Alignment guidance system

Abstract: An alignment guidance system comprises a concave mirror (50) and a target source (52) in a plane containing the center of curvature of the concave mirror (50) to present an alignment image to a patient for guiding self-alignment of an ophthalmic instrument, such as a non-contact tonometer, relative to an eye of the patient. An infrared light source (60) at the focal point of the concave mirror (50) irradiates the concave mirror (50) so that a collimated beam is reflected along a measurement axis (20) of the instrument and focused by an objective lens (26).

Description: The present invention relates to an alignment guidance system for presenting a visible alignment image to a patient for guiding the patient in self-alignment of an ophthalmic instrument relative to an eye to be tested. Ophthalmologists and optometrists use non-contact tonometers to screen patients for elevated intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma. In the therapeutic care of glaucoma patients, ophthalmologists are confronted with the nearly impossible objective of assuring intraocular pressure control during the long time intervals between patient visits. Around-the-clock intraocular pressure monitoring studies cast serious doubt upon the relevance of sporadic observations in assessment of intraocular pressure control. Many medical doctors have expressed the need for simple and inexpensive non-contact tonometric instrumentation that could be used by patients at home, especially patients who have exhibited nerve tissue loss. Also, it is recognized that a simple and inexpensive non-contact tonometer designed for office use by general medical practitioners could improve chances for early diagnosis. Hand-held tonometers of the "contact" variety are well known, as exemplified by U.S. Patent Nos. 4,192,317; 4,622,459; 4,747,296; and 5,174,292. For obvious reasons, these contact instruments are not suitable for self-measurement. Moreover, an operator's skill in testing can have a significant impact upon measurement results, thus rendering these instruments poorly suited for use by general medical practitioners. Patient discomfort is also a drawback of direct contact tonometers. U.S. Patent No. 4,724,843 describes a portable non-contact tonometer that includes a carrying case 102 for housing a pump used to generate a fluid pulse, and a detachable hand-held unit 100 connected to the pump by a flexible connection line 104 enclosing a fluid conduit. The described non-contact tonometer precludes self-measurement because an operator other than the patient is required for alignment of the hand-held unit relative to the eye. In addition, the instrument itself is complex and expensive to manufacture. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an alignment guidance system for an ophthalmic instrument such as tonometer that enables a patient to align the instrument in three-dimensions relative to an eye to be tested for self-testing purposes. This object is achieved by an alignment guidance system as defined in claim 1. A patient is guided in self-alignment of the measurement axis and distancing of a fluid discharge tube of the instrument relative to a corneal pole by the alignment guidance system presenting a visible alignment image to the patient. The alignment guidance system includes a concave mirror facing the eye, and a configured target source originating at the measurement axis and residing in a plane normal to the measurement axis containing the center of curvature of the concave mirror. Divergent light from the target source is reflected by the concave mirror to form an inverted and reverted image of the target source about the measurement axis when alignment is achieved, thus appearing to the patient as a predetermined configuration centered on the measurement axis. The nature and mode of operation of the present invention will now be more fully described in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment taken with the accompanying drawing figures, in which: Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a hand-held non-contact tonometer incorporating an alignment guidance system embodying the present invention; Fig. 2 is a schematic top plan view of the tonometer shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a schematic block diagram of electronic circuitry of the tonometer of Fig. 1; Fig. 4A is an enlarged view showing a self-luminous alignment target of the alignment guidance system in the tonometer shown in Figs. 1 and 2; Fig. 4B is a representation of an alignment image as it would appear to a patient upon achieving proper alignment for the target configuration shown in Fig. 4A; Fig. 5A is an enlarged view showing an alternative alignment target of the alignment guidance system in the tonometer shown in Figs. 1 and 2; Fig. 5B is a representation of an alignment image as it would appear to a patient upon achieving proper alignment for the target configuration shown in Fig. 5A; Fig. 6A is an enlarged view showing another alternative alignment target of the alignment guidance system in the tonometer shown in Figs. 1 and 2; and Fig. 6B is a representation of an alignment image as it would appear to a patient upon achieving proper alignment for the target configuration shown in Fig. 6A. Reference is directed initially to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings, wherein a hand-held non-contact tonometer is shown and designated generally by the reference numeral 10. Tonometer 10 is intended for home use by glaucoma patients for regularly monitoring intraocular pressure between visits to a supervising physician. Tonometer 10 comprises a hollow housing 12 including a main tube 14 having a front end 14A and a rear end 14B, and a stem portion 16 joining with main tube 14 between front end 14A and rear end 14B. Housing 12 can be conveniently formed as a two-piece precision molding of mating halves designed with protrusions and recesses at various locations for mounting internal optical, mechanical and electrical components of tonometer 10. It will be appreciated that the configuration of housing 12 facilitates hand-held positioning of tonometer 10, since stem portion 16 provides a "handle" that a user can grasp. A battery pack 18 is situated at a bottom end of stem portion 16 for providing electric power to tonometer 10 without hindering portability, however AC power is a viable alternative or addition. It is contemplated to provide a wire frame stand (not shown) for stationary mounting of tonometer 10 on a table, if desired. Housing 12 is preferably adapted for mounting a flapper device (not shown) near front end 14A used to check instrument alignment and calibration in the field. The tonometer 10 functions by directing a fluid pulse at cornea C to flatten or "applanate" a predetermined surface area of the cornea, monitoring a corresponding plenum pressure associated with the fluid pulse, and correlating the plenum pressure to intraocular pressure. Consequently, a measurement axis 20 along which the fluid pulse is directed is defined by a fluid discharge tube 22 having an axially extending fluid discharge passage 24 therethrough. Fluid discharge tube 22 is mounted at the front end 14A of housing main tube 14 by an objective lens 26 such that an entry end 24A of fluid discharge passage 24 resides in direct flow communication with a fluid plenum 28 provided in main tube 14. An exit end 24B of fluid discharge passage 24 is substantially flush with an outer surface of objective lens 26. Proper alignment of measurement axis 20 with corneal pole P, and proper location of exit end 24B at a predetermined firing distance D from corneal pole P, typically 11 mm, are necessary for measurement. Alignment of measurement axis 20 with corneal pole P can be thought of as alignment in the X and Y dimensions, while locating exit end 24B at a suitable firing distance D can be thought of as alignment in the Z dimension. A piston 30 is mounted in main tube 14 for movement along measurement axis 20 between a loaded position, shown in solid line in Figs. 1 and 2, and an unloaded position, shown in broken line in Figs. 1 and 2. Piston 30 includes a transparent plane parallel window 31 normal to measurement axis 20 preferably formed of optical grade glass or optical grade plastic. Piston 30 is biased for movement from its loaded position to its unloaded position by a spring 32 bearing against an internal step 34 in main tube 14. A magnetic biasing means could also be employed. A trigger arm 36 connected to piston 30 extends through an elongated slot 38 in main tube 14 for enabling manual cocking or loading of piston 30 against the urging of spring 32. An electro-mechanical trigger mechanism 40 is housed adjacent an underside of main tube 14 and/or a front side of stem portion 16 for receiving and holding trigger arm 36 when piston 30 is in its loaded position. By way of non-limiting example, trigger mechanism is shown as including an L-shaped gate member 42 mounted for rotation about an axis defined by pivot pin 44 and biased by a torsion spring (not shown) to normally reside in the position shown in Fig. 2. A distal leg of gate member 42 blocks trigger arm 36 to hold piston 30 in its loaded position against the urging of spring 32. An automatic rotational drive means 46, such as a rotary solenoid or motor, is operably connected to drive gate member 42 in a counter-clockwise angular direction to remove the distal leg of the gate member from blocking engagement with trigger arm 36 to release piston 30. Trigger arm 36 includes an arcuate surface 37 used during manual cocking or loading of piston 30 for urging gate member 42 to pivot slightly against its torsional bias to allow the trigger arm to move behind the gate member. The trigger mechanism described at present is meant to serve as an illustrative example of a possible electro-mechanical trigger mechanism, and it is acknowledged that many alternative electro-mechanical trigger mechanisms are conceivable by those of ordinary skill in the art. Such alternative trigger mechanisms are considered to be electro-mechanical trigger means under the claimed invention. It will be appreciated that the manually cocked piston also saves space and cost, however a fully automated return means for moving the piston to its loaded position can also be used without straying from the present invention. Tonometer 10 is provided with an alignment guidance system that produces an alignment image visible to the eye being measured to guide the patient/user in three-dimensional (X, Y, and Z) self-alignment relative to the eye. The alignment guidance system includes a concave mirror 50 centered on measurement axis 20 near rear end 14B of housing main tube 14 with its reflecting surface facing the eye, and a small self-luminous target 52 located in the plane containing the center of curvature of concave mirror 50. As shown in Fig. 4A, target 52 preferably comprises two orthogonal arms having a vertex coincident with measurement axis 20. Thus, the eye sees the target 52 itself, and an inverted and reverted image of the target formed by concave mirror 50. If there is XY alignment of corneal pole P with measurement axis 20, the alignment image appears as a completed cross to the patient, as shown for example in Fig. 4B. Reference numeral 52' in Fig. 4B indicates the portion of the viewed alignment image formed by concave mirror 50. If XY alignment is not achieved, the inverted and reverted portion 52' will appear displaced from the position shown in Fig. 4B and the alignment image will not appear as a cross. Of course, other configurations of target 52 are possible, including but not limited to an inverted T-shaped target (Fig. 5A) producing an alignment image appearing as a cross upon proper XY alignment (Fig. 5B), and a V-shaped target (Fig. 6A) producing an alignment image in the form of an X upon proper XY alignment (Fig. 6B). The focus condition of the alignment image as it appears to the user provides an indication of Z alignment status, with a focused alignment image indicating proper firing distance. To accommodate for different refractive vision characteristics among patients, a small compensating lens 54 is preferably mounted on measurement axis 20 between the eye and target 52. The axial position of compensating lens 54 can be adjusted for a particular patient by a supervising physician, as indicated by the double arrow in Fig. 1. Finally, a telescoping stabilizer 56 mounted atop main tube 14 engages the patient's forehead to facilitate Z dimension self-alignment. While the patient is visually guided to align tonometer 10 by hand, a passive opto-electronic monitoring system determines when three-dimensional alignment criteria have been met and transmits a signal to trigger mechanism 40 to release trigger arm 36. For this purpose, a small light source 60 is located on measurement axis 20 at the focal point of concave mirror 50. Light source 60 emits light outside the visible spectrum, preferably infra-red light, and is masked on the side facing the eye so that only the full aperture of concave mirror 50 is irradiated. The infra-red light is reflected by concave mirror 50 as a collimated beam travelling along measurement axis 20 toward the eye. The collimated infra-red beam passes through a beam splitter 62 and piston window 31 before being focused at focal point F by objective lens 26. When focal point F coincides with the cornea's local center of curvature, all rays are retro-reflected back through objective lens 26 and piston window 31 to beam splitter 62. Upon reaching beam splitter 62, the retro-reflected infra-red light is reflected by the beam splitter in a direction orthogonal to measurement axis 20. The redirected infra-red light is focused by a focusing lens 64 through a pinhole occluder 66 to a light-sensitive detector 68. Interposed between focusing lens 64 and detector 68 are two masks 70 and 72 having respective annular cut-outs 70A and 72A of decreasing diameter in the direction of travel toward detector 68. In a manner analogous to Scheiner disk focus techniques, the masks 70 and 72 preclude rays from reaching apertured detector 68 unless three-dimensional alignment criteria have been satisfied. Upon XYZ alignment, a voltage spike is generated by detector 68. Referring also now to the block diagram of Fig. 3, the signal from detector 68 is amplified and processed under the control of a central processing unit 73 to determine the existence of a voltage spike indicating three-dimensional alignment. When alignment is has been established, a signal is transmitted to solenoid driver 74 to energize rotational drive means 46 of trigger mechanism 40, thereby releasing piston 30 instantaneously. Piston 30 is forced along measurement axis 20 toward its unloaded position such that the volume of plenum 28 is rapidly decreased and the pressure within the plenum is rapidly increased, causing a fluid pulse to be discharged from the fluid discharge passage 24 of fluid discharge tube 22. Tonometer 10 is equipped with applanation detection means, shown in Fig. 2, for monitoring corneal deformation caused by the fluid pulse and generating an applanation signal indicating the occurrence of corneal applanation. More specifically, an infra-red emitter 80 and collimating lens 82 direct an obliquely incident beam of light toward cornea C in the vicinity of corneal pole P, and a collector lens 84 and apertured detector 86 are positioned laterally and symmetrically opposite emitter 80 and collimating lens 82 relative to measurement axis 20. When cornea C is in its natural convex state, obliquely incident collimated light from emitter 80 is fanned out upon reflection by the curved surface of the cornea, thus resulting in a very low intensity signal at detector 86. The fluid pulse deforms cornea C from its original convex state, through an applanated state, to a concave state. When the corneal surface approximates a flat surface, the incident collimated light is reflected in a collimated manner from the corneal surface toward collector lens 84. Consequently, the intensity signal at detector 86 rises sharply during applanation and then falls off sharply as the cornea becomes concave. Consequently, a usually well-defined peak signal from detector 86 coincides with the moment of applanation. Other optical reflectance schemes are known in the tonometric art for determining applanation, with U.S. Patent No. 3,538,754 by the present inventor being incorporated herein by reference for its teachings with regard to applanation detection. For sake of compactness, two fused bundles of very low numerical aperture optical fibers having distal ends angled to intersect at measurement axis 20 can be substituted for collimating lens 82 and collector lens 84. A pressure sensor 90, for example a pressure transducer or the like, is placed within fluid plenum 28 to measure plenum pressure as the fluid pulse is generated. Pressure sensor 90 produces a signal proportional in magnitude to the fluid pressure in plenum 28. The applanation and pressure signals are processed to find the plenum pressure at the moment of applanation. In this regard, tonometer 10 operates in a manner similar to non-contact tonometers of the prior art, such as the XPERT NCT available from Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments. A regression equation stored in memory 75 during clinical calibration of tonometer 10 allows the plenum pressure to be correlated to intraocular pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The intraocular pressure measurement result is reported to the patient in a manner that allows the result to be readily understood by the patient. The measurement result is preferably reported to the patient by illuminating one of three colored light-emitting diodes 101, 102, or 103 placed either externally on housing 12, as depicted in Fig. 2, or mounted internally for viewing through main tube 14. A green LED 101 is preferred for indicating an intraocular pressure within a "safe" range from, for example, 7 mmHg to 17 mmHg, an orange or yellow LED 102 is preferred for indicating an intraocular pressure within a "borderline" range as defined and set by the supervising physician depending on the specific needs and condition of the patient, and a red LED 103 is preferred for warning of an intraocular pressure within an "elevated" range above the borderline range. A range selection control 77 for setting the borderline intraocular pressure range is provided internally in tonometer 10 rather than externally to prevent patient adjustment thereof. Before tonometer 10 is issued to a patient, the supervising physician adjusts the borderline range and positions compensating lens 54 according to patient requirements.

Claims: An alignment guidance system for presenting a visible alignment image to a patient for guiding the patient in self-alignment of an ophthalmic instrument relative to an eye to be tested, characterised in that the alignment guidance system comprises: a self-luminous fixation target (52) located on a measurement axis (20) of the instrument; and a concave mirror (50) having a center of curvature on the axis (20), the target (52) being located in a plane containing the center of curvature and being normal to the axis (20); whereby light from the target (52) is reflected by the mirror (50) to form an inverted and reverted image of the target about the axis (20) when the axis is aligned with a direction of fixation of the eye. A system according to claim 1, wherein the target (52) comprises a pair of orthogonal leg portions having a vertex on the axis (20), whereby the alignment image appears as a cross upon alignment of the axis with said direction of fixation. A system according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein distance alignment of the instrument relative to the eye is guided by the focus condition of the alignment image. A system according to claim 3, further comprising a correction lens (54) adjustable along the axis (20) to compensate for patient refractive errors in viewing the alignment image.

Inventors: GROLMAN BERNARD, GROLMAN, BERNARD
Applicants: REICHERT INC, REICHERT, INC.
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A61B3
IPC codes: A61B3