EXERCISE APPARATUS

Abstract: An exercise apparatus includes a primary resistance unit (82) and a secondary resistance unit (2) offering two resisted planes of movement, with the two resistance units being adjustably independently of one another.

Description: EXERCISE APPARATUS Field of the Invention This invention relates to exercise apparatus and is concerned with the provision of an improved form of exercise apparatus, and a range of such apparatus, which can be used to test, train and rehabilitate the human musculo-skeletal system with improved safety. The invention is more specifically concerned with the provision of an improved form of lever-operated strength resistance system, the design of which is founded upon ergonomically and bio- mechanically sound principles. Background to the Invention People engage in strength-related activities for a wide range of reasons. For some, strength resistance training has become a way of life, i.e. a discipline in which individuals seek to strengthen themselves physically and, in so doing, benefit mentally. Strength training is considered by those who engage in it to be a unique and truly fortifying activity. Many engage in strength resistance training as an inclusion within an overall fitness and life-style conditioning programme whereas, for others, improved image and social interaction are the primary goals. Some individuals rely on strength resistance training as an effective means to enhance performance within other sporting areas, such as athletics and various ball events. In addition, and increasingly importantly, strength training is finally being recognised as an effective and, in most cases, essential tool in the rehabilitative treatment of both mentally and physically related conditions. It is accordingly important that, for the safety and benefit of all the people mentioned above, the designers of exercise apparatus must consciously strive to ensure that future designs align as closely as possible with the basic principles of human movement and that use of such apparatus does not have adverse physical effects. Nowhere is this more important than for physical rehabilitation since it is here that a critical element in the successful outcome of a rehabilitative treatment is the bio-mechanical compatibility with the patient, in addition, of course, to the expertise, skill and care with which the rehabilitation treatment is both prescribed and administered. For all categories of strength resistance training apparatus, any positive improvements which are made, whether ergonomically, bio-mechanically or in terms of improved bio feedback will justify the training of thought processes on achieving these very important ends. Thus, in order to achieve greater harmonisation between exercise apparatus and the users of such apparatus, one must first establish a set of principles on which to work. A prerequisite for the safe and effective performance of a strength-resisted movement is that, during both the loading and transitional phases of a weight-resisted exercise, all participating joint actions are allowed to operate without restrictions being placed upon their natural planes of movement. Full, unrestricted freedom of joint movement during exercise serves to promote the correct, uninhibited sequential firing of the muscles acting to move the joints, thereby facilitating optimal muscle fibre recruitment and effectively minimising articular stress. In addition, it is of paramount importance to ensure and maintain the correct anatomical positioning of the human form relative to the body segmentation/musculature requiring the resistance, in order that the maximum muscle isolation can occur while ensuring safety by preserving the integrity of the human support and movement systems throughout the exercise movement. This invention is concerned with the provision of an improved form of lever-operated strength resistance apparatus and, in this respect and in the light of the design criteria set out above, it is important to state that, in bio-mechanical terms, a lever-operated strength resistance apparatus is not the most effective means of exercising the musculo/skeletal system of a human being. Human movement is a multi-directional affair and a person skilled in the art of human bio-mechanics will be aware of the limitations placed upon the designers of strength resistance apparatus in their quest to match the complex musculo/skeletal and joint actions of the human body with the use of a lever system. The most effective machine exercise means is that described in co-pending Patent Application No. 0114997.0 to which reference should be made and which employs a completely different methodology as compared to a lever-operated system. Notwithstanding the above, a lever system is generally cost- effective to construct and there is ample scope for improving the bio-mechanical functioning of this type of strength resistance apparatus. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a lever-operated strength resistance exercise system which offers:- a) improved bio-mechanical efficiency, b) improved ergonomics, c) an improved resistance delivery system, and d) an improved range of resistance adjustment with independent loading. It is a further object of the present invention to utilise any one or more movement or resistance delivery systems described herein, in order to provide a full range of single station exercise machines. Each of which is designed to stimulate specific body segmentations so that, collectively, the machines serve to provide a comprehensive workout with improved safety and efficiency. Additional objects of the invention are as follows:- a) to provide an apparatus and method of exercise in which the participating joint actions of the machine operator are allowed improved freedom of movement during exercise, b) to offer two resisted planes of movement, with each plane of movement presenting a different form of resistance from the other, c) to provide an exercise apparatus offering two resisted planes of movement, which can be tuned independently of each other, d) to provide an exercise apparatus offering two planes of resisted movement and which allows for the disengagement of either one or both forms of resistance to suit a particular training requirement or a specific rehabilitation application, e) to provide an exercise apparatus incorporating ergonomic features which are specifically designed to enhance the bio- mechanical advantage offered by the apparatus, f) to provide an exercise apparatus offering two resisted planes of movement and which provides the option of engagement of a preset or adjustable form of proprioceptive tilt as required, g) to provide an exercise apparatus offering two planes of movement and which can also provide contractile movement within one of the said planes, h) to provide an exercise apparatus offering two planes of resisted movement and which can also engage in rotation about an axis if required, and i) to provide an exercise apparatus which can offer any one or more movements as described above, as dependent on the combination of features chosen to construct an individual or range of exercise machines. Summary of the Invention According to the present invention there is provided an exercise apparatus which includes a primary resistance unit and a secondary resistance unit offering two resisted planes of movement, with the two resistance units being adjustable independently of one another. More specifically, the invention provides an apparatus which is equally suited to both strength training and rehabilitation and includes a number of novel features including, but not limited to, any one or more of the following:- a) a self-contained, independently adjustable secondary resistance unit including two independently laterally movable training levers , b) the two training levers may each include, at their distal ends, rotatable, ball-shaped hand-grips, which allow for the unrestricted movement of the associated joint actions - the rotatable, ball-shaped hand-grips permit a wide range of hand positions to be engaged with safer, more effective training of the target muscles, c) the self-contained, independently adjustable secondary resistance unit is activated and regulated by a remote charger/resistance selector system, d) the self-contained, independently adjustable secondary resistance system, can operate whilst in a fixed position or when mated with one or more of the movement mechanisms described herein can assume various movement patterns, g) the various related movement mechanisms described herein can operate with the self-contained independently adjustable secondary resistance system or provide resisted movement in their own right. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a partial cut away view of a V.LP.C.LS. (VARIABLE LOAD PEAK CONTRACTION LEVER SYSTEM), Figure 2 is lateral view of a type two V.L.P.C.L.S. system and start position locking mechanism, as fitted to a chest press machine, Figure 3 is a view of a type two V.L.P.C.L.S. system, showing the resistance lever with radially drilled start position holes, into which the revolving V.L.P.C.L.S. can be locked, Figure 4 is a lateral view of a chest press machine fitted with a type two V.L.P.C.L.S unit, Figure 5 is an angled view of the machine of Figure 4 showing the training handles parted in readiness of operation, Figure 6 is an angled view of a shoulder press machine, fitted with a type one proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. unit, Figure 7 is a lateral view of a resistance lever fitted to a proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. shoulder press machine, Figure 8 is a frontal view of a V.L.P.C.L.S. shoulder press machine with both charger/resistance selector systems clearly visible, Figure 9 is a superior view of a V.L.P.C.L.S. shoulder press machine, Figure 10 is an isolated view of a V.L.P.C.L.S. proprioceptive unit with the tilt mechanism control unit (mini charger/resistance selector system) mounted on its lateral superior aspect, Figure 11 is an end view of a V.L.P.C.L.S. unit clearly showing the locking plunger of the tilt mechanism fully engaged within its respective housing, Figure 12 is a frontal view of the proprioceptive mechanism with the pivoting cross member having been cut away to show the pneumatic system of the internal fully adjustable stabilising mechanism, Figure 13 is an isolated view of the proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. unit showing the various related movement and stability mechanisms, Figure 14 is an angled view of a V.L.P.C.L.S. shoulder press machine without the proprioceptive tilt option, Figure 15 shows a proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. unit without the adjustable stability option, fitted to a vertical linear shaft, Figure 16 shows a proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. unit mounted to a pair of horizontal linear shafts. The shaft mounting is also rotatable about an axis if required, Figure 17 is a lateral view of the apparatus of Figure 16, Figure 18 shows a proprioceptive lever mechanism stripped of a lateral resistance and stability means, Figure 19 shows the same mechanism as in Figure 18 with an example of its many applications, in this particular case forming part of a proprioceptive lever row machine, Figure 20 shows the same mechanism as shown in Figures 18 and 19, this time presenting with lateral resistance, Figure 21 is a lateral view of the mechanism of Figure 20, showing the connection of an air ram to a training lever, Figure 22 is a superior view of the mechanism of Figure 21 , Figure 23 shows an alternative embodiment of the V.L.P.C.L.S. system, where the training levers are attached directly to torque-resistant linear slides instead of being pivotally mounted to the system, Figure 24 shows the V.L.P.C.L.S. system assuming a static role, in this particular case forming part of a chinning machine, Figure 25 is a lateral view of the system of Figure 24, which demonstrates the path of motion taken by the lateral stability arm of the machine, Figure 26 shows a value-engineered version of the system of Figure 25, this time minus a means of lateral resistance, Figure 27 is an angled view of a V.L.P.C.L.S. lever lateral pull down machine, without the fully adjustable proprioceptive option having been fitted, Figure 28 is an angled view of a lever lateral pull down machine, this time presenting with the fully adjustable proprioceptive tilt mechanism option, Figure 29 is a disassembled view of the remote resistance/ charger selector system, which serves to charge/control the V.L.P.C.L.S. system and, in its miniature form, controls the proprioceptive tilt mechanism, and Figure 30 is a lateral view of a rotatable ball handgrip/training handle. Description of the Preferred Embodiments THE VARIABLE LOAD PEAK CONTRACTION LEVER SYSTEM (V.L.P.C.LS.) This unit has been designed to provide a self-contained secondary form of adjustable resistance. The V.L.P.C.L.S. unit is preferably operated in conjunction with a separate unit known as the CHARGER/RESISTANCE SELECTOR SYSTEM, which is described in detail below. However the V.L.P.C.L.S. can also operate in conjunction with a restrictor valve and other well known forms of pressure regulator systems. The V.L.P.C.L.S. system and its role as a secondary form of resistance can be utilised in a number of ways and can be adapted to perform with a vast range of strength and rehabilitation equipment. A few examples of application, associated with movement mechanisms and various embodiments are explained below. The following is a detailed structural description of a type (one) V.L.P.C.L.S. unit (Variable Load Peak Contraction Lever System). V-L.P.C-L-S. UNIT TYPE ONE Figure 1 shows the self-contained secondary resistance unit, V.L.P.C.L.S. type (one). This includes a rectangular outer casing 1 within which there are two centrally placed opposing air rams 2. The air rams 2 are push-fixed at their distal ends into two side-by-side apertures, i.e. one for each air ram, cut into and passing straight through the face of a single medially placed locating plate 3 and fixed at either end by two further removable locating plates 4. The medially placed locating plate 3 is fixed inferiorly and superiorly by 12 mm. bolts. Running through the medially placed internal locating plate 3 and positioned inferiorly and centrally to both air rams 2 can be found a single 25 mm. round-section spanning bar 5 which is fixed at each end by laterally positioned removable end plates 4. Two metal cased p.t.f.e bushed slides 6 are positioned on and freely slidable longitudinally of the spanning bar 5. The bushed slides 6 are separated by the medially placed locating plate 3. Sliding through the air ram locating apertures of the medially placed locating plate 3, each air ram piston rod 7 lines up with and connects proximally to the superior, opposing, off-centre aspect of each freely sliding bushed slide 6, and is held in place with lock nuts. Positioned centrally on the inferior aspect of each freely sliding p.t.f.e bushed slide 6 lies a spigot 8 for the hinged connection at its proximal end of a training lever spanning bar 9. The spanning bar 9, in turn, connects via a hinge at its distal end to a manually operated training lever 10. The outer casing 1 has three holes cut in its superior surface. Following the mid-line of the superior aspect of the outer casing, one hole is centrally placed, residing directly above the medially positioned internal locating plate. The other two holes are spaced equal distances away from the end plates of the outer casing. The three holes serve as locating points for three hollow, round-section spigots 11 which are recessed at each end. The three spigots 11 serve three primary functions:- a) they act as dividing and locating spacers for the positioning of a housing 12 which sits on top of the outer casing 1 and contains two air lines ( not shown ) that emanate from each air ram 2, b) the two outer spigots 11 act as communication channels for the passing of air lines from within the outer casing 1 to the housing 12, and c) the central spigot 11 receives a bolt which passes into the superior aspect of the medially placed internal locating plate 3 and serves to secure the housing 12 to the outer casing 1. A single air line passes from each of the two air rams 2 within the outer casing 1 through each of the laterally positioned hollow spigots 11 , with each air line following a route towards the medial aspect of the air-line housing 12 and finally being united by joining together at a press-fit Tee junction fitting, whose singular aspect protrudes from the posterior surface of the air-line housing 12. A single slot 13 is milled laterally and longitudinally of the central locating spigot and in the superior surface of the air-line housing (as shown in Figure 3). This slot allows the insertion of the Tee junction fitting within the body of the air-line housing 12 and its singular aspect to locate and pass through a hole positioned on the posterior aspect of the air-line housing 12. The Tee junction fitting is secured in place by a threaded bolt which passes from an anterior to posterior position on the air-line housing 12 and unites with the posterior aspect of the Tee junction fitting. The two rams 2 are double-acting and, depending upon the positioning on the air rams of the air-line connectors, which are positioned at the proximal or distal ends of the air rams, will determine the direction in which the resistance is predisposed. Two plates 14 are welded in position centrally of the anterior and posterior aspects of the outer casing. The plates 14 protrude inferiorly from the outer casing 1 and serve, at their distal ends, as attachments for two hinged training levers 10. The previous description relates to a type (one) V.L.P.C.L.S. unit. The type (one) unit is designed to operate with a number of movement mechanisms all of which are fully described below. V.L.P.C.L.S UNIT TYPE TWO The type (two) V.L.P.C.L.S. unit, as shown in Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 utilises the same body and internal components as described above in type (one). However the type (two) unit includes the following features- THE V.L.P.C.S. LOCKING MECHANISM. The locking mechanism includes a sprung-loaded hardened bar 15, which is contained within a sleeve 16 with the sprung resistance configured to displace the hardened bar distally. The sleeve 16 passes through both of the welded plates 14 with the distal end of the sleeved bar being that which locates and emanates from a hole in the posterior aspect of the posterior plate. The proximal end of the sleeved bar 15 has a collar 17 fixed to it and this collar 17 provides a hinged attachment for a D-shaped handle 18, which is mounted adjacent the face plate14. The inferior aspect of the handle 18 pivots over a recessed spigot 19 with a plastic guide insert affixed and whose position is located beneath the proximal protruding end of the sleeved sprung loaded bar 15 on the face plate 14. The recessed spigot 19 and plastic guide serve as a fulcrum by which the inferior aspect of the D-shaped handle 18 can pivot, thus allowing the bar within the sleeve 15 connected to its superior aspect to be retracted on the downward movement of the D-shaped handle18. Two bearing collars 20 are located between the two welded plates 14. These inferiorly positioned collars 20 serve as attachments for the manually operated training levers 10. Two spaced brackets 21 are positioned on the posterior surface of the posterior welded plate 14, each having a hole cut into their medial aspect and an arrow marker is positioned within each hole and emanating from a lateral position within the hole (markers not shown). The markers serve as start position indicators, which align with numbers indexed upon a variable resistance cam, or resistance lever 22 the function of which is described below. Two further brackets 23 are positioned laterally of the start position indicator brackets 21 and are welded directly onto the outer casing 1. These two further brackets23 are weight-bearing brackets and provide for the pivoted attachment of the self-contained secondary resistance unit to the main working mechanism. V.L.P.C.L.S. TYPE (TWO) MAIN WORKING ASSEMBLY. A main working assembly supports the self-contained secondary resistance unit and includes a base plate 24. An upright supporting bracket 25 is positioned at the distal end of the base plate24 and a pulley 26 is mounted on the medial side of the bracket 25. The pulley bracket 25 is positioned off-centre with the pulley 26 lining up longitudinally with the mid-line of the base plate24. A variable resistance cam or specially adapted lever 22 can be positioned centrally at the opposing end of the base plate 24 and is supported on either side by two further upright brackets 27. The variable resistance cam/lever 22 lines up directly with the distally mounted pulley 26. The cam/lever 22 operates upon two recessed sealed bearings and is suspended and pivots upon a hardened spigot 28, which passes through and spans the two up-right brackets 27. The hardened spigot 28 extends laterally in both directions to communicate with the two weight-bearing brackets 27 on the outer casing 1 of the self-contained secondary resistance unit thus serving to attach the resistance unit outer casing 1 to the housing of the working mechanism and, in doing so, affording pivotal movement for the same. The posterior aspect of the variable resistance cam has a profiled cut out which serves to bias the mass of the cam and thus the weight distribution towards its anterior aspect, thereby aiding the self-locating properties of the cam. The cut out also provides a compartment for the location of a cam stop/positioning bar and an associated cable tensioning/cam positioning arrangement (not shown). The cam stop bar spans the two upright cam-supporting brackets and is positioned inferiorly and posteriorly of the main cam bearings within the cam cut out. A threaded shank passes centrally through the cam stop bar and has a turned adjusting knob. The distal end of the threaded shank communicates with the cam within the cut-out for the purpose of causing anterior or posterior repositioning of the cam depending on which way the knob is turned. The anterior aspect of the cam/lever has a half-moon radius in which there are drilled five equally spaced radially positioned holes on the radial face of the cam/lever (above not shown). To assemble the variable load peak contraction lever system, the main working assembly is bolted on top of the frame of the strength resistance machine. The self-contained secondary resistance unit sits on top of and is connected to the main working assembly via a hardened rod 28, which passes through both of the main weight-bearing brackets 27 mounted upon the unit. The rod 28 then passes through both the upright cam/lever support brackets 27 and the variable resistance cam/lever 22. The start position operation involves applying longitudinal pressure to one of the training levers 10, whilst simultaneously depressing the D-shaped handle 18. This effects the retraction of the sleeved hardened bar 15, whose distal end is then disengaged from one of the start position holes 29 drilled into the anterior face of the variable resistance cam/lever 22. The whole of the self- contained secondary resistance unit revolves around the main working assembly until the D-shaped handle 18 is released, thus relocating the sleeved hardened bar 15 within one of the drilled holes 29 upon the anterior face of the cam/lever 22 and securing a new training lever start position. THE CHARGER/RESISTANCE SELECTOR SYSTEM The infinitely variable charger/resistance selector system is positioned on the frame of a particular machine at a point where it is within easy reach of a seated operator. A single air-line passes from the charger/resistance selector unit to the self-contained secondary resistance unit thus uniting both pneumatic systems. PRIOR ART SYSTEMS Previous air resistance machines use an air bleed valve to regulate pressure within their pneumatic cylinders, thus altering the training resistance. When the training levers of these previous systems are moved, air is compressed within the pneumatic cylinder and is forced out through an air regulator unit. On the return stroke, air is sucked back into the cylinder, with the cycle being repeated for each training repetition. With these prior art systems, the faster the training levers are moved, the greater the pressure within the cylinders and the greater the resistance which will be encountered by the machine operator. The slower the training levers are moved, the lower the resistance which is encountered. This method of operation means that the resistance which is encountered is inconsistent and often noisy, due to the release of air during the compression stroke. In contrast therewith, the apparatus of the present invention utilises a method which has been designed to improve on this situation. There are two types of charger/resistance selector systems:- TYPE ONE (description only, with type two being described and illustrated) - With the type one charger/resistance selector system, the pneumatic cylinders are kept in a state of positive charge at all times. The advantage of this is that the resistance delivery is unaffected by operator speed and therefore remains stable at all input velocities. In addition, the delivery of resistance to the machine operator is smooth, quiet and progressive in nature, thus ensuring even loading of the tendons/muscles involved in the strength resisted movement. The charger/resistance selector system is remote from the self-contained secondary resistance unit and is connected thereto by a single air-line. The charger/resistance selector system serves:- a) to pressurise the self-contained secondary resistance unit and b) by adding additional pressure to that which is already in reserve, to alter the pressure within the self-contained secondary resistance unit and thus the resistance imparted to the training levers. The charger/resistance selector system consists of an air ram, which is housed within a length of rectangular box section. A short length of nylon rod is connected to the piston rod of the air ram. A turned bolt is positioned on the lateral surface of the nylon rod and slides within a longitudinally milled slot, which is positioned at the proximal end of the housing. A series of notches are cut into one of the lateral surfaces of the milled slot and the bolt can be turned and fixed in any one of the notches. The charging aspect of the charger/resistance selector system operates in the following way:- a) the air line is disconnected from the charging system and the bolt is unscrewed from the nylon slide rod so as to enable the nylon rod to be removed from its housing and the air ram piston rod extended, b) extension of the air ram piston rod allows air to be sucked into the charging cylinder, and c) reconnecting the air line of the charger/resistance selector system and then relocating both the nylon rod and bolt back into their respective positions results in the charging cylinder and the two air rams contained in the self-contained secondary resistance unit being pressurised. The reserve pressure within the air rams of the self-contained secondary resistance unit is sufficient to enable, for example, the training levers of a chest press machine to remain open, in readiness for use. To add to the reserve pressure, thus increasing the resistance to the training levers, the charger/resistance selector bolt is pulled back further compressing the air within all three air rams. As the bolt is pulled back further, and turned into each consecutive notch against air resistance, it will be harder for the operator to overcome the resistance of the training levers. The type one charger/resistance selector system requires connection to a remote air compressor to maintain pressure which is forced past the piston heads during use. TYPE TWO CHARGER/RESISTANCE SELECTOR SYSTEM Figure 29 shows the type two system, which is self-charging and does not require an outside compressed air source. The type two charger/resistance selector system consists of a large bore short stroke air ram 109, which is housed within a length of box section 110. A short length of nylon rod 111 is connected to the piston rod of the air ram 112. A turned bolt 113 is positioned on the lateral surface of the nylon rod 111, which slides within a longitudinally milled slot 114 and is also positioned at the proximal end of the housing 110. A series of notches 115 are cut into one of the lateral surfaces of the milled slot 114 and the bolt 113 can be turned and fixed in any one of the notches 115. The self-charging properties of the unit are described below. When the bolt 113 on the charger/resistance selector system has been set to its most forward position in the slot 114, the air ram piston rod 112 will be at full extension. When in this position, air is sucked in through a non-return valve 116, which is screwed into the inlet aperture at the opposite end of the air cylinder. As the bolt 113 is pulled back into the plurality of notches 115, so the system becomes pressurised and the non-return valve closes, with the pressure increasing, the further the bolt 113 is moved towards the proximal face of the air ram 109 itself. When the bolt 113 on the charger/resistance selector system is at its most forward position, the system is in effect void of pressure, therefore no resistance will be imparted to the training levers of the machine to resist the lateral plane. However, as the bolt 113 is pulled back further and turned into each consecutive notch against air resistance, it will be harder for the operator to overcome the resistance of the training levers. The following are detailed descriptions of various embodiments, which practise the present invention. Production techniques may dictate that material sections or configurations may vary from those illustrated or described herein. However the basic movement and bio-mechanical principles will remain the same. It has only been deemed necessary to include a few select full size strength resistance machines within this document, as the systems and associated movement mechanisms described herein have been designed to be employed with any appropriately detailed structure. The machines described and illustrated herein represent just a small percentage of what is ultimately possible. SHOULDER PRESS MACHINE (fitted with a type one proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. system). Reference is now made to Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12 and 13. The main base 30 of the strength resistance machine consists of a length of rectangular section steel tubing, with a further short length of the same section 31 being butt-welded to its posterior medial aspect, the base thus resembling an L when viewed from above. The short length of rectangular steel section 31 has mounted upon its distal superior aspect a further short length of vertically positioned square blanked-off box section 32. A spigot 33 is in turn welded to the superior lateral aspect of the upright, which receives at its distal end a pulley wheel 34. Two vertical uprights 35, 36 and one angled front leg (not visible) are fixed to the main base 30. The first upright 35 is fixed to the superior posterior aspect of the main base (corner of the L) and the second upright 36 is fixed forward of the first. The front leg is fixed to the superior most forward aspect of the main base section 30 (top of L) with its superior aspect sloping back towards the superior aspect of the second vertical upright 36. A further length of rectangular box section 37 spans both the second upright 36 and the front leg at about mid height on both sections to, in effect, form an A-frame between all three sections. The A-shaped frame serves as a support for an ergonomically structured seat and backrest 38. The seat is height-adjustable and is positioned upon a member 39, which is welded to the front sloping section of the A frame. Horizontally butt-welded to the posterior superior aspect of the second vertical upright 36 and extending posteriorly past and fixed to the top of the first shorter vertical upright 35, a further short length of rectangular box section 40 serves as support for a square section cross member 41, as shown in Figure 13. A bearing collar 42 is set into a bearing recess at each distal end of the cross member 41 , these being the pivot points for the attachment of a further cross member 43. The second cross member 43 has attached on the under side of each lateral aspect, a short length of rectangular box section, both presenting with a though hole, which extends laterally and at a position nearing each distal end. When assembling the machine, these collars 44 are lined up with the distally positioned bearing points on the square section cross member 41 on the main frame, wherein a steel pin is passed through each collar to press fit within its corresponding bearing thus allowing the cross member pivotal movement. Welded on to the anterior aspect of each pivoting short length of box section, an angled projection can be found. The angled projection 45 furthest away from the machines weight stack cumulates in a light counterbalance weight 46 with the section nearest the weight stack having welded in place a long lever 47. The long lever 47 has in position a collar 48, which passes through from an anterior to posterior position towards the levers most distal aspect. Passing straight through the collar 48 can be found a threaded rod 49 to which a tensioning nut is fastened proximal to the levers anterior aspect. On the posterior aspect of the tensioning rod 49, provision has been made for the fastening of a steel cable 50 which runs through a series of cables to a selectorised weight stack, also described below. Mounted on the machine's frame, can be found a type two charger/resistance selector system, also fully described herein. The pivoting cross member 43 forms the base to which the proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S is mounted. Adjacent to the main strength resistance machine and housed within a frame 51 can be found a selectorised weight stack 52. The weight stack frame 51 is connected to the main frame of the strength resistance machine at two points, both at ground level and midway up on both frames via two spanning bars 53, 54 and one for each level. The ground level spanning bar 53 is at one end welded to the middle section of the base of the weight stack frame, with the other end of the spanning bar being bolted to the central base 30 of the machine itself. The second spanning bar 54 is welded to the fore leg of the weight stack frame 51 , with the other end of the spanning bar being bolted to the adjacent lateral surface of the charger/resistance selector system (Figure 29). As an alternative, a plate-loaded version of the above machine could be offered. The plate-loaded shoulder press machine would utilise the same proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. and type two charging system, the same frame and seat structure, except the main frame has stabilising feet fitted to its posterior lateral aspects. The main differences between the machines are that the plate-loaded machine eliminates the need for a weight stack, pulleys, cables, etc. Instead, a lever arm equipped with weight plate holders is welded to each anterior aspect of the short laterally inferiorly positioned sections on the pivoting cross member as described on the above machine. THE V.L.P.C.LS. PROPRIOCEPTIVE MECHANISM The V.L.P.C.L.S. is attached to the central aspect of the pivotally mounted cross member 43 via a bearing assembly 55 to include a manually operated locking plunger 56. The bearing assembly 55 allows for the lateral tilting of the V.L.P.C.L.S. The degree of lateral stability is dependent upon and controlled via a pneumatic system. The pneumatic system consists of two air rams 57, which are mounted within the pivotally mounted cross member 43 on the machine, with the piston rod of each air ram 58 communicating via a union 59 to each distal inferior aspect of the type two V.L.P.C.L.S. system. The air pipe from each air ram 60 press fits into a Tee junction fitting 61. The pressure within both air rams 57 is controlled by a scaled down version of the type two charger/resistance selector system. The manually operated locking plunger 56 is retracted to allow the V.L.P.C.L.S bilateral movement and fully inserted to lock the mechanism up, thus fixing the V.L.P.C.L.S. in position. The above system is the preferred method of stabilising the tilt of the V.L.P.C.L.S. system as it is fully adjustable. However, the use of springs, gas shock absorbers or other well known shock absorbing systems could all be used. SHOULDER MACHINE OPERATION Having chosen to engage the proprioceptive tilt mechanism, the locking plunger 56 is drawn to full extension, thus allowing bilateral movement of the V.L.P.C.L.S. system. Having decided on the degree of tilt, the bolt on the controller (miniature charger/resistance selector system) is pulled back and turned in to one of the notches on the same. If maximum instability is required, then the bolt is left in the most forward position in its housing slot. The operator then takes a seated position on the machine and selects the degree of lateral resistance to the training handles. This is achieved by the positioning of the bolt on the main charger/resistance selector positioned adjacent to the seat. The pin on the selectorised weight stack is then positioned to affect the degree of resistance to the vertical plane. The operator then takes hold of the training handles and presses them vertically, having the option of maintaining the training handles at a constant distance apart or to move the handles together at the conclusion of the movement, or to use a combination of the above during the training set, whilst at the same time being engaged in over coming the degree of bilateral instability as set at the beginning of the exercise. Five main pivot points are involved in the construction of the above working assembly. These collectively allow for movement in the vertical and horizontal planes together with proprioceptive tilt. However, a sixth pivot point (not shown), positioned between the pivoting cross member 43 and the lockable bearing assembly 55 attached to the main body of the V.L.P.C.L.S allows for a limited preset degree of rotation of the same. This feature further enhances the bio-mechanical properties of the system by affording the joints of the machine operator more freedom of movement during the exercise movement. Referring now to Figure 14, in this embodiment of a shoulder press machine, a V.L.P.C.L.S. type two has been pivotally mounted to the frame of the machine via the resistance arm 47 and a further short arm 45 at the opposite end of the system. Although this machine does not offer the advantage of the above machine in respect of proprioceptive tilt, the manufacturing costs are lower and may suit a facility where superior resistance characteristics would be appreciated and in which rehabilitation is not practised, for which the V.L.P.C.L.S proprioceptive system has primarily been designed. Referring now to Figure15, the proprioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. unit is shown having been mounted upon a vertical linear bearing slide 62. This alternative embodiment offers movement in both the vertical and lateral planes (levers) and rotatable about the vertical shaft 63. The retraction of the locking plunger 56 will permit bilateral movement in addition to that of those described above. The unit could of course be mounted on a dual slide system. The mechanism could be included within a number of strength resistance machine designs, to include a shoulder press or lateral pull-down type arrangement. In addition the use of either one or two linear shaft so angled (pivoted at the base, with multiple fixing positions at the top of the shafts) to affect a variable angle chest press for example. Figures 16 and 17 show the prorioceptive V.L.P.C.L.S. SYSTEM having been mounted upon a pair of horizontal shafts 64. This embodiment serves to further enhance the biomechanical advantages of a lever operated strength resistant machine. Some of the benefits of this mechanism are as follows: 1. When the mechanism is fitted to a shoulder press machine, such as the ones described herein, the associated training levers will extend anteriorly to accommodate individuals presenting with varying degrees of spinal kyphosis or conditions affecting shoulder mobility. 2. To lessen the effects of joint compression, which can occur as a result of the training lever not yielding under load. 3. When fitted to a chest press machine, the mechanism (counter balanced) in effect allows a contractile plane thus altering the training angle and distribution of load to the chest muscles. 4. When the mechanism is fitted to a lateral pull-down type machine, the levers are afforded an anterior posterior movement, which is crucial in the safe and effective execution of the exercise movement. NOTE. The above mechanism can be biased or counterbalanced, either anteriorly, posteriorly, or fixed at any point within its slidable range of motion. In addition to the above the use of torque resistant training levers will offer a similar biomechanical advantage, with the following description relating to the construction of one such type of contractible torque resistant set of training levers. More specifically, the description relates to a training lever, which allows optimal contractile movement within and addition to the levers normal operating planes. A short length of square section steel box is welded at its distal end to a collar containing two bearings, one set into each distal end of the collar. Set into the opposite end of the same length of square steel box can be found a further collar to which a length of round section hardened steel bar is push fixed. A further length of square section steel box containing at one end a collar, to which a linear bearing is push fixed, with the other end having provision made for the fixing of a training handle. The two sections of the training levers are thus joined by inserting the hardened steel rod, positioned on one lever into the linear bearing positioned on the other lever. Welded on to the superior aspect of each opposing lever section and in close proximity to the butting point can be found a mounting bracket for the fixing of three flat section steel levers. The mounting bracket has a milled slot into its central aspect, to which a single lever is pivotally pinned. The mounting bracket has two levers pivotally pinned to either side of a flat milled spigot of the same width as all three short levers. The distal ends of all three levers are again joined for movement via a single pin. The extension and contraction can also be achieved via the use of torque-resistant linear bearings. Also the two halves of the training lever can be biased towards or away from each other via the use of extension or compression springs or air pressure. It is intended that two training levers would be fitted to each machine. An example of training methodology, as applied to both of the above embodiments, would be as follows. For example, taking a shoulder press machine fitted with standard levers and standard cylindrical handgrips. The operator takes a seated facing away position on the machine. A pin is inserted into the weight stack to resist the pressing phase of the exercise movement and the bolt on the charger /resistance selector system is turned into one of the notches on the same. The operator, having grasped the handgrips, will have the option of being able to press the hands straight up or to move the hands together or a combination of both movements to suit. With extendable levers or the slide mechanism having been fitted, the operator has the safety advantage of being able to position his or her hands to suit their anatomy. The levers will now move anteriorly to accommodate varying degrees of kyphosis or restrictions in shoulder mobility. In action, the hands can still move upwardly and inwardly, however the operator can now choose to stress the different portions of the deltoid muscles by positioning the hands more anteriorly or posteriorly during the exercise movement. Still referring to the above embodiments, however this time with the rotatable ball handgrips (as shown in Figure 30) having been fitted. With this set-up, the effectiveness and safety of the exercise movement has been dramatically increased in terms of the participating joints being afforded a far greater range of movement as compared to that offered by a standard lever. For example, varying degrees of elbow adduction or abduction can be assumed during the exercise movement to place emphasis on different areas of the musculature being trained. Or if, for example an underhand grip on the ball-shaped rotatable handles (Figure 30) is chosen, the elbow can be fixed at 90 degrees with the hands being moved in an arc posteriorly, the anterior deltoid muscles will thus be isolated. Or assuming the same grip and performing the same movement but this time extending the elbows during the movement, both the anterior deltoid and triceps will be stressed. With the training levers function affording greater shoulder mobility a wide variety of safe and effective exercise movements are possible when fitted to a particular lever operated machine. Isolating the rotatable ball shaped hand grips (Figure 30) for a moment, it can be seen that : 1. They permit a wide range of hand positions to be engaged, and 2. They enhance joint motion by affording the distal aspect of the upper limbs greater range of movement. The above results in more effective training of the target muscles and improved joint safety. Referring now to Fig 18, in this embodiment, the proprioceptive mechanism has been stripped of both its proprioceptive stabilising mechanism and resistance to the lateral plane. As a result most of the pivot points and locking plunger 56 can clearly be seen. It is intended that the mechanism be employed to construct a full range of value-engineered strength resistance equipment that still offers the machine operator the basic movement options of the embodiments within this document. For example, if the levers 10 are fitted with the rotatable ball hand grips as previously described, the mechanism as a whole will total seven pivot points which, combined, offer the machine operator an extensive range of movement options and a very challenging workout indeed. Figure 19 demonstrates an application of the above Figure 18 mechanism. Proprioceptive lever row machine. A length of square box section constitutes the base 65 of the machine frame. A housing 66 containing bearings is mounted to the superior posterior aspect of the base of the machine. A foot platform 67 is fixed near to the central most superior aspect of the main base 65. A projection 68 extends vertically from the superior most forward aspect of the main base 65. Pivotally mounted to the bearing housing 66 positioned on the superior posterior aspect of the main base, a further length of box section 69 extends to sit directly over the main base 65 of the machine. Inferiorly fixed to the forwardmost aspect of the second length of box section 69, a further short extension 70 sits upon the upward extending projection 68. Welded to the superior most forward aspect of the second length of box section 69, a plate 71 serves as a mounting point for the proprioceptive lever mechanism as detailed in Figure18. Fixed to the end of the second length of box section 69 adjacent to the proprioceptive mechanism, a length of capped-off round tubing 72 serves as a weight plate holder. In operation, the user stands upon the foot - plate 67 and grasps a training handle in each hand. With legs bent and head up, the operator pulls the training handles towards him/herself whilst moving the training handles outwards to the side of the body against the resistance provided by the mounting of weight plates on the weight plate holder 72. If the proprioceptive option is chosen and the locking plunger 56 has been fully retracted, the same movements can be used, whilst also having to stabilise the lateral aspect of the exercise. Applying to all machines offering a proprioceptive tilt element to a given exercise, the two halves of the body are forced to work independently of each other. This prevents the strong side dominating the weaker side, thus eventually precipitating equilibrium for both sides of the body. Referring again to the same proprioceptive mechanism as described in Figure 18, Figures 20, 21 and 22 include a plate 73, which extends laterally from the posterior aspect of the training handle bearing boss 20. Attached to each distal anterior aspect of the plate a mounting bracket 74 serves as a pivotal fixing point for an air ram 75. Each distal aspect pivotally connects with a bracket 76, which is mounted to the lateral aspect of each training lever. The purpose of this arrangement is to provide resistance to the lateral plain of a particular machine to which the mechanism is attached. It is intended that this resisted mechanism be fitted to apparatus requiring a lightweight working mechanism, for instance the mechanism would be suitable for counter balancing. In addition, air resistance of the said mechanism would be controlled by a charger/resistance selector system, or alternatively a simple air bleed system could be used although not preferred. Referring now to Figure 23, this demonstrates an alternative embodiment of the V.L.P.C.L.S. unit, wherein the training levers of the system are attached directly to torque resistant linear bearings 77 sliding longitudinally on a length of hardened torque resistant bar 78. As with the other V.L.P.C.L.S. embodiments the unit utilises air resistance to resist the lateral plane, however due to the mechanically induced leverage disadvantage as created by this set up, the potential lateral resistance available to the machine operator is far greater than that offered by the use of a pivoting lever equipped with a spanning bar and slide assembly. The system offers two planes of movement and can be fitted with a proprioceptive tilt mechanism or combined with any of the novel features described herein, to create a full range of strength resistance equipment. Referring back now to a detailed look at Figures 4 and 5 showing an apparatus equipped with a type two V.L.P.C.S. system, with start position locking mechanism. The mechanism and type two V.L.P.C.L.S. has been fully described in Figures 1, 2 and 3 therefore an example of its use will now be described. It will be appreciated that any combination of mechanisms or principles described herein could be applied to an appropriate framework in order to create a strength resistance/rehabilitation system that will satisfactorily stimulate a particular body segmentation. CHEST PRESS MACHINE. Specially designed seats and backrests have been designed specifically for this machine and training system as a whole in order that the biomechanical properties offered by the machinery can be fully exploited. In addition the seating arrangements serve as an aid to both safety and efficiency under load, as well as for added user comfort. The machines described herein have been designed to stimulate musculo/skeletal structure of the upper body. To ensure safety and efficiency in this region, it is important to refer back to a paragraph of a blue print for exercise machinery design in which it is stated that:- "It is of paramount importance to ensure and maintain the correct anatomical positioning of the human form. This is relative to the body segmentation/musculature requiring the resistance, in order that the maximum muscle isolation can occur, with safety assured by preserving the integrity of the human support and movement systems throughout the duration of the exercise movement." To ensure that the above criteria are met, it is important to consider the following points when constructing an exercise machine or free weight bench - Establish optimal movement patterns for a given exercise - create a seat structure, which will allow adequate clearance relative to these movements - determine the correct training angle for a given exercise movement create a seat structure, which will allow for the optimal positioning of the body relative to the exercise movement - think stability from the ground upwards - ensure correct foot placement is achieved, thus aiding in pelvic stability and therefore aiding spinal safety - consider all joint actions and muscular involvement relative to a particular exercise movement - create a structure, which will minimise articular stress under load thus allowing for optimal uninhibited muscular involvement during the exercise movement. The above points will become apparent from the description below. An A-shaped upstanding frame serves as a support for an ergonomically structured seat and backrest. The seat is height adjustable and is positioned upon a member which is bolted to the front sloping section of the A frame and is so shaped as to provide pelvic stability, thus ensuring the correct spinal alignment prior to and during the exercise movement. The backrest is so shaped as to provide both spinal integrity and free movement of the musculo/skeletal segmentation engaged within the exercise movement. More specifically, the seat is so shaped as to provide inner thigh support, presenting a contour, which due to gravitational forces, ensures that the pelvic region is braced against and is securely positioned during the exercise movement. Referring now to the backrest section of the seating arrangement. The seat of the present invention presents with a wide lumbar support, which further aids pelvic stability by combating rotational forces. The section, which is in direct contact with the lower spine, is convex in shape and serves to both correctly position and maintain the lordosis of the lower spine, this section being both adjustable and removable (not shown) to accommodate a wide range of body types and individual needs. The thoracic area of the back support is slightly convex so as to both aid in the correct positioning of the area of musculature requiring stimulation and in effect to lock the facet joints of the spinal region thus increasing spinal stability under load. Still referring to the backrest and in particular the area which provides support for the thoracic area of the spine. There are provided in this region cut-outs on both sides of the face of the back rest. The cut-outs exist in order that the scapula (shoulder blade) can operate freely without the negative effects of compression, which is a problem associated with prior art designs of exercise bench. In a physiological sense, the relevance of this feature can be explained in the following way. The scapula serves as an attachment for seventeen muscles, which all serve to cause movement of the same, some serve to rotate the scapula others serve to adduct or elevate it. During a normal arm movement any one of or all of these scapula movements occur and provided that the scapula is afforded freedom of movement then all is well. The problem occurs when the scapula encounters unnatural forces and the muscles, acting to cause motion of the scapula have to operate at a greater than normal load and under these circumstances, destructive conditions such as micro-trauma can occur. Prior art backrest designs generally included a section which comes into contact with the scapula during the exercise movement. This contact surface creates pressure upon the scapula, which in turn has to be overcome by the musculature acting to cause movement for the same. As the training resistance is increased by the operator in respect of training load, then so scapula pressure is also increased and often to a point where the muscles acting to move the scapula encounter unsafe stresses, often with a hypertonic condition arising. The head of the backrest has been designed to slope away posteriorly. This feature is designed to facilitate the correct alignment of the head in relation to the thoracic area. Bench designs, which are completely flat, tend to place an unacceptable amount of stress on the cervical region of the spine. To further enhance cervical safety a sprung-loaded headrest is also provided (not shown) which is so set as to give, if unsafe limits are approached. Referring now to the preferred embodiment of the invention, an upstanding A-shaped frame is provided which gives support on its front angled leg 79 to an ergonomically designed seat and backrest 80, 81. Sitting on top of the A-shaped frame and being positioned above and behind the machine operator's head is the machine's main working assembly. Fixed to the main working assembly and pivotally movable about an axis can be found a pneumatically operated self-contained secondary resistance system (described elsewhere). The self-contained secondary resistance system has attached to its inferior aspect, two independently laterally movable training levers. The training levers are attached to a pneumatically resisted slide mechanism, which is contained within the main housing of the self- contained secondary resistance system by two connecting or spanning bars. Also a pulley system utilising either cables or belts can all be effectively used. The longitudinally pivoting self-contained resistance system and the two laterally pivoting training levers serve to provide two planes of movement. At the distal end of each training lever a rotatable ball- shaped training handle is provided. This important feature serves to provide freedom of movement for the user's joints during exercise and, more specifically, it allows unrestricted medial rotation of the humerus and harmonises radial and ulna involvement during the exercise movement. A weight stack 82, which provides a primary source of resistance for this particular embodiment of the invention, is so angled as to provide easy access in respect of weight increment changes. In place of a weight stack, all well known forms of resistance could be effectively used. For example, a heavy duty air ram could be used as a primary form of resistance or alternatively the training levers could be adapted to receive weight plates. Referring again to the preferred set-up, a length of steel cable 83 is fixed to the inferior anterior aspect of the variable resistance cam (not shown) or lever, the lever 22 forming part of the main working assembly on top of the A frame. NOTE. The lever 22 can be connected directly via cable or belt to the main resistance or to a pulley and cam arrangement as used on several makes of strength resistance machines. The cable 83 runs through a series of pulleys to where it terminates at the weight stack 82. A pneumatically operated resistance selector system (Figure 29) is positioned pivotally and within easy reach of the machine operator. This system serves to increase the resistance to the lateral aspect of the training lever's movement. This system could be substituted by the fitting of the more usual air bleed-off system or even an auxiliary weight stack. However, both of these systems fall way short of providing the quality of progressive smooth resistance offered by the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The power delivery imparted to the machine operator is so designed as to afford a safe starting load (cam version). This is achieved by employing an easy start progressive cam (soft cam) and by the smooth progressive resistance as offered by the charger/ resistance selector resistance system. This set up is used exclusively in rehabilitation, where only low resistance is required and where the weight stack travel is limited, in order to reduce the negative effects of mass inertia. The direct cam option is not suitable for normal strength conditioning. In operation, the exercise movement is only slightly resisted (soft cam option) with full muscular involvement being engaged at about midway, following through and peaking towards the end of the movement. In operation, the machine operator selects his/her lever start position by depressing the start position handle 18, whilst simultaneously moving the training lever 10 to the required position and then releasing the start position handle. The machine operator then takes a seated position facing away from the machine. Selecting the resistance for the longitudinal movement is effected by inserting a pin into a position on the weight stack 82 and then, for the lateral movement, by pulling back the bolt on the pneumatic resistance selector turning it into one of the notches on the same. The operator then, with each palm of the hand placed firmly on to the ball shaped training handles, pushes the arms away, thus revolving the variable resistance cam/ lever and lifting a portion of the weight stack and as the hands come together and rotate medially the air resistance is engaged. Figure 24 and 25 relate to an embodiment where the V.L.P.C.L.S. system assumes a static role. THE V.L.P.C.LS CHINNING MACHINE. Two vertically positioned lengths of square-section tubing 84, set parallel to one another, are mounted upon three horizontally positioned flat metal wall fixing plates 85. The right hand section of parallel square tubing 84 is in fact a charger/resistance selector system, as well as constituting a structural component of the machine. Two of the three spaced apart wall fixing plates 85 are fixed towards the superior aspect of the two vertically positioned uprights 84. The third wall fixing bracket 85 is mounted near to the base on the posterior surface and crossing the two vertical uprights 84. The three brackets 85 all present holes drilled at each distal end for the fixing of the machine to a suitable wall surface. Fixed to the face of the lower wall mounting bracket 85 and extending at a right angle to it, a short length of square section tube 86 can be found. Butt-welded to this section, a further short section of the same material serves to form a Tee section 87. Positioned centrally above the two upper wall mounting brackets 85 sits a type one V.L.P.C.L.S. lever unit. The V.L.P.C.L.S. unit is connected pneumatically to a type two charger/resistance selector system by a single air pipe (not visible). Positioned near to the base of the two vertical uprights 84 and above the fixed Tee shaped arm 87, a pair of pillow block bearings 88 can be found, one positioned on each upright 84. The two opposing bearings 88 serve for the pivotal attachment of a short angled arm 89, the pivotal attachment being between the two bearing blocks 88. The distal part of the angled arm houses a bearing collar (not visible), to which two round rotatable inflexible plastic discs 90 are secured. Each disc 90 being mounted either side of the said bearing block. MODE OF OPERATION. Having thoroughly warmed up, the machine operator selects the lateral resistance by positioning the bolt on the charger/resistance selector system to the appropriate position within the slot on the same. Then he or she reaches up and grasps both training handles, one in each hand. The operator then straddles the two rotatable discs 90, firmly grasping them between his/her legs and inner thigh area. The experienced trainer will then, with hands together, pull him/ herself up as in a chinning movement, parting the handles toward the conclusion of the movement. The plastic discs 90, which are held firmly between the thighs throughout the exercise movement and whose purpose is to provide lateral stability for the machine operator, will rotate during the movement. Individuals who find the chinning movement difficult can achieve success by following the following training principles:- Train the back to include the latissimus dorsi muscles once a week. Having thoroughly warmed up, the operator stands on the Tee shaped foot rest 87, whilst holding on to the training handles, which are in their closed start positions. Having assumed this start position the operator then assumes a squat position and hangs from the training handles. The operator then executes the correct chinning machine movement as described above, whilst tensioning the leg and buttock muscles sufficiently to aid in the upward motion of the body. The main stress must be felt in the back muscles with the legs only just making the exercise possible. The operator continues the exercise in this manner until the latissimus dorsi muscles fatigue. When this point has been reached, the operator completes the upward phase of the movement primarily with leg power. Having reached the top of the movement in this manner, the operator performs negatives until he or she can no longer descend under full muscular control. When this stage is reached the operator continues the exercise in an upright position by attempting to part the training levers against whatever lateral resistance the operator has set. The above procedure constitutes one training set. With a maximum of three intense sets performed once a week as part of an all over strength training regime, the operator will quickly find that he or she is able to perform full unaided repetitions. The system could also utilise a counterbalanced lifting platform, as used with some chinning/ dipping towers. However, the users of such devices very rarely develop the ability to perform unaided chin-ups due to the reliance on such lifting gear. The above chinning machine mentally puts individuals on the spot, which in turn provides a challenge, which leads to a well-defined goal, which in turn must be achieved. Figure 26 relates to a value-engineered version of the above chinning machine, which differs only that it does not employ lateral resistance in the form of a V.L.P.C.L.S. or related charger/resistance selector system. However lateral resistance can, of course, be achieved by any of the methods described herein, or by the fitting of an auxiliary weight stack or other well known forms of resistance. The machine utilises the same frame structure. However, the following lever /bearing boss is used. Horizontally positioned and welded to the face of the upper quadrant of the two vertically positioned uprights 84, two opposing angle brackets 91 can be found. The medial aspect of the two angle brackets 91 line up with the medial aspect of the two upper wall mounting brackets positioned below 85. The two angle brackets 91 are drilled to accept bolts which serve to secure a short section of large diameter square section tube 92. The square section tube 92 passes through both upper angle brackets 91 and the two wall mounting brackets 85 below. Two short lengths of horizontally positioned square section tubing 93 presenting with the same square cross section tubing as the main frame 84 are centrally welded to the forward most aspect of the large section steel tube 92, one inferiorly and one superiorly. These two short sections 93 are braced laterally by two further short sections 94, one spanning between each end. Two pairs of opposing pillow block bearings 88 are fixed on the horizontally positioned cross members 93, one pair at each end of the structure. The bearings 88 serve for the pivotal attachment of two short training levers 10. The levers 10 each have a training handle positioned on their lateral distal aspects. Both the V.L.P.C.L.S. and the value-engineered chinning machines can employ a proprioceptive mechanism. THE V.L.P.C.LS. LAT PULLDOWN MACHINE. Figure 27 relates to a V.L.P.C.L.S. lateral pull-down machine. The main base 95 of the strength resistance machine consists of a length of rectangular section steel tubing with two further short lengths 96 of the same section being butt welded either side of the first to complete the base of the machine. Situated at the opposite end of the frame and sitting vertically on the base 95 can be found a further short length of rectangular tubing 97, this providing a mount for the seat 98. Sitting a short distance in front of the seat mount 98, a length of square-section tubing 99 serves as a housing for a further length of smaller diameter square section tubing 100. The lesser size tubing 100 has welded to its apex a short length of steel plate 101, to which protective pads are fixed to its under side (not shown). The lesser diameter square section tubing 100 has a series of holes drilled in to its anterior face. The lesser diameter tubing 100 is positioned within the first section 99. A sprung-loaded plunger 102 is fixed to the anterior face of the first section 99, whose plunger communicates with one of the holes drilled into the face of the tubing within 100. Inferior to the plunger mechanism and extending anteriorly, a length of square section tubing 103 is butt-welded to a vertical length of large section square tubing 104. This section plays host to a square section cross member 41, which sits on top of the same. A bearing collar 42 is set into a bearing recess at each distal end of the cross member 41, these being the pivot points for the V.L.P.C.L.S. system. The V.L.P.C.L.S. has been fully described above. However, in this format, the unit has welded to each of its distal inferior aspects, two short lengths of rectangular box sections 105. Both of said rectangular box sections 105 present with a through hole, which is situated towards their distal ends. Each hole extends laterally through the box section to which a collar 44 is fixed. When assembling the machine, these collars 44 are lined up with distally positioned bearing recess 42 on the square section cross member 41 on the main frame, and a short pin is passed through each collar to press-fit within its corresponding bearing, thus allowing the V.L.P.C.L.S. pivotal movement. Mounted to the posterior aspect of the cross member and facing the machine operator can be found the charger/resistance selector system described above. Situated directly in front of the main upright 104 and sloping anteriorly away from it, can be found a length of rectangular box section 106 of the same diameter as the main frame. This member is braced to the main frame via a further short length of box section 107 of the same diameter. Extending from the central anterior aspect of the V.L.P.C.L.S. unit, a length of rectangular box section 108 has been adopted near its distal end to accept weight plates. The forward sloping leg 106 attached to the base of the frame serves as a rest for the above described resistance arm. Figure 28 illustrates the proprioceptive version of the above lateral pull-down machine. The proprioceptive mechanism is the same unit as is fitted to the proprioceptive shoulder press machine. Please refer to Figures 6 to 13. Please note that all of the plate- loaded machines described herein can easily be fitted with a weight stack, as all weight stack machines can be adapted to take weight plates. Mode of operation ( proprioceptive option ) The operator selects the primary resistance by placing weight plates on the resistance arm (plate-loaded version) or by inserting a pin into the selectorised weight stack (weight stack version). Taking a seated position on the machine, the operator sets the resistance to the lateral plane by pulling the bolt back on the charger/resistance selector system and turning it into one of the notches on the same. The operator the sets the desired degree of prorioceptive tilt by the positioning of the bolt on the controller. Grasping hold of both training handles, the operator has the choice of maintaining a given training handle width or varying the handle to suit. It is to be noted that, if the mechanism shown in Figure 17 is fitted to the above shoulder press machine, the training handles will be able to assume user-defined movement, when the pivoting mechanism levels off horizontally. This important feature will allow the operator to assume a biomechanically correct position, to maximally isolate the latissimus dorsi muscles, with improved spinal safety.

Claims: CLAIMS. 1. An exercise apparatus which includes a primary resistance unit and a secondary resistance unit offering two resisted planes of movement, with the two resistance units being adjustable independently of one another. 2. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 , in which the secondary resistance unit includes a rectangular metal outer casing within which there are two centrally placed opposing air rams. 3. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, in which the air rams are push-fixed at their distal ends into a medially placed locating plate containing two side-by-side apertures, one for each air ram, each air ram being fixed at the opposite end by a removable locating plate. 4. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 3, in which the medially placed locating plate is fixed inferiorly and superiorly by bolts. 5. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, in which, running through the medially placed internal locating plate and positioned inferiorly and centrally to both air rams, there is a single round-section spanning bar which is fixed at each end by laterally positioned removable end plates. 6. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 5, in which two metal-cased, bushed slides are positioned on and freely slidable longitudinally of the spanning bar. 7. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 6, in which the bushed slides are separated by the medially placed locating plate. 8. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 7, in which, positioned centrally on the inferior aspect of each freely sliding p.t.f.e, bushed slide lies a spigot for the hinged connection at its proximal end of a training lever spanning bar. 9. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 8, in which the spanning bar, in turn, connects via a hinge at its distal end to a manually operated training lever. 10. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 9, which includes locating points for three hollow, round-section spigots, which are recessed at each end, and in which the three spigots serve three primary functions, as follows:- A) they act as dividing and locating spacers for the positioning of a housing which sits on top the outer casing and contains two air lines that emanate from each air ram, B) the two outer spigots act as communication channels for the passing of air lines from within the outer casing to the housing, and C) the central spigot receives a bolt which passes into the superior aspect of the medially placed internal locating plate and serves to secure the housing to the outer casing. 11. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, which includes a main working assembly which supports the secondary resistance unit which is lockable and is arranged for rotation around a variable load cam or suitably structured training lever. 12. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 11, in which the main working assembly includes a base plate, an upright supporting bracket is positioned at the distal end of the base plate and a pulley is mounted on the medial side of the bracket. 13. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 12, in which a variable resistance cam or lever is positioned centrally at the opposing end of the base plate and is supported on either side by two further upright brackets, the variable resistance cam or lever being arranged so that it lines up directly with the distally mounted pulley. 14. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 13, in which the cam or lever operates upon two recessed sealed bearings and is suspended and pivots upon a hardened spigot, which passes through and spans the two up-right brackets. 15. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, in which the posterior aspect of the variable resistance cam has a profiled cut-out which the cut out provides a compartment for the location of a cam stop/positioning bar and an associated cable tensioning and cam positioning arrangement. 16. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 15, in which the cam stop bar spans the two upright cam-supporting brackets and is positioned inferiorly and posteriorly of the main cam bearings within the cam cut-out. 17. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 26, in which a threaded shank passes centrally through the cam stop bar and has a turned adjusting knob, the distal end of the threaded shank communicating with the cam within the cut-out. 18. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 11, having a locking mechanism which includes a spring-loaded hardened bar, which is contained within a sleeve, with the spring resistance configured to displace the hardened bar distally and with the sleeve arranged so that it passes through both of the plates which serve to house the training lever bearing collars. 19. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 18, in which the proximal end of the sleeved bar has a collar fixed to it and this collar provides a hinged attachment for a handle, which is mounted adjacent the faceplate, the inferior aspect of the handle pivoting over a recessed spigot. 20. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, which includes an adjustable proprioceptive tilt mechanism. 21. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 20, in which the secondary resistance unit is attached to the central aspect of a pivotally mounted cross member, via a bearing assembly, the cross member being pivotally mounted on a frame of the exercise apparatus. 22. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 21, in which the degree of lateral stability is dependent on and controlled via a pneumatic system which includes two air rams, which are mounted within the pivotally mounted cross member. 23. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 22, in which the piston rod of each air ram communicates via a coupling to each distal end of the secondary resistance unit. 24. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 20, in which a locking plunger serves to lock or set the tilt mechanism in motion, the locking plunger being associated with the bearing assembly mounted upon the central aspect of the pivoting cross member. 25. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 24, in which a bearing collar is set into a bearing recess at each distal end of a cross member, and in which the bearing points on the cross member serve as pivot points for the secondary resistance system. bearing. 26. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, which includes a vertically positioned linear shaft and a collar containing a set of linear bearings is positioned upon the shaft, a plate being mounted on the collar. 27. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 26, in which a bearing assembly is mounted to the top face of the plate and the secondary resistance unit is mounted to the bearing assembly. 28. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 27, in which a locking plunger is mounted inferiorly of the bearing assembly and the distal end of the locking plunger corresponds with a hole drilled upon the lower aspect and on the face of the plate. 29. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, which includes mounting means for the secondary resistance unit comprising a pair of horizontally positioned linear slides which are mounted to a pivotally mounted mounting bracket, which in turn is mounted to the central aspect of a cross member which in turn is pivotally mounted on a frame of the exercise apparatus. 30. An exercise apparatus as claimed in Claim 29, in which two linear bearing collars are mounted to the horizontally positioned linear slides and the secondary resistance unit is mounted, via a tilt mechanism which includes a locking plunger, to the two linear bearing collars.

Inventors: HOGG SIMON ALAN, HOGG, SIMON, ALAN
Applicants: HOGG SIMON ALAN, HOGG, SIMON, ALAN
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A63B
IPC codes: A63B21