SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ANONYMOUS BLUETOOTH DEVICES

Abstract: A method and apparatus for enabling anonymous communications from a first Bluetooth device (10) to a second Bluetooth device (15) is disclosed wherein a temporary identification number (135) associated with the first Bluetooth device (10) is obtained and used in transmissions from the first Bluetooth device (10) to the second Bluetooth device (15). A temporary identification number (135) provides no clear indication of the particular Bluetooth communications device transmitting messages.

Description: SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ANONYMOUS BLUETOOTH DEVICES REFERENCE TO EARLIER FTLED PROVTSTONΑ APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/252,828 filed November 20, 2000. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to Bluetooth devices, and more particularly, to the enablement of anonymous communications between devices using the Bluetooth communications protocol. BACKGROUND QF THE INVENTION The Bluetooth communications protocol (Bluetooth is a trademark of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson) is a wireless radio short range communications protocol enabling devices such as mobile telephones, computers and other electronic devices to communicate with each other over short ranges. When communicating using this protocol, a Bluetooth radio unit transmits over the wireless link a unique identity number that enables other devices to identify and address the Bluetooth radio unit. While use of the unique identity number is necessary for operation of units using the Bluetooth communications protocol, this requirement represents a threat to the security and privacy of people that carry a Bluetooth device. This is due to the fact that the presence of a Bluetooth device can be established through identification of its unique identity number. If someone can register the presence of a specific Bluetooth unit and has also been able to identify a particular individual using this device, this person may identify through the presence of the Bluetooth device that the specific person is present within a particular location. In some circumstances this type of identification procedure may be highly undesirable. Thus, the need has arisen for some method of interaction among Bluetooth devices that does not necessarily provide the identity of the Bluetooth device, and hence the individual using the device is not made readily available. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention overcomes the foregoing and other problems with a system and method enabling anonymous communications to take place between a first Bluetooth communications device and a second Bluetooth communications device. In a first embodiment, a first Bluetooth communications device generates a temporary identification number which is inserted within transmissions from the first Bluetooth communications device to the second Bluetooth communications device. Other embodiments have the first Bluetooth communications device utilizing randomly generated identification numbers in order to first establish communications with the second Bluetooth communications device and then receiving a temporary identification number from the second Bluetooth device to support communication. BRIEF DESCRTPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more complete understanding of the method and apparatus of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the following Detailed Description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings wherein: FIGURE 1 illustrates the format of a Bluetooth address; FIGURE 2 is a block diagram illustrating Bluetooth devices capable of anonymously communicating with each other ; FIGURE 3 illustrates a first embodiment of a method for the anonymous communication between Bluetooth devices; FIGURE 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices ; FIGURE 5 illustrates yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices; FIGURE 6 illustrates yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices; FIGURE 7 illustrates a message transmitted between Bluetooth devices using the method of FIGURE 5. FIGURE 8 illustrates a randomly generated Bluetooth address; FIGURE 9 is a flow diagram illustrating one method for generating the random Bluetooth address of FIGURE 8. FIGURES 10A and 10B illustrate yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices; FIGURE 11 illustrates yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices; FIGURE 12 illustrates yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices; FIGURE 13 illustrates yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices; FIGURE 14 illustrates yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices; and FIGURE 15 illustrates yet a further embodiment of a method for communicating anonymously between Bluetooth devices. DETATT.ED DKSCRTPTTON Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIGURE 1, where there is illustrated an example of a Bluetooth device address (BD_addr) according to the present format utilized within the Bluetooth communications protocol. A Bluetooth device address has a length of 48 bits. The LAP (lower address part) 2 and the UAP (upper address part) 4 form the significant portion of the BD_addr and is completed by the NAP (non-significant address part) 6. The LAP consists of 24 bits, the UAP consists of 8 bits, and the NAP consists of 16 bits to provide the 48 bit address . The Bluetooth access code comprises the first part of each packet transmitted within the Bluetooth protocol. Some of the access codes used in Bluetooth are uniquely determined by the LAP in the Bluetooth device address. There are four different types of access codes. The Channel Access Code (CAC) is derived from the Master's LAP 2. The Device Access Code (DAC) is derived from the Slave's LAP 2. The Inquiry Access Code (IAC) can be of two different forms but is derived from the special dedicated LAP values not related to any specific BD_addr. Thus, the CAC and DAC can be used to track the location of a specific user. Furthermore, the entire Bluetooth address is sent in a special frequency hop synchronization (FHS) packet used on certain occasions. The frequency hopping scheme in Bluetooth is determined by a hopping sequence. The hopping sequence calculation uses different input parameters. For the connection state, the LAP and the at least four most significant bits in the UAP of the master device are used. For the page state, the LAP/UAP of the paged unit is used. This makes it theoretically possible to obtain information on the LAP and the four most significant bits of the UAP based on the observed hopping scheme. Significant bits of the master device address in a connection may thus be revealed. Referring now to FIGURE 2, there is illustrated a functional block diagram of a system providing anonymous Bluetooth communications between a first Bluetooth device 10 and a second Bluetooth device 15. Each of the Bluetooth devices include a Bluetooth chip 20 thereon for enabling Bluetooth communications between the first Bluetooth device 10 and the second Bluetooth device 15. A number of structures and/or algorithms may be implemented within each of the Bluetooth chips 20 in order to provide the anonymous Bluetooth connection functionality of the present invention. However, it should be realized that only some of these algorithms and/or structures are necessary for implementing the various embodiments described in FIGURES 2-11, and it is not necessary for each of the structures or algorithms to be present. Furthermore, the described algorithms and structures may be implemented outside of the Bluetooth chip 20, if desired. Each Bluetooth chip 20 includes an algorithm 25 enabling the generation of a temporary identification number for a Bluetooth device 10, 15 each time the device sends out messages or responses including the identity number of the Bluetooth device. The algorithm 25 for generating a temporary identification number may be built into the Bluetooth chip 20 of a Bluetooth device 10, 15, downloaded into the Bluetooth device 10, 15 or user selected. The particular algorithm 25 is not important for the process except to the extent of the security and privacy level provided by the algorithm. The algorithm 25 must generate a Bluetooth identification number which complies with existing and/or future identification number formats. The Bluetooth chip 20 may additionally include a storage area 30 for temporarily storing a temporary identification number generated by the algorithm 25. Furthermore, an identification table 55 may be utilized wherein temporary identifiers for other Bluetooth devices 15 with which a Bluetooth device 10 is presently communicating may be stored. Finally, a normal fixed identification number 40 is stored or associated somewhere with the Bluetooth chip 20 to be available for operations necessarily requiring the fixed identification number. As described previously with respect to the algorithm 25 of FIGURE 2, a number of algorithms may implement various methods for providing anonymous Bluetooth communications between a first Bluetooth device 10 and a second Bluetooth device 15. A variety of these methods are described with respect to FIGURES 3-15. Referring now to FIGURE 3, there is illustrated one embodiment wherein a Bluetooth device generates a temporary identification number at step 50. The generation of the temporary identification number at step 50 may be done on a periodically recurring basis, at random time intervals or in response to each transaction between the first Bluetooth device 10 and the second Bluetooth device 15. The Bluetooth device 10 transmits using the temporary identification number at step 55 responsive to a received request for inquiry from a second Bluetooth device 15. The temporary identification number can be stored within the temporary storage area 30 mentioned previously with respect to FIGURE 2. The temporary identification number may also be changed during a transaction period. In this case, the Bluetooth devices will exchange the new identification number or instructions on how to generate a temporary identification number based upon knowledge of the existing identification number. Referring now to FIGURE 4, there is illustrated an alternative embodiment wherein an access code is provided along with the temporary identification number responsive to a request between a first Bluetooth unit 10 and a second Bluetooth unit 15. As in the previous embodiment, the first Bluetooth device 10 generates at step 60 a temporary identification number for the first Bluetooth device 10. The first Bluetooth device 10 also generates at step 65 an access code including information about the format and category of the temporary identity number. Access codes currently defined in the Bluetooth specification may be used. The access codes provide for the possibility wherein another node can handle alternative ID formats. The node can generate alternative ID formats that may not fully comply to the standard specification using the access code. Responsive to an inquiry or request, the first Bluetooth device 10 transmits at step 70 the temporary identification number and the access code to a second Bluetooth device 15. The advantage of this method is that it prepares for the possibility that the second Bluetooth device 10 handles alternative identification number formats that may not comply fully to a standard specification. This capability may not be desirable because it reduces general interoperability between units, but could be desirable in certain applications having high privacy requirements. The access codes currently defined within the Bluetooth specification (Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Specification of the Bluetooth System Version l.OB, Volumes 1 and 2, which is incorporated herein by reference) can be used for this purpose. Referring now to FIGURE 5, there is illustrated yet another alternative embodiment of the method of the present invention. In this embodiment, the first Bluetooth device 10 initially generates at step 75 a random identification number. An inquiry for a particular service or class of device is transmitted from the first Bluetooth device 10 at step 80. The first Bluetooth device 10 receives at step 85 a number of replies to its inquiry. The first Bluetooth device 10 selects at step 90 the desired service or device responsive to the received inquiries and establishes a connection with a selected unit using the generated random identification number as the Bluetooth identifier number. Upon the selection of the service or device, the first Bluetooth device 10 transmits a request for a temporary identification number at step 95 to the second Bluetooth device 15 from which it is requesting a service or device. The request still uses the random identification number as the Bluetooth identifier number. The first Bluetooth device 10 receives and uses a provided temporary identification number at step 100 for the length of a transaction between the first Bluetooth device 10 and the second Bluetooth device 15. At some point during or after the transaction, the first Bluetooth device 10 may end use of the temporary identification number at step 105. This may be in response by the first Bluetooth device 10 to leaving the area or expiration of the temporary identification number after a predetermined period of time. If the temporary identification number expires during a transaction, a new temporary identification number may be obtained by repeating steps 75 through 100. Referring now to FIGURE 6, there is illustrated yet another embodiment wherein the first Bluetooth device 10 first establishes at step 110 a connection using a randomly selected identification number as the Bluetooth identifier number. Use of the random identification number enables establishment at step 115 of a connection using a temporary identification number as the Bluetooth identifier number as described previously with respect to FIGURE 5. Inquiry step 120 monitors for expiration of the temporary identification number established at step 115 and upon expiration of the temporary identification number, the temporary identification number is replaced at step 125. As shown in FIGURE 7, the period of time a temporary identification number may be active can be established in a message 130 transmitted from a second Bluetooth device 15 to a first Bluetooth device 10 response to a request from the first Bluetooth device 10. Included within the message 130 would be the temporary identification number 135 and a message time 140 indicating the length of time the temporary identification number 135 is active. Referring now to FIGURES 8 and 9, there is illustrated one embodiment of a method for generating the random Bluetooth address referred to in FIGURES 5 and 6. This method utilizes short-lived Bluetooth addresses (BD_addr_active) which are chosen at random, but all units also include a long-lived Bluetooth address (BD_addr) . The active address, BD_addr_active, includes the same NAP field 136 as the BD_addr. The BD_addr_active address is obtained by generating 32 random bits at step 137 when a Bluetooth module is powered up. The 32 random bits may be generated according to any method. These 32 random bits determine the LAP 138 and UAP 139 fields within the BD_addr_active address. The LAP 138 and UAP 139 fields are also periodically updated at step 141 to reselect the 32 random bits. Once a random BD_addr_active address has been generated, the Inquiry process will proceed in the same fashion as currently designed within the Bluetooth specification at step 142 except that the address used within an FHS (Frequency-hopping sequence) packet will comprise the BD_addr_active address. A first FHS packet will contain the BD_addr_active address of the master. Subsequent FHS packets may contain the BD_addr of the master transmitted in the clear or may alternatively transmit the BD_addr of the master in an. encrypted format with a certain anonymity unit key belonging to the slave. The paging procedure within the Bluetooth communications protocol will proceed according to the currently defined Bluetooth specification at step 143 except that the access code (CAC and DAC) , as well as the frequency-hopping scheme, are based upon the BD_addr_active addresses . After an inquiry and page have been done between a master and slave units using the BD_addr_active addresses, the master unit does not know the BD_addr of the slave and vice versa. Once a connection has been established, the master and slave units may perform a security pairing procedure to enable an encrypted connection to be established between the two units so that the BD_addr addresses for each unit may be exchanged. Referring now to FIGURES 10A and 10B, there is illustrated a further embodiment wherein a connection is established at step 145 using a random identification number from the first Bluetooth device 10. Once a connection between a first Bluetooth device 10 and a second Bluetooth device 15 is established using the random identification number, a security pairing may be performed between the two devices at step 150. As a result of the security pairing, the Bluetooth devices exchange at step 155 encrypted, non- temporary Bluetooth identification numbers and an index value. Each Bluetooth unit has its own separate index value. Later when the first and second Bluetooth devices wish to contact each other, a pseudo-random identification number is generated at step 160 by the contacting Bluetooth device using the non-temporary identification number and the index value. The contacting Bluetooth device pages at step 165 the other Bluetooth device using the generated pseudo-random identification number. The contacting Bluetooth device monitors for a response to the page at step 170. Upon receipt of a response to the page, a connection is established at step 180 between the Bluetooth devices. If no response is received, a connection may be established using another method at step 175, for example, the method described in FIGURE 5. Referring now to FIGURE 11, there is illustrated an alternative embodiment wherein upon entry into communication of a first Bluetooth device 10 with a second Bluetooth device 15, the first Bluetooth device 10 requests at 185 a temporary identification number from the second Bluetooth device 15. Upon receipt of the temporary identification number from the second Bluetooth device 15, the first Bluetooth device 10 establishes communication with the second Bluetooth device 15 at step 190 using the provided temporary identification number. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGURE 12, at least one Bluetooth device within the system broadcasts identity tokens at step 195. When a Bluetooth device desires to establish communication with another Bluetooth device, the device accepts an identity token at step 200 and establishes communications using the identity token at 205. Referring now to FIGURE 13, there is illustrated yet another embodiment wherein a Bluetooth device 10 stores at step 210 multiple temporary identification numbers within, for example, the storage area 20 described in FIGURE 1. Upon the need to establish a connection with a separate Bluetooth device 15, one of the multiple identification numbers is randomly selected at step 215. A connection may then be established at step 220 using the randomly selected identification number. Referring now to FIGURE 14, there is illustrated yet another embodiment wherein a Bluetooth device requests a temporary identification number from an independent source at step 225. The requesting Bluetooth device receives at step 230 a temporary identification number from the independent source via, for example, a public wireless network or a Bluetooth connection. The Bluetooth device 10 may then establish a connection at step 235 using the provided temporary identification number. Independent sources from which the Bluetooth device might receive the temporary identification number include, for example, network server, wireless network server, Internet server, etc. Referring now finally to FIGURE 15, there is illustrated yet a further embodiment wherein inquiries and communications transmitted from a first Bluetooth device 10 to a second Bluetooth device 240 include a temporary identification number with the inquiry or communication. The contacted Bluetooth device 15 responds to the inquiry using the provided temporary identification number at step 245 without going through the process of generating or obtaining another temporary identification number. Utilizing the above described embodiments, a Bluetooth device is able to act as an anonymous entity enabling communications with other Bluetooth device without readily providing the identity of the communicating device or the user associated with the Bluetooth device. Any user identification may be done in a secure fashion on the application level independently of the Bluetooth identity. Thus, unauthorized individuals may not inappropriately determine who is using a particular Bluetooth device. The previous description is of a preferred embodiment for implementing the invention, and the scope of the invention should not necessarily be limited by this description. The scope of the present invention is instead defined by the following claims.

Claims: WHAT TS PT.ATMED TS ! 1. A method for enabling anonymous communications from a first device using Bluetooth communications protocol, comprising the steps of: obtaining a temporary identification number for the first device; and transmitting information including the temporary identification number from the first device. 2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining further comprises the step of generating the temporary identification number at the first device. 3. The method of Claim 2 , wherein the step of generating further comprises generating the temporary identification number using an algorithm. 4. The method of Claim 2 , wherein the step of generating further comprises generating the temporary identification number at a Bluetooth chip within the first device. 5. The method of Claim 2 , wherein the step of generating further comprises the step of generating the temporary identification number on a periodic basis. 6. The method of Claim 2 , wherein the step of generating further comprises the step of generating the temporary identification number at random intervals. 7. The method of Claim 2 , wherein the step of generating further comprises the step of generating the temporary identification number at a beginning of a transaction. 8. The method of Claim 2, further including the steps of generating an access code identifying a format of the temporary identification number. 9. The method of Claim 8, wherein the step of transmitting further includes transmitting information including the temporary identification number and the access code. 10. The method of Claim 1, further including the step of periodically obtaining a new temporary identification number to be associated with the first device. 11. The method of Claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining further comprises the step of receiving a temporary identification number from a source located remotely from the first device. 12. The method of Claim 11, wherein the step of receiving further comprises the steps of: requesting the temporary identification number from the remote source; and receiving the temporary identification number from the remote source responsive to the request. 13. The method of Claim 12, wherein the step of requesting the temporary identification number further includes the steps of: generating a random identification number at the first device; and using the random identification number within the request for the temporary identification number. 14. The method of Claim 13 , wherein the step of generating a random identification number comprises the step of randomly generating a portion of bits comprising a Bluetooth address. 15. The method of Claim 14 , further including the step of periodically regenerating the portion of the bits comprising the Bluetooth address. 16. The method of Claim 13, wherein the step of generating a random identification number comprises the step of randomly generating 32 bits of the 48 bits of the Bluetooth addresses. 17. The method of Claim 13, wherein the step of generating a random identification number comprises the step of randomly generating LAP and UAP fields of a Bluetooth address. 18. The method of Claim 11, wherein the step of receiving a temporary identification number further comprises receiving an identity token for use as the temporary identification number broadcast from the remote source. 19. The method of Claim 18 , wherein the identity token is substantially continuously broadcast. 20. The method of Claim 11, wherein the step of receiving further comprises the step of receiving the temporary identification number responsive to an inquiry from the remote source. 21. The method of Claim 11, wherein the remote source comprises a non Bluetooth device. 22. The method of Claim 11, wherein the remote source comprises a Bluetooth device. 23. The method of Claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining further comprises the steps of: storing multiple temporary identification numbers within the first device; and randomly selecting one of the multiple temporary identification numbers as the temporary identification number. 24. The method of Claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining further comprises the steps of: establishing a first connection between the first device and a second device; exchanging data over the first connection between the " first and the second devices; and generating the temporary identification number using the exchanged data. 25. The method of Claim 24, wherein the data comprises a non-temporary identification number and an index value. 26. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first Bluetooth device and a second Bluetooth device, comprising the steps of: . generating a temporary identification number at the first Bluetooth device using an algorithm within the first Bluetooth device; inserting the temporary identification number as a Bluetooth identification number into messages to be transmitted from the first Bluetooth device; and transmitting the messages from the first Bluetooth device to the second Bluetooth device. 27. The method of Claim 26, wherein the step of generating further comprises the step of generating the temporary identification number on a periodic basis. 28. The method of Claim 26, wherein the step of generating further comprises the step of generating the temporary identification number at random intervals. 29. The method of Claim 26, wherein the step of generating further comprises the step of generating the temporary identification number at a beginning of a transaction. 30. The method of Claim 26, further including the step of periodically obtaining a new temporary identification number to be associated with the Bluetooth communications protocol. 31. The method of Claim 30, further including the step of inserting a period of time the temporary identification number is valid into the message. 32. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first Bluetooth device and a second Bluetooth device, comprising the steps of: establishing a first connection between the first device and the second Bluetooth device; exchanging a non-temporary identification number and an index value over the first connection between the first Bluetooth and the second Bluetooth devices; generating a temporary identification number using the non-temporary identification number and an index value; and establishing a connection between the first Bluetooth device and the second Bluetooth device using the temporary identification number as a Bluetooth identification number. 33. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first Bluetooth device and a second Bluetooth device, comprising the steps of: generating a random identification number at the first Bluetooth device; transmitting a request including the random identification number as a Bluetooth identification number to the second Bluetooth device; transmitting a response to the request including a temporary identification number from the second Bluetooth device to the first Bluetooth device; establishing communications between the first and the second Bluetooth devices using the temporary identification number as a Bluetooth identification number. 34. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first Bluetooth device and a second Bluetooth device, comprising the steps of: broadcasting an identity token from a location; receiving the identity token at the first Bluetooth device; and transmitting messages from the first Bluetooth device to the second Bluetooth device including the identity token therein as a Bluetooth identification number. 35. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first Bluetooth device and a second Bluetooth device, comprising the steps of: generating a Bluetooth address having randomly generated LAP and UAP fields; and establishing a connection between the first Bluetooth device and the second Bluetooth device using the generated Bluetooth address. 36. The method of Claim 35, further including the steps of: establishing a security pairing between the first Bluetooth device and the second Bluetooth device; and exchanging fixed Bluetooth addresses between the first Bluetooth device and the second Bluetooth device. 37. The method of Claim 35, wherein the step of establishing further comprises the steps of: generating an access code from the generated Bluetooth address; and paging the second Bluetooth device from the first Bluetooth device using the generated access code. 38. A Bluetooth device, comprising: circuitry for communicating from the Bluetooth device to a second Bluetooth device;, and a module for obtaining a temporary identification number for use in from the Bluetooth device to the second Bluetooth device. 39. The Bluetooth device of Claim 38, further including a first storage area for storing the temporary identification number. 40. The Bluetooth device of Claim 39, further including a second storage area for storing a fixed identification number associated with the Bluetooth device. 41. The Bluetooth device of Claim 38, further including a table for storing of temporary identification numbers associated with other Bluetooth devices communicating with the Bluetooth device. 42. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first wireless network device and a second wireless network device, comprising the steps of: generating a temporary identification number at the first wireless network device using an algorithm within the first wireless network device; inserting the temporary identification number as a wireless network identification number into messages to be transmitted from the first wireless network device; and transmitting the messages from the first wireless network device to the second wireless network device. 43. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first wireless network device and a second wireless network device, comprising the steps of: establishing a first connection between the first wireless network device and the second wireless network device; exchanging a non-temporary identification number and an index value over the first connection between the first wireless network device and the second wireless network devices; generating a temporary identification number using the non-temporary identification number and an index value; and establishing a connection between the first wireless network device and the second wireless network device using the temporary identification number as a wireless network identification number. 44. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first wireless network device and a second wireless network device, comprising the steps of: generating a random identification number at the first wireless network device; transmitting a request including the random identification number as a wireless network identification number to the second wireless network device; transmitting a response to the request including a temporary identification number from the second wireless network device to the first wireless network device; establishing communications between the first and the second wireless network devices using the temporary identification number as a wireless network identification number. 45. A method for enabling anonymous communications between a first wireless network device and a second wireless network device, comprising the steps of: broadcasting an identity token from a location; receiving the identity token at the first wireless network device; and transmitting messages from the first wireless network device to the second wireless network device including the identity token therein as a wireless network identification number.

Inventors: DENT PAUL, GEHRMANN CHRISTIAN, RYDBECK NILS, SKUBIC JANEZ, DENT, PAUL, GEHRMANN, CHRISTIAN, RYDBECK, NILS, SKUBIC, JANEZ
Applicants: DENT PAUL, ERICSSON TELEFON AB L M, GEHRMANN CHRISTIAN, RYDBECK NILS, SKUBIC JANEZ, DENT, PAUL, GEHRMANN, CHRISTIAN, RYDBECK, NILS, SKUBIC, JANEZ, TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL)
Application year: 2001
Main classification: H04L12
IPC codes: H04L12, H04L29, H04W8, H04W84