MICROPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF

Abstract: Microparticles with adsorbed complexes of macromolecule and detergent, methods of making such microparticles, and uses thereof, are disclosed. The microparticles comprise a polymer, such as a poly( alpha -hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and the like, and are formed using cationic, anionic, or nonionic detergents. The surfaces of the microparticles have absorbed thereon a complex of biologically active macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, polypeptides, antigens, and adjuvants, and a detergent. Preferred polymers are poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolides), more preferably those having a lactide/glycolide molar ratio ranging from 40:60 to 60:40 and having a molecular weight ranging from 30,000 Daltons to 70,000 Daltons. Preferred macromolecules are bacterial and viral antigens (such as HIV antigens, meningitis B antigens, streptococcus B antigens, and Influenza A hemagglutinin antigens) as well as polynucleotides that encode for such antigens.

Description: MICROP ARTICLE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF Statement of Related Application [0001] This application is related to Patent Application Serial No. 60/236,077, filed September 28, 2000. This application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field [0002] The present invention relates generally to pharmaceutical compositions. In particular, the invention relates to microparticles with adsorbent surfaces, methods for preparing such microparticles, and uses thereof. Additionally, the invention relates to compositions comprising biodegradable microparticles wherein biologically active agents, such as therapeutic polynucleotides, polypeptides, antigens, and adjuvants, are adsorbed on the surface of the microparticles. Background [0003] Particulate carriers have been used in order to achieve controlled, parenteral delivery of therapeutic compounds. Such carriers are designed to maintain the active agent in the delivery system for an extended period of time. Examples of particulate carriers include those derived from polymethyl methacrylate polymers, as well as microparticles derived from poly(lactides) (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,773,919), poly(lactide-co-glycolides), known as PLG (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,767,628) and polyethylene glycol, known as PEG (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,648,095). Polymethyl methacrylate polymers are nondegradable while PLG particles biodegrade by random nonenzymatic hydrolysis of ester bonds to lactic and glycolic acids, which are excreted along normal metabolic pathways. [0004] For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,648,095 describes the use of microspheres with encapsulated pharmaceuticals as drug delivery systems for nasal, oral, pulmonary and oral delivery. Slow-release formulations containing various polypeptide growth factors have also been descπbed See, e g , International Publication No WO 94/12158, U S Patent No 5,134,122 and International Publication No WO 96/37216 [0005] Fattal et al , Journal of Controlled Release 53 137-143 (1998) describes nanoparticles prepared from poly alky lcyano aery lates (PACA) having adsorbed ohgonucleotides [0006] Particulate carriers have also been used with adsorbed or entrapped antigens in attempts to elicit adequate immune responses Such carriers present multiple copies of a selected antigen to the immune system and promote trapping and retention of antigens in local lymph nodes The particles can be phagocytosed by macrophages and can enhance antigen presentation through cytokine release For example, commonly owned, co-pending Application No 09/015,652, filed January 29, 1998, describes the use of antigen-adsorbed and antigen-encapsulated microparticles to stimulate cell-mediated lmmunological responses, as well as methods of making the microparticles [0007] In commonly owned co-pending U S Patent Application Serial No 09/015,652 filed January 29, 1998, for example, a method of forming microparticles is disclosed which comprises combining a polymer with an organic solvent, then adding an emulsion stabilizer, such as the surfactant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), then evaporating the organic solvent, thereby forming microparticles The surface of the microparticles comprises the polymer and the stabilizer Macromolecules such as DNA, polypeptides, and antigens may then be adsorbed on those surfaces [0008] U S Patents 5,814,482 and 6,015,686 disclose Eukaryotic Layered Vector Initiation Systems (ELVIS vectors), particularly those derived and constructed from alphavirus genomes (such as Sindbis virus), for use in stimulating an immune response to an antigen, in methods of inhibiting pathogenic agents, and in delivery of heterologous nucleotide sequences to eukaryotic cells and animals, among others [0009] Commonly owned International patent application PCT/US99/17308 and co-pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/715,902 disclose methods of making microparticles having adsorbed macromolecules, such as a pharmaceutical, a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, a protein, a hormone, an enzyme, a transcription or translation mediator, an intermediate in a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, an antigen, an adjuvant, or combinations thereof, and the like. The microparticles comprise, for example, a polymer such as a poly(alpha-hydroxy acid) (e.g., PLG), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and the like, and are formed using, for example, cationic, anionic or nonionic detergents. [0010] While antigen-adsorbed PLG microparticles offer significant advantages over other more toxic systems, adsorption of biologically active agents to the microparticle surface can nonetheless be improved. For example, it is often difficult or impossible to adsorb charged or bulky biologically active agents, such as polynucleotides, large polypeptides, and the like, to the microparticle surface. Thus, there is a continued need for flexible delivery systems for such agents and, particularly for drugs that are highly sensitive and difficult to formulate. Summary of the Invention [0011] The present inventors have found that adsorption of macromolecules to microparticles can be improved by ensuring that detergent is made available for forming a complex with the macromolecules at the time of adsorption. This availability can be accomplished, for example, by separately providing a quantity of detergent at the time of macromolecule adsorption or by ensuring that the process for producing the microparticles results in a product containing a substantial amount of unbound detergent. This provision is to be contrasted with prior art techniques, where microparticles are thoroughly washed to remove residual detergent prior to macromolecule adsorption. For instance, in the Examples found in PCT/US99/17308 above, the microparticles are washed multiple times with water (i.e., they are washed with water four times by centrifugation) prior to exposure to the macromolecule of interest Such washing steps remove essentially all unbound detergent, resulting in a final product in which greater than 99% of the remaining detergent is bound to the particles [0012] Thus, according to a first aspect of the invention, a microparticle composition is provided which compπses (1) microparticles, which further comprise a polymer and a first detergent portion that is bound to the polymer, and (2) a complex of a biologically active macromolecule with a second detergent portion, which complex is adsorbed on the surface of the microparticles The first detergent portion and the second detergent portion can comprise the same detergent or different detergents [0013] Preferred biologically active macromolecules are selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a polynucleoside, an antigen, a pharmaceutical, a hormone, an enzyme, a transcnption or translation mediator, an intermediate in a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, and an adjuvant Preferred polymers are poly(α-hydroxy acids), more preferably those selected from the group consisting of poly(L-lactιde), poly(D,L-lactιde) and poly(D,L-lactιde-co- glycohde) More preferred are poly(D,L-lactιde-co-glycolιde) polymers Preferred poly(D,L-lactιde-co-glycolιde) polymers are those having a lactide/glycolide molar ratio ranging from 30 70 to 70 30, more preferably 40 60 to 60 40, and having a molecular weight ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 Daltons, more preferably from 30,000 Daltons to 70,000 Daltons More preferred biologically active macromolecules include bacterial and viral antigens (e g , HIV antigens such as gpl20, gpl40, p24gag and p55gag, meningitis B antigens, streptococcus B antigens, and Influenza A hemagglutinin antigens) and polynucleotides that encode for antigens The biologically active macromolecule can be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, an ELVIS vector, or an RNA vector construct A particularly preferred biologically active macromolecule is pCMV-p55gag [0014] In some embodiments, the microparticle composition is provided with a further biologically active macromolecule, which may be bound or unbound, and may even be entrapped within the polymer For example, the microparticle composition may be provided with an adjuvant, particularly a Thl stimulating adjuvant. Preferred adjuvants include CpG oligonucleotides, LTK63, LTR72, MPL and aluminum salts, including aluminum phosphate. [0015] In some embodiments, the first detergent portion and the second detergent portion comprise the same detergent. Preferred detergents for this purpose are cationic detergents, for example, CTAB. In such embodiments, the first detergent portion (which is bound to the polymer) preferably comprises about 5-95% of the total detergent in the composition, more preferably about 10-90%, even more preferably about 10-60%, and most preferably about 25-40%. [0016] In other embodiments, the first detergent portion and the second detergent portion comprise different detergents. For example, the first detergent portion can comprise a nonionic detergent (e.g., PVA) and the second detergent portion can comprise a cationic detergent (e.g., CTAB). [0017] According to another aspect of the presenting invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is added to the above microparticle compositions. [0018] Another aspect of the invention is directed to the delivery of a macromolecule to a vertebrate subject, which comprises administering to a vertebrate subject the microparticle composition above. [0019] In an additional aspect, the invention is directed to a method for eliciting a cellular and/or humoral immune response in a vertebrate subject, which comprises administering to a vertebrate subject a therapeutically effective amount of a microparticle composition as described above. [0020] Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method of immunization, which comprises administering to a vertebrate subject a therapeutically effective amount of the microparticle composition above. [0021] In other aspects of the invention, the above microparticle compositions are used in the diagnosis of diseases, in the treatment of diseases, in vaccines, and/or in raising an immune response. [0022] Still other aspects of the invention are directed to methods of producing microparticle compositions In general, these methods comprise (a) forming an emulsion comprising (1) a polymer selected from the group consisting of a poly(α- hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a polycyanoacrylate, (n) an organic solvent, (m) a detergent and (iv) water, followed by (b) removal of the orgamc solvent About 10-90% of the total detergent in the resulting composition is preferably bound to microparticles in this embodiment, more preferably about 10-60%, and most preferably about 25- 40% In general, these microparticle compositions are subsequently incubated with a biologically active macromolecule, such as those discussed above, to produce a biologically active composition [0023] Preferably the emulsion is a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion that is formed by a process comprising (a) emulsifying an organic phase comprising the polymer and the organic solvent with a first aqueous phase comprising water to form a water-in-oil emulsion, and (b) emulsifying a second aqueous phase comprising the cationic detergent and water with the emulsion formed in step (a) to form a water-in-oil-in- water emulsion [0024] In some preferred embodiments, the detergent is a cationic detergent, which is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about 0 05 1 to about 0 5 1 In these embodiments, the method preferably further comprises cross-flow filtration of the particles after the solvent removal step In a specific embodiment, the polymer is poly(D.L-lactιde-co-glycolιde), the cationic detergent is CTAB, and the cationic detergent is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about 0 1 1 to about 0 5 1 [0025] In other preferred embodiments, the detergent is a cationic detergent that is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about 0 001 1 to about 0 05 1 At these lower levels, there is typically no need for a filtration or washing step to remove excess detergent In a specific embodiment, the cationic detergent is CTAB, the polymer is poly(D,L-lactιde-co- glycohde), the cationic detergent is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about 0 002 1 to about 0 04 1, and the microparticles are not subjected to a step to remove excess CTAB from the composition. [0026] Still other aspects of the invention are directed to methods of producing microparticle compositions, which methods comprise: (1) providing a microparticle in an emulsification process, which microparticle comprises a polymer and a first detergent portion that is bound to the microparticle; and (2) adsorbing a complex of a biologically active macromolecule and a second detergent portion on the surface of the microparticle. The first detergent portion and the second detergent portion can comprise the same detergent or different detergents. The polymer is preferably selected from the group consisting of a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a polycyanoacrylate. [0027] In some embodiments, the first and second detergent portions comprise the same detergent. The detergent is preferably a cationic detergent, for example, CTAB. In these embodiments, about 10-90%, more preferably about 10-60%, and most preferably about 25-40% of the total detergent in the microparticle composition is in the form of the first detergent portion that is bound to the microparticles. Typically, all of the detergent is added during the course of the emulsification process. [0028] In other embodiments, the first detergent portion comprises a first detergent and the second detergent portion comprises a second detergent differing from the first detergent. Typically, the first detergent is added in the course of the emulsification process and the second detergent is added subsequent to the emulsification process, preferably concurrently with the biologically active macromolecule. Preferably the first detergent portion comprises a nonionic detergent, such as PVA, and the second detergent portion comprises a cationic detergent, such as CTAB. [0029] These and other embodiments of the present invention will readily occur to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein. Bnef Description of the Drawing [0030] Fig 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus appropriate for producing the microparticles of the present invention Detailed Description of the Invention [0031] The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of chemistry, polymer chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and pharmacology, within the skill of the art Such techniques are explained fully in the literature See, e g , Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition (Easton, Pennsylvania Mack Publishing Company, 1990), Methods In Enzymology (S Colowick and N Kaplan, eds , Academic Press, Inc ), Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vols I-IV (D M Weir and C C Blackwell, eds , 1986, Blackwell Scientific Publications), Sambrook, et al , Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual (2nd Edition, 1989), Handbook of Surface and Colloidal Chemistry (Birdi, K S , ed, CRC Press, 1997) and Seymour /Can aher's Polymer Chemistry (4th edition, Marcel Dekker Inc , 1996) [0032] All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety [0033] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural references unless the content clearly dictates otherwise Thus, for example, the term "microparticle" refers to one or more microparticles, and the like A Definitions [0034] In describing the present invention, the following terms will be employed, and are intended to be defined as indicated below [0035] Unless stated otherwise, all percentages and ratios herein are given on a weight basis [0036] The term "microparticle" as used herein, refers to a particle of about 10 nm to about 150 μm in diameter, more preferably about 200 nm to about 30 μm in diameter, and most preferably about 500 nmto about 10 μm in diameter. Preferably, the microparticle will be of a diameter that permits parenteral or mucosal administration without occluding needles and capillaries. Microparticle size is readily determined by techniques well known in the art, such as photon correlation spectroscopy, laser diffractometry and/or scanning electron microscopy. The term "particle" may also be used to denote a microparticle as defined herein. [0037] Polymer microparticles for use herein are formed from materials that are sterilizable, non-toxic and biodegradable. Such materials include, without limitation, poly(α-hydroxy acid), polyhydroxybutyric acid, polycaprolactone, polyorthoester, polyanhydride, PACA, and polycyanoacrylate. Preferably, microparticles for use with the present invention are polymer microparticles derived from a poly(α-hydroxy acid), in particular, from a poly(lactide) ("PLA") or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and glycolide or gly colic acid, such as a poly(D,L-lactide- co-glycolide) ("PLG" or "PLGA"), or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and caprolactone. The polymer microparticles may be derived from any of various polymeric starting materials which have a variety of molecular weights and, in the case of the copolymers such as PLG, a variety of lactide:glycolide ratios, the selection of which will be largely a matter of choice, depending in part on the coadministered macromolecule. These parameters are discussed more fully below. [0038] The term "detergent" as used herein includes surfactants, dispersing agents, suspending agents, and emulsion stabilizers. Anionic detergents include, but are not limited to, SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate), DSS (disulfosuccinate), sulphated fatty alcohols, and the like. Cationic detergents include, but are not limited to, cetrimide (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, or "CTAB"), benzalkonium chloride, DDA (dimethyl dioctodecyl ammonium bromide), DOTAP (dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane), and the like. Nonionic detergents include, but are not limited to, nonionic surfactants such as PVA, povidone (also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone or PVP), sorbitan esters, polysorbates, polyoxyethylated glycol monoethers, polyoxyethylated alkyl phenols, poloxamers, and the like. [0039] After microparticle formation, the detergent may be bound or unbound to the same. Where bound, the detergent can be attached to the microparticles by any mechanism including, but not limited to, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, physical entrapment, Van der Waals bonding, and bonding through hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. [0040] The term "macromolecule" as used herein refers to, without limitation, a pharmaceutical, a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, a hormone, an enzyme, a transcription or translation mediator, an intermediate in a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, an antigen, an adjuvant, or combinations thereof. Particular macromolecules for use with the present invention are described in more detail below. A "complexed" macromolecule is a macromolecule which has formed an association with a detergent and which is then amenable to adsorption to a microparticle. [0041] The term "pharmaceutical" refers to biologically active compounds such as antibiotics, antiviral agents, growth factors, hormones, and the like, discussed in more detail below. [0042] The term "adjuvant" refers to any substance that assists or modifies the action of a pharmaceutical, including but not limited to immunological adjuvants, which increase or diversify the immune response to an antigen. [0043] A "polynucleotide" is a nucleic acid polymer, which typically encodes a biologically active (e.g., immunogenic or therapeutic) protein or polypeptide. Depending on the nature of the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, a polynucleotide can include as little as 10 nucleotides, e.g., where the polynucleotide encodes an antigen. Furthermore, a "polynucleotide" can include both double- and single-stranded sequences and refers to, but is not limited to, cDNA from viral, procaryotic or eucaryotic mRNA, genomic RNA and DNA sequences from viral (e.g. RNA and DNA viruses and retro viruses) or procaryotic DNA, and especially synthetic DNA sequences. The term also captures sequences that include any of the known base analogs of DNA and RNA The term further includes modifications, such as deletions, additions and substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to a native sequence, preferably such that the nucleic acid molecule encodes a therapeutic or antigenic protein These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the antigens [0044] The terms "polypeptide" and "protein" refer to a polymer of amino acid residues and are not limited to a minimum length of the product Thus, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, multimers, and the like, are included within the definition Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition The terms also include modifications, such as deletions, additions and substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to a native sequence, preferably such that the protein maintains the ability to elicit an lmmunological response or have a therapeutic effect on a subject to which the protein is administered [0045] By "antigen" is meant a molecule which contains one or more epitopes capable of stimulating a host's immune system to make a cellular antigen-specific immune response when the antigen is presented in accordance with the present invention, or a humoral antibody response An antigen may be capable of eliciting a cellular or humoral response by itself or when present in combination with another molecule Normally, an epitope will mclude between about 3-15, generally about 5-15, amino acids Epitopes of a given protein can be identified using any number of epitope mapping techniques, well known in the art See, e g , Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol 66 (Glenn E Morris, Ed , 1996) Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey For example, linear epitopes may be determined by e g , concurrently synthesizing large numbers of peptides on solid supports, the peptides corresponding to portions of the protein molecule, and reacting the peptides with antibodies while the peptides are still attached to the supports Such techniques are known in the art and descπbed in, e g , U S Patent No 4,708,871, Geysen et al (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 3998-4002, Geysen et al (1986) Molec Immunol 23 709-715, all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties Similarly, conformational epitopes are readily identified by determining spatial conformation of amino acids such as by, e g , x- ray crystallography and 2-dιmensιonal nuclear magnetic resonance See, e g , Epitope Mapping Protocols, supra [0046] The term "antigen" as used herein denotes both subunit antigens, 1 e , antigens which are separate and discrete from a whole organism with which the antigen is associated in nature, as well as killed, attenuated or inactivated bacteria, viruses, parasites or other microbes Antibodies such as anti-idiotype antibodies, or fragments thereof, and synthetic peptide mimotopes, which can mimic an antigen or antigenic determinant, are also captured under the definition of antigen as used herein Similarly, an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which expresses a therapeutic or lmmunogenic protein, or antigenic determinant in vivo, such as in gene therapy and nucleic acid immunization applications, is also included in the definition of antigen herein [0047] Further, for purposes of the present invention, antigens can be derived from any of several known viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, as well as any of the various tumor antigens Furthermore, for purposes of the present invention, an "antigen" refers to a protein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions and substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to the native sequence, so long as the protein maintains the ability to elicit an lmmunological response These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the antigens [0048] An "lmmunological response" to an antigen or composition is the development in a subject of a humoral and/or a cellular immune response to molecules present in the composition of interest For purposes of the present invention, a "humoral immune response" refers to an immune response mediated by antibody molecules, while a "cellular immune response" is one mediated by T- lymphocytes and/or other white blood cells One important aspect of cellular immunity involves an antigen-specific response by cytolytic T-cells ("CTLs") CTLs have specificity for peptide antigens that are presented in association with proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and expressed on the surfaces of cells CTLs help induce and promote the intracellular destruction of intracellular microbes, or the lysis of cells infected with such microbes Another aspect of cellular immunity involves an antigen-specific response by helper T-cells Helper T-cells act to help stimulate the function, and focus the activity of, nonspecific effector cells against cells displaying peptide antigens in association with MHC molecules on their surface A "cellular immune response" also refers to the production of cytokines, chemokines and other such molecules produced by activated T-cells and/or other white blood cells, including those derived from CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells [0049] A composition, such as an lmmunogenic composition, or vaccine that elicits a cellular immune response, may serve to sensitize a vertebrate subject by the presentation of antigen in association with MHC molecules at the cell surface The cell-mediated immune response is directed at, or near, cells presenting antigen at their surface In addition, antigen-specific T-lymphocytes can be generated to allow for the future protection of an immunized host [0050] The ability of a particular antigen or composition to stimulate a cell- mediated lmmunological response may be determined by a number of assays, such as by lymphoproliferation (lymphocyte activation) assays, CTL cytotoxic cell assays, by assaying for T-lymphocytes specific for the antigen in a sensitized subject, or by measurement of cytokine production by T cells in response to restimulation with antigen Such assays are well known in the art See, e g , Eπckson et al , J Immunol (1993) 151 4189-4199, Doe et al , Eur J Immunol (1994) 24 2369-2376, and the examples below [0051] Thus, an lmmunological response as used herein may be one which stimulates the production of CTLs, and/or the production or activation of helper T- cells The antigen of interest may also elicit an antibody-mediated immune response Hence, an lmmunological response may include one or more of the following effects the production of antibodies by B-cells, and/or the activation of suppressor T-cells and/or γδ T-cells directed specifically to an antigen or antigens present in the composition or vaccine of interest. These responses may serve to neutralize infectivity, and/or mediate antibody-complement, or antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) to provide protection to an immunized host. Such responses can be determined using standard immunoassays and neutralization assays, well known in the art. [0052] A composition which contains a selected antigen adsorbed to a microparticle, displays "enhanced immunogenicity" when it possesses a greater capacity to elicit an immune response than the immune response elicited by an equivalent amount of the antigen when delivered without association with the microparticle. Thus, a composition may display "enhanced immunogenicity" because the antigen is more strongly immunogenic by virtue of adsorption to the microparticle, or because a lower dose of antigen is necessary to achieve an immune response in the subject to which it is administered. Such enhanced immunogenicity can be determined by administering the microparticle/antigen composition, and antigen controls to animals and comparing antibody titers against the two using standard assays such as radioimmunoassay and ELISAs, well known in the art. [0053] The terms "effective amount" or "pharmaceutically effective amount" of a composition comprising microparticles with adsorbed macromolecules, as provided herein, refer to a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the microparticle/macromolecule composition to treat or diagnose a condition of interest. For example, these expressions may refer to an amount sufficient to provide a desired response, such as an immunological response, and corresponding therapeutic effect, or in the case of delivery of a therapeutic protein, an amount sufficient to effect treatment of the subject, as defined below. As will be pointed out below, the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, and the particular macromolecule of interest, mode of administration, and the like. An appropriate "effective" amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation [0054] By "vertebrate subject" is meant any member of the subphylum cordata, including, without limitation, mammals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses, and humans, domestic animals such as dogs and cats, and birds, including domestic, wild and game birds such as cocks and hens including chickens, turkeys and other gallinaceous birds The term does not denote a particular age Thus, both adult and newborn animals are intended to be covered [0055] By "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" is meant a material which is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, I e , the material may be administered to an individual along with the microparticle formulation without causing any undesirable biological effects in the individual or interacting in a deletenous manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained [0056] The term "excipient" refers to substances that are commonly provided within finished dosage forms, and include vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents), lubncants, gkdants (flow enhancers), compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspensing/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks [0057] By "physiological pH" or a "pH in the physiological range" is meant a pH in the range of approximately 7 2 to 8 0 inclusive, more typically in the range of approximately 7 2 to 7 6 inclusive [0058] As used herein, "treatment" (including variations thereof, for example, "treat" or "treated") refers to any of (I) the prevention of infection or reinfection, as in a traditional vaccine, (u) the reduction or elimination of symptoms, and (in) the substantial or complete elimination of the pathogen or disorder in question Treatment may be effected prophylactically (prior to infection) or therapeutically (following infection) [0059] As used herein, the phrase "nucleic acid" refers to DNA, RNA, or chimeras formed therefrom [0060] As used herein, the phrase "okgonucleotide comprising at least one CpG motif refers to a polynucleotide comprising at least one CpG dinucleotide Oligonucleotides comprising at least one CpG motif can comprise multiple CpG motifs These oligonucleotides are also known as "CpG oligonucleotides" in the art As used herein, the phrase "CpG motif refers to a dinucleotide portion of an ohgonucleotide which comprises a cytosine nucleotide followed by a guanosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosιne can also be used in place of cytosine [0061] As used herein, "alphavirus RNA vector replicon," "RNA vector replicon," "RNA vector construct, "and "replicon" refer to an RNA molecule which is capable of directing its own amplification or self-replication in vivo, within a target cell An alphavirus-derived RNA vector replicon should contain the following ordered elements 5' viral sequences required in cis for replication (also referred to as 5' CSE), sequences which, when expressed, code for biologically active alphavirus nonstructural proteins (e g , nsPl, nsP2, nsP3, nsP4), 3' viral sequences required in cis for replication (also referred to as 3' CSE), and a polyadenylate tract An alphavirus-derived RNA vector replicon also may contain a viral subgenomic "junction region" promoter, sequences from one or more structural protein genes or portions thereof, extraneous nucleic acid molecule(s) which are of a size sufficient to allow production of viable virus, as well as heterologous sequence(s) to be expressed [0062] As used herein, "Eukaryotic Layered Vector Initiation System," "ELVIS, "or "ELVIS vector" refers to an assembly which is capable of directing the expression of a sequence(s) or gene(s) of interest The eukaryotic layered vector initiation system should contain a 5' promoter which is capable of initiating in vivo (I e , within a cell) the synthesis of RNA from cDNA, and a viral vector sequence which is capable of directing its own replication in a eukaryotic cell and also expressing a heterologous sequence In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid vector sequence is an alphavirus-deπved sequence and is compπsed of a 5' sequence which is capable of initiating transcription of an alphavirus RNA (also referred to as 5' CSE), as well as sequences which, when expressed, code for biologically active alphavirus nonstructural proteins (e g , nsPl, nsP2, nsP3, nsP4), and an alphavirus RNA polymerase recognition sequence (also referred to as 3' CSE) In addition, the vector sequence may include a viral subgenomic "junction region" promoter, sequences from one or more structural protein genes or portions thereof, extraneous nucleic acid molecule(s) which are of a size sufficient to allow optimal amplification, a heterologous sequence to be expressed, one or more restriction sites for insertion of heterologous sequences, as well as a polyadenylation sequence The eukaryotic layered vector initiation system may also contain splice recognition sequences, a catalytic nbozyme processing sequence, a nuclear export signal, and a transcription termination sequence [0063] "Alphavirus vector construct" refers to an assembly which is capable of directing the expression of a sequence or gene of interest Such vector constructs are generally comprised of a 5' sequence which is capable of initiating transcription of an alphavirus RNA (also referred to as 5' CSE), as well as sequences which, when expressed, code for biologically active alphavirus nonstructural proteins (e g . nsPl, nsP2, nsP3, nsP4), an alphavirus RNA polymerase recogmtion sequence (also referred to as 3' CSE), and a polyadenylate tract In addition, the vector construct may include a viral subgenomic "junction region" promoter, sequences from one or more structural protein genes or portions thereof, extraneous nucleic acid molecule(s) which are of a size sufficient to allow production of viable virus, a 5' promoter which is capable of initiating the synthesis of viral RNA from cDNA in vitro or in vivo, a heterologous sequence to be expressed, and one or more restriction sites for insertion of heterologous sequences [0064] As used herein, the phrase "vector construct" generally refers to ELVIS vectors, which compπse the cDNA complement of RNA vector constructs, RNA vector constructs themselves, alphavirus vector constructs, and the like [0065] According to some embodiments of the present invention, compositions and methods are provided which treat, including prophylactically and/or therapeutically immunize, a host animal against viral, fungal, mycoplasma, bacteπal, or protozoan infections, as well as to tumors The methods of the present invention are useful for conferring prophylactic and/or therapeutic immunity to a mammal, preferably a human. The methods of the present invention can also be practiced on mammals, other than humans, including biomedical research applications. B. General Methods [0066] The present inventors have found that adsorption of macromolecules to microparticles can be improved by ensuring that detergent is made available for forming a complex with the macromolecules at the time of adsorption. Further, a great variety of molecules, including charged and/or bulky macromolecules, can be adsorbed. Thus the microparticle/macromolecule compositions of the present invention can be used as a delivery system to deliver the biologically active components in order to treat, prevent and/or diagnose a wide variety of diseases. [0067] The present invention can be used to deliver a wide variety of macromolecules including, but not limited to, pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics and antiviral agents, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, analgesics, vasodilators, cardiovascular drugs, psychotropics, neuroleptics, antidepressants, antiparkinson drugs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, bradykinin inhibitors, ACE- inhibitors, vasodilators, prolactin inhibitors, steroids, hormone antagonists, antihistamines, serotonin antagonists, heparin, chemotherapeutic agents, antineoplastics and growth factors, including but not limited to PDGF, EGF, KGF, IGF-1 and IGF-2, FGF, polynucleotides which encode therapeutic or immunogenic proteins, immunogenic proteins and epitopes thereof for use in vaccines, hormones including peptide hormones such as insulin, proinsulin, growth hormone, GHRH, LHRH, EGF, somatostatin, SNX-111, BNP, insulinotropin, ANP, FSH, LH, PSH and hCG, gonadal steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens and progesterone), thyroid-stimulating hormone, inhibin, cholecystokinin, ACTH, CRF, dynorphins, endorphins, endothelin, fibronectin fragments, galanin, gastrin, insulinotropin, glucagon, GTP -binding protein fragments, guanylin, the leukokinins, magainin, mastoparans, dermaseptin, systemin, neuromedins, neurotensin, pancreastatin, pancreatic polypeptide, substance P, secretin, thymosin, and the like, enzymes, transcription or translation mediators, intermediates in metabolic pathways, immunomodulators, such as any of the various cytokines including interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-3, interleukin-4, and gamma-interferon, antigens, and adjuvants. [0068] In a preferred embodiment the macromolecule is an antigen. A particular advantage of the present invention is the ability of the microparticles with adsorbed antigen to generate cell-mediated immune responses in a vertebrate subject. The ability of the antigen/microparticles of the present invention to elicit a cell-mediated immune response against a selected antigen provides a powerful tool against infection by a wide variety of pathogens. Accordingly, the antigen/microparticles of the present invention can be incorporated into vaccine compositions. [0069] The effectiveness of the various uses of plasmid vectors and ELVIS vectors as described in the art may be enhanced by adsorbing selected plasmid and ELVIS vectors to microparticles with adsorbent surfaces, which facilitates introduction of the vector, and of heterologous nucleic acid sequences comprised in the vector, into the cells of an animal. Alternatively, RNA vector constructs may be adsorbed to the polymer microparticles or submicron emulsions of the invention for effective delivery of heterologous nucleic acid sequences into the cells of an animal. The commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application filed on September 28, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. CHIR-0270; Serial No. 60/236,105) discloses the use of such polynucleotides adsorbed to certain microparticles. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the macromolecule is a polynucleotide, such as a plasmid, an ELVIS vector, or an RNA vector construct. A particular advantage of the present invention is the ability of the microparticles with adsorbed ELVIS vector to generate cell-mediated immune responses in a vertebrate subject. Patent Application Serial No. 60/236,105 further describes the adsorption of polypeptide antigens, including HIV polypeptide antigens, to microparticles. The ability of the antigen/ microparticles of the present invention to elicit a cell-mediated immune response against a selected antigen provides a powerful tool against infection by a wide variety of pathogens Accordingly, the antigen/ microparticles of the present invention can be incorporated into vaccine compositions [0070] Thus, in addition to a conventional antibody response, the system herein described can provide for, e g , the association of the expressed antigens with class I MHC molecules such that an in vivo cellular immune response to the antigen of interest can be mounted which stimulates the production of CTLs to allow for future recogmtion of the antigen Furthermore, the methods may elicit an antigen- specific response by helper T-cells Accordingly, the methods of the present invention will find use with any macromolecule for which cellular and/or humoral immune responses are desired, preferably antigens deπved from viral pathogens that may induce antibodies, T-cell helper epitopes and T-cell cytotoxic epitopes Such antigens include, but are not limited to, those encoded by human and animal viruses and can correspond to either structural or non-structural proteins [0071] The microparticles of the present invention are particularly useful for immunization against intracellular viruses which normally elicit poor immune responses For example, the present invention will find use for stimulating an immune response against a wide variety of proteins from the herpes virus family, including proteins derived from herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, such as HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoproteins gB, gD and gH, antigens derived from varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) including CMV gB and gH, and antigens derived from other human herpesviruses such as HHV6 and HHV7 (See, e g Chee et al , Cytomegaloviruses (J K McDougall, ed , Spπnger-Verlag 1990) pp 125-169, for a review of the protein coding content of cytomegalovirus, McGeoch et al , J Gen Virol (1988) 69 1531- 1574, for a discussion of the vanous HSV-1 encoded proteins, U S Patent No 5,171,568 for a discussion of HSV-1 and HSV-2 gB and gD proteins and the genes encoding therefor, Baer et al , Nature (1984) 310 207-211, for the identification of protein coding sequences in an EBV genome, and Davison and Scott, J Gen Virol (1986) 67 1759-1816, for a review of VZV ) [0072] Antigens from the hepatitis family of viruses, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), the delta hepatitis virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis G virus (HGV), can also be conveniently used in the techniques described herein. By way of example, the viral genomic sequence of HCV is known, as are methods for obtaining the sequence. See, e.g., International Publication Nos. WO 89/04669; WO 90/11089; and WO 90/14436. The HCV genome encodes several viral proteins, including El (also known as E) and E2 (also known as E2/NSI) and an N-terminal nucleocapsid protein (termed "core") (see, Houghton et al., Hepatology (1991) 14:381-388, for a discussion of HCV proteins, including El and E2). Each of these proteins, as well as antigenic fragments thereof, will find use in the present composition and methods. [0073] Similarly, the sequence for the δ-antigen from HDV is known (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,378,814) and this antigen can also be conveniently used in the present composition and methods. Additionally, antigens derived from HBV, such as the core antigen, the surface antigen, sAg, as well as the presurface sequences, pre-Sl and pre-S2 (formerly called pre-S), as well as combinations of the above, such as sAg/pre-Sl, sAg/pre-S2, sAg/pre-Sl/pre-S2, and pre-S l/pre-S2, will find use herein. See, e.g., "HBV Vaccines - from the laboratory to license: a case study" in Mackett, M. and Williamson, J.D., Human Vaccines and Vaccination, pp. 159- 176, for a discussion of HBV structure; and U.S. Patent Nos. 4,722,840, 5,098,704, 5,324,513, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties; Beames et al., J. Virol. (1995) 69:6833-6838, Birnbaum et al., J. Virol. (1990) 64:3319-3330; and Zhou et al., J. Virol. (1991) 65:5457-5464. [0074] Antigens derived from other viruses will also find use in the claimed compositions and methods, such as without limitation, proteins from members of the families Picornaviridae (e.g., polio viruses, etc.); Caliciviridae; Togaviridae (e.g., rubella virus, dengue virus, etc.); Flaviviridae; Coronaviridae; Reoviridae; Bimaviridae; Rhabodoviridae (e.g., rabies virus, etc.); Filoviridae; Paramyxoviridae (e.g., mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.); Orthomyxoviπdae (e g , influenza virus types A, B and C, etc ), Bunyav πdae, Arenaviπdae, Retroviradae (e g , HTLV-I, HTLV-II, HIV-1 (also known as HTLV- III, LAV, ARV, hTLR, etc )), including but not limited to antigens from the isolates HlVmb, HIVSF2, HIVLAV, HIVLAI, HIV N), HIV-1 C M 23 5, HIV-1 US4 , HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) among others Additionally, antigens may also be derived from human papillomavirus (HPV) and the tick-borne encephalitis viruses See, e g Virology, 3rd Edition (W K Joklik ed 1988), Fundamental Virology, 2nd Edition (B N Fields and D M Knipe, eds 1991), for a descπption of these and other viruses [0075] More particularly, the gpl20 or gpl40 envelope proteins from any of the above HIV isolates, including members of the vanous genetic subtypes of HIV, are known and reported (see, e g , Myers et al , Los Alamos Database, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico (1992), Myers et al , Human Retroviruses and Aids, 1990, Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Modrow et al , J Virol (1987) 6_1 570-578, for a comparison of the envelope sequences of a variety of HIV isolates) and antigens derived from any of these isolates will find use in the present methods Furthermore, the invention is equally applicable to other immunogenic proteins deπved from any of the various HIV isolates, including any of the vanous envelope proteins such as gpl60 and gp41, gag antigens such as p24gag and p55gag, as well as proteins derived from the pol and tat regions [0076] Influenza virus is another example of a virus for which the present invention will be particularly useful Specifically, the envelope glycoproteins HA and NA of influenza A are of particular interest for generating an immune response Numerous HA subtypes of influenza A have been identified (Kawaoka et al , Virology (1990) 179 759-767, Webster et al , "Antigenic variation among type A influenza viruses," p 127-168 In P Palese and D W Kingsbury (ed ), Genetics of influenza viruses Spπnger-Verlag, New York) Thus, proteins deπved from any of these isolates can also be used in the compositions and methods described herein [0077] The compositions and methods described herein will also find use with numerous bacteπal antigens, such as those derived from organisms that cause diphtheria, cholera, tuberculosis, tetanus, pertussis, meningitis, and other pathogenic states, including, without limitation, Bordetella pertussis, Neissena meningitides (A, B, C, Y), Neissena gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori, and Haemophilus influenza Hemophilus influenza type B (KB), Helicobacter pylori, and combmations thereof Examples of antigens HomNeisseria meningitides B are disclosed m the following co-owned patent applications PCT/US99/09346, PCT IB98/01665, and PCT IB99/00103 Examples of parasitic antigens include those deπved from organisms causing malana and Lyme disease [0078] Additional antigens for use with the invention, some of which are also listed elsewhere in this application, include the following (references are listed immediately below) - A protein antigen from N meningitidis serogroup B, such as those in Refs 1 to 7 below - an outer-membrane vesicle (OMV) preparation fromN meningitidis serogroup B, such as those disclosed in Refs 8, 9, 10, 11 etc below - a sacchaπde antigen fromN meningitidis serogroup A, C, W135 and/or Y, such as the oligosacchaπde disclosed in Ref 12 below from serogroup C (see also Ref 13) - a sacchaπde antigen from Streptococcus pneumomae [e g Refs 14, 15, 16] - an antigen fromN gonorrhoeae [e g , Refs 1, 2, 3] - an antigen from Chlamydia pneumomae [e g , Refs 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] - an antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis [e g 24] - an antigen from hepatitis A virus, such as inactivated virus [e g , Refs 25, 26] - an antigen from hepatitis B virus, such as the surface and/or core antigens [e g , Refs 26, 27] - an antigen from hepatitis C virus [e g Ref 28] - an antigen from Bordetella pertussis, such as pertussis holotoxin (PT) and filamentous haemaglutinm (FHA) from B pertussis, optionally also in combination with pertactin and/or agglutinogens 2 and 3 [e g , Refs 29 & 30] - a diphtheria antigen, such as diphtheπa toxoid [e g , chapter 3 of Ref 31] e g the CRM19-7 mutant [e g , Ref 32] - a tetanus antigen, such as a tetanus toxoid [e g , chapter 4 of Ref 31] - a protein antigen from Helicobacter pylori such as CagA [e g Ref 33], VacA [e g Ref 33], NAP [e g Ref 34], HopX [e g Ref 35], HopY [e g Ref 35] and/or urease - a sacchaπde antigen from Haemophilus influenzae B [e g Ref 13] - an antigen from Porphyramonas gingivahs [e g Ref 36] - polio antιgen(s) [e g Refs 37, 38] such as IPV or OPV - rabies antιgen(s) [e g Ref 39] such as lyophilized inactivated virus [e g Ref 40, Rabavert™) - measles, mumps and/or rubella antigens [e g , chapters 9, 10 and 11 of Ref 31] - influenza antιgen(s) [e g chapter 19 of Ref 31], such as the haemagglutmm and/or neuraminidase surface proteins - an antigen from Moraxella catarr halts [e g , time 41] - an antigen from Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) [e g Refs 42, 43] - an antigen from Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) [e g Refs 43,44, 45] - an antigen from Staphylococcus aureus [e g Ref 46] - Compositions comprising one or more of these antigens [0079] Where a sacchande or carbohydrate antigen is used, it is preferably conjugated to a earner protein in order to enhance immunogenicity [e g Refs 47 to 56] Preferred carrier proteins are bactenal toxins or toxoids, such as diphtheria or tetanus toxoids The CRM197 diphtheπa toxoid is particularly preferred Other suitable earner proteins mclude N meningitidis outer membrane protein [e g Ref 57], synthetic peptides [e g Refs 58, 59], heat shock proteins [e g Ref 60], pertussis proteins [e g Refs 61, 62], protein D from Influenzae [e g Ref 63], toxin A or B from C difficile [e g Ref 64], etc Where a mixture comprises capsular sacchandes from both serogroups A and C, it is preferred that the ratio (w/w) of MenA sacchande MenC sacchande is greater than 1 (e g 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 10 1 or higher) Sacchandes from different serogroups of N meningitidis may be conjugated to the same or different caπier proteins. [0080] Any suitable conjugation reaction can be used, with any suitable linker where necessary. [0081] Toxic protein antigens may be detoxified where necessary (e.g. detoxification of pertussis toxin by chemical and/or means [Ref. 3 ]. [0082] Where diphtheria antigen is included in the composition it is preferred also to include tetanus antigen and pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a tetanus antigen is included it is preferred also to include diphtheria and pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a pertussis antigen is included it is prefened also to include diphtheria and tetanus antigens. [0083] It is readily apparent that the subject invention can be used to deliver a wide variety of macromolecules and hence to treat and/or diagnose a large number of diseases. In some embodiments, the macromolecule/microparticle compositions of the present invention can be used for site-specific targeted deliver)'. For example, intravenous administration of the macromolecule/microparlicle compositions can be used for targeting the lung, liver, spleen, blood circulation, or bone marrow. [0084] The adsorption of macromolecules to the surface of the adsorbent microparticles occurs via any bonding-interaction mechanism, including, but not limited to, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, Van der Waals bonding, and bonding through hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. Those of ordinary skill in the art may readily select detergents appropriate for the type of macromolecule to be adsorbed. [0085] For example, microparticles manufactured in the presence of charged detergents, such as anionic or cationic detergents, may yield microparticles with a surface having a net negative or a net positive charge, which can adsorb a wide variety of molecules. For example, microparticles manufactured with anionic detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), e.g., SDS-PLG microparticles, adscb positively charged antigens, such as proteins. Similarly, microparticles manufactured with cationic detergents, such as CTAB, e.g., PLG/CTAB microparticles, adsorb negatively charged macromolecules, such as DNA. Where the macromolecules to be adsorbed have regions of positive and negative charge, either cationic or anionic or nonionic detergents may be appropriate. [0086] Biodegradable polymers for manufacturing microparticles for use with the present invention are readily commercially available from, e.g., Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany and Birmingham Polymers, Inc., Birmingham, AL. For example, useful polymers for forming the microparticles herein include homopolymers, copolymers and polymer blends derived from the following: polyhydroxybutyric acid (also known as polyhydroxybutyrate); polyhydroxy valeric acid (also known as polyhydroxyvalerate); polyglycolic acid (PGA) (also known as polyglycolide): polylactic acid (PLA) (also known as polylactide); polydioxanone; polycaprolactone; polyorthoester; and polyanhydride. More preferred are poly(α- hydroxy acid), such as poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide) (both known as "PLA" herein), poly(hydoxybutyrate), copolymers of D,L-lactide and glycolide, such as poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (designated as "PLG" or "PLGA" herein) or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and caprolactone. Particularly preferred polymers for use herein are PLA and PLG polymers. These polymers are available in a variety of molecular weights, and the appropriate molecular weight for a given use is readily determined by one of skill in the art. Thus, e.g., for PLA, a suitable molecular weight will be on the order of about 2000 to 5000. For PLG, suitable molecular weights will generally range from about 10,000 to about 200,000, preferably about 15,000 to about 150,000. [0087] If a copolymer such as PLG is used to form the microparticles, a variety of lactide:glycolide ratios will find use herein and the ratio is largely a matter of choice, depending in part on the coadministered macromolecule and the rate of degradation desired. For example, a 50:50 PLG polymer, containing 50% D,L- lactide and 50% glycolide, will provide a fast resorbing copolymer while 75:25 PLG degrades more slowly, and 85: 15 and 90: 10, even more slowly, due to the increased lactide component. It is readily apparent that a suitable ratio of lactide:glycolide is easily determined by one of skill in the art based, for example, on the nature of the antigen and disorder in question Moreover, mixtures of microparticles with varying lactide glycolide ratios will find use herein in order to achieve the desired release kinetics for a given macromolecule and to provide for both a primary and secondary immune response Degradation rate of the microparticles of the present invention can also be controlled by such factors as polymer molecular weight and polymer crystallinity PLG copolymers with varying lactide glycolide ratios and molecular weights are readily available commercially from a number of sources including from Boehπnger Ingelheim, Germany and Birmingham Polymers, Inc , Birmingham, AL These polymers can also be synthesized by simple polycondensation of the lactic acid component using techniques well known in the art, such as described in Tabata et al , J Biomed Mater Res (1988) 22 837-858 [0088] The microparticles are prepared using any of several methods well known in the art For example, in some embodiments, double emulsion/solvent evaporation techniques, such as those described in U S Patent No 3,523,907 and Ogawa et al , Chem Pharm Bull (1988) 36 1095-1103, can be used herein to make the microparticles These techniques involve the formation of a primary emulsion consisting of droplets of polymer solution, which is subsequently mixed with a continuous aqueous phase containing a particle stabilizer/ surfactant [0089] In other embodiments, microparticles can also be formed using spray- drying and coacervation as described in, e g , Thomasin et al , J Controlled Release (1996) 41 131, U S Patent No 2,800,457, Masters, K (1976) Spray Drying 2nd Ed Wiley, New York, air-suspension coating techniques, such as pan coating and Wurster coating, as described by Hall et al , (1980) The "Wurster Process" in Controlled Release Technologies Methods, Theory, and Applications (A F Kydonieus, ed ), Vol 2, pp 133-154 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Floπda and Deasy, P B , Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst (1988) S(2) 99-139, and lomc gelation as described by, e g , Lim et al , Science (1980) 210 908-910 [0090] In prefened embodiments, a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) solvent evaporation system can be used to form the microparticles, along the lines described by OΗagan et al., Vaccine (1993) 11:965-969, PCT/US99/17308 (WO 00/06123) to OΗagan et al. and Jeffery et al., Pharm Res. (1993) 10:362. [0091] In general, the particular polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate, dimethylchloride (also called methylene chloride and dichloromethane), acetonitrile, acetone, chloroform, and the like. The polymer will be provided in about a 1-30%, preferably about a 2-15%, more preferably about a 3- 10% and most preferably, about a 4-6% solution, in organic solvent. The polymer solution is then combined with an aqueous solution and emulsified to form an o/w emulsion. The aqueous solution can be, for example, deionized water, normal saline, or a buffered solution such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or a sodium citrate/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (sodium citrate/ETDA) buffer solution. Preferably, the volume ratio of polymer solution to aqueous liquid ranges from about 5:1 to about 20:1, more preferably about 10:1. Emulsification is conducted using any equipment appropriate for this task, and is typically a high-shear device such as, e.g., an homogenizer. [0092] A volume of the o/w emulsion is then preferably combined with a larger volume of an aqueous solution, which preferably contains a cationic, anionic, or nonionic detergent. The volume ratio of aqueous solution to o/w emulsion typically ranges from about 2: 1 to 10:1, more typically about 4: 1. Examples of anionic, cationic and nonionic detergents appropriate for the practice of the invention are listed above and include SDS, CTAB and PVA, respectively. Certain macromolecules may adsorb more readily to microparticles having a combination of detergents, for example, a combination of PVA and DOTAP. Moreover, in some instances, it may be desirable to add detergent to the above organic solution. Where a nonionic detergent such as PVA is used, it is typically provided in about a 2-15% solution, more typically about a 4-10% solution. Where a cationic or anionic detergent is used, it is typically provided in about a 0.05-5% solution, more typically about a 0.25-1% solution. Generally, a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio in the range of from about 0.00001:1 to about 0.5:1 will be used. more preferably from about 0.0001 : 1 to about 0.5: 1, more preferably from about 0.001:1 to about 0.5:1, and even more preferably from about 0.005: 1 to about 0.5: 1. [0093] The mixture is then homogenized to produce a stable w/o/w double emulsion. Organic solvents are then evaporated. The formulation parameters can be manipulated to allow the preparation of small microparticles on the order of 0.05 μm (50 nm) to larger microparticles 50 μm or even larger. See, e.g., Jeffery et al., Pharm Res. (1993) 10:362-368; McGee et al., J. Microencap. (1996). For example, reduced agitation results in larger microparticles, as does an increase in internal phase volume. Small particles are produced by low aqueous phase volumes with high concentrations of emulsion stabilizers. [0094] A preferred apparatus for performing the above steps is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. Referring now to Fig. 1, a manufacturing tank assembly, generally designated by the numeral 102, is shown. The tank assembly 102 is designed to be a "closed system," such that an aseptic environment is maintained during processing. All pieces of equipment and parts are preferably selected to be clean-in-place and autoclavable. All filters 104a-d are preferably fluoropolymer filters such as Super-Cheminert™ all-fluoropolymer filters from Pall Corporation. Initially, an aqueous solution, such as a sodium citrate/ETDA buffer system 106 and an organic polymer solution, such as a solution of PLG in methylene chloride 108, are filtered and fed into tank 110 where they are continuously mixed with mixer 112. The mixture is then fed through an in-line homogenizer 114 (e.g., a high speed, high shear autoclavable in-line homogenizer such as the Kinematica MT 5000), forming an o/w emulsion. The emulsion is cooled, for example by a water-cooled condenser 116, after emerging from the in-line homogenizer 114, whereupon it is returned to the tank 110. After the contents are emulsified to the desired extent, an aqueous detergent solution, for example a solution of CTAB in water 118, is added to the tank 110, whereupon a w/o/w emulsion is formed by again feeding the contents through the in-line mixer 114. After sufficient emulsification, the resulting w/o/w emulsion is purged with nitrogen via distributor 119 to remove the organic solvent. The nitrogen-laden solvent vapor is filtered and cooled in a condenser 120, capturing the solvent in container 122. [0095] In embodiments where a relatively large weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio is used (e.g., detergent to polymer ratios of about 0.05:1 to about 0.5:1, more preferably about 0.10:1 to about 0.50:1, and most preferably about 0.2:1 to about 0.4:1), it is desirable to wash the particles to remove excessive amounts of detergent. Typically, this washing step is performed after the organic solvent is removed from the final emulsion, for example, by solvent evaporation (like that performed in connection with Fig. 1), by solvent extraction or both. [0096] In some embodiments, the microparticles are washed by centrifugation. This process reduces the overall amount of detergent and leads to a final composition that contains relatively small amounts of unbound detergent relative to bound detergent. For instance, in Example 2 below, the washing steps that are performed (i.e., washing with water by centrifugation four times) yields microparticles having about 1% w/w CTAB, of which more than 99% is bound to the microparticles, and less than 1 % is found in unbound for [0097] In other more preferred embodiments, the microparticles are subjected to a detergent-reducing process that nonetheless retains significant amounts of the detergent in unbound form. For instance, a cross-flow filtration step may be performed to retain a substantial amount of unbound detergent. Typically, a filtration step of this type yields microparticles containing about 0.2 to 5% w/w detergent overall, of which approximately 10 to 60% is bound to the microparticles, and approximately 40-90% is found in unbound form. More preferably, approximately 25 to 40% is bound to the microparticles, and approximately 60-75% is unbound. For instance, in the procedure described in Example 5 below, microparticles are produced having about 1% w/w CTAB overall, of which approximately 30% is bound to the microparticles, and approximately 70% is unbound. [0098] In embodiments where a sufficiently small detergent to polymer ratio is used (e.g., detergent to polymer ratios of about 0.001:1 to 0.05:1, more preferably about 0.002: 1 to about 0.04: 1 and even more preferably about 0.006 to about 0.02: 1, it is not necessary to wash the microparticles to remove excessive amounts of detergent. Typically, a process of this type yields microparticles having about 0.2 to 5% w/w detergent, of which approximately 10 to 60% is bound to the microparticles, and approximately 40-90% is found in unbound form More preferably, approximately 25 to 40% is bound to the microparticles, and approximately 60-75% is found in unbound form For instance, in the procedure described in Example 6 below, microparticles are produced having approximately 1% w/w CTAB, of which approximately 30% is bound to the microparticles, and approximately 70% is unbound. [0099] Particle size can be determined by, e.g., laser light scattering, using for example, a spectrometer incorporating a helium-neon laser. Generally, particle size is determined at room temperature and involves multiple analyses of the sample in question (e.g., 5-10 times) to yield an average value for the particle diameter. Particle size is also readily determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Following preparation, microparticles can be stored as is or lyophilized for future use. In order to adsorb macromolecules to the microparticles, the microparticle preparation can be simply mixed with the macromolecule of interest and the resulting formulation can again be lyophilized prior to use. However, as noted above, the present inventors have found that adsorption of macromolecules to the polymer microparticles can be improved by ensuring that a substantial amount of detergent in unbound form is present at the time of macromolecule adsorption. In the case where very little of the detergent in the as-prepared microparticle composition is present in unbound form (e.g., approximately 5% or less), it is preferred to incubate the microparticles with both the macromolecule and an additional quantity of detergent. Preferably a weight to weight detergent to macromolecule ratio of about 0.002:1 to 0.05:1, more preferably about 0.005 to 0.02:1 is used. [0100] On the other hand, where substantial amounts of the detergent in the as- prepared microparticle composition is present in unbound form (e.g., approximately 50-90% unbound, more preferably approximately 60-75%), good results can be achieved by simply incubating the microparticles with the macromolecule of interest, with the use of additional detergent being optional. [0101] Without wishing to be bound by theory, in both of the above cases it is believed that unbound detergent is available to complex with the macromolecule of interest, rendering the macromolecule more amenable to adsorption to a microparticle. [0102] Generally, macromolecules are added to the microparticles to yield microparticles with adsorbed macromolecules having a weight to weight ratio of from about 0.0001 :1 to 0.25:1 macromolecules to microparticles, preferably, 0.001 : 1 to 0.1 : 1 , more preferably 0.01 : 1 to 0.05 : 1. Macromolecule content of the microparticles can be determined using standard techniques. [0103] The microparticles of the present invention may have macromolecules entrapped or encapsulated within them, as well as having macromolecules adsorbed thereon. Thus, for example, one of skill in the art may prepare in accordance with the invention microparticles having encapsulated adjuvants with proteins adsorbed thereon, or microparticles having encapsulated proteins with adjuvants adsorbed thereon. One of skill in the art may likewise prepare in accordance with the invention microparticles having encapsulated adjuvants with complexed ELVIS vectors adsorbed thereon, or microparticles having encapsulated antigen with nucleic acid plasmids adsorbed thereon. The invention contemplates a variety of combinations of complexed macromolecules adsorbed on and entrapped within microparticles, along with other macromolecules such as antigenic molecules. [0104] Once the macromolecule-adsorbed microparticles are produced, they are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions, including vaccines, to treat and/or diagnose a wide variety of disorders, as described above. The compositions will generally include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. For example, vehicles such as water, saline, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, ethanol, etc. may be used. Other excipients, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, biological buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles A biological buffer can be virtually any solution which is pharmacologically acceptable and which provides the formulation with the desired pH, l e , a pH in the physiological range Examples of buffer solutions include saline, phosphate buffered saline, Tns buffered saline, Hank's buffered saline, and the like Other excipients known in the art can also be introduced into the final dosage form, including binders, dismtegrants, fillers (diluents), lubricants, ghdants (flow enhancers), compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspensing/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks [0105] Adjuvants may be used to enhance the effectiveness of the harmaceutical compositions The adjuvants may be admimstered concurrently with the microparticles of the present invention, e g , in the same composition or m separate compositions Alternatively, an adjuvant may be administered pnor or subsequent to the microparticle compositions of the present invention In another embodiment, the adjuvant, such as an immunological adjuvant, may be encapsulated in the microparticle Adjuvants, just as any macromolecules, may be encapsulated within the microparticles using any of the several methods known m the art See, e g , U S Patent No 3,523,907, Ogawa et al , Chem Pharm Bull (1988) 36 1095-1103, OΗagan et al , Vaccine (1993) U 965-969 and Jefferey et al , Pharm Res (1993) 10 362 Alternatively, adjuvants may be adsorbed on the microparticle as described above for any macromolecule [0106] Immunological adjuvants include, but are not limited to (1) aluminum alts (alum), such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, etc , (2) other oil-in water emulsion formulations (with or without other specific lmmunostimulating agents such as muramyl peptides (see below) or bacterial cell wall components), such as for example (a) MF59 (International Publication No WO90/14837, Chapter 10 in Vaccine design the subunit an adjuvant approach, eds Powell & Newman, Plenum Press 1995), containing 5% Squalene, 0 5% Tween 80, and 0 5% Span 85 (optionally containing vanous amounts of MTP-PE (see below), although not required) formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer such as Model HOY microfluidizer (Microfluidics, Newton, MA), (b) SAF, containing 10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer LI 21, and thr-MDP (see below) either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion, and (c) Ribi™ adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem, Hamilton, MT) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting of monophosphory lipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL + CWS (Detox™) (for a further discussion of suitable submicron oil-in-water emulsions for use herein, see commonly owned, patent application no. 09/015,736, filed on January 29, 1998); (3) saponin adjuvants, such as Quil A, or QS21 (e.g., Stimulon™ (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, MA)) may be used or particle generated therefrom such as ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), which ICOMS may be devoid of additional detergent e.g., WO00/07621; (4) Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) and Incomplete Freunds Adjuvant (IF A); (5) cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL- 6, IL-7, IL-12 (W099/44636), etc.), interferons (e.g. gamma interferon), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), etc.; (6) monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL) e.g. GB- 2220221, EP-A-0689454, optionally in the substantial absence of alum when used with pneumococcal saccharides e.g. WO00/56358; (7) combinations of 3dMPL with, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions, e.g., EP-A-0835318, EP-A- 0735898, EP-A-0761231; (8) oligonucleotides comprising CpG motifs (Roman et al., Nat. Med., 1997, 3, 849-854; Weiner et al., PNAS USA, 1997, 94, 10833-10837; Davis et al., J. Immunol. 1988, 160, 870-876; Chu et al., J. Exp. Med., 1997, 186, 1623-1631; Lipford et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1997, 27, 2340-2344; Moldoveanu et al., Vaccine, 1988, 16, 1216-1224, Krieg et al., Nature, 1995, 374, 546-549; Klinman et al., PNAS USA, 1996, 93, 2879-2883: Ballas et al., J. Immunol, 1996, 157, 1840-1845; Cowdery et al., J. Immunol, 1996, 156, 4570-4575; Halpern et al., Cell. Immunol, 1996, 167, 72-78; Yamamoto et al., J/m. J. Cancer Res., 1988, 79, 866-873; Stacey et al., J. Immunol, 1996, 157, 2116-2122; Messina et al., J. Immunol, 1991, 147, 1759-1764; Yi et al., J. Immunol, 1996, 157, 4918-4925; Yi et al , J Immunol , 1996, 157, 5394-5402, Yi et al , J Immunol , 1998, 160, 4755- 4761, and Yi et al , J Immunol , 1998, 160, 5898-5906, International patent applications WO96/02555, W098/16247, WO98/18810, WO98/40100, W098/55495, W098/37919 and W098/52581) l e containing at least one CG dinucleotide, with 5 methylcytosine optionally being used in place of cytosine, (9) a polyoxyethylene ether or a polyoxyethylene ester e g W099/52549, (10) a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactant in combination with an octoxynol (WO01/21207) or a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether or ester surfactant in combination with at least one additional non-ionic surfactant such as an octoxynol (WO01/21152), (11) a saponin and an rmmunostimulatory ohgonucleotide (e g , a CpG ohgonucleotide) (WO00/62800), (12 ) an lmmunostimulant and a particle of metal salt e g WO00/23105, (13) a saponin and an oil-in- water emulsion e g W099/11241, (14) a saponin (e g QS21) + 3dMPL + IL-12 (optionally + a sterol) e g W098/57659, (15) detoxified mutants of a bactenal ADP-nbosylating toxin such as a cholera toxin (CT), a pertussis toxin (PT), or an E coh heat-labile toxin (LT), particularly LT-K63 (where lysine is substituted for the wild-type amino acid at position 63) LT-R72 (where arginine is substituted for the wild-type amino acid at position 72), CT-S109 (where senne is substituted for the wild-type amino acid at position 109), and PT-K9/G129 (where lysine is substituted for the wild-type amino acid at position 9 and glycine substituted at position 129) (see, e g , International Publication Nos W093/13202 and W092/19265), and (16) other substances that act as lmmunostimulating agents to enhance the effectiveness of the composition Alum (especially aluminum phosphate and/or hydroxide) and MF59 are preferred [0107] Muramyl peptides include, but are not limited to, N-acetyl-muramyl-L- threonyl-D-ιsoglutamιne (thr-MDP), N-acteyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isogluatme (nor-MDP), N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isogluatminyl-L-alanine-2-(r-2'- dip-umtoyl-5 , n-glycero-3-huydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine (MTP-PΕ), etc [0108] For additional examples of adjuvants, see Vaccine Design, The Subunit and the Adjuvant Approach, Powell, M F and Newman, M j, eds , Plenum Press, 1995) [0109] The compositions will comprise a "therapeutically effective amount" of the macromolecule of interest. That is, an amount of macromolecule/ microparticle will be included in the compositions which will cause the subject to produce a sufficient response, in order to prevent, reduce, eliminate or diagnose symptoms. The exact amount necessary will vary, for example, depending on the subject being treated; the age and general condition of the subject to be treated; the severity of the condition being treated; in the case of an immunological response, the capacity of the subject's immune system to synthesize antibodies; the degree of protection desired and the particular antigen selected and its mode of administration, among other factors. An appropriate effective amount can be readily determined by one of skill in the art. Thus, a "therapeutically effective amount" will typically fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials. For example, for purposes of the present invention, where the macromolecule is a polynucleotide, an effective dose will typically range from about 1 ng to about 1 mg, more preferably from about 10 ng to about 1 μg, and most preferably about 50 ng to about 500 ng of the macromolecule delivered per dose; where the macromolecule is an antigen, an effective dose will typically range from about 1 μg to about 100 mg, more preferably from about 10 μg to about 1 mg, and most preferably about 50 μg to about 500 μg of the macromolecule delivered per dose. [0110] Once formulated, the compositions of the invention can be administered parenterally, e.g., by injection. The compositions can be injected either subcutaneously, intraperitonealfy, intravenously or intramuscularly. Other modes of administration include nasal, mucosal, rectal, vaginal, oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories, and transdermal or transcutaneous applications. [0111] Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. A multiple dose schedule is one in which a primary course of administration may be with 1-10 separate doses, followed by other doses given at subsequent time intervals, chosen to maintain and/or reinforce the therapeutic response, for example at 1-4 months for a second dose, and if needed, a subsequent dose(s) after several months. The dosage regimen will also, at least in part, be determined by the need of the subject and be dependent on the judgment of the practitioner. [0112] Furthermore, if prevention of disease is desired, the macromolecules in vaccines, are generally administered prior to primary infection with the pathogen of interest. If treatment is desired, e.g., the reduction of symptoms or recurrences, the macromolecules are generally administered subsequent to primary infection. Experimental [0113] Below are examples of specific embodiments for carrying out the present invention. The examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. [0114] Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperatures, etc.), but some experimental error and deviation should, of course, be allowed for. Example 1 Preparation of Blank Microparticles Using PVA [0115] Blank microparticles (e.g., without adsorbed or entrapped macromolecules) were made using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as follows. Solutions used: (1) 6% RG 504 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in dichloromethane. (2) 10% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (ICN) in water. [0116] In particular, the microparticles were made by combining 10 ml of polymer solution with 1.0 ml of distilled water and homogenizing for 3 minutes using an Omni benchtop homogenizer with a 10 mm probe at 1 OK rpm to form a water/oil (w/o) emulsion. The w/o emulsion was added to 40 ml of the 10% PVA solution, and homogenized for 3 minutes, to form a water/oil/water (w/o/w) emulsion. The w/o/w emulsion was left stirring overnight for solvent evaporation, forming microparticles. The formed microparticles were washed with water by centrifugation 4 times, and lyophilized. The microparticles were then sized in a Malvern Master sizer for future use. Example 2 Preparation of Blank Microparticles Using CTAB [0117] Blank microparticles were produced using CTAB as follows. Solutions used: (1) 4% RG 504 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in dimethyl chloride. (2) 0.5% CTAB (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in water. [0118] In particular, the microparticles were made by combining 12.5 ml of polymer solution with 1.25 ml of distilled water and homogenizing for 3 minutes using an Omni benchtop homogenizer with a 10 mm probe at 10K rpm to form a w/o emulsion. The w/o emulsion was added to 50 ml of the 0.5% CTAB solution and homogenized for 3 minutes to form a w/o/w emulsion. The w/o/w emulsion was left stirring overnight for solvent evaporation, forming microparticles. The formed microparticles were then filtered through a 38 μ mesh, washed with water by centrifugation 4 times, and lyophilized. The microparticles were then sized in a Malvern Master sizer for future use. Example 3 Preparation of Blank Microparticles Using SDS [0119] Blank microparticles were produced using SDS as follows. Solutions used: (1) 6% RG 504 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in dimethyl chloride. (2) 1% SDS (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in water. [0120] In particular, the microparticles were made by combining 12.5 ml of polymer solution with 50 ml of the SDS solution and homogenizing for 3 minutes using an Omni benchtop homogenizer with a 10 mm probe at 1 OK rpm. The emulsion was left stirring overnight for solvent evaporation. The formed microparticles were filtered through a 38 μ mesh, washed with water by centrifugation 4 times, and lyophilized for future use The microparticles were then sized in a Malvern Master sizer for future use Example 4 Microparticles with Adsorbed Complex of DNA/CTAB [0121] Blank PLG/PVA microparticles were preformed using the standard solvent evaporation method For a 1 gm batch size, 2 ml of deiomzed water (DI) was homogenized with 16 ml volume of a 6% w/v solution of RG 504 (PLG Polymer) in dichloromethane (DCM) This emulsion was homogenized for 2 minutes and to this mixture, 60 ml of a 10% w/v solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was added The multiple emulsion was further homogenized for 3 minutes and then put on a magnetic strrrer for overnight solvent evaporation The resultant microparticles were washed twice with deiomzed water and freeze dried The microparticles were sized and were found to be around 1 urn in size [0122] For preparing the DNA formulation, 100 mg of PLG/PVA microparticles were incubated with 1 mg of CTAB and 1 mg of DNA (pCMV- p55gag) in a 5 ml volume of TE buffer The suspension was gently stirred overnight at 4 C for complete adsorption The microparticles were centπfuged once at 5000 rpm and the pellet washed once with 50 ml of TE buffer The resultant pellet was suspended in 3 ml of DI water and the microparticles were freeze-dned [0123] The actual DNA adsorbed was estimated by both depletion (measurement of the supernatant) and base hydrolysis of the microparticles The DNA load was found to be 0 91 % w/w and the loading efficiency 91% [0124] 10 mg of the formulation did not release any free DNA in vitro in 1 ml of TE buffer at day 1 Example 5 Preparation of Blank Microparticles Using CTAB Cross-flow Filtration Technique [0125] Blank microparticles are produced using CTAB as follows Solutions used (1) 6% RG 504 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in methylene chloride, (2) 0 5% CTAB (Sigma Chemical Co , St Louis, MO) in water, (3) sodium citrate/EDTA in water The microparticles are made in an apparatus like that illustrated in Fig 1 by combining 80 ml of polymer solution with 10 ml of sodium citrate/EDTA solution in the tank with constant mixing The mixture is then homogemzed in the in-line homogenizer until an o/w emulsion with a disperse phase (water phase) having a mean particle size of 1-2 microns is achieved At this point 310 ml CTAB solution is added to the tank with constant mixing The mixture is then homogenized in the in-line homogenizer until a stable w/o/w emulsion with a disperse phase (o/w phase) havmg a mean particle size of 1- microns is achieved The resulting w/o/w emulsion is purged with nitrogen to remove the organic solvent, and the as-formed microparticles are filtered using a 0 1 micron cross-flow filter cassette from Millφore, using a total of 4 0 liters of deiomzed water to remove excess CTAB After final cross-flow filtration, the suspension is collected, which compπses approximately 1% CTAB, of which 30% is present in bound form and 70% is present in unbound form Example 6 Preparation of Blank Microparticles Usmg CTAB Non-washing technique [0126] Blank microparticles are produced using CTAB as follows Solutions used (1) 6% RG 504 PLG (Boehrmger Ingelheim) in methylene chloride, (2) 0 01825% CTAB (Sigma Chemical Co , St Louis, MO) m water, (3) sodium citrate/EDTA in water The microparticles are made in an apparatus like that illustrated m Fig 1 by combining 300 ml of polymer solution with 60 ml of sodium citrate/EDTA solution in the tank with constant mixing The mixture is then homogenized in the in-line homogenizer until a o/w emulsion with a disperse phase (water phase) having a mean particle size of 1 micron is achieved At this point 1 8 liters of CTAB solution are added to the tank with constant mixing The mixture is then homogenized in the in-line homogenizer until a stable w/o/w emulsion with a disperse phase (o/w phase) having a mean particle size of 1 micron is achieved The resulting w/o/w emulsion is purged with nitrogen to remove the organic solvent. The microparticle suspension is sized in a Malvern Master sizer for future use. These microparticles comprise approximately 1% CTAB, of which 30% is present in bound form and 70% is present in unbound form. Example 7 Immunogenicity of Microparticles with Adsorbed p55 DNA [0127] A DNA formulation is prepared by incubating 100 mg of the microparticle suspension (in a 10ml volume) formed in Example 6 with 1.0 mg of DNA (a pCMVgag plasmid encoding HIV p55 gag protein under the control of the cytomegalovirus early promoter) in a 0.5 nl volume of Tris-EDTA buffer. The suspension is incubated at 4°C for 12 hours. Following incubation, the DNA- loaded microparticles are centrifuged, washed with Tris-EDTA buffer, suspended in deionized water and freeze-dried (lyophilized). The DNA loading of the resulting microparticles is approximately 1 % w/w. [0128] The DNA-loaded microparticles are then injected intramuscularly in mice at two total DNA levels. DNA alone is also injected at the same two levels as a control. Each formulation is injected into ten mice. The mice were boosted after 28 days. Two weeks after the second immunization, serum is collected and the geometric mean titer (GMT) of each serum is measured, along with its standard error (SE). The results are summarized in the following table: [0129] Although preferred embodiments of the subject invention have been described in some detail, it is understood that obvious variations can be made without departing from the spint and the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims REFERENCES Ref 1 - International patent application W099/24578 Ref 2 -International patent apphcation W099/36544 Ref 3 - International patent application WO99/57280 Ref 4 - International patent application WO00/22430 Ref 5 - Tettelin et al , (2000) Science 287 1809-1815 Ref 6 - International patent application W096/29412 Ref 7 - Pizza el al (2000) Science 287 1816-1820 Ref 8 - International patent application PCT/IB01/00166 Ref 9 -Bjune et al (1991) Lancet 338(8775) 1093-1096 Ref 10 -Fukasawa et al (1990) Vaccine 17 2951-2958 Ref 11 -Rosenqvist et al (1998) Dev Bwl Stand 92 323-333 Ref 12- Costantino et al (1992) Vaccine 10 691-698 Ref 13- Costantino et al (1999) Vaccine 17 1251-1263 Ref 14- Watson (2000) Padiatr Infect Dis J 19 331-332 Ref 15- Rubm (2000) Pediatr Clin North Am 47 269-285, v Ref 16- Jedrzejas (2001) Microbiol Mol Bwl Rev 65 187-207 Ref 17 -International patent application filed on 3rd July 2001 claiming prionty from GB-0016363 4] Ref 18 -Kalman et al ( 1999) Nature Genetics 21 385-389 Ref 19- Read et al (2000) Nucleic Acids Res 28 1397-406 Ref 20- Shirai et al (2000) J Infect Dis 181(Suppl 3) S524-S527 Ref 21 -International patent application W099/27105 Ref 22 -International patent application WO00/27994 Ref 23 -International patent application WO00/37494 Ref 24 -International patent application W099/28475 Ref 25 -Bell (2000) Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 1187-1188 Ref 26 -Iwarson (1995) APMIS 103 321-326 Ref 27 -Gerhch et al (1990) Vaccine 8 Suppl S63-68 & 79-80 Ref 28 -Hsu et al (1999) Clin Liver Dis 3 901-915 Ref 29 -Gustafsson et al (1996) N Engl J Med 334 349-355 Ref 30 -Rappuoh et al (1991) TIBTECH 9 232-238 Ref 31 -Vaccines (1988) eds Plotkin & Mortimer ISBN 0-7216-1946-0 Ref 32 -Del Guidice et al (1998) Molecular Aspects of Medicine 19 1-70 Ref 33 -International patent application W093/18150 Ref 34 -International patent apphcation WO99/53310 Ref 35 -International patent application WO98/04702 Ref 36 -Ross et al (2001) Vaccine 19 4135-4142 Ref 37 -Sutter et al (2000) Pediatr Clin North Am 47 287-308 Ref 38 -Zimmerman & Spann (1999) Am Fam Physician 59 113-118, 125-126 Ref 39 -Dreesen (1997) Vaccine 15 Suppl S2-6 Ref 40 -MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998 Jan 16,47(1) 12, 19 Ref 41 -McMichael (2000) Vaccine 19 Suppl 1 S101-107 Ref 42 -Schuchat (1999) Lancet 353(9146) 51-6 Ref 43 -GB patent applications 0026333 5, 0028727 6 & 0105640 7 Ref 44 -Dale (1999) Infect Dis Clin North Am 13 227-43, vin Ref 45 -Ferretti et al (2001) PNAS USA 98 4658-4663 Ref 46 -Kuroda et al (2001) Lancet 357(9264) 1225-1240, see also pages 1218- 1219 Ref 47 -Ramsay et al (2001) Lancet 357(9251) 195-196 Ref 48- Lindberg (1999) Vaccine 17 Suppl 2 S28-36 Ref 49 -Buttery & Moxon (2000) J R Coll Physicians London 34 163-168 Ref 50 -Ahmad & Chapmck (1999) Infect Dis Clin North Am 13 113-133, vii Ref 51 -Goldblatt (1998) J Med Microbwl 47 563-567 Ref 52 -European patent 0 477 508 Ref 53 -US Patent No 5,306,492 Ref 54 -International patent application W098/42721 Ref 55 -Conjugate Vaccines (eds Cruse et al ) ISBN 3805549326, particularly vol 10 48-114 Ref 56- Hermanson (1996) Bioconjugate Techniques ISBN 0123423368 & 012342335X Ref 57 -European patent application 0372501 Ref 58 -European patent application 0378881. 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Claims: We Claim 1 A biologically active microparticle composition comprising microparticles that comprise (a) a polymer selected from the group consisting of a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a polycyanoacrylate, and (b) a first detergent portion that is bound to the polymer, and a complex adsorbed on the surface of the microparticles, said complex comprising (a) a first biologically active macromolecule and (b) a second detergent portion, wherein the first detergent portion and the second detergent portion comprise the same detergent or different detergents, and wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a polynucleoside, an antigen, a pharmaceutical, a hormone, an enzyme, a transcription or translation mediator, an intermediate in a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, and an adjuvant 2 The microparticle composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises a poly(α-hydroxy acid) selected from the group consisting of poly(L- lactide), poly(D,L-lactιde) and poly(D,L-lactιde-co-glycohde) 3 The microparticle composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer compnses poly(D,L-lactιde-co-glycolιde) 4 The microparticle composition of claim 3, wherein the poly(D,L- lactide-co -glycolide) has a lactide/glycolide molar ratio ranging from 30 70 to 70 30 and a molecular weight ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 Daltons 5. The microparticle composition of claim 3, wherein the poly(D,L- lactide-co-glycolide) has a lactide/glycolide molar ratio ranging from 40:60 to 60:40 and a molecular weight ranging from 30,000 Daltons to 70,000 Daltons. 6. The microparticle composition of claim 1 , wherein the first and second detergent portions comprise the same detergent. 7. The microparticle composition of claim 6, wherein the first and second detergent portions comprise a cationic detergent. 8. The microparticle composition of claim 1, wherein the first and second detergent portions comprise different detergents. 9. The microparticle composition of claim 8, wherein the first detergent portion comprises a nonionic detergent and the second detergent portion comprises a cationic detergent. 10. The microparticle composition of claim 9, wherein the first detergent portion comprises PVA and the second detergent portion comprises CTAB. 11. The microparticle composition of claim 1 , wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is a polypeptide or a polynucleotide. 12. The microparticle composition of claim 1, wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is an antigen selected from HIV antigens, meningitis B antigens, streptococcus B antigens and Influenza A hemagglutinin antigens. 13. The microparticle composition of claim 12, wherein the HIV antigen is selected from the group consisting of gpl20, gpl40, p24gag, p55gag. 14 The microparticle composition of claim 1 , wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is a polynucleotide that encodes an antigen selected from the group consisting of gpl20, gpl40, p24gag, p55gag, and Influenza A hemagglutinin antigen 15 The microparticle composition of claim 1 , wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is a member selected from the group consisting of a plasmid, an ELVIS vector, and an RNA vector construct 16 The microparticle composition of claim 1, further comprising a second biologically active macromolecule selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a polynucleoside, an antigen, a pharmaceutical, a hormone, an enzyme, a transcription or translation mediator, an intermediate in a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, and an adjuvant 17 The microparticle composition of claim 16, wherein the second biologically active macromolecule is an adjuvant 18 The microparticle composition of claim 17, wherein the adjuvant is a member selected from the group consisting of CpG oligonucleotides, LTK63, LTR72, MPL, and an aluminum salt 19 The microparticle composition of claim 17, wherein the adjuvant is aluminum phosphate 20 The microparticle composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer compnses a poly(α-hydroxy acid) selected from the group consisting of poly(L- lactide), poly(D,L-lactιde) and poly(D,L-lactιde-co-glycolιde), wherein the first and second detergent portions compπse a cationic detergent, and wherem the first biologically active macromolecule is a polynucleotide 21. The microparticle composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises a poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), wherein the first and second detergent portions comprise CTAB, and wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is a polynucleotide which encodes an antigen selected from the group consisting of an HIV antigen, a meningitis B antigen, a streptococcus B antigen and a Influenza A hemagglutinin antigen. 22. The microparticle composition of claim 21, wherein the antigen is an HIV antigen selected from gpl20, gpl40, p24gag and p55gag. 23. The microparticle composition of claim 22, wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is pCMV-p55gag. 24. The microparticle composition of claim 20, wherein the first detergent portion and the second detergent portion comprise the same cationic detergent, and wherein the first detergent portion that is bound to the polymer comprises about 10- 90% of the total detergent in the composition. 25. The microparticle composition of claim 24, wherein the first detergent portion that is bound to the polymer comprises about 10-60% of the total detergent in the composition. 26. The microparticle composition of claim 25, wherein the cationic detergent is CTAB. 27. The microparticle composition of claim 10, wherein the polymer comprises a poly(α-hydroxy acid) selected from the group consisting of poly(L- lactide), poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), and wherein the first biologically active macromolecule is a polynucleotide. 28. The microparticle composition of claims 1-27, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 29. Use of the microparticle composition of claim 28 for diagnosis of a disease. 30. Use of the microparticle composition of claim 28 for treatment of a disease. 31. Use of the microparticle composition of claim 28 for a vaccine. 32. Use of the microparticle composition of claim 28 for raising an immune response. 33. A method of delivering a therapeutically effective amount of a biologically active macromolecule to a vertebrate subject, said method comprising the step of administering to the vertebrate subject the microparticle composition of claim 28. 34. A method of producing a microparticle composition, said method comprising: (a) forming an emulsion comprising (i) a polymer selected from the group consisting of a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a polycyanoacrylate, (ii) an organic solvent, (iii) a detergent and (iv) water; and (b) removing the organic solvent from the emulsion to form microparticles; wherein about 10-90% of the total detergent in the microparticle composition is bound to the microparticles and the remainder is unbound, and wherein said microparticles are not subjected to a washing step. 35 The method of claim 34, wherein the emulsion is a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion that is formed by a process comprising (a) emulsifying an organic phase comprising the polymer and the organic solvent with a first aqueous phase comprising water to form a water-in-oil emulsion, and (b) emulsifying a second aqueous phase comprising the cationic detergent and water with the emulsion formed in step (a) to form a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion 36 The method of claim 34, wherein a cross-flow filtration step is performed after removing the organic solvent 37 The method of claim 36, wherein the detergent is a cationic detergent that is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about 0 05 1 to about 0 5 1 38 The method of claim 37, wherein the cationic detergent is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about O i l to about 0 5 1, wherein the polymer is poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), and wherein the cationic detergent is CTAB 39 The method of claim 34, wherein the detergent is a cationic detergent that is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about 0 001 1 to about 0 05 1 40 The method of claim 39, wherein the catiomc detergent is provided in the emulsion at a weight to weight detergent to polymer ratio of from about 0 002 1 to about 0 04 1, wherein the cationic detergent is CTAB, wherein the polymer is poly(D,L-lactιde-co-glycokde), and wherein the microparticles are not subjected to a step to remove excess CTAB from the composition 41 The method of claim 34, wherein the polymer is a poly(D,L-lactιde- co-glycolide) having a lactide/glycohde molar ratio ranging from 40 60 to 60 40 and a molecular weight ranging from 30,000 Daltons to 70,000 Daltons 42 A microparticle composition formed by the process of claim 34 43 A method of producing a biologically active microparticle composition, said method comprising (a) providing a microparticle composition by the method of claim 34, and (b) incubating the microparticle composition with a biologically active macromolecule 44 The method of claim 43, wherein the biologically active macromolecule is a polynucleotide 45 A method of producing a microparticle composition, the method comprising providmg a microparticle by an emulsification process, said microparticle comprising (a) a polymer selected from the group consisting of a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butync acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a polycyanoacrylate, and (b) a first detergent portion that is bound to the polymer, and adsorbing a complex of a biologically active macromolecule and a second detergent portion on the surface of the microparticle, wherein the first detergent portion and the second detergent portion comprise the same detergent or different detergents, and wherein the biologically active macromolecule is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a polynucleoside, an antigen, a pharmaceutical, a hormone, an enzyme, a transcription or translation mediator, an intermediate in a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, and an adjuvant 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the first and second detergent portions comprise the same detergent. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the polymer comprises a poly(α- hydroxy acid) selected from the group consisting of poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L- lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), wherein the first and second detergent portions comprise a cationic detergent, and wherein the biologically active macromolecule is a polynucleotide. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the first detergent portion that is bound to the polymer comprises about 10-90% of the total detergent in the composition, and wherein the detergent corresponding to the first and second detergent portions is added in the course of the emulsification process. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the emulsification process comprises: (a) emulsifying an organic phase comprising the polymer and the organic solvent with a first aqueous phase comprising water to form a water-in-oil emulsion; and (b) emulsifying a second aqueous phase comprising the detergent and water with the emulsion formed in step (a) to form a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the first detergent portion that is bound to the polymer comprises about 10-60% of the total detergent in the composition. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the cationic detergent is CTAB. 52. The method of claim 45, wherein the first detergent portion comprises a first detergent and the second detergent portion comprises a second detergent differing from the first detergent. 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the first detergent is added in the course of the emulsification process and the second detergent is added subsequent to the emulsification process. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the second detergent is added concurrently with the biologically active macromolecule. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein the polymer comprises a poly(α- hydroxy acid) selected from the group consisting of poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L- lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), wherein the first detergent comprises a nonionic detergent and the second detergent comprises a cationic detergent, and wherein the biologically active macromolecule is a polynucleotide. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the first detergent is PVA and the second detergent is CTAB. 57. The method of claim 45, wherein the polymer is a poly(D,L-lactide- co-glycolide) having a lactide/glycohde molar ratio ranging from 40:60 to 60:40 and a molecular weight ranging from 30,000 Daltons to 70,000 Daltons.

Inventors: FANG JIA-HWA, HORA MANINDER, O'HAGAN DEREK, SINGH MANMOHAN, FANG, JIA-HWA, HORA, MANINDER, O'HAGAN, DEREK, SINGH, MANMOHAN
Applicants: CHIRON CORP, CHIRON CORPORATION
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A61K9
IPC codes: A61K9, A61K39, A61K45, A61K47, A61P31, C08L101