INFORMATION SYSTEM AND METHOD USING ANALYSES BASED ON OBJECT-CENTRIC LONGITUDINAL DATA

Abstract: A computerized information system and method using object-centric virtual database(s) and analyses suited to aviation transportation safety applications (in which case aircraft may be the object class, and the individual object is an individual aircraft). A database comprises at least one set of data records, each data record pertaining to an event for an individual object and comprising a plurality of data fields, at least one of the data fields comprising an identifier identifying one individual object. A user interface component receives user-selected criteria for field values of the data fields. A selection component selects data records which correspond to the user-selected criteria. An analysis component identifies the selected data records according to a chronological sequence of events for individual objects covered by the selected data records. Each individual object covered by the selected data records is associated with a longitudinal set of data records and derives output data for the events from the longitudinal sets of data records.

Description: INFORMATION SYSTEM AND METHOD USING ANALYSES BASED ON OBJECT-CENTRIC LONGITUDINAL DATA Technical Field This invention relates generally to a computerized information system and method using object-centric virtual database(s) and analyses which are advantageously suited to transportation safety applications, such as for the aviation industry (in which case the aircraft may be the unit of observation i.e. "object" referred to herein), as well as for health and other safety monitoring applications. Background As is true for many transportation and health areas, the aviation industry generates a number of different reports relating to a variety of safety-related occurrences which are available to the public (either through the Internet or on request to the source). Appendix A herein sets out a summary of several sources of these reports and the meaning of various terms used in the aviation industry in relation to reporting. Individual aircraft are identified in accident reports, incident reports, mechanical reliability reports of failures (also referred to as service difficulty reports or "SDRs") and engine reliability reports. In some other available reports pertinent information is provided but not in relation to a specific aircraft. For example, as stated in Appendix A, reports in the Aviation Safety Report System (ASRS) do not identify individual aircraft. In addition, Airworthiness Directives (and the automated exemption lists which may be provided therein) stipulate generally directed requirements for inspecting and /or fixing potential problems. Similarly, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommendations to the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) and their outcomes, as well as FAA enforcement data on regulatory violations, provide additional sources of safety-related occurrences. Examples of some other safety-related data types include pilot factors, airport and air traffic management. There is no automated means available to analyse multiple records from such publicly available sources for objects such as individual aircraft. Nor is there available any means for performing statistical analyses of trends and/or rates of non-accident occurrences (examples of which are SDRs, engine reliability reports and incidents) on such multiple records across various files let alone the same file for an individual object such as an aircraft. Consequently, the existing aviation safety systems cannot identify single aircraft with multiple problems and, because they do not identify rates, they do not provide any measure of risk which would permit a comparison of models or operators or identification of changes in trends. Accordingly, there is a need for means to perform longitudinal analyses on individual safety/health-related objects (such as an aircraft or a patient) to enable a comparison of different groups of objects (such as aircraft models and operators). In particular, for example, there is a need for a means of standardizing public and/or private data providing non-accident safety-related information such as mechanical difficulties, as well as operational data, relating to aircraft and for analyzing such data on an object-centric basis to identify and predict potential problem areas and risks. The term "object" includes anything physical such as an aircraft, nuclear reactor or other environmental hazard for which safety-related events are monitored as well as anything which is the subject of events such as a drug or treatment for which the events to be monitored may include reactions to the drug or a disease for which the events may include symptoms. Summary of the Invention In accordance with the invention there is provided an information system for analyzing data comprised of events pertaining to an object class (e.g. aircraft). The system comprises a data access component configured for accessing a database comprising at least one set of data records (service difficulty reports) whereby each data record pertains to an event for an individual object (e.g. an individual aircraft) and comprises a plurality of data fields, at least one of the data fields comprising an identifier identifying one individual object. A user interface component receives user-selected criteria for field values of the data fields. A selection component is configured for selecting those of the data records which correspond to the user-selected criteria. An analysis component is configured for analyzing the data records including identifying the selected data records according to a chronological sequence of events for individual objects covered by the selected data records, whereby each individual object covered by the selected data records is associated with a longitudinal set of data records, and deriving output data for the events from the longitudinal sets of data records. Preferably, the data fields comprise a plurality of identifiers and a preprocessor component identifies multiple sub-databases from the selected data records whereby each sub-database comprises data records identified by one of the identifiers. Preferably, a plurality of sets of data records are provided, each being derived from a different source, whereby the sets of data records are integrated to form the database. The information provided by one set of data records may be used to supplement other data records of the database and the information provided by another one of the sets of data records may be used to correct erroneous data field values in data records obtained from any source. A graphizer output component is preferably provided for graphically displaying the output data by multi-result inter-related graphs. The analysis component may be configured for identifying chronological trends for one or more individual objects and/or data records, for surveiling the events on a chronological basis for one or more individual objects, for standardizing the data reports and individual objects as between the different originating sources thereof (e.g. based traffic patterns for each individual aircraft and the types of aircraft models of each originating source), for comparing on a chronological basis and measured from a user- selected event the events pertaining to one individual object and the events pertaining to a user-selected comparison group of objects, for normalizing the field values for a set of data fields and outputting the resulting normalized data, for identifying related data records of the data records, for identifying a statistically high number of events for an individual object within a designated time period and/or for rating the originating sources of the data records on the basis of the diligence of the originating sources in reporting events. Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the attached drawings wherein; Figure 1 is a general block diagram of the main components of an information system in accordance with the present invention, the illustrated system being an aviation information system using aircraft-centric databases and analyses; Figure 2 is a further block diagram of the system shown by Figure 1 with more detail shown therein with respect to the inputs and outputs of the main components; Figure 3 is a general flow chart diagram showing steps of the information system and method from the user's selection inputs to the presentation of the output tables and graphs; Figures 4a through 4e together form a flow chart diagram of steps performed by the selection filter component 200 of the illustrated information system; Figure 5 is a flow chart diagram showing steps performed by the analysis modules 310, 320, 330, 340 and 360 for calculating repeats for an aircraft; Figures 6a and 6b are flow chart diagrams showing steps performed by the SURVEIL module 310 and Figures 6c and 6d illustrate some ways comparison periods and moving averages could be constructed which in turn are analysed by the SURVEIL module 310; Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d are flow chart diagrams showing steps performed by the STANDARDIZATION module 320; Figures 8a and 8b are flow chart diagrams showing steps performed by the TROHOC module 330; Figure 9 is flow chart diagram showing steps performed by the TABULATE module 340; Figure 10(a) is a flow chart diagram showing steps performed by the ALF module 350 and Figures 10(b) and 10(c) display an exemplary descriptive listing of output produced by this module; Figures 11a and 11b are flow chart diagrams showing steps performed by the CLUSTER module 360, with Figure 11a providing an overall view of the process and Figure 11 b providing a more detailed view thereof; Figure 12 is a flow chart diagram showing steps performed by the HILO module 370; Figure 13 is a flow chart diagram showing steps performed by the RCO module 380 ; Figure 14 is a flow chart diagram showing steps performed by the DILIGENCE module 390; Figure 15 is a flow chart diagram showing steps performed by the COHORT module 395; and, Figures 16(a) - 16(c) are exemplary depictions of output graphs produced by the graphizer component of the system, of which Figure 16(a) is a single graphic output, Figure 16(b) is a two-graph output and Figure 16(c) is a three- graph output. Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment Figure 1 shows, in general block diagram form, the main components of an aircraft-based (i.e. aircraft-centric) aviation information system and method in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment the object class is aircraft and an individual object is an individual aircraft. Events pertaining to individual aircraft are reported in service difficulty reports (SDRs), being data reports herein. The components 100, 200, 300, 400 are in the form of computer programs. A preprocessor component 100 manages, massages, cleans, links and sorts the data provided by SDRs, and other safety-related data from accident/incident reports and other sources (e.g. engine reliability), into six master database files 150 (see Figure 2), as detailed below, which are developed by the preprocessor 100 from such data. A selection filter component 200 is user selected and controlled and includes a database access component for selecting aircraft and/or SDRs, according to user-specified criteria, from any one of the six master database files 150 for purposes of further analysis. The resulting selected data produces an intermediate (ie temporary) data file 250 which is used by an analyses component 300. The analyses component 300 comprises several analysis subcomponents 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390 and 395 (Figure 2) referred to herein as analysis modules. The modules 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370 and 395 use the aircraft (referred to herein as "AC") as a basic unit of observation (i.e. the aircraft is the object) together with user inputted criteria to perform specific analyses. Analysis module 380 operates on the individual NTSB recommendations for which the courses and outcomes of FAA implementations are tracked. Analysis module 390 operates on the individual operators for which various statistical performance measures are used to derive an aggregate score. Two of the analysis modules viz. modules 330 and 350, produce longitudinal data files comprising one record per individual aircraft and, therefore, aircraft-based output. A graphizer component 400 outputs the results of analyses selected by the user and this output is provided in various formats including a multi-graphical display as shown, for example, by Figures 16 (b) and (c). SDRs form the workhorse from which most of the analysis modules derive results. In fact, each aircraft has a minimum of one SDR. Each SDR comprises the following fields: AC3 (Model, BTS Model and Opcode), SERAC (Serial number), NNUM (Nnumber), Kind, Year built, OTH (Opcode, Opcode and Model), DOD, DOR, ALT (BTS Model, Model and BTS Model), Nature of Condition, Precautionary Procedure, Severity, Stage of Operation, ATA, Construction number, Engine, Crash report status and Incident report status. For illustration purposes, some of the values associated with some of these fields are listed in Appendix B herein. The preprocessor component 100 categorizes, sorts and identifies each SDR according to six different formats (each format corresponding to one of the six files of a master database 150) as illustrated below in Table 1 and each aircraft is thereby associated with a set of SDRs according to a given set of identifiers (i.e. per the first column of Table 1). Table 1 The value sets associated with MODEL, BTS MODEL and OPCODE are listed in Appendix B herein. Each airplane's serial number is assigned by the aircraft's manufacturer and remains unchanged with the plane through its operational history. Its registration number (also known as the tail number) is assigned by the US Department of Transportation. Since a plane can be owned or operated by different owners or operators over time, its registration number can change over time. Serial and registration number assignments for USA- registered aircraft also apply to non-USA registered aircraft. The data gathered by the preprocessor component 100 may be obtained from public or private sources or a combination of both. The most important data gathered by it in the embodiment described herein are Service Difficulty Reports (SDRs) which are reports of each particular occurrence involving a mechanical difficulty pertaining to a particular aircraft. SDRs are legally required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for each and every safety related mechanical difficulty involving any USA-registered airplane. The seriousness of the mechanical difficulties reported in SDRs range from broken in-cabin passenger light bulbs at the low end of the seriousness spectrum to engine failures and cockpit smoke/fires at the other end. Appendix B herein lists some of the values for specific information fields provide by an SDR. The FAA makes SDRs readily available to the public. For the system embodiment described herein the SDRs are compiled into a combined safety database of the preprocessor component 100. Historical SDR data was obtained from the FAA's Oklahoma City office and current SDRs are downloaded directly from the FAA's website and incorporated by the preprocessor component 100 on a regular basis. The preprocessor component 100 adds certain aircraft data to each SDR such as the year it was built, its construction number and engine type all of which are stored and updated in a Census file maintained by the system. The Census file is a master file containing validated information for aircraft (derived from SDRs and production lists), including the serial and registration numbers of the aircraft, and this information is used to validate new records received by the system. Other information kept in the Census file includes the manufacturer's construction number for the aircraft, the year in which the aircraft was built, the model and/or version identifier for the aircraft, any other identifying feature associated with the aircraft that may be desired to be tracked such as the type of wiring of the aircraft and activity history for the aircraft such as engine replacements. A Change file keeps track of aircraft having inaccurate or garbled identifiers and their corrected identifiers. It also keeps track of inaccurate or garbled non- identifying data values and their corrected values. Other information may be added to the Census and Change datasets if desired. In addition to gathering report data, the preprocessor component 100 harmonizes the fields in each SDR according to system definitions (model name and version as well as operator name, etc.), deletes duplicates, corrects errors and links (ie: matches) the SDR to aircraft identification data. Such verification is done by first comparing the identifier with those in the Change file and then with the Census file. Both the Change and Census datasets are updated each time a new SDR is integrated with a master SDR file of the master database 150. Aviation Safety Report System (ASRS) reports are anonymized and unlike the SDRs or accident/incident reports, do not identify the aircraft for which the report was generated (specifically, the operator and serial/registration numbers for the aircraft are not provided). For this reason the preprocessor component 00 maintains the ASRS data in a separate dataset from the master database 150. Another smaller dataset is also maintained by the preprocessor component 100 of the illustrated embodiment, namely an Operator/Model Exposure and Costs (OMEC) dataset. The preprocessor component 100 tabulates departures, hours in flight, hours ramp to ramp, aircraft miles, passenger miles, aircraft days, aircraft census (mean number in service), costs and individual aircraft by age or other individual characteristic for each of the largest operators (this being about 100 operators in the embodiment described herein) and aircraft models using data collected by the.Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). In addition, an Engine Reliability Dataset (ERD) is maintained by the preprocessor component 100 and this data is obtained from the ASY division of the FAA. The ERD dataset contains 1998 and 1999 engine types used for each aircraft model and by operator. It also contains engine hours and aircraft census as well as engine failures and engine changes. The ERD has two uses. Firstly, it gives more complete data on engine failures than SDRs and secondly, it gives aircraft census monthly numbers for number of aircraft and flight hours by model/version by operator. Other public and/or private databases may be integrated into the preprocessor component 100 if and as desired. For example, private data such as Flight Oriented Quality Assurance (FOQA) data consisting of the output from the Flight Data Recorders (FDRs) (providing more data on engine performance and pilot behaviour) could be incorporated. Such added data would then be integrated into the system for use by component 300. The selection filter component 200 selects a dataset from the database maintained by the preprocessor component 100 on the basis of user-specified criteria. The user-selectable criteria provided in the illustrated embodiment are the following: 1. Aircraft report history - permits report activity within five specified time periods and by minimum / maximum number of reports in each period. 2. Presence or absence of SDRs before the minimum date of the first specified time period from the first criteria above 3. Presence or absence of SDRs after the maximum date of the first specified time period from the first criteria above 4. Model - for example, DC9, B737, etc. 5. Version - for example, DC9-30, B737-300, etc. 6. Manufacturer - for example, Boeing, Airbus, etc. 7. Specific operators - for example, United Airlines, USAir, American Airlines, etc. 8. Operator group - major, national, regional or other. 9. SDR's - only for specified operator or all SDR's for the aircraft. 10. Type 11. Nature of condition 12. Precautionary procedure 13. Severity 14. Stage of operation 15. select 2 char ATA code on SDR basis 16. select 4 char ATA code on SDR basis 17. select AC with user selected 2 char ATA code (and accept all other SDRs in AC) 18. select AC with user selected 2 char ATA code (and reject all other SDRs in AC) 19. select AC with user selected 4 char ATA code (and accept all other SDRs in AC) 20. select AC with user selected 4 char ATA code (and reject all other SDRs in AC) 21. minimum / maximum Year built 22. minimum / maximum time between DOD and DOR 23. Select all SDRs on same day or select first SDR of similar SDRs occuring on same day 24. Construction number range 25. Crash report(s) status 26. Incident report(s) status 27. Engine manufacturer and model 28. Serial number range 29. Wiring type Users may modify the twenty nine (29) criteria listed above through the user interface. Criteria number one allows users to compare different aircraft with similar report histories. This is pertinent because some aircraft are not in continuous use during the entire time period of observation. An airplane may be withdrawn from use, stored or sold outside of the USA in which case SDRs are not legally mandated for any mechanical problems it may encounter. This first criteria provided to the user allows the user to make comparisons on the level or intensity of SDR activity by specifying a minimum and maximum number of SDRs for any user definable arbitrary period of time. Criteria numbers two and three presented to the user through the user interface allow the user to select or ignore aircraft with SDR activity before the first period's minimum date or after the same period's maximum date. The same two criteria also allow the user to select the aircraft regardless of any SDR activity before the first period's minimum date or after the same period's maximum date. A text analysis and a keyword search are also provided as user definable (not selectable) fields via the user interface. Of course, different and/or additional selectable and definable fields could be provided by the system if desired. A general flow chart diagram showing steps of the information system and method from the user's selection inputs to the presentation of the output tables and graphs is provided by Figure 3. The selection filter component 200 creates an intermediate (i.e. temporary) data file containing a collection of aircraft all meeting an input set of user-specified criteria. A user interface component (e.g. a graphical user interface (GUI)) receives, from the user, a set of selectable criteria as set out above (i.e. items listed as 1-29 and the text analysis and a key word search) which the selection filter component 200 uses to select the specific file of the master database 150 which is linked to such aircraft and also the aircraft and SDRs meeting such criteria. The selection filter compiles the resulting data identified from the user- specified criteria into an intermediate data file 250. Figures 4a through 4e together form a flow chart diagram of the steps performed by the selection filter component 200 of this embodiment. The analysis modules 310 - 370 and 395 each include a longitudinalizer function which gathers all the SDRs having the same identifying data, per column 1 of Table 1 , into virtual storage. At this point the analysis module (i.e. one of 310 - 370 or 395) has a virtual aircraft with virtual SDRs, representing a chronological sequence of events for an individual aircraft. The analysis module then analyses that virtual aircraft and temporarily stores the results of the analysis in memory. The virtual aircraft with its virtual SDRs are then cleared from the computer's memory and the program module repeats the cycle by gathering the SDRs for the next aircraft. The analysis results for each aircraft are collated or compared and when all of the aircraft in the intermediate file 250 have been analysed accordingly the analyses of all the aircraft are output into another intermediary file 397 to be presented to the user by means of the graphizer 400. The analyses component 300 includes a GUI which allows the user to select values for variables which are specific to each analysis module which is to perform. The user selects the analysis modules which the user wishes to run and they are run (performed) in the system in numerical order from module 310 to module 395. Each of the analysis modules 310 through 370 and 395 analyses the intermediary file 250 produced by the selection component 200. These modules (also referred to as subcomponents) use the aircraft (AC) as the basic unit of observation and two of these also produce aircraft-centric output as illustrated in Table 2 below. Table 2 Analysis modules 310-370 and 395 are based on analysing variates which simply put, are specific values for specific fields. For example, the field TYPE has four variates, TYPE=1 , TYPE=2, TYPE=3 and TYPE=4. There are two kinds of variates, namely, univariates and bivariates which are detailed below. Univariates: These fields, which include Type, Nature of Condition, Precautionary Procedure, Stage of Operation, Severity, Year Built, AC3, OTH, ATA 2 Char and ATA 4 Char for this embodiment, are analysed by calculating aircraft-centric measurements for specific values of these specific fields. Bivariates: These fields, which include Nature of Condition by ATA, Precautionary procedure by ATA, Severity by ATA, Precautionary Procedure by Nature of Condition, ATA by Nature of Condition, ATA by Precautionary Procedure, ATA by Severity and Nature of Condition by Precautionary Procedure for this embodiment, are analysed by calculating occurrences for specific values of these specific field pairings. Table 3 below identifies the analysis modules which use the univariates and bivariates. Table 3 Aircraft-centric measurements include calculating SDRs, ACs, repeats and intervals for variates (either univariates or bivariates or both according to the user's selections). An aircraft's SDR count is a simple count of the number of SDRs the aircraft has for each variate. Table 4 below illustrates five SDRs all with the same identifying data (as per the first column of Table 1) which are linked to the same virtual aircraft (e.g. referred to herein as aircraft 1 or "ACi") by a longitudinalizer function. An analysis module then performs aircraft-centric measurements (SDRs, Acs, repeats and intervals) on this virtual aircraft. The first aircraft-centric measurement involves SDR measurements. The SDR measurement is calculated for each variate by counting the number of SDRs in the aircraft with that particular variate. For example, AC1 has three SDRs with TYPE=2 but no SDRs with TYPE=4. The second aircraft-centric measurement also involves aircraft measurements. The aircraft measurement is calculated for each variate by assigning the value one (1) for each variate for any number of SDRs with that particular variate. For example, AC1 will register one (1) AC for each of TYPE=1 , TYPE=2 and TYPE=3 but none for TYPE=4. Each of Tables 4 and 5 below show data linked to one specific aircraft. Table 4 Table 5 Tables 6 and 7 show how the SDR and AC counts change when the system examines two aircraft instead of one. Table 6 Table 7 The third aircraft-centric measurement involves repeats. A repeat occurs when two SDRs having the same variate (examples of this are where two SDR's have the variate TYPE = 1 or where both have the variate PRECAUTIONARY PROCEDURE = 4) have DODs (dates of difficulty) within a user-defined lapsed time, meaning that the SDRs in question are not far apart on a time line. No repeat is considered to have occurred where two SDRs have close DODs but different variates (eg where one has the variate TYPE = 1 and the other has the variate TYPE = 3). It is possible for a repeat to occur between an aircraft's third SDR and its eleventh SDR, for example, and this would most likely occur where an aircraft has many SDRs clustered together in a short time. To be considered a repeat the SDRs themselves are not required to be consecutive because a repeat is a measure of time and not the order of an aircraft's SDRs. Figure 5, in the form of a flow chart, illustrates the steps performed by the analysis modules 310, 320, 330, 340 and 360 for calculating repeats for an aircraft. The analysis component 300 permits the user, by means of the GUI, to define a minimum and maximum number of days (referred to herein as RPTX and RPTY, respectively) between the DODs for two SDRs in order to be considered a repeat. Two SDRs having DODs which are less than RPTX days apart or more than RPTY days apart are not considered to constitute a repeat. By default, in the preferred embodiment, two SDRs having DODs of the same day are defined to be exactly one day apart. However, the user may change this definition (by means of the GUI in SELECTION component 200) so that such SDRs are defined as being zero days apart. The latter definition would enable a user to distinguish between two SDRs having DODs occurring on the same day from two SDRs whose DODs occur on consecutive days. The fourth aircraft-centric measurement involves intervals. The definition of an interval for a particular variate is defined to be the shortest repeat (applying the same boundaries as those set for repeats viz. more or equal to RPTX and less than or equal to RPTY) for that variate. As aircraft are analyzed, one by one, for a certain time period, the intervals are not accumulated. Instead, the system keeps track of the shortest interval for all aircraft for each variate. Table 8 below illustrates some exemplary field data for an aircraft with five SDRs. Table 8 For the hypothetical aircraft data of Table 8 the data calculated for the univariates, for RPTX = 2 and RPTX = 15, is shown in Table 9 below. Table 9 Data calculated for an exemplary bivariate, for RPTX = 2 and RPTY = 15, for the aircraft of Table 8 is shown in Table 10 below. Table 10 Table 11 below shows which analysis modules use which aircraft-centric measurements (SDRs, ACs, repeats and intervals). Table 11 The analysis modules 310 - 395 will now be described. The SURVEIL module 310 produces and analyses time trends to compare events within a user-specified standard period (SP) and at least one user-specified comparison periods (CP). The standard period starts on a user specified calendar date and may be as long as the user wishes. The time element may be measured in days, weeks, months or years. All standard and comparison periods have the same length. The specified number of comparison periods can vary and, at one extreme, could cover the duration of the whole dataset from database 150 selected by the user via the user interface in selection filter 200. As an example, five years of comparison periods could comprise 5 periods of 365 days, 20 periods of 91 days or 60 periods of 30 days (usually preceding the standard period). A variate is defined to be exceptional if the aircraft-centric measurement for that variate is higher in the standard period compared to a user-defined minimum number of comparison periods. In other words, the variate's aircraft-centric measurement is "exceptionally high" (from the perspective of the standard period). An exceptional aircraft is considered to be an aircraft identified in the standard period and having any such exceptional variate. A variation of this exceptionality determination involves using the term "lower" instead of "higher" in the aforementioned description. In other words, for this variation the program searches for exceptionally low aircraft-centric measurements of variates (from the perspective of the standard period). The GUI interface of the analyses component 300 allows the user to toggle between these two exceptionality rules. The flow chart of Figure 6a shows the steps performed by the surveil module 310 to count univariate and bivariate fields and the flow chart of Figure 6b shows the steps performed to identify exceptional univariates and bivariates. With reference to Figures 6a and 6b, Figure 6c illustrates the manner by which moving averages are formed from comparison periods and Figure 6d illustrates the relationship between standard and comparison fields. In Figures 6a - 6c a moving average is a user defined multiple (minimum of two) of consecutive comparison periods. With respect to two adjacent comparison periods, a system default dictates that the earlier period finishes one day before the later period starts. The user may override this default via the GUI interface of the analyses component 300 so that the earlier period finishes exactly the same day the later period starts. In such latter case, however, the same SDR may be counted twice, in two different comparison periods, particularly if the SDR straddles the two periods. Another available option is to stagger the comparison periods so that there is an overlap between one comparison period and the next. A comparison between variates is made as follows. A distribution, by either model or operator, of the foregoing univariate or bivariate tabulations is determined for output. Various statistical calculations are made on four aircraft- centric measurements (SDRs, Acs, repeats and intervals) for each variate. The SURVEIL module 310 also tabulates for output the activity history for aircraft and aircraft with reports in a standard period for variates not seen in any comparison period. The STANDARDIZATION analysis module 320 standardizes SDR and aircraft data as between different operators, taking into account the differences in model mix and traffic pattern for each operator using an algorithm according the following. For each time period the following steps are performed: 1. Normalizing data based on traffic patterns (e.g. miles, departures, aircraft hours, aircraft days or ramp to ramp hours) is tabulated in a 2-dimensional array (with subtotals for each column or row stored in appropriate array cells); 2. For each univariate/bivariate characteristic observed data (SDR, AC or REPEAT) is tabulated in a 2-dimensional array (operator by model) and subtotals for each column or row are stored in appropriate array cells; 3. For each operator and for each univariate, an aircraft-centric measurement is calculated as follows: i) calculate ratio (R) of normalizing data for each model divided by normalizing data for all models; and, ii) for each model , expected variate = R multiplied by the observed variate for all operators; 4. For each operator and for each variate characteristic the priority and statistical confidence limits are calculated as follows: priority = observed - expected lower confidence = (multiplier - square root of observed) 2 upper confidence = (multiplier + square root of observed) 2 lower confidence limit = lower confidence / expected upper confidence limit= upper confidence / expected The multiplier is adjusted for multiple comparisons in accordance with the well-known Bonferonni method. 5. The foregoing calculations and results are output in tabular and/or graphical format. Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d are flow chart diagrams showing the steps performed by the STANDARDIZATION module 320 for standardizing variates for measurements of SDR, AC, repeats and intervals. The time period of interest used by this module is the same as the first time period of the selection filter component 200. If desired, however, the illustrated algorithm could be modified to cover more time periods (such as if, for example, the user is interested to perform a standardization over a longer period of time - say two or more years). As shown by these flow charts module 320 performs a standardization process for standardizing all AC3 values (i.e. for all eleven major airlines) and all OTH values (i.e. models). If desired, these steps may be modified to standardize using a specific subset of ACs (as in standardizing using nine major airlines, not all eleven) and/or a specific subset of OTH. These flow charts show the steps of standardizing AC3 based on OTH data and this, also, may be modified if desired to standardize OTH based on AC3 data (in which case all references to AC3 and OTH in the flowchart would be replaced by OTH and AC3, respectively). The STANDARDIZATION module 320 can also be applied to normalize other data such as the age of an aircraft fleet. The TROHOC module 330 compares the performance of various aircraft models and peer aircraft (defined as aircraft of the same model which were manufactured in the same time period). The name "trohoc" used by the inventors for this component is derived from the word "cohort" in that it is the reverse spelling of "cohort" and the reverse of the cohort process. A cohort is a group that is assembled together and followed forwards (into the future) over a period of time. For example, a cohort of patients can be followed through a course of treatment starting from the present and be monitored over time into the future. A trohoc, as referred to herein, is this cohort process performed in reverse. Specifically, the trohoc process provides that after a specified event, the previous histories of those objects which are affected by or involved with the event are compared with the previous histories of those objects which were not affected by or not involved with the same event. The TROHOC module 330 compares SDR data between one aircraft and a group of peer aircraft and the comparison group are of the same model/version, age and operator, when numbers permit. For accident purposes, activity is considered for data from the earliest SDR for the accident aircraft until the date of the accident itself. The comparison group is selected on the basis of having SDRs before the earliest SDR for the accident aircraft and SDRs after the date of the accident. SDR reports are analysed for the same time period i.e. between the date of the earliest SDR for the accident aircraft and the date of the accident and, therefore, there is exactly the same time exposure for the accident aircraft and the comparison group. As illustrated in Figures 8a and 8b, the TROHOC module 330 calculates rank and percentile values for each aircraft for each variate relative to all aircraft. An exceedance percentage value is selectable by the user, for example 75%, and this value identifies the number of variates for which each aircraft exceeds other aircraft. For an individual aircraft a determination is made of the number of variates above the selected exceedance value and the number of exceedances calculated for that aircraft are output for the user whereby the number of exceedances for a specific aircraft is provide for statistical comparison with an exceedance distribution calculated for the comparison group. Such comparisons can also be applied to non-accident situations (e.g. for a comparative assessment of one model with others or of an aircraft proposed for purchase with others). Using the outputs of the SURVEIL and TROHOC modules 310, 330 statistical norms are determined. The user specifies the level for which norms are desired. For example, the norm may be that achieved by 90% or less of aircraft or the norm may be that achieved by 99% of aircraft. The highest values found in the user-defined percentage of aircraft are determined for each variate for specific aircraft models: (i) the number of SDR's per year; (ii) the mean time between occurrences; and, (iii) the number of repeat occurrences in a user-specified number of days (for example, 30 days). These norms are useful to provide benchmarks for identifying 'exceptional' aircraft. The TABULATE module 340 is provided to enable any operator (whether US or foreign) to apply US statistical norms to identify exceptional aircraft in its own fleet of aircraft. This module provides authoritative data for assessing the mechanical reliability of an operator's fleet and provides confidentiality in that a foreign operator may utilize this module without having to divulge its own data on occurrences of mechanical problems, defects or malfunctions affecting safety. As illustrated by Figure 9 the steps performed by this module include the following: 1. Input data is received from the user (through the GUI), namely, the number and type of models in the user/operator's fleet and the level of statistical rarity sought. 2. The Service Difficulty Reports for the same models are analysed. 3. A data file is generated from the analysis for that user/operator. 4. Further input data is received from the user/operator in the form of a filled- in table for each of the variates in which they have interest. 5. The values expected for each variate are calculated from the US statistical norms (as identified above the values are the number of SDR's per year, the mean time between occurrences and the number of repeat occurrences in a user-specified number of days such as 30 days). The ALF module 350 identifies related SDRs on the basis of user-specified criteria including kind, nature of condition, precautionary procedure, severity, stage of operation, the time between DOD and DOR, year built, ATA 2 CHAR, ATA 4 CHAR and a key word search. SDRs meeting the user-specified criteria are classified as related SDRs while those that do not are considered to be unrelated. An episode is defined by the module to be a collection of related SDRs for which each pair of subsequent related SDRs are a given number ("x") of days apart or less (and the "x day" period is referred to as a demarcation period). The length of a demarcation period is measured by user selected time units (TU's) by days, weeks, months, quarters and/or years. The demarcation periods (also referred to herein as windows) have various starting and ending points and hence various lengths. All windows are user definable and can have "a" number of time units (TU) in days, weeks, months, quarters or years, "b" number of SDRs, "c" number of related SDRs (i.e. excluding unrelated SDRs),"d" number of unrelated SDRs (i.e. excluding related SDRs), "e" number of episodes up to and including the day immediately before the xth episode starts, "f" number of episodes up to and including the day the xth episode starts, "g" number of episodes up to and including the day the xth episode ends. Further, a window can start or finish at the following points (for any of the foregoing lengths): an arbitrary date, nth SDR, m TU before/after nth SDR, nth last SDR, m TU before/after nth last SDR, nth SDR before/after an arbitrary date, m TU before/after nth SDR before/after an arbitrary date, mth SDR of the nth episode, mth SDR of the nth episode before/after an arbitrary date, mth SDR of the nth episode before/after an arbitrary date, k TU before/after mth SDR of the nth episode, k TU before/after mth SDR of the nth episode before/after an arbitrary date, whereby the values of the dates, k, m, n and x are user-definable and selectable. As illustrated by Figure 10(a) the ALF module 350 performs analyses on the basis of SDRs, ACs, episodes and windows. Figures 10(b) and 10(c) display a descriptive listing of sample output produced by the ALF module. The CLUSTER module 360 identifies a statistically unusually high number of mechanical problems and/or incidents within relatively short periods of time, the length of which is user defined and specified, the steps performed by this cluster being illustrated by Figures 11a and 11b. A cluster is defined to be a number of SDRs (minimum of one) with the same variate where each SDR is no more than a user selectable number of days away from its subsequent SDR. For example, if each cluster is defined to be three days long, the aircraft covered by Table 12 below would have the clusters shown in Table 13 below. For the data of this example, the module determines and outputs "May 05 - 07, 1998" as the aircraft's cluster since this particular cluster contains three SDRs and three is more than any other cluster. Similarly, the module determines and outputs for each uni/bivariate the cluster having the highest number. Table 12 Table 13 The HILO module 370 determines from all aircraft in the intermediary file 250 the high and low numbers of SDRs over relatively long periods of time, and the steps performed by this module are illustrated by Figure 12. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigations of accidents and major incidents result in recommendations. A cumulative database of NTSB recommendations to the FAA since 1963 is available to the public and this database includes the date of the occurrence, the date and identifying number of the recommendation, the date and content of the FAA responses, the NTSB assessments of the response as acceptable or unacceptable and whether the NTSB considers the issue open or closed. This database covers all recommendations and their status at successive periods (i.e.1 , 2 and 5 years). The RCO module 380 analyses this data and outputs, in a standardized format, the time trends relating to the numbers of recommendations and also the status of the recommendations (either open or closed and satisfactory or unsatisfactory). This module also systematically compares short term and long term results. Figure 13 is a flow chart illustration of steps performed by the RCO module 380. Operators vary in the extent and nature of the problems they report and this is referred to herein as being variability in the diligence of reporting. The DILIGENCE module 390 systematically quantifies the diligence of operators. The following is a description of the operation of this module: 1. The source data used by this module is a TROHOC output file (i.e. produced by the TROHOC module 320) which summarizes the reports for each aircraft. 2. The module considers six variables for each aircraft which reflect the operator's level of carefulness and regularity in preparing SDR's: (a) PEMULT - the extent of multiple responses. The report form has 4 fields for Precautionary Procedures and 3 fields for Nature of Condition. More diligent operators will tend to complete more than one field. (b) SEVOCCUR - the proportion of more severe occurrences. More diligent operators will tend to submit not only more severe occurrences but less severe occurrences. There are two components: i) Ratio of unscheduled landings to all precautionary procedures, ii) Ratio of more severe part defects (detailed in the "Severity" variable) to all part defects. (c) CDBIGNO - the intensity of reporting maintenance checks. The "D check" is a major check every three-and-a-half years during which aircraft are essentially taken apart and put back together with many components replaced. This value is determined from the largest number of inspection/maintenance reports submitted in any 60-day period. (d) SDRLONGINT - The longest interval between the dates of two consecutive SDR's. (e) DAYSTOEND - The number of days between the date of the latest SDR submitted and the end of the period analyzed. (f) PROPAC - The proportion of all aircraft for which any SDR is submitted. 3. The statistical distributions for each of these variables are calculated and cut-off points are determined from the tails of the distributions. Scores, based on these cut-off points, are assigned to each of the 6 variables for each aircraft. 4. The scores for each aircraft are summed. 5. The distribution of scores for all aircraft for a specific operator is calculated. 6. The score distributions (median and variance) are used to calculate rankings for each of the operators (i.e. the ranks being low, medium and high diligence). Figure 14 is a flow chart illustration of steps performed by the DILIGENCE module 390. The COHORT analysis module 395 counts the number of occurrences in successive time periods for equipment grouped by construction number. This module is used to address the fact that production line problems may affect equipment assembled during the same time period. These problems may be due to either labor unrest or short-term problems in component manufacture or quality control. More specifically, equipment assembled during one time period may be less reliable than equipment assembled in previous or subsequent time periods. Equipment failure may occur at various follow-up intervals, months, years or even decades in the future but the failure may not be directly identified as a cause of a problem since the original defect may contribute relatively early to a multi-factorial causal chain. Analyses must focus on equipment categorized by their chronological dates on the production line specified by the year delivered or by their construction number. The COHORT analysis module 395 groups aircraft by construction number and examines the number of safety-related occurrences in subsequent time periods. The analysis can be world-wide for accidents (whether total hull-loss or substantial damage). US data can be used for Incidents and for Service Difficulty Reports. The purpose of this module is to detect sub-groups with significantly higher rates of safety-related occurrences in comparison to eariier or later sub-groups. The rates are calculated on the basis of the number of aircraft in active use. Aircraft withdrawn from use are withdrawn from the denominator. The following steps are performed by the COHORT module 395: 7. Select subgroup: Model version. 8. Group by construction number. 9. Calculate number of aircraft in active use at start of each time period for as many follow-up years as desired by the user. 10. Tabulate number of safety related occurrences in each follow-up period. 11. Calculate ratio of safety related occurrences per number exposed. 12. Determine statistical significance of differences between adjacent construction number groups. The graphizer component 400 provides the calculated data to the user in tabular, text and/or graphic display form (the latter being produced by condensing large data tables into graphs). A multi-result inter-related graphic display is provided by this component as illustrated in Figure 15(c), in which three separate graphs are shown on a single screen (this number of graphs being suitable for notebook computer screen sizes, but a larger number of graphs could be accommodated by larger screen sizes). The graphizer component provides to the user, within this graphic display, a menu of datasets for selection of a desired dataset (see window 410 which provides a choice of ATA, Precautionary Procedure and Nature of Condition datasets). Corresponding to the selected dataset 410, a further menu of data subsets 420 is provided to the user for selection of a data subset (the selected subset shown being Unscheduled Landing). The graphizer component generates a graphical presentation (being the main graph) 430 of the global output data set produced by the analyses component 300 for the selected data set and subset. From that main graph 430 the graphizer component receives from the user, by highlighting (i.e. a point and click means of selection), a selection of one or more related data subsets 440 and, in response, generates additional graphical presentations 450, 460 for each such data subset. As shown by Figure 15(c) the additional graphical presentation(s) are displayed together on the same screen display. In preparing the main graph 430 and subgraph(s) 450, 460 for display the graphizer component formats each graphical presentation to an appropriate size and position for collective viewing. As illustrated by Figure 15 (c), the main graph 430 shows the ranking of each selectable subgraph data set (e.g. by operator) and the subgraph(s) shows greater detail for specific elements of the selected data subset (i.e. in this illustration, for the selected operator BB). For the illustrated embodiment, an initial screen is provided to the user which permits the user to select criteria from a number of menus including menus covering Operator/Model (e.g. 11 major operators or 15 models), Focus (e.g. Service Difficulty Reports, Accidents/incidents and Engine reliability), ATA (mechanical component), Precautionary procedure (e.g. unscheduled landing), Nature of condition (e.g. smoke) and Stage of Operation (e.g. take-off). Figure 15(a) shows an output graph generated by the graphizer 400 for a selection by the user of the ATA menu item "Flight Control Sys (A2)", this graph representing data for the "flight control sys" reports by the eleven (11) operators identified within each operator bar (e.g. the second bar from the top representing operator "BB"). In this graph the percentages shown represent the number of smoke reports for each of the 11 operators, normalized by model and number of departures, with the group average being 100%. The two-graph display of Figure 15(b) shows time trends for SDRs and the number of repeat occurrences, wherein the highlighted circle shows the ratio of the latest number to the two previous high numbers (and the two previous high numbers are shown by large dots). The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment describes aircraft- centric measurements of the present information system and method because the illustrated embodiment relates to the field of analyzing aviation safety data. However, these measurements and analyses can be equally applied to other fields such as health and product safety. For example, a patient may be the object and records of doctors' reports (i.e. from patient visits to doctors or hospitalizations), rather than SDRs, might then form the basis on which analyses are conducted. In the health field, there are multiple sources of data which, without the benefit of the present system and method, are not readily collated to follow the longitudinal side effects, course and outcomes of various medical treatments. The present system and method can thereby provide the surveillance and monitoring means which is needed to detect epidemics or other undesirable outcomes and to identify risk factors. The terms algorithm, function, module and component herein are interchangeable and are used generally herein to refer to any set of computer- readable instructions or commands such as in the form of software, without limitation to any specific location or means of operation of the same, and without limitation as to the format, style, organization or size of the command sets to be selected for any particular embodiment. It is to be understood that the specific elements of the information system and method described herein are not intended to limit the invention defined by the appended claims. From the teachings provided herein the invention could be implemented and embodied in any number of alternative computer program embodiments by persons skilled in the art without departing from the claimed invention. APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF TERMS USED IN THE DESCRIPTION HEREIN AND IN THE SYSTEM'S DATA SOURCES Accident An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and until such time as all persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage. Substantial damage means damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component. Engine failure or damage limited to the engine if only one engine fails or is damaged, bent failings or cowling, dented skin, small puncture holes in the skin or fabric, ground damage to rotor or propeller blades, and damage to landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes or wingtips are not generally considered "substantial damage". Accident Rates Accident counts alone are not reliable indicators of the relative safety of airlines/operators, aircraft types, or segments of the air transportation industry because, all other things being equal, an airline with 500 airplanes will probably have more accidents than an airline with 10 airplanes. Similarly, the more frequently used aircraft types would tend to be involved in accidents more than the less frequently used types. The method most commonly used to address these issues is to calculate accident rates in terms of accident counts divided by some measure of aviation activity; i.e., accident counts divided by flight hours, departures, miles, etc. ASRS (Aviation Safety Report System) A voluntary, confidential and anonymous incident reporting system used to identify hazards and safety discrepancies in the National Airspace System. It is also used to formulate policy and to strengthen the foundation of aviation human factors safety research. It was started in 1976 as a means for the FAA to obtain reports of deficiencies and discrepancies before accidents or incidents occur. Pilots, air traffic controllers, flight attendants, mechanics, ground personnel, and others involved in aviation operations can submit reports to the ASRS when they are involved in, or observe, an incident or situation in which they believe aviation safety was compromised. The FAA provides limited immunity from regulatory enforcement action to reporters as an incentive to report incidents. The ASRS identifies the airport and, since January 1994, the aircraft model, but not the registration, serial number or airline. The program encourages submissions by granting those who file reports anonymity and limited immunity. The ASRS database contains reports submitted from 1988 to present. ATA Refers to the Air Transport Association Joint Aviation Statistical code (statistical classification) indicating the mechanical component where the difficulty on the aircraft occurred. Also referred to as JASC - Joint Aviation Statistical Code. ATC Refers to air traffic control. BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics (USA). Category of Operation Aviation operators are categorized by the federal regulation that govern their conduct. The major categories in the NTSB database are: Air Carriers (Scheduled Part 121 and Part 127 operators) Charter Air Carriers (Non-scheduled Part 121 operators) Commuter Airlines (Scheduled Part 135 operators) Air Taxis (Non-scheduled Part 135 operators) Departures The number of aircraft take-offs actually performed in domestic and international scheduled and non-scheduled passenger/cargo and all-cargo revenue services. Enforcement Action The FAA publishes a quarterly compilation of enforcement actions against regulated aviation entities that are closed with a civil penalty or issuance of a certificate for suspension or revocation. At the end of each quarter of the calendar year, the FAA compiles a data run for all enforcement actions against aviation entities that involve safety and security issues and result in a civil penalty or issuance of a suspension or revocation order. Some security cases may be reported in the quarter following the quarter in which the action was closed. For purposes of this report, cases are considered to be closed after an order has issued that is no longer appealable or when a civil penalty is imposed. However, for other record-keeping purposes in the Enforcement Information System a case is considered closed only after some other event occurs, e.g., payment of a civil penalty or a determination that the penalty is not collectable or, in the case of suspension or revocation, surrender of the certificate. Engine Utilization/Reliability The air carrier aircraft and engine utilization report covers engine shutdowns and removals identified by air carrier, aircraft model and engine model. FAA Airworthiness Directives The FAA issues alerts about unsafe conditions that are newly discovered. These directives specify the date by which implementation of corrective action is required. FAA Incident Data System The FAA Incident Data System contains incident data records for all categories of civil aviation. Incidents are events that do not meet the aircraft damage or personal injury thresholds contained in the NTSB definition of an accident. For example, the database contains reports of collisions between aircraft and birds while on approach to or departure from an airport. While such a collision may not have resulted in sufficient aircraft damage to reach the damage threshold of an NTSB accident, the fact that the collision occurred is valuable safety information that may be used in the establishment of aircraft design standards or in programs to deter birds from nesting in areas adjacent to airports. The FAA Incident Data System contains events that occurred between 1978 and the present. Fatal injury Any injury which results in death within 30 days of the accident. GAO General Accounting Office Hours Flown The airborne hours in domestic and international scheduled and non-scheduled revenue service, computed from the moment an aircraft leaves the ground until it touches the ground again. Incident A potentially hazardous event which, although not meeting the aircraft- damage or personal-injury thresholds for an accident (as defined by the NTSB), is associated with the operation of an aircraft and affects or could affect the safety of operations. JASC See ATA Longitudinal Analysis By following up individual objects (in this example, individual aircraft). Miles Flown The miles (computed in airport-to-airport distances) for each inter- airport trip actually completed in domestic and international revenue services, scheduled and non-scheduled. In cases where the inter-airport distances are inapplicable, aircraft miles flown are determined by multplying the normal cruising speed for the aircraft type by the airborne hours. Model Mix Refers to the factor that no two airlines fly identical aircraft fleets on identical routes. Some tend to fly larger aircraft on long routes while others fly smaller aircraft more frequently on shorter routes. NASDAC (National Aviation Safety Data Analysis Center) The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) promotes the open exchange of safety information in order to continuously improve aviation safety. To further this basic objective, the FAA has established the National Aviation Safety Data Analysis Center (NASDAC). It is expected that, eventually, this facility will be made available for use throughout the aviation safety community. The center is currently located in the headquarters building of the United States Federal Aviation Administration. NASDAC works towards simplifying and automating aviation data analysis processes and expands access to data and information. Nature of Condition Symptoms or problems identified from a Service Difficulty Report and identified by 24 values e.g. warning indicator, fluid loss, etc. Near Mid-Air Collision (NMAC) An NMAC is an incident associated with the operation of an aircraft in which a possibility of a collision occurs as a result of proximity of less than 500 feet to another aircraft or a report from a pilot or flight crew member stating that a collision hazard existed between two or more aircraft. The NMAC reporting system was revised substantially in 1992. NTSB The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is a United States independent federal agency charged by Congress with investigating every civil aviation accident in the United States. The NTSB determines the probable cause of accidents, and issues safety recommendations aimed at preventing future accidents. The NTSB accident/incident database contains investigation reports from 1983 to present. NTSB Safety Recommendations to the FAA With FAA Responses The NTSB makes safety recommendations to all elements of the transportation industry. Recipients of a recommendation have to respond formally to the recommendation and specify what action is or is not being taken and why. There is an NTSB database which contains the aviation safety recommendations, the FAA responses, the subsequent correspondence and NTSB's appraisal of the response. NTSB uses the information it gathers during accident investigations and the determination of probable cause to make safety recommendations to all elements of the transportation industry. While the recipient of a recommendation does not have to implement the proposed action, it does have to formally respond to the recommendation and specify what action is or is not being taken and why. This database contains NTSB's recommendations to the FAA and the FAA's responses. It is an historical record of correspondence between the NTSB and the FAA. The NTSB Safety Recommendations database includes recommendations that were written between 1963 and the present. Occurrence An event, other than an accident, that affects or could affect the safety of aviation operations and that is investigated by the FAA. OMEC The Operator/Model Exposure and Costs dataset (used by the standardization analysis module 320). Operational Deviation (OD) An occurrence where applicable separation minima, as referenced in the operational error (OE) definition below were maintained, but: (1) less than the applicable separation minima existed between an aircraft and protected airspace without prior approval, (2) an aircraft penetrated airspace that was delegated to another position of operation or another facility without prior coordination and approval, (3) an aircraft penetrated airspace that was delegated to another position of operation of another facility at an altitude or route contrary to the altitude or route requested and approved in direct coordination or as specified in a Letter of Agreement, pre-coordination or internal procedure, (4) an aircraft, vehicle, equipment, or personnel encroached upon a landing area that was delegated to another position of operation without prior coordination and approval. Operational Error (OE) An occurrence attributable to an element of the air traffic control system which results in less than the applicable separation minima between two or more aircraft, or between an aircraft and terrain or obstacles as required by Handbook 7110.65 and supplemental instructions. Obstacles include vehicles/equipment/personnel on runways, or aircraft lands or departs on a runway closed to aircraft operations after receiving air traffic authorization. Operator The individual, firm, or airline that causes the aircraft to be scheduled, moved or dispatched. Pilot Deviation (PD) The actions of a pilot which result in the violation of a Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) or a North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) tolerance. Precautionary Procedure Responds to the urgent condition where there is a concern about the safety of the aircraft or people on board. A precautionary procedure differs from normal procedures, but is less than an emergency or distress procedure which requires immediate assistance due to serious and/or imminent danger. Identified by 15 values eg. unscheduled landing, engine shutdown, etc.. Production Lists These detail aircraft characteristics (serial number, construction number, year built, engines), their operators and current status (in service, stored, written off or scrapped) and are provided in print and electronic form. RCO Recommendation course and outcomes. Registration Number An aircraft must be registered to be flown legally in the U.S. The FAA assigns a unique identification number to each registered aircraft called a registration number (commonly referred to a the "N Number" since all U.S. registration numbers start with "N"). The registration number is unique only among the population of currently registered aircraft and may be reused if an aircraft is destroyed or, for other reasons, its registration is allowed to lapse. Remarks (SDR) Descriptive data provided in a Service Difficulty Report describing the conditions subsequent to or leading up to a reported problem, and may identify the cause for a malfunction and/or the emergency measures executed. Runway Incursion Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing or intending to land. Separation Minima The minimum longitudinal, lateral, or vertical distances by which aircraft are spaced through the application of air traffic control procedures. Serious Injury Any injury which: 1. requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date the injury was received; 2. results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes or nose); 3. causes severe hemorrages, nerve, muscle or tendon damage; 4. involves any internal organ or; 5. involves second or third degree burns or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface. Service Difficulty Report (SDR) Passenger aircraft of ten seats or more must report the occurrence or detection of each failure, malfunction or defect concerning specified events or anything else that has endangered or may endanger safe operations. The Flight Standards Service Difficulty Program objective is to achieve prompt and appropriate correction of conditions adversely affecting continued airworthiness of aeronautical products, through the collection of Service Difficulty and Malfunction or Defect Reports. The FAA's Service Difficulty Reporting program originated in the early 1970's with the earliest records currently available dating June, 1974. Severity Identified by 7 values e.g. seldom, uncommon, frequent. Stage of Operation Used to identify the operation state (i.e. when) and has 18 values e.g. approach, climb, cruise, descent, etc. Traffic Refers to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics - Airiine Traffic Statistics. The airline activity spreadsheet available on the Aviation Safety Information Web site contains, by airline, the number of departures, flight hours and miles performed in domestic and international, commercial service during the most recent five calendar years. These are the activity measures that are used most frequently by government and industry to calculate accident or incident rates for the principal segments of the air transportation system. Traffic Denominators Factors which take into account the fact that more accidents occur during takeoff and landing than during other phases of flight and, therefore, the selection of the measure of aviation activity that is used to calculate rates will bias the results. For example, an airline that flies longer routes has fewer takeoffs and landings per hour and is thus favored by use of hours as the measure of activity, while an airiine that flies shorter routes is favored by the use of departures as the measure of activity. Traffic Exposure Refers to days of operation, departures, hours of aircraft flight, hours (gate to gate), and miles. Turbojet Aircraft An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the jet operates a turbine which in turn operates the air compressor. Turboprop Aircraft An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the jet operates a turbine which drives the propeller. Type A hierarchical classification of four values, namely, UEL, major, routine, NMNR (not major, not routine), which may also be referred to as "kind". Unsafe or illegal Action/Condition During an Event Indicates whether the primary problem is with the aircraft, flight crew, ATC, airport, navigational aids, publications or weather. Unscheduled Landing Types Passenger precipitated (illness, premature labor or disruptive behavior) Diversions due to weather Known or suspected mechanical difficulties or malfunctions (SDR's) Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviation (VPD) An entry or movement on an airport movement area by a vehicle operator or pedestrian that has not been authorized by air traffic control (includes aircraft operated by a non- pilot). APPENDIX B VALUES OF THE FIELDS OF SERVICE DIFFICULTY REPORTS (SDRs): TYPE (4 values) UEL (Unscheduled Emergency Landing) MAJOR ROUTINE NMNR (Not major, not routine) NATURE OF CONDITION (23 values) VISIBLE FLAME SMOKE FOREIGN OBJECT INFLIGHT SEPARATION VIBRATION CONTROLS AFFECTED MULTIPLE FAILURES POWER SOURCE LOSS FLIGHT ALTITUDE INDICATOR WARNING INDICATION FLUID LOSS SYSTEM TEST BAD OVER TEMP FALSE WARNING OTHER NO WARNING INDICATION ENGINE POWER LOSS OTHER SYSTEM AFFECTED CASE PENETRATION INADEQUATE QUALITY FLAMEOUT STOPPAGE SIGNIFICANT FAILURE PRECAUTIONARY PROCEDURE (14 values) UNSCHEDULED LANDING EMERGENCY DESCENT ABORT TAKEOFF RETURN TO BLOCK ENGINE SHUTDOWN FIRE EXTINGUISHER OXYGEN MASK DEACTIVATE SYSTEM DEPRESSURIZATION DUMP FUEL NONE ABORT APPROACH OTHER AUTOROTATION SEVERITY (6 values) SELDOM UNCOMMON OCCASSIONAL COMMON FREQUENT OVER 24 MO STAGE OF OPERATION (17 values) AIR AMBULANCE AEROBATIC AGRICULTURE APPROACH CLIMB CRUISE DESCENT EXTERNAL LOAD FIRE FIGHTING HOVERING INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE LANDING MAPPING/SURVEY NOT REPORTED TAKEOFF TAXI UNKNOWN YEAR BUILT (5 values) 1900-1901 YEAR BUILT 1902-1968 YEAR BUILT 1969-1978 YEAR BUILT 1979-1988 YEAR BUILT 1989-1999 YEAR BUILT DOD - DOR (7 values) 0 DOR - DOD 1 - 3 DOR - DOD 4-11 DOR -DOD 12-26 DOR -DOD 27-55 DOR -DOD 56 -112 DOR -DOD 113+ DOR -DOD PARETO (18 values) OSDRS 1 SDRS 2 SDRS 3 SDRS 4 SDRS 5 SDRS 6 SDRS 7 SDRS 8 SDRS 9 SDRS 10 SDRS 11-14 SDRS 15-24 SDRS 25+ SDRS 4+ SDRS 3+ SDRS 2+ SDRS 1+ SDRS MODEL (112 values) BOEING 107 BOEING 234 BOEING 707 BOEING 720 BOEING 727 BOEING 737 BOEING 747 BOEING 757 BOEING 767 BOEING 777 DOUGLAS C118 DOUGLAS DC3 DOUGLAS C54 (DC4) DOUGLAS DC6 DOUGLAS DC7 DOUGLAS DC8 DOUGLAS DC9 DOUGLAS MD88 (DC9) DOUGLAS DC10 DOUGLAS MD11 (DC11) DOUGLAS MD90 AIRBUS 300 AIRBUS 310 AIRBUS 320 AIRBUS 330 AIRBUS 340 LOCKHEED 1011 TRISTAR LOCKHEED 132 LOCKHEED 188 LOCKHEED 382 DEHAVILLAND DHC2 DEHAVILLAND DHC3 DEHAVILLAND DHC6 DEHAVILLAND DHC7 DEHAVILLAND DHC8 AEROSPATIALE AS262 AEROSPATIALE AS355 AEROSPATIALE AS365 AEROSPATIALE ATR42 AEROSPATIALE ATR72 AEROSPATIALE CONCORDE BAE ONE-ELEVEN BAG BAE146 BAE HP137 BAG JETSTM BAE ATP BOLKMS BK117 BOLKMS BO105 EMBRAER 110 EMBRAER 120 FOKKER F27 FRIENDSHIP FOKKER F28 FELLOWSHIP SAAB SF340 SHORTS (STBROS) SD3 SWEARINGEN SA226 SWEARINGEN SA227 AMD DASSAULT FALCON BEECH 1900 BEECH C45 BEECH 58 BEECH 99 BEECH 100 BEECH 200 CASA C212 CANADAIR CL600 CANADAIR CL44 CURTISS C46 CONVAIR 240 CONVAIR 340 CONVAIR 440 CONVAIR APJC DORNIER 228 DORNIER 328 FAIRCHILD FH27 FAIRCHILD FH227/SA227 NIHON YS11 AGUSTA A109 BNORM BN2A BRAERO BAE125 BRAERO HS748 CESSNA 172 CESSNA 207 CESSNA 208 CESSNA 402 CESSNA 404 CESSNA 550 HUGHES 369 HWKSLY DH114 LEAR 24 LEAR 25 LEAR 35 MARTIN 404 MTSBSI MU2B PIPER PA232 PIPER PA3 3 PIPER PA31 SNIAS AS350 WESTLD WESTLAND SKRSKY S76 COPTER BELL 205 COPTER BELL 206 COPTER BELL 212 COPTER BELL 214 COPTER BELL 222 COPTER BELL 230 COPTER BELL 407 COPTER BELL 412 COPTER GULFSTREA G1159 GULFSTREAM G159 AIRBUS 319 EMBRAER 145 DEFAULT BTS MODEL (118 values) DHAV DHC2 DHAV DHC3 DHAV DHC4 DOUG DC2 (EXPECT NONE) DOUG DC3 & C47 DOUG DC4 & C54 DOUG DC6 DEFAULT DOUG DC6A DOUG DC6B DOUG DC7B DOUG DC7C LKHEED1049 DEFAULT LKHEED1049H DHAV DHC81 DHAV DHC83 DHAV DHC6 LKHEED188 LKHEED382 DHAV DHC7 BOEING7375XX BOEING7374XX BOEING7373XX W/ LR (EXPECT NONE) BOEING7373XX W/O LR BOEING7372XX W/O C & 1XX BOEING7372XX W/ C BOEING7572XX BOEING7672XX BOEING7673XX BOEING777 DOUG DC91 DEFAULT DOUG DC915F DOUG DC93 DOUG DC94 DOUG DC95 DOUG DC987 DOUG DC98 DEFAULT & MD88 DOUG MD9 AIRBUSA300B4 & 300F AIRBUSA3102 AIRBUSA3103 AIRBUSA3202 AIRBUSA300B2 AIRBUSA330 (EXPECT NONE) BOEING7271XX W/O C BOEING7271XX VW C BOEING7272XX DOUG DC101 DOUG DC102 (EXPECT NONE) DOUG DC 103 W/O CF DOUG DC 104 DOUG DC103 W/ CF (EXPECT NONE) DOUG MD11 BOEING7071XX W/O B BOEING7071XX W/ B BOEING7072XX (EXPECT NONE) BOEING7073XX W/O B W/O C BOEING7073XX VW B BOEING7073XX W/ C BOEING7074XX BOEING7200 W/O B BOEING7200 W/ B BOEING7471XX BOEING7472XX & 3XX BOEING747 VW C BOEING7474XX BOEING747 W/ F BOEING747 W/ SP DOUG DC81 (EXPECT NONE) DOUG DC82 DOUG DC83 DOUG DC84 DOUG DC85 DOUG DC8F5 DOUG DC861 DOUG DC863F DOUG DC862 DOUG DC863 DEFAULT DOUG DC871 DOUG DC872 DOUG DC873 DEFAULT DOUG DC873F AIRBUSA340 BOEING107 & 114 BOEING234 BOEING7070XX BOEING707 DEFAULT BOEING720 DEFAULT BOEING7270XX BOEING727 DEFAULT BOEING7370XX BOEING737 DEFAULT BOEING7470XX BOEING747 DEFAULT BOEING7570XX BOEING757 DEFAULT BOEING7670XX BOEING767 DEFAULT BOEING DEFAULT AIRBUSA300 DEFAULT AIRBUSA310 DEFAULT AIRBUSA319 AIRBUSA320 DEFAULT AIRBUS DEFAULT (EXPECT NONE) DHAV DHC1 DHAV DHC82 DHAV DHC8 DEFAULT DHAV DEFAULT DOUG DC7 DEFAULT DOUG DC8 DEFAULT DOUG DC92 DOUG DC9 DEFAULT DOUG DC 10 DEFAULT" DOUG DEFAULT" LKHEED10113 LKHEED10 1 DEFAULT LKHEED132 LKHEED DEFAULT UNDEF MANUFACTURER OPERATOR CODE (225 values) AALA AMERICAN UALA UNITED DALA DELTA USAA USAIR NWAA NORTHWEST CALA CONTINENTAL FDEA FEDERAL EXPRESS TWAA TRANS WORLD SWAA SOUTHWEST AWXA AMERICA WEST IPXA UPS COMA COMAIR ASAA ALASKA HZMA HORIZON AMTA AMERICAN TRANS EIAA EVERGREEN INT SRAA SOUTHERN AIR TRANSPORT HALA HAWAIIAN MWEA MIDWEST EXPRESS TSAA ALOHA TWRA TOWER MRKA MARKAIR TAOA USAIR SHUTTLE WRLA WORLD AW RIVA CARNIVAL AL CLCA CHALLENGE AC DHLA DHL AW RRXA EMERY WORLDWIDE AL IXKA KIWI INT ORJA RENO VJ6A VALUJET (NOW AIRTRAN) MZZA CONTINENTAL MICRONESIA EALA EASTERN HEEA PETROLEUM HELICOPTER ZZDA AIRTRAN (WAS VALUJET) GTIA SPIRIT W8PA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 P2EA VANGUARD AAA ALLEGHENY KT3R OKLAHOMA MAY 99 AWI HUGHES AIR WEST F3LA FRONTIER VFSA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 NCA NORTH CENTRAL GUUA GULFSTREAM INT K3HA KIWI INT SABA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 TC8A TRANS CONTINENTAL IH3R OKLAHOMA MAY 99 PNSA PENINSULA EQGA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 SOU SOUTHERN AW WAA WIEN AIR ALASKA BDHA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 FXLA FINE APN OKLAHOMA BJNA TEM ENTERPRISES PAIA PIEDMONT AL PAAA PAN AMERICAN WORLD FALA FRONTIER AL BNFA BRANIFF AW TXIA TEXAS INT AL OZAA OZARK AL WALA WESTERN AL NALA NATIONAL AL ANEA AIR NEW ENGLAND WTAA WESTAIR COMMUTER A ABXA ABX A MALA MESABA AV PCAA PENNSYLVANIA COMMUTE RMXA OMNIFLIGHT HELICOPTERS SIMA SIMMONS AL BRIA BRITT AW ZIAA ZANTOP INT RAIA TRANS STATES AL AWAA AIR WISCONSIN AL RAAA REEVE ALEUTIAN AW EISA EXPRESS ONE INT P5CA POLAR AC MIDA MIDWAY AL PLGA BUSINESS EXPRESS CKSA AMERICAN INT PAYA TRANS WORLD EXPRESS VTZA ATLANTIC COAST NVEA AMERICAN EAGLE ARWA ARRO A SCNA SUN COUNTRY AL MGMA MGM GRAND A ASPA ASPEN AW RYNA RYAN INT EMAA EMERALD A REXA EXPRESS AL RIAA RICH INT NACA NORTHERN AC RAXA ROSENBALM AV KTIA KEYAL TCAA TRANS CONTINENTAL AL PREA PRECISION VALLEY AVI SPAA SIERRA PACIFIC AL ERAA ERA AV FWTA FLORIDA WEST AL A6WA AIR WISCONSIN AL IXXA AIR TRANSPORT INT BUFA BUFFALO AW S2YA ASTRAL GRAA GREAT AMERICAN AW GAIA KITTY HAWK AC M ASA MESA AL COEA EMPIRE AL TALA TRANS AIR LINK RAYA OKLAHOMA PDLA PRESIDENTIAL AW GATA GULF AIR TRANSPORT MVAA MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AL HERA HERMENS A IMPA IMPERIAL AL CAPS OKLAHOMA AFLA MIDWAY AL FLTA FLIGHT TRAILES GWAT OKLAHOMA AORA OKLAHOMA ALTT OKLAHOMA ALGA OFFSHORE LOGISTICS AIAA ATORIE A PATX OKLAHOMA CCDA CASCADE AW HPJA APOLLO AW ONEA IR ONE EIAS OKLAHOMA REPA REPUBLIC AL AMWA AIR MIDWEST NAXA OKLAHOMA HNAA HENSON AV SW1A SKYWEST AL PCTA PORTS OF CALL FTLA FLYING TIGER LINE MTRA METROFLIGHT PSAA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST C2XA CONTINENTAL EXPRESS BHAA BAR HARBOR AW ACLA AIRCAL TIAA TRANSAMERICA AL SALA SUBURBAN AL ASOA ATLANTIC SOUTHEAST AL PSAX OKLAHOMA PEXA PEOPLE EXPRESS VNAA JETSTREAM INT FAVA AVAIR EMXA METRO EXPRESS TAGA ORION AIR CHQA CHAUTAUQUA AL TIAS TRANSAMERICA CAIA COMMAND AW FTLS FLYING TIGER CPLA CHAPARRAL AL WWMA WINGS WEST AL PBAA PROVINCETOWN BOSTON AL GLBA GREAT LAKES AV NYAA NEW YORK AL CROA CROWN AW SAAS OKLAHOMA WRNA TRADEWINDS SUNA SUN AIRE LINES ACAX OKLAHOMA MEJA MERLIN EXPRESS ISAA INTERSTATE AL ZIAX OKLAHOMA RMAA ROCKY MOUNTAIN AW RIOA RIO AW IASA INTERNATIONAL AIR SERV FLEA FLORIDA EXPRESS AIAX OKLAHOMA BRTA BRITT AL FECT OKLAHOMA R7MA ROCKY MOUNTAIN HOLIDAYS UF6A UFS I FLAA CAMAIR INT PQAA PUERTO RICO INT AL SMBA SEDALIA MARSHALL BOONVIL ONAS OKLAHOMA JJBA CHAMPLAIN ENTERPRISE WRTA WRIGHT AL RANA RANSOME A TRBA EXECUTIVE MAAA MIDSTATE AL SWAX OKLAHOMA RDLS OKLAHOMA ANAA ANA GPPA OKLAHOMA RAIX OKLAHOMA RAHT OKLAHOMA FECZ OKLAHOMA SCIA SCENIC AL PCTX PORTS OF CALL SMMA SUMMIT AL A4JA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 ACA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 ACZA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 AETA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 ARWR OKLAHOMA MAY 99 ASRA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 B4MR OKLAHOMA MAY 99 CAPA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 CICA PARADISE ISLAND EF2R OKLAHOMA MAY 99 GEMA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 HCMA HELICOPTER CONSULTANT IU6R OKLAHOMA MAY 99 JAMA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 MACA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 MIAS OKLAHOMA MAY 99 PCSA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 PIOA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 PSA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 RDLA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 RJEF OKLAHOMA MAY 99 SBWS OKLAHOMA MAY 99 SWJA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 SWXA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 TWUA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 VG5R OKLAHOMA MAY 99 VSTA OKLAHOMA MAY 99 Y2PA USA JET ZYWA WEST MICHIGAN AIR CARE DFLT DEFAULT ATA 2 CHARACTER CODES (50 values) SERV PLACARD MARKING SERV FUEL OIL COOLANT HELICOPTER VIBRATE AIR CONDITIONING AUTO PILOT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM INTERIOR EQUIPMENT FIRE PROTECTION FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM FUEL SYSTEM HYDRAULIC SYSTEM ANTI-ICE SYSTEM INSTRUMENTS LANDING GEAR LIGHTING SYSTEM NAVIGATION SYSTEM OXYGEN SYSTEM PNEUMATIC SYSTEM VACUUM SYSTEM WATER / WASTE SYSTEM CENTRAL MAINT COMPUTER AIRBORNE APU SYSTEM PRACTICE/STRUC/BALLOON DOORS FUSELAGE NACELLE/PYLON STRUCTURE EMPENNAGE STRUCTURE WINDOW/WINDSHIELD SYSTEM WING STRUCTURE PROPELLER SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR DRIVE TAIL ROTOR TAIL ROTOR DRIVE SYSTEM ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT CONTROL POWER PLANT ENG TURBINE/TURBOPROP ENG FUEL & CONTROL IGNITION SYS ENG BLEED AIR SYSTEM ENG CONTROLS ENG INDICATING SYSTEM ENG EXHAUST ENG OIL SYSTEM ENG START TURBINE SYSTEM RECIP ONLY WATER INJECTION ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES ENGINE RECIPROCATING ATA 4 CHARACTER CODES (448 values) PLACARDS AND MARKINGS FUEL SERVICING OIL SERVICING HYDRAULIC FLUID SERVICING COOLANT SERVICING HELICOPTER VIB NOISE ANALYSIS HELICOPTER VIBRATION ANALYSIS HELICOPTER NOISE ANALYSIS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM COMPRESSOR SYSTEM AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AIR DISTRIBUTION FAN PRESSURIZATION CONTROL SYSTEM PRESSURE CONTROLLER PRESSURE INDICATOR REGULATOR-OUTFLOW VALVE PRESSURE SENSOR HEATING SYSTEM COOLING SYSTEM (AIR VAPOR CYCLE) TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER CABIN TEMPERATURE INDICATOR CABIN TEMPERATURE SENSOR HUMIDITY CON OL SYSTEM AUTO FLIGHT SYSTEM AUTOPILOT SYSTEM AUTOPILOT COMPUTER ALTITUDE CONTROLLER FLIGHT CONTROLLER AUTOPILOT TRIM INDICATOR AUTOPILOT MAIN SERVO AUTOPILOT TRIM SERVO SPEED-ATTITUDE CORRECTION SYSTEM AUTO THROTTLE SYSTEM AERODYNAMIC LOAD ALLEVIATING COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM HF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM UHF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM VHF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DATA TRANSMISSION AUTO CALL PA & ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM INTERPHONE AUDIO INTEGRATING STATIC DISCHARGE SYSTEM AUDIO & VIDEO MONITORING ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ALTERNATOR-GENERATOR DRIVE SYSTEM AC GENERATION SYSTEM AC GENERATOR-ALTERNATOR AC INVERTER PHASE ADAPTER AC REGULATOR AC INDICATING SYSTEM DC GENERATION SYSTEM BATTERY OVERHEAT WARNING SYSTEM BATTERY CHARGER DC RECTIFIER-CONVERTER DC GENERATOR-ALTERNATOR STARTER-GENERATOR DC REGULATOR DC INDICATING SYSTEM EXTERNAL POWER SYSTEM AC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM EQUIPMENT FURNISHINGS FLIGHT COMPARTMENT EQUIPMENT PASSENGER COMPARTMENT EQUIP BUFFET GALLEYS LAVATORIES CARGO COMPARTMENTS AGRICULTURAL EXTERNAL LOAD SYSTEM EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT LIFE JACKET EMERGENCY LOCATOR BEACON PARACHUTE LIFE RAFT ESCAPE SLIDE ACCESSORY COMPARTMENTS BATTERY BOX STRUCTURE ELECTRONIC SHELF SECTION FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM DETECTION SYSTEM SMOKE.DETECTION FIRE.DETECTION OVERHEAT.DETECTION EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM FIRE BOTTLE.FIXED FIRE BOTTLE.PORTABLE FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM CONTROL COLUMN SECTION AILERON CONTROL SYSTEM AILERON TAB CONTROL SYSTEM RUDDER CONTROL SYSTEM RUDDER TAB CONTROL SYSTEM RUDDER ACTUATOR ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEM ELEVATOR TAB CONTROL SYSTEM STABILIZER CONTROL SYSTEM STABILIZER POSITION IND SYSTEM STABILIZER ACTUATOR TE FLAP CONTROL SYSTEM TE FLAP POSITION IND SYSTEM TE FLAP ACTUATOR DRAG CONTROL SYSTEM DRAG CONTROL ACTUATOR GUST LOCK-DAMPER SYSTEM LE FLAP CONTROL SYSTEM LE FLAP POSITION IND SYSTEM LE FLAP ACTUATOR FUEL SYSTEM FUEL STORAGE FUEL DISTRIBUTION FUEL FILTER-STRAINER FUEL PUMPS FUEL SELECTOR SHUTOFFVALVE FUELTRANSFERVALVE FUEL DUMP FUEL INDICATION SYSTEM FUEL QUANTITY INDICATOR FUEL QUANTITY SENSOR FUEL TEMPERATURE FUEL PRESSURE HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM HYDRAULIC, MAIN SYSTEM ACCUMULATOR, MAIN FILTER, MAIN PUMP, MAIN HANDPUMP, MAIN PRESSURE RELIEF, MAIN RESERVOIR, MAIN PRESSURE REGULATOR, MAIN HYDRAULIC, AUXILIARY SYSTEM ACCUMULATOR, AUXILIARY FILTER, AUXILIARY PUMP, AUXILIARY HANDPUMP, AUXILIARY PRESSURE RELIEF, AUXILIARY RESERVOIR, AUXILIARY PRESSURE REGULATOR, AUXILIARY HYDRAULIC, INDICATING SYSTEM PRESSURE INDICATOR PRESSURE SENSOR QUANTITY INDICATOR QUANTITY SENSOR ICE RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM AIRFOIL ANTI-ICE, DEICE INTAKE ANTI-ICE.DEICE PITOT STATIC ANTI-ICE WINDOWS WINDSHIELDS & DOORS ANTENNA RADOME ANTI-ICE PROP ROTOR ANTI-ICE, DEICE WATER LINE ANTI-ICE ICE DETECTION INDICATING RECORDING SYSTEM INSTRUMENT PANEL INDEP INSTRUMENT (CLOCK.ETC) DATA RECORDERS (FLIGHT MAINT) CENTRAL COMPUTERS (EG EICAS) CENTRAL WARNING CENTRAL DISPLAY AUTOMATIC DATA LANDING GEAR SYS LANDING GEAR WHEEL FAIRING MAIN LANDING GEAR MAIN LANDING GEAR ATTACH SEC EMERGENCY FLOATATION SECTION MAIN GEAR STRUT AXLE TRUCK NOSE TAIL LANDING GEAR NOSE TAIL GEAR ATTACH SECTION NOSE TAIL GEAR STRUT AXLE GEAR EXTENSION AND RETRACT SYSTEM LANDING GEAR DOOR RETRACT SEC LANDING GEAR DOOR ACTUATOR LANDING GEAR ACTUATOR LANDING GEAR SELECTOR LANDING GEAR BRAKES SYSTEM ANTI-SKID SECTION BRAKE MASTER CYLINDER BRAKE VALVE TIRE CASING TUBE WHEEL SKI FLOAT LANDING GEAR STEERING SYSTEM STEERING UNIT SHIMMY DAMPER LG POSITION AND WARNING AUX GEAR (TAIL ROTORCRFT SKID) LIGHTING SYSTEM FLIGHT COMPARTMENT LIGHTING PASSENGER COMPARTMENT LIGHTING CARGO COMPARTMENT LIGHTING EXTERIOR LIGHTING EMERGENCY LIGHTING NAVIGATION SYSTEM FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT DATA PITOT STATIC SYSTEM AIR TEMPERATURE THRUST LIMIT RATE OF CLIMB AIRSPEED MACH INDICATING HIGH SPEED WARNING ALTIMETER, BAROMETRIC ENCODER AIR DATA COMPUTER STALL WARNING SYSTEM ATTITUDE & DIRECTION ATTITUDE GYRO & INDICATION DIRECTIONAL GYRO & INDICATION MAGNETIC COMPASS TURN AND BANK RATE OF TURN INTEGRATED FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEM LANDING AND TAXI AIDS LOCALIZER VOR SYSTEM GLIDE SLOPE SYSTEM MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM MARKER BEACON SYSTEM HEADS UP DISPLAY SYSTEM WIND SHEAR DETECTION SYSTEM INDE POSITION DETERMINING SYSTEM INERTIAL GUIDANCE SYSTEM WEATHER RADAR SYSTEM DOPPLER SYSTEM GROUND PROXIMITY SYSTEM AIR COLLISION AVOIDANCE (TCAS) NON RADAR WEATHER SYSTEM DEPENDENT POSITION DETERMINING DME/TACAN SYSTEM ATC TRANSPONDER SYSTEM LORAN SYSTEM VOR SYSTEM ADF SYSTEM OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FLT MANAGEMENT COMPUTING SYSTEM OXYGEN SYSTEM CREW OXYGEN SYSTEM PASSENGER OXYGEN SYSTEM PORTABLE OXYGEN SYSTEM PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PNEUMATIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PNEUMATIC INDICATING SYSTEM VACUUM VACUUM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VACUUM INDICATING SYSTEM WATER AND WASTE SYSTEM POTABLE WATER SYSTEM WASH WATER SYSTEM WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM AIR SUPPLY (WATER PRESS SYSTEM) CENTRAL MAINTENANCE COMPUTER AIRBORNE APU SYSTEM APU ASSEMBLY AND COWL APU CORE ENGINE APU ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL APU START IGNITION SYSTEM APU BLEED AIR SYSTEM APU CONTROLS APU INDICATING SYSTEM APU EXHAUST SYSTEM APU OIL SYSTEM STANDARD PRACTICES STRUCTURES AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES BALLOON/ DIRIGIBLE REPORTS DOORS/ PASSENGER/ CREW DOORS EMERGENCY EXIT CARGO/ BAGGAGE DOORS SERVICE DOORS GALLEY DOORS ELECT / ELECTRONIC COM DOORS HYDRAULIC COMPARTMENT DOORS ACCESSORY COMPARTMENT DOORS AIR CONDITIONING COMP DOORS FLUID SERVICE DOORS AUXILIARY POWER UNIT DOOR TAIL CONE DOOR FIXED INNER DOORS ENTRANCE STAIRS DOOR WARNING LANDING GEAR DOORS FUSELAGE AERIAL TOW EQUIPMENT SECTION ROTORCRAFT TAIL BOOM FUSELAGE MAIN STRUCTURE FRAMES (MAIN FUSELAGE) BULK HEADS (MAIN FUSELAGE) LONGERONS STRINGERS (MAIN FUS) KEELS (MAIN FUSELAGE) FLOOR BEAMS (MAIN FUSELAGE) FUSELAGE AUXILIARY STRUCTURE FLOOR PANELS (AUX FUSELAGE) INTERNAL MOUNT STRUC (AUX FUS) INTERNAL STAIRS (AUX FUS) FIXED PARTITIONS (AUX FUS) PLATES SKINS (AUX FUSELAGE) FUSELAGE ATTACH FITTINGS SYS WING ATTACH FITTINGS (ON FUS) STAB ATTACH FITTINGS (ON FUS) GEAR ATTACH FITTINGS (ON FUS) DOOR HINGE (ON FUSELAGE) EQUIP ATTACH FITTINGS (ON FUS) ENGINE ATTACH FITTING (ON FUS) SEAT/CARGO ATTACH FITTING AERODYNAMIC FAIRINGS STRUCTURE NACELLES/ PYLONS STRUCTURE MAIN FRAME (ON NACELLES PYLON) FRAMES (ON NACELLES/PYLON) BULKHEAD FIREWALLS (NAC PYLON) LONGERON STRINGERS (NAC PYLON) PLATES/SKINS (NACELLE / PYLON) ATTACH FITTINGS (NAC PYLON) EMPENNAGE STRUCTURE HORIZONTAL STABILIZER SPARS/RIBS (HORIZONTAL STAB) PLATES/SKINS (HORIZONTAL STAB) TAB STRUC (HORIZONTAL STAB) ELEVATORS SPARS/RIBS (ON ELEVATOR) PLATES/SKINS (ON ELEVATOR) TAB STRUCTURE (ON ELEVATOR) VERTICAL STABILIZER SPARS/RIBS (ON VERT STAB) PLATES/SKINS (ON VERT STAB) VENTRAL STRUC (ON VERT STAB) RUDDER SPARS/RIBS (ON RUDDER) PLATES /SKINS (ON RUDDER) TAB STRUCTURE (ON RUDDER) ATTACH FITTINGS (FLT CONTROLS) HORIZONTAL STAB ATTACH FITTING ELEVATOR/TAB ATTACH FITTING VERTICAL STAB ATTACH FITTING RUDDER/TAB ATTACH FITTING WINDOWS-WINDSHIELD SYSTEM FLIGHT COMPARTMENT WINDOWS PASSENGER COMPARTMENT WINDOWS DOOR WINDOWS INSPECTION WINDOWS WING STRUCTURE MAIN FRAME (ON WING) SPAR (ON WING) RIBS/BULKHEAD S (ON WING) LONGERONS/STRINGERS (ON WING) CENTER WING BOX (ON WING) AUXILIARY STRUCTURE (ON WING) PLATES/SKINS (ON WING) ATTACH FITTINGS (ON WING) FUS (ATTACH FITTING ON WING) NAC/PYLON (FITTING ON WING) LANDING GEAR (FITTING ON WING) CONT SURFACE (FITTING ON WING) FLIGHT SURFACE S (WING) AILERONS AILERON TABS TRAILING EDGE FLAPS LEADING EDGE DEVICES SPOILERS PROPELLER SYSTEM PROPELLER ASSEMBLY PROPELLER BLADE SECTION PROP DEICE BOOT SECTION PROP/SPINNER SECTION PROPELLER HUB SECTION PROPELLER CONTROLLING SYSTEM PROP SYNCHRONIZER SECTION PROPELLER GOVERNOR PROPELLER FEATHER/REVERSING PROPELLER BRAKING PROPELLER INDICATING SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR BLADE SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR HEAD SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR MAST/SWASH PLATE MAIN ROTOR INDICATING SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR DRIVE ENGINE/TRANSMISSION COUPLING MAIN ROTOR GEARBOX MAIN ROTOR BRAKE ROTORCRAFT COOLING FAN SYSTEM MAIN ROTOR TRANS MOUNT ROTOR/DRIVE INDICATING SYSTEM TAIL ROTOR TAIL ROTOR BLADE TAIL ROTOR TAIL ROTOR INDICATING SYSTEM TAIL ROTOR DRIVE SYSTEM TAIL ROTOR DRIVE SHAFT TAIL ROTOR GEARBOX TAIL ROTOR DRIVE IND SYSTEM ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT CON OL MAIN ROTOR CONTROL TILT ROTOR FLIGHT CONTROL TAIL ROTOR CONTROL SYSTEM ROTORCRAFT SERVO SYSTEM POWER PLANT ENGINE COWLING SYSTEM COWL FLAP SYS (RECIP. ONLY) ENG AIR BAFFLE SEC (RECIP.) MOUNTS FIRESEALS AIR INTAKE ENGINE DRAINS ENGINE (TURBINE TURBOPROP) REDUCTION GEAR AND SHAFT AIR INLET SECTION (CORE ENG) COMPRESSOR SECTION COMBUSTION SECTION TURBINE SECTION ACCESSORY DRIVES OIL SYSTEM BYPASS SECTION ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL FUEL DISTRIBUTION FUEL OIL COOLER FUEL HEATER FUEL INJECTOR NOZZLE FUEL PUMP FUEL CONTROLLING SYSTEM FUEL CONTROL ELECTRONIC FUEL CONTROL CARBURETOR TURBINE GOVERNOR FUEL DIVIDER FUEL INDICATING SYSTEM FUEL FLOW INDICATING FUEL PRESSURE INDICATING FUEL FLOW SENSOR FUEL PRESS SENSOR IGNITION SYSTEM IGNITION POWER SUPPLY LOW TENSION COIL EXCITER INDUCTION VIBRATOR MAGNETO DISTRIBUTOR DIST (IGNITION HARNESS) SPARK PLUGS IGNITERS SWITCHING ENGINE BLEED AIR SYSTEM ENGINE ANTI-ICING SYSTEM ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM COMPRESSOR BLEED CONTROL COMPRESSOR BLEED GOVERNOR COMPRESSOR BLEED VALVE INDICATING SYSTEM ENGINE CONTROLS ENGINE SYNCHRONIZING MIXTURE CONTROL POWER LEVER EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEM ENGINE INDICATING SYSTEM POWER INDICATING SYSTEM ENGINE PRESSURE RATIO (EPR) BME TORQUE MANIFOLD PRESSURE (MP) RPM TEMPERATURE INDICATING SYSTEM CYLINDER TEMP (CHT) EGT TIT ANALYZERS IGNITION ANALYZER VIBRATION ANALYZER INTEGRATED ENGINE INST SYSTEM ENGINE EXHAUST COLLECTOR NOZZLE NOISE SUPPRESSOR THRUST REVERSER ENG OIL SYSTEM (AIRFRAME FURNISH) OIL STORAGE (AIRFRAME FURNISH) ENG OIL DIST (AIRFRAME FURN) COOLER TEMPERATURE REGULATOR OFF VALVE ENGINE OIL INDICATING SYSTEM PRESSURE QUANTITY TEMPERATURE ENGINE STARTING CRANKING STARTER VALVES CONTROLS TURBINE SYSTEM (RECIP. ONLY) POWER RECOVERY TURBINE TURBO SUPERCHARGER WATER INJECTION ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES ENGINE (RECIPROCATING) ENGINE FRONT SECTION ENGINE POWER SECTION ENGINE CYLINDER SECTION ENGINE REAR SECTION ENGINE OIL SYSTEM

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. An information system for analyzing data comprised of events pertaining to an object class, said system comprising: (a) a data access component configured for accessing a database comprising at least one set of data records whereby each data record pertains to an event for an individual said object and comprises a plurality of data fields, at least one of said data fields comprising an identifier identifying one said individual object; (b) a user interface component for receiving user-selected criteria for field values of said data fields; (c) a selection component configured for selecting those of said data records which correspond to said user-selected criteria; and, (d) an analysis component configured for analyzing said data records including identifying said selected data records according to a chronological sequence of events for individual objects covered by said selected data records, whereby each said individual object covered by said selected data records is associated with a longitudinal set of data records, and deriving output data for said events from said longitudinal sets of data records. 2. An information system according to claim 1 wherein said data fields comprise a plurality of said identifiers and further comprising a preprocessor component for identifying multiple sub-databases from said selected data records whereby each said sub-database comprises data records identified by one of said identifiers. 3. An information system according to claim 2 wherein said database comprises a plurality of said sets of data records each being derived from a different source whereby said sets of data records are integrated to form said database. 4. An information system according to claim 3 wherein the information provided by one said set of data records is used to supplement other data records of said database. 5. An information system according to claim 4 wherein the information provided by another one of said sets of data records is used to correct erroneous data field values in data records obtained from any said source. 6. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said object class is aircraft and said individual object is an individual aircraft having one or more identifiers unique to said individual aircraft. 7. An information system according to claim 6 wherein data records are service difficulty reports each said report pertaining to one said individual aircraft. 8. An information system according to claim 3 and further comprising a graphizer output component configured for graphically displaying said output data by multi-result inter-related graphs. 9. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said analysis component is configured for identifying chronological trends for one or more said individual objects and/or data records. 10. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said analysis component is configured for surveiling said events on a chronological basis for one or more said individual objects. 11. An information system according to claim 7 wherein said analysis component is configured for standardizing said data reports and individual objects as between the different originating sources thereof. 12. An information system according to claim 11 wherein said standardizing is performed on the basis of the traffic patterns for each aircraft and the types of aircraft models of each said originating source. 13. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said analysis component is configured for comparing, on a chronological basis and measured from a user-selected event, the events pertaining to one said individual object and the events pertaining to a user-selected comparison group of said objects. 14. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said analysis component is configured for normalizing the field values for a set of data fields and outputting the resulting normalized data. 15. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said analysis component is configured for identifying related data records of said data records. 16. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said analysis component is configured for identifying a statistically high number of events for an individual object within a designated time period . 17. An information system according to claim 3 wherein said analysis component is configured for rating said originating sources of said data records on the basis of the diligence of said originating sources in reporting events. 18. A method for analyzing data comprised of events pertaining to an object class, said method comprising the steps: (a) accessing a database comprising at least one set of data records whereby each data record pertains to an individual said object and comprises a plurality of data fields, at least one of said data fields comprising an identifier identifying one said individual object; (b) receiving user-selected criteria for field values of said data fields; (c) selecting those of said data records which correspond to said user-selected criteria; and, (d) analyzing said data records including identifying said selected data records according to a chronological sequence of events for individual objects covered by said selected data records, whereby each said individual object covered by said selected data records is associated with a longitudinal set of data records, and deriving output data for said events from said longitudinal sets of data records. 19. A method according to claim 18 whereby said data fields comprise a plurality of said identifiers and further including the step of identifying multiple sub- databases from said selected data records whereby each said sub-database comprises data records identified by one of said identifiers. 20 A method according to claim 19 whereby said database comprises a plurality of said sets of data records each being derived from a different source and said sets of data records are integrated to form said database.

Inventors: HUDAK MARK, RICHMAN ALEX, RICHMAN ELLIOTT, HUDAK, MARK, RICHMAN, ALEX, RICHMAN, ELLIOTT
Applicants: ALGOPLUS CONSULTING LTD, ALGOPLUS CONSULTING LIMITED
Application year: 2001
Main classification: G06F17
IPC codes: G06F17