ANTISENSE INHIBITION OF PTP1B EXPRESSION

Abstract: Antisense compounds, compositions and methods are provided for inhibiting the expression of PTP1B. The compositions comprise antisense compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acids encoding PTP1B. Methods of using these compounds for inhibition of PTP1B expression and for treatment of diseases associated with expression of PTP1B are provided.

Description: ANTISENSE INHIBITION OF PTPIB EXPRESSION FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of PTPIB. In particular, this invention relates to antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding PTPIB. Such oligonucleotides have been shown to modulate the expression of PTPIB. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The process of phosphorylation, defined as the attachment of a phosphate moiety to a biological molecule through the action of enzymes called kinases, * represents one course by which intracellular signals are propagated resulting finally in a cellular response. Within the cell, proteins can be phosphorylated on serine, threonine or tyrosine residues and the extent of phosphorylation is regulated by the opposing action of phosphatases, which remove the phosphate moieties. While the majority of protein phosphorylation within the cell is on serine and threonine residues, tyrosine phosphorylation is modulated to the greatest extent during oncogenic transformation and growth factor stimulation (Zhang, Crit. -Rev. Biochem . Mol . Biol . , 1998, 33 , 1-52) . Because phosphorylation is such a ubiquitous process within cells and because cellular phenotypes are largely influenced by the activity of these pathways, it is currently believed that a number of disease states and/or disorders are a result of either aberrant activation of, or functional mutations in, kinases and phosphatases. Consequently, considerable attention has been devoted recently to the characterization of tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. PTPIB (also known as protein phosphatase IB and PTPN1) is an endoplasmic reticulu (ER) -associated enzyme originally isolated as the major protein tyrosine phosphatase of the human placenta (Tonks et al . , J. Biol . Chem. , 1988, 263 , 6731-6737; Tonks et al . , J. Biol . Chem. , 1988, 263 , 6722-6730) . An essential regulatory role in signaling mediated by the insulin receptor has been established for PTPIB. PTPIB interacts with and dephosphorylates the activated insulin receptor both in vitro and in intact cells resulting in the downregulation of the signaling pathway (Goldstein et al . , Mol . Cell . Biochem . , 1998, 182, 91-99; Seely et al . , Diabetes, 1996, 45, 1379-1385) . In addition, PTPIB modulates the mitogenic actions of insulin (Goldstein et al., Mol . Cell . Biochem. , 1998, 182 , 91-99). In rat adipose cells overexpressing PTPIB, the translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter was inhibited, implicating PTPIB as a negative regulator of glucose transport as well (Chen et al . , J " . Biol . Chem. , 1997, 272, 8026-8031). Mouse knockout models lacking the PTPIB gene also point toward the negative regulation of insulin signaling by PTPIB. Mice harboring a disrupted PTPIB gene showed increased insulin sensitivity, increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and when placed on a high-fat diet, PTPIB -/- mice were resistant to weight gain and remained insulin sensitive (Elchebly et al . , Science, 1999, 283 , 1544-1548) . These studies clearly establish PTPIB as a therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. PTPIB, which is differentially regulated during the cell cycle (Schievella et al., Cell . Growth Differ. , 1993, 4, 239-246) , is expressed in insulin sensitive tissues as two different isoforms that arise from alternate splicing of the pre-mRNA (Shifrin and Neel, J". Biol . Chem. , 1993, 268, 25376-25384) . It was recently demonstrated that the ratio of the alternatively spliced products is affected by growth factors such as insulin and differs in various tissues examined (Sell and Reese, Mol . Genet . Metab . , 1999, 66, 189-192) . In these studies it was also found that the levels of the variants correlated with the plasma insulin concentration and percentage body fat and may therefore be used as a biomarker for patients with chronic hyperins line ia or type 2 diabetes. Liu and Chernoff have shown that PTPIB binds to and serves as a substrate for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Liu and Chernoff, Biochem. J. , 1997, 327, 139-145) . Furthermore, in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells, PT1B was found to be inactivated by the presence of H 2 0 2 generated by the addition of EGF. These studies indicate that PTPIB can be negatively regulated by the oxidation state of the cell, which is often deregulated during tumorigenesis (Lee et al . , J " . Biol . Chem. , 1998, 273, 15366-15372) . Overexpression of PTPIB has been demonstrated in malignant ovarian cancers and this correlation was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the expression of the associated growth factor receptor (Wiener et al . , Am. J. Ohstet . Gynecol . , 1994, 170, 1177-1183). PTPIB has been shown to suppress transformation in NIH3T3 cells induced by the neu oncogene (Brown-Shimer et al., Cancer Res . , 1992, 52, 478-482), as well as in rat 3Y1 fibroblasts induced by v-srk, v-src, and v-ras (Liu et al . , Mol . Cell . Biol . , 1998, 18, 250-259) and rat-1 fibroblasts induced by bcr-abl (LaMontagne et al., Proc. Natl . Acad. Sci . U. S . A . , 1998, 95, 14094-14099). It has also been shown that PTPIB promotes differentiation of K562 cells, a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, in a similar manner as does an inhibitor of the bcr-abl oncoprotein. These studies describe the possible role of PTPIB in controlling the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (LaMontagne et al., Proc. Natl . Acad. Sci . U. S. A. , 1998, 95, 14094- 14099) . PTPIB negatively regulates integrin signaling by interacting with one or more adhesion-dependent signaling components and repressing integrin-mediated MAP kinase activation (Liu et al . , Curr. Biol . , 1998, 8, 173-176). Other studies designed to study integrin signaling, using a catalytically inactive form of PTPIB, have shown that PTPIB regulates cadherin-mediated cell adhesion (Balsamo et al., J. Cell . Biol . , 1998, 143, 523-532) as well as cell spreading, focal adhesion and stress fiber formation and tyrosine phosphorylation (Arregui et al., J. Cell . Biol . , 1998, 143 , 861-873) . Currently, therapeutic agents designed to inhibit the synthesis or action of PTPIB include small molecules (Ham et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett . , 1999, 9, 185-186; Skorey et al., J " . Biol . Chem. , 1997, 272, 22472-22480; Taing et al., Biochemistry, 1999, 38, 3793-3803; Taylor et al . , Bioorg. Med. Chem. , 1998, 6, 1457-1468; Wang et al . , Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett . , 1998, 8, 345-350; Wang et al . , Biochem. Pharmacol . , 1997, 54 , 703-711; Yao et al . , Bioorg. Med. Chem . , 1998, 6, 1799-1810) and peptides (Chen et al . , Biochemistry, 1999, 38 , 384-389; Desmarais et al . , Arch . Biochem. Biophys . , 1998, 354 , 225-231; Roller et al . , Bioorg. Med . Chem. Lett . , 1998, 8, 2149-2150). In addition, disclosed in the PCT publication WO 97/32595 are phosphopeptides and antibodies that inhibit the association of PTPIB with the activated insulin receptor for the treatment of disorders associated with insulin resistance. Antisense nucleotides against PTPIB are also generally disclosed (Olefsky, 1997) . There remains a long felt need for additional agents capable of effectively inhibiting PTPIB function and antisense technology is emerging as an effective means for reducing the expression of specific gene products. This technology may therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications for the modulation of PTPIB expression. The present invention, therefore, provides compositions and methods for modulating PTPIB expression, including modulation of the alternatively spliced form of PTPIB. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTPIB, and which modulate the expression of PTPIB. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the antisense compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of modulating the expression of PTPIB in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention. Further provided are methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of PTPIB by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention employs oligomeric antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, for use in modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding PTPIB, ultimately modulating the amount of PTPIB produced. This is accomplished by providing antisense compounds which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acids encoding PTPIB. As used herein, the terms "target nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid encoding PTPIB" encompass DNA encoding PTPIB, RNA (including pre- RNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds which specifically hybridize to it is generally referred to as "antisense" . The functions of DNA to be interfered with include replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of PTPIB.. In the context of the present invention, "modulation" means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene. In the context of the present invention, inhibition is the preferred form of modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target. -It is preferred to target specific nucleic acids for antisense. "Targeting" an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a ultistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTPIB. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection or modulation of expression of the protein, will result. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred intragenic site is the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5 ' -AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5 ' -ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the "AUG codon," the "start codon" or the "AUG start codon". A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5'-GUG, 5 ' -UUG or 5'-CUG, and 5'-AUA, 5 ' -ACG and 5'-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms "translation initiation codon" and "start codon" can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes) . It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of .the invention, "start codon" and "translation initiation codon" refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding PTPIB, regardless of the sequence (s) of such codons . It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or "stop codon") of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5 ' -UAA, 5 ' -UAG and 5 ' -UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5'-TAA, 5 ' -TAG and 5 ' -TGA, respectively) . The terms "start codon region" and "translation initiation codon region" refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to abput 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5' or 3') from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms "stop codon region" and "translation termination codon region" refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5* or 3') from a translation termination codon. The open reading frame (ORF) or "coding region," which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Other target regions include the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5 ' direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5 ' cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3 ' direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3 ' end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene. The 5' cap of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5 ' -most residue of the mRNA via a 5' -5' triphosphate linkage. The 5' cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5' cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap. The 5' cap region may also be a preferred target region. Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as "introns," which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as "exons" and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. mRNA splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions, may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or pre-mRNA. Once one or more target sites have been identified, oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect. In the context of this invention, "hybridization" means hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. "Complementary, " as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding w±th a -nucleotide at the same position of a DNA or RNA molecule, then the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. The oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, "specifically hybridizable" and "complementary" are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA target. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed. Antisense compounds are commonly used as research reagents and diagnostics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes. Antisense compounds are also used, for example, to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. Antisense modulation has, therefore, been harnessed for research use. The specificity and sensitivity -of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans. In the context of this invention, the term "oligonucleotide" refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases. While antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of antisense compound, the present invention comprehends other oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below. The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 30 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 30 linked nucleosides) . Particularly preferred antisense compounds are antisense oligonucleotides, even more preferably those comprising from about 12 to about 25 nucleobases. As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2', 3' or 5' hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn the respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to form a circular structure, however, open linear structures are generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3' to 5' phosphodiester linkage. Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides . Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkyl- phosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3' -alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3' -amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates,, thionophosphoramidates , thionoalkylphosphonates , thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3' -5' linkages, 2' -5' linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3' -5' to 5 '-3' or 2'-5' to 5' -2'. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S.: 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; and 5,625,050, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside) ; siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones,- alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sμlfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, 0, S and CH 2 component parts. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. : * 5, 034, 506; 5,-166,315; 5, * 185, * 444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677, 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070, 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups . The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such σligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has ^en shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) . In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S.: 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds ' can be found in Nielsen et al . , Science, 1991, 254, .1497-1500. Most preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular -CH 2 -NH-0-CH 2 - , -CH 2 -N (CH 3 ) -0-CH 2 - [known as a methylene (methyli ino) or MMI backbone], -CH 2 -0-N(CH 3 ) -CH 2 - , -CH 2 -N(CH 3 ) -N(CH 3 ) -CH 2 - and -0-N(CH 3 ) -CH 2 -CH 2 - [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as -0-P-0-CH 2 - ] of the above referenced U.S. patent 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. patent 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. patent 5,034,506. Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2 ' position: OH; F; 0-, S-, or N-alkyl; 0-, S-, or N-alkenyl; 0-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C x to C 1Q alkyl or C 2 to C 10 alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are 0[ (CH 2 ) n o] m CH 3 , 0 (CH 2 ) n OCH 3 , 0(CH 2 ) n NH 2 , 0(CH 2 ) π CH 3 , 0(CH 2 ) n ONH 2 , and 0 (CH 2 ) n ON [ (CH 2 ) n CH 3 ) ] 2 , where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2' position: C x to C 10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, 0- alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH 3 , OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF 3 , OCF 3 , SOCH 3 , S0 2 CH 3/ ON0 2 , N0 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, a inoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2 ' -me hoxyethoxy (2 ' -0-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , also known as 2 ' -0- (2-methoxyethyl) or.2'-M0E) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group, A further preferred modification includes 2 ' - dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a 0(CH 2 ) 2 0N(CH 3 ) 2 group, also known as 2'-DMA0E, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2 ' -dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2 ' -O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2'-DMAEOE), i.e., 2 ' -0-CH 2 - 0-CH 2 -N(CH 2 ) 2/ also described in examples hereinbelow. Other preferred modifications include 2 ' -methoxy (2'- 0-CH 3 ) , 2 ' -aminopropoxy (2 ' -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) and 2" -fluoro (2'- F) . Similar modifications may also be made, at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3' position of the sugar on the 3 ' terminal nucleotide or in 2' -5' linked oligonucleotides and the 5' position of 5' terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S.: 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878, 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811, 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as "base") modifications or substitutions. As used herein, "unmodified" or "natural" nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) , and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T) , cytosine (C) and uracil (U) . Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C) , 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2- thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil) , 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8- thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7- methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8- azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3- • deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further . nucleobases include those disclosed in United States Patent No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J.I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al . , Angrewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y.S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications , pages 289- 302, Crooke, S.T. and Lebleu, B. , ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5- propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2°C (Sanghvi, Y.S., Crooke, S.T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2 ' -0-methoxyethyl sugar modifications . Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. 3,687,808, as well as U.S.: 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; and 5,681,941, certain of. which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference, and United States patent 5,750,692, which is commonly owned with the instant application and also herein incorporated by reference . Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc . Natl . Acad. Sci . USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al . , Bioorg. Med. Chem . Let . , 1994, 4 , 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl- S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al . , Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci . , 1992, 660 , 306-309; Manoharan et al . , Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. , 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl . Acids Res . , 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison- Behmoaras et al . , EMBO J. , 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett . , 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al . , Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di- hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O- hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett . , 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al . , JMucl . Acids Res . , 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973) , or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett . , 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim . Biophys . Acta, 1995, 1264 , 229-237) , or an octadecyla ine or hexylamino- carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al . , J. Pharmacol . Exp . Ther. , 1996, 277, 923-937. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S.: 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465 5,541,313 5,545,730 5,552,538 5,578,717, 5,580,731 5,580,731 5,591,584 5,109,124 5,118,802, 5,138,045 5,414,077 5,486,603 5,512,439 5,578,718, 5,608,046 4,587,044 4,605,735 4,667,025 4,762,779, 4,789,737 4,824,941 4,835,263 4,876,335 4,904,582, 4,958,013 5,082,830 5,112,963 5,214,136 5,082,830, 5,112,963 5,214,136 5,245,022 5,254,469 5,258,506, 5,262,536 5,272,250 5,292,873 5,317,098 5,371,241, 5,391,723 5,416,203 5,451,463 5,510,475 5,512,667, 5,514,785 5,565,552 5,567,810 5,574,142 5,585,481; 5,587,371 5,595,726 5,597,696 5,599,923 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference. It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. "Chimeric" antisense compounds or "chimeras, " in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing • the efficiency of oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art . Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers . Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S.: 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely. made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA) . Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives . The antisense compounds of the invention are synthesized in vitro and do not include antisense compositions of biological origin, or genetic vector constructs designed to direct the in vivo synthesis of antisense molecules . The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S.: 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330, 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170, 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents . The term "prodrug" indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [ (S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al . , • published December * 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 to Imbach et al. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N' -dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," J " . of Pharma Sci . , 1977, 66, 1-19) . The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a "pharmaceutical addition salt" includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines. Preferred acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of inorganic and organic -acids, such. as, for example, with inorganic acids, such- as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxyiic, sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, e bonic acid, nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfoic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid (with the formation of cyclamates) , or with other acid organic compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations. Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible. For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic "acid, Bulfuric * acid * , -phosphoric • acid, * nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of PTPIB is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the antisense compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection, inflammation or tumor formation, for example. The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding PTPIB, enabling sandwich and other assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding PTPIB can be detected by means known in the art . Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means . Kits using such -detection means- for detecting the -level of P-TP1B in- a sample may also be prepared. The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal) , oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, • diluents and- other -suitable* additives- such as, -bu -not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Pharmaceutical compositions of the ' present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids. The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier (s) or excipient (s) . In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product . The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers. In one embodiment of the present invention the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams. Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While basically similar in nature these formulations -vary .in -the .components and the consistency of the final product. The preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the present invention. Emulsions The compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms , Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieber an, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al . , in Remington ' s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1985, p. 301) . Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising of two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions may be either water-in-oil (w/o) or of the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such, as e ulsifiers, . stabilizers, dyes,, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous provides an o/w/o emulsion. Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of e ulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199) . Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.) , 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc. , New * York, ' ' N ' .Y. , volume 1., p.. .285; .Idson, .in Pharmaceut cal Dosage Forms., Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285). Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate. A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants " (Block, in ' Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, " Rieger and Banker (Eds.)., 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth) , cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose) , and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers) . These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase. Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives . Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin. The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (Tdson, -in Pharmaceutical * Dosage Forms, * Lieberman, -Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199) . Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of reasons of ease of formulation, efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint. (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil- soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are a αng the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions. In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions . A microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff , in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in : Controlled Release of Drugs : Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M. , Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215) . Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include 'oil, "water, surfactant, cαsurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is α£.- the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington ' s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1985, p. 271). The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to...formulate microemulsions (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously. Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non- ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310) , tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310) , hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310) , hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500) , decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750) , decaglycerol monooleate (-MO750) , decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750) , decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750) , alone or in combination with cosurfactants . The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self- emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Cap ul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil. Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al . , Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11 , 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth . Find. Exp . Clin . Pharmacol . , 1993, 13 , 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al . , Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11 , 1385; Ho et al . , J. Pharm. Sci . , 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or oligonucleotides. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic -and pharmaceutical- applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration. Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3) , Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the oligonucleotides and nucleic acids of the present invention. Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories - surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92) . Each of these classes has been discussed above. Liposomes There are many organized surfactant structures besides microemulsions that have been studied and used for the formulation of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great interest because of their specificity and the duration of action they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the present invention, the term "liposome" means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers . Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non- cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by macrophages in vivo . In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores . Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245) . Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes . Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act. Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive investigation as the mode Of "delivery 'for many drugs. There is growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side- effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin. Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin. Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis . Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al . , Biochem . Biophys . Res . Commun . , 1987, 147, 980-985). Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al . , Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274) . One major type o " liposomal composition " includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) . Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) . Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol. Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of skin herpes sores while delivery of * interferon via other means (e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et al . , Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410) . Further, an additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et al . , Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265). Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome™ I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome™ II (glyceryl distearate/ cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of .cyclosporin-A into .different .layers of the, skin (Hu et al . S. T. P. Pharma . Sci . , 1994, 4, 6, 466). Liposomes also include "sterically stabilized" liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside G M1 , or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al . , FEBS Letters, 1987, 223 , 42; Wu et al . , Cancer Research, 1993, 53 , 3765). Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al . (Ann . N. Y. Acad. Sci . , 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside G M1 , galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes . These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al . { Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . U. S . A . , 1988, 85, 6949) . U.S. Patent No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to Allen et al . , disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G M1 or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Patent No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al . ) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1, 2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al . ) . Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art. Sunamoto et al . (Bull . Chem. Soc . Jpn . , 1980, 53 , 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C 12 15G, that contains a PEG moiety. Ilium et al . {FEBS Lett . , 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxyiic groups of polyalkylene glycols { e . g. , PEG) are described by Sears (U.S. Patent Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899). Klibanov et al . (FEBS Lett . , 1990, 268 , 235) described experiments demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al . (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e . g. , DSPE-PEG, formed from the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 Bl and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al . (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Patent No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 Bl) . Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Patent No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al . ) and in WO 94/20073 (Zalipsky et al . ) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al . ) . U.S. Patent Nos. 5,540,935 (Miyazaki et al . ) and 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al . ) describe PEG-containing liposomes that- can be further derivatized with functional moieties on their surfaces. A limited number of liposomes_ comprising nucleic acids are known in the art. WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al . discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes. U.S. Patent No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al . discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include an antisense RNA. U.S. Patent No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al . describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al . discloses liposomes comprising antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the raf gene. Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles . Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin) , self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge- activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin. Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties 'of " the many di'fferent "types "of surfactants, * "both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) . The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the "head") provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1988, p. 285) . If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class. If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates-, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps. If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts ' and ethoxylated amines . 'The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class. If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N- alkylbetaines and phosphatides . The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1988, p. 285) . Penetration Enhancers In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides, to the skin of animals . Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non- surfactants (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92) . Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail. Surfactants: In connection with the present invention, surfactants ' (or "surface-active agents")" ~ are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al . , J. Phar . Pharmacol . , 1988, 40, 252). Fatty acids: Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid) , myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1- monooleoyl-rac-glycerol) , dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1- dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C^^ alkyl esters thereof ( e . g. , methyl, isopropyl and t- butyl) , and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92; Muranishi, Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al . , J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44 , 651-654) . Bile salts: The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al . Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935) . Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term "bile salts" includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate) , dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate) , deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate) , glucholic acid (sodium glucholate) , glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate) , glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate) , taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate) , taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate) , chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate) , ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) , sodium tauro-24 , 25-dihydro- fusidate (STDHF) , sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In : Remington ' s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed. , Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al . , J. Pharm. Exp . Ther. , 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al . , J. Pharm. Sci . , 1990, 79, 579-583). Chelating Agents: Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present invention, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarreft, J " . Chroma-togr . , 1993, 618 , 315-339). Chelating agents of the invention include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) , citric acid, salicylates ( e . g. , sodium salicylate, 5- methoxysalicylate and homovanilate) , JV-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and JV-amino acyl derivatives of beta- diketones (enamines) (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al . , J. Control Rel . , 1990, 14 , 43-51). Non-chelating non-surfactants : As used herein, non- chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33) . This class of penetration enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo- alkanone derivatives (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92) ; and non- steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al . , J. Pharm . Pharmacol . , 1987, 39, 621-626) . Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotides at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al , U.S. Patent No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731) , are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides. Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and menthone. Carriers Certain compositions of the present invention also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein, "carrier compound" or "carrier" can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido- 4 ' isothiocyano-stilbene-2, 2 ' -disulfonic acid (Miyao et al . , Antisense Res . Dev. , 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al . , Antisense & Nucl . Acid Drug Dev. , 1996, 6, 177-183). Excipients In contrast to a carrier compound, a "pharmaceutical carrier" or "excipient" is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically ' inert vehicle " for' delivering one or more nucleic acids 'to an animal. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc. , when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents { e . g. , pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers ( e. g. , lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium 5. acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc. ) . Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient suitable for non-parenteral administration which TCI do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, XΞ. magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as Zd alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically • acceptable organic -or -inorganic excipients suitable -for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously 25. react with nucleic acids can be used. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, 2.Q hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. Other Components The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components 315 conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or 5 anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, 10 such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, 15 wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation. Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which 20 increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers. Certain embodiments of the -invention -provide pharmaceutical compositions containing (a) one or more 25 ' antisense compounds and (b) one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anticancer drugs such as daunorubicin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, 30 mitomycin, nitrogen mustard, chlorambucil, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine (CA) , 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) , floxuridine (5-FUdR) , methotrexate (MTX) , colchicine, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, teniposide, cisplatin and 3.5 diethylstilbestrol (DES) . See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al . , eds . , 1987, Rahway, N.J. , pages 1206-1228). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al . , eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively) . Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially. In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially. The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC 50 s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years. While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same. EXAMPLES Example 1 Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis Deoxy and 2' -alkoxy amidites 2' -Deoxy and 2' -methoxy beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial sources (e.g. Chemgenes, Needham MA or Glen Research, Inc. Sterling VR) . ' "Other ' 1 -O-alkoxy ' substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,506,351, herein incorporated by reference. For oligonucleotides synthesized using 2' -alkoxy amidites, the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides was utilized, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base was increased to 360 seconds. Oligonucleotides containing 5-methyl-2 ' -deoxycytidine (5-Me-C) nucleotides were synthesized according to published methods [Sanghvi, et . al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, 21 , 3197-3203] using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen Research, Sterling NA or ChemGenes, Needham MA) . 2' -Fluoro amidites 2' -Fluorodeoxyadenosine amidites 2' -fluoro oligonucleotides were synthesized as described previously [Kawasaki, et . al . , J. Med. Chem. , 1993, 36, 831-841] and United States patent 5,670,633, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the protected nucleoside N6-benzoyl-2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluoroadenosine was synthesized utilizing commercially available 9-beta-D- arabinofuranosyladenine as starting material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the 2 ' -alpha-fluoro atom is introduced by a S N 2-displacement of a 2 ' -beta-trityl group. Thus N6-benzoyl-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was selectively protected in moderate yield as the 3',5'- ditetrahydropyranyl (THP) intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N6-benzoyl groups was accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods were used to obtain the 5 ' -dimethoxytrityl- (DMT) and 5'-DMT-3'- phosphoramidite intermediates. 2' -Fluorodeoxyguanosine The synthesis of 2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluoroguanosine was accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl ' (TPD ' S) protected 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and conversion to the intermediate diisobutyryl- arabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS group was followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine . Selective O-deacylation and triflation was followed by treatment of the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP groups. Standard methodologies were used to obtain the 5 ' -DMT- and 5 ■ -DMT-3 ■ -phosphoramidites . 2' -Fluorouridine Synthesis of 2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluorouridine was accomplished by the modification of a literature procedure in which 2 , ' -anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was treated with 70% hydrogen fluoride-pyridine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5 ' -DMT and 5 ' -DMT- 3 'phosphoramidites . 2 ' -Fluorodeoxycytidine 2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluorocytidine was synthesized via amination of 2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give N4-benzoyl-2 ' -deoxy-2 ' - fluorocytidine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5 ' -DMT and 5 ■ -DMT-3 'phosphoramidites . 2' -0- (2-Methoxyethyl) modified amidites 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as follows, or alternatively, as per the methods of Martin, P., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504. 2,2 ' -Anhydro [1- (beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) -5- methyluridine] 5-Methyluridine (ribosylthymine, commercially available through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M) , diphenylcarbonate (90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were added to DMF (300 mL) . The mixture was heated to- reflux, with stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was poured into diethylether (2.5 L) , with stirring. The product formed a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL) . The solution was poured into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60°C at 1 mm Hg for 24 h) to give a solid that was crushed to a light tan powder (57 g, 85% crude yield) . The NMR spectrum was consistent with the structure, contaminated with phenol as its sodium salt (ca. 5%) . The material was used as is for further reactions (or it can be purified further by column chromatography using a gradient of methanol in ethyl acetate (10-25%) to give a white solid, mp 222-4°C) . 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine 2,2 ' -Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M), tris(2- methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol (1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160°C. After heating for 48 hours at 155-160°C, the vessel was opened and the solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL) . The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L) . The insoluble salts were filtered, washed with acetone (150 L) and the filtrate evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH 3 CN (600 mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in CH 2 Cl 2 /acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH. The residue was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (250 mL) and adsorbed onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product. Additional material .was. obtained by .reworking impure .fractions. 2 ' -O-Me hoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 g, 0.506 M) was co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L) . A first aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70% product . The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH 3 CN (200 mL) . The residue was dissolved in CHC1 3 (1.5 L) and extracted with 2x500 mL of saturated NaHC0 3 and 2x500 mL of saturated NaCl . The organic phase was dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column, packed and eluted with EtOAc/hexane/acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%) . 3 ' -O-Acetyl-2 ' -0-methoxyethyl-5 • -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methyluridine 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106 g, 0.167 M) , DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from 562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38 mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC by first quenching the TLC sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction, as judged by TLC, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated at 35°C. The residue was dissolved in CHC1 3 (800 mL) and extracted with 2x200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 2x200 mL of saturated NaCl . The water -layers * were -back* extracted -with 200- -mL -of -CHG1 3 . The combined organics were dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue (approx. 90% product) . The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column and eluted using EtOAc/hexane (4 : 1) . Pure product fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%) . An additional 1.5 g was recovered from later fractions. 3 • -O-Acetyl-2 ' -0-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methyl-4-triazoleuridine A first solution was prepared by dissolving 3 ' -0- acetyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methyluridine (96 g, 0.144 M) in CH 3 CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine (189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M) in CH 3 CN (1 L) , cooled to -5°C and stirred for 0.5 h using an overhead stirrer. POCl 3 was added dropwise, over a 30 minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10°C, and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to the latter solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 1x300 mL of NaHC0 3 and 2x300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound. 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methy1cytidine A solution of 3 ■ -O-acetyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -0- dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH 4 0H (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2x200 mL) . The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to a 2 -liter- stainless steel- pressure -vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated with NH 3 gas was added and the vessel heated to 100°C for 2 hours (TLC showed complete conversion) . The vessel contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL) . The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to give 85 g (95%) of the title compound. N4-Benzoyl-2 ■ -O-methoxyethyl-5 1 -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methylcytidine 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl- cytidine (85 g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride (37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3 hours, TLC showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete. The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (200 mL) . The residue was dissolved in CHC1 3 (700 mL) and extracted with saturated NaHC0 3 (2x300 L) and saturated NaCl (2x300 mL) , dried over MgS0 4 and evaporated to give a residue (96 g) . The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound. N4-Benzoyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methylcytidine-3 ' -amidite N4-Benzoyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methylcytidine (74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (1 L) . Tetrazole diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-tetra- (isopropyl) phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (TLC showed the reaction to be 95% complete) . The reaction mixture was extracted with saturated NaHC0 3 (1x300 mL) and saturated NaCl (3x300 mL) . The aqueous washes were back- extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (300 mL) , and the extracts were combined, -dried over MgS0 4 * and -concentrated. * -The residue obtained was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (3:1) as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give 90.6 g (87%) of the title compound. 2' -0- (Ami ooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites and 2'-0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites 2 ' - (Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites 2 ' - (Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and guanosine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly to the thymidine (5- methyluridine) except the exocyclic amines are protected with a benzoyl moiety in the case of adenosine and cytidine and with isobutyryl in the case of guanosine. 5 ' -0-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-0 2 -2 ■ -anhydro-5- methyluridine 0 2 -2 ' -anhydro-5-methyluridine (Pro. Bio. Sint., Varese, Italy, 100. Og, 0.416 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (0.66g, 0.013eq, 0.0054mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (500 ml) at ambient temperature under an argon atmosphere and with mechanical stirring. tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane (125.8g, 119. OmL, l.leq, 0.458mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature. TLC (Rf 0.22, ethyl acetate) indicated a complete reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. This was partitioned between dichloromethane (1 L) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2x1 L) and brine (1 L) . The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. The oil was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether (600mL) and the solution was cooled to -10°C. The resulting crystalline product was collected by filtration, .washed with ethyl ether (3x200 mL) and dried (40°C, 1mm Hg, 24 h) to 149g (74.8%) of white solid. TLC and NMR were consistent with pure product. 51 -o-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- (2-hydroxyethyl) -5- methyluridine In a 2 L stainless steel, unstirred pressure reactor was added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2.0 eq, 622 mL) . In the fume hood and with manual stirring, ethylene glycol (350 mL, excess) was added cautiously at first until the evolution of hydrogen gas subsided. 5'-0-tert- Butyldiphenylsilyl-0 2 -2 ' -anhydro-5-methyluridine (149 g, 0.311 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.074 g, 0.003 eq) were added with manual stirring. The reactor was sealed and heated in an oil bath until an internal temperature of 160 °C was reached and then maintained for 16 h (pressure < 100 psig) . The reaction vessel was cooled to ambient and opened. TLC (Rf 0.67 for desired product and Rf 0.82 for ara-T side product, ethyl acetate) indicated about 70% conversion to the product. In order to avoid additional side product formation, the reaction was stopped, concentrated under reduced pressure (10 to 1mm Hg) in a warm water bath (40-100°C) with the more extreme conditions used to remove the ethylene glycol. [Alternatively, once the low boiling solvent is gone, the remaining solution can be partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The product will be in the organic phase.] The residue was purified by column chromatography (2kg silica gel, ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient 1:1 to 4:1). The appropriate fractions were combined, stripped and dried to product as a white crisp foam (84g, 50%) , contaminated starting material (17.4g) and pure reusable starting material 20g. The yield based on starting material less pure recovered starting material was 58%. TLC and NMR were consistent with 99% -pure product . 2 ' -0- ( [2-ph alimidoxy) ethyl] -5 ' -t-butyldiphenylsilyl- 5-methyluridine 5 ' -O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -O- (2-hydroxyethyl) -5- methyluridine (20g, 36.98mmol) was mixed with triphenylphosphine (11.63g, 44.36mmol) and N- hydroxyphthalimide (7.24g, 44.36mmol). It was then dried over P 2 0 5 under high vacuum for two days at 40°C. The reaction mixture was flushed with argon and dry THF (369.8mL, Aldrich, sure seal bottle) was added to get a clear solution. Diethyl-azodicarboxylate (6.98mL, 44.36mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The rate of addition is maintained such that resulting deep red coloration is just discharged before adding the next drop. After the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for 4 hrs . By that time TLC showed the completion of the reaction (ethylacetate:hexane, 60:40). The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. Residue obtained was placed on a flash column and eluted with ethyl acetate : hexane (60:40), to get 2 ' -O- ( [2-phthalimidoxy) ethyl] -5 ' -t- butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine as white foam (21.819 g, 86%) . 5 ' -O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -O- [ (2- formadoximinooxy) ethyl] -5-me hyluridine 2 ' -O- ( [2-phthalimidoxy) ethyl] -5 ' - t-butyldiphenylsilyl- 5-methyluridine (3.1g, 4.5mmol) was dissolved in dry CH 2 C1 2 (4.5mL) and methylhydrazine (300mL, 4.64mmol) was added dropwise at -10°C to 0°C. After 1 h the mixture was filtered, the filtrate was washed with ice cold CH 2 C1 2 and the combined organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 . The solution was concentrated to get 2 ' - O- (aminooxyethyl) thymidine, which was then dissolved in MeOH (67.5mL). To this formaldehyde (20% aqueous solution, w/w, 1.1 eq.) was added and the resulting mixture was strirred for 1 h. Solvent was removed under vacuum; residue chromatographed to get 5'-0-tert- -butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0-.[.(2-formadoximinooxy) ethyl] -5- methyluridine as white foam (1.95 g, 78%). 5 ' -O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -O- [N,N- dimethylaminooxyethyl] -5-methyluridine 5' -O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2' -0- [(2- formadoximinooxy) ethyl] -5-methyluridine (1.77g, 3.12mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 1M pyridinium p- toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in dry MeOH (30.6mL). Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39g, 6.13mmol) was added to this solution at 10°C under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10°C. After that the reaction vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 ) . Aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (5%, lOmL) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2x20mL) . Ethyl acetate phase was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , evaporated to dryness. Residue was dissolved in a solution of 1M PPTS in MeOH (30.6mL). Formaldehyde (20% w/w, 30mL, 3.37mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Reaction mixture cooled to 10°C in an ice bath, sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39g, 6.13mmol) was added and reaction mixture stirred at 10°C for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture 5% NaHC0 3 (25mL) solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2x25mL) . Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 and evaporated to dryness . The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography and eluted with 5% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 to get 5 ' -0- tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -O- [N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl] -5-methyluridine as a white foam (14.6g, 80%) . 2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine " Triethylamine ' " trlhydrόfluori ' de " ( ' 3. ' 91mL', ' 2 VOmmόl) was dissolved in dry THF and triethylamine (1.67mL, 12mmol, dry, kept over KOH) . This mixture of triethylamine-2HF was then added to 5 ' -O- tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- [N,N- dimethylaminooxyethyl] -5-methyluridine (1.40g, 2.4mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. Reaction was monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 ) . Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue placed on a flash column and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 to get 2 ' -O- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (766mg, 92.5%). 5 ' -O-DMT-2 ' -O- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine 2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (750mg, 2.17mmol) was dried over P 2 0 5 under high vacuum overnight at 40°C. It was then co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (20mL) . The residue obtained was dissolved in pyridine (llmL) under argon atmosphere. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (26.5mg, 2.60mmol), 4 , 4 ' -dimethoxytrityl chloride (880mg, 2.60mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until all of the starting material disappeared. Pyridine was removed under vacuum and the residue chromatographed and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 (containing a few drops of pyridine) to get 5'-0-DMT- 2 ' -0- (dimethylamino-oxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (1.13g, 80%). 5' -O-DMT-2' -0- (2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5- methyluridine-3 ' - [ (2-cyanoethyl) -N,N- diisopropylphosphoramidite] 5 ' -O-DMT-2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (l.Oδg, 1.67mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (20mL) . To the residue N,N-diisopropylamine tetrazonide (0.29g, 1.67mmol) was added and dried over P 2 0 5 under high vacuum overnight at 40°C. Then the reaction mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (8.4mL) and 2-cyanoethyl- N,N,N :L ,N 1 -tetraisopropylphosphoramidite (2.12mL, 6.08mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hrs under inert atmosphere. The progress o " f the reaction was monitored " by TLC " (hexane : e ' thyl acetate 1:1) . The solvent was evaporated, then the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHC0 3 (40mL) . Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated. Residue obtained was chromatographed (ethyl acetate as eluent) to get 5 ' -0-DMT- 2 ■ -O- (2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine-3 ' - [ (2- cyanoethyl) -N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] as a foam (1.04g, 74.9%) . 2 ' - (Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites 2 ' - (Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2 ' -0- (aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and thymidine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly. N2-isobutyryl-6-0-diphenylcarbamoyl-2 ' -O- (2- ethylacetyl) -5 ' -0- (4,4 ' -dimethoxytrityl) guanosine-3 ■ - [ (2-cyanoethyl) -N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] The 2 ' -O-aminooxyethyl guanosine analog may be obtained by selective 2 ' -O-alkylation of diaminopurine riboside. Multigram quantities of diaminopurine riboside may be purchased from Schering AG (Berlin) to provide 2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside along with a minor amount of the 3'-0-isomer. 2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside may be resolved and converted to 2 ' - 0- (2-ethylacetyl) guanosine by treatment with adenosine deaminase. (McGee, D. P. C, Cook, P. D., Guinosso, C. J., W0 94/02501 Al 940203.) Standard protection procedures should afford 2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) -5 ' -0- (4, 4 ' - dimethoxytrityl) guanosine and 2-N-isobutyryl-6-0- diphenylcarbamoyl-2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) -5 ' -0- (4,4 ' - dimethoxytrityl) guanosine which may be reduced to provide 2-N-isobutyryl-6-0-diphenylcarbamoyl-2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) - 5 ' -0- (4, 4 ' -dimethoxytrityl) guanosine. As before the ' hydrόxyl group may " be " displaced " by N-lϊy ' droxyphthalimide via a Mitsunobu reaction, and the protected nucleoside may phosphitylated as usual to yield 2-N-isobutyryl-6-0- diphenylcarbamoyl-2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) -5 ' -0- (4,4 ' - dimethoxytrityl) guanosine-3 ' - [ (2-cyanoethyl) -N,N- diisopropylphosphoramidite] . 2 ' -dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2 ' -DMAE0E) nucleoside amidites 2 ' -dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy nucleoside amidites (also known in the art as 2 ' -O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl, i.e., 2 ' -0-CH 2 -0-CH 2 -N(CH 2 ) 2 , or 2 ' -DMAEOE nucleoside amidites) are prepared as follows . Other nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly. 2*-0- [2 (2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy) ethyl] -5-methyl uridine 2 [2- (Dimethylamino) ethoxy] ethanol (Aldrich, 6.66 g, 50 mmol) is slowly added to a solution of borane in tetrahydrofuran (1 M, 10 mL, 10 mmol) with stirring in a 100 mL bomb. Hydrogen gas evolves as the solid dissolves. 0 2 -,2'- anhydro-5-methyluridine (1.2 g, 5 mmol), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5 mg) are added and the bomb is sealed, placed in an oil bath and heated to 155°C for 26 hours. The bomb is cooled to room temperature and opened. The crude solution is concentrated and the residue partitioned between water (200 mL) and hexanes (200 mL) . The excess phenol is extracted into the hexane layer. The aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed once with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is columned on silica gel using methanol/methylene chloride 1:20 (which has 2% triethylamine) as the eluent. As the column fractions are concentrated a colorless solid forms which is collected to give the title compound as a white solid. - - 5 ■ -O-dimethoxytrityl-2 ' -0- [2 (2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy) ethyl) ] -5-methyl uridine To 0.5 g (1.3 mmol) of 2 ' -0- [2 (2-N,N-dimethylamino- ethoxy) ethyl) ] -5-methyl uridine in anhydrous pyridine (8 mL) , triethylamine (0.36 mL) and dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-C1, 0.87 g, 2 eq.) are added and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (2x200 mL) . The combined CH 2 C1 2 layers are washed with saturated NaHC0 3 solution, followed by saturated NaCl solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent followed by silica gel chromatography using Me0H:CH 2 Cl 2 :Et 3 N (20:1, v/v, with 1% triethylamine) gives the title compound. 5 ' -0-Dimethoxytrityl-2 ' -0- [2 (2 -N, N- dimethylaminoethoxy) ethyl) ] -5-methyl uridine-3 ' -0- (cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl) hosphoramidite Diisopropylaminotetrazolide (0.6 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy- 5 N,N-diisopropyl phosphoramidite (1.1 mL, 2 eq.) are added to a solution of 5 ' -0-dimethoxytrityl-2 ' -0- [2 (2-N,N- dimethylaminoethoxy) ethyl) ] -5-methyluridine (2.17 g, 3 mmol) dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (20 mL) under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight and the Q solvent evaporated. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography with ethyl acetate as the eluent to give the title compound. Example 2 Oligonucleotide synthesis 5 Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P=0) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. Phosphorothioates (P=S) are synthesized as for the Q phosphodiester oligonucleotides except the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2- benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation .wait step was increased .to 68 sec and was followed by the 5 capping step. After cleavage, from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55°C (18 h) , the oligonucleotides were purified by precipitating twice with 2.5 volumes of ethanol from a 0.5 M NaCl solution. Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as 0 described in U.S. Patent 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference. Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference. 3' -Deoxy-3' -methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference. Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent, 5,256,775 or U.S. Patent 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference. Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference. 3 ' -Deoxy-3 ' -amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference . Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference . Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference. Example 3 Oligonucleoside Synthesis Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as -MM! linked -oligonucleosides, meth-ylenedi- methylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P=0 or P=S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference . Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference. Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference. Example 4 PNA Synthesis Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are prepared in accordance with any of the various procedures referred to in Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) : Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, 4, 5-23. They may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Patents 5,539,082, 5,700,922, and 5,719,262, herein incorporated by reference. Example 5 Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the "gap" segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5' and 3' "wing" segments of linked nucleosides and a second "open end" type wherein the "gap" segment is located at either the 3' or the 5' terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as "gapmers" .or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as "hemimers" or "wingmers". [2 ' -O-Me] - - [2 ' -deoxy] - - [2 ' -O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2 ' -O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2 ' -deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 380B, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2' -deoxy-5 ' -dimethoxytrityl-3 ' -O-phosphor- amidite for the DNA portion and 5 ' -dimethoxytrityl-2 ' -0- methyl-3 ' -O-phosphoramidite for 5' and 3' wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by increasing the wait step after the delivery of tetrazole and base to 600 s repeated four times for RNA and twice for 2 ' -O-methyl . The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and the phosphate group is deprotected in 3:1 ammonia/ethanol at room temperature overnight then lyophilized to dryness. Treatment in methanolic ammonia for 24 hrs at room temperature is then done to deprotect all bases and sample was again lyophilized to dryness. The pellet is resuspended in 1M TBAF in THF for 24 hrs at room temperature to deprotect the 2' positions. The reaction is then quenched with 1M TEAA and the sample is then reduced to 1/2 volume by rotovac before being desalted on a G25 size exclusion column. The oligo recovered is then analyzed spectrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry. [2" -0- (2-Methoxyethyl)] -- [2 '-deoxy] -- [2 ' -0- (Methoxyethyl) ] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides [2 ' -0- (2-methoxyethyl) ] -- [2 ' -deoxy] -- [-2 ' -0- (methoxyethyl) ] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure .above for .the .2 ' -O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2'-0- (methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2 '-O-methyl amidites. [2 ' -0- (2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] -- [2 ' -deoxy Phosphorothioate] -- [2 ' -0- (2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligonucleotides [2 ' -0- (2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester] -- [2 ' -deoxy phosphorothioate] -- [2 ' -O- (methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2 '-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2' -0- (methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2 '-O-methyl amidites, oxidization with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3, H-l, 2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap. Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to United States patent 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference. Example 6 Oligonucleotide Isolation After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55°C for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in synthesis were periodically checked by *31 P nuclear magnetic -resonance- spectroseopy, and -for- some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al . , J " . Biol . Chem . 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material. Example 7 Oligonucleotide Synthesis - 96 Well Plate Format Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a standard 96 well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine . Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3, H-l, 2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base- protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, or Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) . Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per known literature or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites. Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH 4 0H at elevated temperature (55-60°C) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo . The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors . Example 8 Oligonucleotide Analysis - 96 Well Plate Format The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. " The " full-length integrity ' of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96 well format - (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™ 5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length. Example 9 Cell culture and oligonucleotide treatment The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following 5 cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease protection assays, or RT-PCR. T-24 cells: The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA) . T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy' s 5A basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) , penicillin 100 units per mL, and ' streptomycin 100 * πiicrograms -per τrιL -(Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) . Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis. For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. A549 cells: The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained fro the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA) . A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) , penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) . Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. NHDF cells: Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville MD) . NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville MD) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier. HEK cells: Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville MD) . HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics -Corporation, Walkersville MD) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier. PC-12 cells: The rat neuronal cell line PC-12 was obtained from the American Type Culure Collection (Manassas, VA) . PC-12 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 10% horse serum + 5% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) . Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 20000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis. For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. Treatment with antisense compounds: When cells reached 80% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 reduced- serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of 0PTI-MEM™-1 containing 3.75 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ (Gibco BRL) and the desired concentration of oligonucleotide. After 4- 7 hours of treatment, the medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment. The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control -oligonucleotide at -a range of concentrations. -For -human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 13920, TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO : 1, a 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2 ' -O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to human H-ras. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO : 2, a 2 ' -0- methoxyethyl gapmer (2 ' -O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf . The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-Ha-ras (for ISIS 13920) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of H-ras or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments . Example 10 Analysis of oligonucleotide inhibition of PTPIB expression Antisense modulation of PTPIB expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art . For example, PTPIB mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , or real-time PCR (RT-PCR) . Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly (A) + mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al . , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Northern blot analysis is - routine in 'the ' art and is ' taught in, ' 'for * example, * Ausubel , F.M. et al . , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Realtime quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA and used according to manufacturer's instructions. Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer- probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be "multiplexed" with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only ("single-plexing") , or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed as multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art. Protein levels of PTPIB can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting) , ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) . Antibodies directed to PTPIB can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, MI) , or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods . ■ • Methods for -preparation -of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al . , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.4.1-11.11.5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al . , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.16.1-10.16.11, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al . , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.8.1- 10.8.21, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al . , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1- 11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. Example 11 Poly(A) + mRNA isolation Poly (A) + mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al . , Clin . Chem . , 1996, 42 , 1758-1764. Other methods for poly (A) + mRNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al . , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine CA) . Plates were incubated - for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6 , 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl) . After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70°C was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90°C hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate. Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions . Example 12 Total RNA Isolation Total mRNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia CA) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 100 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 100 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 15 seconds . 1 mL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96 m plate and the vacuum again applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 15 seconds . The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the -vacuum was applied -for an additional -10 -minutes. -The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 60 μL water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 30 seconds. The elution step was repeated with an additional 60 μL water. The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia CA) . Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out . Example 13 Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of PTPIB mRNA Levels Quantitation of PTPIB mRNA levels was determined by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., JOE, FAM, or VIC, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, CA or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is attached to the 5 ' end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., -Alameda,- CA or -PE-Applied-Biosystems, Fos er- Gi-t-y, CA) is attached to the 3' end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3 ' quencher dye . During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5 ' - exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples. PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 25 μL PCR cocktail (lx TAQMAN™ buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl 2 , 300 μM each of dATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 μM of dUTP, 100 nM each of forward primer, reverse primer, and probe, 20 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units AMPLITAQ GOLD™, and 12.5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 96 well plates containing 25 μL poly (A) mRNA solution. The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48°C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95°C to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD™, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95°C for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60°C for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension). Probes and primers to human PTPIB were designed to hybridize to a human PTPIB sequence, using published - sequence information . (GenBank . accession .number .M3.L7.24 , incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3) . For human PTPIB the PCR primers were: forward primer: GGAGTTCGAGCAGATCGACAA (SEQ ID NO: 4) reverse primer: GGCCACTCTACATGGGAAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the PCR probe was: FAM-AGCTGGGCGGCCATTTACCAGGAT-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 6) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE- Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR primers were : forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 7) reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO: 8) and the PCR probe was: 5' JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC- TAMRA 3' (SEQ ID NO: 9) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the quencher dye. Probes and primers to rat PTPIB were designed to hybridize to a rat PTPIB sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank * accession number M33962, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10) . For rat PTPIB the PCR primers were: forward primer: CGAGGGTGCAAAGTTCATCAT (SEQ ID NO: 11) reverse primer: CCAGGTCTTCATGGGAAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 12) and the PCR probe was: FAM-CGACTCGTCAGTGCAGGATCAGTGGA-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 13) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE- Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the quencher dye. For rat GAPDH the PCR primers were: forward primer: TGTTCTAGAGACAGCCGCATCTT (SEQ ID NO: 14) reverse primer: CACCGACCTTCACCATCTTGT (SEQ ID NO: 15) and the PCR probe was: 5' JOE-TTGTGCAGTGCCAGCCTCGTCTCA- TAMRA 3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE- Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is the quencher dye. Example 14 Northern blot analysis of PTPIB mRNA " levels Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, .cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST "B" Inc., Friendswood, TX) . Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, OH) . RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST "B" Inc., Friendswood, TX) . RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UN Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, CA) and then robed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions. To detect human PTPIB, a human PTPIB specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer GGAGTTCGAGCAGATCGACAA (SEQ ID NO : 4) and the reverse primer GGCCACTCTACATGGGAAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 5) . To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) . To detect rat PTPIB, a rat PTPIB specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer CGAGGGTGCAAAGTTCATCAT (SEQ ID NO: 11) and the reverse primer CCAGGTCTTCATGGGAAAGCT (SEQ ID NO : 12) . To normalize for. , variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for rat glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) . Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 ■ (Molecular Dynamics, .Sunnyvale, . CA.).. Data .was .normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls. Example 15 Antisense inhibition of human PTPIB expression by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2 • -MOE wings and a deoxy gap In accordance with the present invention, a series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the human PTPIB RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number M31724, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 1. "Target site" indicates the first (5' -most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers") 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" region consisting of ten 2'- deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3' directions) by five-nucleotide "wings". The wings are composed of 2 ' -methoxyethyl (2 ' -MOE) nucleotides . The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines . The compounds were analyzed for their effect on human PTPIB mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, "N.D." indicates "no data". Table 1 Inhibition of human PTPIB mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2 ' -MOE wings and a deoxy gap ISIS # REGION TARGET TARGET SEQUENCE %INHIB SEQ ID SEQ ID SITE O O 107769 5' UTR 3 1 cttagccccgaggcccgccc 0 17 107770 5' UTR 3 41 ctcggcccactgcgccgtct 58 18 107771 Start 3 74 catgacgggccagggcggct 60 19 Codon T077 ' 7 ' 2 ' Coding " 3 1!3 cccggacttgtcgatc ' tgct • 95 -20 107773 Coding 3 154 ctggcttcatgtcggatatc 88 21 107774 Coding 3 178 ttggccactctacatgggaa • 77 22 107775 Coding 3 223 ggactgacgtctctgtacct 75 23 107776 Coding 3 252 gatgtagtttaatccgacta 82 24 107777 Coding 3 280 ctagcgttgatatagtcatt 29 25 107778 Coding 3 324 gggtaagaatgtaactcctt 86 26 107779 Coding 3 352 tgaccgcatgtgttaggcaa 75 27 107780 Coding 3 381 ttttctgctcccacaccatc 30 28 107781 Coding 3 408 ctctgttgagcatgacgaca 78 29 107782 Coding 3 436 gcgcattttaacgaaccttt 83 30 107783 Coding 3 490 aaatttgtgtcttcaaagat 0 31 107784 Coding 3 519 tgatatcttcagagatcaat 57 32 107785 Coding 3 547 tctagctgtcgcactgtata 74 33 107786 Coding 3 575 agtttcttgggttgtaaggt 33 34 107787 Coding 3 604 gtggtatagtggaaatgtaa 51 35 107788 Coding 3 632 tgattcagggactccaaagt 55 36 107789 Coding 3 661 ttgaaaagaaagttcaagaa 17 37 107790 Coding 3 688 gggctgagtgaccctgactc 61 38 107791 Coding 3 716 gcagtgcaccacaacgggcc 81 39 107792 Coding 3 744 aggttccagacctgccgatg 81 40 107793 Coding 3 772 agcaggaggcaggtatcagc 2 41 107794 Coding 3 799 gaagaagggtctttcctctt 53 42 107795 Coding 3 826 tctaacagcactttcttgat 18 43 107796 Coding 3 853 atcaaccccatccgaaactt 0 44 107797 Coding 3 880 gagaagcgcagctggtcggc 82 45 107798 Coding 3 908 tttggcaccttcgatcacag 62 46 107799 Coding 3 952 agctccttccactgatcctg 70 47 107800 Coding 3 1024 tccaggattcgtttgggtgg 72 48 107801 Coding 3 1052 gaactccctgcatttcccat 68 49 107802 Coding 3 1079 ttccttcacccactggtgat 40 50 107803 Coding 3 1148 gtagggtgcggcatttaagg 0 51 107804 Coding 3 1176 cagtgtcttgactcatgctt 75 52 107805 Coding 3 1222 gcctgggcacctcgaagact 67 53 107806 Coding 3 1268 ctcgtccttctcgggcagtg 37 54 107807 Coding 3 1295 gggcttccagtaactcagtg 73 55 107808 Coding 3 1323 ccgtagccacgcacatgttg 80 56 107809 Coding 3 1351 tagcagaggtaagcgccggc 72 57 107810 Stop 3 1379 ctatgtgttgctgttgaaca 85 58 Codon 107811 3 UTR 3 1404 ggaggtggagtggaggaggg 51 59 107812 3 UTR 3 1433 ggctctgcgggcagaggcgg 81 60 107813 3 UTR 3 1460 ccgcggcatgcctgctagtc 84 61 107814 3 UTR 3 1489 tctctacgcggtccggcggc 84 62 107815 3 UTR 3 1533 aagatgggttttagtgcaga 65 63 107816 3 UTR 3 1634 gtactctctttcactctcct 69 64 107817 3 UTR 3 1662 ggccccttccctctgcgccg 59 65 107818 3 UTR 3 1707 ctccaggagggagccctggg 57 66 107819 3 UTR 3 1735 gggctgttggcgtgcgccgc 54 61 107820 3 UTR 3 1783 tttaaataaatatggagtgg 0 68 107821 3 UTR 3 1831 gttcaagaaaatgctagtgc 69 69 107822 3 UTR 3 1884 ttgataaagcccttgatgca 74 70 107823 3 UTR 3 1936 atggcaaagccttccattcc 26 71 107824 3 UTR 3 1973 gtcctccttcccagtactgg 60 72 107825 3 UTR 3 2011 ttacccacaatatcactaaa 39 73 107826 3 UTR 3 2045 a atatattatagcattgt 24 74 107827 3 UTR • 3 2080 tcacatcatgtttcttatta 48 75 107828 3 UTR 3 2115 ataacagggaggagaataag 0 76 10.7829 3 UTR 3 2170 .ttacatgcattctaatacac 21 77 107830 3 UTR 3 2223 gatcaaagtttctcatttca 81 78 107831 3 UTR 3 2274 ggtcatgcacaggcaggttg 82 79 107832 3 UTR 3 2309 caacaggcttaggaaccaca 65 80 107833 3 UTR 3 2344 aactgcaccctattgctgag 61 81 107834 3 UTR 3 2380 gtcatgccaggaattagcaa 0 82 107835 3 UTR 3 2413 acaggctgggcctcaccagg 58 83 107836 3 UTR 3 2443 tgagttacagcaagaccctg 44 84 107837 3 UTR 3 2473 gaatatggcttcccataccc 0 85 107838 3 UTR 3 2502 ccctaaatcatgtccagagc 87 86 107839 3 UTR 3 2558 gacttggaatggcggaggct 74 87 107840 3 UTR 3 2587 caaatcacggtctgctcaag 31 88 107841 3 UTR 3 2618 gaagtgtggtttccagcagg 56 89 107842 3 UTR 3 2648 cctaaaggaccgtcacccag 42 90 107843 3 UTR 3 2678 gtgaaccgggacagagacgg 25 91 107844 3 UTR 3 2724 gccccacagggtttgagggt 53 92 107845 3 UTR 3 2755 cctttgcaggaagagtcgtg 75 93 107846 3 UTR 3 2785 aaagccacttaatgtggagg 79 94 107847 3 UTR 3 2844 gtgaaaatgctggcaagaga 86 95 107848 3' UTR 3 2970 tcagaatgcttacagcctgg 61 96 As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, and 96 demonstrated at least 35% inhibition of human PTPIB expression in this assay and are therefore preferred. Example 17 Antisense inhibition of rat PTPIB expression by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2 ' -MOE wings and a deoxy gap- In accordance with the present invention, a second series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the rat PTPIB RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number M33962, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10) . The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 2. "Target site" indicates the first (5' -most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 2 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers") 20 nucleotides in ■ length, composed- of .a. -central "gap" -region. consisting.of ten 2 ' -deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3' directions) by five-nucleotide "wings". The wings are composed of 2 ' -methoxyethyl (2 ' -MOE) nucleotides . The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P=S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines . The compounds were analyzed for their effect on rat PTPIB mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, "N.D." indicates "no data". Table 2 Inhibition of rat PTPIB mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2 ' -MOE wings and a deoxy gap ISIS # EGION TARGET TARGET SEQUENCE %INHIB SEQ ID SEQ ID SITE NO NO 111549 5' UTR 10 1 caacctccccagcagcggct 32 97 111550 5' UTR 10 33 tcgaggcccgtcgcccgcca 27 98 111551 5' UTR 10 73 cctcggccgtccgccgcgct 34 99 111552 Coding 10 132 tcgatctgctcgaattcctt 49 100 113669 Coding 10 164 cctggtaaatagccgcccag 36 101 113670 Coding 10 174 tgtcgaatatcctggtaaat 63 102 113671 Coding 10 184 actggcttcatgtcgaatat 58 103 113672 Coding 10 189 aagtcactggcttcatgtcg 40 104 111553 Coding 10 190 gaagtcactggcttcatgtc 27 105 113673 Coding 10 191 ggaagtcactggcttcatgt 54 106 113674 Coding 10 192 gggaagtcactggcttcatg 41 107 113675 Coding 10 193 tgggaagtcactggcttcat 56 108 113676 Coding 10 194 atgggaagtcactggcttca 31 109 113677 Coding 10 195 catgggaagtcactggcttc 59 110 113678 Coding 10 225 tttttgttcttaggaagttt 24 111 111554 Coding 10 228 cggtttttgttcttaggaag 45 112 111555 Coding 10 269 tccgactgtggtcaaaaggg 39 113 113679 Coding 10 273 ttaatccgactgtggtcaaa 45 114 113680 Coding 10 298 atagtcattatcttcctgat 49 115 111556 Coding 10 303 ttgatatagtcattatcttc 29 116 113681 Coding 10 330 gcttcctccatttttatcaa 67 117 111557 Coding 10 359 ggccctgggtgaggatatag 20 118 113682 Coding 10 399 cacaccatctcccagaagtg 29 119 111558 Coding 10 405 tgctcccacaccatctccca 48 120 113683 Coding 10 406 ctgctcccacaccatctccc 51 121 113684 Coding 10 407 tctgctcccacaccatctcc 37 122 113685 Coding 10 408 ttctgctcccacaccatctc 54 123 113686 Coding 10 417 cccctgctcttctgctccca 60 124 111559 Coding 10 438 atgcggttgagcatgaccac 15 125 113687 Coding 10 459 tttaacgagcctttctccat 33 - 126 113688 Coding 10 492 ttttcttctttctgtggcca 54 127 113689 Coding 10 502 gaccatctctttttcttctt 58 128 111560 Coding 10 540 tcagagatcagtgtcagctt 21 129 113690 Coding 10 550 cttgacatcttcagagatca 64 130 113691 Coding 10 558 taatatgacttgacatcttc 46 131 111561 Coding 10 579 aactccaactgccgtactgt 14 132 111562 Coding 10 611 tctctcgagcctcctgggta 38 133 113692 Coding 10 648 ccaaagtcaggccaggtggt 63 134 111563 Coding 10 654 gggactccaaagtcaggcca 31 135 113693 Coding 10 655 agggactccaaagtcaggcc 50 136 113694 Coding 10 656 cagggactccaaagtcaggc 45 137 113695 Coding 10 657 tcagggactccaaagtcagg 49 138 113696 Coding 10 663 ggtgactcagggactccaaa 34 139 111564 Coding 10 705 cctgactctcggactttgaa 53 140 113697 Coding 10 715 gctgagtgagcctgactctc 57 141 113698 Coding 10 726 ccgtgctctgggctgagtga 48 142 111565 Coding 10 774 aaggtccctgacctgccaat 28 143 111566 Coding 10 819 tctttcctcttgtccatcag 34 144 113699 Coding 10 820 gtctttcctcttgtccatca 41 145 113700 Coding 10 821 ggtctttcctcttgtccatc 66 146 113701 Coding 10 822 gggtctttcctcttgtccat 71 147 113702 Coding 10 852 aacagcactttcttgatgtc 39 148 111567 Coding 10 869 ggaacctgcgcatctccaac 0 149 111568 Coding 10 897 tggtcggccgtctggatgag 29 150 113703 Coding 10 909 gagaagcgcagttggtcggc 48 151 113704 Coding 10 915 aggtaggagaagcgcagttg 31 152 113705 Coding 10 918 gccaggtaggagaagcgcag 41 153 111569 Coding 10 919 agccaggtaggagaagcgca 56 154 113706 Coding 10 920 cagccaggtaggagaagcgc 58 155 113707 Coding 10 921 acagccaggtaggagaagcg 43 156 113708 Coding 10 922 cacagccaggtaggagaagc 49 157 113709 Coding 10 923 tcacagccaggtaggagaag 47 158 111570 Coding 10 924 atcacagccaggtaggagaa 51 159 113710 Coding 10 925 gatcacagccaggtaggaga 51 160 113711 Coding 10 926 cgatcacagccaggtaggag 63 161 113712 Coding 10 927 tcgatcacagccaggtagga 71 162 113713 Coding 10 932 caccctcgatcacagccagg 75 163 113714 Coding 10 978 tccttccactgatcctgcac 97 164 111571 Coding 10 979 ctccttccactgatcctgca 89 165 113715 Coding 10 980 gctccttccactgatcctgc 99 166 107799 Coding 10 981 agctccttccactgatcctg 99 167 113716 Coding 10 982 aagctccttccactgatcct 97 168 113717 Coding 10 983 aaagctccttccactgatcc 95 169 113718 Coding 10 984 gaaagctccttccactgatc 95 170 113719 Coding 10 985 ggaaagctccttccactgat 95 171 111572 Coding 10 986 gggaaagctccttccactga 89 172 113720 Coding 10 987 tgggaaagctccttccactg 97 173 113721 Coding 10 1036 tggccggggaggtgggggca 20 174 111573 Coding 10 1040 tgggtggccggggaggtggg 20 175 113722 Coding 10 1046 tgcgtttgggtggccgggga 18 176 111574 Coding 10 1073 tgcacttgccattgtgaggc 38 177 113723 Coding 10 1206 acttcagtgtcttgactcat 67 178 113724 Coding 10 1207 aacttcagtgtcttgactca 60 179 -1-1-1-57-5 • Coding -10 1-208 - taacttcagtgtot-tgac-tc 50 •1-8-0 113725 Coding 10 1209 ctaacttcagtgtcttgact 53 181 111576 Coding 10 1255 gacagatgcctgagcacttt 32 182 106409 Coding 10 1333 gaccaggaagggcttccagt 32 183 113726 Coding 10 1334 tgaccaggaagggcttccag 39 184 111577 Coding 10 1335 ttgaccaggaagggct ' tcca 32 185 113727 Coding 10 1336 gttgaccaggaagggcttcc 41 186 113728 Coding 10 1342 gcacacgttgaccaggaagg 59 187 111578 Coding 10 1375 gaggtacgcgccagtcgcca 45 188 111579 Coding 10 1387 tacccggtaacagaggtacg 32 189 111580 Coding 10 1397 agtgaaaacatacccggtaa 30 190 111581 3 ' UTR 10 1456 caaatcctaacctgggcagt 31 191 111582 3' UTR 10 1519 ttccagttccaccacaggct 24 192 111583 3' UTR 10 1552 ccagtgcacagatgcccctc 47 193 111584 3' UTR 10 1609 acaggttaaggccctgagat 29 194 111585 3' UTR 10 1783 gcctagcatcttttgttttc 43 195 111586 3' UTR 10 1890 aagccagcaggaactttaca 36 196 111587 3' UTR 10 2002 gggacacctgagggaagcag 16 197 111588 3' UTR 10 2048 ggtcatctgcaagatggcgg 40 198 111589 3' UTR 10 2118 gccaacctctgatgaccctg 25 199 111590 3 ' UTR 10 2143 tggaagccccagctctaagc 25 200 111591 3 UTR 10 2165 tagtaatgactttccaatca 44 201 111592 3 UTR 10 2208 tgagtcttgctttacacctc 41 202 111593 3 UTR 10 2252 cctgcgcgcggagtgacttc 22 203 111594 3 ' UTR 10 2299 aggacgtcactgcagcagga 43 204 111595 3 UTR 10 2346 tcaggacaagtcttggcagt 32 205 111596 3 UTR 10 2405 gaggctgcacagtaagcgct 34 206 111597 3 UTR 10 2422 tcagccaaccagcatcagag 20 207 111598 3 UTR 10 2449 acccacagtgtccacctccc 30 208 111599 3 UTR 10 2502 agtgcgggctgtgctgctgg 30 209 111600 3 UTR 10 2553 cagctcgctctggcggcctc 8 210 111601 3 UTR 10 2608 aggaagggagctgcacgtcc 32 211 111602 3 UTR 10 2664 ccctcacgattgctcgtggg 24 212 111603 3 UTR 10 2756 cagtggagcggctcctctgg 18 213 111604 3 UTR 10 2830 caggctgacaccttacacgg 30 214 111605 3 UTR 10 2883 gtcctacctcaaccctagga 37 215 111606 3 UTR 10 2917 ctgccccagcaccagccaca 12 216 111607 3 UTR 10 2946 attgcttctaagaccctcag 33 217 111608 3 UTR 10 2978 ttacatgtcaccactgttgt 28 218 111609 3 UTR 10 3007 tacacatgtcatcagtagcc 37 219 111610 3 UTR 10 3080 ttttctaactcacagggaaa 30 220 111611 3 UTR 10 3153 gtgcccgccagtgagcaggc 23 221 111612 3 UTR 10 3206 cggcctcggcactggacagc 27 222 111613 3 UTR 10 3277 gtggaatgtctgagatccag 31 223 111614 3 UTR 10 3322 agggcgggcctgcttgccca 23 224 111615 3 UTR 10 3384 cggtcctggcctgctccaga 31 225 111616 3 UTR 10 3428 tacactgttcccaggagggt 42 226 111617 3 UTR 10 3471 tggtgccagcagcgctagca 10 227 111618 3 UTR 10 3516 cagtctcttcagcctcaaga 43 228 113729 3 UTR 10 3537 aagagtcatgagcaccatca 56 229 111619 3 UTR 10 3560 tgaaggtcaagttcccctca 40 230 111620 3 UTR 10 3622 ctggcaagaggcagactgga 30 231 111621 3 UTR 10 3666 ggctctgtgctggcttctct 52 232 111622 3 UTR 10 3711 gccatctcctcagcctgtgc 39 233 111623 3 UTR 10 3787 agcgcctgctctgaggcccc 16 234 111624 3 UTR 10 3854 tgctgagtaagtattgactt 35 235 111625 3 UTR 10 3927 ctatggccatttagagagag 36 236 113730 •3 -UTR --10 - 3936 - tggtttafetc-tatggccat-t -59 -237 111626 3 UTR 10 3994 cgctcctgcaaaggtgctat 11 238 111627 3 UTR 10 4053 gttggaaacggtgcagtcgg 39 239 111628 3 UTR 10 4095 atttattgttgcaactaatg 33 240 As shown in Table 2, SEQ ID NOs 97, 99, 100, .101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 211, 215, 217, 219, 223, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239 and 240 demonstrated at least 30% inhibition of rat PTPIB expression in this experiment and are therefore preferred. Example 17 Western blot analysis of PTPIB protein levels Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laemmli buffer (100 ul/well) , boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to PTPIB is used, with a radiolabelled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale CA) .

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. An antisense compound 8 to 30 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTPIB, wherein said antisense compound specifically hybridizes with and inhibits the expression of PTPIB. 2. The antisense compound of claim 1 which is an antisense oligonucleotide. 3. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198, • 201, -202, 204, 2-05, -2-0-6, -2-1-1, 215 ,- -2-1-7 ,- -219 ,- 2-23 , -2-25 , -2-26, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239 or 240. 4. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage. 5. The antisense compound of claim 4 wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage. 6. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety. 7. The antisense compound of claim 6 wherein the modified sugar moiety is a 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety. 8. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase. 9. The antisense compound of claim 8 wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine. 10. The antisense compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a chimeric oligonucleotide. 11. A composition comprising the antisense compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 12. The composition of claim 11 further comprising a colloidal dispersion system. 13. The composition of claim 11 wherein the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide. 14. A method of inhibiting the expression of PTPIB in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the antisense compound of claim 1 so that expression of PTPIB is inhibited. 15. A method of treating a human having a disease or condition associated with PTPIB comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antisense compound of claim 1 so that -expression of -PTPIB is -inhibited. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the disease or condition is diabetes. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the disease or condition is obesity. 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the disease or condition is a hyperproliferative disorder. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the hyperproliferative disorder is cancer.

Inventors: COWSERT LEX M, WYATT JACQUELINE R, COWSERT, LEX, M., WYATT, JACQUELINE, R.
Applicants: COWSERT LEX M, ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC, WYATT JACQUELINE R, COWSERT, LEX, M., ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., WYATT, JACQUELINE, R.
Application year: 2001
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K38, A61K48, A61P3, A61P35, C12N5, C12N15