumented, conscious rats mcludmg the measurement of IN and PAH in both plasma and urine have been previously published Conrad ( 1984) Kidney Int 26 24-29, and Danielson and Conrad (1995) J Clin Invest 96 482-490 Circulating relaxin concentrations of 20-40 ng/mL have been measured in rats of 12- 14 gestational days Sherwood et al (1980) Endocrmol 107 691 -698 An infusion rate of 4 μg/hour for purified porcme RLX or rhRLX would be expected to produce plasma levels of 20-40 ng/mL Influence of chronic infusion of rhRLX on renal function in ovariectomized or sham ovariectomized rats Six female rats each were subjected either to ovaπectomy or sham ovanectomy immediately after the implantation of vascular and bladder catheters Seven days later, renal function and MAP were assessed before the msertion of osmotic mmipumps contammg rhRLX On day 5 of the relaxm mfusion (4 μg/hour), renal function and MAP were again determined Acute infusion ofL-NAME or Ang tensin II during chronic infusion of purified porcine RLX At least 7 days after the implantation of vascular and bladder catheters, osmotic mmipumps contaimng either porcme RLX (4 μg/hour) or vehicle (Ringer's solution) were implanted m intact, female rats (n = 7 and 6 rats, respectively) Renal function and MAP were measured on day 5 of relaxm mfusion (three 30- mmute urine and midpoint blood collections) Next, an mfusion of L-NAME (2 μg/mmute, a substrate competitive inhibitor of NO synthase) was admmistered intravenously (i v ) by infusion pump (Model 200, KD Scientific, Boston, MA) Four 1-hour unne collections with midpomt blood samples were collected for the assessment of GFR. ERPF, and ERVR dunng the L-NAME admmistration Identical procedures were performed on additional animals chromcally administered porcme RLX (n=5) or vehicle (n=5), except that ANG II (3 ng/minute) was infused rather than L-NAME Finally, another four, age- matched control rats were admmistered Ringer's solution instead of either L-NAME or ANG II on day 5 of porcme RLX infusion Metabolic cage studies Six rats were individually housed in Nalgene metabolism cages (Rodent Metabolism Cages for 150-300 g rats, VWR Scientific) Water and food were provided ad hbidum After 5-7 days of habituation, two baselme 24-hour urine collections were obtamed Then, an osmotic mimpump contammg puπfied porcme RLX was implanted (4 μg/hour) Additional 24-hour urine collections were made on days 2 and 5 of relaxm mfusion and on days 4, 12, and 25 after exhaustion of the 7-day mimpump Food and water intake, as well as urinary flow rate were measured by gravimetnc technique The unnary excretion of sodium, cGMP, and NOχ were also determmed The measurements made during the two baselme collections were averaged, as were the measurements made during the three post-relaxin collections Analytic techniques Plasma osmolahty was measured using a freezing-point depression mstrumentation osmometer (Model 3MO, Advanced Instruments, Needham Heights, MA) Plasma and urine IN and PAH were assayed by standard techniques Unnary sodium concentration was measured by ion selective electrode (Sodium-Potassium Chemistry Module, Beckman Instruments, Inc , Brea, CA) Unnary cGMP was determmed by specific radiormmunoassay as previously descπbed Conrad and Veπuer (1989) Am J Physiol 257 R847-R853 Unnary NO x was measured by reduction of mfrate to nitrite, the latter determmed by the Gπess reaction which produces a colonmetπc product measured at 540 run (Nitrate/Nitnte Coloπmetπc Assay Kit, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) One mil hter of blood was obtamed from the rats administered rhRLX for 5 days at the end of the renal function measurements The levels of rhRLX in serum were then measured m a quantitative sandwich immunoassay Unemon et al (1996) J Clin Invest 98 2739-2745 Bπefly, wells of a 96- well microtiter plate (Maxisorp Immunomodules, Nunc, Inc , Naperville, IL) were coated overmght with affinity puπfied anti-rhRLX rabbit polyclonal antibody Sera were diluted m phosphate buffered salme contammg Tween 20, Thimerosal, bovme serum albumin (Sigma Chemical Co , St Louis, MO) and normal goat IgG (Organon Teknika-Cappel, Durham, NC), and 100 μl were added to wells in duplicate After an overnight mcubation at 4°C, the wells were washed and 100 μl of affimty-punfied, peroxidase- conjugated, anti-rhRLX rabbit polyclonal antibody was added to each well After an appropπate mcubation penod at room temperature, the wells were washed agam, and 100 μl of a tetramethylbenzidme solution was added to each well After color development, the reaction was stopped, absorbances at 450/630 nm were measured, and relaxm concentrations m the sera were determmed by entering data mto a four-parameter logistic curve-fittmg program The assay has been validated for use with munne serum, shows no detectable cross-reactivity with natural murine relaxm, and has a lower detection limit of 20 pg/ml Preparation of drugs PAH and IN were freshly prepared on the morning of the experiment usmg Ringer's solution as diluent Inu n, characteristically insoluble at ambient temperature, was prepared for infusion by heatmg a 15 ml aliquot m a boiling water bath for 10 minutes When diluted in Ringer's solution and mixed with PAH, it remamed in solution throughout the experiment L-NAME (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO) was also prepared m Rmger's solution within an hour of use ANG II (5-ILE All or Hypertensm II, Sigma Chemical, St Louis. MO) was prepared from a stock solution m 5% dextrose ( 100 μg/ml) which was frozen m ahquots at -20°C Fmal dilutions were made in Rmger's solution immediately before infusion For chrome infusion by osmotic mimpump, rhRLX (Connetics. Palo Alto, CA) was prepared from a stock 1 5 mg/mL solution m 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5 0, and diluted accordingly in the same buffer, and the lyophilized, puπfied porcme RLX (Sherwood and O'Byrne (1974) Arch Bwchem Biophys 160 185-196) was dissolved m Rmger's solution For acute mfusion, the lyophilized purified porcme RLX was prepared daily mimediately pnor to use in Rmger's solution contammg 0 01% rat albumin (Cappel Research Products, Durham, NC) Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were earned out essentially as descπbed Zar (1984) Biostatistical Analysis Prentice Hall, NJ Data are presented as mean ± SEM Most data were analyzed usmg repeated measures mixed models with treatment group and time as fixed effects If significant mam effects or mteractions were observed, then Dunnett's test was used to compare least-squares means for baselme values with all subsequent tune peπods Least-squares means for rats admmistered vehicle, recombinant human and puπfied porcme RLX were compared usmg Scheffe's procedure for multiple compaπsons For Table 5 (see below), one factor repeated measures ANOVA was used, and group means were compared by Orthogonal Contrasts A p-value of < 0 05 was considered to be significant Results Chronic infusion of rhRLX, purified porcine RLX, or vehicle (Figures 1 A-D) The tune control expenments usmg either the vehicle for rhRLX (20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5 0, n=2 rats) or the vehicle for porcme RLX (Rmger ' s solution, n=2 rats) showed relative stability of MAP, GFR, ERPF and ERVR over the two week or so study penod (p = NS by ANOVA) Because the results obtamed with the two different vehicle preparations were comparable, they were combmed While chrome mfusion of puπfied porcme RLX at 4 μg/hour did not significantly change MAP, there was a marked mcrease m GFR and ERPF, as well as a reciprocal reduction m ERVR on both days 2 and 5 of admmistration (p < 0 05 vs baselme and vehicle) Similar results were obtamed for rhRLX, except that significance was not reached until day 5 of mfusion Chronic infusion of rhRLX in ovariectomized or sham ovariectomized rats (Figures 2 A-D) The profound πse m GFR and ERPF, as well as fall m ERVR observed on day 5 of relaxm infusion were comparable m ovanectoπuzed and sham ovaπectomized rats (p = NS) Acute infusion of L-NAME or ANG II during chronic mfusion of purified porcme RLX The renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration m the relaxm-treated rats observed on day 5 of mfusion was completely abrogated by NO synthase inhibition, as shown in Table 1 Table 1 shows the effect of L- NAME on Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and function m conscious rats admmistered porcme RLX or Ringer' Solution (vehicle) for 5 da> s MAP, GFR, ERPF, and ERVR were measured at time zero (baselme), and at 60, 120, 180, and 240 mmutes after admimstenng L-NAME and either RLX or vehicle alone Values represent the mean ± SEM L-NAME (Nω-mtro-L-argimne meth 1 ester) was infused at 2 μg/mmute intravenously, and relaxm was admmistered at 4 μg/hour by osmotic mmipump subcutaneously There were 7 and 6 rats, respectively, in the RLX and vehicle groups An asterisk denotes p< 0 05, the symbol H denotes p<0 05 for RLX vs vehicle Table 1 To minimize the possibility that the convergence of renal function in the relaxin and vehicle infused rats elicited by L-NAME was merely a consequence of nonspecific renal vasoconstπction, the experimental paradigm was repeated usmg another vasoconstnctor, ANG II Rather than converging, ERPF and ERVR diverged even further dunng t ie acute infusion of angiotensm II. as shown in Table 2 Values are provided as mean ± SEM Relaxin, RLX, Angiotensm II, ANG II ANG II was infused at 3 ng/min I v , and RLX at 4 μg/h by osmotic mimpump s c There were five rats each m the RLX and vehicle groups *p < 0 05 vs baselme, Hp < 0 05 RLX vs vehicle Table 2 Thus, these results were diametrically opposed to those obtained using the L-NAME L-NAME produces a significantly greater nse m MAP and ERVR, and reduction in GFR and ERPF m the relaxin- treated compared to vehicle infused rats (p < 0 05 by ANOVA) In contrast, the percent increase m MAP and reduction in GFR elicited by ANG II was comparable in the RLX treated and vehicle infused rats, whereas the percent increase m ERVR and reduction in ERPF was markedly attenuated in the rats admmistered chronic relaxm (p < 0 001 vs vehicle by ANOVA) Another group of rats chronically treated with porcme RLX was admmistered Rmger's solution instead of L-NAME or ANG II, and thus served as tune controls Neither MAP nor any of the renal parameters were consistently altered over the 6 hours or so of vehicle infusion, as shown m Table 3 Values are provided as mean ± SEM Relaxin, RLX n = 4 rats Rmger's solution was infused at the same flow rate as L-NAME (Table 1) or ANG II (Table 2), 12 5 μl/min RLX was infused at 4 μg/hour by osmotic minipump s c Table 3 Hematocnt and plasma osmolahty In the intact, female rats chromcally admmistered either puπfied porcme or rhRLX for the study of renal function, both the hematocnt and plasma osmolahty showed significant decrements by day 2 (p < 0 05) The results are shown m Table 4 Data are presented as mean ± SEM rhRLX, recombinant human relaxm RLX was infused at 4 μg/h by osmotic mmipump s c There were 7, 4, and 5 rats, respectively, in the porcme RLX, vehicle, and rhRLX groups at baselme, and days 2 and 5 of treatment Dunng the post RLX penod, 6, 2, and 2 rats were studied m the porcme RLX, vehicle and rhRLX groups Two of the rats m the vehicle group received Rmger's solution (vehicle for porcme RLX), and two received 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5 0 (vehicle for rhRLX) The results were not different, and therefore, the data were combined *p < 0 05 vs baselme, Hp < 0 05 RLX vs vehicle Table 4 Urinary excretion ofcGMP andNO x The 24-hour unnary excretion of cGMP and NOχ were not significantly affected by the chrome infusion of porcine RLX at 4 μg/hour (p = NS by ANOVA) In the same animals, unnary sodium excretion and water intake were significantly increased on days 2 and 5, respectively, of relaxm infusion (p < 0 05 vs baselme and post RLX) The results are shown m Table 5 Values represent mean ± SEM Relaxm, RLX, NOχ, nitrate+nitπte, cyclic guanosιne-3',5'- monophosphate, cGMP n = 6 rats RLX was infused at 4μg/hour by osmotic mimpump s c *p < 0 05 vs baselme and post RLX Table 5 Serum relaxin In 17 of the rats, we measured the serum concentration of the rhRLX that was infused by osmotic mmipump at 4 μg/hour for 5 days The mean ± SEM was 28 1 + 4 8 ng/mL Example 2 Impact of gender and endothelin on renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration induced by relaxin in conscious rats Methods Animal preparation Long Evans female and male rats of 10-14 weeks of age were used Those animals studied at the University of New Mexico were purchased from Harlan (Indianapolis, IN) and were fed PROLAB RMH 2500 diet contammg 0 40% sodium (PME Feeds Inc . St Louis, MO) The rats investigated at the Magee-Womens Research Institute were purchased from Harlan Sprague-Dawley (Frederick, MD) and they were fed PROLAB RMH 2000 diet contammg 0 48% sodium (PME Feeds Inc , St Louis MO) The rats were maintamed on a 12 hour light dark cycle m fully accredited Animal Resource Facilities approved by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care All experiments were approved by the Institutional Ammal Care and Use Committee of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine or the Magee-Womens Research Institute Prior to surgical preparation, the rats were habituated to Plexiglass experimental cages (Brarntree Scientific Co , Bramtree MA) over 5 days The first two training periods were short-- approximately 1-2 hours each For the last three sessions, the time was lengthened to match the duration of the experimental protocol The cages permitted the rats to groom their face and paws, but prevented them from turning around, thus allowing for accurate, timed urine collections to be made (see below) Any rats failing to adapt to the experimental cage were eliminated from the study (< 5%) The surgical procedures have been previously descπbed m detail Conrad ( 1984) Kidney Int 26 24-29, Conrad and Colpoys (1986) J C n Invest 11 236-245, Danielson and Conrad (1995) J Clm Invest 96 482-490, and Danielson and Conrad (1996) Circ Res 79 1161-1166 Bπefly, while under general anesthesia usmg ketamine (6 0 mg/100 g BW intramuscularly (l m )) and sodium pentobarbital (2 1 mg/100 g BW mtrapeπtoneally (I p )) and aseptic technique, the rats were prepared with Tygon catheters (0 015 mch ID and 0 030 mch OD, Norton Performance Plastics, Akron OH) implanted m the abdommal aorta and rnfeπor vena cava via the femoral artery and vem, respectively The catheters were tunneled subcutaneously and extenoπzed between the scapulae After filling them with a l l mixture of sodium hepaπn (1000 U/ml) and 50% dextrose, the catheters were plugged with stainless steel pms The unnary bladder was then exposed through an abdommal incision and a stainless steel catheter covered by a silastic sheathing with flanges was inserted mto the bladder through a small incision at the base and secured with a purse-string suture The bladder catheter was exteriorized through the muscle layers and skin of the ventral abdommal wall, and stoppered with a removable silastic coated obturator that allowed the rat to urmate normally through the urethra while m the home cage After surgery, the rats were returned to their home cages and provided 5% dextrose m water dunng the first 2 days of surgical recovery for additional hydration and nourishment Seven- 10 days of recovery were permitted dunng which time the rats were trained once more to the experimental cage Experimental protocol— male rats After being placed m the experimental cage, a 100 μl blood sample was drawn from the arterial catheter mto a hepaπnized tube for measurement of baselme plasma osmolahty, sodium concentration and hematocnt pπor to the admmistration of any fluids This catheter was subsequently connected to a Statham pressure transducer (Gould P23 ID) and a Gould Universal amplifier to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) which was displayed on a Gould 5900 Series Signal Conditioner Cage and TA 11 chart recorder Next, a bolus of mulin (IN, 0 2 ml of a 20% stock solution/ 100 g BW) and para-aminohippurate (PAH, 0 1 ml of a 2% working solution 100 g BW) was given over 1 mmute into the venous catheter followed by a constant infusion of the two reagents at a rate of 0 5 mg mmute per 100 g BW and 0 1 mg/mmute per 100 g BW, respectively The flow rate was 19 μl/minute delivered by a Model 200 Syringe Pump (kd Scientific, Boston MA) Finally, the obturator m the bladder catheter was removed, and the latter was extended with a short piece of polyethylene tubing to facilitate the collection of urine After an equilibration penod of 60 mmutes, three 30 mmute urine collections with midpoint blood samples were obtained, in order to determme the renal clearances of IN and PAH which provide measures of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal blood flow (ERPF), respectively The technique of urine collection has proven to be reliable Conrad and Colpoys (1986) J Clin Invest 11 236-245, Danielson and Conrad (1995) J Clin Invest 96 482-490, and Danielson and Conrad (1996) Circ Res 79 1161-1166 Indeed, after reaching steady-state m this study, the excretion rates of IN and PAH were 91 + 3 and 100 + 4% of their respective infusions After measunng baseline mean arteπal pressure and renal function, an osmotic mmipump (model 2ML1, Alza Co , Palo Alto CA) contammg either recombinant human relaxm (rhRLX, n = 12 rats) or vehicle (n = 7) was implanted subcutaneously on the back using light ether anesthesia The infusion rate of rhRLX was 4 μg/hour, a rate which produces serum levels comparable to rmdgestation m the female rat when effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate are maximal dunng pregnancy m this species (see Results, below) Five days later, mean arterial pressure (MAP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and other parameters were agam assessed as descnbe above At this time, the excretion rates of IN and PAH were 91 + 3 and 98 + 2% of their respective infusion rates At the end of the experiment, 1 0 ml of blood was collected for determination of serum rhRLX Experimental protocol— female rats After surgical recovery, an osmotic mmipump (model 2ML1, Alza Co , Palo Alto CA) contammg either recombinant human relaxm (rhRLX, n = 9 rats) or vehicle (n = 8) was implanted subcutaneously on the back usmg light ether anesthesia The infusion rate of rhRLX was 4 μg/hour Expeπments were conducted on day 5 of rhRLX or vehicle admmistration MAP and renal function were measured as described above After an equilibration penod of 60 mmutes, three 30 mmute urine collections with midpoint blood samples were obtamed, in order to determine baselme renal clearances of IN and PAH The technique of urine collection was agam reliable After reaching steady-state, the excretion rates of IN and PAH at baselme were 99 + 3 and 100 + 2% of their respective infusions for the rats admmistered rhRLX, and 100 + 2 and 99 + 2% for those given vehicle Following the determmation of baselme MAP and renal function, an infusion of RES-701-1, a selective endothehn type B (ET B ) receptor antagonist (Conrad et al (1999) Am J Physiol 272 F767-F776, and Tanaka et al (1994) Mo/ Pharmacol 45 724-730), was started at a rate of 10 μg/mmute (flow rate 12 μl/minute) through the venous catheter Next, six 40-mιnute renal clearances were obtamed during the infusion of the RES-701 - 1 The average recovery rates for both IN and PAH m the urine were comparable to those descπbed above, I e , > 95% of the infusion rates At the end of the experiment, 1 0 ml of blood was collected fo determination of serum rhRLX In an additional three rats each admmistered rhRLX or vehicle, identical experimental procedures as descπbed above were applied, except that the vehicle for RES-701-1 was infused instead of RES-701-1 Analytical techniques Inulin concentration in plasma and urine was measured by me anthrone method, and PAH was determmed by the method of Bratton and Marshall as modified by Smith This method is described m Conrad (1984) Kidney Int 26 24-29, and references cited therein Plasma sodium was measured by a Kodak Ektachem Instrument (Rochester, NY) Plasma osmolahty was determmed by freezing pomt depression (Advanced Osmometer, Model 3MO, Advanced Instruments, Needham Heights MA) All urme and plasma samples from MWRI were coded and sent to UNM for analysis of IN, PAH, sodium and osmolahty (by L A D ) The rhRLX m serum was measured usmg a quantitative sandwich immunoassay, agam in a blmded fashion Danielson et al (1999) J Clin Invest 103 525-533 Preparation of drugs PAH (para-aminohippurate) (Merck and Co , Inc , West Point PA) and IN (inulin) (Cypros Pharmaceutical Corp , Carlsbad CA) were prepared on the morning of the experiment usmg Ringers solution as a diluent IN, charactenstically insoluble at room temperature, was prepared for mfusion by heatmg the stock ahquots m a boiling water bath for 5-10 mmutes until dissolved When diluted and mixed with PAH and Ringers solution, IN remamed m solution throughout the experiment The rhRLX was at a concentration of 1 5 mg/ml m 20 mM sodium acetate (pH 5 0) The rhRLX was diluted with additional 20 mM sodium acetate for instillation in the osmotic mmipumps, or the 20 mM sodium acetate buffer was administered alone as vehicle The flow rate of the osmotic mmipumps was approximately 10 μl/hour The ET receptor antagonist RES-701-1 — a selective ET B receptor subt pe antagomst puπfied from the broth of Streptomyces sp , was prepared at 37 C C in a dilute 0 02% sodium carbonate solution contammg 5% dextrose Conrad et al (1999) Am J Physiol 272 F767-F776, and Tanaka et al (1994)Mø/ Pharmacol 45 724-730 Statistical analysis There were a total of 12 male rats admmistered rhRLX and 7 administered vehicle Five of the rats receiving rhRLX and 3 given vehicle were studied at a laboratory independently from the remammg rats m the two groups, which were investigated by a second laboratory group The data obtamed from the two laboratoπes were comparable, and therefore, combmed Data are expressed as mean + SEM MAP and renal function measured dunng the three renal clearance periods were averaged for each experiment The results obtained at baselme and after 5 days of rhRLX or vehicle infusion were compared by paired t- tests (Figures 3 A-D) In Table 6, we applied unpaired t-tests A p value of < 0 05 was taken to be significant There were a total of 11 female rats admmistered rhRLX and 10 admmistered vehicle Five in each group were studied at one laboratory, the remaimng rats m the two groups were investigated at a second laboratory The data obtamed by the two laboratoπes were comparable, and therefore, combmed Data are expressed as mean + SEM MAP and renal function measured dunng the three baselme renal clearance periods were averaged The data obtamed from the 6 renal clearance penods dunng the mfusion of RES-701-1 or its vehicle were also averaged Two factor repeated measures analysis of vanance was employed to analyze the data presented m Figures 4A-D If significant mam effects or mteractions were observed, then group means were compared by the method of Contrasts (SuperANOVA, Abacus Concepts, Inc , Berkeley CA) In Table 7, we used unpaired t-tests A p value of < 0 05 was agam taken to be significant Results Male rats The results for MAP and renal function are portrayed m Figures 3A-D The chrome admmistration of rhRLX did not significantly affect MAP In contrast, the hormone significantly mcreased both GFR and ERPF, while reducmg effective renal vascular resistance (ERVR) The vehicle tune-control studies showed stability of both MAP and renal function Table 6 Table 6 depicts the data for hematocnt, plasma osmolahty, and sodium concentration Values presented are HCT, hematocnt, Posm, plasma osmolahty, PNa + , plasma sodium concentration Data represent change from the baselme and are given as the mean ± SEM Values marked with an asteπsk mdicate p < 0 05 These vanables were relatively constant m the vehicle time-control experiments However, in those rats receivmg rhRLX for 5 days, there was a significant decline in all three parameters Relaxm was not detectable m any of the rats that were administered vehicle (n = 7) In those that were admmistered rhRLX, the mean concentration was 12 3 + 0 7 ng/ml (n = 12) Female rats Figures 4A-D portray the results usmg the specific ET B receptor antagomst, RES- 701 - 1 At baselme, both GFR and ERPF were significantly mcreased, and ERVR reciprocally reduced by 20-30% m the rats admmistered rhRLX for 5 days compared to vehicle infusion MAP was not significantly affected Admmistration of RES-701-1 had no significant effect on MAP and renal function m the vehicle treated rats, although ERVR tended to be mcreased In contrast, RES-701 - 1 reduced both GFR and ERPF, and mcreased MAP and ERVR m the rats treated with rhRLX (all p < 0 05 vs baselme) Dunng the mfusion of the ET B receptor antagomst, GFR, ERPF and ERVR converged m the two groups of rats by the end of the second renal clearance penod Table 7 Table 7 depicts the data from the rhRLX or vehicle treated rats administered the vehicle for RES-701-1 mstead of the antagomst (time-control) Values are given as mean ± SEM B, baselme, V. vehicle for RES-701-1 *p < 0 05 rhRLX vs vehicle (for rhRLX) At baselme, GFR and ERPF were increased, and ERVR reduced m the rats admmistered rhRLX for 5 days compared to baselme values observed m the rats receivmg vehicle mstead of rhRLX (all p < 0 05) These differences were mamtamed during the admmistration of the vehicle for RES-701-1 showing of renal function over the 240 min mfusion penod On day 5 of rhRLX admmistration, the mean serum concentration was 16 6 + 1 5 ng/ml Serum rhRLX was not detected in any of the rats admmistered vehicle instead of rhRLX except (inexplicably) for one animal with a value of 0 84 ng/ml Example 3 Systemic relaxin administration stimulates angwgenic/vasod latory cytokine expression and vessel formation m a rat myocardial infarct model Female Sprague Dawley rats, approximately 12-weeks of age were used Rats were anesthetized by lntrapeπtoneal (l p ) injection of up to 1 ml/kg ketamine/medetomidine (6 4) Following exteriorization of the heart, the left coronary artery was ligated near its origin with a silk suture In sham surgery control animals, the suture was placed superficially into the muscle adjacent to the coronary artery Post-closure EKG's were momtored for S-T segment elevation in LCAL animals to confirm the outcome of hgation Immediately following cardiac surgery, a primed mmi-osmotic pump contammg relaxm or vehicle (20 mM acetate, pH 5 0) was aseptically implanted into a subcutaneous (s c ) pocket on the dorsal lnterscapular region Vehicle or relaxin (0 1 mg/kg/day) was delivered as a contmuous s c mfusion for 7 or 21 days to either sham or LCAL animals Animals were terminated on day 7 or 21, and the peπ-infaict regions anterior to the scar m the left ventricle, or equivalent sites on sham surgery animals were harvested The left coronary artery hgation (LCAL) model of myocardial ischemia m the rat (Selye et al (1960) Angwlogy 11 398-407) caused profound, acute damage, mvolvmg up to 50% of the left ventπcular free wall Following systemic relaxm treatment, usmg rhRLX, tissue RNA was examined at 7 and 21 days post-infarction for persistent changes in VEGF and bFGF Cells m the immediate margins surrounding the infarct were sampled to assess angiogenic cytokine expression, usmg quantitative RT-PCR analysis Oligonucleotide primers and TaqMan probes, shown m Table 8, were purchased from BioSource International Inc (Camaπllo, CA), or PE Applied Biosystems for use with the ABI Pπsm 7 7700 Sequence Detection System (quantitative PCR) (PE Applied Biosystems) Table 8 Transcript Sequence Rat VEGF 164 Probe-Sense 'FAM'-TTGCAAGGCGAGGCAGCTTGAGT (SEQ ID NO 1) Rat VEGF 164 -Sense TTCCTGCAAAAACACAGACTCG (SEQ ID NO 2) Rat VEGFi M -cc-sense GGTCTTTCCGGTGAGAGGTCTA (SEQ ID NO 3) Rat VEGFπo-Probe- Sense 'FAM'-CCAGAAAAATGTGACAAGCCA (SEQ ID NO 4) Rat VEGF 120 -Sense GCAGATGTGAATGCAGACCAAA (SEQ ID NO 5) Rat VEGF 120 - -sense CTAGTTCCCGAAACCCTGAGG (SEQ ID NO 6) Rat bFGF Probe-Sense 'FAM'-TGTCCATCAAGGGAGTGTGTGCGAA (SEQ ID NO 7) Rat bFGF-Sense CTACAGCTCCAAGCAGAAGAGAGA (SEQ ID NO 8) Rat bFGF-o -sense AGTTATTGGACTCCAGGCGTTC (SEQ ID NO 9) Rat GAPDH Probe-Sense 'TET " -ACCCATCACCATCTTCCAGGAGCG (SEQ ID NO 10) Rat GAPDH-Sense TTCAATGGCACAGTCAAGGC (SEQ ID NO 11) Rat GAPDH-α-sense TCACCCCATTTGATGTTAGCG (SEQ ID NO 12) hu VEGF 1 65 Probe-Sense ET'-AGCAAGACAAGAAAATCCCTGTGGGCC (SEQ ID NO 13) hu VEGFi 65 -Sense CCAGCACATAGGAGAGATGAGC (SEQ ID NO 14) hu VEGFi65-α-sense GGAACATTTACACGTCTGCGG (SEQ ID NO 15) hu VEGF 121 Probe-Sense 'FAM'-AGAAAAATGTGACAAGCCGAGGCGG (SEQ ID NO 16) hu VEGFi 21 -Sense CCACTGAGGAGTCCAACATCAC (SEQ ID NO 17) hu VEGF ]2 ι-α-sense AGATCTGGTTCCCGAAACCCT (SEQ ID NO 18) hu bFGF Probe-Sense 'FAM'-TATGTGGCACTGAAACGAACTGGGC (SEQ ID NO 19) hu bFGF-Sense GAAGGAAGATGGAAGATTACTGGC (SEQ ID NO 20) hu bFGF-α-sense TTCTGCCCAGGTCCTGTTTT (SEQ ID NO 21) hu HGF-Sense TGGACTTCCATTCACTTGCAAGGC (SEQ ID NO 22) hu HGF-c -sense TGTAGGTCTTTACCCCGATAGCTC (SEQ ID NO 23) hu GAPDH Probe-Sense 'JOE'-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC (SEQ ID NO 24) hu GAPDH-Sense GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC (SEQ ID NO 25) hu GAPDH-α-sense GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO 26) Ohgonucleotides were designed to rat or human bFGF, human VEGF 165 ammo acid or 121 ammo acid isoforms, and theu respective rat homologues (VEGF ]64 and VEGF i2 o), and human HGF (for use with the PE Applied Biosystems "GeneAmp PCR System 9600") Rat and human GAPDH pπmers and probes were purchased from BioSource International Inc and PE Applied Biosystems, respectively Tissue samples and monolayer cells were suspended m RNA STAT-60 (Tel-Test. Inc , Fπendswood, TX) and processed following vendor instructions Reverse transcπption-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) was performed usmg either rat or human total RNA as template 150 ng of total RNA was used for the analysis of VEGF, bFGF and HGF mRNA expression, 10 ng of total RNA was used for GAPDH mRNA expression Reverse franscπption-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reagents were purchased from PE Biosystems (Foster City. CA) The results are shown m Figure 5 RNA was extracted from peπ-infarct regions of rat hearts following LCAL or an analogous area of sham hearts Animals were treated with either vehicle or relaxm (0 1 mg/kg/day) for either 7 or 21 days prior to sacnfice Pπmer/probe sets were used to generate RT-PCR product specific for rat VEGF 164 aa (ammo acid) and 120 aa isoforms, and rat bFGF VEGF and bFGF expression levels are graphed relative to GAPDH transcnpt levels Data are shown as means + SEM, where n=3 per treatment group, + indicates significantly different from sham, * p<0 05 compared to vehicle-treated infarct group, 1 p<0 05 compared to shams, by Student-Newman- Keuls test These results demonstrate that mRNA levels of both VEGF no and bFGF were significantly (p<0 05) elevated m the infarct margins from animals 7 days following infarction, as compared to an analogous area from hearts subject to sham surgery At day 21 , VEGF 120 and bFGF mRNA levels remamed elevated m pen-mfarct areas compared to shams (p<0 05) Unexpectedly the mRNA expression from pen-mfarct tissue was not significantly different from the sham group at either time pomt Absolute baselme levels of VEGF 164 mRNA transcnpts, per microgram of total RNA, were approximately 10-fold greater than those of either the VEGF 120 lsoform or those of bFGF in sham surgery hearts Systemic relaxm administration to infarcted animals caused a significant 2-fold mcrease in peπ- infarct bFGF expression at both 7 and 21 days, compared to vehicle-treated infarcted hearts (p<0 05) At day 7, no changes m relative expression of either VEGF lsoform were observed in the pen-mfarct regions following relaxm treatment compared to vehicle treated hearts At day 21 however, relative levels of VEGF 164 and VEGF 120 transcnpts in relaxm treated hearts showed a trend towards an mcrease, compared to vehicle treated hearts Relaxm administration to sham surgery animals had no effect on VEGF or bFGF mRNA expression Immunohistochemical analysis of the pen-infa ct area of the heart was performed as follows Transverse sections from paraffin embedded hearts were obtamed at 3 levels Sections were stained with H&E to assess neovasculaπzation Slides of heart sections were deparaffinized m xylene and washed with ethanol Slides were then rmsed in stenle double distilled water before proceeding with antigen retπeval, as recommended by the antibody vendor (Biogenex) Sections were incubated for 30 mmutes in 1 5% normal goat blocking serum (Biogenex, San Ramon, CA) and washed three tunes for 5 mmutes each with PBS Sections were then mcubated with a monoclonal antibody agamst VEGF (VEGF-C 1), or a polyclonal antibody agamst bFGF (FGF -2- 147) (both at 5 μg/ml), before washing with PBS Primary, and anti-goat or anti-rabbit secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA) Sections were then mcubated m multihnk, a biotinylated goat anti- immunoglobulin for use with mouse, rabbit, guinea pig and rat primary antibodies (Biogenex) for 30 mmutes at room temperature, followed by washing twice for 10 mmutes each with PBS Sections were labeled with peroxidase conjugated streptavidin for 20 mmutes before finally washing twice for 5 mmutes with PBS and air-drying) Animals were treated with either vehicle or relaxm (0 1 mg/kg/day) for either 7 or 21 days pnor to sacnfice Transverse slices were obtamed along an axis midway between the apex and base of the heart Sections were then stamed with an antibody agamst rat bFGF The results mdicated that bFGF was detectable as diffuse stammg m cardiomyocytes in sham surgery hearts Following infarction, bFGF stammg intensified m the pen-infaict regions at both 7 and 21 days Upon relaxm treatment, bFGF staining m the infarct margins intensified When scored in blmded fashion, relaxin-treated hearts showed more mtense pen-infarct bFGF staining than vehicle- treated hearts at both 7 and 21 days, with peak stammg intensity at day 7 following treatment with relaxm Both cardiomyocytes, identified by colocahzation with desmin, and fibroblasts, which stamed with vimentin, showed enhanced bFGF expression Sections of the left ventπcle from rats with sham surgery showed homogenous, diffuse stammg for VEGF protem in cardiomyocytes, similar to staining for bFGF Following infarction, intense VEGF staining occurred in the pen-infarct regions at 7 and 21 days in both myocytes and fibroblasts No differences m intensity of VEGF stammg between relaxm and vehicle-treated hearts were detected by this method The number of venules, arteπoles and capillanes m the infarct and pen-infarct areas of the left ventπcle were quantified by counting mdividual vessels on H & E (hematoxyhn and eosm) stamed sections Numbers of venules, arteπoles and capillanes were determmed by counting m the area of the infarct, and m the right and left junction areas between the infarcted free wall and viable myocardium Quantitation of venules and arteπoles were obtamed as total number of vessels in the entire area m each of 3 H&E stamed transverse sections of the heart, I e apical, basal and midway between apical and basal levels Quantitation was performed by a histopathologist blmded to the treatment groups Venules compnsed the observed increases in numbers of collateral vessels post-infarction All veins counted m high dry fields were summed to yield vessel number per level Three levels (apical, basal, and middle) were summed for each animal to yield total number of vems N=4-5 animals per treatment group Systemic relaxm admmistration was associated with an mcrease in the number of venules present at day 7 from 113 ± 28 m the infarct region m the acetate group to 163 ± 8 m the similar region m the relaxm group This mcrease was significant at day 21 (p<0 05), as the vessel number increase from 156 ± 15 m the acetate group to 209 ± 13 m the relaxm group Relaxm admmistration did not alter the number of vessels m an analogous area of the left ventπcle following sham surgery To further charactenze the response of cardiac cells to relaxm, primary cultures of human fetal cardiac cells were assessed for the ability to bmd 32 P -relaxm Primary human cardiac cells were purchased from Clonetics-BioWhittaker (San Diego, CA) Cells were denved from two 19 week-old, and one 20 week old male fetus Cells were grown m Smooth Muscle Basal Medium (SmBM) supplemented with bFGF, EGF, msulm, gentamycin, amphoteracin B and 5% fetal calf serum, as prescnbed by the vendor (media and supplements from Clonetics) at 37°C, 5%C0 2 Cardiac cells were seeded m 35 mm wells at 2 5 x 10 5 cells per well 24 hr pnor to competitive binding assay Total and specific binding was then measured Percent specific binding was calculated as (total binding - nonspecific bmdmg) - (total binding) x 100 Human fetal cardiac cells (obtamed from three donors, 19 to 20 weeks of age) m culture were treated with 100 μM 32 P-labeled relaxm for 2 hr at room temperature with or without a 1000-fold excess of unlabeled relaxin Binding to rat neonatal cardiac cells is provided for comparison Each donor culture w as examined in triplicate Specific, displaceable binding ranging from 40% to 55% was demonstrated on human cardiac cells from multiple fetal donors (19 and 20 weeks gestational age) Stammg of the monolayer of fetal cardiac cells showed 100% staining for vimentin Approximately 10-20% of the cells stamed with both desmm and vimentm, suggestmg the acquisition of a differentiated myocyte-like phenotype by a proportion of cells To determine if the effects of relaxin observed m the rat were also seen in human cells, total RNA from cardiac cells was extracted following treatment of cells with 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml relaxin for 24 hours The results are shown in Figure 6 Human cardiac cells were cultured for 24 hours either without or with relaxin (1-100 ng/ml) Untreated cells were incubated for the same 24 hour period under hypoxic (2% 0 2 ) conditions Using 150 ng of total RNA for human VEGF and bFGF transcripts and 10 ng of total RNA for GAPDH transcnpts. primer/probe sets were used to generate RT-PCR products for human VEGF 165aa and 121aa isoforms and human bFGF Data were analyzed using Sequence Detector vl 6 3 software (Applied Biosystems/PE) VEGF and bFGF expression levels are graphed relative to GAPDH transcnpt levels Data are shown as means + SEM, where n=3 per treatment group, * p<0 05, Student-Newman-Keuls test Relaxm induced dose-related increases m the expression of transcnpts of VEGF ]6 5, and bFGF, as shown m Figure 6 VEGFι 65 and VEGFπi mRNA showed maximum 2 3-fold and 3-fold mcreases m expression over untreated controls at 100 ng/ml doses of relaxm (p<0 05) Basic FGF expression also demonstrated a dose-dependant mcrease, reaching a maximum elevation of 2 2-fold over baselme at the 100 ng/ml dose (p<0 05) Absolute baselme levels of bFGF mRNA transcnpts expressed by these cells were approximately 2-fold greater than those of either the VEGF 121 or the VEGF ]6 5 isoforms Total RNA from cells mcubated under hypoxic conditions was analyzed as a positive control for the stimulation of VEGF isoforms As predicted, mRNA transcnpt levels for both VEGF isoforms mcreased 220% over untreated control levels following 24 hr exposure to hypoxia, as shown in Figure 6 bFGF expression was not induced by hypoxia Transcripts for human HGF, another potent angiogenic factor (Moπshita et al (1999) Hypertension 33 1379-1384) showed no difference in expression between untreated and relaxin treated cells Relaxm had no effect on cellular proliferation, as assessed by 3 H-thymιdιne incorporation, on cellular morphology, or on desmin or vimentm stammg patterns Consistent with RT-PCR data, relaxm stimulated a small but significant dose-related mcrease in levels of VEGF protem secreted by human cardiac Cells were seeded in 35 mm wells at 2 5 x 10 cells per well 24 hours pnor to treatment with relaxm Cells were washed twice with SmBM (no supplements) and mcubated for 2 hr with SmBM treatment medium (contammg 400 pg ml bFGF, gentamycin, amphoteracin B, and 2% fetal calf serum) at 37°C, 5%C0 2 The medium was then replaced with SmBM treatment medium without relaxm or with concentrations of relaxm from 0 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml Cells were then incubated for 24 hr (37°C, 5%C0 2 ) Relaxin stimulated significant dose-related mcreases m VEGF secretion at all doses, with maximum induction to 155% over control levels at the 100 ng/ml dose Human cardiac cell cultures untreated or treated for 24 hr with 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml of relaxm were analyzed for VEGF and bFGF protem expression by lmmunocytochemistry Human cardiac cells were seeded m two chamber slides at 150.000 cells per chamber 24 hours prior to treatment with relaxm Cells were mcubated without or with 10 or 100 ng/ml relaxm for 24 hours Cells were washed with PBS and fixed with sequential treatment of 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 mmutes, ice-cold acetone for 1 mmute and ice-cold methanol for 1 mmute before air-drymg Slides were then processed as outlmed for rat heart sections with the additional use of monoclonal antibodies agamst vimentm or desmm (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) Cells bemg analyzed for bFGF expression were stamed usmg the protocol outlmed by Vector Laboratories "Vectastain Elite ABC" kit (Vector Labs ), the only deviation from the standard protocol bemg a 1 hour mstead of a 30 mmutes primary antibody mcubation step Untreated cells stained diffusely and uniformly for bFGF Nearly 100% of all cells stamed more mtensely for bFGF expression following treatment with 10 and 100 ng/ml of relaxm for 24 hours Example 4 Systemic administration of rhRLX stimulates ischemic wound healing in rats The effect of rhRLX on normal and ischemic wound healmg in two rat models of dermal wound healmg was evaluated RhRLX in vehicle, or vehicle alone, was delivered by subcutaneous mfusion to Sprague-Dawley rats using an implanted ALZET7 osmotic pump (Alza Corp , Mountain View, CA) In the first model, Hunt-Schilling wound chambers were implanted subcutaneously at either the shoulder or the hip region The fluid and cells contamed within each wound chamber were collected on day 18 for analysis of VEGF protem and mRNA VEGF protem was detected and measured usmg ELISA VEGF-encodmg mRNA was detected usmg Northern blotting and RT-PCR The granulaUon tissue within the wound chambers was collected for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation In the second model, a standardized ischemic, H-shaped, double flap wound was made on the back region The area of surface necrosis was measured on day 14 and day 21 In the wound chamber model, VEGF and bFGF mRNA were mcreased by 31% and 59%. respectively, m the rhRLX-treated rats compared to vehicle-treated rats, at both the shoulder and hip region The amount of granulation tissue (vehicle, 182 mg, rhRLX, 255 mg, p<0 05), the number of capillaries, and the amount of extracellular matrix deposition within the wound chambers in the hip region were all mcreased by rhRLX treatment There was little or no effect of rhRLX treatment on tissue weight (vehicle, 261 mg, rhRLX. 283 mg) or histological appearance of tissue from wound chambers m the shoulder region In the ischemic, H-shaped flap model, rhRLX treatment reduced the surface necrotic area in the flap region, compared to vehicle treatment (vehicle, 195 mm 2 , rhRLX, 123 mm 2 ) These results mdicate that s\ stemic administration of rhRLX stimulates wound healing in ischemic regions through its pro-angiogemc and vasodilatory properties Example 5 Relaxin reduces hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension Protocols Animals and Reagents Outbred 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, 200-220 g body weight, were obtained from Hilltop Laboratories, Scottdale, PA Recombinant human relaxin (rhRlx) (5 0 mg/ml m 20mM sodium acetate, pH5 0) and vehicle (20mM acetate, pH5 0) were provided by Connetics Corporation (Palo Alto, CA) Mmiosmotic pumps were purchased from Alza Corporation (Model 2002, Alza Corp , Palo Alto, CA) Groups and preparation of infusion pumps Mini osmotic pumps were filled to deliver rhRlx at 024 mg/kg/day (low rhRlx), 0 05 mg/kg/day rRlx (hi rhRlx), or vehicle alone Osmotic pumps were inserted subcutaneously m rats under a combmation of ketamine and xylazine anaesthesia The area around the back of the neck was shaved, cleaned with alcohol, and a small incision made for pump insertion Incision was closed with surgical staples After the animals were fully conscious they were randomly assigned to either hypoxic exposure or room air Rats were subjected to either air or hypoxia, as described below There were three groups of rats subjected to air vehicle-treated (veh-air), 0 05 mg/kg/day rhRlx (low rhRlx-air), and 0 24 mg/kg/day rhRlx (hi rhRlx-air) There were three groups subjected to hypoxia vehicle (veh-hyp), 0 05 mg/kg/day rhRlx (low rhRlx-hyp), and 0 24 mg/kg/day hRlx (hi rhRlx-hyp) Hypoxic Exposure and Hemodynamic Measurements Rats were exposed to hypoxia (10% 0 2 , 90% N 2 ) at ambient pressure (Ken et al , 1987) for 10 days, control groups were exposed to room air in the same room Hypoxic animals were fed standard rat chow and water Age-matched control groups were weight-matched by feedmg the amount of food consumed by the rats m the hypoxic groups At the end of the test period, mean nght ventricular pressure (RVP) was measured in rats anaesthetized with an lntrapentoneal mjection of 50 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium The portal vem was then cut for hematocnt measurement (Hct) and blood sampling, and the ratio of the nght ventncle to left ventπcle plus septum measured [RV/(LV+S)] (Ken et al , 1987) To determme the effect of acute admmistration of rhRlx on pulmonary artery pressure, four 10-day hypoxic rats were anaesthetized, as previously descnbed, and RVP monitored for 1 hr following admmistration of a bolus dose of 2 μg rhRlx m 0 2 ml total volume, followed by an infusion of 2 μg rhRlx in 0 2ml, given over 10 mm Biochemical Assays The pulmonary artery trunk, right and left extrapulmonary branches were removed en bloc, cleaned of surrounding tissue, and weighed The left lung was and excised and the entue hilar artery dissected from parenchyma and weighed (Tozzi et al (\994) Am J Respir Crit CareMed 149 1316- 1326) Segments were hydrolyzed. and total hydroxyprolme and protein determined (Poiani et al (1990) Circ Res 66 968-978) Approximately 3 cc of whole blood was centπfuged, serum aspirated, and sample frozen at -20°C for determmation of rRlx levels by ELISA assay Cell Culture Aortic adventitial fibroblasts from normal adult Sprague/Dawley rats were explanted by carefully dissecting the adventitia away from the media and cultunng 1mm 3 pieces m Dulbecco's modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), plus 10% bovme fetal calf serum When cultures were confluent, fibroblasts were dispersed with trypsin and passaged once prior to use in expeπments Fibroblasts were seeded at 10 5 cells/cm 2 m DMEM + 10%FBS in 48-well plates for expeπments and assayed for collagen and fibronectin expression, as previously descnbed (Unemoπ et al (1996) J Clin Invest 98 2739- 2745) Bπefly, fibroblasts were incubated with 1 ng/ml of recombinant human transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) in DMEM supplemented with 0 2% lactalbumin hydrolysate for 24 hours to stimulate extracellular matrix production Half of the cultures were also treated simultaneously with 10 ng/ml of rhRlx Proteins were biosynthetically labeled with 3 H-prohne (25 μCi ml) (Amersham Corp , Arlington Heights, IL), in the presence of ascorbate (50 μg/ml) and β- ammopropiomtnle (80 μg ml), and conditioned media collected 24 hours later Media were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE, and the density of collagen and fibronectm bands was determined by densitometnc scanning usmg a digital imaging system (Alpha Innotech Corp, San Leandro, CA) Relaxin ELISA Levels of relaxm m serum were measured in a quantitative sandwich immunoassay, as previously descπbed (Unemoπ et al (1996) J Clm Invest 98 2739-2745) The assay has been validated for use with rat serum, shows no detectable cross-reactivity with rat relaxm, and has a lower limit of detection of 20 pg/ml Statistics Data were expressed as mean ± SEM Analysis was performed usmg one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison testmg usmg GraphPad Install software and ANOVA with repeated measures (SAS) Results Animals Survival was 100% m all groups Body weights of the hypoxic and control groups at 10 days were not statistically different, as shown m Table 9 Table 9 Group n Body weight, grams rRlx serum levels, ng/ml Veh-hyp 15 240 ±2 0 l mg-hyp 15 242+32 3 2+0 4 5 mg-hyp 10 246+3 11 5+2 5 5 mg-aιr 10 249+4 9 9±2 8 Serum levels of rhRlx on day 10 of exposure to either hypoxia or normoxia were 3 2 ± 0 4 ng/ml (low rhRlx-air), 11 5 ± 2 5 ng/ml (hi rhRlx-air), 2 9 ± 1 0 ng/ml (low rhRlx-hyp), 9 9 ± 1 0 ng/ml (hi rhRlx-hyp) Values were sigmficantly higher m the hi rhRlx groups compared to the low rhRlx groups (p < 0 05, n=8-16), and air and hyp groups were not sigmficantly different Serum levels attamed were similar to levels observed m early pregnancy m rats (Sherwood (1994) Relaxin in The Physiology of Reproduction. E Knobil and J D Neill, eds , Raven Press) Hemodynamics After 10 days of hypoxia, mean RVP was significantly higher m the veh-hyp group than m the veh-air group Chronic admmistration of rhRlx decreased RVP at both low (p < 0 05) and high (p<0 01) doses compared to the veh-hyp group, as shown in Figure 7 Mean RVP was not sigmficantly different among air groups RV/(LV+S) was sigmficantly higher in the veh-hyp group compared to the veh-air group Both the low rhRlx-hyp (p < 0 05) and hi rhRlx-hyp (p < 0 01) had RV/(LV+S) ratios that were significantly reduced compared to the veh-hyp group RV/(LV+S) was similar m all air groups Hct was not sigmficantly different among hyp groups or among air groups, however, all hyp groups were sigmficantly higher than air groups, as previously described (Barer et al (1983) J sιol (Lond ) 336 27-38) Hydroxyprohne and protein content of pulmonary arteries Collagen content was assessed as micrograms of hydroxyprolme per standard length of vessel, as shown in Table 10 Table 10 Group Hydroxyprohne Hydroxyprohne Protein Protein n μg/vessel μg/vessel mg/vessel mg/vessel MPA Hilar MPA Hilar Veh-hyp 101 8+ 1 9 48 4+3 1 3 7+0 2 1 8±0 8 5 1 mg-hyp 95 2+3 6 41 0+3 3 2 3+0 2 0 90±0 2 5 5 mg-hyp 86 6±6 0 * T 37 0+5 0 * ? 2 0+0 4* 0 75±0 8* 5 Veh-air 82 8+4 0 35 8± 1 4 3 1 + 0 3 0 94±0 1 5 1 mg-air 76 4±4 0 38 0+2 3 2 6±0 2 0 78±0 3 5 5 mg-air 75 2+4 0 33 5± 1 5 2 5±0 3 1 1 + 0 1 5 * p< 0 05 compared to veh-hyp, T p≥ 0 05 compared to veh-air MPA is mam trunk pulmonary arter Hydroxyprolme content of the mam pulmonary arteπes (MPA) and hilar vessels m the groups subjected to air was not sigmficantly different from each other Hydroxyprolme content of the MPA and Mar vessels of rats m the veh-hyp group was sigmficantly elevated over that m the veh-air group Hydroxyprohne content of the MPA and hilar vessels m the lo hrRlx-hyp group was slightly decreased compared to the veh-hyp group, but the hi rhRlx-hyp group demonstrated sigmficantly less hydroxyprolme content than the veh-hyp group (p<0 05) Protem contents of the MPA and hilar Λ essels following treatment with the high dose of rhRlx were also sigmficantly reduced compared to veh-lrsp group (p<0 05) Collagen and fibronectm etablexpression by adventitial fibroblasts Rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts constitutively expressed interstitial collagens, as well as fibronectm Treatment with TGF-β (20 ng/ml) increased expression of collagens to 484 ± 67% of control levels The addition of rhRlx (10 ng/ml) inhibited TGF-β-induced collagen over-expression by 21 ± 5% (p<0 05) Fibronectm expression was also mcreased, to 360 ± 5% of control levels, following TGF-β treatment Relaxm treatment decreased TGF-β-mduced over-expression by 28 ± 6% (p<0 05) Example 6 Relaxin induces vascular endothehal growth factor expression and angiogenesis selectively at wound sites Materials and Methods Reagents Recombinant human relaxm was manufactured by Genentech, Inc (Lot #M3RD211 , 1 5mg/ml in lOmM citrate, pH5 0) or Connetics Corporation (Lot 63601, 1 5mg/ml in lOmM acetate, pH5 5) Citrate or acetate buffer, respectively, were used as vehicle control in experiments Recombinant human VEGF was purchased from R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN) Matrigel assay Animals were purchased from Harlan Sprague Dawley (Indianapolis, IN) and were housed according to NIH guidelines Protocols were in compliance with institutional guidelines Matπgel (Collaborative Biomedical, Bedford, MA) was mixed with relaxm to a final concentration of 1 OOng/ml, or mixed with the identical volume of citrate buffer, on ice 100 ml was injected subcutaneously into the flank of female Swiss Webster mice At 11 days, the Matrigel plugs were harvested, fixed, and stained with H & E (hematoxylm and eosm) for assessment of new blood vessel ingrowth Vessel growth was scored on a 0-5 scale 0 = no infiltration, 1 = mmor infiltration, 2 = 3-5 cell layers lnfiltratmg only margins of the plug, 3 = 5-10 cell layers infiltrating margins with some areas of deeper infiltration, <25% of plug infiltrated, 4 = Many areas of deep cellular infiltration, 25-50% of plug infiltrated, 5 = 50-100% of plug infiltrated Endothehal cells preferentially migrate mto the basement membrane matrix Hunt-Schilling wound chamber assay Stainless steel mesh cylmders (0 9 cm X 3 4 cm) fitted with sihcone rubber plugs at both ends were autoclaved pπor to implantation Chambers were implanted mto two separate subcutaneous pockets ("Site 1" on the shoulder and "Site 2" on the hip) on die backs of Sprague Dawley rats At the same tune, osmotic pumps were implanted m a subcutaneous pocket at site distal to that of the chambers At 18 days, chambers were carefully dissected free from the interstitium, and fluid aspirated usmg an 18-gauge needle through the sihcone plugs at the end of the cylmder, and immediately placed on ice Cells suspended within the fluid were pelleted by centπfugation, and cells and fluid were separated Total RNA was harvested usmg RNAzol (Tel-Test, Inc , Fπendswood, TX), according to vendor instructions Fluid was immediately frozen, and assayed at a later date for cyokine content RT-PCR analysis Oligonucleotide primers (see Table 8, above) were designed to amplify rat and human VEGF transcnpts (primers did not distinguish isoforms), as well as those of the housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), usmg die PE Applied Biosystems GeneAmp PCR 9600 system Primers were purchased from BioSource International (Camaπllo, CA) and visualized usmg agarose gel electrophoresis Sense and anti-sense primers for use with the real tune RT-PCR, ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System were designed using the PnmerExpress version 1 0 software (PE Applied Biosystems, Inc ) Rat and human specific pπmer/probe sets mcluded those for GAPDH, bFGF, the VEGF 164 aa or 120 aa rat isoforms, and their respective human homologues (VEGF 165 and VEGF 121) ABI PRISM specific pπmer/probes were purchased from BioSource International Inc or PE Applied Biosystems RT-PCR was performed on 150ng for the analysis of VEGF and bFGF mRNA expression Ten nanograms of total RNA was used for GAPDH mRNA expression PCR products using the ABI Pπsm 7700 Sequence Detection system (all reactions m a total volume of 50ml) were generated usmg pnmer/probe annealmg temperatures of 58°C and 35 cycles of PCR Data were analyzed using Sequence Detector v 1 6 3 software (Applied Biosystems/PE) 3H-thymιdιne uptake Endothehal cells were derived from explant cultures of human neonatal foreskin and rat aorta Primary human endothehal cells from umbilical vein, aorta, and lung were purchased from Clonetics-BioWhittaker Corporation (San Diego, CA) and cultured accordmg to vendor instructions 3 H-thymιdιne uptake was performed, as previously described, m serum-free medium Unemoπ et al (1994) Exp Cell Res 21 166-171 Cell culture THP-1 cells were obtamed from the Ameπcan Type Culture Collection (ATCC# TIB202), and grown m Iscove's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovme serum and 2mM L-glutamme For expeπments, THP-1 cells were cultured at 5 x 10^ cells/ml m 24-well plates, treated and allowed to incubate for various tunes at 37°C Conditioned media and cells were then collected, and cells removed by centnfugation at 500g for 5mm Media were stored at -80°C until assayed ELISA VEGF protem was quantified m an ELISA kit purchased from R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN) The lower limit of sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg/ml Statistical analysis Group compaπsons were done usmg analysis of vaπance and the Student-Newman Keuls method for multiple comparisons Pair-wise comparisons were done using paired t-test Results Relaxin stimulates angiogenesis in vivo The ability of relaxm to mduce new blood vessel growth m vivo was tested in the muπne Matrigel system for assessing angiogenesis Passaniti et al (1992) Lab Invest 67 519-528 Relaxm was mixed with the Matrigel to a final concentration of 100 ng/ml before subcutaneous mjection At 10 days, Matπgel plugs were harvested, processed for histology, and H & E sections scored for vessel mgrowth m blmded fashion Matrigel plugs contammg vehicle alone (citrate or acetate buffer) had some degree of infiltration of cells, reflecting the ability of the Matrigel alone to stimulate a mild lnflammato y reaction and consequent mgrowth of vessels Vessels were identified morphologically as tubular structures that contamed red blood cells The average score of the control plugs was 2-3 on a scale of 0-5 In three separate studies, relaxm mduced sigmficantly more vessel mgrowth than did vehicle alone (p<0 05 vs vehicle control) Recombinant human VEGF (lng ml), which was used as a positive control for angiogenesis m the assay, confirmed the ability of endothehal cells to respond to an angiogenic stimulus when mixed with the Matπgel and injected subcutaneously Relaxm was then assayed for the ability to induce proliferation of endothehal cells directly Relaxm's potential mitogemc effect was tested on human primary umbilical vein, aortic, foreskm, and pulmonary endothehal cells, as well as rat aortic endothehal cells Relaxm did not alter 3 H-thymidine uptake m any of the endothehal cell types tested, unlike 10% serum, which was used as a positive control in these assays Alterations m other aspects of endothehal cell phenotype that are believed to coπelate with angiogenesis were also tested Relaxm had no effect on collagen expression, judged by SDS-PAGE of 3 H-prolιne-labeled cellula protems, or metalloprotemase or tissue inhibitoi of metalloprotemase- 1 secretion, assessed by gelatm zymography Relaxm had no effect on the ability of endothehal cells to mvade the substrate or to form tube structures (l e m vitro capillanes) when cultured on a Type I collagen or Matπgel substrate, nor did it mduce chemotaxis in vitro Furthermore, binding of 32 P- labelled relaxm to endothehal cells could not be detected Therefore, relaxin had no apparent effect directly on endothehal cells Relaxm stimulates angiogenic cytokine expression in vivo Relaxin was admmistered SΛ stemically to rats usmg osmotic pumps In order to assess relaxm's ability to modulate expression of angiogenic cytokmes at wound sites, Hunt-Schilling wound chambers were used for fluid and lnflammatoπ. cell collection Wound chambers were implanted subcutaneously at two sites, the shoulder and the hip. distal to the site of pump implantation Fluid and cells were collected at a pomt (18 days) dunng the healmg time course when endogenous angiogenic activity and the cellular source, macrophages, were known to be present Total RNA was harvested from wound cells and analyzed by RT-PCR for VEGF transcnpts When analyzed on an agarose gel, there were two distmct bands compnsmg the amplified products, corresponding to the 121aa and 164aa, isoforms of VEGF Expression of both isoforms appeared to be enhanced in relaxin-treated animals Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was then utilized for analysis of expression of the two isoforms of VEGF Abundance of the transcnpts was normalized to expression of the housekeepmg gene, GAPDH (Figure 8a) Expression of transcnpts of both the VEGF 164 and VEGF 120 isoforms m control animals was higher m the hip wound chambers than the shoulder, but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0 056 and 0 078, respectively) Relaxm admmistration upregulated expression of VEGF 164 mRNA m the anteriorly placed wound chamber (p<0 01) and was associated with a trend toward an increase m the chamber placed on the hip VEGF 120 mRNA also showed trends toward increases at both sites following relaxm admmistration A similar analysis was earned out for bFGF mRNA levels m wound cells (Fig 8b) Baselme expression of bFGF mRNA transcnpts was sigmficantly higher m the wound chamber on the hip than on the shoulder, consistent with endogenous stimulation by the comparatively hypoxic environment of the posteπor dermis Relaxm mduced a significant upregulation of bFGF transcnpts in wound cells from both shoulder and hip chambers (both p <0 05) Resident macrophages and immune cells from other non-wound sources were also harvested from vehicle- and relaxin-treated rats, and assayed for VEGF expression by RT-PCR Alveolar macrophages or spleen cells had no detectable or a low level of VEGF expression which did not show an upregulation following relaxm treatment Relaxm induces rapid upregulation of VEGF mRNA in THP-1 cells Because macrophages are the inflammatory cells predominantly responsible for the angiogenic response that occurs dunng healmg, a monocyte/macrophage cell lme shown previously to bmd relaxm with high affinity (THP-1) (Parsell et al (1996) J Bwl Chem 271 27936-27941) was tested for relaxm lnducibihty of VEGF and bFGF THP-1 cells were cultured in vitro, treated with relaxin (lOOng/ml) for 3 hours, and assayed for VEGF and bFGF mRNA mduction Transcnpts for VEGF were specifically upregulated by relaxin treatment (Fig 9) In order to determme whether the increase m VEGF mRNA observed following short-term relaxin treatment was reflected by an elevation in secreted VEGF protem, THP- 1 cells were treated with relaxm (0 01-lOOng/ml) for 24h, the conditioned media collected, and VEGF content in the media quantified by ELISA Relaxm mduced VEGF protein secretion in a dose-dependent manner, to approximately 150%, with a threshold relaxm concentration of 0 2-1 0 ng/ml required for stimulation Relaxin caused no observable morphological changes, such as adherence to plastic or aggregation, nor did it influence 3 H-thyrmdme uptake, or metalloprotemase expression patterns Example 7 Effect of relaxin on normal and impaired would healing in rats To assess the effect of rhRlx treatment on granulation tissue formation in normal and ischemic wounds, Hunt-Schilling wound chambers were implanted subcutaneously in either the shoulder or the more hypoxic hip region of female Sprague Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratones, MA) The wound chambers, fine stainless steel mesh cylinders sealed with medical grade sihcone, provide a defined dead space for granulation tissue formation RhRlx or vehicle was admmistered contmuously via an Alzet pump unplanted subcutaneously On day 18 after surgery, the granulation tissue contamed within the chambers was harvested The mean wet weight of granulation tissue (n=6) contamed within the wound chambers from the hip region was lower than that in the wound chambers from shoulder region, presumably reflecting the more ischemic nature of the postenor site Systemic admmistration of rhRlx was associated with a sigmficant mcrease in the weight of granulation tissue m the wound chambers at the hip region (p<0 05), but not at the shoulder The increase m granulation tissue in the chambers in the hip region was accompanied by an increase m bFGF, and VEGF expression in wounds cells and an increase m new blood vessel formation These results indicate that rhRlx treatment selectively enhances granulation tissue formation in ischemic wounds by stimulating angiogenesis via the induction of VEGF and bFGF m wound cells To determme whether rhRlx would improve healmg m this model of unpaired healmg, standardized full thickness ( 1 5 cm X 1 5 cm) wounds were made on the back of db/db mice (Jackson Laboratoπes, Bar Harbor, ME) Mice were treated continuously for 21 days with rhRlx via a subcutaneously implanted Alzet pump at a dose of either 0 1 mg/kg/day or 0 2 mg/kg/da Wound areas were measured m the course of the study Healmg is presented as wound area on day 14 relative to the original size of the wound on day 0 and is calculated as % of original wound area = [Area on day 14/area on day 0] x 100 Systemic administration of rhRlx at a dose of 0 2 mg/kg/day sigmficantly unproved wound closure compared to that of animals treated with vehicle at 14 days Wound closure was expressed as "% of onginal wound area " There were 8-20 animals per group Wound closure was 91 4% in control group vs 64% in the relaxin-treated group (p<0 05 by Student-Newman-Kuels test) The differences m the extent of wound healmg were small among vehicle control and low dose of rhRlx treatment as well as PDGF (5 μg/wound/day for 5 days) treated mice At day 21 -post surgery, the wounds were also excised and fixed in formalin prior to paraffin embedding Sections from the middle of the wound were stamed with Masson's tπchrome and evaluated by two investigators Wounds treated with rhRlx were covered by a thick, cellular and vascular granulation tissue Wound treated with vehicle demonstrated a very thin layer of granulation tissue and little angiogenesis inflammatory cell accumulation was present at the wound edges Neovasculaπzation is a key component of granulation tissue formation New blood vessel formation is stimulated by a vanety of growth factors including bFGF, and VEGF Recently, we demonstrated relaxm's ability to induce both VEGF and bFGF in THP-a, a cell line of monocyte lineage. in vitro and m ischemic wound sites in vivo Immunohistochemical stammg of the midsection of full thickness wounds usmg polyclonal antibody to von Willebrand factor VHI-related antigen was used to identify new blood vessels m the wounds Administration of rhRlx was associated with stronger positive stammg m the wounds from rhRlx treated mice compared to the wounds of vehicle treated animals In the third ammal model, a standard ischemic wound (H-shaped, 8 cm long and 2 cm wide) was created on the back region of rats Perforating branches of the central vein were cut to ensure that the wound was ischemic The resultmg wound is then ischemic, but not completely necrotic On day 14 and day 21, the surface necrosis was measured RhRlx treatment (0 2 mg/kg via mmipump) reduced the surface necrotic area m the flap region, compared to vehicle treatment (at day 14 vehicle 195 mm , rhRlx 123 mm 2 , at day 21vehιcle 180 mm 2 , rhRlx 103 mm 2 ) Immhunohistochemical staining on NO synthase indicates that systemic treatment of rhRlx enhances the expression of NO synthase on vascular endothehum Example 8 Relaxin increases kidney function in cyclosporme-treated rats Cyclosporme A (CsA) is used as an immunosuppressant to prevent or reduce the incidence of transplant rejection m transplant patients A sigmficant drawback to its use, however, is that nephrotoxicity is associated with its prolonged use Studies were conducted to determine whether relaxm could ameliorate the untoward effects of CsA on kidney function Female Sprague-Dawley rats, 10-12 wks old (body weight 250 g) were treated with CsA 30 mg/kg/day by oral gavage (day 0- 10) Relaxin (rhRlx) was administrated via subcutaneous pumps at dose of either 0 1 mg/kg/day or 0 5 mg/kg/day for 10 days (day 0-10) On day B2 (baselme), Day 4, and Day 9, all rats were put into metabolic cages The 24-hour urine volume was measured to calculate urine flow rate usmg the following formula Urme flow rate = 24-hour urme volume/ 1440 minutes/body weight Blood and urme were collected for creatmme measurement to calculate the GFR usmg the following formula Creatmme clearance = Urme creatinine m 24-hour volume/Serum creatmme per 1440 mmutes Urme flow rate for CsA treated rats, and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) for CsA treated rats was measured, and the results mdicated that CsA treatment decreases renal function The results of relaxm treatment of normal and CsA-treated animals are shown m Tables 11 and 12, below In this system, systemic treatment of rhRlx (0 5 mg/kg) to normal rats enhanced both unne flow rate and creatmme clearance by day 5 (168% and 147% compared to the baselme) CsA treatment alone sigmficantly reduced unne flow rate and creatmme clearance on both day 5 and day 10 compared to baseline by 30- 35% (p<0 05) The unne flow rate and creatinine clearance m animals treated with both CsA and rhRlx at either a dose of 0 1 mg/kg or 0 5 mg/kg were sigmficantly improved compared to those of animals treated with CsA alone Table 11 Urine Flow * P < 0.05 vs normal group P < 0.05 vs CsA group Table 12 GFR P < 0.05 vs normal group ** P <0.05 vs CsA group The data indicate that relaxin sigmficantly improves kidney function m CsA-treated ammals Example 9 Relaxin decreases blood pressure and improves kidney function in humans A clinical trial was conducted with human subjects, age 18 to 70 years Subjects were treated with either 10 μg relaxrn/kg body weight/day (minimum of 36 subjects), 25 μg relaxin/kg body weight/day (minimum of 72 subjects), or placebo (minimum of 72 subjects) for 24 weeks Admmistration was by contmuous subcutaneous infusion, usmg a pump The relaxm was recombmant human relaxin (rhRlx) At various tune pomts, diastohc blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and creatmme clearance (as a measure of renal function) were measured Creatmme clearance was calculated usmg the following formulas For females Creatmme clearance = ((140 - age) x weight (kg)/72 x serum creatmme (mg/dL)) x 0 85 For males Creatmme clearance = (140 - age) x weight (kg)/72 x serum creatmme (mg/dL) The change in each measured parameter was calculated (value at week x - week 0 value) The results are shown m Figures 10-13 The results indicate that treatment with the 25 μg/kg/day dose of rhRLXN reduced diastohc and systolic pressure sigmficantly from about week 2 through week 24 The threshold for obtaining this effect was greater than 10 μg rhRLXN/kg day The results further indicate that at both the 10 μg rhRLXN/kg/day and the 25 μg rhRLXN/kg/day treatments resulted in an improvement m renal function, as measured by an mcrease m creatmme clearance This latter result indicates an mcrease m blood flow Taken together, the data demonstrate that treatment with greater than 10 μg rhRLXN/kg body weight/day is effective in mcreasmg cardiac output The fact that a reduction in the cardiac afterload (as shown by the decrease m mean arteπal pressure) without a worsening m renal function indicates that there was a concomitant mcrease in cardiac output as a result of the treatment Example 10 Relaxm reduces myogemc reactivity of isolated, small renal arteries Myogemc reactivity is a dynamic and complex integrative vascular behavior which can be assessed in small renal arteries utilizing the pressunzed artenograph Equivalent tone was first established m all vessels by constricting them to 75% of their baselme diameter at 60mm Hg usmg the adrenergic agomst, phenylephnne Next the arteπes which began at an initial pressure of 20 mm Hg were subjected to a rapid mcrease m transmural pressure of 20 mm Hg mcrements in the absence of flow Figure 14 shows that when female rats are admmistered rhRLX for 5 days, small renal arteπes isolated from these animals show reduced myogemc reactivity ex vivo Vessels isolated from relaxin- treated rats showed a larger mcrease m diameter from baselme compared to those isolated from vehicle treated rats These data demonstrate that rhRLX treatment in vivo decreases the vasoconstπction of renal vessels to rapid mcreases m pressure This blunted myogemc reactivity following rhRLX treatment of nonpregnant rats mimics pregnancy (Gandley RE, Conrad KP, McLaughlin MK Am J Physiol Integrative Comp Physiol 280 R1-R7. 2001) Morever, as dunng pregnancy, this blunted myogemc reactivity can be reversed b\ adding inhibitors of nitric oxide to the vessel bath Furthermore, Figure 15 shows that female rats chromcally admmistered rhRLX also demonstrate reduced myogemc reactivity of small mesenteπc arteries That is, the effect of rhRLX does not apply only to the renal vasculature While the present mvention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spiπt and scope of the invention In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spmt and scope of the present invention All such modifications are mtended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is 1 A method of treating hypertension, compπsmg admimstenng to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation compπsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to reduce hypertension 2 The method according to claim 1, wherem the hypertension is renal hypertension 3 The method accordmg to claim 1 , wherem the hypertension is pulmonary hypertension 4 The method of claim 1 , wherein the relaxm is administered to the patient in an amount in a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight 5 The method of claim 1, wherem the formulation is admmistered daily over a period of time sufficient to obtam a therapeutic effect m the patient 6 The method of claim 1, wherem the formulation is an injectable formulation 7 The method of claim 1 , wherem relaxm is admmistered to the patient at a predetermined rate so as to maintain a serum concentration of relaxin of from about 0 5 to 50 ng/ml and continuing the admmistration over a penod of tune sufficient to obtain a therapeutic effect m the patient 8 A method of treating hypertension, compnsmg admmistering an injectable formulation compnsmg pharmaceutically active recombinant human relaxm to a patient in an amount m a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight, and contmumg d e admmistration over a period of time sufficient to obtam a therapeutic effect in the patient 9 A method of mcreasmg vasodilation, compπsmg admimstermg to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation compπsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to mcrease vasodilation 10 The method of claim 9, wherem the relaxm is administered to the patient in an amount m a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight 11 The method of claim 9, wherem the formulation is an injectable formulation, wherein the pharmaceutically active recombmant human relaxin is administered to a patient in an amount in a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight, and wherein the admmistration is continued over a penod of tune sufficient to obtam a therapeutic effect m the patient 12 A method of mcreasmg renal function, comprising administeπng to a patient m need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation compπsmg pharmaceutically active relaxin m an amount effective to mcrease a parameter associated with renal function 13 The method of claim 12, wherem the parameter associated with renal function is glomerular filtration rate 14 The method of claim 12, wherein the relaxm is administered to the patient m an amount m a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight 15 The method of claim 12, wherem the formulation is an injectable formulation, wherem the pharmaceutically active recombmant human relaxm is administered to a patient in an amount in a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight, and wherein the admmistration is contmued over a penod of time sufficient to obtam a therapeutic effect m the patient 16 A method of treatmg an ischemic condition, compπsmg admimstenng to a patient m need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation compnsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to treat the ischemic condition 17 The method of claim 16, wherein the ischemic condition is selected from the group consistmg of an ischemic wound, stroke, and an ischemic cardiac condition 18 The method of claim 16, wherem the relaxm is admmistered to the patient m an amount m a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight 19 The method of claim 16, wherem the formulation is an injectable formulation, wherem the pharmaceutically active recombmant human relaxm is admmistered to a patient m an amount m a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight, and wherem the administration is contmued ove a period of tune sufficient to obtam a therapeutic effect m the patient 20 A method of promotmg wound healmg, compπsmg admimstenng to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation compnsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to promote wound healmg 21 The method of claim 20, wherem the relaxm is admmistered to the patient in an amount in a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight 22 The method of claim 20, wherem the formulation is an injectable formulation, wherein the pharmaceutically active recombmant human relaxm is admmistered to a patient m an amount m a range of about 0 1 to 500 μg/kg of patient body weight, and wherem the administration is contmued over a period of tune sufficient to obtam a therapeutic effect m the patient 23 A method for mcreasmg production of an angiogenic cytokine m an mdividual, compπsmg admimstenng a pharmaceutical formulation compπsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to mcrease production of an angiogenic cytokine 24 The method of claim 23, wherem the angiogenic cytokine is basic fibroblast growth factor 25 The method of claim 23, wherem the angiogenic cytokine is vascular endothehal cell growth factor 26 A method of mcreasmg mtπc oxide production m an endothehal cell of a blood Λ essel endothehum, compπsmg administering to an mdividual a pharmaceutical formulation compπsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to mcrease nitnc oxide production m a cell of a blood vessel 27 A method of mcreasmg endothelm type B receptor activation m an endothehal cell m a blood vessel endothehum, compπsmg admimstenng to an mdividual a pharmaceutical formulation compπsmg pharmaceutically active relaxm m an amount effective to mcrease endothelm type B receptor activation m a cell of a blood vessel

Inventors: CONRAD KIRK P, HUANG XINFAN, LEWIS MARTYN, TOZZI CAROL A, UNEMORI ELAINE N, CONRAD, KIRK, P., HUANG, XINFAN, LEWIS, MARTYN, TOZZI, CAROL, A., UNEMORI, ELAINE, N.
Applicants: CONNETICS CORP, UNIV NEW JERSEY MED, UNIV PITTSBURGH, CONNETICS CORPORATION, THE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY - ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL, THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH - OF THE COMMONWEALTH SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A61K38
IPC codes: A61K38