PCR-BASED IDENTIFICATION OF <i>EIMERIA</i> SPECIES AND STRAINS

Abstract: A method for the identification of species of the genus <i>Eimeria</i> (commonly known as coccidia) is described. The method is genus-specific and utilises either, or both, of two novel primer sets, or annealing equivalents thereof; designated SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26, and SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28.

Description: PCR-based Identification of Eimeria Species and Strains FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a PCR-based method of identifying various species of the genus Eimeria (commonly known as coccidia). More particularly, the present invention relates to a PCR-based method which is genus-specific, utilises novel PCR primers, and has the potential to identify species of Eimeria which may differ only by relatively minor sequence variation. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Bibliographic details of the publications referred to herein are collected at the end of the description. Commonly used abbreviations in this text are: ITS, internal transcribed spacer; ITS-1, first internal transcribed spacer; ITS-2, second internal transcribed spacer; rDNA, ribosomal DNA; TBE, Tris-borate-EDTA; DPGE, denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SSCP, single-strand conformation polymorphism. Coccidiosis is a disease of animals and birds caused by protozoan parasites (Eimeria) known as coccidia. This disease is of major economic importance to the poultry industry worldwide. Eimeria species have complicated life cycles, details of which are well described. Briefly, when a sporulated (infective) coccidial oocyst is ingested, sporozoites are released to initiate asexual and sexual cycles that lead to the production of thousands of new oocysts, which are shed in the faeces of the host. These oocycts sporulate in the environment within days and are then infectious to naive birds. A single sporulated oocyst may give rise to thousands of progeny. Eimeria species produce lesions in the gut by destruction of the epithelial cells in which they develop and multiply, and cause lesions in the intestinal wall. The clinical signs of coccidiosis include diarrhoea, which may be mucoid or bloody, and dehydration. These symptoms are generally followed by ruffling of feathers, anaemia, listlessness, loss of weight, retraction of the head and neck and somnolence. Coccidiosis in laying hens is usually detected by a decrease in egg production. Infected birds cease to grow satisfactorily. With highly virulent strains of Eimeria morality in chickens is usually high. Currently, seven species of Eimeria are recognised to infect chickens. These species differ considerably in their biology and pathogenicity (McDougald et al, 1998). Being able to accurately identify Eimeria species and "strains" has major implications for diagnosis and control as well as for studying their epidemiology and population biology. Traditionally, species of Eimeria have been identified by a variety of methods. For example, morphological features and/or morphometry of their oocysts or sporocysts (size, shape, length and width), their patterns of development, the nature of the lesions they produce, their predilection site in the gut, or sporulation times and reproductive index. However, these criteria can be unreliable (Eckert et al, 1995). Biochemical, immunological and molecular methods (Andrews and Chilton, 1999; Gasser, 1997) can overcome such limitations but may themselves have other limitations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, using appropriate genetic markers, may be used as alternatives for identifying species of Eimeria, because of their ability to specifically amplify minute amounts of parasitic material (e.g. Stucki et al, 1993). However, such methods described to date are species-specific and may require the running of a number of different PCR reactions (using distinct pairs of species-specific oligonucleotide primers) in order to correctly identify a particular species of Eimeria. For the molecular identification and classification of organisms, analysis of critical specific genomic regions is required. One such region in eukaryotes is within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the nuclear genome. The rDNA of eukaryotes is a multigene family consisting of tandemly repeated units. Each unit comprises, an external transcribed spacer (ETS), the genes encoding the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs, separated by internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2, respectively), and an intergenic spacer (IGS). Within this region, the sequences of ITS-1 and ITS-2 provide reliable genetic markers for the identification of organisms to the species level because intraspecific variation in these sequences is usually low compared with higher levels of interspecific difference. It has been demonstrated that the ITS-1 and ITS-2 are useful genetic markers for the identification of species of Eimeria (Tsuji et al, 1997; Molloy et al, 1998; Schnitzler et al, 1999) or detection of population variation (Barta et al, 1998). A PCR-based assay using species-specific primers in the ITS-1 for the typing of samples to species based on the detection of a product of a particular size on agarose gels has been developed (Schnitzler et al, 1999). However, such an assay does not allow sequence variation within a specific PCR product to be analysed and may further be disadvantaged by the fact that it is species-specific. Further, Barta et al, 1998 have used a cloning/sequencing approach for the analysis of sequence variation both in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences within E. maxima. However, this approach may have limitations, especially when large numbers of samples are require analysis as it is labour-intensive, time consuming and costly to perform. Moreover, it does not necessarily accurately resolve sequence variation among the different copies of rDNA, is species-specific, and may introduce artefacts into sequence data (Gasser, 1997). Due to the economic impact of coccidiosis on the poultry industry, for example, it is important that species of Eimeria are readily identifiable, such that rapid diagnosis of disease and treatment may occur. Further, sensitive and reliable identification of Eimeria is desirable for the study of the epidemiology of the diseases and for controlling the purity of laboratory lines of Eimeria. Accordingly, there is a need to develop an assay for the rapid identification of species of Eimeria which does not have the limitations of previously described assays. STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the present invention there is provided an oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25, or an annealing equivalent thereof. Preferably, the oligonucleotide comprises the sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25. Alternatively, the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 13; and SEQ ID NO: 15. In a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26, or an annealing equivalent thereof. Preferably, the oligonucleotide comprises the sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26. Alternatively, the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 14; and SEQ ID NO: 16. In a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27, or an annealing equivalent thereof. Preferably, the oligonucleotide comprises the sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27. Alternatively, the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 21; and SEQ ID NO: 23. In a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided an oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28, or an annealing equivalent thereof. Preferably, the oligonucleotide comprises the sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28. Alternatively, the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 20; SEQ ID NO: 22; and SEQ ID NO: 24. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a pair of PCR primers, one primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated the SEQ ID NO: 25, or an annealing equivalent thereof, and a second primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26, or an annealing equivalent thereof. Preferably, said pair of PCR primers comprises one primer comprising the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25 and a second primer comprising the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26. Alternatively, said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 13; or SEQ ID NO: 15 and one of SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 14; or SEQ ID NO: 16. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a pair of PCR primers, one primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27, or an annealing equivalent thereof, and a second primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28, or an annealing equivalent thereof. Preferably, said pair of PCR primers comprises a primer comprising the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27 and a primer comprising the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28. Alternatively, said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 21; or SEQ ID NO: 23; and one of SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 20 SEQ ID NO: 22; or SEQ ID NO: 24. Preferably, said pairs of PCR primers as described herein are adapted to amplify specified regions of the rDNA of Eimeria in a genus-specific manner. In yet a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of identifying Eimeria in a sample, said method comprising the steps: providing a sample comprising genomic template DNA to be tested; providing genomic DNA of one or more standards of known identity; providing a pair of PCR primers selected from the group consisting of (i) primers comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26 or annealing equivalents thereof; or (ii) primers comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequences designated SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28 or annealing equivalents thereof; amplifying by means of PCR a region of template DNA using said primer pair to produce one or more PCR products from said sample, and said one or more standard of known identity; comparing said one or more PCR products derived from said sample against one or more PCR products of said one or more standard of known identity; and identifying the species of Eimeria present within the sample. Preferably, said pair of PCR primers comprises the primers comprising the sequences designated SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26. Alternatively, said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 13; or SEQ ID NO: 15 and one of SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 14; or SEQ ID NO: 16. Alternatively, said pair of PCR primers comprises the primers comprising the sequences designated SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28. Alternatively, said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 21; or SEQ ID NO: 23 and one of SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 20; SEQ ID NO: 22; or SEQ ID NO: 24. Preferably, two PCRs are run per sample to be tested, wherein each PCR uses a different primer pair. Alternatively, one PCR is run per sample to be tested and both primer pairs are provided within said one PCR. Preferably said one or more PCR products derived from said sample are compared against said one or more PCR products of said one or more standard of known identity by means of gel electrophoresis. Preferably, the gel electrophoresis is DPGE. Alternatively, the gel electrophoresis is SSCP. Alternatively, both DPGE and SSCP may be employed. Preferably, gel electrophoresis is conducted in an automated system. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of any one of the oligonucleotides as herein described or annealing equivalents thereof for the identification of species of Eimeria. FIGURES These and other aspects of the present invention, which should be considered in all its novel aspects, will become apparent from the following description, which is given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures, in which: Figure 1 Illustrates E. tenella ITS-1 sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) amplified with primer pair WW1 and WW3r (shown in italics), the underlined sequence represents ITS-1 and plain text sequence the 3' end of 18s rDNA and 5' end of 5.8s rDNA; Figure 2 Illustrates E. tenella ITS-2 sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) amplified with primer pair WW2 and WW4r (shown in italics), the underlined sequence represents ITS-2 and plain text sequence the 3' end of 5.8s rDNA and 5' end of 28s rDNA; Figure 3 Agarose gel showing ITS-1 or ITS-2 PCR products representing E. acervulina, E. brunetti , E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. tenella (A, B, M, N and T, respectively). Chicken DNA and no DNA controls (C and -, respectively); Figure 4 DPGΕ analysis of ITS-1 or ITS-2 PCR products amplified from multiple oocyst isolates representing five species of Eimeria from chickens, in the following order: E. acervulina (isolates A7, A2, A12 and A3), E. brunetti (isolates Bl and B5), E. maxima (isolates Ml and M2), E. necatrix (isolates NI, N5 and N10) and E. tenella (isolates T6, T5, T7, T3 and T4) (cf. Table Figure 5 SSCP analysis of ITS-1 or ITS-2 PCR products amplified from multiple oocyst isolates representing five species of Eimeria from chickens, in the following order: E. acervulina (isolates A7, A2, A12 and A3), E. brunetti (isolates Bl and B5), E. maxima (isolates Ml and M2), E. necatrix (isolates NI, N5 and N10) and E. tenella (isolates T6, T5, T7, T3 and T4) (see Table i); Figure 6 Ability of the DPGΕ approach to specifically detect multiple species of Eimeria within samples. Panel A shows the detection of Eimeria maxima in the presence of excess E. acervulina (DNA of isolates A7 to Ml mixed in ratios of 1 : 10 " \ 1:10 "2 , 1 : 10 "3 and lrlO "4 . Panel B shows the detection of a particular species (second isolate) in the presence (+) of lOOx excess DNA of a heterologous species (first isolate), for all possible species combinations presented. E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix and E. tenella represented by isolates A7, Bl, Ml, NI and T6, respectively (see Table 1); Figure 7 Agarose gel (top) and DPGΕ gel (bottom) showing ITS-2 PCR products amplified from oocyst isolates representing seven different species of Eimeria from chickens. Lanes: E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. tenella (A, B, M, μ, N, P and T, respectively) (cf. Figures 3 and 4). Isolates represented are A7, Bl, Ml, μ2, NI, P4 and T6 (cf. Table 1); Figure 8 Chromatograms representing fluorescently-labelled ITS-2 PCR products amplified from seven species of Eimeria from chickens (lanes A, B, M, μ, N, P and T representing E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. tenella, respectively) and three Australian isolates from farm chickens containing mixed species of Eimeria (lanes X9, XI 5 and X7, cf. Table 2). The products were separated on a DPGΕ gel in a 377 automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA) and the chromatograms generated by GeneScan® 3.1 software. For each E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix and E. tenella, no appreciable differences in the number and location of peaks in chromatogram profiles were detected between/among samples (not shown), although some variation in relative peak intensity was detected between some samples representing a species. For both E. mitis and E. praecox, some differences in the positions of minor peaks, indicative of population variation, were detected (cf. Fig. 9). While there was some overlap in profiles among E. brunetti, E. mitis and E. praecox, species-specific chromatographic peaks could be defined for each of the seven species of Eimeria (asterisks), facilitating the identification of the species present in the "farm isolates" (labels A, B, M, μ, P and T signifying peaks representing E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. praecox and E. tenella, respectively, cf. Table 2). Monospecific isolates represented are A7, B 1 , Ml , μ2, NI , P4 and T6 (cf. Table 1); and Figure 9 Chromatograms representing fluorescently-labelled ITS-2 PCR products amplified from different lineages of E. mitis and E. praecox. The products were separated on a DPGΕ gel in a 377 automated DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA) and the chromatograms generated by GeneScan® 3.1 software. For both E. mitis and E. praecox, variation in the positions of minor peaks, indicative of population variation, were detected (vertical lines). The E. mitis lineages represented are: Beerwah, Jorgensen, Kelly and Redlands (isolates μ3, μ4, μ2 and μ5, cf. Table 1), and the E. praecox lineages are: MCK, and ARI (isolates P2 and P4, cf. Table 1). PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The following is a description of the preferred forms of the present invention given in general terms in relation to the application of the novel oligonucleotides herein described to a method of identifying species of Eimeria. The invention is further elucidated from the disclosure given under the sub-heading "Experimental Basis of the Invention" below, which provides examples of preferred forms of the invention. While the invention described herein is primarily directed to the use of the novel oligonucleotides as primers in genus-specific PCRs, it will be readily appreciated that any of the oligonucleotides described herein may be used in alternative ways to the end of identifying species of. Eimeria. Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. As used herein "genus" is used to refer to a principal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy, falling below the family level and above the species level; "species" is used to refer to a fundamental rank in the taxonomic hierarchy falling below the genus level and indicating the limit of organisms able to interbreed; and "strain" is used to refer to a taxonomic level below the species level, which may indicate population variation within a species. Accordingly, PCRs referred to as "species-specific" are those which are adapted to amplify designated regions of DNA from a single species only. Those PCRs referred to as "genus-specific" are adapted to amplify designated regions of DNA from a number of species within a particular genus. In a preferred form of the present invention, faecal samples obtained from chickens are processed such that the genomic DNA of any parasitic element present in the sample is isolated. It will be appreciated that any method suitable for the isolation of genomic DNA of Eimeria may be used, however, a preferred method is described under the heading "Experimental Basis of the Invention; 1 Parasites and Isolation of Genomic DNA". Primarily, DNA isolated as above mentioned is subsequently used in the invention as a template in a PCR using either of the novel PCR primer pairs of the invention; WW1 (SEQ ID NO: 25) and WW3r (SEQ ID NO: 26) , or, WW2 (SEQ ID NO: 27) and WW4r (SEQ ID NO: 28). The sequences of each of these primers is provided under the sub-heading "Experimental Basis of the Invention; 2 Enzymatic amplification of rDNA" and the position of each of the primers in relation to ITS1 and ITS2 of Eimeria rDNA is depicted in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. The primer pairs of the present invention enable genus-specific PCR amplification of Eimeria ITS DNA and thus each pair is applicable to any sample of suspected coccidia and the identification of any number of different species within the genus Eimeria. According to the invention, a PCR primer (or, an oligonucleotide primer) is an oligonucleotide capable of specific hybridisation under particular PCR conditions to a region of the template DNA, which has a sequence which is substantially complementary to the primer sequence, and is adapted to prime the extension of DNA during PCR. It will be realised that a complementary sequence is capable of forming Watson-Crick bonds with its complement, in which adenine pairs with thymine or guanine pairs with cytosine. Each primer is typically used as a member of a primer pair, including a 5' upstream primer that hybridises with the 5' end of the template DNA to be amplified and a 3' downstream primer that hybridises with the complement of the 3' end of the template DNA to be amplified. Those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention relates will understand that the term "substantially complementary", as used herein, means that the primer may not have 100% complementarity to its target template sequence but is still capable of annealing thereto in a specific manner under appropriate PCR annealing conditions. The primers of the present invention may be prepared by any number of conventional DNA synthesis methods. In the present case, the primers were manufactured and purchased commercially from Gene Works Pty Ltd, PO Box 11, Rundle Mall, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. In accordance with the preferred embodiment, optimal results have been obtained using primers which are identical in length and sequence to the primers WWl and WW3r and/or, WW2 and WW4r as abovementioned. However, a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognise that alterations may be made to the primers while still maintaining the genus- specificity of the PCR amplification and the efficacy of the present inventive diagnostic method. Firstly, the length of the primers used may be varied. For example, the present invention contemplates that shorter primers containing at least 15 consecutive bases of the nucleotide sequences of these primers may be suitable. Similarly, the primers may be lengthened. The exact upper limit of the length of the primers is not critical. However, typically primers will be less than or equal to approximately 30 bases and preferably less than or equal to 26 bases. By way of example, it is considered that primer WWl may be extended by up to 10 nucleotides from its 3' end (TCT AAA GGA T), (SEQ ID NO: 3), WW2 may be extended by up to 4 nucleotides at its 5' end (CAGC), (SEQ ID NO: 4), WW3r may be extended by up to 5 nucleotides from its 3' end (GTT TT), (SEQ ID NO: 5) or up to 10 nucleotides from its 5' end (ATG CGT GAG C), (SEQ ID NO: 6) and WW4r may be extended by up to 10 nucleotides at either end (3' end, ACT GAT TTC A, (SEQ ID NO: 7) and 5' end, TGA TAT GCT T, (SEQ ID NO: 8)). In addition, non-complementary nucleotide fragments may also be attached to the 5' end of the primers, effectively increasing their length. Secondly, the present invention contemplates minor changes (or conservative alterations) to the sequence of the primers which do not substantially alter their ability to anneal to their specific target DNA and subsequently prime extension during PCR. For example, any particular nucleotide, or plurality of nucleotides, of a primer may be substituted for alternative nucleotides, which may not allow for Watson-Crick base-pairing at the particular site of alteration on annealing of the primer to the template DNA during PCR, but nonetheless does not substantially affect the ability of the primer to prime extension during PCR. Such alternative primers may be referred to as "annealing equivalents" of the primers WWl, WW3r, WW2 or WW4r and variants thereof, as described herein. Such annealing equivalents will be at least 15 nucleotides in length and adapted to anneal to a target sequence under appropriate PCR annealing conditions. Generally, appropriate PCR annealing conditions for such annealing equivalents include the use of a PCR reaction mix or buffer having 3-7mM MgCl 2 . It is considered that annealing temperatures of between 45° C and 52°C may be appropriate for most annealing equivalents. By way of further exemplification, if 5 nucleotides within a particular primer sequence were altered in a manner described in this paragraph, and those alterations were spread centrally across the primer sequence, the preferred annealing temperature of that primer is likely to drop by approximately 5°C. A target sequence, as referred to in this paragraph, means a sequence being complementary to at least 15 consecutive bases of the sequence of either one of the primers WWl, WW3r, WW2 or WW4r. It will be appreciated that the usefulness of any alternative PCR primer sets designed around WWl and WW3r, and/or, WW2 and WW4r, of the present invention, may be evaluated, at least notionally, using appropriate software and the ITS-1 and ITS-2 and flanking region DNA sequence information. Such software packages include, for example, PC Oligo5 (National Bioscience Inc) or Amplify (University of Wisconsin). Examples of variations on the primers WWl , WW3r, WW2 and WW4r which may be appropriate in the present invention include: Table 1A While the novel oligonucleotides or primers and variants thereof disclosed herein have been designed to enable genus-specific PCR amplification of regions of ITS-1 and ITS-2, it will be appreciated that they may also be applied, individually or in combination, to various other applications. For example they may be used as molecular probes, or primers for alternative diagnostic techniques (such as LCR, ligase chain reaction, or quantitative PCR). Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the means by which such applications may be effected using standard methodology in the art. Generally, only one PCR, using a single primer set, will be needed in order to identify the species of Eimeria present within a sample. However, it will be appreciated that there may be times where a parallel PCR, using the second primer set, may be utilised in order to further clarify the identity of a species present within a sample. Similarly, upon optimisation of the PCR conditions both novel primer sets may be used in a single PCR. In order that the PCR products may subsequently be detected, the primers are preferably end-labelled with [γ- 33 P]ATP. Alternatively, other means of labelling the PCR products may be utilised; for example, incorporation of [ - 32 P]dNTPs during PCR amplification. More preferably, non-radioactive labelling systems using digoxygenin, biotin and the like, may be employed. Such non-radioactive labelling systems are well known in the art and accordingly may be readily applied by a person of ordinary skill. However, one example is provided herein under the heading "Experimental Basis for the Invention - 7 Example of use of Fluorescence-based Electrophoretic Detection". It will be appreciated that the non- radioactive label may be used to end-label a particular primer or may be incorporated into the primer and/or PCR product. Each PCR is run with at least one monospecific control sample or standard of known species identity. It will be appreciated that control samples containing more than one known species may be entertained. Negative controls in which no Eimeria template DNA is present are also run against the samples. It will be appreciated that other standard controls routinely used in the art may also be run against the samples. The Eimeria genomic DNA of the control or standards of known Eimeria species may be purified in a like manner to the genomic DNA of unknown samples. Laboratory lines of known Eimeria identity obtained from Medichick Laboratories (Australia) or Animal Research Institute of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (Australia), for example, may be utilised for this purpose. Amplification is conducted according to conventional procedures in the art to which this invention relates; such as described in US Patent No 4,683,202. Preferably standard PCRs according to the invention include 0. lμM-lμM of each primer, 200μM each dNTP, 3-7mM MgCl 2 , and 1U Taq DNA polymerase (Promega). Typically, each PCR is overlay ed with mineral oil or the like to prevent evaporation of the reaction mix during cycling. PCR cycling is preferably run under the following conditions: denaturation at a temperature of 94 °C for approximately 15 to 30 seconds, annealing at a temperature of from 45°C to 60°C for 15 to 30 seconds and extension at a temperature of 72°C for 15 to 30 seconds. Preferably between 30 and 35 cycles are run. More specifically, the following PCR conditions may be for the preferred pairs of primers, WWl and WW3r, and WW2 and WW4r, of the invention: It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the PCR conditions provided herein are merely exemplary and may be varied so as to optimise conditions where, for example, alternative PCR cyclers or DNA polymerases are used, where the quality of the template DNA differs, or where variations of the primers not specifically exemplified herein are used, without departing from the scope of the present invention. The PCR conditions may be altered or optimised by changing the concentration of the various constituents within the reaction and/or changing the constituents of the reaction, altering the number of amplification cycles, the denaturation, annealing or extension times or temperatures, or the quantity of template DNA, for example. Those of skill in the art will appreciate there are a number of other ways in which PCR conditions may be optimised to overcome variability between reactions. PCR conditions may be optimised by routine analysis based on the above mentioned factors which are commonly understood in the art. It will be understood that where not specifically exemplified herein appropriate PCR annealing temperatures for any primer within the scope of the present invention may be derived from the calculated melting temperature of that primer. Such melting temperatures may be calculated using standard formulas, such as that described in Sambrook, 1989. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention relates annealing temperatures may be above or below the melting temperature but generally an annealing temperature of approximately 5°C above the calculated melting temperature of the primer may be suitable. PCR products, obtained from the amplification of regions of ITS-1 and ITS-2 of both unknown samples and relevant control samples or standards of known identity, may be detected by electrophoretic separation. Electrophoretic techniques which are particularly sensitive to minor differences in PCR product size and/or sequence are preferred. For example, the techniques of SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) and/or DPGE (denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are particularly suitable when conditions are optimised as they have the ability to detect single base changes in sequence or variation in length by a single nucleotide between samples. In addition, these techniques are readily applicable to the screening of large numbers of samples. SSCP analysis has been described (Orita et al, 1989). Generally, any particular PCR product may be separated as single-stranded molecules by electrophoresis in a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The technique is based on the fact that a molecule of single-stranded DNA folds differently from another such molecule if it differs in sequence by a single base or more; differences in tertiary structure result in differences in mobility during electrophoresis. Those of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention relates will understand that the tertiary structure of single-stranded DNA changes under different physical conditions, for example, temperature and ionic environment. As a result, the sensitivity of SSCP depends on these and many other such conditions, such as the length of the PCR product. In the case of the present invention, the following conditions have been found to be preferred, however, it will be appreciated that the conditions may be altered to take account of different laboratory conditions and equipment; 0.4 to 0.6x MDE (mutation detection enhancement; FMC BioProducts) containing 0.5 to 1.5x TBE and electrophoresis performed at 7 to 40W for approximately 17 hours at 15°C. More specifically, the following conditions may be utilised in the invention: DPGE has previously been described and is well known in the art to which this invention relates. In DPGE each strand of a DNA molecule is separated from its complementary strand and run on a polyacrylamide gel under denaturing conditions. Under such conditions, the two strands of any particular DNA molecule are prevented from re-hybridising to one another during electrophoresis such that individual strands will migrate separately within the gel. DPGE is a sensitive system which is capable of identifying differences in the length of any two DNA molecules to a single nucleotide. In the case of DPGE, the following range of conditions are preferable, however, as with the SSCP conditions, they may be altered to take account of many other laboratory variables, without departing from the scope of the present invention; 0.4mm thick gel between 4 and 6% polyacrylamide, containing 42% urea and lxTBE, subjected to electrophoresis at between 20 to 50W for approximately 4 hours at 40°C. More specifically, the following conditions may be utilised in the present invention: It should be noted that DPGE is preferred for species identification while SSCP is preferred for the detection of population variation within a species, although both techniques are applicable to species identification. Thus, it will be appreciated that either one of SSCP or DPGE may be used alone to effect identification or diagnosis of Eimeria species. However, the present invention also contemplates both techniques being used in parallel in order to gain a better understanding of the identity of the species of Eimeria within a particular sample. Similarly, the present invention considers the use of other complementary techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. Following separation of PCR products via electrophoresis, gels may be processed according to standard techniques (for example, in the case of polyacrylamide gels, dried on to filter or blotting paper), and subjected to autoradiography for a time appropriate to be able to demonstrate the position of the PCR product bands on a gel. The methodology of the present invention is preferably adapted to an automated (fluorescence-based) electrophoretic system; for example, and Applied BioSystems (ABI) automated sequencing apparatus coupled with appropriate computer hard- and software. In this way, specific "fingerprints" for individual species of Eimeria may be recorded, stored (for protocol and reporting purposes) and compared against standard samples of known species status. Such electrophoretic methods are standard procedures commonly used and understood by those of general skill in the art. However, specific exemplification of one such system is provided herein under "Experimental Basis of the Invention - 7 Example of Use of Fluorescence-based Electrophoretic detection". It will be appreciated that where an automated system is used in the present invention that standard conditions generally applicable to manual SSCP and DPGE, as described and exemplified herein, may need to be varied in order to accommodate the particular automated system utilised. Appropriate conditions may be easily determined from manufacturer's instructions and routine optimisation assays according thereto and as are commonly used in the art. Experimental Basis of the Invention 1 Parasites and isolation of genomic DNA Australian isolates of Eimeria (representing monospecific lines; Table 1) were passaged in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens maintained in custom-built isolators under stringent conditions to prevent cross-contamination. Isolates were identified to species based on the morphometry of sporulated oocysts, prepatent period and location of gross lesions in the intestine(s). To rule out putative contamination of isolates with one or more heterologous species, the 18S rRNA gene, which also provides species-level identification (Barta et al, 1997), was sequenced from PCR products derived from selected oocyst isolates (see 4 below). The 18S sequences determined for individual species had 99-100% identity with those published recently by other workers (Barta et al, 1997). For each isolate, faeces were collected from groups of chickens and the Eimeria oocysts allowed to sporulate under constant aeration at 30°C for a minimum of 48 hours. Oocysts were isolated using saturated NaCl (Shirley et al, 1995), washed extensively in 50 ml volumes of H 2 O and made up to a final aqueous suspension (10 ml containing 5xl0 6 oocysts). The oocysts were then purified using a sucrose-gradient centrifugation method (Gasser et al, 1987), which removed faecal components inhibitory to the PCR, washed (as above) and then resuspended in 1 ml of H 2 O. DNA was isolated from oocysts using a Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, WI, USA). In brief, each aqueous suspension of oocysts was transferred to a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube, centrifuged at 13000g for 5 min and resuspended in 300 μl of Nuclei Lysis Solution (Promega, WI, USA). An equal volume of glass beads (2 mm in diameter) was added and the tube vortexed vigorously for 3-5 min until >90% of the oocysts ruptured (assessed by light microscopic examination of a tiny sub-aliquot at 400x magnification). The suspension containing sporocysts was then transferred to a fresh Eppendorf tube, the glass beads discarded, proteinase K (150 μg ml "1 ) and sodium dodecyl-sulfate (5%w/v) added, and then incubated at 37°C until >90% of the sporocysts had ruptured (~4 h). This lysate was then centrifuged at 13000g for 5 min to pellet the oocyst and sporocyst walls, and the supernatant transferred to a fresh tube. The DNA was purified from the supernatant according to the "yeast DNA protocol" (Promega) and eluted into 50μl of H 2 O. Individual samples were checked on ethidium bromide- stained 2% agarose-Tris-Borate-EDTA (TBE = 65 mM Tris-HCl, 27 mM boric acid, ImM EDTA, pH 9; Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA) gels using specific dilutions of phage λ DNA (Promega, WI, USA) as markers, which were also used to approximate DNA concentrations. The amounts of genomic DNA isolated from individual isolates (~ 5 x 10 6 oocysts) were estimated at 1-2.5 μg. Table 1. Isolates representing different species of Eimeria. All isolates were derived from chicken flocks in Australia and were maintained as monospecific lines. The MCK lines were provided by Medichick Laboratories (Australia); the others were obtained from the Animal Research Institute of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (Australia). Isolate Species Description and geographical origin in Australia A7 E. acervulina Attenuated RA line derived from a Queensland flock [11] A2 E. acervulina 6th passage of A7 A12 E. acervulina 15 year old lab line (MCK) derived from a Victorian flock A3 E. acervulina 1st passage of A12 Bl E. brunetti Attenuated line (AM) derived from a Queensland flock B5 E. brunetti 5th passage of Bl Ml E. maxima 15 year old lab line (MCK) derived from a Victorian flock M2 E. maxima 2nd passage of Ml μ2 E. mitis Kelly line derived from a Queensland flock μ3 E. mitis Beerwah line derived from a Queensland flock μ4 E. mitis Jorgensen line derived from a Queensland flock μ5 E. mitis Redlands line derived from a Queensland flock NI E. necatrix 15 year old lab line (MCK) derived from a Victorian flock N5 E. necatrix 2nd passage of NI N10 E. necatrix 8th passage of attenuated derivative of NI P2 E. praecox MCK line derived from a Victorian flock P4 E. praecox ARI line derived from a Queensland flock T6 E. tenella Field isolate (DARRYL) from Queensland T5 E. tenella 4th passage of T6 T7 E. tenella Attenuated laboratory line (Rt3+15) T3 E. tenella 4th passage of T7 T4 E. tenella 15 year old lab line (MCK) derived from a Victorian flock 2 Enzymatic amplification of rDNA Oligonucleotide primers were designed to regions of the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA gene sequences considered to be specific for the genus Eimeria. The ITS-1 (plus flanking sequence) was amplified by PCR using the primers WWl (forward: 5'-AAG TTG CGT AAA TAG AGC CC-3') and WW3r (reverse: 5'-CAA GAC ATC CAT TGC TGA AA-3'), while ITS-2 was amplified using the primers WW2 (forward: 5'-ACG TCT GTT TCA GTG TCT-3') and WW4r (reverse: 5'- AAA TTC AGC GGG TAA CCT CG-3'). The 18S gene was amplified using primers WW5 (5'- ACC TGG TTG ATC CTG CCA G-3'), (SEQ ID NO: 29), and WW6r (5'-CTT CCG CAG GTT CAC CTA CGG-3'), (SEQ ID NO: 30). Primers used to amplify ITS-1 or ITS-2 were endlabelled with [γ- 33 P]ATP (NEN Life Science Products) using T4 polynucleotide kinase according to the manufacturer's protocol (Promega, WI, USA). PCR reactions were performed in 30 μl volumes using ~50 ng of template, 50 pmol primer, 200 μM of each dNTP, 7 mM MgCl 2 (for ITS-1) or 3 mM MgCl 2 (for ITS-2) and 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (Promega, WI, USA) under the following thermocycling conditions: 94°C, 30 s (denaturation); 55°C, 30 s (annealing); 72°C, 30 s (extension) for 30 cycles in a DNA Thermal Cycler 480 (Perkin Elmer, USA). Control samples without DNA were included in each PCR run. Also, the specificity of the PCR for both primer sets was tested using DNA (~100 ng) from chicken musculature and faeces (known to be free of Eimeria), and no PCR products were detected in any of those control samples after autoradiography of DPGE gels for 24 h. Individual PCR products were mixed with an equal volume of loading buffer (10 mM NaOH, 95% formamide, 0.05% bromophenol blue and 0.05% xylene cyanol) and their intensity verified on ethidium bromide-stained 2.5% agarose-TBE gels using 100 bp ladder (Promega, WI, USA) as a size marker. The lowest amount of Eimeria DNA required for effective amplification (for both primer sets) and visual detection on agarose gels was ~5 pg (represents ~5-50 oocysts), which is comparable with previous studies (Stucki et al, 1993; Schnitzler et al, 1998; Molloy et α/, 1998). 3 High resolution electrophoresis PCR products were denatured at 95°C for 5 min and snap-cooled on a freeze block (-20°C) for 2 min before loading on to gels. For DPGE, 5 μl of each sample were loaded into the wells of a 0.4 mm thick 5% polyacrylamide gel containing 42% urea and 1 x TBE, and subjected to electrophoresis at 40 W for 4 h at 40°C. For single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), ' 3 μl of each sample were loaded into the wells of a 0.4 mm thick non-denaturing gel (0.6x MDE™, mutation detection enhancement; FMC BioProducts, Rockland, ME, USA) containing 0.6x TBE, and electrophoresis performed at 7 W for 17 h at 15°C. Optimization was as described previously (Zhu and Gasser, 1998). Both electrophoretic procedures were performed in a conventional sequencing rig (BaseRunner; IBI, New Haven, CT, USA). Gels were dried on to blotting paper and subjected to autoradiography using RP1 film (Agfa). 4 DNA sequencing PCR products were purified over Wizard® PCR Preps columns (Promega, WI, USA) and eluted into 40 μl H 2 O. To sequence the 18S rRNA gene, an aliquot (1 μl) was subjected directly to cycle-sequencing with the finol® DNA Cycle Sequencing System (Promega, WI, USA) using the same primers as for PCR and an annealing temperature of 55°C. To sequence the ITS-1 , an aliquot of column-purified PCR product (100 ng) was cloned into the pGEM@-T plasmid vector (Promega, WI, USA), and 12 clones (per PCR product) isolated for cycle-sequencing. 5 Results On agarose gels (Fig. 3), the sizes of ITS-1 PCR products varied from ~450-770 bp, whereas those for the ITS-2 were -370-620 bp (Table 2). For both ITS-1 and ITS-2, the band size(s) were unique to each species as no intraspecific variation in band profiles was detected between or among multiple isolates. For ITS-1 PCR products, one band was detected for E. acervulina and E. tenella, whereas 2-3 bands were resolved for the other 3 species (Table 2). For ITS-2 PCR products, one band was detected for E. tenella, while 2 bands were displayed for all other species (Table 2). The resolution of multiple ITS bands on agarose gels for some species indicated the existence of different sequence types within a PCR product. This was confirmed by sequencing (via cloning) of the ITS-1 PCR products for selected samples representing each species (A7, Bl, Ml, NI and T6, Table 1) and comparison with previously published sequences (Schnitzler et al, 1998; Schnitzler et al, 1999; Barta et al, 1998). Sequencing (of 12 clones per species) showed that individual ITS-1 PCR products represented the appropriate species, although novel ITS-1 sequence types (not shown) were detected for E. brunetti, E. maxima and E. necatrix. DPGΕ and SSCP were then evaluated for their ability to display size or sequence variation in denatured PCR products. Both techniques allowed the unequivocal identification of all Eimeria species using either ITS-1 and/or ITS-2 PCR products (Figs. 4 and 5). For DPGΕ (Fig. 4), the banding profiles were relatively simple, each consisting of 2-5 single-strand bands, with no detectable differences in the number or size(s) of bands between multiple isolates of the same species. As expected based on results of the agarose gel electrophoresis (Table 2), no bands representing a particular species were shared by the heterologous species. Although the ITS-1 banding profiles for E. acervulina and E. brunetti were similar, the two species could be more readily distinguished using ITS-2. Conversely, E. necatrix and E. tenella were more easily differentiated using the ITS-1 rather than ITS-2 profile. For SSCP (Fig. 5), the banding profiles were relatively complex, each consisting of -6-15 single-strand bands (depending on ITS region and species). The complex profiles are the result of the formation of multiple conformational types of single-stranded molecule(s). No variation in ITS-1 or ITS-2 profiles was detected among multiple isolates representing the same laboratory line for any of the five species (cf. Table 1). Similarly, no differences were detected among multiple different laboratory lines for both E. necatrix and E. tenella. In contrast, a significant difference in ITS-1 and ITS-2 profiles was detected between isolates representing the RA and MCK lines of E. acervulina, which remained undetected by DPGΕ (Fig. 1; lanes A7 and A2 versus lanes A12 and A3). This difference related to polymorphism (or -1% difference) in both the ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences between these laboratory lines (unpublished). The results illustrated in Figure 7 further exemplify the efficacy of using a DPGΕ approach according to the invention. Table 2. Number and approximate sizes of ITS-1 and ITS-2 PCR products for Eimeria species. Sizes determined in 2.5% agarose in 0.5x TBE by comparison with known size standards. PCR product sizes were interpolated using a formula derived by linear regression of molecular weight standards compared with the log of their migration distance. ITS-1. Species Number of bands Approximate sizes of bands (bp) E. acervulina 1 520 E. brunetti 2 530,580 E. maxima 3 450, 560, 610 E. necatrix 3 630,715,770 E. tenella 1 700 ITS-2. Species Number of bands Approx. : E. acervulina 2 440, 490 E. brunetti 2 470, 550 E. maxima 2 370, 420 E. necatrix 2 590, 620 E. tenella 1 580 6 Specificity of Assay - Multiple Species of Eimeria per Sample As chickens naturally exposed to Eimeria may simultaneously harbour more than one species of Eimeria (McDougald et al, 1997), it is important to determine the capacity of the procedure to specifically detect DNA in samples containing more than one species. This was tested using ITS-2 as an example. To 20 ng of genomic DNA from each species were added: 2ng, 200 pg, 20 pg or 2 pg of DNA from a heterologous species (ratios of 1: 10 "1 , 1:10 '2 , 1 : 10 "3 or 1:10 " "). The DNA template mixes were then subjected to PCR, the PCR products analysed by DPGE and the gels exposed to autoradiographic film (96 h). As an example, the results for E. acervulina mixed with differing ratios of E. maxima are shown in Fig. 6A. For a template ratio of 1 : 10 "4 , a band representing the first species was detected, while using a template ratio of 1 : 10 " 3 faint bands representing the second species were detectable for most samples (not all results shown). At the dilution ratio of 1:10 "2 , the species present at the lower genomic DNA concentration was detected for all combinations (Fig. 6B). These results indicated that the DNA of a particular species was detectable by PCR, even in the presence of excess (100-1000 times the amount) of template from a heterologous species. In addition, DPGE of ITS-2 has been used (in a blind test) to correctly identify all species present in mixed oocyst isolates, indicating that this technique is useful for detecting mixed-species infections in chickens. 7 Example of Use of Fluorescence-based Electrophoretic Detection Eimeria oocysts were allowed to sporulate in the faecal samples under constant aeration at 30°C for a minimum of 48 h. They were then isolated using saturated NaCl (Shirley, 1995), washed extensively in 50ml volumes of H 2 O and made up to a final aqueous suspension (10ml containing 5x10 6 oocysts). The oocysts were then purified over a sucrose-gradient (Gasser et al., 1987), which removed faecal components inhibitory to the PCR, washed and then resuspended in 0.5 ml of H O. An equal volume of glass beads (2mm in diameter) was added and the tube mixed vigorously for 3-5min until >90% of the oocysts ruptured (assessed by light microscopic examination at 400x magnification). The suspension containing sporocysts was then transferred to a fresh Eppendorf tube, proteinase K (150μg ml " l) and sodium dodecyl- sulfate (5% w/v) added, and then incubated at 37°C overnight. Solid material was pelleted by centrifugation at 13000g for 5min, and DNA was isolated from the supernatant using a Wizard® DNA Clean-Up Kit (Promega, WI, USA). The ITS-2 region (plus flanking sequence) was PCR-amplified from individual genomic DNA samples using the primers WW2 and WW4r. Primer WW2 was 5' end-labelled with the fluorescent dye, FAM (Fluorescein). PCR reactions were performed in 25μl volumes usually containing l-20ng of genomic DNA template, 50pmol primer, 200μM of each dNTP, 3mM MgCl2 and 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (Promega, WI, USA) under the following thermocycling conditions: 94°C, 15 s (denaturation); 60°C, 15 s (annealing); 72°C, 30 s (extension) for 30 cycles in a DNA Thermal Cycler 2400 (Perkin Elmer). Samples without DNA (no-DNA) or with chicken DNA (purified as for Eimeria DNA) were also included as control reactions. The lowest amount of genomic template from which the ITS-2 could be amplified effectively and which was detectable on an agarose gel was estimated at 100 to lOOOpg (= X oocyst equivalents), even in the presence of (lOOOx excess DNA from a heterologous species or from host (i.e. muscle or faecal DNA). Amplicons were examined and their intensity verified on ethidium bromide-stained 2.5% agarose gels, using 65 mM Tris-HCl, 27 mM boric acid, 1 mM EDTA, pH 9 (TBE) as the buffer and a 100 bp ladder (Promega, WI, USA) as a size marker. Then, each sample was diluted 1/4 with H 2 0, and 1.5 μl thereof mixed with 2 μl 4.1 mM EDTA, 88.25% formamide, 15mg/ml dextran blue (Promega) and 0.6 μl of the GeneScan®-2500 [TAMRA] size standard (Applied Biosystems). Samples were denatured at 95°C for 2 min, loaded (2 μl) on to a 5% LongRanger® gel (FMC) in an ABI Prism™ 377 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems) and then subjected to electrophoresis at 200 W (3000V and 60 mA) for 3.5 h. The resultant gel image representing each samples was captured and chromatograms analysed and compared using GeneScan® 3.1 software (Applied Biosystems). Each peak represented the position of each sense strand for each denatured amplicon. The intensity (vertical axis) scale of the chromatograms was adjusted, such that background fluorescence was displayed, and hence no peaks remained undetected. 8 Results of Example Study of Use of Fluorescence-based Electrophoretic Detection Eighteen DNA reference samples representing monospecific isolates of Eimeria oocysts were prepared (Table 1). Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of ITS-2 PCR products amplified (individually) from all monospecific samples revealed that one band was detected for E. tenella, while two bands were displayed for all other species (not shown). The resolution of multiple bands on agarose gels for some species indicated the existence of different sequence types within an amplicon, which is consistent with previous findings (Woods et al., 2000a,b). This has been confirmed by sequencing (Gasser et al, 1993) of cloned ITS-2 amplicons (3 clones sequenced) for selected samples (A7, Bl, Ml, NI and T6) representing each species (see Table 1). Also, the ITS-2 sequences determined for isolates Ml (E. maxima) and T6 (E. tenella) (Table 1) showed concordance with sequences deposited in GenBank™ (accession numbers AF027722, AF027723, AF027724, AF027725, AF027726 and AF026388). Some novel ITS-2 sequence types have been detected for E. mitis and praecox, wliich was not unexpected, given that no study has yet rigorously examined intra-specific or intra-isolate sequence variability in the ITS-2 region. Amplicons produced from all of the monospecific Eimeria DNA samples (Table 1) were then analysed in the automated sequencer. Representative chromatograms are shown in Figure 8. For each E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix and E. tenella, there were no appreciable differences in the number and location of peaks in chromatogram profiles between samples (selected samples shown), although some differences in relative peak intensity were detected between some samples representing a species (Figure 8). For both E. mitis and E. praecox, some differences in the position(s) of minor peaks, indicative of population variation, were detected (Figure 9). Irrespective of such intraspecific variability in chromatogram profiles, the position of the highest/main peak (arrowed) remained consistent for all samples for each species. While there was some overlap in profiles among E. brunetti, E. mitis and E. praecox, species-specific chromatographic peaks could be defined for each of the seven species of Eimeria (asterisks in Figure 8). As naturally infected chickens may simultaneously harbour more than one species of Eimeria, the ability of the automated fluorescence-based electrophoretic approach to specifically detect DNA in samples containing more than one species was established. Thirteen unknown "field" samples, each derived from groups of multiple chickens, were tested (Table 3). By comparison with reference samples (A6, Bl, Ml, μ2, NI, P4 and T6), the species compositions within individual samples could be readily determined (Table 3, and Figure 8), even for samples containing E. brunetti, E. mitis and E. praecox, whose profiles overlapped significantly. While most faecal samples contained multiple species, including E. praecox and E. mitis (n =1), E. acervulina and E. mitis (n=l), E. acervulina and E. praecox (n=2), E. acervulina, E. mitis and E. praecox (n=l), E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. praecox and E. tenella (n=l), E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis and E. praecox (n=l), E. acervulina, E. maxima and E.mitis (n=l), several of samples contained E. praecox only (n=4) or E. mitis only (n=l). Subsequently, in a blind test, the reproducibility of the method to correctly identify all species present in mixed oocyst isolates as well as in deliberately mixed genomic DNA samples was evaluated. No significant variation in chromatogram profiles was detected among different runs on different days, and the species compositions of mixed samples was as expected. These findings proved that the technique is useful for detecting single- and mixed-species infections in chickens. Table 3. Samples of Eimeria obtained from Australian poultry faπns. Species composition was determined by DPGΕ analysis of fluorescently-labelled ITS-2 products (cf. Figure 8). Sample Species Detected XI E. acervulina, E. praecox X2 E. mitis, E. praecox X4 E. praecox X5 E. mitis X7 E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. tenella X8 E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. mitis X9 E. acervulina, E. mitis, E. praecox X10 E. praecox XI 1 E. acervulina, E. mitis X13 E. praecox X14 E. acervulina, E. praecox X15 E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. praecox X16 E. praecox AD VANTAGES AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY It will be apparent from the description herein that the assay of the present invention has a number of advantages over previous known techniques used to identify species of Eimeria. For example, the present assay does not require the use of multiple primer sets, specific to each of the species of Eimeria which one wishes to detect, but rather a single genus-specific primer set may be utilised. As a result, multiple species may be co-amplified from a single test sample and run in a single lane on an appropriate electrophoretic gel. The electrophoretic gel systems (SSCP and/or DFGE) used in the invention to visualise the amplification products, and thus identify the species present within a sample, are extremely sensitive and have the ability to differentiate species which may differ in length by a single nucleotide, or by minor sequence variations. The fluorescence-based electrophoretic detection technique described herein also has great advantages compared with previous techniques utilised to identify species of Eimeria, particularly in combination with the novel primers of the present invention. The use of such a detection system obviates the need to use radioactive nucleotides, and hence is safer for the operator to carry out. Also, reading of electrophoretic gels is performed automatically using a computer imaging system, which eliminates the need for handling and exposure of thereof, and significantly reduces time. Moreover, the chromatograms representing different samples (run on different gels and days) can be recorded and stored electronically as well as retrieved for comparative analysis at any time. Hence, this automated electrophoretic approach is time and cost effective, is well suited for the typing of large numbers of oocyst samples and may provide a useful epidemiological tool for prevalence studies as well as the monitoring of coccidiosis outbreaks. Further, the invention described herein offers significant advantages over RAPD-PCR (Johnston et al, 1995; Greif et al, 1996; Shirley et al, 1994 (Parasitol Res); Shirley et al, 1994 (Res Vet Sci)) in that it employs well-defined primers to a specific region of rDNA for PCR at relatively high stringency, thereby keeping to a minimum problems with the amplification of contaminating host DNA, and with reproducibility as a consequence of non-specificity of primers and the low annealing temperature in PCR (Ellsworth et al, 1993; MacPherson et al, 1993). Taken together, the above novel features allow for the rapid, high resolution, qualitative screening of large numbers of samples for any species of the genus Eimeria. Further, the invention obviates the need to conduct DNA sequence analysis (in the first instance), which reduces time, labour and expense. The present invention may be used, experimentally or on a commercial scale, as a means of routine diagnosis and monitoring of coccidia, particularly avian coccidia. Alternatively, the invention may be applicable to the quality control of species status of monospecific laboratory lines of Eimeria. It may further be useful as a complementary tool in the development of future commercial vaccines and diagnostic tests. There is intraspecific and interspecific DNA sequence variation within species of Eimeria. As a result, prior techniques used to detect species of Eimeria have steered clear of utilising anything but species-specific PCRs so as to obviate the need for necessary extensive sequencing and characterisation of resultant PCR products in order to identify isolates, at least at the species level. In contrast one aspect of the present invention utilises genus- specific PCRs which specifically target variation in sequences both within and between species of Eimeria. This technique has surprisingly proven to be advantageous. The invention has been described herein, with reference to certain preferred embodiments, in order to enable the reader to practice the invention without undue experimentation. However, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognise that many of the components and parameters may be varied or modified to a certain extent without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, titles, headings, or the like are provided to enhance the reader's comprehension of this document, and should not be read as limiting the scope of the present invention. The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that the prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Andrews, R. H. and Chilton, N. B., Int. J Parasitol. 1999, 29, 213-253. Barta, j. R., Martin, D. S., Liberator, P. A., Dashkevicz, M., Anderson, j. W., Feighner, S. D., Elbrecht, A., Perkins-Barrow, A., Jenkins, M. C, Danforth, H. D., Ruff, M. D. and Profous-Juchelka, H., J. Parasitol 1997, 83, 262-271. Barta, J. R, Coles, B. A., Schito, M. L., Fernando, M. A., Martin, A. and Danforth, H. D., Int. J. Parasitol. 1998, 28, 485-492. Eckert, J., Taylor, M., Catchpole, J., Licois, D., Coudert, P. and Bucklar, H., in: Eckert, J., Braun, R., Shirley, M. W. and Coudert, P. (Eds.), Guidelines on techniques in coccidiosis research, European Commission, Luxembourg 1995, pp. 103-119. Ellsworth, D. L., Rittenhouse, K. D. and Honey curt, R. L., Biotechniques 1993, 14, 214-217. Gasser, R. B., Eckert, J. and Rohrer, L., Parasitol. Res. 1987, 74, 103-111. Gasser et al. Ref. 1993 - Gasser, R. B., Int. J. Parasitol. 1997, 27, 1449-1463. Greif, G., Stephan, B. and Haberkorn, A., Parasitol. Res. 1996, 82, 706-714. Johnston, D. A. and Fernando, M. A., Parasitol. Res. 1995, 81, 91-97. Johnston, D. A. and Fernando, M. A., Parasitol. Res. 1991, 83, 464-470. MacPherson, J. M., Eckstein, P. E., Scoles, G. J. and Gajadhar, A. A., Mol. Cell. Probes 1993, 7, 293-299 McDougald, L. R. and Reid, W. M., in: Calnek, B. W., Barnes, H. J., Beard, C. W., McDougald, L. R. and M., S. Y. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry, 10th Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa 1997, pp. 865-883. Molloy, J. B., Eaves, F. W., Jeston, P. J., Minchin, C. M., Stewart, N. P., Lew, A. E. and Jorgensen, W. K., Avian Dis. 1998, 42, 119-123. Orita M, Suzuki Y, Sekiya T, Hayashi K, Genomics, 1989, 5, 874-879. Sambrook, J, Fritsch, EF, Maniatis, T, Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed, Cold Spring Harbour Press, 1989 Schnitzler, B. E., Thebo, P. L., Mattsson, J. G., Tomley, F. M. and Shirley, M. W., Avian Pathol. 1998, 27, 490-497. Schnitzler, B. E., Thebo, P. L., Tomley, F. M., Uggla, A. and Shirley, M. W., Avian Pathol. 1999, 28, 89-93. Shirley, M. W. and Bumstead, N., Parasitol. Res. 1994, 80, 346-351. Shirley, M. W., Res. Vet. Sci 1994, 57, 10-14. Shirley, M. W., in: Eckert, J., Braun, R., Shirley, M. W. and Coudert, P. (Eds.), Guidelines on techniques in coccidiosis research, European Commission, Luxembourg 1995, pp. 1-24. Stucki, U., Braun, R. and Roditi, I., Exp. Parasitol. 1993, 76, 68-75. Zhu, X. Q. and Gasser, R. B., Electrophoresis 1998, 19, 1366-1373. Woods, W. G., G. Richards, K. G. Whithear, G. R. Anderson, W. K. Jorgensen, and R. B. Gasser. 2000. High-resolution electrophoretic procedures for the identification of five Eimeria species from chickens and detection of population variation. Electrophoresis: in press. Woods, W. G., K. G. Whithear, D. G. Richards, G. R. Anderson, W. K. Jorgensen, and R. B. Gasser. 2000. Single-strand restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer (ribosomal DNA) for six species of Eimeria from chickens in Australia. Int. J. Parasitol. 30: 1019-1023.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. An oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25, or an annealing equivalent thereof. 2. An oligonucleotide as claimed in claim 1 comprising the sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25. 3. An oligonucleotide sequence as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 13; and SEQ ID NO: 15. 4. An oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26, or an annealing equivalent thereof. 5. An oligonucleotide as claimed in claim 4 comprising the sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26. 6. An oligonucleotide as claimed in claim 4 wherein the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 14; and SEQ ID NO: 16. 7. An oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27, or an annealing equivalent thereof. 8. An oligonucleotide as claimed in claim 7 comprising the sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27. 9. An oligonucleotide as claimed in claim 7 wherein the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 21; and SEQ ID NO: 23. 10. An oligonucleotide comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28, or an annealing equivalent thereof. 11. An oligonucleotide as claimed in claim 10 comprising a sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28. 12. An oligonucleotide as claimed in claim 10 wherein the oligonucleotide is chosen from the group consisting: SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 20; SEQ ID NO: 22; and SEQ ID NO: 24. 13. A pair of PCR primers, one primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25, or an annealing equivalent thereof, and a second primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26, or an annealing equivalent thereof. 14. A pair of PCR primers as claimed in claim 13 wherein said pair of PCR primers comprises one primer comprising a DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25 and a second primer comprising the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 26. 15. A pair of PCR primers as claimed in claim 13 wherein said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 13; or SEQ ID NO: 15; and one of SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 14; or SEQ ID NO: 16. 16. A pair of PCR primers, one primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27, or an annealing equivalent thereof and a second primer comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28, or an annealing equivalent thereof. 17. A pair of PCR primers as claimed in claim 16 wherein said pair of PCR primers comprises a primer comprising the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 27 and a primer comprising the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 28. 5 18. A pair of PCR primers as claimed in claim 16 wherein said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 21; or SEQ ID NO: 23; and one of SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 20; SEQ ID NO: 22; or SEQ ID NO: 24. 10 19. A pair of PCR primers as claimed in anyone of claims 13 to 18 wherein said pairs of PCR primers are adapted to amplify specified regions of the rDNA of a Eimeria in a genus-specific manner. 20. A method of identifying Eimeria in a sample, said method comprising the steps: 15 providing a sample comprising genomic template DNA to be tested; providing genomic DNA of one or more standards of known identity; providing a pair of PCR primers selected from the group consisting of (i) primers comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequence designated SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26 or 0 annealing equivalents thereof; or (ii) primers comprising at least 15 consecutive bases of the DNA sequences designated SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28 or annealing equivalents thereof; amplifying by means of PCR a region of template DNA using said primer 25 pair to produce one or more PCR products from said sample, and said one or more standard of known identity; comparing said one or more PCR products derived from said sample against one or more PCR products of said one or more standard of known identity; and 30 identifying the species of Eimeria present within the sample. 22. A method as claimed in claim 20 wherein said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 13; or SEQ ID NO: 15 and one of SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 14; or SEQ ID NO: 16. 5 23. A method as claimed in claim 20 wherein said pair of PCR primers comprises the primers comprising of sequences designated SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28. 24. A method as claimed in claim 20 wherein said pair of PCR primers comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 21; or SEQ ID NO: 23 and one of 10 SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ ID NO: 20; SEQ ID NO: 22; or SEQ ID NO: 24. 25. A method as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 24 wherein two PCRs are run per sample to be tested, and wherein each PCR uses a different primer pair. 15 26. A method as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 24 wherein one PCR is run per sample to be tested and both primer pairs are provided within said one PCR. 27. A method as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 26 wherein said one or more PCR products derived from said sample are compared against said one or more PCR 20 products of said one or more standard of known identity by means of gel electrophoresis. 28. A method as claimed in claim 27 wherein the gel electrophoresis is DPGE. 25 29. A method as claimed in claim 27 wherein the gel electrophoresis is SSCP. 30. A method as claimed in claim 27 wherein both DPGE and SSCP are employed. 31. A method as claimed in anyone of claims 27 and claim 30 wherein gel 30 electrophoresis is conducted in an automated system. 2. The use of any one of the oligonucleotides described herein or annealing equivalents thereof for the identification of species of Eimeria.

Inventors: GASSER ROBIN BEAT, RICHARDS DAVID GRANT, WHITHEAR KEVIN GEORGE, WOODS WAYNE GEOFFERY, GASSER, ROBIN, BEAT, RICHARDS, DAVID, GRANT, WHITHEAR, KEVIN, GEORGE, WOODS, WAYNE, GEOFFERY
Applicants: GASSER ROBIN BEAT, RICHARDS DAVID GRANT, UNIV MELBOURNE, WHITHEAR KEVIN GEORGE, WOODS WAYNE GEOFFERY, GASSER, ROBIN, BEAT, RICHARDS, DAVID, GRANT, THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, WHITHEAR, KEVIN, GEORGE, WOODS, WAYNE, GEOFFERY
Application year: 2001
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: C12N15, C12Q1, G01N27, G01N33