SEARCH USER INTERFACE FOR CONSTRUCTING AND MANAGING USER PROFILES AND SEARCH CRITERIA

Abstract: A user interface for querying a database permits the saving of searches as queries. The saved searches are manipulated in the same fashion as basic search criteria. In an embodiment particularly suited to lean-back applications like television electronic program guides (EPG), the saved searches are displayed and manipulated as objects in a graphical scene. Thus, a physical metaphor for the process of constructing queries and viewing results is employed. For example, in one specific embodiment, the search criteria are shown as strings of beads in a three-dimensional scene, each bead representing a criterion or a search and each string representing a different category or a set of searches. For example the criteria, drama, action, suspense, and horror may be included in a category of "genre." The searches "Pizza," "Movies," and "High IQ," each named by the user, could be stored in a category. The search "Pizza," for example, might be a useful search for a regular weeknight pizza party and "High IQ" a search designed to return more intellectually demanding content. Continuing the physical metaphor, criteria are selected to form a query by moving corresponding beads to a query string. Results are displayed in a three-dimensional scene also where the accuracy of the match between retrieved records and the query correspond to the placement of results, also represented as beads, along the Z-axis of the scene.

Description: Search user interface for constructing and managing user profiles and search cπteπa BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to search, retπeval, and organization of data from large data spaces such as the contents of CD ROMS, electronic program guides, the Internet, etc. The vast amount of information available in CD-ROMS, the Internet, television programming guides, the proposed national information infrastructure, etc. spur the dream of easy access to many large information media sources. Such increased access to information is likely to be useful, but the prospect of such large amounts of information presents new challenges for the design of user interfaces for information access For example, Internet users often struggle to find information sources or give up in the face of the difficulty of constructing search queπes and visualizing the results of queπes. Straight text lists such as provided by electronic program guides, Internet search engines, and text search tools such as Folio®, are tedious to work with, often hard to work with, and, because of the rather monotonous look, rather tiπng to look at for long peπods of time. There are two major components to searching databases: filteπng so irrelevant information is excluded, and sorting the filtered results by some pπoπty schema. For example, an Internet search engine such as Google® uses a text query to filter and sort records in its database representing entry points in the World- Wi de-Web. It uses certain implicit cπteπa such as an implied vote "cast" by pages that link to the candidates retπeved by the query (That is, pages that are linked to by more other pages, have more "votes"). Google also analyzes the pages that cast the votes and gives greater weight to pages that receive more votes by other pages. Tools such as Google and most other database retπeval tools accept search queπes in the form of text with connectors and results are presented in the form of lists sorted by some specific lump cπteπon which might be an operator involving multiple cπteπa (such as sort by A, then by B, etc). At least one existing tool permits the saving of search results for further reference. For example, in Dialog®, the searcher can enter a Boolean phrase and, upon receiving a result, refer back to that result in a following new phrase. So, for example, if the first search phrase has two terms joined by the conjunctive operator 'and', and that search phrase returns 20,000 records, the user interface returns a label (e.g., S3) followed by the number of records returned. The user can then use that result in forming a new phrase, for example, 'S3 and "domestic".' The latter scheme, however, saves, and permits users to work with, search results. That is, the label is identified with a group of records. This has the disadvantage that it becomes stale the moment it is save for if any new records are added to the database, the records set corresponding to the predefined label will not be automatically updated. Essentially, this is a tool to make complex Boolean phrases easier to work with. Searching databases can be a complex enterpnse and given the growth of information available to people in all spheres, convenient expedients are valuable. The amount of information that must be searched, even in lean-back environments like television, is large. Often the user's ability to control searching is sacπficed in the attempt to make user interfaces simple. Mechanisms for enhancing both control and convenience in searching are a perennial need. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Bπefly, a user interface for querying a database permits the saving of searches as quenes. The saved searches are manipulated the same fashion as basic search cπteπa. In an embodiment particularly suited to lean-back applications like television electronic program guides (EPG), the saved searches are displayed and manipulated as objects in a graphical scene. Thus, a physical metaphor for the process of constructing queπes and viewing results is employed. For example, in one specific embodiment, the search cπteπa are shown as stπngs of beads in a three-dimensional scene, each bead representing a cπteπon or a search and each stπng representing a different category or a set of searches. For example the cπteπa, drama, action, suspense, and horror may be included in a category of "genre." The searches "Pizza," "Movies," and "High IQ," each named by the user, could be stored in a category. The search "Pizza," for example, might be a useful search for a regular weeknight pizza party and "High IQ" a search designed to return more intellectually demanding content. Continuing the physical metaphor, cπteπa are selected to form a query by moving corresponding beads to a query stπng. Results are displayed in a three-dimensional scene also where the accuracy of the match between retπeved records and the query correspond to the placement of results, also represented as beads, along the Z-axis of the scene. The UI design addresses vaπous problems with user interaction with database search devices in the "lean-back" environment (In the "lean back" situation the user is being entertained and relaxes as when the user watches television, and in the "lean-forward" situation the user is active and focused as when the user uses a desktop computer.) For example, the invention may be used to interact with electronic program guides (EPGs) used with broadcast television In such an application, the UI may be displayed as a layer directly on top of the recorded or broadcast program or selectively on its own screen The UI may be accessed using a simple handheld controller. In a preferred embodiment, the controller has vertical and hoπzontal scroll buttons and only a few specialized buttons to access the vaπous operating modes directly. The UI generates three environments or worlds: a search world, a profiling world, and an overview world Assuming an EPG environment, in the search world, the user enters, saves, and edits ftlteπng and sorting cπteπa (time of day, day of week, genre, etc.). In the profiling world, the user generates and modifies explicit (and some types of implicit) user profiles Explicit profiles are the set of likes and dislikes a user has entered to represent his preferences. Each can be selected from lists of cπteπa such as genre (movies, game shows, educational, etc.), channel (ABC, MTN, CSPAΝ, etc.), actors (Jodie Foster, Tom Cruise, Ricardo Bernini, etc.), and so on. In the overview world, the user views and selects among the results of the search, which is a result of the sorting, filteπng, and profiling information. The invention may be used in connection with vaπous different searching functions. For example, in a preferred embodiment designed around EPGs, there are three basic searching functions provided: (1) Filteπng, (2) Filteπng and/or sorting by explicit profile, and (3) Sorting by implicit profile. These are defined as follows. (1) Filteπng - A set of cπteπa that defines the set of results to be displayed These cπteπa choose exactly what records in the database will be chosen and which will be excluded from the overview world display. (2) Filteπng and/or sorting by explicit profile - A user is permitted to specify likes or dislikes by making selections from vaπous categoπes. For example, the user can indicate that dramas and action movies are favored and that certain actors are disfavored These cπteπa are then applied to sort the records returned by the filteπng process The degree of importance of the cπteπa may also be specified, although the complexity of adding this layer may make its addition to a system less worthwhile for the vast majoπty of users As an example of the second type of system, one EP application (EP 0854645 A2) descπbes a system that enables a user to enter geneπc preferences such as a preferred program category, for example, sitcom, dramatic seπes, old movies, etc The application also descπbes preference templates in which preference profiles can be selected, for example, one for children aged 10-12, another for teenage girls, another for airplane hobbyists, etc. This method of inputting requires that a user have the capacity to make generalizations about him/herself and that these be a true picture of his/her preferences. It can also be a difficult task for common people to answer questions about abstractions such as "Do you like dramas or action movies?" and "How important is the 'drama' cπteπa to you?" (3) Sorting by implicit profile - This is a profile that is generated passively by having the system "observe" user behavior. The user merely makes viewing (recording, downloading, or otherwise "using") choices in the normal fashion and the system gradually builds a personal preference database by extracting a model of the user's behavior from the choices. This process can be enhanced by permitting the user to rate mateπal (for example on a scale of one to five stars). The system uses this model to make predictions about what the user would prefer to watch in the future. The process of extracting predictions from a viewing history, or specification of degree of desirability, can follow simple algoπthms, such as marking apparent favoπtes after repeated requests for the same item. It can be a sophisticated machine-learning process such as a decision-tree technique with a large number of inputs (degrees of freedom). Such models, generally speaking, look for patterns in the user's interaction behavior (i.e., interaction with the UI for making selections) An example of this type of profile information is MbTN, a system that learns viewers' television watching preferences by monitoπng their viewing patterns MbTN operates transparently and builds a profile of a viewer's tastes. This profile is used to provide services, for example, recommending television programs the viewer might be interested in watching. MbTN learns about each of its viewer's tastes and uses what it learns to recommend upcoming programs. MbTN can help viewers schedule their television watching time by alerting them to desirable upcoming programs, and with the addition of a storage device, automatically record these programs when the viewer is absent. MbTN has a Preference Determination Engine and a Storage Management Engine. These are used to facilitate time-shifted television. MbTN can automatically record, rather than simply suggest, desirable programming. MbTN's Storage Management Engine tπes to insure that the storage device has the optimal contents. This process involves tracking which recorded programs have been viewed (completely or partially), and which are ignored Viewers can "lock" recorded programs for future viewing in order to prevent deletion The ways in which viewers handle program suggestions or recorded content provides additional feedback to MbTV's preference engine which uses this information to refine future decisions MbTV will reserve a portion of the recording space to represent each "constituent interest." These "interests" may translate into different family members or could represent different taste categoπes. Though MbTV does not require user intervention, it is customizable by those that want to fine-tune its capabilities. Viewers can influence the "storage budget" for different types of programs. For example, a viewer might indicate that, though the children watch the majoπty of television in a household, no more than 25% of the recording space should be consumed by children's programs. Note that search cπteπa, and implicit and explicit profiles, may produce reliability or ranking estimates for each proposed record in the searched database rather than just "yes" and "no" results for each candidate record in the database. A search query can be treated as providing cπteπa, each of which must be satisfied by the search results. In this case, if a query contains a specified channel and a specified time range, then only records satisfying both cπteπa will be returned. The same search query could be treated as expressing preferences in which case, records that do not satisfy both cπteπa could be returned, and, instead of filteπng, the records are sorted according to how good a match they are to the cπteπa. So, records satisfying both cπteπa would be ranked highest, records satisfying only one cπteπon would be ranked second-highest, and records satisfying neither cπteπon would be ranked last. Intermediate ranking could be performed by the closeness of the record cπteπon to the query or profile cπteπon. For example, in the example above, if a record is closer to the specified time range, it would be ranked higher than a record that further in time from the specified time range In the case of implicit profiles, there may not be any cπteπa at all in the sense that one could show how high each genre, for example, is ranked. If, for example, a neural network-based predicting engine were used to sort the records of the database, there is no clear way to expose the cπteπa weighting that is used to make the decisions, at least for an easy-to-use system. However, some simpler machine learning techniques may also be used for producing and implementing implicit profiles. For example, the cπteπa appeaπng in selected records (or records ranked highly as highly desirable) can be scored based on the frequency of cπteπa hits. For example, in an EPG, if all the programs that are selected for viewing are daytime soaps, the soap genre and daytime time range would have a high frequency count and the science documentary genre would have zero hits. These could be exposed so that the viewer can see them. In the user interface embodiments descπbed below, in which profiles are edited, the user may edit such an implicit profile because it is based, on specific weights applied to each cπteπon A user can remove the cπteπon from the profile, change the weighting, etc The latter is only an example of an implicit profiling mechanism that provides a clear way for the user to modify it Other mechanisms may also provide such a scheme; for example the system need not be based only on frequency of hits of the user's selections. Construction of the queπes for filteπng and preference application is preferably done with three dimensional visual graphics to facilitate the organization of information and to allow users to manipulate elements of a scene ("tokens") that represent data records, search and sort cπteπa, etc. In a preferred UI, the tokens take the form of beads. Categoπes are represented as stπngs or loops of beads. When a preference filter is constructed, specific choices (beads) are taken from a category stπng and added to a search stπng or bin. The beads, stπngs, and bins are represented as three-dimensional objects, which is more than just for appearances in that it serves as a cue for the additional meaning that the third dimension provides- generally an object's proximity to the user represents its relative ranking in the particular context. Where the stπngs represent cπteπa, the ranking of cπteπa in each category may correspond to the frequency with which the cπteπa are used by the user in constructing queπes So, for example, if the user's searches always include the daytime time range, the bead or beads corresponding to this time range would be ranked higher. Alternatively, the cπteπa may be ranked according to selected records, rather than by all the records (or at least the most highly ranked ones) returned by searching One or more categoπes may actually be constructed of words, for example keywords, that appear in a large proportion of the chosen programs or a large proportion of the hits returned by the user's queπes. This makes sense because requmng the keyword category to contain every conceivable keyword would be awkward. Extracting the significant keywords from the descπptions of chosen records and/or from records returned by the queπes based on frequency of occurrence or a vaπation thereof, makes the number of possible keywords easier to handle and easier to select. Preferably, the keyword list should be editable by the user in the same fashion as descπbed in detail with respect to the editing of profiles elsewhere in the specification. To construct a keyword list based on frequency of use data, the system could start with no keywords at all. Then, each time the user enters a query, the returned results could be scanned for common terms. The titles, descπptions, or any other data could be scanned and those terms that occur with some degree of frequency could be stored in a keyword list. The keywords in the list could each be ranked based on frequency or frequency weighted by the context in which the keyword appeared For example, a keyword in a title might receive a lower rank than a keyword m a descπption or a keyword that is a direct object or subject in a grammatical parsing of a sentence in a descπption might receive a higher ranking than indirect objects, etc. Instead of extracting keywords from the returned records of a search, the keywords could be extracted from only the records selected for use For example, only programs that are chosen for viewing or recording are actually used to form the keyword list in the manner described. Alternatively both selections and returns of queπes could be used, but the keywords in the selected records could be weighted more strongly than keywords in other returned records. The overview world presents the results of filteπng and sorting cπteπa in a visually clear and simple way. Preferably, a three-dimensional animation is shown with three-dimensional tokens representing each record. Again, the (apparent) closeness of the token to the user represents the prediction of how much the user, according to the selections that are active, would prefer the item identified by the record. That is, proximity, initially, represents goodness of fit. In one example of this, the bead stπngs, each bead representing a record, are shown axially aligned with the stπng with the best fits being arranged closest to the user and the others receding into the background according to their degree of fit. The user can advance in an axial direction to search through the results as if walking through a tunnel. A pointer can be moved among the beads to select them. This causes additional information about each to be exposed. The implicit and explicit user profiles are invoked by adding them to the search queπes (the bin or stπng) just as done with other choices The effect of adding the profile is to have results sorted according to the preferences. Explicit user profiles are generated in the same way. The invention will be descπbed in connection with certain preferred embodiments, with reference to the following illustrative figures so that it may be more fully understood. With reference to the figures, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood descπption of the pπnciples and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention, the descπption taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an illustration of a hardware system that may be used to implement an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is an illustration of a remote control that may be used with an electronic program guide embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating vaπous processes encompassed by the inventive user-interface. FIG. 4 is an illustration of a user interface for forming and editing a search query. FIG. 5 is an illustration of a user interface for forming and editing a user profile. FIG. 6 is an illustration of a user interface for forming and editing a search query displaying explicit and implicit profiles as search cπteπa. FIG 7 is an illustration of a user interface for forming and editing user profiles where likes and dislikes are accommodated FIG. 8 is an illustration of an alternate pictoπal scheme applicable to the embodiments of FIGS. 4-7. FIG. 9 is an illustration of another alternate pictoπal scheme applicable to the embodiments of FIGS . 4-7. FIG. 10 is an illustration of yet another alternate pictoπal scheme applicable to the embodiments of FIGS. 4-7. FIG. 11 is an illustration of yet another alternate pictoπal scheme applicable to the embodiments of FIGS. 4-7. FIG. 12 is an illustration of a user interface for viewing and selecting records returned from a search of a database consistent at least some of the foregoing embodiments. FIG. 13 is an illustration of another user interface for viewing and selecting records returned from a search of a database consistent with at least some of the foregoing embodiments. FIG. 14 is an illustration of yet another user interface for viewing and selecting records returned from a search of a database consistent with at least some of the foregoing embodiments. FIG. 15 is an illustration of yet another user interface for viewing and selecting records returned from a search of a database consistent with at least some of the foregoing embodiments FIG. 16A illustrates the plane definitions that apply to the embodiment of FIG 16B. FIG. 16B is an illustration of another user interface for forming and editing search queπes and user profiles in which text is used to represent objects in a 3-D scene employed by the user interface. FIG. 17 illustrates a text-based search result viewing scene that also uses text as objects in a 3-D scene. FIG. 18 is a flow chart illustrating processes for keyword category generation and sorting DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referπng to FIG 1, the invention relates to database search and retπeval and is particularly suited to lean back environments or applications where the availability of training is, or is desired to be, limited. For example, the invention may be used in connection with search and visualization tasks in connection with electronic program guides (EPGs). In the context of televisions, EPG is applied loosely to vaπous features that can be delivered using a database of program information The program information may include titles and vaπous descπptive information such as a narrative summary, vaπous keywords categoπzing the content, etc. In an embodiment, a computer sends program information to a television 230. The computer 240 may be equipped to receive the video signal 270 and control the channel-changing function, and to allow a user to select channels through a tuner 245 linked to the computer 240 rather than through the television's tuner 230. The user can then select the program to be viewed by highlighting a desired selection from the displayed program schedule using the remote control 210 to control the computer. The computer 240 has a data link 260 through which it can receive updated program schedule data. This could be a telephone line connectable to an Internet service provider or some other suitable data connection The computer 240 has a mass storage device 235, for example a hard disk, to store program schedule information, program applications and upgrades, and other information Information about the user's preferences and other data can be uploaded into the computer 240 via removable media such as a memory card or disk 220. A great many interesting features are enabled by appropπately programming the computer 240 Note that many substitutions are possible in the above example hardware environment and all can be used in connection with the invention. The mass storage can be replaced by volatile memory or non-volatile memory. The data can be stored locally or remotely. In fact, the entire computer 240 could be replaced with a server operating offsite through a link. Rather than using a remote control to send commands to the computer 240 through an infrared port 215, the controller could send commands through a data channel 260 which could be separate from, or the same as, the physical channel carrying the video. The video 270 or other content can be earned by a cable, RF, or any other broadband physical channel or obtained from a mass storage or removable storage medium. It could be earned by a switched physical channel such as a phone line or a virtually switched channel such as ATM or other network suitable for synchronous data communication. Content could be asynchronous and tolerant of dropouts so that present-day IP networks could be used. Further, the content of the line through which programming content is received could be audio, chat conversation data, web sites, or any other kind of content for which a vaπety of selections are possible. The program guide data can be received through channels other than the separate data link 260. For example, program guide information can be received through the same physical channel as the video or other content. It could even be provided through removable data storage media such as memory card or disk 220 The remote control 210 can be replaced by a keyboard, voice command interface, 3D-mouse, joystick, or any other suitable input device. Selections can be made by moving a highlighting indicator, identifying a selection symbolically (e.g., by a name or number), or making selections in batch form through a data transmission or via removable media. In the latter case, one or more selections may be stored in some form and transmitted to the computer 240, bypassing the display 170 altogether. For example, batch data could come from a portable storage device (e.g. a personal digital assistant, memory card, or smart card) Such a device could have many preferences stored on it for use in vanous environments so as to customize the computer equipment to be used. Referπng now to FIG. 2, a remote controller that may be used with a EPG embodiment of the invention has a simple set of keys including vertical and hoπzontal cursor keys 232 and 212. respectively A select, "GO," button 214 is used to tngger actions depending on the context in which it is pressed A search key 216 is used to invoke a search UI element, descπbed below A profile key is used to invoke a profile UI element descπbed below. Start, save, reset, and delete keys 229, 222, 226, and 224 respectively, are used to control specific operations depending on context as descπbed below. Referπng now to FIG. 3, a general overview of a user's interaction with the overall UI, which compπses search, profile, and overview worlds, may begin with the construction of an explicit profile in step S10. Refernng now also to FIG. 4, for example, using a search/profile tool 90, cπteπa are selected by selecting a token 105 (typ.) (here represented by a bead), for example, representing the genre "Movies" and moving them to an icon representing a selection bin 140. Before they are selected, each cπtenon is grouped using a bead stπng visual element, for example the Genre stπng 155, where each group of cπteπa resides on a particular stπng. When a cπtenon is selected, the corresponding token 105 is highlighted in some way, such as by holding or color change. In addition, further lnformatin relating to the selected cπtenon token may be revealed. For example, the Movies bead 165 was selected. Selected tokens are shown in the foreground of the three-dimensional scene permitting more information to be shown clearly on the screen. The Movies bead 165 in this example has been moved from the Genre stπng 155 to the selection bin 140. The place occupied by the Movies bead 165 is marked by a ghosted bead 115 after its transfer to the selection bin 140. In the UI, it is envisioned that any of the beads may be selected and transferred to the selection bin 140. The search/profile tool may be navigated as follows. When the user is in the search area, the user can see all the category labels 130 (typ.). The categoπes may be chosen using the cursor keys 212, 232. In the figure, the Genre stnng 155 may have been selected using the hoπzontal cursor keys 212, as indicated by suitable highlighting 150 or any other appropnate device such as changing a color of the selected stπng, holding or highlighting the characters of the genre label 155, increasing the character size, etc. When the desired stπng has been selected, the GO key may be pressed to permit selection of beads on the selected stnng. Note that, alternatively, the beads of non-selected stπngs may be hidden and only a vestige displayed to indicate the presence of the category. Also, when the selected category reaches the far left or far nght of the screen, the stπngs can be rolled in the opposite direction to reveal more stπngs. Alternatively, the selected category may remain at the center of the screen and each time a hoπzontal scroll key 212 is pressed, the set of stπngs rolls in the opposite direction bnnging a new stπng into view. To navigate a selected stnng, the user may simply use the vertical cursor keys 232. This may have the effect of moving the selected bead up and down or of rotating the entire stπng so the center one is always the selected one. In either case, the bead stπngs can be arbitranly long and continued downward or upward cursor guided movement results m the feeding of the stπng in the appropπate direction to reveal more beads. Note that in an embodiment, multiple stπngs may be open and the vertical and hoπzontal cursor keys 212 and 232 may be used to navigate among them without reselectmg any stnngs When a bead is selected, it can be moved to the search bin 140 by pressing the GO button 214 For example, the Movies bead in FIG. 4 was selected and the GO button 214 was pressed causing it to be moved into the search/profile bin 140 as indicated by the dotted arrow 142 To remove a bead from the search/profile bin 140, the user performs some action to move the selector to the search/profile bin 140 and selects the bead to be removed. Then the GO button 214 is pressed which causes the selected bead to retreat to the stnng from which it came. A fast way to clear all beads from the search bin 140 is to use the reset button 226. Note that the search/profile bin 140 is labeled "Search" in FIG. 4. This indicates that the mode the user is currently in. Also, the basic appearance and workings of the UI when in profile mode are the same as in the search mode. However, in profile mode, the user is given the option of indicating whether a cπteπon is liked or disliked. Also, in search mode, a certain set of categoπes may be provided. One is searches that have been saved and another is profiles. These are explained later. Refernng now also to FIG. 5, a search stnng 157 may be provided as a category in the search mode UI or in a specialized screen. The advantage of the former is that it reminds the user of the availability of the saved searches. Saved searches can be shown on a stnng adjacent the search/profile bin 140. Another special category that may be presented, and preferably is presented, in search mode is the profile category. This may be shown as a bead stnng also. After a search is created, it may be executed using the start button 228 to see the results of the search, or it may be saved, as indicated at 140A, and given a name by pressing the save button 222. Naming the search can be performed using known UI elements such as a cursor-key navigable on-screen keyboard such as provided with Tivo® personal digital video recorder devices For example, the name "Pizza" could be given to identify a search that applies for Thursday night pizza parties A Previously saved search can be accessed or edited as follows. To access the stnng, the user can use the cursor keys 212,214 or by pressing or holding down the search button 216 while in the search mode or any other means This will highlight the search stπng 157. Then the search beads 170 can be navigated as discussed above until the desired one is highlighted (or, equivalently, rolled to the foreground). When the desired search bead is highlighted, the beads making up the cπtena defining the selected search bead appear in the search/profile bin 140. To apply the cπteπa defined m the selected search bead, the user may immediately hit the start button 228 or the user can move to the search bin 140 and edit the search cπtena by deleting them or adding new ones just as in the construction of a search. When the save button 222 is pressed in this context, however, the user is permitted to save it back to the oπginal saved search bead or to a new one, allowing saved searches to be used as templates for new searches. Note that, a search bead can be added to the search bin 140 along with new cnteπa before invoking using the start button 228 m the construction of a new search just like any other cπtenon bead. This, in effect, makes the saved search a template or starting point for searches, so a particular user does not have to enter the same data each time she/he performs a search. In the search mode, the user can also select beads from a profile stnng 156 to add to a search. Each bead of the profile stnng 156 contains a profile of a user. In an embodiment, the profile can be an implicit profile, an explicit profile, or a combination of these. The beads representing the profile may be added to a search to cause the results to be sorted by the preferences they embody. Refernng now also to FIG. 6, implicit 158 and explicit 159 profiles can be displayed and accessed separately. In this embodiment, the profile beads are used independently, but added to the search bin 140 just as other cπteπa beads Refernng now to FIG. 7, to create or edit a profile, the profile button 218 may be pressed at any time to invoke the profile mode This bnngs up the profile mode UI element. The profile mode UI works the same way the search mode UI works, except that the profile bin 140' is a partitioned container with a "like" partition 164, where beads for cπtena that are favored are placed, and dislike partition 165, where beads for cntena that are disfavored are placed. The location of the beads in the respective partition indicates the action created by the profile with respect to the beads That is, a cπtenon, such as movies, in the dislike partition 165 will cause the profile to negatively weight negatively records matching the cπtenon Similarly, a cnteπon in the like partition 164 will cause the profile to weight positively records matching the cnteπon Note that the profile's name appears at 169 along with a label indicating the user is in profile mode Note also that the beads can be given a score through a dialog box or by pressing a specialized star key multiple times to give the item a rating For example, five stars could indicate an item that is highly favored and one star, an item that is strongly disfavored To view the rating, the beads can be tagged with star icons, their colors can be changed to indicate the rating, their position in the bin can indicate the degree of the favored or disfavored rating, or their size can be changed Thus, the user viewing the profile bin 140' would know at a glance the effect of each bead on the profile The profile can be saved when the save button 222 is pressed To select an existing profile for editing, the user has only to select the appropnate bead and press the GO button 214 To permit the deletion of a profile, the profile bead may be selected and the delete button 224 pressed To filter current channels through a profile, the user, in the profile mode, may select the profile and press the start button 228 In this way, the profile mode also acts as an advisor and the profile mode may be called a profile/advisor mode Note that the implicit and explicit profiles can be reset using the reset key 226 Implicit profiles may be editable or non-editable, depending on the system used to store information If the machine learning device used stores cntena-based inferences, then these could be edited exactly as discussed with respect to the explicit profiles Alternatively, implicit profiles could be edited through the use of personality beads that weight different program according to a personality template represented by the personality bead For example, beads like "movie nut" to emphasize movies and movie-related matenal, "quiet-type" to de-emphasize action thπller sorts of content, or "overworked" to emphasize intellectually undemanding matenal, could be provided to tilt the implicit profile one way or another The same personality beads could be used in the search mode to make their actions effective only duπng a search, or incorporated in a saved search, or even incorporated in implicit profiles Refernng to FIG 8, the search/profile mode can be implemented in a number of different ways in accord with the following ideas the use of three-dimensional pictures organizes the information in a way that reduces clutter and makes relevant information and controls handy (foi example, much of the information that may be scrolled into view is shown partly hidden in the background, but it can be seen to suggest its existence and how to display it, for example beads on the stnng that are behind the front column of beads), the more relevant information, depending on context, is shown in the foreground (for example, the currently selected items are shown in the foreground), and temporaπly hidden information (but which is available) retreats into the background (for example, the way additional beads on the stπng can be hidden in the background). For example, the embodiment of FIG. 8 stems from the same design pnnciples. In this embodiment, instead of the bead stnngs scrolling left and nght in a straight line (like a cylinder), they roll about a vertical axis like a carousel. This way, there is one stπng that always at the center and closest to the observer in the 3-space scene. Here, the keyword stπng is selected since it is the one that is closest in the scene to the camera (user) vantage. Also, the search bin 140 is replaced with a stπng 140C. Note that to exploit three-dimensional scene as a vehicle for partitioning or organizing information, the dimensions should be rendered in such a way that they are independent. Distnbuting vaπation along axes independently usually makes the scene asymmetnc. Symmetπcal 3-D forfeits the independence of the vanegation by constraining the changes in appearance along one axis to be the same as the changes in the appearance along another axis. Thus, symmetry is hostile to the use of the three-dimensional scene as a device for organizing data visually. Of course, this does not mean symmetπcal features always destroy the capacity for three-dimensional scenes to organize information effectively. For example, the bead tokens themselves are symmetncal. Also, even though the successive seπes of bead stnngs look the same, an example of translational symmetry, each successive bead stnng represents a different category. So on some level, symmetry may exist to provide visual claπty, but on another level, there is vanegation that provides differentiation along the (visually) symmetnc dimension. Refernng now to FIG. 9, still using the carousel concept, the bead stπngs are more stylized in this example. Only a few beads are visible in the front of each stπng, but the dominant bead on each stnng is a great deal more pronounced. Again the central stπng 180 is the selected one. Here the keyword stnng' s selection is indicated by its size and bold lines. The search bin 140 is replaced by a stπng 140B. This scene geometry is preferred because it is uncluttered and would be easier to see supeπmposed on a broadcast image It is clear how this geometry could be applied to the other contexts discussed with respect to Refernng to FIG. 10, in still another example, the beads are replaced with boxes 410 sitting on shelves 420. The selected shelf 430 extends toward the user. The search bin 140 is replaced by a hole 460 into which selected boxes 330 are inserted. Here, the shelves rotate around an axis that is honzontal and in the plane of the page. Shelves and boxes further from the forward selected position (at 430) retreat into the background, for example, as shown at 320. A particular box on the selected shelf can be shown as selected by suitable highlighting, growing the box, holding it, etc. Referring to FIG. 11, in still another example, signposts are used to represent the set of available categories, profiles, etc. Each sign represents a category or the set of profiles. Most of the signs 480, 485, and 450 are tilted at an angle with respect to the point of view, except for the selected one or ones 460, and 475. When a sign is selected, the selections available within the category are exposed as tags 470 and 472 on the left side of the sign. Those criteria or profiles that are selected to form part of a search (or criteria selected for a profile) are shown on the right side of the sign, for example as shown at 460 and 462. The name of the current search being constructed, if it is a search or the name of the profile if it is a profile under construction, appears at the bottom, for example, at 440. Thus, the array of selected criteria on the right of the signpost correspond to the contents of the search bin 140 in the bead embodiments discussed above. Navigation of the FIG. 10 and 11 embodiments is analogous to navigation in the bead embodiments. Pressing the vertical cursor keys 232 causes the currently selected sign to swing into "open" position as is sign 490 in FIG. 11. Pressing the horizontal cursor keys 212 causes the tags 460/470 to be highlighted as indicated by holding, color change, size change, etc. Tag 471 is shown as selected by a size and holding change. Tags can be added and removed from the right side of the sign post by selecting them. Selecting a tag toggles its position between sides of the signpost. Once criteria are saved as a search, they can be made available by selecting them from their own "search" sign (not shown). Any criteria not visible on the signpost can be brought into view by scrolling vertically. New signs will appear at the bottom and top, respectively. New tags will appear at the left and right extremes. A keyword list that may be used in all of the above embodiments can be generated dynamically, rather than from a generic template. Typically, keywords are entered by the user. However, the keyword list may also be culled from common terms in selections made by the user or to reflect the user's category choices in building queries. Referring to FIG. 12, once a search is invoked, the user sees the overview world. This view is invoked by pressing the start button 228 in search mode. Alternatively, an overview button may be provided on the remote control 210. The overview mode shows a visual representation that indicates pictorially, the relevance of each returned record by some metaphor for hierarchy. Each record returned by the search is displayed as a hexagonal tile in FIG. 12,For example, as shown in FIG. 12, the apparent proximity of the results relative to the viewer corresponds to the goodness of the fit between the search criteria and the record. Also, the record 510 is shown with bold lines, large overall dimensions, and bold text compared to the record 535. The more relevant results are located toward the center of the display as well. There is an element that indicates the cπteπa from which the cunent result display was generated at 530. The result tiles 510, 525, etc. can be navigated using the cursor keys 212, 232. Selecting a tile opens it up to reveal further information about the selected item. A tile representing a program "Here's Kitty" is shown selected at 510. Thus, additional information is shown for this selection Using the cursor keys, the user can navigate to the cπteπa element 510. In one embodiment consistent with FIG. 12, the vertical and honzontal cursor keys 212, 232, are used to move the cursor about the X-Y projection plane (the plane of the screen, where the Z- axis is pictonal axis leading from foreground to background) so that any icon can be accessed using the two axes of movement. In an alternative embodiment, the cursor keys 212, 232 are used to move along the Z-axis so that the background tiles come closer to the user and more information becomes visible when they do. In this embodiment, Z-axis control can be toggled on and off or one set of cursor keys, say the vertical cursor keys 214, may be used to move forward and backward along the Z-axis the other set, among the current foreground set of tiles. When going in the foreground-to-background direction, the current foreground set of tiles disappears as if it moved behind the viewer. Selecting the cntena element, by pressing the GO button, 214 causes the display to change back to the search mode with the current search (the one indicated by the cπteπa element) loaded into the search bin 140 (or the corresponding element for the other embodiments). This permits the search to be edited easily. Refernng now to FIG. 13, the results are displayed in a fashion similar to that of FIG. 12, except that the third dimension displacement element is not applied. That is, the less relevant records are further from the center and less bold, but they do not appear to recede into the background as in the FIG. 12 embodiment. Other features are essentially the same as that of the FIG. 12 embodiment. Refernng now to FIG. 14, the results of a search are organized around substantially concentnc πngs 605 Each record appears as a bead or token 610, 620, 630. The nngs 605 are intended to give the appearance of a tunnel going back away from the viewer The hoπzontal cursor keys 232 may be used to rotate the cunently selected token (Token 605 is the selected token in FIG. 14) The vertical cursor keys 212 may be used to move along the Z-axis, that is, move through the tunnel bπnging the background nngs into the foreground As the nngs 605 move forward (the viewer advances along the Z-axis), the tokens 610, 620, 630, come closer to the viewer and get bigger As they get bigger, more information may be revealed so that, for example, the title gives way to a summary, which gives way to a detailed descπption. Alternatively, other media types may be invoked, such as audio, video, screen caps (thumbnails), etc. These are applicable to all the embodiments descπbed herein. Here, as in the earlier embodiments, the selection element 554 provides a visual reminder of the selection cπtena that produced the current result display and a mechanism for moving back to the relevant search mode to edit the cnteπa Again, suitable navigation keys can be provided to allow for fast access to any of these features. Each nng may be associated with a match-quality level that may be shown on the screen as at 566. Refernng to FIG. 15, this embodiment of an overview world scene is similar to that of FIG. 14, except that the tokens are organized around a spiral 666 rather than nngs This arrangement is essentially one-dimensional so that only one set of cursor keys needs to be used to navigate it. Navigation may or may not be attended by movement along the Z- axis, as preferred Refernng to FIG. 16A, a purely text embodiment makes use of the three-space visualization to separate the different portions of the display. The diagram shows the definition of the three planes and axes. Refernng now also to FIG. 16B, in the UI represents categones 703 distπbuted along the Y-axis and the category selections 701 broken out in the X-Y plane and distπbuted along X-axis. Time 702 is shown along the Z-axis. The user profile 706 is shown in the Y-Z plane. The search title 705 and its elements 704 are shown m the X-Z plane. Selected items are shown in brackets. The role of the search bin 140 is played by the xz plane as shown at 704 and 705 Refernng now also to FIG. 17, the results of searches may be represented as text icons in a three-dimensional landscape scene. The foreground title is the most relevant as indicated by the relevancy scale 814 in the Y-Z plane. The less relevant results 802, 803 appear in order of relevancy progressively along the Z-axis away from the viewer. The brackets 817 around the most relevant record indicate that this record is cunently selected A selected record may reveal detailed information about the record, for example as shown at 804 The details may include a thumbnail picture or video. The details may include a thumbnail picture or video (not shown). The revealing of further detail, the zoomed-in state, can be invoked by a separate operation so that selection does not necessanly cause the display of additional information about the selected item. This applies to all embodiments. The cursor keys may be used to scroll back toward the less relevant records and to highlight each record in turn In each of the above embodiments, one or more of the categones may actually be constructed of words or other symbols, for example, the keyword category descπbed above. Keywords could be every conceivable word in the dictionary, which would make selection of keywords difficult without a keyboard (physical keyboard or on-screen equivalent) Keyboards are tedious and it is preferred if keywords can simply be selected from, for example, a category stπng as discussed above Such a keyword category may be constructed using data from vaπous sources to cull from the vast number of alternatives, those words that would be useful in a keyword selection list. The words can be extracted from the descnptions of chosen records and/or from records returned by the quenes based on frequency of occurrence or a vaπation thereof. Refernng to FIG. 18, a user accesses the records of the database directly or by searching Directly accessing records of the database could correspond, for example, to the browsing and selection of a record by a user. Searching may be performed as discussed above The user does one or the other and the path is selected in step S 150. If a search is performed (step S100) records may be a word list is constructed from the search results in step SI 15 Some or all words from the titles, descnptions, contents of the records etc could be culled from the search results depending on the capacity of the system and the desires of the designer. Less relevant words, based on grammatical parsing, could be filtered out of the list. For example, the list could be formed from only direct objects and subjects from sentences in the descπption and title words. Once the list is formed, the most common words in the list may be identified (S120) and ranked (S125) based on frequency of occurrence and significance (e.g., title words are more significant the words from the descπption or the content of the record itself) Other cntena may be used for selecting and ranking the words added to the list, for example, the goodness of fit between the search cπteπa and the retneved records The above are mere suggestions. The cπteπa used would depend on the type of database accessed. For example, some records may contain many different specialized fields such as assignee, inventor, and filing date of a patent, that charactenze the records that provide significance information explicitly. The common words that remain at the top of the list in terms of significance and frequency become part of the list along with their respective ranking data and the process is repeated each time searches are made. Repeated searches may build the list, but the list will always remain sorted with the most important items at the top. Using the user interface designs descπbed above, the most important keywords will always appear on the screen and the least important ones will be available by scrolling, or rolling, the bead stnng (or other corresponding element) In this way the interface remains uncluttered while still providing access to a large inventory of keywords If the user chooses to simply select records without searching, the word list can be formed from multiple selections and common words culled from this list in a manner similar to that for searches In step SI 10, one or more records are selected by the user Step SI 10 can be reached directly without searching or by going through the steps S100-S130 first and then through SI 50 again to arπve at SI 10 to choose one or more records from the search results In step S135, the user adds words from the selected record or records to the word list To identify frequency of hits data on descnptors, it desirable to have multiple records, so each selection is added to a single list and the frequency data denved from the combined list, which covers multiple selection iterations Alternatively, if a large number of records are selected at once, frequency data can be obtained from these selections The addition of words to the list may involve the same filtenng and sorting steps discussed above with respect to the words culled from the search results In step S140, words with a low frequency of hits may be filtered out of the list In step S145, all the terms are ranked according to the vaπous cntena discussed above Note that the word lists denved from retπeved records from a search and those denved from selected records can be combined in a single list Preferably, the keyword list should be editable by the user in the same fashion as descnbed in detail with respect to the editing of profiles elsewhere in the specification To construct a keyword list based on frequency of use data, the system could start with no keywords at all Then, each time the user enters a query, the returned results could be scanned for common terms The titles, descnptions, or any other data could be scanned and those terms that occur with some degree of frequency could be stored in a keyword list The keywords in the list could each be ranked based on frequency or frequency weighted by the context in which the keyword appeared For example, a keyword in a title might receive a lower rank than a keyword in a descnption or a keyword that is a direct object or subject in a grammatical parsing of a sentence in a descπption might receive a higher ranking than indirect objects, etc Instead of extracting keywords from the returned records of a search, the keywords could be extracted from only the records selected for use For example, only programs that are chosen for viewing or recording are actually used to form the keyword list in the manner descπbed Alternatively both selections and returns of quenes could be used, but the keywords in the selected records could be weighted more strongly than keywords in other returned records. This shorter list can then be ranked using the same or similar method as used to from would be awkward. Where the stnngs represent cπtena, the ranking of cntena in each category may correspond to the frequency with which the cntena are used by the user in constructing queπes. So, for example, if the user's searches always include the daytime time range, the bead or beads corresponding to this time range would be ranked higher. Alternatively, the cπteπa may be ranked according to selected records, rather than by all the records (or at least the most highly ranked ones) returned by searching. Note that many of the above techniques can be used with other types of user interfaces and are not limited to the designs descnbed, which are preferred embodiments. So, for example, the keyword list could be used with a purely textual computer interface. In keeping with the design philosophy around which the user interface is developed, it is desired that only a small number of highly relevant cntena be visible on the screen at a given time. Across all categones, the frequency with which the user selects a given cπtenon is preferably be used to rank the cntena in order of importance. Thus, although a television database descπbes content on more than 100 channels, if only 5 of those channels are routinely entered in search queπes, those 5 channels should be, by default, the ones displayed m the most foreground or prominent position on the display. The other cntena are still accessible, but the interface does not innocently provide the user with equal access to all. That is one of the basic ideas that leads to simple interfaces. Note that pnoπtization of the search cntena categories may also be made editable by the user. For example, if a channel has fallen temporaπly into disfavor judging by frequency of use duπng the Olympics, the user may provided a mechanism to revive it. This may be any of vanous techniques, for example invoking a menu option to resort the list representing the ranking of selected category's elements, and does not need to be descnbed in detail. It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spiπt or essential attnbutes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restπctive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing descnption, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein

Claims: CLAIMS 1 A database accessing device compnsing a controller (240) with a display (230) and connectable to a database containing searchable records, said controller being connectable to a data store (235, 260) holding cπteπa vaπously charactenzing said records, said controller being connectable to an input device (210), said controller being programmed to define first and second search queπes responsively to commands received from said input device, said controller being further programmed to save said first and second search queπes and corresponding identifiers, said controller being further programmed to permit selection of at least one of said first and second search quenes and to apply said at least one in a search to retneve selected ones of said records from said database according to said at least one of said first and second search quenes 2 A device as in claim 1, wherem said controller is programmed such that said identifiers include text names definable by means of said input device 3 A device as in claim 1, wherein said controller is programmed to allow said at least one of said first and second search queπes to be combined with cntena to define a new search query 4 A device as in claim 3, wherem said controller is programmed to allow said first and second search quenes to be combined into a single search query by entenng commands through said input device, said commands including identifying said first and second search quenes by said respective identifiers 5 A method for performing a search of a database, compnsing the steps of displaying identifiers (170), each corresponding to a respective saved search query; receiving a command to select at least one of said identifiers, responsively to said command, performing a search of said database responsive to said saved search query respective of said at least one of said identifiers 6. A method as in claim 5, wherein. said search queπes are defined, at least in part, by specified cπtena, said step of performing includes combining said saved search query respective of said at least one of said identifiers with additional cπteπa to form a new query. 7. A method as in claim 5, further compnsing the steps of: pπor to said step of displaying, defining said respective search queπes, defining said identifiers; and saving said respective search queπes. 8. A method as in claim 7, wherein said step of defining includes displaying graphical objects (123) on a display, each of said objects representing a search cπtenon and accepting commands to select selected ones of said graphical objects to form a set of said graphical objects (140) corresponding to a set of cπtena forming said one of said respective search quenes. 9. A method for searching a database, compnsing the steps of. accepting commands to select cπteπa; defining a first search query responsively to said step of accepting; saving said first search query responsively to command inputs and saving an identifier to uniquely identify said first search query; displaying said identifier (170) and other identifiers of search saved quenes and accepting a command to select said at least one identifier; including said first search query in a new search query responsively to said step of accepting 10. A method as in claim 9, wherein said step of including includes forming a search expression in which said first search query adds cntena to said new search query 11. A method as in claim 9, wherein said step of including includes forming a search expression in which cπtena defined by said first search query are conjoined with additional cntena to define said new search query. 12. A method as in claim 11 , wherein said step of including includes adding a further saved search query in said new search query 13. A method as in claim 9, wherein said step of including includes adding a further saved search query in said new search query. 14. A device for searching a database, compnsing: a controller (240) with a display (230) and an input device (210) connected thereto; said controller being programmed to accept, from said input device, commands to select cπtena; said controller being further programmed to define a first search query responsively to said commands and to save said first search query, and an identifier uniquely identifying said first search query, responsively to further command inputs through said input device; said controller being further programmed to display said identifier (170) and other identifiers of saved search quenes and to accept a command to select said at least one identifier; said controller being further programmed to include said first search query in a new search query responsively to said step of accepting and to retneve records from said database responsively to said new search query 15. A device as in claim 14, wherein said new search includes an expression in which said first search query provides a subset of a set of cntena incorporated in said new search query. 16. A device as in claim 14, said new search query includes a search expression in which cntena defined by said first search query are conjoined with additional cntena 17. A device as in claim 16, wherein said new search query includes cπtena defined in an additional saved search query 18. A device as in claim 14, wherein said new search query includes cntena defined in an additional saved search query. 19. A user interface device for searching databases, compnsing: a display (230), a data store (235, 260), an input device (210), and a controller (240) connected to control said display, receive commands from said input device, and save data to and retneve data from said data store, said controller being programmed to define search quenes responsively to a first set of said commands; said controller being programmed to define respective identifiers for said search quenes responsively to a second second set of said commands; and said controller being programmed to save said search queπes and said respective identifiers. 20. A device as in claim 19, wherein said controller is further programmed to display representations of said identifiers and generate an indication of a selection of at least one of said identifiers responsively to a third set of said commands. 21. A device as m claim 20, wherem said controller is further programmed to generate a composite search query responsively to said indication 22. A device as in claim 21 , wherein said controller is further programmed such that said composite search query includes said queπes corresponding to said at least one of said identifiers

Inventors: CAMPLIN ALISON F, MARTINO JACQUELYN A, NIKOLOVSKA LIRA, CAMPLIN, ALISON, F., MARTINO, JACQUELYN, A., NIKOLOVSKA, LIRA
Applicants: KONINKL PHILIPS ELECTRONICS NV, KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V.
Application year: 2001
Main classification: G06F17
IPC codes: G06F17, H04N5