PROCESS FOR OBTAINING BIO-FUNCTIONAL FRACTIONS FROM BIOMASS

Abstract: The present invention includes a process for extracting bio-functional materials from biomass. The method comprises providing biomass and subjecting the biomass to substantially instantaneous pressurization and depressurization to separate bio-functional materials, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from the biomass.

Description: PROCESS FOR OBTAINING BIO-FUNCTIONAL FRACTIONS FROM BIOMASS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for extracting bio-functional fractions from biomass. The present invention also relates to a method for extracting and purifying stereoisomers from biomass. The present invention also relates to a method for extracting and purifying L-arabinose from sugar beet pulp. Extraction and purification of biologically active materials from biomass has been a complicated and inefficient endeavor. Extraction has traditionally employed harsh solvents; created intermediate reaction products and physical conditions very different from conditions forming the extracted chemicals in the first place. Because of these harsh conditions, there has been some question as to whether complex molecules such as native cellulose have ever really been extracted in a way that preserves the native cellulose structure. This concern extends to the separation and purification of optically pure bio-functional materials. Drug and fine chemical feed stocks have been produced to exacting physical and chemical purity standards or chirality. However, little regard has been given to optical purity. Achieving optical purity requires identifying feed stock components that have stereoisomers and selecting D- or L- forms of chemicals that have stereoisomers. The D- and L- forms are known as stereoisomer pairs, i.e. right and left handed pairs. Stereoisomers are molecules that are identical in atomic constitution, and that have, in some instances essentially identical physical and chemical properties. The stereoisomeric pairs differ in three dimensional arrangement of atoms, optical rotation, and chemical properties. One type of stereoisomer pair is an enantiomer. An enantiomer is a stereoisomer pair with at least one asymmetric center. Individual stereoisomers of an enantiomer are mirror images of each other. Drugs tend to have enantiomers that have activity which is biologically distinguishable. In some instances, individual enantiomers of drugs have distinguishable biological activity. Naturally occurring, optically impure, or racemic mixtures of stereoisomers have been used as feed stocks in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. In many instances, the quality of the final product has been insensitive to the optical purity of the feedstock. However, in some cases, the chemical and optical purity of the final product has depended, in part, upon the optical purity of the feed stock. One stereoisomeric drug having one enantiomer which shows a different biological activity in humans than the other enantiomer is d,l-propranolol. 1- propranolol acts as a beta-blocker. d-propranolol lacks such activity. In some instances, one of the enantiomers is toxic while the other enantiomer is benign. For instance, when a d-isomer was removed from d,l- carnitine in a drug composition, doctors could no longer observe symptoms of myasthenia gravis. Symptoms had been observed, however, in patients taking the racemic mixture of d,l carnitine. One other example is thalidomide. It is well known that ingestion of R,S-thalidomide in the 1950's by pregnant women led to the birth of children with phocomelia and other embryopathies. It was subsequently found that the R enantiomer of thalidomide is teratogenic and toxic in an animal model while the S enantiomer of thalidomide is neither teratogenic nor toxic in that model. Unfortunately, no benefit is found in humans of using the S enantiomer of thalidomide over the R enantiomer because humans morph the pure S form to a racemic mixture of R,S-thalidomide. It is still unknown which enantiomer of thalidomide is toxic in humans. Therefore, thalidomide use is prohibited in most cases in the United States. Because enantiomers have radically different biological activity, the FDA has developed a set of rules governing the development of stereoisomeric drugs. These rules can be found at the FDA website. Specifically, the FDA requires that the enantiomeric composition of a drug should be known. That is, the stereochemical identity, strength, quality, and purity should be known in the final product. The FDA has further stated that "appropriate manufacturing and control procedures should be used to assure stereoisomeric composition of a product, with respect to identity, strength, quality and purity." Thus, pharmaceutical feedstocks, and fine chemical feedstocks used to formulate products which come under the FDA regulatory power, must be produced with utmost concern for the chirality of the molecules. One group of chemicals that is rich in stereoisomers is the group comprising carbohydrates. Conventional carbohydrate chemistry for extracting sugars from sugar cane pulp, bagasse, or sugar beet biomass requires using large amounts of caustic and hydrochloric acid to hydrolyze the cellulose and hemicellulose polymer backbone. In the extraction, the mixed carbohydrate biomass is initially placed into a caustic solution where it forms ellipsoidal aggregates. The typical formulation calls for approximately 100 pounds of caustic for each pound of hemicellulose/cellulose carbohydrate mixture. This extraction step is accompanied by disposal problems. Since the ellipsoidal aggregates are only weakly permeable to aqueous solutions, the hydrolysis process must be performed at high temperatures and for an extended period of time. What occurs is thermal degradation of the exterior of the ellipsoidal aggregate before the hydrolysis reaction has traversed the radius of the aggregate. The degradation results in a diminished yield and a need to separate the degraded carbohydrate from the hydrolyzed hemicellulose/cellulose mixture. Conventional extraction requires a significant destruction of raw material due to thermal decomposition of the carbohydrate and environmental damage resulting from disposal of caustic and acidic process chemicals. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the present invention includes a method for extracting biofunctional fractions from biomass. The method comprises fractionating biomass by water content; that is, biofunctional fractions with the highest water content are fractionated first and biofunctional fractions with the lowest water content are fractionated last. Fractionation in this way produces fractions of monomers, oligomers, and polymers with a physical and chemical structure that has a minimal amount of damage and a high degree of bio- functionality and bio-response. The extraction method utilizes excipient starting materials such as corn plants, wheat plants, soy plants, beet plants, cranberry plants, and other agricultural plants. The extraction method has a capability of producing bio-functional materials from biomass in high yield, with a minimal amount of chemical or physical alteration from the native state. For other embodiments, the bio-functional materials produced by exposure to saturated steam and sudden decompression are then heated and rapidly hydrolyzed in a static mixer. With this step, a material such as hemicellulose, undergoes a phase transition, from a solid to a non-Newtonian fluid. One other embodiment of the present invention includes a process for extracting a stereoisomer from biomass. The process includes providing biomass and subjecting the biomass to instantaneous pressurization and depressurization in a manner effective to separate lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in the biomass. The process also includes hydrolyzing the hemicellulose to form hemicellulose hydrolysates. One or more stereoisomers is separated from the hemicellulose hydrolysates using chromatography. Another embodiment of the present invention includes a system for obtaining monosaccharides, ohgosaccharides and polysaccharides from biomass. The system comprises a mechanism for substantially pressurizing and depressurizing biomass to separate the biomass into hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The system also includes a heater for heating the hemicellulose. The system further includes a reactor/mixer for mixing sodium hydroxide with hemicellulose and for making hemicellulose hydrolysates. The system additionally includes a mechanism for selectively separating a hemicellulose hydrolysate based upon the component's exact sterisomeric identity. One other embodiment of the present invention includes a process for extracting L-arabinose from sugar beet pulp. The process comprises providing sugar beet pulp and subjecting the sugar beet pulp to substantially instantaneous pressurization and depressurization in a manner effective to separate lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in the beet pulp. The process also includes hydrolyzing the hemicellulose to form hemicellulose hydrolysates. L-arabinose is separated from the hemicellulose hydrolysates using chromatography. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 is a schematic view of one embodiment of the process of the present invention. Figure 2A illustrates one embodiment of an SMB used in the process of the present invention. Figure 2B illustrates one embodiment of an SMB used in the process of the present invention. Figures 3 A and 3B illustrate feed valves used in the SMB process. Figure 4 is a schematic view of one process embodiment of the present invention DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the present invention includes a method for extracting biofunctional fractions such as monomers, oligomers, and polymers from biomass in a manner effective for maintaining a bio-functionality and bioresponse that is substantially the same as the materials had prior to extraction. The method includes subjecting a biomass substrate to saturated steam pressurization and depressurization. The process of pressurization and depressurization with saturated steam fractionates biofunctional materials by water content-from fractions having the highest water content to fractions having the lowest water content. In one embodiment, the order of fractionation is extractibles such as terpenes, lignin, pectin, hemicellulose and native cellulose. What is meant be bio-functional and bio-reactive is that the tertiary and quaternary structures of these materials are not destroyed. Once extracted, the fractions are cooled to ambient temperature. For some embodiments, the fractions are kept hot for further processing. With this method, there is a minimal loss in biofunctionality and bioresponse, as compared to traditional wet chemistry methods of separation. What is remarkable and unexpected is that this biofunctionality and bioresponse is achieved without complicated chemical treatment. Separation without loss of functionality and response is achieved by a one step steam pressurization/depressurization. What is also remarkable is that the extraction occurs with virtually any biomass feedstock. Pretreatment of biomass is minimal and is typically limited to size reduction. It is believed that with this treatment, substantially native physical and chemical properties and structure are preserved for molecules such as native cellulose. It is also believed that with this treatment, a mass balance can be performed over a plant for virtually all of the bio-functional materials within the plant. Products extracted are in a concentration and of a reactivity within a range of what is predictable from a mass balance. The present invention also comprises a process for extracting, separating, and purifying individual stereoisomers from biomass. The process, illustrated schematically at 10 in Fig. 1, comprises providing a source of biomass 12, subjecting the biomass to saturated steam pressurization/depressurization 14 that increases surface area of the biomass and that permits separation of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose components from the biomass, heating hemicellulose 16 separated from the biomass in order to hydrolyze the hemicellulose and obtain hydrolyzed monomers, oligomers and polymers, and separating polymers, oligomers, and monomers from hydrolyzed hemicellulose 18. While hydrolysates are described, it is understood that the process of the present invention is usable to extract, separate and purify substituents and derivatives of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. For instance, cellulose derivatives such as carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose can be obtained using the process of the present invention. Confusal alcohols are also obtainable. Stereoisomers of the monomers are further extracted using chromatographic methods 20. The present invention achieves high yields of stereoisomers, such as L- arabinose, using physical processes in addition to hydrolytic reactions, rather than exclusively conventional, water based, chemical extraction techniques. It has surprisingly been found that employing heat and pressure in treating biomass, such as sugar beet pulp or wood pulp, increases production rates and percent yield of stereoisomers as compared to conventional, water based, chemical extraction processes. As used herein, "simple sugars" refer to monosaccharides and ohgosaccharides which are not decomposed into smaller sugars upon hydrolysis. Monosaccharides include pyranoses and furanoses. Monosaccharides are also classified according to the number of carbons in the molecule; for example, d,l- arabinose is a heptose. As used herein, "complex sugars" refer to polysaccharides which are carbohydrates of high molecular weight capable of being hydrolyzed into a large number of monosaccharide units. Typical polysaccharides are cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, starch and pentosan. An oligosaccharide is a simple polysaccharide with a known number of constituent monosaccharide units, such as 1 to 10 monomers. The term "biomass" as used herein refers to plant materials including, but not limited to sugar beet pulp, bagasse, straw, com stalks, corn cobs, grain husks, grass, and wood. Biomass in the form of plant materials includes cellulose and hemicellulose, both of which are polysaccharide, and lignin. Cellulose molecules are linear and unbranched glucose polymers with a high degree of polymerization between 10 and 10 6 . Cellulose has a strong propensity to form both intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Cellulose is stable against degradation under most physical and chemical conditions. Hemicellulose comprises heteropolysaccharides which are formed by a variety of different monomers. Most commonly the monomers are glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and arabinose. Hemicellulose molecules have a degree of polymerization of about 10 δ . Biomass also includes entire plants, including stalk, roots, fruit, and so forth. The entire plants include but are not limited to com plants, sugar beet plants, soy plants, wheat plants, cranberry plants, potato plants, sorghum plants, alfalfa plants, flax plants, and so forth The term "feedstock" as used herein refers to any material supplied to a device, machine, or processing plant. The biomass used in the process of the present invention may be obtained from a variety of processes that extract products from wood, sugar beets, com, soy, wheat and any other plant matter. The biomass is subjected to a particle size of reduction to a size of chips or finer, such as a size of sawdust, using conventional particle reduction equipment. The smaller the size, the easier it is to mechanically handle the biomass. Smaller sized particles have a greater surface area and are more amenable to chemical reaction. Also, desired processing temperatures are reached more rapidly when using smaller particles. In one embodiment, the biomass is fed to a hopper. The biomass may optionally be sprayed with water either before transfer to the hopper or while in the hopper. The biomass exits from the bottom of the hopper into a conveying feeder which contains a conveying mechanism such as a feed screw driven by a variable feed drive. The feed screw or other conveying mechanism feeds the material into a compacting feed tube and then into a pressurized retention tube, where the biomass particles are formed into a solid plug of material. The solid plug is compressed by surface pressures of up to 2000 psi. The biomass is mechanically compacted prior to its introduction into the digester. The biomass is desirably in a moistened condition. The mechanical compaction removes air from the material prior to its introduction to steam pressurization. Air is undesirable because oxygen in the air tends to oxidatively degrade the biomass. Air also exerts a partial pressure and retards temperature and pressure equalization within the reactor. Steam pressurization, within the pressurized reaction vessel, is typically operated with automatic pressure and temperature control systems. The partial pressure of any air pockets decreases steam pressure and temperature in the reactor below a preselected value. Compaction, followed by processing conditions discussed below, causes a degree of fibrillation of the biomass. Fibrillation of biomass assists in the heat transfer within and around the material. Next, the biomass particles are disintegrated by steam pressure treatment and defibrination. In particular, the particles are treated with saturated steam at a temperature of from about 160 to 230 degrees Centigrade for a period of time from 2 minutes to 4 hours. The biomass is disintegrated by this steam treatment. In general, the lower the temperature used, the longer the duration of treatment should be. Thus, for some extractions, it is desirable to treat a biomass at 160 degrees Centigrade for about 4 hours. For other extractions, it is desirable to treat a biomass for 2 minutes at 230 degrees Centigrade. This steam treatment separates fractions within biomass by most to least water content. The fractions are separated as extractables such as terpenes, fatty acids and so forth, lignin, pectin, hemicellulose and native cellulose. This steam treatment yields fractions at yields that are predictable by a mass balance of the biomass. In other words, the steam treatment and extraction of the present invention permits a user to ascertain bioactive/biofunctional materials present in living biomass and to extract the bioactive/Tjiofunctional materials in quantities that approach or are substantially the same as the materials are present in the native biomass. Biomass disintegrated this way is then, subsequently, for some embodiments, lixiviated with an aqueous solution of alkali. The concentration of NaOH is typically no greater than about 4% by weight. The biomass mixture contains between 1 and 20 grams of water per gram of dry biomass and preferably about 16 grams of water per gram of dry biomass. In one embodiment the biomass mixture contains between 2 and about 50 grams of calcium hydroxide per 100 grams of dry biomass and preferably contains 30 grams of calcium hydroxide per 100 grams of dry biomass. In another embodiment the biomass mixture contains between 2 and 50 grams of alkali, hydroxide of sodium or hydroxide of potassium, per 100 grams of dry biomass. The steam pressure treatment is performed in either a continuous stream or a batch type steam pressure reactor. In one embodiment, the reactor is manufactured by Stake Technology Ltd. Of Ottawa, Canada. One particular device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,207, which issued January 23, 1979, and which is herein incorporated by reference. The steam pressure treatment is performed in the reactor vessel. The reactor vessel is maintained at a pressure that is between about 200 and 450 psig. The temperature in the reactor is maintained between about 390°F and 460°F. The biomass is fed intermittently for some embodiments and continuously for other embodiments. By varying the biomass stream but maintaining the reactor vessel conditions, the method of the present invention introduces an efficiency to the process, by avoiding ramp up and ramp down conditions within the reactor vessel. The biomass is introduced into the reaction vessel in a manner that forms a solid plug at the inlet of the vessel. In one embodiment, the solid plug is formed in a device, such as a retention tube. The biomass plug prevents a loss of pressurization in the vessel. The combination of the biomass plug and constant pressurization permits instantaneous steam penetration of the biomass within the reaction vessel, and thus permits better control of processing times. The biomass is processed at the steam temperatures described for a period of at least about 15 seconds and for some embodiments, at least about 5 minutes. The maximum time is about one hour. After cooking, the biomass is cooled and depressurized substantially instantaneously. The biomass is in a moisture saturated condition. The biomass is subjected to sudden and substantially instantaneous decompression and adiabatic expansion, e.g. by discharging a small quantity of cooked biomass into ambient conditions. The process of instantaneous pressurization and de-pressurization separates the biomass into components of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The hemicellulose product is separated from the cellulose product and lignin product by techniques known in the art. It is further contemplated that the cellulose product is separated from the lignin product by techniques in the art. Once the hemicellulose is extracted from the biomass, the hemicellulose, for some embodiments, is heated in a steam heater, such as a Komax steam heater and then is hydrolyzed in a static mixer, such as a Komax reactor/static mixer, manufactured by Komax Systems, Inc., of Long Beach, CA. One reactor/static mixer embodiment is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,027,241, which is herein incorporated by reference. The reactor/static mixer is, in one embodiment, constructed so that an additive, such as sodium hydroxide is added countercurrent to the main fluid stream. The heater and mixer comprise a heater- -mixer system. Within the reactor, at approximately 329°F hemicellulose undergoes a phase transition, depending upon the moisture content, from a solid to a non- Newtonian fluid, somewhat like tooth paste. At temperatures higher than approximately 500°F, depending upon moisture content, the hemicellulose begins to pyrolize. Furthermore, the xylan component of the hemicellulose is degraded at temperatures above 428°F. Hence, to preserve the quality of the hemicellulose product stream, the hemicellulose exposure to temperatures above 356°F should be as short as possible. The in-line reactor heater—static mixer system raises the temperature of the hemicellulose to between 329°F and 347°F. The time to bring the temperature within this range is typically less than about 10 seconds to about 20 seconds. Once heated, the hemicellulose is reacted with NaOH in the reactor/static mixer. The static mixer accepts the hemicellulose, a high viscosity stream and NaOH, the low viscosity stream. The NaOH is injected into the high viscosity stream, mixed by static mixing and a chemical reaction occurs between the alkali and the hemicellulose. hi particular, the NaOH hydrolyzes the hemicellulose. The process of the present invention, unlike conventional sugar extraction processes, does not rely upon chemical reactions for extraction. Instead, the process of the present invention utilizes both sophisticated mechanical separation, occurring in the static mixer, coupled with NaOH addition for hydrolysis, for extraction and formation of hydrolysates. The hydrolysates are separated, in some embodiments, by a simulated moving bed adsorptive separation technology, hereinafter referred to as a "SMB." The SMB is performed using chiral stationary phases. Chiral stationary phases are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,254,258 and 5,290,440. The chiral stationary phases separate stereoisomers of monomers such as L-arabinose from each other. The SMB is usable to separate any stereoisomers. While an SMB is described herein for stereoisomers, it is understood that other types of separation technology may be more suitable for other type of bioactive materials. The SMB comprises an apparatus for performing a continuous countercurrent moving bed high pressure liquid chromatographic separation of a multicomponent feedstream which comprises a plurality of serially interconnected adsorbent chambers with each adsorbent chamber having an inlet and an outlet on opposite ends of the chamber and adapted to contain a quantity of a selective adsorbent; a feed stream header line; a desorbent stream header line; a raffinate stream header line; an extract stream header line; a set of valves for each adsorbent chamber, with each set of valves comprising a first valve which controls the flow of a raffinate stream from the apparatus; a second valve which controls the flow of both the desorbent stream and the extract streams; a third valve which controls the flow of the feed stream between the feed stream header line and an specific adsorbent chamber; a fourth valve which controls the flow of fluid circulating between the interconnected adsorbent chambers; and , a feed valve flush line which directly connecters a port on the third valve to a port on the fourth valve. One simulated moving bed is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,518, which is incorporated herein by reference. One embodiment of an SMB is illustrated generally in Figs. 2A and 2B. Figs. 2A and 2B illustrate the transfer lines, adsorbent chambers and valves employed in an apparatus containing six adsorbent chambers. The lines between chambers "C" and "D" in the middle of the apparatus are zigzagged to represent the other adsorbent chambers, transfer lines and associated sets of valves that could be present at this location in the apparatus to increase the number of adsorbent chambers as desired. For purposes of presentation in the limited confines of one sheet of drawing, the depiction of the apparatus is limited to the six adsorbent chambers of Fig. 2 A and 2B. The nomenclature of components of the apparatus and the reference characters for each is set out in Table 1. Table 1 1 Mobile phase header 2 Feed header 3 Raffinate header 4 Extract header 5 (Extract) recycle header 6-10 Mobile phase feed lines 11-15 Feed stream feed lines 16-20 Extract stream withdrawal line 21-25 Raffinate stream withdrawal line 26-30 Recycle stream withdrawal line 31-36 Chamber inlet line 37-42 Raffinate valve-two-way 43-48 Mobile phase/extract valve —three way 49-54 Feed valve— three way 55-60 Recycle valve — three-way 61-66 Feed valve flush line 67-72 Recycle valve outlet valve 73-78 Chamber outlet line 79-84 Inlet line branch line Referring to Fig. 2A, the hemicellulose hydrolysate stream enters through feed header line 2. The feed header line "feeds" into chamber F. Several feed lines 11-15 feed off of the header to carry hemicellulose hydrolysate to adsorbent chambers A-F. The flow of hydrolysate through line 2 is substantially continuous. However, there is flow through only one of the feed stream lines 11- 15 at any point of time during the operation of the apparatus. This is because feed is only passing into the entrance of one of the adsorbent chambers at any point of time during a cycle of operation. In a similar manner, a mobile phase stream, a desorbent stream, is simultaneously charged to the apparatus via line 1. Line 1 also extends to the right-hand side of the apparatus with a terminal portion of header line 1 acting as the mobile phase delivery line to chamber F. Individual mobile phase feed lines 6-10 branch off of the mobile phase header line 1 and deliver the mobile phase to one of the other individual adsorbent chambers A through F. As with the feed stream, the mobile phase flows through the header line are substantially continuous. However, the mobile phase only flows through one of the feed lines 6-10 at any point of time during the operation of the process. The point at which the feed stream enters an adsorbent chamber marks the beginning of the adsorption zone or Zone I. Zone I continues to the point at which the remaining components of the feed stream are withdrawn as the raffinate stream. The point at which the mobile phase (desorbent) enters an adsorbent chamber marks the beginning and upstream end of the desorption zone or Zone III. Zone II is a purification zone between the point at which the extract stream is removed and the feed stream is passed into the apparatus. Zone IV separates the adsorption and desorption zone and lies between the raffinate withdrawal point and the mobile phase inj ection point. As an example of this zone nomenclature, if the apparatus comprises 16 adsorbent chambers, referred to as chambers A through P, a feed stream may be charged to the inlet of adsorbent chamber H and passed through 6 adsorbent chambers before being removed from the apparatus at the outlet of adsorbent chamber C as the raffinate stream withdrawn from the apparatus. The mobile stream and desorbent sfream are charged to the inlet of adsorbent chamber A with the resultant extract stream removed from the outlet of adsorbent chamber O, with this forming an extraction zone or Zone III of the apparatus comprising 3 adsorbent beds. An external recycle stream is withdrawn fro the outlet of adsorbent chamber B located one chamber downstream from the point of removal of the raffinate. In Fig. 2, at some time, the feed stream from the header line 2 flows downward through feedline 11 into the feed valve 49 associated with adsorbent chamber A. With the three-way feed valve 49 being in an open position, the feed stream emerges from the valve and continue to flow through the terminal portion of line 11 to the junction with the chamber inlet line 36. Purging this terminal portion is a key to the apparatus described. The feed stream flows upward through line 36 to the inlet of adsorbent chamber A which is at the top of the chamber. The feed stream enters the adsorbent chamber A and the actual adsorptive separation begins. The different components of the feed stream are retained at different rates by the adsorbent with some components such as solvent components being essentially unretarded. The components of the feed stream are therefore separated such that the different components have different concentration profiles in the stream flowing through the adsorbent chamber. The partially fractionated feed stream emerges fro the bottom of the adsorbent chamber A and is carried by the chamber outlet line 73 to the inlet port of the three-way recycle valve 60 of chamber F. This three-port valve allows the withdrawal at specific points in time of a small quantity of liquid referred to as external recycle. This liquid is basically high-purity solvent or mobile phase material that is trapped in a "dead bed" of the system during operation and that is withdrawn for recovery and recycled. The optional external recycle flow is therefore a pulse collected once during each change in the position of the valves used in the apparatus. The external recycle material is collected for reuse in the process if this is allowed by the procedures which govern the operation of the system. The recycle may be reusable as mobile phase material. The fluid stream removed from adsorbent chamber A 10 through line 73 passes through the recycle valve 60 into the recycle valve outlet line 72 and is divided into two separate portions. The major portion flows into the adsorbent chamber inlet line 31 and a smaller port flows through the feed valve flush line 66. The portion of the circulating liquid flowing through line 66 pushes any residual feed stream material from the internal volume of the feed valve 54 and from the small delivery section of feed line 2 between the feed valve 54 and from the small delivery section of feed line 2 between the feed valve 54 and chamber inlet line 31. Alternatively, a small portion of the fluid otherwise removed as the external recycle may be allowed to flush valve 54 and feed line 31. The advantage of this is that the line between the valve and chamber inlet line 31 are filled with mobile phase liquid and neither extract profiles which had been partially developed in the preceding adsorbent chamber. The material flowing through the feed inlet valve for the purposes of flushing the valve and the feed line is admixed with the rest of the material flowing through line 31 and continues to the inlet of the adsorbent chamber F. Other valves in each set of valves for adsorbent chambers A and F are in a closed position. Other fluids are not withdrawn or passed into the apparatus through any valve in either set of valves. The feed valve associated with a particular adsorbent chamber is always positioned to be open to receive flush fluid except for a short period of time during which feed is flowing through the valve. Thus, the valve and the delivery section of the feed stream line contain fluid having the same composition as that flowing past the junction of the feed stream line with the chamber inlet line. Two options exist for the operation of the feed valve after sufficient fluid has been passed through it to completely flush the feed line. First as set out above, the valve may be allowed to stay in this position with fluid from line 73 continuing to flow through both lines 66 and 31 until feed again enters through valve 54. Alternatively, the valve may be moved to block the flow through line 66 at some time before it is required to move the valve to allow the feed stream to enter the apparatus. As the process stream continues to flow through adsorbent chamber F, the compounds are further separated to produce a more defined set of concentration profiles in the flowing liquid. The effluent of the adsorbent chamber F is removed in the chamber outlet line 74 and passed into the recycle valve 59. The recycle valve 59 is open and allows all the fluid to travel into outlet line 71. One portion of the fluid then flows into the chamber inlet line 32 and passes upward in the figure. A second portion flows through line 65 and valve 53, which directs into the terminal delivery section of line 15. The two portions then rejoin and flow through line 32. Prior to reaching the inlet of chamber E, the fluid is removed through the raffinate withdrawal line 24. The fluid being removed in this manner basically comprises the less readily retained components of the feed stream and any associated solvent components. The raffinate stream passes through the open two-port raffinate valve 41 and continues through the raffinate stream withdrawal line 24 to the junction with the raffinate header line 3. The raffinate stream is then removed from the right-hand end of the Figure through header line 3. At this point in time, two of the four valves in this set of valves associated with adsorbent chamber E, that is, valves 47 and 53, are in a closed position and there is no flow through these valves other than flush liquid in valve 53. Adsorbent chambers A and F therefore form adsorption Zone I . Each adsorbent chamber has a chamber inlet line 31-36 and a chamber outlet line 73-78. Also associated with each chamber is a set of four valves comprising three-way valves and one two-way valve. The three-way valve allows a central or common conduit to be selectively connected to either of the remaining ports The two-way valves are raffinate valves 37 through 42. The three-way valves include the mobile phase/extract valves 43-48, the feed valves 49-54 and the recycle valves 55-60. Feed valves are illustrated in Figs. 3A and 3B. The feed stream is brought to the valve in line 11 and flows through the valve only when it is in an open position. In one embodiment, this is the only flow through the valve. The outlet line is stagnant when there is no flow of feed through this valve. The flow rates of the feed stream, desorbent stream and extract stream are all regulated on the basis of set flow rates, which are held constant. The raffinate stream rate is on pressure control. A flow rate control valve, not shown, regulates the effluent rate of the extract stream of header line 4 to be less than the feed rate of the desorbent stream of header line 1. The outlet rate of the raffinate stream is set by a pressure control valve also not shown. The rate of flow of the raffinate is therefore automatically equal to the two input streams minus the extract stream. At this time, a portion of the exfract material flowing through the chamber inlet line equal to the difference between the desorbent and extract stream flow rates is charged to the inlet of the purification zone, Zone II, and is referred to as Zone II material. The function of liquid flowing through this zone is to remove raffinate material from the nonselective pore volume of the adsorbent and chambers of the purification zone. This material flows through any interconnecting lines leading into the inlet of the next adsorbent chamber. The liquid may flow through two or more adsorbent chambers. It then joins the feed material and flows into the inlet of the first chamber of the adsorption Zone, Zone I. The raffinate material flushed from the purification zone therefore flows into the adsorption zone. The raffinate components in the material being flushed into the adsorption zone in this manner merely travel through the adsorption zone and do not interfere with the adsorption of the desired component from the feed sfream. The adsorbent particles may be in the form of any shape, sphere or monolith, and of any size suitable for use in high pressure liquid chromatography. The composition of the adsorbent is not a controlling factor, but, for some embodiments, can be controlling. All of the chambers contain the same adsorbent which may be a commercially available adsorbent. Operating conditions include a temperature of about 20 to 100 degrees Centigrade . Pressure ranges form 700 to 25,000 kPa. Flow rates are effective to produce dry product of about 1000 kg/day. The mobile phase or desorbent may be any compound or mixture of compounds which is given the desired phase at the chosen operating conditions, does not react with either the adsorbent or the compounds being separated and is tolerable or totally separable from the intended products. The desorbent contains a chiral moiety. With the process of the present invention, the hydrolysate mixture may be separated on the basis of monomer, oligomer, and polymer in a single step and then separated on the basis of stereoisomer, i.e. optical or chirally pure monomer separation, in a second step. In another embodiment, the hydrolysate mixture may be separated and a desired stereoisomer may be extracted in a single step. In one particular embodiment of the process of the present invention, L- arabinose is extracted from biomass, the source of which is sugar beet pulp. The sugar beet pulp is transported from a sugar beet process stream to a chopper or grinder and then to a hopper. From the hopper, the chopped or ground beet pulp is transported to a retention tube by a conveyor such as a feed screw. Within the retention tube, the sugar beet pulp is formed into a solid plug. The solid plug is transferred to the steam pressurized reactor where it is disintegrated by defibrination. The reaction temperature is 160 to 230 degrees Centigrade and the time period is about 2 to 10 minutes. Upon disintegration, the biomass is substantially instantaneously depressurized by removal from the reaction. This process separates the cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose from each other. The hemicellulose is separated and is passed through the heater— reactor/static mixer system described above. Arabinose is one of the sugar hydrolysates produced. In one embodiment of the process of the present invention, sugar products obtained by SMB are crystallized. In one embodiment, the crystallization is performed using a low intensity ultrasonic agitation. It is believed that this crystallization produces a product wherein crystals have few inclusions, are uniform in shape, in size, in density and in purity. In one embodiment, the L-arabinose is separated from other monomers using SMB methods described herein. In another embodiment, the L-arabinose is separated from a mixture of hemicellulose hydrolysates. The Example described herein is presented to describe an extraction process of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. A mass balance of the process is illustrated schematically in Figure 4. The biomass extracted in Figure 4 is sweet beet pulp, SBP. The mass balance is based upon a weight of SBP of lOO obs. The SBP is subjected to a steam explosion as described herein at a temperature within a range of 140 to 190 degrees Centigrade. At a steam explosion temperature of 160 degrees Centigrade, two fractions are formed in the process. The fractions include a water soluble fraction of 30 lbs., that includes pectin and hydrocarbons and a water insoluble fraction of 70 lbs. that includes cellulose, protein, and lignin. This is a gross fractionation. The remaining processing is biorefining. The soluble fraction is mixed with isopropyl alcohol and is treated in a static mixer, such as a Komax mixer to form two fractions. One fraction, a water insoluble fraction of 19 lbs., includes pectin and arabinogalactan. Another fraction, a water soluble fraction of 11 lbs., includes arabinogalactan. The insoluble fraction is further treated in the static mixer to form three fractions of low molecular weight, medium molecular weight and high molecular weight, respectively. The medium molecular weight fraction is further treated in the static mixer and is subjected to hydrolysis to form L-arabinose, galacturonic acid and xylose. The soluble arabinogalactan fraction of 11 lbs, is treated with NaOH in a static mixer to make an insoluble hydrocarbon. The insoluble hydrocarbon is subjected to acid hydrolysis in a mixer such as a Komax PFR to make the following fractions: oxalic acid, galactose, mannose and L-fucose. The oxalic acid is treated to form araban, a pentamer of L-arabinose. The araban is subjected to acid hydrolysis to form L-arabinose. The mannose is treated to form mannitol. The 70 lb, insoluble fraction of cellulose, protein, and lignin is treated in a static mixer with KOH to form two fractions: a 50 lb. water insoluble cellulose fraction and a 20 lb. water soluble protein/lignin fraction. The cellulose fraction may br treated with acetic anhydride to form cellulose acetate. The cellulose may be treated with sulfuric acid in a mixer such as a Koma PFR to form levoglucosnone, then levulinic acid and then up to 13 extraction products. The cellulose may also be treated in a Komax PFR with chloroacetic acid to form carboxymethyl cellulose, cmc, in monomer form of 2.7 DOS, oligomer form of 1.5 DOS, and polymer form of 1.0 DOS. The 20 lb. protein/lignin fraction is subjected to a flip pH in a Komax mixer to form a soluble 10 lb. protein fraction and a 10 lb. insoluble lignin fraction. The protein fracton is treated in a Komax mixer to from protein isolates. The lignin is treated in a Komax pfr to form coniferyl alcohol. One oligomer formed in the treatment of cellulose is sucrose. In one embodiment, the sucrose is treated in a Komax PFR to form an epoxy precursor. In one embodiment, a portion of the SBP is treated to form methane, which is used to provide a source of energy for operating the pumps and mixers in the process. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, limited only by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of functional equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Claims: IN THE CLAIMS What is Claimed Is: 1. A method for extracting bio-functional and bio-responsive fractions from biomass, comprising: providing biomass; treating the biomass with saturated steam at a time and temperature effective to extract bio-functional and bio-responsive fractions; and rapidly depressurization the biomass and steam. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the biomass is subjected to pressurization at a temperature of about 390 to 460 degrees Fahrenheit. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the biomass is subjected to pressurization for a time ranging from 2 minutes to 4 hours. 4. A process for extraction of bio-functional materials from biomass, comprising: determining quantities of the bio-functional materials in the living biomass; harvesting the biomass; subjecting the biomass to saturated steam at a time and temperature effective to exfract the bio-functional materials; and rapidly depressurizing the biomass to exfract the bio-functional materials. 5. A bio-functional material produced by the method of claim 1 or claim 4. 6. A native cellulose produced by the method of claim 1. 7. A native cellulose produced by the method of claim 4. 8. A biomass extract consisting essentially of a water soluble fraction comprising pectin. 9. A biomass extract consisting essentially of an insoluble fraction comprising cellulose, protein and lignin. 10. The biomass extract of claim 8 wherein the pectin fraction is 30 weight percent of the biomass. 11. The biomass extract of claim 9 wherein the cellulose, protein, lignin fraction is 70 weight percent of the biomass. 12. A bio-refined extract of biomass consisting of an insoluble fraction comprising pectin and arabinogalactan. 13. A bio-refined extract of biomass, derived from the insoluble fraction of claim 12, comprising L-arabinose. 14. The bio-refined extract of biomass, derived from the insoluble fraction of claim 12, comprising galacturonic acid. 15. The bio-refined exfract of biomass, derived from the insoluble fraction of claim 12, comprising xylose. 16. An insoluble bio-refined exfract, obtained from the fraction of claim 9, comprising cellulose. 17. A bio-refined extract consisting of monomers, oligomers, and polymers of carboxymethyl cellulose. 18. A bio-refined extract consisting of protein isolates. 19. A bio-refined extract consisting of coniferyl alcohol. 20. A process for extracting a stereoisomer from biomass, comprising: providing biomass; subjecting the biomass to substantially instantaneous pressurization and de-pressurization in a manner effective to separate lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in the biomass; hydrolyzing the hemicellulose to form hemicellulose hydrolysates; and separating one or more stereoisomers from the hemicellulose hydrolysates using adsorption. 21. The process of claim 1 and further comprising reducing size of the biomass prior to pressurization. 22. The process of claim 1 and further comprising compacting the biomass prior to pressurization. 23. The process of claim 1 wherein the biomass provided is one or more of wood, beets, com, soy, wheat, and plant biomass. 24. The process of claim 1 wherein the stereoisomer separated is L- arabinose. 25. The process of claim 1 wherein the biomass is subjected to pressurization at a temperature of about 390 to 460 degrees Fahrenheit. 26. The process of claim 1 wherein the biomass is subjected to pressurization for not more than about 10 minutes. 27. The process of claim 2 wherein the biomass is reduced to a size of sawdust. 28. The process of claim 1 and further comprising feeding the biomass for pressurization continuously. 29. The process of claim 1 and further comprising adding moisture to the biomass before pressurization. 30. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrolysis occurs in a reactor/static mixer. 31. The process of claim 11 wherein the hydrolysis occurs at about 329 to 347 degrees Fahrenheit, under pressure. 32. The process of claim 11 wherein sodium hydroxide is added to the static mixer in a flowpath that is counter-current to the flow of hemicellulose. 33. The process of claim 12 wherein the stereoisomer separation is performed with co-polymer beads. 34. A system for obtaining monosaccharides, ohgosaccharides and polysaccharides from biomass, comprising: a mechanism for substantially instantaneously pressurizing and de- pressurizing biomass to separate the biomass into hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin; a heater for heating the hemicellulose to liquefy the hemicellulose; a reactor/mixer for mixing a sodium hydroxide with hemicellulose and for making hemicellulose hydrolysates; and a mechanism for selectively separating a hemicellulose hydrolysate based upon the component's stereoisomeric identity. 35. The system of claim 15 wherein a biomass comprises sugar beet pulp. 36. The system of claim 15 wherein the hemicellulose product does not enter a glassy state but is liquefied. 37. The system of claim 15 wherein the hemicellulose product is free of caramelized hemicellulose product. 38. The system of claim 15 wherein the sodium hydroxide is in the aqueous phase. 39. The system of claim 15 wherein the hemicellulose hydrolysates comprise d-arabinose, l-arabinose, d-xylose, 1-xylose, d-glucose, 1-glucose, and any other racemic carbohydrates. 40. The system of claim 15 wherein the hemicellulose hydrolysates comprise polygalacturonic acid. 41. The system of claim 15 wherein the hemicellulose hydrolysates comprise any backbone polymer. 42. The system of claim 15 and further comprising a mechanism which receives the hemicellulose hydrolysates. 43. The system of claim 15 wherein the hemicellulose hydrolysates are separated into optically pure products. 44. A process for extracting L-arabinose from sugar beet pulp, comprising: providing sugar beet pulp; subjecting the sugar beet pulp to substantially instantaneous pressurization and de-pressurization in a manner effective to separate lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in the sugar beet pulp; hydrolyzing the hemicellulose to form hemicellulose hydrolysates; and separating L-arabinose from the hemicellulose hydrolysates using chromatography. 45. The process of claim 24 wherein the L-arabinose is produced at a rate of at least 1000 pounds per day. 46. The process of claim 1 and further comprising extracting derivatives and substituents from cellulose and lignin. 47. The process of claim 1 and further comprising crystallizing the separated product. 48. The process of claim 27 wherein the crystallizing is performed using a low intensity ultrasonic agitation.

Inventors: VAN THORRE DOUG, VAN THORRE, DOUG
Applicants: THORRE DOUG VAN, THORRE TECHNOLOGIES LLC, THORRE TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, VAN THORRE, DOUG
Application year: 2001
Main classification: B01D
IPC codes: C08B1, C08B37, C08H5, C12S3, D21C5