A PROMOTER FOR TRANSFORMATION OF MONOCOT PLANTS

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for varying a trait of monocot plants which comprises the steps of transforming a monocot plant with a recombinant plasmid containing OsCc1 promoter for transformation of monocot plants and a desired foreign gene, and expressing the said foreign gene. In accordance with the present invention, a rice plant is transformed with a recombinant plasmid containing a promoter for cytochrome c gene OsCc1 and sgfp gene encoding a transformed green fluorescent protein, and the expressed fluorescent protein in the transformed rice plant is monitored, which indicates that OsCc1 promoter induces the expression of desired gene in all the tissues of the rice plant in a strong, stable, and ubiquitous manner. Accordingly, it was determined that OsCc1 promoter can be practically applied for transformation of monocot plants.

Description: A Promoter for Transformation of Monocot Plants BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a promoter for transformation of monocot plants, more specifically, a method for varying a trait of monocot plants which comprises the steps of transforming a monocot plant with a recombinant plasmid containing OsCcl promoter for transformation of monocot plants and a desired foreign gene, and expressing the said foreign gene. Description of the Prior Art In producing farming plants having novel characteristics, which can develop an agricultural field, the expression of a foreign gene (i.e., - transgene) to be introduced into a plant body is greatly influenced by transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational elements. Among the foregoing elements, particularly, a promoter which belongs to the transcriptional elements is most important in a sense that it cannot only influence the transcription of a transgene directly and ultimately change the expression level, but also change the expression stage, or the tissue- or cell- specificities of a transgene. To date, although numerous promoters have been isolated from various plants for expression of a transgene, only a few promoters among them are practically used for transformation of a plant body presently. CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) 35S promoter and its derivatives, which have • been most widely used in this field at present, induce an extensive expression of genes in the whole tissues of a plant body and, more specifically in vascular tissues and most cells of roots and leaves. However, the CaMV 35S promoter exhibits lower activity in monocot plants such as rice plant, etc., than in dicot plants, and even does not exhibit any activity in certain cells such as pollen, etc. Numerous promoters other than CaMV 35S promoter, which have originated from dicot plants, have also been used for transformation of monocot plants, but exhibit lower activity than promoters originated from monocot plants. Further, r cS (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit) promoter of rice plant, Actl(actinl) promoter of rice plant, and Ubil promoter of maize plant have been investigated as a promoter useful for transformation of monocot plants. Among them, Act! and Ubi l promoters exhibit relatively a high activity in monocot plants as compared to CaMV 35S promoter, and therefore, have been generally used for transformation of monocot plants. However, Ubil promoter exhibits activity in numerous types of cells but does not cover the whole tissues of a plant body. Moreover, although Ubi l promoter exhibits a strong activity especially in young roots, its activity is greatly reduced as the roots " grow. In addition, Actl promoter exhibits activity mainly in the elongating tissues and reproductive tissues. Thus, the said promoters are not effective for expression of a ubiquitous gene in monocot plants. Under the circumstances, there have been strong reasons for exploring and developing a promoter showing a strong, stable and ubiquitous activity in transforming monocot plants. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present inventors have made an effort to develop a promoter effective for transformation of monocot plants, and found that a rice plant transformed with a recombinant plasmid containing a promoter for rice cytochrome c gene ( OsCcl ) and sgfp gene encoding a transformed green fluorescent protein expressed fluorescent protein in a strong, stable and ubiquitous manner. A primary objective of the present invention is, therefore, to provide OsCcl promoter for transformation of monocot plants. The other objective of the invention is to provide a method for varying a trait of monocot plants by transforming a monocot plant with a recombinant plasmid containing OsCcl promoter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and the other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following descriptions given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Figures la, lb and lc are photographs showing the results of Northern blot analysis using total RNAs extracted from various tissues of an untreated rice plant and a rice plant treated with Bt 2 cAMP, and leaves of young seedlings treated with light, respectively. Figure 2 shows genetic maps of plasmids pSB-CG, pSB- RG and pSBG700. Figure 3 is a photograph showing the result of Western blot analysis for proteins extracted from various tissues of a transformed rice plant. Figure 4a is a photograph showing sGFP fluorescent images of young seedlings transformed with OsCcl -sgfp (OsCcl) , Actl -sgfp (Actl) or rbcS-sgfp ( zbcS ) . Figure 4b is photographs showing sGFP fluorescent images of various tissues of rice plants transformed with OsCcl -sgfp (OsCcl) , Actl - sgfp (Actl) or rbcS-sgfp { rbcS ) . Figure 4c is graphs of relative sGFP fluorescent intensity of various tissues showing rice plants transformed with OsCcl -sgfp (OsCcl) , Actl -sgfp (Actl) or rbcS-sgfp (rbcS) . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In order to develop a promoter effective for transformation of monocot plants, the present inventors have first paid attention to cytochrome c. Cytochrome c is a small protein located in mitochondria of eu aryotes, and plays a catalytic role in the electron transport between the respiratory complexes III and IV. Up to now, cytochrome c has been extensively used for molecular evolutionary studies because its amino acid sequences and base sequences are highly preserved even among the distantly related organisms such as yeasts, mammals and plants. Further, it has also been used as a molecule useful for a protein targeting into organelles because of its unique subcellular location. Recently, cytochrome c has attracted a keen attention because its release into cytosol is an indicator of apoptosis in human cells. However, little is known in plants about cytochrome c except that Arabidopsis and rice cytochrome c genes { OsCcl ) were cloned and sequenced (see : Kemmerer et al . , Mol . Biol . Evol . , 8:212-226, 1991). Thus, the present inventors have expected that since cytochrome c is involved in the electron transport to play a role of supplying energy to cells, cytochrome c gene would be expressed at a high level in cells, and continuously and stably expressed in the whole tissues of individuals regardless of the developmental stage. Accordingly, the inventors intended to develop OsCcl promoter as a promoter which can induce expression of gene at a high level in the whole tissues of a plant body. Particularly, since in most cases promoters utilized for transformation of plants cannot be commonly used both in dicot plants and in monocot plants, they should be independently developed in each of them. However, at present the promoters which can be used for monocot plants are very limited, such as, Ubi l and Actl promoters, etc., and therefore, this invention puts the main emphasis on the development of OsCcl promoter as a promoter effective for transformation of monocot plants. The present invention will be described in more detail as followings. The present invention provides a method for varying a trait of monocot plants which comprises the steps of transforming a monocotyledon with , a recombinant plasmid containing OsCcl promoter for transformation of monocot plants and a desired foreign gene, and expressing the said foreign gene. In this method, the foreign gene may be all the genes which are intended to be expressed at a high level in the whole tissues of a plant body, including selective marker genes comprising hygromycin-resistant gene Hy and herbicide-resistant gene bar or genes resistant to biological or non-biological stresses. The monocot plants include rice, barley, wheat or maize plants, and the transformation can be accomplished by particle bombardment method or Agroibacteriurn-mediated method. The present inventors first conducted Northern blot analysis using a total RNA extracted from respective tissues of a rice plant to analyze expression pattern of OsCcl gene, constructed a recombinant plasmid containing OsCcl promoter and sgfp gene coding for a transformed green fluorescent protein, transformed a rice plant with the said recombinant plasmid via Agrobacteriu/n-mediated method, then conducted Southern blot and Western blot analysis using the gene and the protein extracted from the transformed rice plant, respectively, and analyzed the fluorescent image of the rice plant to determine the activity of OsCcl promoter. It has been known that: OsCcl promoter of animals containing CRE-binding site(cAMP response element binding site) and rbcS promoter having a high activity specifically in chloroplast are greatly influenced by the concentration of cAMP and light due to its own unique properties, respectively, and OsCcl promoter of a rice plant contains the base sequence similar to that of CRE-binding site. Therefore, the Northern blot analysis was conducted to determine whether the expression of OsCcl gene under the control of OsCcl promoter is influenced by cAMP or light. The activity of OsCcl promoter was compared with those of Actl, rbcS, and Ubi l promoters, which are practically used for transformation of monocot plants presently. The present invention is further illustrated in the following examples, which should not be taken to limit the scope of the invention. Example 1: Expression pattern of OsCcl gene In order to investigate the expression pattern of OsCcl gene, a total RNA was extracted from the respective tissues and cells of a rice plant by guanidinium/LiCl method and then subjected to Northern blot analysis. First, embryogenic calli of a rice plant were obtained from embryo of mature Oryza sa tiva L. (cv Nakdong) and then maintained in MS solid medium, pH 5.8, containing 1% (w/v) agarose, 30g/L sucrose and 2.5mg/L 2,4-D. The said embryogenic calli were incubated in AA liquid medium containing 30g/L sucrose, 2.0mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2mg/L kinetin using a shaking incubator at 120rpm and in the dark at 26°C to obtain suspension-cultured cells. Rice plants, suspension- cultured cells, and calli, with or without the treatment of lrtiM dibutyl cAMP (Bt 2 cAMP, Sigma, USA) or light, were frozen in liquid nitrogen. About O.lg of leaves, roots, calli and young seedlings were homogenized in 1ml of extraction buffer solution containing 4M guanidinium isothiocyanate, 25mM sodium citrate (pH 7.0), 0.5% (w/v) sarcosyl and 0.1M β- mercaptoethanol, then added 0.1ml of 2M sodium acetate (pH 4.0), 1ml of water-saturated phenol (pH 4.5) and 0.2ml of chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (1:1, v/v) , and then well mixed together for 30sec and centrifuged at 5,000g at room temperature for lO in. The equal volume of isoprbpanol was added to the supernatant obtained from centrifugation, and then the mixture was allowed to stand at -20°C for one hour, thereafter centrifuged at 10,000g at 4°C for lOmin, washed with 70% (v/v) ethanol and dried. The resulting RNA pellet was dissolved in 40ml of DEPC(diethyl pyrocarbonate) - treated distilled water and the concentration of RNA was calculated from A 26 o value. Then, Northern blot analysis was performed using 20 g of total RNA according to the method of Sambrook, et al. (see: - Sambrook J. et al . , Molecular Cloning: A Labora tory Manual , 2 nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) . Those RNAs transferred to the membrane were hybridized with [ 32 P] - probe of a random primer labeling kit(Takara, Japan), ' washed and then analyzed by a phospho-image analyzer (FLA 3000, Fuji, Japan) . Figures la, lb and lc are photographs showing the results of Northern blot analysis for total RNAs extracted from various tissues of an untreated rice plant and Bt 2 cAMP-treated rice plant, and leaves of light-treated young seedlings, respectively. In Figures la and lb, the symbols SC, L, R and C represent suspension-cultured cells, leaves, roots and callus, respectively; the numerical values in Figures lb and lc represent the times (hours) required for Bt 2 cAMP- or light-treatment; and, the symbol L in Figure lc represents mature leaves. As can be seen in Figures la, lb and lc, OsCcl was expressed at high levels in suspension-cultured cells, roots and callus, but at a relatively low level in leaves, and further, the expression of OsCcl was not influenced by cAMP or light. Consequently, OsCcl could be regarded as being independent of cAMP or light and its expressions in non-photosynthetic tissues were considered to be higher than those in photosynthetic tissues. This result is consistent with the fact that chloroplast has a role of supplying major energy in photosynthetic tissues whereas mitochondria does in non- photosynthetic tissues. Example 2 : Construction of plasmid Plasmids containing a promoter of OsCcl , Actl or Ubil and sgfp gene encoding a transformed green fluorescent protein were constructed. 1.8 kb of OsCcl promoter (SEQ ID No: 1) was PCR amplified from pOsCcl (see: Kemmerer EC. et al . , Mol . Biol . Evol . , 8:212-226, 1991) using the following two primers a and b containing Xhol and Ncol restriction sites (indicated by underline), respectively: 5'-AACTCGAGGAATTCGGATCTTCGAAGGTAGGC-3' : primer a (SEQ ID No: 2) and, 5' -AACCATGGCCGCCGCCGCCGCGAGAACG-3 ' : primer b (SEQ ID No: 3) . The amplified DNA was digested with Xhol and Ncol and then ligated to pBluescript KSII (see: Chiu W-L, et al . , Curr. Biol . , 6:325-330, 1996) containing sgfp gene, which was digested with the same restriction enzymes to construct plasmid pKSCG. Thereafter, the 2.5-kb DNA fragment containing the OsCcl -sgfp was obtained by digestion of pKSCG with Xhol and Notl , and ligated to pSB105 (see: Jang, I-C. et al . , Mol . Breeding, 5:453-461, 1999) digested with the same restriction enzymes to produce the plasmid pSB- CG ( OsCcl -sgfp) . pSB105 contains terminator of potato protease inhibitor II gene, 35S promoter, bar gene (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene) and terminator of nopaline synthase gene between the right- border sequence and the left-border sequence of pSBll. Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase encoded by bar gene plays a role of detoxifying phosphinothricin-based herbicides and therefore, can serve as a selective marker. Then, the DNA fragment was obtained by BamHI and Nσtl digestion of pSK-RG(see: Chiu W-L, et al . , Curr. Biol . , 6:325-330, 1996) containing rjbcS promoter linked to sgfp gene, and ligated to pSB105 digested with the same restriction enzymes to produce the plasmid pSB-RG ( rbcS- sgfp) . Thereafter, the τbcS promoter in the " resulting plasmid pSB-RG was replaced with Actl promoter of rice (see : McElroy D. et al . , Mol . Gen . Genet . , 231:150-160, 1991) to produce plasmid pSBG700 {Actl -sgfp) . Figure 2 shows genetic maps of plasmids pSB-CG, pSB- RG and pSBG700. In Figure 2, BR and BL represent the right border and the left border, respectively; and, 3' Pinll and 3' Nos represent terminators of potato protease inhibitor II gene and of nopaline synthase gene, respectively. Plasmids pSB-CG, pSB-RG and pSBG700 constructed as above were respectively introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 by triparental mating. Example 3: Stability of transgene in a rice plant produced by Agro-acterium-mediated transformation About 200 non-trashed grains ( Oryza sa tiva L. cv Νakdong) were treated with 70% (v/v) ethanol and slightly mixed for one minute for sterilization. Then, ethanol was discarded and the residual grains were slightly mixed with 100ml of 20% (v/v) Clorax for one hour for further sterilization and were washed several times with sterilized water. In order to transform a rice plant, callus induction, co-cultivation of callus with Agrobacteri um containing the plasmid prepared in the above example and the selection of transformed callus were carried out according to the method described by Jang et al . (see: Jang, I-C. et al . , Mol . Breeding, 5:453-461, 1999). The rice plant transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated method was grown in a greenhouse to select the rice plant having a resistance to herbicide. By Southern blot analysis of the genome of the transgenic rice plant selected as above, transduced transgene was identified to be integrated into chromosome of the rice plant and to have 1 to 3 copies. In view of the fact that a rice plant was known to have a single copy of OsCcl in its genome by genomic DNA hybridization, it can be easily expected that the transgene would be stably located in a plant body and expressed at a high level. Example 4 : Activity of promoters in the tissue of transformed rice plant By analysis of fluorescent proteins expressed in the respective tissues of a rice plant transformed with plasmids pSB-CG, pSB-RG and pSBG700 constructed as above, the activities of the respective promoters were analyzed and compared with one another. Example 4-1: Western blot analysis of fluorescent proteins Proteins were extracted from the respective tissues of a transformed rice plant and then subjected to Western blot analysis using sGFP antibody. About O.lg of callus, leaf and root tissues of a rice plant were ground in liquid nitrogen, homogenized in buffer solution containing 20mM Tris-HCl(pH 8.0), lOmM EDTA, 30mM NaCl and 2mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride at 4°C for one hour, and then centrifuged at 4°C for 5min. The concentration of protein in the supernatant was determined using Bradford solution (Bio-Rad, USA). Crude proteins were electrophoresed on 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, electroblotted to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) by means of Semidry apparatus (Bio-Rad, USA), and then subjected to immunoblot analysis using sGFP polyclonal antibody (Clontech, USA) and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody. Figure 3 is a photograph showing the result of Northern blot analysis for proteins extracted from the respective tissues of a transformed rice plant. Proteins were extracted from 2, 3 or 3 plants selected from rice plants transformed with OsCcl -sgfp, Actl -sgfp or rbcS-sgfp, respectively, and then analyzed. In Figure 3, the symbols L, R and C, PC and NC represent proteins extracted from leaves, roots, callus, purified sGFP, and leaves of untransformed rice plant, respectively, and the respective numerical values denote the number of selected individuals. As shown in Figure 3, sGFP is expressed in all the tissues of a rice plant transformed with OsCcl -sgfp at a high level, and its expression level is similar to those in rice plants transformed with Actl -sgfp or rbcS-sgfp . Example 4-2: Fluorescent analysis of sGFP in a transformed rice plant In order to examine the activity of OsCcl promoter at the level of the whole plant, the transformed seeds and the untransformed seeds were grown to analyze the fluorescence of sGFP in a rice plant. A high-resolution CCD color video camera (Model CoolSNAP, Roper Scientific Inc., USA) utilizing a digital video imaging system was used to collect sGFP fluorescent images of young seedlings which were transformed with OsCcl -sgfp(OscCl) , Actl -sgfp (Actl) or rjbcS-sgf (rbcS) , in a perpendicular position. The result obtained is shown in Figure 4a. In addition, sGFP fluorescent images in leaves, root apexes, elongating regions of roots and hairy roots of the respective transformed rice plants were observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (Carl Zeiss LSM510, Carl Zeiss, Germany). The observation result is shown in Figure 4b. The intensity of sGFP fluorescence observed in Figure 4b was calculated by means of a software equipped in LSM510 version 2.8 and the relative fluorescent intensity thereof, which was calculated on the basis of the value of the fluorescent intensity of MC derived by Actl activity to be fixed as 1, is shown in Figure 4c. In Figure 4a, the symbol NT represents untransformed young seedlings; in Figure 4b, the symbols GC, RA, RC, RHP, LC, SC, PR and HR represent guard cells, root apexes, root caps, hair protuberances of root, long cells, short cells, primary roots and hairy roots, respectively (where the scale bar represented by the white line has a length of 30 m) ; and, in Figure 4c, the symbols MC, RA and RE represent " mesophyll cells, root apexes and elongating regions of roots, respectively. As shown in Figure 4a, untransformed young seedlings (NT) do not show any fluorescence whereas transformed young seedlings (OsCcl, Actl and rbcS) exhibit light green fluorescence and particularly, OsCcl exhibits fluorescence in whole tissues of the plants. In addition, Figure 4b shows that leaf cells of plants transformed with OsCcl -sgfp exhibit sGFP fluorescence at a higher level than those of plants transformed with Actl -sgfp, but at a lower level than those of plants transformed with rbcS-sgfp. In root cells, it could be seen that plants transformed with OsCcl -sgfp or Actl -sgfp exhibit sGFP fluorescence at a higher level than plants transformed with rbcS-sgfp, and particularly, plants transformed with OsCcl -sgfp exhibit brighter fluorescence in root apex, root cap and hair protuberance of roots. Therefore, it can be regarded that OsCcl promoter exhibits the activity in the whole tissues of a plant body and particularly, displays a higher activity in cells which rapidly divide and have a high metabolic activity. Such result could also be confirmed from Figure 4c. The following Table 1 shows the activities of OsCcl promoter and other promoters which are widely used for transformation of rice plants. In Table 1, 35S and 35Si denote intron-free CaMV 35S promoter and CaMV 35S promoter conjugated with intron of maize Adhl promoter, respectively; Adhl, Ubil and Actl denote promoters conjugated with their intrinsic introns, respectively; and OsCcl and rbcS denote intron-free rice promoters. The values shown in the table is a relative value calculated on the basis of the value of the activity of CaMV 35S or Actl as 1. As shown in Table 1, the activities of OsCcl promoter in leaves and roots are higher than that of Actl promoter by 5 and 2 times, respectively. Table 1: Activities of OsCcl promoter and the promoters which are widely used for transformation of rice plants Notes) - a: protoplast which originated from suspension -cultured cells - b: protoplast which originated from callus cells - M: McElroy D. et al . , Mol . Gen . Genet . , 231:150-160, 1991 - C: Cornejo M-J. et al . , Plant Mol . Biol . , 23:567- 581, 1993 - J: Jang I-C, et al . , Mol . Breeding, 5:453-461, 1999 - I: the present invention - ND: the value is not determined As clearly explained and demonstrated as the aboves, the present invention provides a method for varying a trait of monocot plants which comprises the steps of transforming a monocot plant with a recombinant plasmid containing OsCcl promoter for transformation of monocot plants and a desired foreign gene, and expressing the said foreign gene. In accordance with the present invention, a rice plant is transformed with a recombinant plasmid containing a promoter for cytochrome c gene ( OsCcl ) and sgfp gene encoding a transformed green fluorescent protein, and the expressed fluorescent protein in the transformed " rice plant is monitored, which indicates that OsCcl promoter induces the expression of desired gene in all the tissues of the rice plant in a strong, stable, and ubiquitous manner. Accordingly, it was determined that OsCcl promoter can be practically applied for the transformation of monocot plants . Although the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such description merely presents the best mode of the invention thereby not limiting the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the spirit and scope of this invention is defined in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. OsCcl promoter (SEQ ID No: 1) for transformation of monocot plants. 2. A method for varying a trait of monocot plants, which comprises the steps of transforming a monocot plant with a recombinant plasmid containing OsCcl promoter and a desired foreign gene, and expressing the said foreign gene. 3. The method for varying a trait of monocot plants according to claim 2, wherein the foreign gene is a selective marker gene comprising hygromycin-resistant gene Hyg R and herbicide-resistant gene bar, or a gene resistant to biological or non-biological stresses. 4. The method for varying a trait of monocot plants according to claim 2, wherein the monocot plant is rice, barley, wheat or maize plant. 5. The method for varying a trait of monocot plants according to claim 2, wherein the transformation is accomplished by particle bombardment method or Agrobacteriuin-mediated method.

Inventors: CHOI WON-BIN, JANG IN-CHEOL, KIM JU-KON, LEE KYUNG-HEE, NAHM BEAK HIE, SONG SANG IK, CHOI, WON-BIN, JANG, IN-CHEOL, KIM, JU-KON, LEE, KYUNG-HEE, NAHM, BEAK, HIE, SONG, SANG, IK
Applicants: CHOI WON-BIN, GREENGENE BIOTECH INC, JANG IN-CHEOL, KIM JU-KON, LEE KYUNG-HEE, NAHM BEAK HIE, SONG SANG IK, CHOI, WON-BIN, GREENGENE BIOTECH INC., JANG, IN-CHEOL, KIM, JU-KON, LEE, KYUNG-HEE, NAHM, BEAK, HIE, SONG, SANG, IK
Application year: 2001
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A01H1, C12N15