A planetary gear transmission with variable ratio

Abstract: The invention relates to a planetary gear transmission with a steplessly adjustable transmission ratio. The gear transmission comprises a first and second sun gear (11, 12) arranged on a first and second operating shaft (7; 8), and first (1) and second planetary gears (2) connectable thereto, each of which sun gears is rigidly attached by a shaft (6) to the first planetary gears (1), so that the first and second planetary gears form planetary gear pairs (B1). The gear transmission includes only one planetary carrier (5). By means of coupling means (50), the whole rotary force or part thereof is taken out of the planetary gear and/or fed therein, either via said first or second operating shaft (7; 8), or via an alternative planetary carrier. By using at least one operation means (15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 37), the planetary carrier rotation velocity (ϕ) is controlled to remain locked stationary and to be freely rotatable

Description: The invention relates to a planetary gear transmission with an variable transmission ratio, without a ring gear wheel, and comprising: a first sun gear arranged on a first operating shaft and at least one first planetary gear connectable thereto; a second sun gear arranged on a second operating shaft and at least one second planetary gear connectable thereto; planetary shafts, rigidly attaching each of the second planetary gears to one of the first planetary gears, in which case the first and the second planetary gears form first pairs of planetary gears, in which the planetary gears rotate at the same angular speed; and a planetary carrier that is common for the first and second planetary gears. For instance from the publications WO-93/15337, WO-98/50715, there are known planetary gear transmissions that are compiled, in a conventional manner, of one sun gear, one series of corresponding planetary gears and a ring gear wheel, so that the transmission ratio of their planetary gear transmissions can be adjusted for example by slowing down the ring gear wheel either mechanically or by means of a generator or a or hydraulic pump. According to both of said publications, the primary motor rotates the sun gear, and power is taken out of the gear arrangement to the target of usage from the planetary carrier. The publication DE-197 51 231 A1 describes a structure that in other ways corresponds to the ones disclosed in the above mentioned publications, but as an inverted arrangement, i.e. the power is brought into the planetary carrier of the gear transmission and it is taken out of the gear transmission to the target of usage from the sun gear. Here the ring gear wheel is slowed down by means of an AC inverter. The publications EP-0 748 953 A3 and GB-2 287 512 A describe somewhat different usages of a planetary gear transmission, although the planetary gear transmissions themselves represent exactly the same type as above. In said latter arrangements, the primary motor rotates the ring gear wheel, and the power is taken out of the gear transmission to the target of usage from the sun gear, whereas the transmission ratio is controlled by braking the planetary gears. In the above-described structures, the initial problem is the relatively small ratio of transformation, i.e. the difference between the largest and smallest transmissions, which is obtained by adjusting the speed of the ring gear wheel. For example in the publication WO-98/50715, the speed difference is said to be 2:1 - 3:1. In addition, in these structures a relatively large amount of energy is consumed in the braking of the ring gear wheel, which energy is removed from the power of the output shaft and requires, due to said large amount, as the papers teach, components that take up a lot of space and/or are heavy in structure. Another drawback is the complicated construction, especially in the case of the patent EP-0 748 953. The publication US-3 823 620 and its priority document FR-2 138 263 relates to an automatically and continuously variable transmission for changing the velocity of a driven shaft relative to the velocity of a drive shaft. The transmission includes three epicyclic trains, namely an input train, a control train and an intermediate train. The input train includes an element driven by the drive shaft and another element connected to the driven shaft. The control train is a high ratio train including a planetary gear system, the planet-carrier of which is driven by an electric motor of variable velocity and low power, of the order of 1 percent of the power to be transmitted from the drive shaft to the driven shaft. A first sun-wheel of the planetary gear system is connected to the third element of the input train and a second-sun-wheel is connected to an element of the intermediate train, the two remaining elements of which are respectively connected to the input train and to either of the drive or the driven shafts. The publication US-3 298 251 discloses a constant-speed drive according to the preamble of claim 1 comprising an input shaft element for connection to a prime mover operable at a variable speed in a predetermined direction, a constant speed shaft element for connection to a load required to be driven at a constant speed in a predetermined direction, a third element, a differential gear drive by which the three said elements are operatively connected, a constant displacement hydraulic machine drivingly connected to said third element, a variable-displacement hydraulic machine drivingly connected to one of said shaft elements, a pair of hydraulic lines connecting said variable displacement hydraulic machine in a closed hydraulic circuit with said constant-displacement hydraulic machine, governor means responsive to a speed error of the constant-speed element compared with the required constant speed and operative to so vary the displacement of said variable-displacement machine between a positive maximum and a negative maximum as to reduce such speed error, an independent hydraulic pressurising device having a low-pressure inlet and a high-pressure outlet, starter-selection means for connecting the inlet of said pressurising device to one and the outlet of said pressurising means to the other line of said pair of hydraulic lines and for at the same time preventing flow through the constant-displacement machine while causing flow from said source through the variable-displacement machine to drive the latter in the direction corresponding to rotation of the associated shaft element in its predetermined direction. The publications DE-666 235, DE-38 06 292, DE-197 23 358 and US-4 406 178 introduce planetary gear transmissions without ring gear wheels, with a transmission ratio that can be steplessly adjusted. In these gear transmission arrangements, on the input shaft there is arranged a sun gear to which one set of planetary gears is connected, and on the output shaft there is arranged a second sun gear, to which the second set of planetary gears is connected. The planetary gears are non-rotatably connected to each other by means of axles attached with bearings to the rotary planetary carrier, in which case the planetary gears rotate at the same angular velocity. The transmission ratio of the planetary gear transmission is adjusted by braking the planetary carrier either by means of a friction brake, which is coupled either between the planetary carrier and the housing of the device or between the planetary carrier and the input shaft, or by arranging belt transmission between the planetary carrier and the input shaft. Publication WO-02/083479 discloses a lever system for a steering transmission, and aims to a construction without clearance. For this purpose the documents suggests levers for radial displacement of the planetary axles. The object of the invention is to realize a mechanical gear transmission with a transmission ratio that can be variable or steplessly adjusted within a wide marginal, while one or several of the transmission ratios can be locked at a fixed value and again released according to the situation of usage. A second object of the invention is this kind of variable, mechanical gear transmission that achieves a minimal loss in efficiency. A third object of the invention n is this kind of stepless mechanical gear transmission, where a stepless or sliding change in the transmission ratio can be achieved by many different, alternative ways. Yet another object of the invention is this kind of gear transmission that is simple in structure and possibly small in size. The above described problems are solved and the objects achieved by means of a special planetary gear transmission according to the invention, characterized by what is set forth in the characterizing part of claim 1. Among the most important advantages of the invention is the possibility to reach an extremely high ratio of transformation, so that with one and the same gear, there can be easily and steplessly reached for instance transmission ratios within the range of 1:10 - 1:1 or even higher, if necessary. A second advantage of the invention is that only a slight amount of power is consumed in said adjusting of the transmission ratio, and according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the power loss is made nearly nonexistent. A third advantage of the invention is the possibility to real ize the planetary gear transmission, when necessary, in a form where one or several of the transmission ratios can during operation and according to the situation at hand be locked in a fixed position and again released to be variable by following a simple procedure. When locked in a fixed position, the planetary gear transmission according to the invention operates in principle in similar fashion as a gear transmission with a fixed transmission ratio, i.e. accurately and always with minimal power losses. However, the stepless planetary gear transmission according to the invention is extremely simple and secure in operation. The invention is explained in more detail below, with reference to the appended drawings. Figure 1A illustrates a first embodiment of the planetary gear transmission without ring gear wheels according to the invention, where the gears are at mutually fixed positions, seen from the side and in partial cross-section along the planes I-I of figure 1B, from the direction II. Figure 1B illustrates, by unbroken and dotted lines, the embodiment of figure 1, seen from the end, from the direction III of figure 1A, and by additional dotted point lines a modification of said embodiment, i.e. additional planetary gears arranged in parallel. Figure 2 illustrates a second embodiment of the planetary gear transmission without a ring gear according to the invention, where the gears are arranged in mutually fixed positions, seen from the side and in partial cross-section, in a similar configuration as in figure 1A. Figure 3 illustrates a third embodiment of the planetary gear transmission without a ring gear according to the invention, where the gears are arranged in mutually fixed positions, seen from the side and in partial cross-section, in a similar configuration as in figures 1A and 2. Figure 4 illustrates a fourth embodiment of the planetary gear transmission without a ring gear according to the invention, seen from the side and in partial cross-section, in a similar configuration as in figures 1A, 2 and 3. Figure 5 illustrates a fifth embodiment of the planetary gear transmission without a ring gear according to the invention, where the gears are arranged in mutually fixed positions, seen from the side and in partial cross-section, in a similar configuration as in figures 1A and 2 - 4. Figure 6 illustrates a sixth embodiment of the planetary gear transmission without a ring gear according to the invention, where several pairs of planetary gears are arranged in series, seen from the end, in a similar configuration as in figure 1B. The drawings illustrate planetary gear transmissions where the transmission ratio is variable. In the text no difference is made between the pinions and the gears, because the transmissions can be used in both directions. Some of the drawings illustrate planetary gear transmissions where the variable transmission ratio can, when necessary, be locked at a fixed value or values. The power and the torque are conducted to the planetary gear transmission by means of rotary input shafts 7 or 8 connected to the sun gears, or via a planetary carrier 5, from the primary motor M illustrated in some of the drawings, which primary motor can in principle be any kind of motor or other power source. The power and the torque are conducted out of the planetary gear transmission on the output shafts 8 or 7 connected to the sun gears, or from the planetary carrier 5. Obviously either one of the shafts marked with the reference numbers 7 and 8 can be the input shaft, in which case the other is the output shaft, i.e. the gear transmission can transmit power and torque to both directions. Consequently, in the description below, said shafts connected to the first and second sun gears 11, 12 are called the first operating shaft 7 and the second operating shaft 8. In case the same gear transmission should be used, in the above-mentioned sense, in both directions, the differences are naturally expressed in the transmission ratios, which are inverted values. Thus, figures 1A and 2 are similar as regards the planetary gear transmission proper; the only difference is that the gear transmission of figure 1A is a speed reducer, and the gear transmission of figure 2 is a speed increaser. In this planetary gear transmission according to the invention, there is provided at least one first sun gear 11 and, connected thereto, at least one first planetary gear 1 as well as a planetary carrier 5 connecting the planetary gear or gears, more precisely the planetary gears shafts 6, said planetary carrier being arranged to be rotatable around the common rotary axis line L1 of the input and output shafts, the speed of rotation ϕ, i.e. angular velocity whereof is controlled by means of a suitable braking mechanism or coupling means 50 connected thereto. In a case where planetary gear transmission really comprises only one first planetary gear 1 or only one pair of planetary gears B1 to be explained below, which pair of planetary gears is attached with bearings to the planetary carrier, as is illustrated in figure 4 by unbroken lines and in figure 3, the planetary carrier must be attached with bearings to the housing of the gear transmission, like the first and second operating shaft in a way not illustrated in the drawings. Likewise, in the case of two pairs B1a and B1b of planetary gears, as in the embodiments illustrated in figures 1A, 2 and 3, a similar bearing arrangement of the planetary carrier to the housing is necessary. In the case of several pairs of planetary gears, for instance in the case of three pairs B1a, B1b and B1c of planetary gears, or four pairs B1a, B1b, B1c and B1d of planetary gears, the attaching of the planetary carrier with bearings to the gear transmission housing, not illustrated in the drawings, is not absolutely necessary, because the planetary gears are centralized in the sun gear 11 or sun gears in 11, 12. However, even in this case it is advantageous to use bearings. It is particularly pointed out that the planetary gear transmission according to the invention does not include ring gear wheels, i.e. a group of planetary gears arranged on a given plane - neither the first planetary gears 1 nor the second planetary gears 2 - are not simultaneously connected to a gear wheel that were concentric with the sun gears. Thus the planetary gear of the invention does not have any ring gear wheel, but the group of first planetary gears 1 is only connected to the externally or internally toothed sun gear, and the second group of planetary gears 2 is only connected to the externally or internally toothed sun gear, and/or the planetary gears are mutually connected. To put it more precisely, in this specification the term 'connect' and possible variations thereof are used to mean the capability of transmitting the power and torque of the rotary motion between the gear wheels, caused by the mutually meshing toothing of said gear wheel. In other words, for example two gear wheels are mutually connected, when the rotary motion of one gear wheel sets also the second gear wheel that is immediately connected thereto in rotary motion, by intermediation of the meshing toothings of the wheels, at the same angular velocity or at another angular velocity. In this specification and in the appended drawings, the references 1 and 2 denote to the first and second planetary gears in general, and the references 3 and 4 denote to the third and fourth planetary gears in general; the reference B1 denotes to the primary pair of planetary gears in general. The specified references 1a, 1b, 2a; B1a etc. are only used when single corresponding parts must be distinguished for the sake of clarity. Moreover, according to the invention neither of the sun gears 11, 12 is braked with respect to the housing 31, but they are rigidly attached to the first operating shaft and respectively to the second operating shaft 7, 8. Further, the planetary gear transmission of the invention - according to the first principle of structure - comprises at least one second planetary gear 2, which is placed on the shaft 6, rigidly attached to one of the first planetary gears 1, in which case said first and second planetary gear constitute a first pair B1 of planetary gears, as in figure 3. If the planetary gear transmission includes two first planetary gears 1a and 1b, and two second planetary gears 2a and 2b, they form, on two shafts 6, two first pairs B1a and B1b of planetary gears, as is illustrated in figures 1A and 2. Figure 1B illustrates a structure provided with four first planetary gears 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d, and two second planetary gears 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d, so that there are formed four pairs B1a, B1b, B1c and B1d of planetary gears, i.e. generally a pair B1 of planetary gears. Said two pairs B1a and B1b of planetary gears, or respectively four pairs B1a, B1b, B1c and B1d are arranged in parallel with respect to the moment transmitted through the gear transmission n. It should be appreciated that said pairs of planetary gears arranged in parallel can also be three or more than four. In each first pair B1 of planetary gears, the first and second planetary gears 1 and 2, non-rotatably attached to the common shaft 6, rotate together at the same angular velocity, i.e. the shaft 6 of the pair of planetary gears, complete with both planetary gears 1 and 2, i.e.6+1a+2a, 6+1b+2b, etc., rotates around the common planetary carrier 5. The above mentioned first sun gear 11 is axially attached to a first operating shaft 7 or to a second operating shaft 8, so that the rotary motion of the sun gear is equal to or opposite to the rotary motion of said shaft. A planetary gear conforming to these structural principles also comprises a second sun gear 12, which is connected to the second set of planetary gears and is axially attached to the second operating shaft 8 or respectively to the first operating shaft 7, so that the rotary motion of the sun gear is equal or opposite to the rotary motion of said shaft. Consequently, the first planetary gears 1 of each first pair B1 of planetary gears - secondary planetary gears in the examples illustrated in the drawings - are connected to the first sun gear 11, and the second planetary gears 2 - primary planetary gears in the examples illustrated in the drawings - are connected to the second planetary gear 12. In particular, according to the invention, the planetary gear transmission comprises one or more coupling means 50 in order to take the whole rotary power F1, F2 or part F2, F3 thereof out of the planetary gear and/or respectively in order to feed the whole rotary power F1, F2 or part F2, F3 thereof to the planetary gear, in a way to be described in more detail below. Said power output and/or input is carried out according to either of the alternative ways described in the following. According to the first alternative, the rotary power F1, F2 or part F2, F3 thereof proceeds via the first or the second operating shaft 7; 8 to the planetary gear or out thereof. According to the second alternative, the rotary power F1, F2 or part F2, F3 thereof proceeds via the planetary carrier 5 to the planetary gear or out thereof. In addition to the coupling means 50 mentioned above, as a combination with them, the planetary gear transmission according to the invention comprises at least one operation element 15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 37 in order to adjust the rotary velocity ϕ of the planetary carrier 5 at least in a first position where the planetary carrier is locked to be stationary, and in a second position, where the planetary carrier is freely rotatable. According to a structural embodiment of the invention, the coupling means 50 are ring toothings 22a of the planetary carrier, together with countergear wheels 22b connected thereto, or direct connections 22c, which are continuously connected to the planetary carrier, in which case said transmission of the powers F1, F2, F3 to or from the planetary carrier is enabled by using a separate adjusting element or corresponding means. The described structural embodiment is suited to a continuously stepless adjusting. The maximum transmission ratio of the planetary gear, or in a reversed case, the minimum transmission ratio, is defined according to a method known as such on the basis of the functional diameters of the sun gears and the planetary gears, because the maximum transmission ratio /minimum transmission ratio is created in a case where the planetary carrier 5 is stationary in the first position, i.e. its speed of rotation ϕ = 0, i.e. it is locked in place. In order to obtain a transmission ratio other than one in the above described structure, where first planetary gear pairs B1 are arranged in parallel between the first and second sun gear, the functional diameter Pa1 of the first sun gear 11 must be different from the functional diameter Pa2 of the second sun gear 12 Pa2, and in addition, in the planetary gear pairs B1 the functional diameter Pp1 of the first planetary gears 1 is respectively different from the functional en diameter Pp2 of the second planetary gears 12. When the functional diameter Pa1 of the first sun gear 11 is larger than the functional diameter Pa2 of the second sun gear 12, the functional diameter Pp1 of the first planetary gears 1 smaller than the functional diameter Pp2 of the second planetary gears 12. Precisely speaking, the sum of the functional diameters of the first sun gear and the first planetary gear is equal to the sum of the functional diameters of the second sun gear and the second planetary gear, i.e. [Pa1 +Pp1] = [Pa2+Pp2]. Moreover, the planetary gears 1 and 2 of the first planetary gear pairs B1a, B1b, B1c, B1d, in case there are two or more pairs, have the same ratio Pp1:Pp2 of the functional diameters, in order to enable the different-sized planetary gears rotating at different angular velocities to be connected to common sun gears. The simplest way to realize this is to make the first set of planetary gears 1a, 1b, 1c etc. and the second set of planetary gears 2a, 2b, 2c etc. mutually equal in size with respect to the functional diameter. By following these measures, the common axial line L1 of the first and second operating shaft 7, 8 and the center lines L2 of the shafts 6 of the planetary gears are parallel, and the axial lines L2 of the planetary gears are placed at equal distances from the axial line L1 of the first and second operating shaft, and all first planetary gear pairs rotate at the same angular velocity. In general, the extreme value for the transmission ratio P with the described simple planetary gear is formed as follows: [Pp2/Pa2]×[Pa1/Pp1] or [Pp1/Pa1]×[Pa2/Pp2], the obtained value whereof at the reducer is readily P min = 1:10, and in the increaser the obtained value is readily P max = 10:1. Because the planetary carrier 5 rotates essentially at the same velocity R T as the first operating shaft 7 when the planetary carrier is not at all slowed down, i.e. the planetary carrier is in the second position freely rotatable, in which case ϕ = R T , also the second operating shaft 8 rotates at the same velocity as the planetary carrier, i.e. the limit transmission value P limit = 1:1. Now the transmission is direct, so to speak. This means that the transmission ratio varies steplessly within the range 10:1 - 1:1 or within the range 1:10 - 1:1. According to a general definition, the rotating speed R L of the second functional diameter of the output side in a planetary gear without a ring gear wheel, comprising two sun gears and a group of one set of planetary gear pairs - the planetary gear transmissions illustrated in figures 1A, 2 -3 and 7A - 8D 2 without the elements arranged as extensions to the planetary gear - can be calculated on the basis of the rotating velocities of the various components according to the following formula: ϕ O = P×ϕ I - (P - 1)×ϕ. In the formula ϕ O is the angular velocity of the output shaft, i.e. the second operating shaft 8, and ϕ I is the angular velocity of the input shaft, i.e. the first operating shaft 7, ϕ is the circumferential velocity of the planetary carrier 5, and P is the transmission ratio, when the possible rotation of the planetary carrier is left out, i.e. it is stationary. According to the invention, the speed of rotation ϕ of the planetary carrier 5 can also be raised higher than that of the first operating shaft 7 and/or the speed of rotation R T of the second operating shaft 8, i.e. ϕ > R T , in which case the maximum transmission ratio P max is increased or decreased with respect to the limit transmission ratio P limit , depending on whether the gear in question is a reduction or increaser. By employing a planetary gear transmission with the same structure and measures, by which there were achieved the transmission ratios mentioned at the end of last chapter, there are now achieved steplessly varying transmission ratios, for example within the range 10:1 - 1:5 or respectively within the range 1:10 - 5:1. Here the former value is obtained in a situation where the planetary carrier is placed in the first position, i.e. ϕ = R T , and the latter value is obtained in a situation where the velocity of the planetary carrier 5 is increased in the same first direction D1 in which the input shaft, i.e. the first operating shaft rotates, i.e. ϕ > R T ; this is called the third position of the planetary carrier. Further, it is possible not only to stop the planetary carrier 5, but to force it or accelerate its speed of rotation ϕ in a direction D2, opposite to the rotation R T of the first operating shaft, i.e. in this case the input shaft, which means that ϕ = R M . Said other velocity R M can, in the first place, be between zero and -R T , i.e. 0 > R M > -R T , which means the same velocity as that of the input shaft, but in the opposite direction D2. This is the fourth position of the planetary carrier. Secondly, the other velocity R M can be lower than -R T , i.e. R M <-R T , which means a higher velocity than that of the input shaft, i.e. the first operating shaft, but in the opposite direction D2, because ϕ = |R M | > |-R T |. This is the fifth position of the planetary carrier. Said latter alternatives explained above are used mainly for adjusting the axial torque rendered by the gear transmission, rather than its transmission ratio P. The planetary gear transmission according to the invention may - according to the principles of another structure - comprise at least one shaft structure 30a, where for example one diagonal shaft 18a is attached, by a first universal joint 13, to a second operating shaft 8 or respectively to a first operating shaft 7, and by a second universal joint 14 respectively attached to the shaft 6 of the first planetary gear 1, as is illustrated in figure 4. The diagonal shaft 18a of the shaft structure rotates at the same angular velocity R T as the input shaft /output shaft, and further said first planetary gears 1 rotate at the same angular velocity as the diagonal shaft. Now the obtained extreme value for transmission ratio P of the planetary gear is either [Pp1/Pa1] or [Pa1/Pp1], the resulting value in the reducer being readily P min = 1:4, and the resulting value in the increaser being readily P max = 4:1. Even here, the limit transmission ratio P limit = 1:1, in which case the transmission ratio varies steplessly within the range 4:1 - 1:1 or within the range 1:4 - 1:1. Depending on the axial torque to be transmitted, said planetary gear may also comprise a second or several shaft structures 30b, the diagonal shafts 18b whereof are attached to the first operating shaft 8 by universal joints 13, or respectively to the second operating shaft 7. Respectively, the structure comprises other first planetary gears 1, to the shafts 6 whereof the diagonal shafts 18b are attached by universal joints 14. The diagonal shafts 18; 18a, 18b etc. all rotate at the same angular velocity, and at the same velocity R T as the input or output shafts and at the same velocity as said first planetary gears. According to the invention, the rotation speed ϕ of the planetary carrier 5 common to the first planetary gears 1 and the second planetary gears 12 is controlled so that on one hand, as an extreme value, it may remain stationary, for instance locked in place, in which case the speed or rotation ϕ of the common planetary carrier 5 ϕ = 0, and on the other hand, it may at its extreme value rotate at the same velocity as the input shaft, i.e. the first or second operating shaft 7, 8, in the first direction of rotation D1, in which case the speed of rotation ϕ of the planetary carrier 5 ϕ = R T . In the case of figures 1A - 3 and 5, said first direction of rotation D1 of the planetary carrier is the same as the speed of rotation R T of the first operating shaft, and the same as the speed of rotation R L of the second operating shaft, because between the first and the second operating shaft, there is an odd number of symmetrical planetary gear pairs B1. On the other hand, in the case of figure 4, the first rotary direction D1 of the planetary carrier is opposite to the rotary direction and velocity R L of the second operating shaft. Moreover, the speed of rotation of the planetary carrier 5 can be steplessly i.e. slidably maintained at any value between said values, in other words 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ R T . Because it is possible that one common planetary carrier 5 rotates in some cases, for instance in a situation where the other operating shaft has a high load, while the input shaft rotates at a relatively high speed in the other direction D2, which is opposite to said first direction, the planetary carrier is braked also in this direction, when necessary, down to another velocity ϕ ≤ R M , which may in magnitude also be slidable within the range 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ -R T , although generally R M << -R T . By bringing energy to the planetary carrier, its speed of rotation can be altered and directed to outside the ranges mentioned above, as was explained earlier in this specification. The planetary gear transmission according to the invention is used so that at each given moment, the transmission ratio P is chosen to be or allowed to be set at a given, exact value, from a basically infinite number of stepless transmission ratios. Hence, nothing else is predetermined, except for the extreme values and adjusting method of the transmission ratios. According to this principle of operation, the adjusting of the rotation velocity of the planetary carrier can first of all be arranged by braking it either by an electric generator 15 or by a hydraulic or pneumatic pump 16, which can be an air turbine or a liquid turbine, or by a friction brake 17 or a spring 28, so that energy is accumulated therein, to be consumed later or in another purpose, or by a combination thereof. The use of an electric generator and pneumatic or hydraulic pumps is advantageous, because then the energy separated in the braking can be stored in an electric or pressure accumulator 10, and/or the energy separated in the braking can be conducted to the output shaft 7, 8, or by means of a supplementary motor 25, by intermediation of gear wheels 19a and 19b, as is illustrated in figure 1A, or it can be conducted to the power mains 35, as is shown in figure 2. The electric or pressure accumulator 10 is connected to the generator 16 or pump 15 by conduits 34 and further to the electric motor 16 or hydraulic or pneumatic motor 15, as well as to a possible AC inverter 24 or torque converter 23 by conduits 34, such as electric wires or pipes. For the reason described above, said braking mechanisms 15, 16, 17 are advantageously made so that they function equally well in both rotary directions of the planetary carrier, i.e. both in the first rotary direction D1 and in the second, opposite rotary direction D2. The second gear wheel 19a is arranged on the supplementary motor shaft, and the second gear wheel 19a is arranged on the output shaft 7, 8. Thus the supplementary motor 25, when running raises the power of the output shaft 7, 8. and consequently there is hardly any power loss, except for what is caused by the internal efficiency of the electric, hydraulic or pneumatic components. For the supplementary motor 25, there is obtained a suitable speed of rotation, i.e. rpm, corresponding to the output shaft for instance by means of an AC inverter 24 or an torque converter 23 of the supplementary motor, in which case the speed of rotation R L of the output shaft is not increased, but the obtained axial torque grows. The axial torque converter included in the supplementary motor, or a combination of an AC inverter and supplementary motor, is connected by conduits 33, such as electric wires or fluid pipes, to the pump 16 or to the electric generator 17. In another embodiment, the adjusting of the rotation velocity of the planetary carrier can be arranged by accelerating it either by means of an electric motor 15 or a hydraulic or pneumatic motor 16, or by a combination thereof. The energy-accumulating spring 28 mentioned in the previous chapter can now be used for increasing the power F1 or F2, F3 to be fed in the planetary gear transmission. The use of an electric, pneumatic or hydraulic motor is advantageous because in that case the energy that is earlier accumulated in an electric or pressure accumulator 10 can now be utilized and fed in the planetary carrier 5. The above described arrangement is particularly advantageous, because in principle the electric motor and the electric generator are one and the same apparatus, i.e. a combined electric motor and generator 15, and in principle the hydraulic or pneumatic motor and the pump are one and the same apparatus, i.e. a combined hydraulic /pneumatic motor and pump 16. Thus it is possible to use a known electric motor and generator combinations 15 and/or a combined hydraulic/pneumatic motor and pump 16. It is also possible to use any other secondary motor 26 in order to realize the above-described functions. In general, said motor and generation combination, said motor and pump combination and secondary motor, as well as a possible torque converter or AC inverter are called braking and accelerating mechanisms 15, 16; 26; 23; 24, 25, 27, 28. It should be understood that even if the braking and accelerating mechanisms 15, 16, 26; 23; 24, 25, 27, 28 are defined, the practical application may be such that only one of these is realized. Thus the definition braking and accelerating mechanism means that when necessary, the apparatus is capable of both of these mutually opposite functions. When following another principle of operation, the planetary gear transmission according to the invention can be used for instance in wind power stations in a way that shall be illustrated with respect to figure 2. Now the employed primary motor M is the wind power station rotor accumulating wind energy, i.e. rotation power F1, the axis of which rotor constitutes the input shaft, i.e. the first operating shaft 7. To the output shaft, i.e. to the second operating shaft 8, there is connected the primary generator G, and in addition, to the planetary carrier 5 there is connected for example ring toothings 22a and countergear wheels 22b, as well as possible additional gear wheels by using a secondary generator 15, so that the transmission is designed as an increaser, different from the drawings. By means of these generators, the rotary forces F2, F3 are taken out of the planetary gear transmission. The primary generator G and the secondary generator 15 are adjusted so that the speed of rotation of the primary generator G feeding electric power to the power mains 35 remains constant at an accuracy required of the mains frequency, and the secondary generator 15 feeds power to the mains, while the wind velocity is higher than the optimum velocity, and serves as an auxiliary motor, i.e. accelerates the rotation of the planetary carrier, while the wind velocity is lower than the optimum velocity. By means of this arrangement, there is achieved a better efficiency than with other known arrangements, among others. Thus, in the described second principle of operation, there are two generators, i.e. means for braking the planetary gear transmission, in order to take parts of the rotation forces F2, F3 out of the planetary gear transmission in the form of another type of energy, although the electric coupling formed therebetween can also be used for accelerating one of them. An analogical but inverted method of usage would be to arrange in the planetary gear two motors to feed energy therein, which method corresponds to the one illustrated in figure 2, if the generators are replaced by motors and motors by generators. Hence, in this case, the rotary forces F2, F3 are brought onto the second shaft 8 of the planetary gear transmission and to the planetary carrier 5 by the motor 25 and respectively by the motor 15 or 26, and the force F1 is taken out to the desired target of usage. It is pointed out that there can also be used other types of motors than electric motors, such as different combustion engines, water turbines etc. The ratio of the forces F2 and F3 fed in the planetary gear transmission can be adjusted between the motors 25 and 15 or 26, either electrically by a suitable control unit, such as an AC inverter 24 or a voltage and/or current adapter, viscous coupling, an equalizer or differential gear or Torsen-gear transmission, all of which are referred to by the reference number 27. Among the many transmission possibilities of the planetary gear transmission according to the invention, let us point out the assistance in the starting of a combustion engine. For this purpose, a start wire is connected to rotate the input shaft 8, 7, and between the input shaft and the planetary carrier, there is arranged a spring 28, such as a spiral spring. When the start wire is pulled for the first time, the spring 28 accumulates energy, and when pulling the start wire for the second time, the energy accumulated in the spring is released, in which case the motor to be started obtains the sum of the spring force and the manual pulling force. This makes the starting easier, particularly if the required force for overtaking the compression stroke of the combustion engine is high. The braking of the planetary carrier 5 is controlled by means of an adjuster or controller, not illustrated in the drawings, which can represent any known or new type and which keeps the rotation velocity ϕ of the planetary carrier at a such a value that the speed of rotation R L of the output shaft is set at the desired value. The chosen type of the adjuster/controller is affected by the type of the primary motor M, as well as the target of usage of both the motor and the gear arrangement. The motor-generator 15, the motor-pump 16, the secondary motor 26 and another, possible auxiliary brake 17 can be placed directly on the circumference of the planetary carrier 5, as is seen in figures 1A and 3-5, or by intermediation of the gear wheels 22a, 22b, as is seen in figure 2. In addition to the first planetary gear pairs B1, the planetary gear transmission according to the invention may comprise third planetary gears 3 and/or fourth planetary gears 4, which are connected to the first sun gear 11 and to the first planetary gears 1 arranged therebetween, and/or to the second sun gear 12 and the second planetary gears 2 arranged therebetween, as is shown in figure 5. These rotary planetary gears 3, 4 that rotate independently of the rest of the planetary gears do not change the transmission ratio, but when necessary, they can be used to mutually adjust the rotary directions and/or circumferential velocities of the other gear wheels. In order to further increase or decrease the transmission ratio, the third planetary gears 3a - and possible additional third planetary gears 3b and 3c - as well as the fourth planetary gears 4a having a difference functional diameter as compared to them - as well as the possible, additional fourth planetary gears 4b and 4c - can be interconnected by common shafts, so that the third planetary gears 3a, 3b, 3c and the fourth planetary gears 4a, 4b, 4c form first planetary gear pairs B1, second planetary gear pairs B2, third planetary gear pairs B3 or even more planetary gear pairs, in each of which the planetary gears 3a and 4a, 3b and 4b, 3c and 4c rotate at the same angular velocity, but in different planetary gear pairs at different angular velocities. Said planetary gear pairs B1, B2 and B3 etc. are arranged in series with the first or second planetary gear 1 or 2 or with the first planetary gear pair B1 and with each other, as is schematically illustrated in figure 6. Now the obtained total transmission ratio is for instance [Pa1/Pp1]x[PP2/Pp3]x[Pp4/Pp5]x[Pp6/Pp7]x[Pp7/Pa2], so that the obtained extreme values P max and P min of the transmission ratio P can be for example 40:1 or 1:40 or higher or respectively lower. Even in this case, the limit transmission ratio P limit is 1:1 and the maximum transmission ratio P max also is defined in a first and/or second direction D1, D2 from the velocity of the planetary carrier, as is explained above. The above described braking and accelerating mechanisms 15, 16, 26 of the planetary carrier 5 can be placed either between the planetary carrier 5 and the housing 31 of the gear arrangement, as is shown by unbroken lines in figures 1A-4 and 5, or between the planetary carrier 5 and either one of the sun gears 11 or 12, as is shown by dotted point lines in figure 5. The sun gears 11, 12 can both be provided with external toothing, as is illustrated in figures 1A - 5, or the second sun gears 11 or 12 can be provided with internal toothing, as illustrated in figure 6. Naturally, when necessary, both of the sun gears 11, 12 can be provided with internal toothing. Moreover, it should be understood that irrespective of the side on which the toothing is arranged - whether the toothing is external or internal - the sun gears 11 and 12, which are rigidly connected to the first operating shaft 7, 8 and to the second operating shaft 8, 7 i.e. which rotate at the rotation velocities R T and R L of the input and output shaft respectively, are by nature explicitly sun gears and not ring gear wheels, as was already pointed out. According to the above specification, in the planetary gear transmission of the invention, the sun gears and planetary gears of the gear transmission can be continuously connected to each other, or the sun gears and planetary gears can be disengaged from their mutual connection, and particularly the planetary gears can then be arranged to be connected to an auxiliary sun gear or sun gears. Planetary gear transmissions according to the invention can also be connected in series, for instance so that the planetary carrier 5 of the first planetary gear transmission is connected, by means of toothing transmission, to the input shaft of the second planetary gear transmission, i.e. to the first operating shaft 7 thereof, and the output shaft of the first planetary gear transmission, i.e. the second operating shaft 8, is connected by means of toothing transmission to the planetary carrier 5 of the second planetary gear transmission. In this arrangement connected in series, the first and the second planetary gear transmissions can represent any of the types described in this specification, and their transmissions can be adjustable or controllable by any of the above described methods and means, independently or dependently. In the planetary gear according to the invention, forces can be fed and taken out as well as transferred between the different parts of the planetary gear by using different forms of energy, such as mechanical or kinetic energy, electric energy, the flowing energy of any kind of medium, heat energy or even radiation energy, etc.

Claims: A planetary gear transmission with a variable transmission ratio, without a ring gear wheel, comprising: a first sun gear (11) arranged on a first operating shaft (7) and at least one first planetary gear (1) connectable thereto; a second sun gear (12) arranged on a second operating shaft (8) and at least one second planetary gear (2) connectable thereto; planetary shafts (6) rigidly attaching each of the second planetary gears to one of the first planetary gears, in which case the first and second planetary gears form first planetary gear pairs (B 1), in which the planetary gears rotate at the same angular velocity; a planetary carrier (5) common to the first and second planetary gears (1); one or several coupling means (50) for feeding and taking a rotary force or part thereof into and from said planetary gear transmissionvia said first or second operating shaft (7; 8) or said planetary carrier (5); at least one operation means for controlling the rotation velocity (ϕ) of the planetary carrier, wherein said rotary forces (F2, F3) are fed from a main motor (25) and secondary motors (15 or 26) respectively into said planetary gear transmission via said second operating shaft (8) and via said coupling means (50) to said planetary carrier (5); the rotary force (F1) is taken out from said first operating shaft (7); characterized in that : said at least one operation means (15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28) controls the rotation velocity (ϕ) of the planetary carrier at least to a first mode, where the planetary carrier is stationary, and to a second mode, where the planetary carrier is freely rotatable. A planetary gear transmission according to claim 1, characterized in that said coupling means (50) are ring toothings of the planetary carrier with respective countergear wheels (22a, 22b), or direct couplings (22c); and that said operation means are steplessly braking and accelerating mechanisms (15, 16; 26; 23; 24, 25, 27, 28), by means of which the rotation velocity (ϕ) of the planetary carrier (5) is controlled between: zero from/to the same velocity (R T ) as that of the first operating shaft in a first direction (D1) from/to a higher velocity (R S ) than that of the first operating shaft in said first direction (D1) from/to other velocity (R M ) in an opposite second direction (D2). A planetary gear transmission according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that the functional diameter (Pa1) of the first sun gear (11) is different from the functional diameter (Pa2) of the second sun gear (12); and that the functional diameter (Pp1) of the first planetary gears (1) is respectively different from the functional diameter (Pp2) of the second planetary gears (2) A planetary gear transmission according to claim 3, characterized in that while the functional diameter (Pa1) of the first sun gear (11) is larger than the functional diameter (Pa2) of the second sun gear (12), the functional diameter (Pp1) of the first planetary gears (1) is smaller than the functional diameter (Pp2) of the second planetary gears (2). A planetary gear transmission according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that it comprises two or more planetary gear pairs (B1a, B1b, B1c, B1d) arranged in series with respect to the same functional diameters (Pp1:Pp2) and connectable to the first and second sun gear (11, 12). A planetary gear transmission according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that it further comprises third planetary gears (3) and/or fourth planetary gears (4) connected to the first sun gear (11) and to the first planetary gears (1) therebetween, and/or to the second sun gear (12) and to the second planetary gears (2) therebetween; and that the third and fourth planetary gears form second planetary gear pairs (B2), in each of which the planetary gears (3b and 4b) rotate at the same angular velocity, and which are arranged in series with the first planetary gear pairs (B1). A planetary gear transmission according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that it further comprises third planetary gear pairs (B3) and/or more planetary gear pairs, where the planetary gears (3c and 4c) rotate at the same angular velocity, and which are arranged in series with the first and second planetary gear pairs (B 1 and B2). A planetary gear transmission according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the mechanism for braking and accelerating the planetary carrier (5) is an electric motor-generator (15), and/or an hydraulic/pneumatic motor-pump (16), and/or another secondary motor (26), and/or a combination of a supplementary motor (25) and an optional AC inverter (24), and/or a possible torque converter (23) for the supplementary motor, or a voltage and/or current adapter, a viscous coupling, an equalizer or differential gear or Torsen-gear transmission (27); and that the electric motor-generator or hydraulic/pneumatic motor-pump or other secondary motor is arranged to be operable in both rotary directions (D1 and D2). A planetary gear transmission according to claim 2 or 8, characterized in that the braking and accelerating mechanism (15, 16; 26; 23; 24, 25, 27, 28) of the planetary carrier (5) is connected between said planetary carrier and either the housing (31) or one of the sun gears (11 or 12). A planetary gear transmission according to claim 2 or 8 or 9, characterized in that said other velocity (R M ) in the opposite second direction (D2) is either at maximum equivalent with the opposite velocity (-R T ) corresponding to the velocity of the first operating shaft, or at least as high as said opposite velocity (-R T ). A planetary gear transmission according to any of the claims 2 or 8 - 10, characterized in that it further comprises an electric or pressure accumulator (10) for storing the energy separated at the braking of the planetary carrier (5) and for feeding energy in order to accelerate the rotation velocity (ϕ) of the planetary carrier. A planetary gear transmission according to any of the claims 8 - 11, characterized in that it further comprises electric conduits or fluid pipes (33) in order to conduct the energy separated at the braking to an efficiency-increasing supplementary motor (25) located on the second operating shaft (8). A planetary gear transmission according to any of the claims 8 - 12, characterized in that in that on the first operating shaft (7), there is arranged a primary generator (M) in order to take out said rotary force. A planetary gear transmission according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises at least a spring (28) between one of the operating shafts (7 or 8) and the planetary carrier (5).

Inventors: HAUTALA PEKKA JUHANI, MAKKONEN PETRI ERKKI MICHAEL, PAALASMAA SEPPO, HAUTALA, PEKKA JUHANI, MAKKONEN, PETRI ERKKI MICHAEL, PAALASMAA, SEPPO
Applicants: PRORAUTA
Application year: 2001
Main classification: F16H3
IPC codes: F16H3