ENERGY TRANSLATING PLATFORMS INCORPORATED INTO FOOTWEAR FOR ENHANCING LINEAR MOMENTUM

Abstract: A sole (100) designed to promote more efficent running technique by an energy-translating sole. The sole (100) having an angular displacedment member (104) and a balance-thrust member (106).

Description: ENERGY TRANSLATING PLATFORMS INCORPORATED INTO FOOTWEAR FOR ENHANCING LINEAR MOMENTUM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Cross Reference to Related Applications This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/242,742, filed on October 23, 2000. The priority of the prior application is expressly claimed and its disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to athletic shoe technology. More particularly, to systems and methods for various forms of energy-translating soles, or platforms, which are incorporated into footwear and are designed to more effectively transfer gravitational, inertial and ground reaction forces into linear momentum thereby promoting a more efficient running technique. Description of the Related Art Athletic shoe technology has undergone a revolution over the past thirty years, particularly in regards to improvements in running shoes, both for the professional and casual user. In general, the majority of advancements in running shoe technology have largely centered around support, shock absorption and energy efficiency. For example, U.S. Patent 5,909,948 describes an athletic shoe sole having a lateral stability element to provide improved lateral support during heel-strike. U.S. Patent 5,247,742 and 5,297,349 describe a cushioning sole for athletic shoes having a pronation control device incorporated into the midsole in order to increase the resistance to compression of the midsole from the lateral side to a maximum along the medial side, and U.S. Patent 5,987,779 describes an athletic shoe having an inflatable tongue or bladder for a more secure fit. A major focus in athletic shoe technology has centered on shock absorption. A number of patents describe various systems for shock absorption, such as air channels, miniature pumps, hydraulic systems, gas-filled bladders, elastomeric foam elements, pneumatic inflation devices and spring elements. The following are illustrative of such technologies: U. S. Patent 5,598,645, U. S. Patent 4,535,553, U. S. Patent 5,325,964, U. S. Patent 5,353,523, U. S. Patent 5,839,209, U. S. Patent 5,983,529 and U. S. Patent 4,763,426. Embodiments of the present invention are distinct from the athletic shoe technologies pertaining to additional support or shock absorption described above in that systems and methods of the present invention focus on improving running efficiency. There have been several shoe systems related to increasing energy efficiency during running, such as U. S. Patent 4,358,902, which describes a thrust-producing shoe comprising a sole having fluid-filled cavities located in the heel and metatarsal portions with passageways interconnecting the fluid-filled cavities. As the heel cavity is compressed, fluid is forced through the passageways into the metatarsal cavities thereby providing shock absorption and forward thrust in the heel and metatarsal area. U. S. Patent 4,030,213 discloses a sporting shoe having an auxiliary sole member that is relatively thick under the toe portion and its outer surface is curved to form nearly a half circle at the forward extremity of the toe section and the rearward extremity at the ball of the foot is relatively flat. An additional embodiment describes a plurality of recesses within the sole of the shoe for housing a number of coil springs. U. S. Patent 4,506,460 describes a spring moderator for articles of footwear, wherein a high modulus moderator is positioned beneath the heel or forefoot with a cushioning medium beneath the moderator. The spring moderator operates to absorb, redistribute and store the energy of localized loads. U. S. Patent 4,936,030 provides an energy efficient running shoe having an energy-transmission mechanism in the heel portion of the sole to transmit the mechanical energy of heel impact to the storage/thrust mechanism in the front sloe portion, where it is stored and released during thrust. A number of embodiments are described having sophisticated systems employing lever arms, coils springs, hydraulic assemblies and the like for capturing and transferring mechanical energy. U. S. Patent 4,949,476 discloses a running shoe having a hard front sole for retaining gripping elements and, from the ball to the shank of the foot, an upwardly extending support cup on the outside of the shoe upper. The front sole extends into the shank portion of the shoe and covers a support wedge member. The wedge member extends from the ball of the foot to the shank and is progressively thicker towards the rear portion of the shoe. The wedge shaped member causes the foot to be brought into an extended position for emphasizing contact with the ground with the front outside ball region of the foot. This configuration serves to increase running efficiency by keeping the heel in an elevated position, which is the preferred attitude during sprinting. U. S. Patent 5,586,398 provides an article of footwear for more efficient running and walking wherein the contour of the outer sole at the heel is formed at a dihedral angle to the medial/forefoot portions in order to delay the instant of initial contact and thereby allow a longer length of foot flight and correspondingly longer stride length. An additional embodiment provides for friction management through materials selection, surface coatings, or surface treatments designed to affect friction across one or more interfaces between foot plantar surface and shoe insole. U. S. Patent 5,647,145 describes a sculptured sole for an athletic shoe comprising a plurality of forward support pads, rearward support lands, a layer of flexible resilient elastic material interconnecting various components, as well as a plurality of channels, grooves, slots and the like, which complement the natural flexing actions of the muscles of the heel, metatarsals and toes of the foot. U. S. Patent 5,680,714 discloses a trampoline effect athletic shoe having elastic return strips running across the sole of the shoe and supported above the bottom surface in a gap between the outersole and insole. U. S. Patent 5,829,172 relates to shoe soles of running shoes, particularly for 100m sprints and the like. The object of the invention is to prevent the heel from touching the ground during running and thereby prevent a decrease in running efficiency. The sole comprises a thickly formed forefoot section for receiving spikes. A Reinforcing member provided in the ball region of the foot is integrated with reward-projecting medial and lateral ribs to form a wedge-shaped plane extending toward the heel. Medial and lateral ribs and reinforcing member form a wedge-shaped inclined plane extending form the ball to the arch of the foot, which serves to maintain the weight distribution of the runner over the ball of the foot and hold the heel of the foot in an elevated position. U. S. Patent 5,743,028 describes a spring-air shock absorption and energy return device for shoes in which a shoe heel insert is provided having a heel- shaped outer spring mechanism which serves as an internal spring housing wherein a plurality of compression springs are retained, and wherein the entire unit is filled with a pressurized gas and hermetically sealed. U. S. Patent 5,87,568 pertains to an athletic shoe wherein the sole has a rounded heel strike area and gently curved bottom that gradually thins towards the toe section to permit the runner to roll smoothly forward from the initial heel strike. Additional embodiments further provide for a shock absorbing insert in the heel section. U. S. Patent 5,937,544 provides athletic footwear wherein the sole includes a foundation layer of semi-flexible material attached to the upper and defining a plurality of stretch chambers, a stretch layer and a thrustor layer attached to the stretch layer such that interactions can occur between the foundation layer, stretch layer and thrustor layer in response to compressive forces applied thereto so as to convert and temporarily store energy applied to regions of the sole by wearer's foot into mechanical stretching of the portions of the stretch layer into stretch chambers. The stored applied energy is thereafter retrieved in the form of rebound of the stretched portions of the stretch layer and portions of the thrustor layer. U. S. Patent 6,006,449 and U. S. Patent 6,009,636 relates to footwear having various forms of spring assemblies incorporated into the sole, which serve to absorb shock and transfer energy. While the prior art describes various systems for increasing running efficiency, these systems do not employ the unique features of the present invention. Rather than hydraulic or pneumatic systems; mechanical spring and/or lever assemblies; resilient elastic bands; alteration of the heel-strike region; or reinforcing structures to maintain the heel in an elevated position, the present invention provides systems and methods that promote efficient running technique by providing a sole comprising a specially designed foot-strike member and balance-thrust member, which are integrated with a unique pivot and balance structure that displaces the wearer's center of gravity when running, thereby transferring gravitational, inertial and ground reaction forces, as well as muscular tension generation into linear momentum. Systems and methods of the present invention are an advance in the field of athletic shoe technology by providing a specialized sole design for redirecting the forces encountered during running into linear momentum, while reducing the shock and trauma to the body. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Systems and methods of the present invention provide energy-translating soles, or platforms, for footwear, preferably athletic footwear, designed to promote a more efficient running technique. In one aspect, promoting a more efficient running technique is facilitated by an energy-translating sole comprising one or more of the following features: at least one foot-strike member, one or more angular displacement members and at least one balance-thrust member, as well as other conventional features. In another aspect, systems and methods of the present invention promote more efficient running technique by facilitating foot-strike to occur at a point under and behind the runner's center of gravity. This is accomplished by the foot-strike member, angular displacement member and balance-thrust member working cooperatively to displace the runner's center of gravity and translate gravitational, inertial and ground reaction forces, as well as muscular tension forces, into linear momentum. In a further aspect, systems and methods of the present invention provide one or more foot-strike members, which may be situated in any location along the longitudinal axis (X axis) of the energy-translating sole with a front zone extending into the forefoot area and a rear zone optionally extending into the heel section. Foot-strike member may encompass the entire heel to forefoot sections, and/or any region there between. The medial and lateral margins of foot-strike member may generally follow the natural contours of the foot, and in embodiments wherein foot-strike member extends rearwardly to the heel, foot- strike member generally follows the contour of the heel. In yet another aspect, angular displacement member is generally located forward of foot-strike member, and is generally positioned in the forefoot or metatarsal area of the foot. The front margins of angular displacement member may extend well into the toe section of sole with the rear margin optionally extending along the longitudinal axis well into the arch section of the sole. In a related aspect, various embodiments employ specially configured angular displacement members to suit particular running needs. In another aspect, angular displacement member may have any number and/or sort of traction-related features, such as, but not limited to, grooves, channels, ribs, points, raised projections of any sort, and the like. In still yet another aspect, angular displacement member is geometrically designed to provide a pivoting zone, preferably running transversely in the Z-axis between medial and lateral margins. Pivot zone may be located anywhere along the longitudinal axis (X-axis) within angular displacement member depending upon the particular embodiment. Preferred embodiments of the present invention have pivoting zone encompassing the metatarsal region of the foot rearward of the sesamoid bones of the first metatarsal bone. In a further aspect, systems and methods of the present invention provide one or more balance-thrust members, which generally encompass the toe section of the sole. Alternative embodiments may provide at least one balance-thrust member further comprising a plurality of traction facilitating members, such as spikes, teeth, ridges, grooves and the like. Medial and lateral margins of balance-thrust member generally follow the natural contours of the anatomical features of the foot, but the overall configuration and orientation of balance- thrust member varies with each particular embodiment. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a plurality of embodiments specifically designed for different running needs, which is partially dictated by the speed and distance involved. Each particular embodiment has a unique configuration and orientation of foot-strike member, angular displacement member and balance-thrust members to accommodate the unique biomechanical requirements of various types of running. Other aspects of the present invention provide systems and methods to effectively displace the runner's center of gravity and translate gravitational, inertial and ground reaction forces into linear momentum. More specifically, systems and methods are provided wherein the angle of displacement is directly related to the type and speed of running, such that the faster the running speed, the higher the angle of displacement and the more proximal to the toe region the pivot zone of the angular displacement member is oriented. These and other objects, advantages, and features of this invention will become apparent upon review of the following specification and accompanying drawings. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1A shows a conventional shoe illustrating general features of a running shoe typically found in the prior art. Figure 1 B is a lateral perspective of the skeletal system of the human foot depicting the various anatomical features in relation to conventional footwear. Figure 2 shows a stylized plantar view of one embodiment of an athletic shoe sole of the present invention in spatial reference to the human foot. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional side view of an athletic shoe employing systems of the present invention. Figure 4A is an alternative embodiment designed for distance running. Figure 4B is an additional embodiment designed for mid-distance running, such as a 1500m race. Figure 4C shows yet another embodiment specifically designed for short- distance sprints, such as a 100m race. Figures 5A-D illustrate the correlation of foot cycle, that is from foot-strike to angular displacement point, to angle ( ) of redirection of energy into maximum linear momentum for and embodiment for short-distance sprints, such as a 100m race (5A), mid-to-long distance sprints, such as a 800m race (5B), mid-distance running, such as a 1 ,500m race (5C) and long-distance running, such as jogging (5D). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION While the invention may be susceptible to embodiment in different forms, the specific embodiments shown in the figures and described herein are presented with the understanding that the description of various embodiments is to be considered an exemplary of the principles of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to that as illustrated and described herein. Fig. 1 A shows a generic form of footwear comprising an upper, indicated generally as 10, a midsole 12, an outsole 14, and an insole 16 on the interior lower surface of the footwear. The shoe illustrated in Fig. 1A has a conventional shoelace 18 engaged in eyelets 20. Upper 10 is partially split at the central, top portion of the footwear wherein lies some form of closure system 24, such as a conventional tongue. Collar 22 is provided to support the foot and/or ankle. Generally speaking, conventional shoes may be divided into heel (A), arch (B), ball or forefoot (C) and toe (D) regions. These elements of the footwear illustrated in Fig. 1A are generally conventional. Athletic shoes of the present invention comprise such conventional features, as well as others in conjunction with a specially designed sole system. Figure 1 B is a lateral perspective of the skeletal system of the human foot wherein the heel (A), arch (B), ball (C) and toe (D) regions of a conventional shoe align, in a general sense, with the anatomical structures depicted therein. Figure 2 shows a stylized plantar view of one embodiment of an athletic shoe sole, namely an energy-translating sole 100 of the present invention, in spatial reference to the human foot. Figure 3 depicts a cross-sectional side view of the same embodiment. In the broadest sense, systems and methods of the present invention provide an energy-translating sole, or simply referred to herein as a sole, incorporated into shoes, preferably athletic shoes, comprising one or more of the following features: at least one foot-strike member 102, one or more angular displacement members 104 and at least one balance-thrust member 106. As illustrated, there may be considerable overlap of the various members 102, 104, 106, but in alternative embodiments, members 102, 104, 106, may not necessarily have appreciable overlap. In general, systems and methods of the present invention promote more efficient running technique by facilitating foot- strike to occur at a point under and behind the runner's center of gravity. Foot- strike member 102, angular displacement member 104 and balance-thrust member 106 work cooperatively to displace the runner's center of gravity and translate gravitational, inertial and ground reaction forces, as well as muscular tension forces, into linear momentum. As will be described in greater detail below, systems and methods of the present invention provide a plurality of embodiments specifjcal ly designed for different running needs, which is partially dictated by the speed and distance involved. The particular embodiment depicted in Figures 2 and 3 comprises footwear designed for running a mid-to-long distance sprint, such as a 400m race. It is understood that the embodiment depicted in Figures 2 and 3 are merely illustrative of the general principles of the present invention and are not meant to be limiting in any respect. Foot-strike member 102 is generally made of any conventional dense, semi-deformable, wear resistant material, such as synthetic polymers and plastics of any sort, having sufficient compliance and resiliency features to adequately absorb a relative portion of impact forces imparted to the shoe and body of the runner upon initial contact with a supporting surface. Various embodiments of the present invention may employ materials that are more suitable for that particular application. For example, an embodiment for distance running may utilize a material for foot-strike member 102 having greater indices of compliancy and resiliency than an embodiment for sprinting. Foot-strike member 102 comprises a front zone 1 12 extending towards toe section 126 and a rear zone 1 14 extending towards heel section 120. In preferred embodiments, front zone of foot-strike member 1 12 is arcuately formed to follow the natural anatomical features of the foot, but alternative embodiments also include additional configurations (DT - IDEAS?) and foot-strike member rear zone 1 14 generally follows the anatomical margins of the foot, such as the arch and heel. Foot-strike member 102 may be situated in any location along the longitudinal axis (X axis) of sole 100 with front zone 1 12 extending into forefoot section 124 rear zone 1 14 extending into heel section 120 and may encompass the entire heel 120 to forefoot 124 sections, and/or any region there between. The medial 108 and lateral 1 10 margins of foot-strike member 102 generally follow the natural contours of the foot, and in embodiments wherein foot-strike member 102 extends rearwardly to the heel, foot-strike member 102 generally follows the contour of the heel . Foot-strike member 102 may be of a singular uniform molded composition or alternatively, be provided in a layered or composite configuration. Plantar surface 1 16 of foot-strike member 102 may be integral with and/or adjacent to any conventional outsole having any number and/or type of traction-related features, such as, but not limited to, grooves, channels, ribs, points, raised projections of any sort, and the like. Furthermore, foot-strike member 102 may further comprise any conventional pneumatic and/or hydraulic cells, bladders, chambers and the like to further facilitate and control shock absorption. The configuration, dimensions and preferred construction materials of foot-strike member 102, as well as angular displacement member 104 and balance-thrust member 106, is largely dependent upon the particular embodiment. The embodiment presented in Figs. 2 and 3 show foot-strike member 102 having a generalized elliptical form having a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 10 cm, with front zone 1 12 tapering towards, and transitioning with and/or into angular displacement member 104 and rear zone 1 14 tapering and transitioning with and/or into one or more support bases 158. Naturally, the tapered ends of foot-strike member may fall outside the provided ranges. Support base 158 may be may be integral with and/or adjacent to any conventional outsole having any number and/or type of traction-related features, such as, but not limited to, grooves, channels, ribs, points, raised projections of any sort, and the like. Angular displacement member 104 is located forward, towards forefoot 124 and toe regions 126, of foot-strike member and is generally positioned in the forefoot or metatarsal area 124 of the foot. Front zone 128 of angular displacement member 104 is generally arcuately designed and may extend well into toe section 126 of sole 100 and rear zone 130 of angular displacement member 104 may extend along the longitudinal axis well into arch section 122 of sole 100. Alternative embodiments envision angular displacement member 104 being more compact, that is, encompassing less surface area, and more discreetly positioned over the metatarsal and/or metatarsal-phalanges areas of the foot. Dorsal surface 134 of angular displacement member 104 is integrated with or fixedly adhered to support base 158. Plantar surface 132 of rear zone 130 of angular displacement member 104 is fixedly integrated with and/or adhered to dorsal surface 1 18 of front tapering zone 1 12 of foot-strike member 102, such that a relatively smooth transition between foot-strike 102 and angular displacement 104 members is achieved and a strong, permanent bond or integral component is provided. In preferred embodiments, plantar surface 132 of angular displacement member 104 may have any number and/or sort of traction- related features, such as, but not limited to, grooves, channels, ribs, points, raised projections of any sort, and the like. Medial 136 and lateral 138 margins of angular displacement member 104 generally follow the natural anatomical profile of the foot and, preferably, flow smoothly into respective medial 108 and lateral 1 10 margins of foot-strike member 102. Angular displacement member 104 is geometrically designed to provide a pivoting zone140, preferably running transversely in the Z-axis between medial 136 and lateral 138 margins. Preferred embodiments of the present invention have pivoting zone 140 in the forefoot 124 region, and more preferably encompassing the metatarsal region of the foot rearward of the sesamoid bones of the first metatarsal bone, generally defined by circle 142. Pivot zone 140 may be located anywhere along the longitudinal axis (X-axis) within angular displacement member 104 depending upon the particular embodiment. Pivot zone 140 may be variously shaped, but in preferred embodiments, is arcuately formed to follow the natural curvature and anatomical structures of the foot, such as, but not limited to, the metatarsal-phalanges articulations, as well as accommodate and exploit the natural lateral to medial rolling of the foot during running. Systems and methods of the present invention are designed to promote more efficient running technique by facilitating foot-strike to occur at a point under and behind the runner's center of gravity. Foot-strike member 102, angular displacement member 104 and balance-thrust member 106 work cooperatively to displace the runner's center of gravity and translate gravitational, inertial and ground reaction forces, as well as muscular tension forces into linear momentum. Front zone of angular displacement member 128 is integral with, and/or fixedly adhered to, rear section 148 of balance-thrust member 106 in an overlapping or abutting manner. Balance-thrust member 106 is located forward (i.e., towards toe section 126) of angular displacement member 104 and generally encompasses the front part of forefoot section 124 and all of toe section 126 of sole 100. Depending upon the particular embodiment, balance- thrust member 106 may be formed of semi-deformable material or essentially non-deformable material, but in general, comprises a material having relatively less compliancy and resiliency than that of foot-strike member 102, such as conventional synthetic polymers and/or plastics, such that significant levels of kinetic and mechanical energy are not overly dampened by deformation of the material. In select embodiments, such as depicted in Figures 2 and 3, as well as others, balance-thrust member 106 may be provided with a plurality of traction- facilitating elements projecting from plantar surface 150, such as, but not limited to, spikes, teeth, cleats, ridges and the like. Such traction-facilitating elements may be fixedly connected to, and/or releasably integrated with, and/or integrally formed from balance-thrust member 106 by any conventional methods. Choice of construction materials for balance-thrust member 106 should have sufficient hardness, as determined by conventional methods, to retain traction-facilitating elements and effectively transmit forces from sole 100 to supporting surface and vice versa. Front zone 146 of balance-thrust member 106 extends up to, and in select embodiments, extends beyond, the phalanges distal margin of the first metatarsal bone. Front zone 146 of balance-thrust member 106 ends in a termination point 160, which may be in the form of traction facilitating members, such as spikes, teeth, ridges, grooves and the like, depending upon the particular embodiment. Termination point 160 may be variously located long the longitudinal axis (X- axis) of sole 100. For example, Fig. 2 depicts a shoe designed for mid-to-long distance sprinting and has termination point 160 at a downward-projecting angle and extending somewhat beyond the forward perimeter of support base 158 and upper 10, but other embodiments, such as a distance shoe and/or jogging shoe, may have termination point extend even further beyond the forward perimeter of support base 158 and upper 10 and not have as pronounced a downward projecting angle. Medial 1 54 and lateral 156 margins of balance-thrust member 106 generally follow the natural contours of the anatomical features of the foot. As with other aspects of the present invention, plantar surface 150 area of balance-thrust member varies with each particular embodiment. For purposes of example, select embodiments, such as in Fig. 2, lateral margin 156 may define a more focused balance-thrust member, that is, delineate plantar surface 150 area of balance-thrust member 106 to encompass the first through fourth metatarsal- phalanges areas of the foot, such that horizontal propulsive forces at toe-off are effectively focused on the most relevant parts of the foot. Figures 4A-C depict various embodiments of the present invention. As previously mentioned, systems and methods of the present invention are variously configured to accommodate different types of running, such as, but not limited to, long-distance running or jogging (Fig. 4A), intermediate distances, such as 1 ,500m racing (Fig. 4B), mid-to-long distance sprints, such as 400m racing (described in detail above and in Figs. 2 and 3), and short-distance sprints, such as 100m racing (Fig. 4C). Kinesiological analysis of running has demonstrated different types and speeds of running involve different biomechanics. During a running cycle involving a heel-strike, such as jogging, various portions of the foot undergo a number of movements and are exposed to various forces. When foot-strike, that is heel-strike, is initiated, the foot is in supination and as contact progresses pronation permits partial absorption of impact forces. As the foot transitions from mid-support to takeoff, resupination, or transfer to the lateral ball portion of the foot occurs as the foot becomes a rigid lever. The continuous motion transfers from lateral to the medial ball of the foot as the foot accelerates through toe-off. In contrast, during sprinting, the ground strike occurs in the forefoot or metatarsal area of the foot and the point of impact tends to be under or slightly behind their center of gravity. As a result, this form of running has less of the deceleration phase associated with heel-strike running and propels the body mass forward more efficiently. Systems and methods of the present invention provide a range of embodiments to accommodate these biomechanical requirements. In general, the angle of displacement is directly related to the type and speed of running. In short, the faster the running speed, the higher the angle of displacement, as depicted by pivot zone profile 170, and the more proximal to the toe region 126 the pivot zone 140 is oriented. These salient points are most clearly illustrated by contrasting respective foot-strike 102', 102'", angular displacement 104', 104'" and balance-thrust members 106', 106'" in a distance-running embodiment ("running shoe"- Fig. 4A) versus a short-sprint embodiment ("sprinting shoe" - Fig. 4C). As clearly illustrated, the distance-running shoe presented in Fig. 4A has a more extensive foot-strike member 102', with rear zone 1 14' of foot-strike member 102' extending to completely encompass heel section 120, and is substantially thicker to more effectively absorb impact forces, whereas the embodiment designed for sprinting illustrated in Fig. 4C, has a limited foot-strike member 102'" with rear zone 1 14'" of foot-strike member 102'" extending from the forward section of the arch region 122 into the forefoot region 124. Foot-strike member 102'" of the embodiment designed for sprinting is oriented to accommodate a running style wherein initial contact with the supporting surface is predominantly in the forefoot area of the foot. Angular displacement member 104' of the distance shoe has a lower pivot area profile 107' as compared to the angular displacement member 104'" of the sprinting shoe's pivot area profile 1 70'". Additionally, angular displacement member apex 1 72 for the running shoe is located relatively rearward along the longitudinal axis (X-axis) in relation to angular displacement member apex 176 for the sprinting shoe. Furthermore, balance-thrust member 106' of running shoe encompasses a greater surface area of toe section 126, and in some embodiments, front zone 160' may extend beyond toe section of upper, whereas, balance-thrust member 106'" of sprinting shoe encompasses comparatively less surface area. During a running cycle, as the initial foot-strike makes contact with the supporting surface, there is a certain amount of supination and the foot is slightly ahead of the center of mass, which serves to minimize deceleration forces and to preserve linear forward momentum. The talocalcaneal, or subtalar, joint plays a major role in converting the rotary forces of the lower extremity into forward motion. In operation, systems and methods of the present invention build upon these natural movements by assisting foot-strike to occur at a point under and behind the center of gravity. Following contact with the surface, the support phase is initiated, wherein the runner's body mass is fully supported. As the knee flexes to absorb impact forces and support the runner, the ankle plantar flexes and the subtalar joint pronates, causing heel pronation. Heel pronation permits absorption of compressive shock forces, torque conversion, adjustment to uneven ground contours and maintenance of balance. Eccentric tension in the posterior tibialis, soleus and gastrocnemius muscles cause deceleration of subtalar joint pronation and lower extremity internal rotation. Pronation reaches its maximum during this time and resupination is initiated to permit the foot to pass through its neutral position at the midpoint of the support phase. When the runner's center of mass is at its lowest position, a maximum vertical force is actively generated and transmitted to the supporting surface by the muscles and is often referred to as the active vertical force peak. This active vertical force peak typically reaches 2 to 8 times body weight, depending on the speed of the runner. It is during the support phase that angular displacement member 104, and more particularly, pivot region 140, engage supporting surface, initiating displacement of the runner's center of gravity. Systems and methods of the present invention serve to minimize the support phase, thereby conserving biomechanical energy by limiting energy lost to the supporting surface. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention reduce shock and trauma to the runner by redirecting gravitational and inertial forces into linear momentum. The support phase continues until the heel begins to rise into takeoff during the recovery phase. Generally speaking, the recovery phase is the stage of running in which muscular tension exerts vertical and horizontal forces to the support surface to propel the runner forward. During this time the foot converts from a shock-absorbing structure to a rigid lever for forward propulsion, which is largely due to changes in position of the subtalar and midtarsal joints, and in particular, supination of the subtalar joint . As the knee joint extends, the lower extremity rotates externally, the calcaneus inverts, the midtarsal joint locks and the foot becomes a rigid lever. The propulsive force is a thrust backward and downward resulting from a combination of hip extension, knee extension and ankle plantar flexion. During the recovery phase, the rotational movement of the runner's foot undergoes a second rotational movement as the runner rolls through angular displacement and balance-thrust members 104, 106, respectively, incurring greater angular acceleration and thereby further displacing the runner's center of gravity forward and translating gravitational, inertial, ground reaction, and muscular tension forces into linear momentum. These principles are more clearly presented in Figures 5A-D, which illustrate the correlation of a foot cycle, herein defined as being from initial foot- strike to angular displacement point, to angle of redirection of energy ( ) into maximum linear momentum. In general, the angle of displacement required for maximal redirection of energy is directly related to the type and speed of running and the faster the running speed, the greater the angle of displacement becomes. For example, embodiments designed for short-distance sprints, such as a 100m race (Fig. 5A) have a comparatively low foot cycle radius (r), whereas embodiments designed for long-distance running (Fig. 5D) have a relatively large foot cycle radius (r'"). Furthermore, foot cycle radius (r) is inversely proportional to the angle of redirection of energy ( ). In other words, embodiments designed for short-distance sprinting (Fig. 5A) require a larger angular displacement profile 1 70. While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to various changes and modification as well as additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein may be varied considerably without departing from the basic spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims: What is Claimed is: 1. A shoe having an upper and a foot supporting member, the foot supporting member comprising: a substantially rigid member having a dorsal surface and a plantar surface; the plantar surface having a convex portion and an adjacent concave portion, the concave portion extending forward past the tips of the digits and terminating distally at a downwardly projecting balance-thrust member. 2. A shoe according to claim 1 further comprising the plantar surface convex includes a curved angular displacement surface below the sesamoid apparatus of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint and defining a first axis of rotation of the foot. 3. A shoe according to claim 2 further comprising the balance-thrust member defining a second axis of rotation of the foot forward of the wearer's foot. 4. A shoe according to claim 2 further wherein curved angular displacement surface and balance thrust member are positioned so that when both are in contact with ground, the sesamoid apparatus is elevated with respect to the digits. 5. A shoe according to claim 1 further comprising a foot strike member adjacent the convex surface. 6. A shoe according to claim 1 further comprising the dorsal surface including a concave portion having a curvature selected to support the digits of the wearer's foot in a dorsiflexed position relative to the metatarsals. 7. A shoe having an upper and a foot supporting member, the foot supporting member comprising: a substantially rigid member having a dorsal surface and a plantar surface; the plantar surface having a convex portion and an adjacent concave portion, the concave portion extending forward past the tips of the digits and terminating distally at a downwardly projecting balance-thrust member; the plantar surface convex portion including a curved angular displacement surface below the sesamoid apparatus of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint and defining a first axis of rotation of the foot; and, the balance-thrust member defining a second axis of rotation of the foot forward of the wearer's foot.

Inventors: TALBOTT DANIEL, TALBOTT, DANIEL
Applicants: SYDNEY DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES INC, TALBOTT DANIEL, SYDNEY DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES, INC., TALBOTT, DANIEL
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A43B13
IPC codes: A43B5, A43B13