ENERGY ATTENUATION APPARATUS FOR A SYSTEM CONVEYING LIQUID UNDER PRESSURE AND METHOD OF ATTENUATING ENERGY

Abstract: An energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying liquid under pressure, and a method for attenuating energy in such a system, are provided. The apparatus includes a hose or tubular casing (54) having an inlet opening for receiving liquid from the system, and an outlet opening for returning the liquid to the system. An inlet conduit (52) extends concentrically into the hose or tubular casing, with an annular space (55) being formed between the inlet conduit (52) and the tubular casing (54). At least one aperture (53, 70, 71) for introducing liquid into the annular space (55) from the inlet conduit is provided on a portion thereof that is disposed in the tubular casing.

Description: ENERGY ATTENUATION APPARATUS FOR A SYSTEM CONVEYING LIQUID UNDER PRESSURE AND METHOD OF ATTENUATING ENERGY Technical Field This invention relates to a new energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying liquid under pressure and to a method of attenuating energy in such a system. The invention is particularly suitable for placement in a system conveying liquid under pressure forthe attenuation of pressure pulsations in the liquid, especially in the hydraulic system of the power steering unit of a vehicle. The invention would also be suitable for other hydraulic fluids. Background Art In hydraulic systems where the operating liquid is circulated by a pump, the pulsations of pressure that are generated by the pump are transmitted through the conduits and result in noise and/or vibration being produced by the hydraulic liquid. In the case of power steering fluid in vehicles, such noise and/or vibration is caused, for example, when vehicles are being parked or unparked at idle or very low speeds of movement thereof, such as by barely moving into and out of a parking space or the like while the wheels of the vehicle are being turned by the power steering mechanism thereof. In particular, substantial noise and/or vibration (shudder) can be produced in such a situation when the power steering fluid passes through the power steering mechanism from the fluid pump to the effective steering structure. Further background in this area can be obtained from U.S. Patent No. 3,323,305, Klees, whereby this U.S. Patent is being incorporated into this disclosure by this reference thereto. Devices are known for suppressing noise in exhaust gas mufflers. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,501 ,341 , Jones, provides two side branch resonators, while U.S. Patent No.4,371 ,053, Jones, provides for an apertured tube in a gas muffler housing. Systems are also known for controlling the resonation of pressure waves in fuel injection systems. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,168,855, Stone, passes fluid through check valves that are provided with a flow restriction either directly therein or in a bypass line. U.S. Patent No. 5,509,391 , DeGroot, provides a spool valve assembly for controlling flow between inlet and outlet ports. Henderson et al, U.S. Patent No.4,671 ,380, discloses a long and narrow tubular casing having a perforated tube extending therethrough. Finally, "Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers", by M.L. Munjal, provides a resonator for conveying gas in the form of an apertured tube disposed in a tubular cavity. Applicants are not aware of any teaching of transferring flow of liquid under pressure from one apertured conduit to another as a means of suppressing energy, from any apertured tube in a canister, nor from an apertured tube in a right cylindrical conduit. Disclosure of the Invention It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved apparatus and method for attenuating energy in a system that conveys liquid under pressure. This object is realized pursuant to the energy attenuation apparatus of the present invention by providing a tubular means having an inlet opening for receiving liquid from the system, and an outlet opening for returning the liquid to the system, wherein an inlet conduit extends concentrically into the tubular means, wherein an annular space is formed between the inlet conduit and the tubular means, and wherein in a portion of the inlet conduit disposed in the tubular means the inlet conduit is provided with at least one aperture for introducing liquid therefrom into the annular space. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a novel energy attenuation apparatus having one or more of the novel features of this invention as set forth above or hereinafter shown or described. Another object of this invention is to provide a new method of attenuating energy in a system conveying liquid under pressure, the method of this invention having one or more of the novel features of this invention as set forth above or hereinafter shown or described. Description of the Drawings Other objects, uses and advantages of this invention are apparent from a reading of the specification in conjunction with the accompanying schematic drawings, which form a part thereof and wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified automotive power steering system that incorporates one exemplary embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG.2 shows a power steering system utilizing the inventive energy attenuation apparatus; FIG. 3 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of the inventive energy attenuation apparatus in a specific pressure line or return line of an automotive power steering system; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of one exemplary embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 5 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4 of a second exemplary embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4 of a third exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 7 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4 of a further exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 8 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4 of yet another exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 9 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4 of a further exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 10 is a view similar to that of FIG. 4 of another exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 12 is a view similar to that of FIG. 11 of yet another exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 13 is a view similar to that of FIG. 11 showing a further exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 14 is a view similar to that of FIG. 11 showing a further exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 15 is a view similar to that of FIG. 11 showing another exemplary embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus of this invention with a restrictor; FIGS. 16-18 show portions of inlet and/or outlet conduits that are provided with alternative configurations of apertures; FIG. 19 illustrates a simplified automotive power steering system in which are disposed two energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIGS.20 and 21 show various embodiments of tuning cable arrangements for use in conjunction with the energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; FIG. 22 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of the inventive energy attenuation apparatus of the present invention in conjunction with a further attenuation apparatus in a specific pressure line or return line of an automotive power steering system; FIG.23 is a partial block diagram showing one arrangement for use in conjunction with the present invention; FIG. 24 is a graph showing the improvement in pressure attenuation achieved with the energy attenuation apparatus of this invention; and FIG. 25 shows one exemplary embodiment of an inventive connector Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments While the various features of this invention are hereinafter illustrated and described as providing an energy or sound attenuation apparatus for an automotive power steering system, it is to be understood that the various features of this invention can be utilized singly or in various combinations thereof to provide an energy attenuation apparatus for other systems that convey liquid under pressure. Therefore, this invention is not to be limited to only the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, because the drawings are merely utilized to illustrate one of the wide variety of uses of this invention. Referring now to the drawings in detail, FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified automotive power steering system. During operation, the power steering pump 11 generates pressure ripples that are transmitted through tubing, such as steel tubing, to the pressure line 12, the power steering gear 13, the return line 14, and the reservoir 15, and finally flow back to the pump 11 itself by means of the supply line 16. It should be noted that rather than being separated by a hose or similar conduit, the reservoir 15 and the pump 11 could actually be a single unit. In order to greatly reduce such pressure ripples before they reach the gear 13 via the pressure line 12, and thereby eliminate or at least greatly reduce the power steering noise or vibration generated by the power steering pump 11 , the energy attenuation apparatus of this invention, which is generally indicated by the reference numeral 20, is illustrated as being disposed in the pressure line 12 between the pump 11 and the gear 13. Various exemplary embodiments of the energy attenuation apparatus 20 and components and arrangements thereof are illustrated in FIGS. 2-23, and will be described in detail subsequently. The energy attenuation apparatus 20 that is shown disposed in the pressure line 12 in FIG. 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 4. In particular, the energy attenuation apparatus 20 comprises a canister or housing 21 that in the illustrated embodiment is a two-part housing made up of the parts 22 and 23 that are interconnected by the ring 24. In this embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus, a single chamber 25 is formed in the housing 21. It is to be understood that the size and shape of the housing 21 can vary with the space available to accommodate same as well as with the existing requirements. For example, a three-part housing could be used, including a central portion with identical caps or end portions on each side thereof. As shown by the arrow, liquid enters the housing 21 , for example from the pressure side of the pump 11 , by means of an inlet conduit 27, such as a tube or pipe. As can be seen from FIG. 4, this inlet conduit 27 extends well into the chamber 25 of the housing 21. In addition, the inlet conduit 27 is provided with a plurality of apertures or holes 28 that allow the liquid to enter the chamber 25 from the conduit 27. From the chamber 25, which is also known as a mixing area or a flow control chamber, the liquid enters an outlet conduit 29 by means of a plurality of apertures or holes 30 formed therein. The inlet and outlet conduits 27 and 29 are sealingly disposed in the housing 21 in any convenient manner, as indicated schematically at the locations 31 and 32 respectively. As shown in FIG. 1 and the schematic view of FIG. 2 of a proposed power steering system utilizing the inventive energy attenuation apparatus, the outlet conduit 29 is connected to the pressure line 12 so that the liquid, in this case power steering fluid, can be conveyed to the gear 13. Although the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 provides for a single, hollow chamber into which a straight inlet conduit extends and from which a straight outlet conduit emerges, it has also been found according to the teachings of this invention that other configurations are possible. For example, reference is now made to FIGS. 5-15, wherein other housing and conduit configurations of this invention are shown and are generally indicated by the reference numerals 20A-20K, wherein parts thereof similar to the energy attenuation apparatus 20 of FIG. 4 are indicated by like reference numerals that where appropriate are followed by the reference letter A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J or K. The embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 differ from that shown in FIG. 4 only in that the chamber 25 is partially filled with a flow control or filler means. For example, the energy attenuation apparatus 20A of FIG. 5 shows a housing 21 having a chamber 25 that is partially filled with spherical filler means 34A. These filler means 34A can be solid or hollow beads or balls made of steel, rubber, plastic, or any other suitable material, and help to increase the dissipation of energy. The filler means 34A, as well as the filler means to be discussed subsequently, should be made of a non-corrosive material and should be able to withstand temperatures up to 300° F. FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of an energy attenuation apparatus 20B wherein the housing 21 has a chamber 25 that is partially filled with irregularly shaped flow control or filler means 34B. As was the case with the filler means 34A of FIG. 5, the filler means 34B can be made of any suitable material, again solid or hollow, and could even comprise gravel. A sponge or foam-like filler means could also be used as long as it is compatible with operating parameters. The energy attenuation apparatus 20C illustrated in FIG. 7 shows a housing 21 having chamber means that is not only partially filled with filler means 34C, such as steel balls, but is also subdivided into a plurality of chambers by baffle plates, as will be discussed in greater detail subsequently. FIGS. 8-10 illustrate how either one or both of the inlet and outlet conduits can be bent, rather than having the straight configuration of the previous embodiments. For example, the outlet conduit 29D of the energy attenuation apparatus 20D is bent at right angles prior to exiting the housing 21. Similarly, the inlet conduit 27E of the energy attenuation apparatus 20E of FIG. 9 is bent at right angles after having entered the chamber 25 of the housing 21. It should be noted that the chambers 25 of the energy attenuation apparatus 20D and 20E could also be provided with a flow control or filler means. In the energy attenuation apparatus 20F illustrated in FIG. 10, both the inlet conduit 27F and the outlet conduit 29F are bent at right angles within the housing 21 although they could also extend linearly as in some of the previously described embodiments. The attenuation apparatus 20F also differs from the previously illustrated embodiments of FIGS. 4-6, 8 and 9 in that the housing 21 does not contain a single chamber, but rather is divided into two chambers 35 and 36. This division of the housing 21 into two chambers is effected by a further flow control means in the form of a baffle 37, which in the illustrated embodiment is disposed in the center of the housing 21. The baffle plate 37 is provided with a plurality of holes 38 in order to allow liquid to flow from the chamber 35 to the chamber 36. Again, one or both of the chambers 35, 36 can be partially filled with filler means. In addition, multiple baffle plates could be provided, either adjacent one another or further subdividing the housing 21 into additional chambers, whereby the conduits 27F, 29F could even extend through some of the baffles. For example, FIG. 7 illustrates a housing 21 that is provided with three such baffles 45, each of which is provided with a plurality of holes 46 in order to allow liquid to flow from the inlet conduit 27 to the outlet conduit 29 through the various chambers 47- 50 into which the housing 21 is subdivided by the baffle plates 45. In the illustrated embodiment, the inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29 are illustrated as extending far into the housing 21 , thus extending through two or even all three of the baffle plates 45. It will be understood that the inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29 need not extend so far into the housing 21 , and could, if desired, respectively extend through only a single one of the baffles 45. Although in the presently preferred embodiments the inlet conduit 27 is illustrated as being provided with six holes, while the outlet conduit 29 is shown as being provided with eight holes 30, the number of holes as well as the dimensions and shapes thereof could vary, although it is presently provided that the inlet conduit 27 have a lesser number of holes or apertures than does the outlet conduit 29. The reverse arrangement would be theoretically possible, whereby the important feature is that the number of holes of the inlet and outlet conduits differ from one another. The number of holes, and the other parameters thereof, will vary as a function, for example, of the size of the pump as well as of the operating conditions. In addition, the holes can be provided on only one side of a given conduit, or on both sides thereof. In addition, although in the illustrated embodiments the holes are showing as being aligned with one another in a longitudinal direction of the conduit, such holes could also be provided in a staggered or otherwise random configuration. It is expedient to have the holes of the inlet conduit angularly offset from those of the outlet conduit so that there is no direct flow between the conduits. If each conduit has only one row of holes, these rows could be offset by 180° relative to one another. If each conduit has two rows of holes, preferably disposed 90° apart, the rows of one of the conduits would be disposed so as to be 90° from the closest row of the other conduit. Although the baffle 37 of the embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus 20F shown in FIG. 10 is illustrated as extending in a transverse direction, a similar baffle plate could also be provided in the embodiments of FIGS.4-6, 8 and 9, wherein such baffle plate would then be disposed in a longitudinal direction of the housing 21 between the inlet and the outlet conduits. It should also be noted that the inlet and outlet conduits need not necessarily have the same length within the housing 21. In addition, the diameters thereof need not be the same. In addition, the diameter or even the shape of the holes of the inlet and outlet conduits can differ from one another. Although the previously described embodiments provide for a canister-type housing, it has been found according to the teachings of this invention that a tubular housing, for example a hose or casing, could also be used. Furthermore, although the previously described embodiments provide for separate inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29, it has also been found according to the teachings of this invention that the inlet and outlet conduits could be a single conduit. For example, reference is now made to FIG. 11 , wherein a single, continuous tube or conduit 52 of metal or polymeric material, such as Teflon, is illustrated. Although a straight conduit 52 has been shown, other configurations are also possible. As with the previous embodiments, the embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus 20G shown in FIG. 11 is also provided with apertures in the peripheral surface of the conduit, although instead of the apertures 53, or in addition thereto, one of the ends, namely a free end, of the tube 52 can be open, as will be discussed in greater detail subsequently. In particular, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11 the apertures 53 are in the form of holes, with two holes that are 180° apart being shown approximately in the middle of the tube 52, although the holes 53 could also be disposed closer to one end, for example a third of the way from the inlet end. As discussed previously, various numbers and arrangements of such apertures 53 are possible, and it would even be possible to provide only a single aperture since only a single conduit is present. For example, four holes could be provided, with two holes being provided in the left hand portion of the conduit 52 and two further holes being provided in the right hand portion of the conduit 52. In addition, four holes spaced 90° from one another could be disposed around the center of the tube or conduit 52. In addition, the apertures 53 can have any other desired shape, such as an oval shape. In contrast to a canister-type housing, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11 the single conduit 52 is surrounded by a rubber hose 54, with a narrow annular space 55 of from 1/32 to 3/8 of an inch or longer being formed between the outer periphery of the conduit 52 and the inner periphery of the hose 54. If the holes 53 are provided in the peripheral surface, the annular space 55 serves for receiving hydraulic fluid from the conduit 52 via such apertures 53 thereof; the liquid is again returned to the conduit 52 via the apertures 53 and/or directly to the tubing T of the liquid conveying means in which the energy attenuation apparatus of the present invention is disposed. The hose 54 can also be made of polymeric material, or, as shown in the embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus 20I of FIG. 13, can be made of metal. The tubular means 54, whether a hose or a casing, has a right-cylindrical cross-sectional configuration. Although either end could be connected, in the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 11 the inlet end 71 of the conduit 52 (the left end in Fig. 11), is connected in a fluid communicating manner to the tubing T of the liquid conveying means, for example via the unique connector to be described subsequently in conjunction with Fig. 25. In contrast, the right or outlet end 70 of the conduit 52 is not directly connected to the continuation of the tubing T, although fluid communication is provided with such tubing. In particular, the hose 54 is squeezed or crimped between the outer surface of the tubing T and the inner surface of a coupling 72, for example a coupling made of metal such as steel or aluminum, or of a suitable hard polymeric material. The outlet end 70 of the conduit 52 extends within the region of the coupling 72, but is not connected to either the hose 54 or to the tubing T, in other words, the outlet end 70 is a free end. This free end 70 of the conduit 52 can extend slightly into the region of the coupling 72, can extend, for example, half way into the coupling 72, or could even extend into the tubing T itself, for example from one inch up to twelve inches or more. Although in the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 11 apertures 53 are shown in the peripheral surface of the conduit 52, pursuant to one specific embodiment of the energy attenuation device of the present invention no such holes or apertures 53 are provided. Instead, the free end 70 of the conduit 52 is open, with the liquid from the conduit 52 thus exiting the free end 70. If holes 53 are provided, either as an alternative or in addition to the open free end 70, liquid exiting the conduit 52 via the holes 53 thereof into the annular space 55 can again exit this space at the free end 70 for reentry into the tube T at that location. In the embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus 20H illustrated in FIG. 12, a single conduit 52H is again shown. However, in this embodiment the conduit 52H does not extend all the way from the inlet end to the outlet end of the hose 54H, but stops short of the outlet end; the conduit 52H can end 0.25 to 9 inches or more from the outlet end of the hose 54H, and in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, for a conduit length of 11 inches, ends 1.5 inches from the outlet end of the hose 54H. A combination of the concepts illustrated in the apparatus of FIGS. 4-10 on the one hand and FIG. 11 on the other hand is illustrated by way of example in the energy attenuation apparatus 20J of FIG. 14. In this embodiment, again two separate inlet and outlet conduits 27J, 29J are provided. However, instead of being disposed next to one another, these inlet and outlet conduits are aligned with one another and are separated from one another by a slight gap 56, for example a gap of approximately 1/32 (presently preferred) to 1/8 of an inch, or even up to one inch or more. Again, the inlet conduit 27J is provided with apertures 28, while the outlet conduit 29J is provided with apertures 30. The embodiments of the energy attenuation apparatus of FIGS. 11-14 can also be provided with any of the other features of the previously discussed embodiments, such as the flow control means or filler means 34, as well as one or more flow control means in the form of baffle plates. In addition, a restrictor means could be provided in one or more of the conduit means 27, 29 or 52. For example, the energy attenuation apparatus 20K of FIG. 15 shows such a restrictor 57 disposed in the central portion of the conduit 52. Such a restrictor 57 could be provided at either end of the conduit 52, or at both ends, and could also be provided in one or both of the inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29 of some of the previously described embodiments. It is to be understood that the passage 58 through the restrictor 57 has an inner diameter that is smaller than the inner diameter of the tube or conduit in which it is disposed. For example, the passage 58 of the restrictor 57 could have a diameter of from 0.36 to 0.10 of an inch. Although the conduits 52 could be connected at both ends, pursuant to another inventive embodiment, in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with Fig. 11 , one end of each of the conduits 52 is a free end. In particular, in the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 15, each conduit 52 is connected at one end to the restrictor 57, while the other end is a free end in the same manner as described in conjunction with the conduit 52 of the embodiment of Fig. 11. If the free ends are open, neither conduit need be provided with holes on its peripheral surface. Alternatively, or in addition to the free ends being open, at least one of the conduits can be provided with at least one hole in its peripheral surface. Fig. 25 illustrates a novel connector 75 for interconnecting the conduit 52 in a fluid communicating manner with the tubing T. The connector 75 can be made of metal, such as stainless steel or aluminum, or of a suitable plastic or polymeric material. The connector includes a hollow cylindrical portion 76 that is adapted to be inserted into the tubing T, where the tubing T can be crimped to the cylindrical portion 76 to provide a secure connection between the tubing T and the connector 75. At the opposite end, the connector is provided with a hollow barbed or ridged portion 77 having appropriate barbs or ridges 78 thereon. The conduit 52 is held on the portion 77 by means of such barbs or ridges 78. For this purpose, the inner diameter of the conduit 52 is preferably slightly less than the outer diameter of the non-ridged part of the portion 77 of the connector 75. The end 80 of the ridged portion 77 can be tapered inwardly toward the end to facilitate insertion of the portion 77 into the conduit 52. A collar 81 is provided on the outer periphery of the hollow connector 75 between the cylindrical portion 76 and the ridged portion 77 thereof. This collar 81 provides an abutment means for the tubing T on the one hand and for the conduit 52 on the other hand. Referring now back to Fig. 11 , and in particular to the left side thereof, the connector 75 can provide for the interconnection in a fluid communicating manner of the conduit 52 to the tubing or liquid conveying means T. In particular, the hose 54 can again be crimped between the outer surface of the tubing T and the inner surface of a further coupling 82. The cylindrical portion 76 of the connector 75 is secured in the tubing T, with a connector 75 being inserted, for example, up to the collar 81 thereof, with the ridged portion 77 of the connector extending out of the tubing T. The tubing T can either end within the coupling 82, or can even extend slightly into the chamber formed by the hose 54, in which case the ridged portion 77 of the connector 75 extends into this chamber. The conduit 52 is then secured to the ridged portion 77 via the barbs or ridges 78 thereof. In a similar manner, with respect to Fig. 15 the connection of the two conduits 52 to the restrictor 57 can be effected by respective connectors having a configuration similar to that described in connection with the connector 75. Although the inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29 illustrated in the previously described embodiments have primarily been provided with spherical holes 28, 30, it is to be understood that any other desired shape could also be used. By way of example only, FIGS. 16-18 show some other shapes for the holes in the inlet and outlet conduits. For example, the inlet and/or outlet conduit 40 illustrated in FIG. 16 is provided with oval apertures 41. The inlet and/or outlet conduit 42 of FIG. 17 is provided with triangular apertures 43. And the inlet and/or outlet conduit 44 of FIG. 18 is provided with rectangular apertures 45. It should also be noted that although in the illustrated embodiments the inlet and outlet conduits are shown as having closed ends within the chamber or chambers of the housing 21 or hose 54, the ends of the inlet and/or outlet conduits can also be opened, or could also be provided with holes, and the apertures or holes 53 on the periphery of the conduits could be omitted. It should furthermore be noted that although the inventive energy attenuation apparatus 20 has been illustrated in FIG. 1 as being disposed between the pump 11 and the gear 13, it is believed that such an attenuation apparatus could alternatively be disposed between the gear 13 and the reservoir 15 in the return line 14 in order to reduce vibration caused by the power steering gear 13. Furthermore, two attenuation apparatus could be provided. For example, FIG. 19 shows a system having two energy attenuation apparatus 20, one in the pressure line 12 to a control valve 17 (similar to the gear 13 of FIG. 1), and another in the return line 14. FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an actual pressure or return line (bent to accommodate space requirements) in which is disposed an inventive energy attenuation apparatus 20, which in this embodiment is provided with an optional venting means 43. The inventive energy attenuation apparatus which is a 1/4 wave device, can also be used in conjunction with a variety of other sound and vibration attenuation apparatus, which are then also disposed in the pressure line 12 and/or the return line 14. For example a 1/4 wave cable tuning assembly can be provided, for example by disposing a steel cable in a separate hose section. Examples of such tuning cable arrangements in hose sections are shown in FIGS. 20 and 21 , wherein FIG. 20 shows a single tuning cable 59 disposed in the hose section or conduit means 60, whereas FIG.21 shows two separate tuning cables 59 disposed in a hose section or conduit means 60. If the tuning cable or cables are made of polymeric material, such as Teflon, they can also be provided with apertures in the peripheral surface thereof. An example of a known tuning cable is disclosed in the aforementioned patent to Klees, U.S. Patent No. 3,323,305, which patent has been incorporated into this disclosure. The tuning cable arrangements in the conduit means 60 can be disposed in series with the inventive energy attenuation apparatus, as illustrated in FIG. 22, or can be disposed in parallel therewith. Other sound and vibration attenuation apparatus are also known. For example, reference is made to U.S. Patents 4,611 , 633 (Buchholz et al), 5,172,729 (Vantelini) and 5,201 ,343 (Zimmermann et al) whereby such U.S. Patents are also being incorporated into this disclosure by this reference thereto. Furthermore a spring-type energy attenuation device as disclosed in applicants' copending U.S. Patent Application 08/853,770 could also be provided, whereby the disclosure of such application is also incorporated into this disclosure by this reference thereto. One or more of such other attenuation apparatus could also be used in conjunction with the energy attenuation apparatus 20-20K of the present invention. For example, FIG. 23 shows an arrangement where the tubing T is split into branches 62, each of which leads to an energy attenuation apparatus that is schematically indicated by one of the boxes 63 or 64. This parallel arrangement can either be disposed in series with one of the inventive attenuation apparatus 20-20K, or one of the boxes 63, 64 can contain an inventive energy attenuation apparatus while the other box contains a known attenuation device. Furthermore, both boxes 63 and 64 can contain the same or different ones of the inventive energy attenuation apparatus. It should also be noted that two or more of the inventive energy attenuation apparatus could be disposed in series and/or in parallel with one another. For example, in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the portion shown as a hose section can be one or more of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 11-15. In addition although FIG. 3 shows a canister type energy attenuation apparatus 20, this could be replaced by another one of the embodiments of FIGS. 11-15, or any one of the aforementioned alternative attenuation apparatus, including the apparatus of applicants' copending U.S. Patent Application 09/006,068, whereby the disclosure of such application is also incorporated into this disclosure by this reference thereto. In one exemplary embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus 20 of this invention as illustrated in FIG. 4, the housing 21 and the inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29 were made of stainless steel. The housing 21 had an approximately cylindrical shape, and in a small embodiment thereof had a length of approximately 85 mm, a diameter of approximately 50.1 mm, and a thickness of approximately 1 mm. The stainless steel inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29 had an inner diameter of approximately 9.5 mm (3/8 of an inch) and a thickness of approximately 1 mm. The diameter of the holes in the inlet and outlet conduits 27, 29 was approximately 3.89 mm. In order to provide sufficient volume or space between the outer periphery of the inner conduit or conduits and the interior of the housing or canister, the ratio of the diameter of the housing means to the diameter of the conduit should be at least 2:1, and could be as much as 10.7:1 or even greater. The housing means 21 can be a substantially cylindrical canister, or could be egg shaped or even spherical. A large volume can also be achieved for the narrow hose or casing embodiments by providing for a very long hose or casing, for example one having a length of several feet, such as even seven feet or longer if sufficient space is available. In exemplary embodiments of the energy attenuation apparatus 20G of FIG. 11 , the hose 54 had a length of approximately 5 to 40 inches or greater and a diameter of 3/8 to 5/8 of an inch or greater. The diameter of the conduit 52 was 3/8 of an inch or less. As indicated previously, the pressure pulses resulting from the revolutions of the pump create harmonics and noise. This phenomenon, along with the significant improvement provided by the inventive energy attenuation apparatus, is shown in FIG. 24, wherein pressure is plotted against the harmonics order of a given pump, with this pump generating ten pulses per revolution thereof. These 10 pulses are considered as the 10th order with the following harmonics being 20th, 30th, etc. This graph, which was plotted for the system of FIG. 1 , namely the embodiment of the energy attenuation apparatus 20 of FIG. 4, was effected at a system pressure of 900 psi and a pump speed of 1200 RPM. The pressure at the outlet end of the pump is shown in the upper portion of the graph, whereas the pressure in the pressure line downstream of the energy attenuation apparatus is shown in the lower portion of the graph. The significant improvement accomplished with the inventive energy attenuation apparatus can be clearly seen from this graph. For example, for the tenth order of the pump, a reduction of about 56% is achieved, while for the 20th order, a reduction of about 62% is achieved. Subsequent to the 20th order, the pressure pulses are nearly entirely eliminated. In view of the foregoing, it can be seen that this invention not only provides a new energy attenuation apparatus, but also this invention provides a new method for attenuating sound or energy in a liquid conveying system. While the forms and methods of this invention now preferred have been illustrated and described as required by the Patent Statute, it is to be understood that other forms and method steps can be utilized and still fall within the scope of the appended claims, whereby it is believed that each claim sets forth a novel, useful and unobvious invention within the pervue of the Patent Statute.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. An energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying a liquid under pressure, wherein said apparatus is disposed in a liquid conveying means of said system, said apparatus characterized by: a tubular means (54) that forms a single chamber having either an inlet opening or an outlet opening that is in fluid communication with said liquid conveying means for receiving liquid from or returning liquid to said system; and a conduit (52) coupled at one end (70, 71 ) thereof in a fluid communicating manner with said liquid conveying means for receiving said liquid from or returning said liquid to said system, wherein said conduit (52) is disposed essentially concentrically in said single chamber of said tubular means (54), wherein an annular space (55) is formed between said conduit (52) and said tubular means (54), wherein said conduit is provided with at least one aperture (53, 70, 71 ) for allowing said liquid to exit said conduit, and wherein a free end (70, 71) of said conduit (52) extends to the vicinity of said inlet or outlet opening of said single chamber of said tubular means (54) but is not connected to said liquid conveying means at that location. 2. An energy attenuation apparatus according to claim 1 , characterized in that said tubular means (54) is connected to said liquid conveying means via respective coupling means (54)72, 82), and wherein said free end (70, 71) of said conduit (52) preferably extends within the region of one of said coupling means (72), for example to within half the length of said coupling means, or into said liquid conveying means. 3. An energy attenuation apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that said free end (70, 71) of said conduit (52) is open or closed, and wherein at least one hole (53) may be provided in a peripheral surface of said conduit (52) or said free end (70, 71) of said conduit (52) is open, and no holes are provided in a peripheral surface of said conduit. 4. An energy attenuation apparatus according to claim 1 , characterized in that a connector (75) is coupled to said liquid conveying means, and said one end (70, 71) of said conduit (52) is coupled to said connector (75). 5. An energy attenuation apparatus for a system conveying a liquid under pressure, wherein said apparatus is disposed in a liquid conveying means of said system, said system characterized by: a tubular means (54) that forms a chamber having an inlet opening that is in fluid communication with said liquid conveying means for receiving said liquid from said system, and having an outlet opening that is in fluid communication with said liquid conveying means for returning said liquid to said system; a restrictor (57) disposed in said chamber and dividing same into an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber; a first conduit (52) disposed essentially concentrically in said inlet chamber and connected in a fluid communicating manner to said restrictor (57), wherein an annular space (55) is formed between said conduit (52) and said tubular means (54), wherein a free end of said first conduit extends to the vicinity of said inlet opening of said chamber of said tubular means but is not connected to said liquid conveying means, and wherein said first conduit is provided with at least one aperture for receiving said liquid; and a second conduit (52) disposed essentially concentrically in said outlet chamber and connected in a fluid communicating manner to said restrictor (57), wherein an annular space (55) is formed between said second conduit and said tubular means (54), wherein a free end of said second conduit extends to the vicinity of said outlet opening of said chamber of said tubular means but is not connected to said liquid conveying means, and wherein said second conduit is provided with at least one aperture for returning said liquid. 6. An energy attenuation apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that said tubular means (54) is connected to said liquid conveying means via respective coupling means (72, 82), and in that said free ends of said first and second conduits (52) preferably respectively extend within the region of one of said coupling means (72, 82), for example to within half the length of said coupling means, or into said liquid conveying means. 7. An energy attenuation apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that said free ends of said first and second conduits (52) are open or closed, and in that at least one hole may be provided in a peripheral surface of at least one of said first and second conduits (52), or said free ends of said first and second conduits (52) are open, and at least one of said conduits has no holes in a peripheral surface thereof. 8. A system incorporating said energy attenuation apparatus of claim 1 or 5 and further characterized by at least one further energy attenuation apparatus of any desired type disposed in series with or parallel to said first mentioned energy attenuation apparatus. 9. A connector for interconnecting a conduit in a fluid communicating manner with a liquid conveying means, said connector (75) characterized by: a first hollow cylindrical portion (76) for insertion into and for a crimped connection to said liquid conveying means; and a second hollow barbed or ridged portion (77) for insertion into and connection to said conduit (52). 10. A connector according to claim 9, characterized in that a collar (81) is provided between said first and second portions (76, 77) to provide respective abutments for said liquid conveying means and said conduit (52) respectively, and in that an end (80) of said barbed or ridged portion (77) opposite said collar (81) may be tapered inwardly in a direction away from said collar.

Inventors: CHEN YUNGRWEI, COOPER JACK R, CHEN, YUNGRWEI, COOPER, JACK, R.
Applicants: DAYCO PRODUCTS LLC, DAYCO PRODUCTS, LLC
Application year: 2001
Main classification: F16L55
IPC codes: B62D5, F16L55