LOCKING SYSTEM FOR MECHANICAL JOINING OF FLOORBOARDS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF

Abstract: The invention relates to a locking system for mechanical joining of floorboards (1, 1') which have a body (30), a lower balancing layer (34) and an upper surface layer (32). A strip (6) is integrally formed with the body (30) of the floorboard (1) and extends under an adjoining floorboard (1'). The strip (6) has a locking element (8), which engages a locking groove (14) in the underside of the adjoining floorboard (1') and forms a horizontal joint. A tongue (38) and a tongue groove (36) form a vertical joint between upper and lower plane-parallel contact surfaces (43, 45) and are designed in such manner that the lower contact surfaces (45) are on a level between the upper side of the locking element (8) and a plane containing the underside (3) of the floorboard. The invention also relates to a floorboard having such a locking system, a floor made of such floorboards, as well as a method for making such a locking system.

Description: LOCKING SYSTEM FOR MECHANICAL JOINING OF FLOORBOARDS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF Technical Field The invention generally relates to the field of mechanical locking of floorboards. The invention relates to an improved locking system for mechanical locking of floorboards, a floorboard provided with such an improved locking system, a flooring made of such mechanically joined floorboards, and a method for making such floorboards. The invention generally relates to an improvement of a locking system of the type described and shown in WO 94/26999 and WO 99/66151. More specifically, the invention relates to a locking system for mechanical joining of floorboards of the type having a body and preferably a surface layer on the upper side of the body and a balancing layer on the rear side of the body, said locking system comprising: (i) for horizontal joining of a first and a second joint edge portion of a first and a second floorboard respectively at a vertical joint plane, on the one hand a locking groove which is formed in the underside of said second board and extends parallel with and at a distance from said vertical joint plane at said second joint edge and, on the other hand, a strip integrally formed with the body of said first board, which strip at said first joint edge projects from said vertical joint plane and supports a locking element, which projects towards a plane containing the upper side of said first floorboard and which has a locking surface for coaction with said locking groove, and (ii) for vertical joining of the first and second joint edge, on the one hand a tongue which at least partly projects and extends from the joint plane and, on the other hand, a tongue groove adapted to coact with said tongue, the first and second floorboards within their joint edge portions for the vertical joining having coacting upper and coacting lower contact surfaces, of which at least the upper comprise surface portions in said tongue groove and said tongue . Field of Application of the Invention The present invention is particularly suitable for mechanical joining of thin floating floorboards made up of an upper surface layer, an intermediate fibreboard body and a lower balancing layer, such as laminate floor- ing and veneer flooring with a fibreboard body. Therefore, the following description of the state of the art, problems associated with known systems, and the objects and features of the invention will, as a non-restricting example, focus on this field of application and, in par- ticular, on rectangular floorboards with dimensions of about 1.2 m * 0.2 m and a thickness of about 7-10 mm, intended to be mechanically joined at the long side as well as the short side. Background of the Invention Thin laminate flooring and wood veneer flooring are usually composed of a body consisting of a 6-9 mm fibre- board, a 0.20-0.8 mm thick upper surface layer and a 0.1-0.6 mm thick lower balancing layer. The surface layer provides appearance and durability to the floorboards. The body provides stability and the balancing layer keeps the board level when the relative humidity (RH) varies during the year. The RH can vary between 15% and 90%. Conventional floorboards of the type are usually joined by means of glued tongue-and-groove joints (i.e. joints involving a tongue on a floorboard and a tongue groove on an adjoining floorboard) at the long and short sides. When laying the floor, the boards are brought together horizontally, whereby a projecting tongue along the joint edge of a first board is introduced into a tongue groove along the joint edge of the second adjoining board. The same method is used at the long side as well as the short side. The tongue and the tongue groove are designed for such horizontal joining only and with special regard to how glue pockets and gluing surfaces should be designed to enable the tongue to be efficiently glued within the tongue groove. The tongue-and-groove joint presents coacting upper and lower contact surfaces that position the boards vertically in order to ensure a level surface of the finished floor. In addition to such conventional floors, which are connected by means of glued tongue-and-groove joints, floorboards have recently been developed which are instead mechanically joined and which do not require the use of glue. This type of mechanical joint system is hereinafter referred to as a "strip-lock system", since the most characteristic component of this system is a projecting strip which supports a locking element. WO 94/26999 and W088/66151 (owner Valinge Aluminium AB) disclose a strip-lock system for joining building panels, particularly floorboards. This locking system allows the boards to be locked mechanically at right angles to as well as parallel with the principal plane of the boards at the long side as well as at the short side. Methods for making such floorboards are disclosed in EP 0958441 and EP 0958442 (owner Valinge Aluminium AB) . The basic principles of the design and the installation of the floorboards, as well as the methods for making the same, as described in the four above-mentioned documents are usable for the present invention as well, and therefore these documents are hereby incorporated by refe- rence . In order to facilitate the understanding and description of the present invention, as well as the comprehension of the problems underlying the invention, a brief description of the basic design and function of the known floorboards according to the above-mentioned WO 94/26999 and WO 99/66151 will be given below with reference to Figs 1-3 in the accompanying drawings. Where applicable, the following description of the prior art also applies to the embodiments of the present invention described below. Figs 3a and 3b are thus a top view and a bottom view respectively of a known floorboard 1. The board 1 is rectangular with a top side 2, an underside 3, two opposite long sides 4a, 4b forming joint edge portions and two opposite short sides 5a, 5b forming joint edge portions. Without the use of the glue, both the long sides 4a, 4b and the short sides 5a, 5b can be joined mechanically in a direction D2 in Fig. lc, so that they join in a joint plane F (marked in Fig. 2c) . For this purpose, the board 1 has a flat strip 6, mounted at the factory, projecting horizontally from its one long side 4a, which strip extends throughout the length of the long side 4a and which is made of flexible, resilient sheet aluminium. The strip 6 can be fixed mechanically according to the embodiment shown, or by means of glue, or in some other way. Other strip materials can be used, such as sheets of other metals, as well as aluminium or plastic sections. Alternatively, the strip 6 may be made in one piece with the board 1, for example by suitable working of the body of the board 1. The present invention is usable for floorboards in which the strip is integrally formed with the body and solves special problems appearing in such floorboards and the making thereof . The body of the floorboard need not be, but is preferably, made of a uniform material. However, the strip 6 is always integrated with the board 1, i.e. it is never mounted on the board 1 in connection with the laying of the floor but it is mounted or formed at the factory. The width of the strip 6 can be about 30 mm and its thickness about 0.5 mm. A similar, but shorter strip 6' is provided along one short side 5a of the board 1. The part of the strip 6 project- ing from the joint plane F is formed with a locking element 8 extended throughout the length of the strip 6. The locking element 8 has an operative locking surface 10 facing the joint plane F and having a height of e.g. 0.5 mm. When the floor is being laid, this locking surface 10 coacts with a locking groove 14 formed in the underside 3 of the joint edge portion 4b of the opposite long side of an adjoining board 1'. The short side strip 6 ' is provided with a corresponding locking element 8 ' , and the joint edge portion 5b of the opposite short side has a corresponding locking groove 14 ' . The edge of the locking grooves 14, 14' facing away from the joint plane F forms an operative locking surface 10 ' for coaction with the operative locking surface 10 of the locking element . Moreover, for mechanical joining of both long sides and short sides also in the vertical direction (direction Dl in Fig. lc) the board is formed with a laterally open recess 16 along one long side (joint edge portion 4a) and one short side (joint edge portion 5a) . At the bottom, the recess 16 is defined by the respective strips 6, 6'. At the opposite edge portions 4b and 5b there is an upper recess 18 defining a locking tongue 20 coacting with the recess 16 (see Fig. 2a) . Figs la-lc show how two long sides 4a, 4b of two such boards 1, l 1 on an underlay 12 can be joined together by means of downward angling. Figs 2a-2c show how the short sides 5a, 5b of the boards 1, l 1 can be joined together by snap action. The long sides 4a, 4b can be joined together by means of both methods, while the short sides 5a, 5b - when the first row has been laid - are normally joined together subsequent to joining together the long sides 4a, 4b and by means of snap action only. When a new board 1' and a previously installed board 1 are to be joined together along their long sides 4a, 4b as shown in Figs la-lc, the long side 4b of the new board 1 ' is pressed against the long side 4a of the previous board 1 as shown in Fig. la, so that the locking tongue 20 is introduced into the recess 16. The board 1' is then angled downwards towards the subfloor 12 according to Fig. lb. In this connection, the locking tongue 20 enters the recess 16 completely, while the locking element 8 of the strip 6 enters the locking groove 14. During this downward angling the upper part 9 of the locking element 8 can be operative and provide guiding of the new board 1' towards the previously installed board 1. In the joined position as shown in Fig. lc, the boards 1, l 1 are locked in both the direction Dl and the direction D2 along their long sides 4a, 4b, but the boards 1, 1' can be mutually displaced in the longitudinal direction of the joint along the long sides 4a, 4b. Figs 2a-2c show how the short sides 5a and 5b of the boards 1, 1' can be mechanically joined in the direction Dl as well as the direction D2 by moving the new board 1 ' towards the previously installed board 1 essentially horizontally. Specifically, this can be carried out subsequent to joining the long side of the new board 1' to a previously installed board 1 in an adjoining row by means of the method according to Figs la-lc. In the first step in Fig. 2a, bevelled surfaces adjacent to the recess 16 and the locking tongue 20 respectively cooperate such that the strip 6 ' is forced to move downwards as a direct result of the bringing together of the short sides 5a, 5b. During the final bringing together of the short sides, the strip 6' snaps up when the locking element 8 ' enters the locking groove 14 ' , so that the operative locking surfaces 10, 10' of the locking element 8' and of the locking groove 14' will engage each other. By repeating the steps shown in Figs la-c and 2a-c, the whole floor can be laid without the use of glue and along all joint edges. Known floorboards of the above- mentioned type are thus mechanically joined usually by first angling them downwards on the long side, and when the long side has been secured, snapping the short sides together by means of horizontal displacement of the new board 1 ' along the long side of the previously installed board 1. The boards 1 , 1 ' can be taken up in the reverse order of laying without causing any damage to the joint, and be laid again. These laying principles are also applicable to the present invention. For optimal function, subsequent to being joined together, the boards should be capable of assuming a position along their long sides in which a small play can exist between the operative locking surface 10 of the locking element and the operative locking surface 10 ' of the locking groove 14. Reference is made to WO 94/26999 for a more detailed description of this play. In addition to what is known from the above-mentioned patent specifications, a licensee of Valinge Aluminium AB, Norske Skog Flooring AS, Norway (NSF) , introduced a laminated floor with mechanical joining according to WO 94/26999 in January 1996 in connection with the Domotex trade fair in Hannover, Germany. This laminated ® floor, which is marketed under the trademark Alloc , is 7.2 mm thick and • has a 0.6 -mm aluminium strip 6 which is mechanically attached on the tongue side. The operative locking surface 10 of the locking element 8 has an inclination (hereinafter termed locking angle) of about 80° to the plane of the board. The vertical connection is designed as a modified tongue-and-groove joint, the term "modified" referring to the possibility of bringing the tongue groove and tongue together by way of angling. WO 97/47834 (owner Unilin Beeher B.V., the Netherlands) describes a strip-lock system which has a fibre- board strip and is essentially based on the above known ® principles. In the corresponding product, "Uniclic ", which this owner began marketing in the latter part of 1997, one seeks to achieve biasing of the boards. This results in high friction and makes it difficult to angle the boards together and to displace them. The document shows several embodiments of the locking system. The "Uniclic ® " product is shown in section in Fig. 4b. Other known locking systems for mechanical joining of board materials are described in, for example, GB-A- 2,256,023 showing unilateral mechanical joining for providing an expansion joint in a wood panel for outdoor use, and in US-A-4 , 426 , 820 (shown in Fig. 4d) which concerns a mechanical locking system for plastic sports floors, which floor is intentionally designed in such manner that neither displacement of the floorboards along each other nor locking of the short sides of the floorboards by snap action is allowed. In the autumn of 1998, NSF introduced a 7.2 -mm laminated floor with a strip-lock system which comprises a fibreboard strip and is manufactured according to WO 94/26999 and WO 99/66151. This laminated floor is market- ® ed under the trademark "Fiboloc " and has the cross- section illustrated in Fig 4a. In January 1999, Kronotex GmbH, Germany, introduced a 7.8 mm thick laminated floor with a strip lock under ® the trademark "Isilock ". A cross-section of the joint edge portion of this system is shown in Fig. 4c. Also in this floor, the strip is composed of fibreboard and a balancing layer. During 1999, the mechanical joint system has obtained a strong position on the world market, and some twenty manufacturers have shown, in January 2000, different types of systems which essentially are variants of ® (R) (R) Fiboloc , Uniclic and Isilock . Summary of the Invention Although the floor according to WO 94/26999 and WO ® 99/66151 and the floor sold under the trademark Fiboloc exhibit major advantages in comparison with traditional, glued floors, further improvements are desirable mainly in thin floor structures . The joint system consists of three parts. An upper part PI which takes up the load on the floor surface in the joint. An intermediate part P2 that is necessary for forming the vertical joint in the Dl direction in the form of tongue and tongue groove. 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To achieve these criteria simultaneously, it is necessary to take the conditions into consideration which are present in the manufacture of floorboards with mechanical locking systems. The problems arise mainly when laminate-type thin floorboards are involved, but the problems exist in all types of thin floorboards. The three contradictory criteria will be discussed sepa- rately in the following. (i) Tongue-and-Groove Joint If the floor is thin there is not sufficient material for making a tongue groove and a tongue of sufficient thickness for the intended properties to be obtain- ed. The thin tongue will be sensitive to laying damage, and the strength of the floor in the vertical direction will be insufficient. If one tries to improve the properties by making the contact surfaces between tongue and tongue groove oblique instead of parallel with the upper side of the floorboard, the working tools must during working be kept extremely accurately positioned both vertically and horizontally relative to the floorboard that is being made. This means that the manufacture will be significantly more difficult, and that it will be dif- ficult to obtain optimal and accurate fitting between tongue and tongue groove. The tolerances in manufacture must be such that a fitting of a few hundredths of a millimetre is obtained since otherwise it will be difficult or impossible to displace the floorboards parallel with the joint edge in connection with the laying of the floorboards. (11) Material Portion above the Tongue Groove In a mechanical locking system glue is not used to keep tongue and tongue groove together m the laid floor. At a low relative humidity the surface layer of the floorboards shrinks, and the material portion that is located above the tongue groove and consequently has no balancing layer on its underside, can m consequence be bent upwards if this material portion is thin. Upwards bending of this material portion may result in a verti- cal displacement between the surface layers of adjoining floorboards m the area of the joint and causes an increased risk of wear and damage to the joint edge. To reduce the risk of upwards bending, it is therefore necessary to strive to obtain as thick a material por- tion as possible above the tongue groove. With known geometric designs of locking systems for mechanical joining of floorboards, it is then necessary to reduce the thickness of the tongue and tongue groove m the vertical direction of the floorboard if at the same time efficient manufacture with high and exact tolerances is to be carried out. A reduced thickness of tongue and tongue groove, however, results m, inter alia, the drawbacks that the strength of the joint perpendicular to the plane of the laid floor is reduced and that the risk of damage caused during laying increases. (m) Strip and Locking Element The strip and the locking element are formed m the lower portion of the floorboard. If the total thickness of a thin floorboard is to be retained and at the same time a thick material portion above the locking groove is desirable, and locking element and strip are to be formed merely m that part of the floorboard which is positioned below the tongue groove, the possibilities of providing a strip having a locking element with a sufficiently high locking surface and upper guiding part will be restricted m an undesirable manner. The strip closest to the joint plane and the lower part of the tongue groove can be too thick and rigid and this makes the locking by snap action by backwards bending of the strip difficult. If at the same time the material thickness of the strip is reduced and a large part of the lower contact surface is retained in the tongue groove, this results on the other hand in a risk that the floorboard will be damaged while being laid or subsequently removed. A problem that is also to be taken into consideration in the manufacture of floorboards, in which the com- ponents of the locking system - tongue/tongue groove and strip with a locking element engaging a locking groove - are to be made by working the edge portions of a board- shaped starting material, is that it must be possible to guide the tools in an easy way and position them correct - ly and with an extremely high degree of accuracy in relation to the board-shaped starting material. Guiding of a chip-removing tool in more than one direction means restrictions in the manufacture and also causes a great risk of reduced manufacturing tolerances and, thus, a poorer function of the finished floorboards. To sum up, there is a great need for providing a locking system which takes the above-mentioned requirements, problems and desiderata into consideration to a greater extent than prior art. The invention aims at satisfying this need. These and other objects of the invention are achieved by a locking system, a floorboard, a floor and a manufacturing method having the features stated in the independent claims. The dependent claims define particularly preferred embodiments of the invention. The invention is based on a first understanding that the identified problems must essentially be solved with a locking system where the lower contact surface of the tongue groove is displaced downwards and past the upper part of the locking element. The invention is also based on a second understanding which is related to the manufacturing technique, viz. that the tongue groove must be designed in such manner that it can be manufactured rationally and with extremely high precision using large milling tools which are normally used in floor manufacture and which, during their displacement relative to the joint edge portions of the floorboard that is to be made, need be guided in one direction only to provide the parallel contact surfaces while the tool is displaced along the joint edge portion of the floorboard material (or alternatively the joint edge portion is displaced relative to the tool) . In known designs of the joint edge portions, such working requires in most cases guiding in two directions while at the same time a relative displacement of tool and floorboard material takes place. According to a first aspect of the invention, a locking system is provided of the type which is stated by way of introduction and which according to the invention is characterised by the combination by the combination that the upper and lower contact surfaces are essentially plane-parallel and extend essentially parallel with a plane containing the upper side of the floorboards , and that the upper edge of the locking element, which upper edge is closest to a plane containing the upper side of the floorboards, is located in a horizontal plane, which is positioned between the upper and the lower contact surfaces but closer to the lower than the upper contact surfaces. According to another aspect of the invention, a new manufacturing method for making strip and tongue groove is provided. According to conventional methods, the tongue groove is always made by means of a single tool. The tongue groove according to the invention is made by means of two tools in two steps where the lower part of the tongue groove and its lower contact surface are made by means of one tool and the upper part of the tongue groove and its upper contact surface are made by means of another tool . The method according to the invention comprises the steps 1) of forming part of the strip, part of the lower part of the tongue groove and the lower contact surface by means of an angled milling tool operating at an angle <90° to the horizontal plane of the floorboard and the strip, and 2) forming the upper part of the tongue groove and the upper contact surface by means of a separate horizontally operating tool. According to another aspect of the invention, also a method for making a locking system and floorboards of the above type with plane-parallel upper and lower contact surfaces is provided. This method is characterised in that parts of said tongue groove and at least parts of the lower contact surface are formed by means of a chip-removing tool, whose chip-removing surface portions are brought into removing contact with the first joint portion and are directed obliquely inwards and past said joint plane and that the upper contact surface and parts of the tongue groove are formed by means of a chip-removing tool, whose chip-removing surface portions are moved into removing contact with the first joint portion in a plane which is essentially parallel with a plane containing the upper side of the floorboard. Brief Description of the Drawings Figs la-c show in three stages a downward angling method for mechanical joining of long sides of floor- boards according to WO 94/26999. Figs 2a-c show in three stages a snap-action method for mechanical joining of short sides of floorboards according to WO 94/26999. Figs 3a-b are a top plan view and a bottom view respec- tively of a floorboard according to WO 94/26999. Fig. 4 shows three strip- lock systems available on the market with an integrated strip of fibre- board and a balancing layer, and a strip lock system according to US 4,426,820. Fig. 5 shows a strip lock for joining of long sides of floorboards, where the different parts of the joint system are made in three levels PI, P2 and P3 as shown and described in WO 99/66151. Fig. 6 shows parts of two joined floorboards which have been formed with a locking system according to the present invention. Figs 7 + 8 illustrate an example of a manufacturing method according to the invention for manu- facturing a floorboard with a locking system according to the invention. Figs 9a-d show variants of a floorboard and a locking system according to the present invention. Description of Preferred Embodiments Prior to the description of preferred embodiments, with reference to Fig. 5, a detailed explanation will first be given of the most important parts in a strip lock system. The cross-sections shown in Fig. 5 are hypothetical, not published cross-sections, but they are fairly similar ® to the locking system of the known floorboard "Fiboloc " and to the locking system according to WO 99/66151. Accordingly, Fig. 5 does not represent the invention. Parts corresponding to those in the previous Figures are in most cases provided with the same reference numerals. The construction, function and material composition of the basic components of the boards in Fig. 5 are essentially the same as in embodiments of the present inven- tion, and consequently, where applicable, the following description of Fig. 5 also applies to the subsequently described embodiments of the invention. In the embodiment shown, the boards 1, 1' in Fig. 5 are rectangular with opposite long sides 4a, 4b and opposite short sides 5a, 5b. Fig. 5 shows a vertical cross- section of a part of a long side 4a of the board 1, as well as a part of a long side 4b of an adjoining board 1 ' . The bodies of the boards 1 can be composed of a fibreboard body 30, which supports a surface layer 32 on its front side and a balancing layer 34 on its rear side (underside) . A strip 6 is formed from the body and balancing layer of the floorboard and supports a locking element 8. Therefore the strip 6 and the locking element 8 in a way constitute an extension of the lower part of the tongue groove 36 of the floorboard 1. The locking element 8 formed on the strip 6 has an operative locking surface 10 which cooperates with an operative locking surface 10' in a locking groove 14 in the opposite joint edge 4b of the adjoining board 1' . By the engagement between the operative locking surfaces 10, 10' a horizontal locking of the boards 1, 1' transversely of the joint edge (direction D2) is obtained. The operative locking surface 10 of the locking element 8 and the operative locking surface 10' of the locking groove form a locking angle A with a plane parallel with the upper side of the floorboards. This locking angle is <90°, preferably 55-85°. The upper part of the locking element has a guiding part 9 which, when angled inwards, guides the floorboard to the correct position. The locking element and the strip have a relative height P3. To form a vertical lock in the Dl direction, the joint edge portion 4a has a laterally open tongue groove 36 and the opposite joint edge portion 4b has a laterally projecting tongue 38 which in the joined position is received in the tongue groove 36. The upper contact surfaces 43 and the lower contact surfaces 45 of the locking system are also plane and parallel with the plane of the floorboard. In the joined position according to Fig. 5, the two juxtaposed upper joint edge portions 41 and 42 of the boards 1, 1' define a vertical joint plane F. The tongue groove has a relative height P2 and the material portion above the upper contact surface 43 of the tongue groove has a relative height PI up to the upper side 32 of the floorboard. The material portion of the floorboard below the tongue groove has a relative height P3. Also the height of the locking element 8 corresponds to approxi- mately the height P3. The thickness of the floorboard therefore is T = PI + P2 + P3. Fig. 6 shows an example of an embodiment according to the invention, which differs from the embodiment in Fig. 5 by the tongue 38 and the tongue groove 36 being displaced downwards in the floorboard so that they are eccentrically positioned. Moreover, the thickness of the tongue 38 (and, thus, the tongue groove 36) has been increased while at the same time the relative height of the locking element 8 has been retained at approximately P3. Both the tongue 38 and the material portion above the tongue groove 36 are therefore significantly more rigid and stronger while at the same time the floor thickness T, the outer part of the strip 6 and the locking element 8 are unchanged. In the invention, the lower contact surface 45 has been displaced outwards to be positioned essentially outside the tongue groove 36 and outside the joint plane F on the upper side of the strip 6. By the inclination of the underside 44 of the outer part of the tongue, the tongue 38 will thus engage the lower contact surface at, or just outside, the joint plane F. Moreover, the tongue groove 36 extends further into the floorboard 1 than does the free end of the tongue 38 in the mounted state, so that there is a gap 46 between tongue and tongue groove. This gap 46 facilitates the insertion of the tongue 38 into the tongue groove 36 when being angled inwards similarly to that shown in Fig. la. Moreover, the upper opening edge of the tongue groove 36 at the joint plane F is bevelled at 47, which also facilitates the insertion of the tongue into the tongue groove. As mentioned, the height of the locking element 8 has been retained essentially unchanged compared with prior art according to WO 99/661151 and "Fiboloc ® ". This results in the locking effect being retained. The locking angle A of the two cooperating operative locking surfaces 10, 10' is <90° and preferably in the range 55-85°. Most preferably, the locking surfaces 10, 10' extend approxi- mately tangentially to a circular arc which has its centre where the joint plane F passes through the upper side of the floorboard. If the guiding portion 9 of the locking element immediately above the locking surface 10 has been slightly rounded, the guiding of the locking element 8 into the locking groove 14 is facilitated in the downward angling of the floorboard 1 ' similarly to that shown in Fig. lb. Since the locking together of the two adjoining floorboards 1, 1' in the D2 direction is achieved by the engagement between the operative locking surfaces 10, 10', the locking groove 14 can be somewhat wider than the locking element 8, seen transversely of the joint, so that there can be a gap between the outer end of the locking element and the corresponding surface of the locking groove. As a result, the mounting of the floor- boards is facilitated without reducing the locking effect. Moreover, it is preferred to have a gap between the upper side of the locking element 8 and the bottom of the locking groove 14. Therefore the depth of the groove 14 should be at least equal to the height of the locking element 8, but preferably the depth of the groove should be somewhat greater than the height of the locking element . According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the tongue 38 and the tongue groove 36 are to be positioned eccentrically in the thickness direction of the floorboards and placed closer to the underside than to the upper side of the floorboards. The most preferred according to the invention is that the locking system and the floorboards satisfy the relationship T - (PI + 0.3 * P2) > P3, where T thickness of the floorboard, PI = distance between the upper side 2 of the floorboard and said upper contact surface 43, measured in the thickness direction of the floorboard, P2 = distance between said upper and lower contact sur- faces 43, 45, measured in the thickness direction of the floorboard, and P3 = distance between the upper edge 49 of the locking element 8 closest to the upper side of the floorboard and the underside 3 of the floorboard. It has been found advantageous from the viewpoint of strength and function if the locking system also satisfies the relationship P2 > P3. Moreover, it has been found particularly advantageous if the relationship P3 > 0.3 * T is satisfied since this results in more reliable connection of adjoining floorboards . If the relationship PI > 0.3 * T is satisfied, the best material thickness is obtained in the material portion between the tongue groove 36 and the upper side 2 of the floorboard. This reduces the risk of this material portion warping so that the superposed surface coating will no longer be in the same plane as the surface coating of an adjoining floorboard. To ensure great strength of the tongue 38 it is pre- ferred for the dimensions of the tongue to satisfy the relationship P2 > 0.3 * T. By forming the cooperating portions of the tongue 38 and the tongue groove 36 in such manner that the inner boundary surfaces of the tongue groove in the first floorboard 1 are positioned further away from the vertical joint plane F than the corresponding surfaces of the tongue 38 of the second floorboard 1' when the first and the second floorboards are mechanically assembled, the insertion of the tongue into the tongue groove is facilitated. At the same time the requirements for exact guiding of the chip-removing tools in the plane of the floor- boards are reduced. Moreover it is preferred for the locking groove 14, seen perpendicular to the joint plane F, to extend further away from the vertical joint plane F than do corresponding portions of the locking element 8, when the first and the second floorboards 1, 1' are mechanically assembled. This design also facilitates laying and taking up of the floorboards. In a floor which is laid using boards with a locking system according to the present invention, the first and the second floorboards are identically designed. Moreover it is preferred for the floorboards to be mechanically joinable with adjoining floorboards along all four sides by means of a locking system according to the present invention. Figs 7 and 8 describe the manufacturing technique according to the present invention. Like in prior-art technique, chip-removing working is used, in which chip- removing milling or grinding tools are brought into chip- removing contact with parts of said first and second joint edges 4a, 4b of the floorboard on the one hand to form the upper surface portions 41, 42 of the joint edges 4a, 4b so that these are positioned exactly at the correct distance from each other, measured in the width direction of the floorboard, and on the other hand to form the locking groove 14, the strip 6, the locking element 8, the tongue 38, the tongue groove 36 and the upper and lower contact surfaces 43 and 45 respectively. Like in prior-art technique, the floorboard material is first worked to obtain the correct width and the cor- rect length between the upper surface portions 41, 42 of the joint edges 4a, 4b (5a, 5b respectively) . According to the invention, the subsequent chip- removing working then takes place, in contrast to prior- art technique, by chip-removing working in two stages with tools which must be guided with high precision in one direction only (in addition to the displacement direction along the floorboard material) . Manufacturing by means of angled tools is a method known per se, but manufacturing of plane-parallel contact surfaces between tongue and tongue groove in combination with a locking element, whose upper side is positioned in a plane above the lower contact surface of the locking system, is not previously known. In contrast to prior-art technique the tongue groove 36 is thus made in two distinct stages by using two tools VI, V2. The first chip-removing tool VI is used to form parts of the tongue groove 38 closest to the underside 3 of the floorboard and at least part of the lower contact surface 45. This tool VI has chip-removing surface portions which are directed obliquely inwards and past the joint plane F. An embodiment of the chip-removing surface portions of this first tool is shown in Fig. 7. In this case, the tool forms the entire lower contact surface 45, the lower parts of the tongue groove 36 which is to be made, and the operative locking surface portion 10 and guiding surface 9 of the locking element 8. As a result, it will be easier to maintain the necessary tolerances since this tool need be positioned with high precision merely as regards cutting depth (determines the position of the lower contact surface 45 in the thickness direc- tion of the floorboard) and in relation to the intended joint plane F. In this embodiment, this tool therefore forms portions of the tongue groove 36 up to the level of the upper side of the locking element 8. The location of the tool in the vertical direction relative to the floorboard is easy to maintain, and if the location perpendicular to the joint plane F is exactly guided, the operative surface portion 10 of the locking element will be placed exactly at the correct distance from the edge between the joint plane F and the upper side 3 of the floorboard. The first tool VI thus forms parts of the tongue groove 36 that is to be made, the strip 6, the lower contact surface 45, the operative locking surface 10 and the guiding part 9 of the locking element 8. Preferably this tool is angled at an angle A to the principal plane of the floorboard, which corresponds to the angle of the locking surface. It is obvious that this working in the first manufacturing step can take place in several partial steps, where one of the partial steps is the forming of merely the lower parts of the tongue groove and of the lower contact surface 45 outside the joint plane 5 by means of an angled milling tool. The rest of the strip and the locking element can in a subsequent partial step be formed by means of another tool, which can also be angled and inclined correspondingly. The second tool, however, can also be straight and be moved perpendicular downwards in relation to the upper side of the floorboard. Therefore the tool VI can be divided into two or more partial tools, where the partial tool closest to the joint plane F forms parts of the tongue groove and the entire lower contact surface 45, or parts thereof, while the subsequent partial tool or tools form the rest of the strip 6 and its locking element 8. In a second manufacturing step, the rest of the tongue groove 38 and the entire contact surface 43 are formed by means of a chip-removing tool V2 , whose chip- removing surface portions (shown in Fig. 8) are moved into chip-removing engagement with the first joint portion 4a in a plane which is essentially parallel with a plane containing the upper side 2 of the floorboard. The insertion of this tool V2 thus takes place parallel with the upper side 3 of the floorboard, and the working takes place in levels between the upper side of the locking element 8 and the upper side of the floorboard. The preferred manufacturing method is most suitable for rotating milling tools, but the joint system can be manufactured in many other ways using a plurality of tools which each operate at different angles and in different planes . By the forming of the tongue groove being divided into two steps and being carried out using two tools, VI and V2 , it has become possible to position the lower contact surface 45 at a level below the upper side of the locking element. Moreover, this manufacturing method makes it possible to position the tongue and the tongue groove eccentrically in the floorboard and form the tongue and the tongue groove with a greater thickness in the thickness direction of the floorboard than has been possible up to now in the manufacture of floorboards, in which the strip is integrated with and preferably monolithic with the rest of the floorboard. The invention can be used for floorboards where the main portion of the board and the joint edge portions of the board are of the same composition, as well as for floorboards where the joint edge portions are made of another material but are integrated with the board before the chip-removing work- ing to form the different parts of the locking system. A plurality of variants of the invention are feasible. The joint system can be made with a number of different joint geometries, where some or all of the above parameters are different, especially when the purpose is to prioritise a certain property over the other properties . The owner has contemplated and tested a number of variants based on that stated above. The height of the locking element and the angle of the surfaces can be varied. Nor is it necessary for the locking surface of the locking groove and the locking surface of the locking element to have the same inclina- φ 4H β X X 1 rH H 0 Φ rH H 4-J Φ en 4-1 4-1 1 e 4-1 © 4-J φ 4-1 rd H - β φ rH X rd 0 υ TJ Φ β β U .. rd 4-1 TJ H β υ rd ε rd CQ X! 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The recess 51 in the strip 6 also reduces the rigidity of the strip and thus facilitates the joining by snap action. Fig. 9c shows an embodiment with a centrically posi- tioned tongue 38 and a short rigid strip 6 where the lower plane contact surface 45 constitutes the upper side of the strip and is largely positioned outside the joint plane F. Just like in the other embodiments according to the invention, the lower contact surface 45 is positioned in a plane below the upper side of the locking element 8, i.e. below the marked horizontal plane H. Fig. 9d shows an embodiment with a stable locking system. Locking in the vertical direction (Dl direction) takes place by means of upper and lower contact surfaces 43 and 45 respectively, of which the lower extend merely a short distance from the joint plane F. The portions of the strip outside the lower contact surface 45 up to the locking element have been lowered by forming a recess 53 and therefore they do not make contact with the adjoining floorboard 1'. This means a reduction of the friction when displacing adjoining floorboards in the direction of the joint plane F during the laying of the boards. The example according to Fig. 9d also shows that the demands placed on the surface portions of the tongue groove 36 furthest away from the joint plane F need not be very high, except that there should be a play 46 between these surface portions and the corresponding surface portions of the tongue 38. The Figure also shows that the working with the tool V2 can be carried out to a greater depth than would result in a straight inclined surface 54 which extends with the same inclination above the horizontal plane H.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A locking system for mechanical joining of floor- boards (1) having a body (30) and preferably a surface layer (32) on the upper side of the body and a balancing layer (34) on the rear side of the body (30) , said locking system comprising: for horizontal joining of a first and a second joint edge portion (4a, 4b) of a first and a second floorboard (1, 1') respectively at a vertical joint plane (F) , on the one hand a locking groove (14) which is formed in the underside (3) of said second board (l 1 ) and extending parallel with and at a distance from said vertical joint plane (F) at said second joint edge (4b) and, on the other hand, a strip (6) integrally formed with the body of said first board (1) , which strip at said first joint edge (4a) projects from said vertical joint plane (F) and supports a locking element (8), which projects towards a plane containing the upper side of said first floorboard and which has a locking surface (10) for coaction with said locking groove (14) , and for vertical joining of the first and second joint edge (4a, 4b) , on the one hand a tongue (38) which at least partly projects and extends from the joint plane (F) and, on the other hand, a tongue groove (36) adapted to coact with said tongue (38) , the first and second floorboards (1, 1') within their joint edge portions (4a, 4b) for the vertical joining having coacting upper and coacting lower contact surfaces (43, 45), of which at least the upper comprise surface portions in said tongue groove (36) and said tongue (38), c h a r a c t e r i s e d by the combination that the upper and lower contact surfaces (43, 45) are essentially plane-parallel and extend essentially parallel with a plane containing the upper side of the floorboards, and that the upper edge of the locking element (8) , which upper edge is closest to a plane containing the upper side of the floorboards, is located in a horizontal plane, which is positioned between the upper and the lower contact surfaces (45, 46) but closer to the lower than to the upper contact surfaces (45, 43) . 2. A locking system as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the portions of the floorboard (l 1 ) between the lower contact surface (45) and the locking groove (14) have a thickness which is equal to or less than the distance between the lower contact surface (45) and the upper side (2) of the floorboard. 3. A locking system as claimed in claim 1 or 2 , c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the portion of the strip (6) between the lower contact surface (45) and the locking element (8) has a thickness which is equal to or less than the distance between the lower contact surface (45) and the underside of the floorboard. 4. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the tongue (38) and the tongue groove (36) are arranged eccentrically in the thickness direction of the floor- boards and placed closer to the underside than to the upper side of the floorboards. 5. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the locking element (8) has an operative locking surface (10) for coaction with a corresponding operative locking surface (10') of the locking groove (14), and that said operative locking surfaces (10, 10') are inclined at an angle (A) which is lower than 90°, preferably 55-85°, measured relative to a plane containing the underside of the floorboard. 6. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the relationship T - (PI + 0.3 * P2 ) > P3 , where T = thickness of the floorboard, PI = distance between the upper side (2) of the floorboard and said upper contact surface (43), measured in the thickness direction of the floorboard, P2 = distance between said upper and lower contact surfaces (43, 45) measured in the thickness direction of the floorboard, and P3 = distance between the upper edge of the locking element (8) closest to the upper side of the floorboard and the underside (3) of the floorboard. 7. A locking system as claimed in claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the relationship P2 > P3. 8. A locking system as claimed in claim 6 or 7 , c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the relationship P3 > 0.3 * T. 9. A locking system as claimed in claim 6, 7 or 8 , c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the relationship PI > 0.3 * T. 10. A locking system as claimed in any one of claims 6-9, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the relationship P2 > 0.3 * T. 11. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the inner boundary surfaces of the tongue groove in the first floorboard (1) are positioned further away from the ver- tical joint plane (F) than corresponding surfaces of the tongue (38) of the second floorboard (1) when the first and second floorboards are mechanically assembled. 12. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that, seen perpendicular to the joint plane (F) , the locking groove (14) extends further away from the vertical joint plane (F) than the corresponding portions of the locking ele- ment (8) when the first and second floorboards are mechanically assembled. 13. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that there is a gap between the upper side of the locking element (8) and the bottom of the locking groove (14) . 14. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that there is a gap between the side of the locking element (8) fur- thest away from the joint plane (F) and the edge of the locking groove (14) furthest away from the joint plane (F) . 15. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the locking element (8) has an operative locking surface (10) for coaction with a corresponding operative locking surface (10) of the locking groove (14) , and that these operative locking surfaces are inclined at such an angle (A) relative to a plane containing the underside of the floorboard that the locking surfaces (10, 10') extend essentially tangentially relative to a circular arc with it centre where the vertical joint plane (F) intersects the upper side (2) of the floorboard, seen in a section perpendicular to said joint plane and perpendicular to the floorboards. 16. A locking system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the first and second floorboards (1, 1') are identically designed. 17. A floorboard provided with a locking system as claimed in any one of claims 1-16. 18. A floorboard as claimed in claim 17, which is mechanically joinable with adjoining boards along all its four sides by means of a locking system as claimed in any one of claims 1-16. 19. A floor consisting of floorboards which are mechanically joined by means of a locking system as claimed in any one of claims 1-16. 20. A method for making floorboards with a locking system for mechanical joining of two adjoining floorboards, which preferably are of the type having a body (30) and preferably a surface layer (32) on the upper side of the body and a balancing layer (34) on the rear side of the body (30) , in which method the floorboards, by chip-removing working, are formed with a locking system, which for horizontal joining of a first and a second joint edge (4a, 4b) of a first and a second floorboard (1, 1') at a vertical joint plane (F) , comprises on the one hand a locking groove (14) formed in the underside (3) of said second board (1') and extending parallel with and at a distance from said vertical joint plane (F) at said second joint edge (4b) and, on the other hand, a strip (6) formed integrally with the body of said first board (1) and at said first joint edge (4a) projecting from said vertical joint plane (F) and supporting a locking element (8), which projects towards a plane containing the upper side of said first floorboard and having a locking surface for coaction with said locking groove (14) , and for vertical joining of the first and second joint edge (4a, 4b) of the first and second floorboards (1, 1') , comprises on the one hand a tongue (38) which projects from said second joint edge (4b) and the upper part of which extends from said vertical joint plane (F) and, on the other hand, a tongue groove (36) intended for coaction with said tongue (38) , said first and second floorboards (1, 1') having cooperating upper and cooperating lower contact surfaces (43, 45) which are essen- tially plane-parallel and extend essentially parallel with a plane containing the upper side of said floorboards, of which at least the upper contact surfaces comprise surface portions in said tongue groove (36) and said tongue (38) , in which method the chip-removing working is carried out by chip-removing milling or grinding tools being brought into chip-removing contact with parts of said first and second joint edges (4a, 4b) of the floorboard for forming said locking groove (14), said strip (6), said locking element (8) , said tongue (38) , said tongue groove (36) and said upper and lower contact surfaces (43, 45) , c h a r a c t e r i s e d by the combination that parts of said tongue groove (38) and at least parts of the lower contact surface (45) are formed by means of a chip-removing tool (VI) , whose chip- removing surface portions are brought into removing contact with the first joint portion (4a) and are directed obliquely inwards and past said joint plane (F) and that the upper contact surface (43) and parts of the tongue groove (38) are formed by means of a chip- removing tool (V2), whose chip-removing surface portions are brought into removing engagement with the first joint portion (4a) in a plane which is essentially parallel with a plane containing the upper side of the floorboard. 21. A method as claimed in claim 20, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that portions of the floorboard (1') between the lower contact surface (45) and the lock- ing groove (14) obtains a thickness which is equal to or less than the distance between the lower contact surface (45) and the upper side (2) of the floorboard. 22. A method as claimed in claim 20, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is car- ried out in such manner that the tongue (38) and the tongue groove (36) are positioned eccentrically in the thickness direction of the floorboard and closer to the underside than to the upper side of the floorboard. 23. A method as claimed in claim 21 or 22, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing work- ing is carried out in such manner that the upper edge of the locking element (8) , which upper edge is closest to a plane containing the upper side (2) of the floorboard, is positioned between the lower and upper contact surfaces (45, 46) but closer to the lower than to the upper contact surfaces (45, 43) . 24. A method as claimed in claim 23, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that the relationship T - (PI + 0.3 * P2) > P3, is achieved, where T = thickness of the floorboard, PI = distance between the upper side (2) of the floorboard and said upper contact surface (43), measured in the thickness direction of the floorboard, P2 = distance between said upper and lower contact surfaces (43, 45) measured in the thickness direction of the floorboard, and P3 = distance between the upper edge of the locking element (8) closest to the upper side of the floorboard and the underside (3) of the floorboard. 25. A method as claimed in claim 24, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such a manner that the relationship P2 > P3 is achieved. 26. A method as claimed in claim 24 or 25, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that the relationship P3 > 0.3 * T is achieved. 27. A method as claimed in claim 24, 25 or 26, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that the relationship PI > 0.3 * T is achieved. 28. A method as claimed in any one of claims 24-27, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that the relationship P2 > 0.3 * T is achieved. 29. A method as claimed in any one of claims 20-28, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that the inner boundary surfaces of the tongue groove (36) in the first floorboard (1) are located further away from the vertical joint plane (F) than the corresponding outer boundary surfaces of the tongue (38) of the second floorboard (1') when the first and second floorboards are mechanically assembled. 30. A method as claimed in any one of claims 20-29, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that this chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that the locking groove (14) , seen perpendicular to the joint plane (F) , extends further away from the vertical joint plane (F) than corresponding portions of the locking element (8) when the first and second floorboards (1, 1') are mechanically assembled. 31. A method as claimed in any one of claims 20-30, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-removing working is carried out in such manner that the bottom of the locking groove (14) is positioned closer to the upper side of the floorboard than is the upper side of the locking element (8) . 32. A method as claimed in any one of claims 20-31, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the chip-receiving work- ing is carried out in such manner that the locking element (8) obtains an operative locking surface (10) for coaction with a corresponding operative locking surface (10') of the locking groove (14), and that these operative locking surfaces will be inclined at such an angle (A) relative to a plane containing the underside (3) of the floorboard that the locking surfaces (10, 10') extend essentially tangentially relative to a circular arc with its centre where the vertical joint plane (F) intersects the upper side (2) of the floorboard, seen in a vertical section perpendicular to said joint plane.

Inventors: PERVAN DARKO, PERVAN, DARKO
Applicants: PERVAN DARKO, VAELINGE ALUMINUM AB, PERVAN, DARKO
Application year: 2001
Main classification: E04F15
IPC codes: B27F1, B27M3, E04F13, E04F15