Interleaver pattern modification

Abstract: The invention provides a method of interleaving a source data stream using an interleaver pattern in a transmitter. A mother interleaver pattern and an interleaver parameter are accessed. The mother interleaver pattern is modified using said interleaver parameter. Then, the modified interleaver pattern is applied in the transmitter for interleaving the source data stream. The interleaver parameter used by the transmitter for modifying said mother interleaver pattern differs from the interleaver parameter used simultaneously by at least one other transmitter that transmits data at the same time on the same channel. The invention further provides a corresponding deinterleaving method. By decorrelating the interleaver processes in the different streams, the inter-stream interference is reduced.

Description: The invention relates to a method for interleaving a source data stream and deinterleaving an interleaved data stream, and to corresponding transmitters and receivers, and is in particular suitable for use with block-based interleavers. It is well known in the art to employ interleavers to obtain some limited form of time diversity, particularly for wireless communications systems which suffer from signal fading effects due to the variance of the radio channel characteristics. An example of a communication system in which transmitters and receivers interleave and deinterleave data, respectively, is depicted in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1 a transmitter 100, 110, 120, 130 transmits data on a channel 140 to a receiver 150, 160, 170, 180. The transmitter obtains data from signal source 100, and this data then undergoes forward error correction (FEC) which is done by FEC encoder 110, so that convolutional codes or codes derived therefrom are obtained. The output of the FEC encoder 110 is forwarded as source data stream to the interleaver 120. Interleavers, also known as permuters, are used for minimising the effect of noise bursts and fading in a data transmission system. An interleaver is generally implemented using a block structure or a convolutional structure. Variations of block interleavers are also used in communication systems. Other interleavers include S-Random Interleaver, Dithered-Golden Interleaver, Pseudo-Noise (PN) Interleaver, etc. A block interleaver formats the encoded data in a rectangular array. Usually, each row of the array constitutes a code word or vector of a length that corresponds to the number of columns. The bits are read out column-wise and transmitted over the channel. At the receiver, the deinterleaver stores the data in the same rectangular array format, but it is read out row-wise, one code word at a time. As a result of this reordering of the data during transmission, a burst of errors is broken down into a number of bursts, which number corresponds to the number of rows in the rectangular array during encoding. Other implementations of block interleavers exist such as those which use only one vector. A convolutional interleaver can be used in place of a block interleaver in much the same way. The process of interleaving and the actual interleaver functionality will be better understood considering the following example. Assuming that the source data stream which is submitted to the interleaver is an input sequence x k , the function of the interleaver can be described as permuting the input sequence x k to an output sequence y k according to y k = x f(k) , where f(k) is a permutation function that might for instance be f(k) = 1 + [(7* k ) mod 54] with k running from 1 to 54, and where 54 is, in the present example, the length of one code block. Applying this example function, the input sequence would be mapped to an output sequence according to ( y 1 y 2 ... y 54 ) = ( x 8 x 15 x 22 x 29 x 36 x 43 x 50 x 3 x 10 x 17 ...x 41 x 48 x 1 ). The conventional interleaving techniques are especially disadvantageous in communication systems where data of a plurality of different transmitters is simultaneously conveyed on one channel. This is depicted in more detail with reference to FIG. 2. Referring to the figure, there are three transmitting devices shown that transmit data on the same channel 140. The individual transmitters are of essentially the same construction but transmit data from different signal sources 200, 210, 220. Each of the data from the individual signal sources are first FEC encoded in the respective encoder 110, and are then interleaved by interleaver 230 before being modulated by modulator 130. The transmission scheme depicted in FIG. 2 is disadvantageous because there is some form of interference between the multiple data streams which negatively affects the system performance. This is since the multiple data streams that share the same radio resource simultaneously, do not fulfil the general requirement of perfect orthogonatility. In particular, the interference can produce burst errors that can render the transmitted data unreadable to the respective receivers. A method of interleaving and deinterleaving a data stream according to the preamble portions of claims 1 and 13 is known from EP-A-881 795. It is the object of the invention to provide a method for interleaving a source data stream and deinterleaving an interleaved data stream, and a corresponding transmitter and receiver, where the inter-stream interference is reduced. This object is solved by the invention as claimed in the independent claims. The invention provides a method of interleaving a source data stream using an interleaver pattern in a transmitter. A mother interleaver pattern and an interleaver parameter are accessed. The mother interleaver pattern is modified using said interleaver parameter. Then, the modified interleaver pattern is applied in the transmitter for interleaving the source data stream. The interleaver parameter used by the transmitter for modifying said mother interleaver pattern differs from the interleaver parameter used simultaneously by at least one other transmitter that transmits data at the same time on the same channel. The invention further provides a corresponding deinterleaving method. By decorrelating the interleaver processes in the different streams, the inter-stream interference is reduced. According to an embodiment the invention, each interleaver uses an interleaver pattern that differs from the interleaver patterns used simultaneously by the other transmitters that transmit data on the same channel. Interleaver patterns are well known in the art as describing the characteristics of the interleaver. For instance, in the permutation example above, the interleaver patter corresponds to the function f(k) . A channel is any physical or logical entity that is used for conveying data of different transmitters in such a way that interference can occur. By using distinct interleaver patterns for each of a plurality of data transmitting devices, inter-stream burst errors are transformed into a multitude of either short burst errors or single errors. Thus, the invention is particularly advantageous when burst errors are the result of the inter-stream interference. This is because generally, interference between streams is more or less bursty in nature, i.e. it results in blocks of errors of a length of more than one information unit. By transforming the burst interference into a multitude of shorter errors, the invention improves over the system depicted in FIG. 2 as it allows to decorrelate the interleavers. In the conventional system, all data streams use identical interleavers and FEC codes. If some error pattern occurs that cannot be corrected by the FEC decoder, this will happen to all data streams since the error pattern will also be identical, i.e. fully correlated. By using different interleavers, the error patterns are decorrelated so that in some of the data streams the error pattern still cannot be corrected while in other data streams that have different error patterns, correction can be successfully done. Thus, the invention advantageously increases the system performance. Moreover, the invention improves over the conventional FEC schemes because these techniques are either designed to be most effective for single errors (e.g. convolutional code, turbo code) or burst errors (e.g. Reed-Solomon code). In contrast thereto, the invention advantageously allows to distribute the occurring burst errors into a sequence of smaller bursts or single errors. Furthermore, the invention can easily be implemented in transmitters and receivers, in particular when the interleaver functionality is constant over time. However, the invention can also be used with interleaver functionalities that vary with time if this should be necessary from a communication system's design point of view. Thus, the invention can be easily adapted to different system designs in a flexible manner. The invention is in particular suitable for HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) with multi-code transmission within the 3GPP (3 rd Generation Partnership Project) context because error decorrelation using distinct interleaver patterns is particularly applicable in systems where the data streams do not differ from each other with respect to any other parameter such as the code block length, spreading factor, coding rate etc. The invention will also have beneficial effects on interference rejection or interference cancellation techniques without affecting their structure. With these schemes at some points an estimate is formed on the transmitted data. Again, if for instance convolutional FEC codes are used, if there is a wrong estimate, this is most probably of bursty nature. Thus, the provision of distinct interleavers according to the invention will also enable the decorrelation of the mentioned bursty wrong estimates which are then less harmful to the FEC decoder. The invention is in particular applicable to Direct-Sequence CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) systems like UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Service) which is a third generation (3G) mobile system being developed by ETSI within the ITU's IMT-2000 framework. Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims. The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying figure drawings in which: FIG. 1 depicts a communication system employing interleaving techniques; FIG. 2 illustrates the transmitter side of a communication system where data from multiple sources are conveyed on one and the same channel, according to the prior art; FIG. 3 illustrates the transmitter side of a communication system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 illustrates the cyclic shifting scheme of a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 depicts a biased mirroring scheme of the present invention having an integer mirror position; FIG. 6 illustrates another biased mirroring scheme of the present invention where a fractional mirror position is used; and FIG. 7 depicts an LFSR than can be used with an embodiment of the present invention. Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described in more detail with reference to the figure drawings wherein like elements are identified by like reference numbers. Referring now to FIG. 3, the invention will be described discussing the transmission side of the communication system. The receiver side will not be discussed in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the invention. Knowing how the invention works on the transmitter side will enable the skilled person to design the receiver side in a very straight forward way by providing the corresponding inverse counterparts of the individual units found on the transmitter side. As shown in FIG. 3 each data transmitting device that transmits data on the same channel 140 includes an interleaver 300, 310, 330 that is distinct, i.e. the interleavers differ from each other in the respective interleaver pattern used. As will be discussed in more detail below, in preferred embodiments of the invention the interleavers 300, 310, 320 each receive a parameter p i , i =1,2,3, that is used for generating the respective interleaver pattern. There are a number of different possible ways of how to obtain distinct interleaver patterns from these parameters. One way of generating interleaver patterns is to modify a given mother interleaver pattern. Before the interleaver can start, an input vector of length N has to be available at the input of the interleaver, i.e. N symbols are required to be input. For the purpose of describing the invention, the term symbol refers to any data element or data unit that can be used for dividing a vector. N denotes the interleaver length and is a parameter given by the communication system to which the interleaver is applied. The invention preferably makes use of interleaver lengths of at least two. The modification of the mother interleaver pattern is done by applying an algorithm that depends on the respective interleaver parameter p i . A preferred embodiment of such an algorithm is the cyclic shifting of the input sequence of symbols. This will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 4. Assuming the source data stream consists of a sequence of symbols having positions x k , k =0,..., N -1, the data stream undergoes the "cyclic shifting" procedure before interleaving. For this purpose, a cyclic shifting parameter π is introduced for each transmitter i , p i = π i , which shifts the input by π positions in a cyclic fashion which means that within each vector, a bit position of greater than N is wrapped around to an equivalent position in the same vector. In the example of FIG. 4, the value of N is 10 and the cyclic shifting parameter π is equal to 3. Starting from sequence (a) of FIG. 4, the symbols are shifted by three to the rightto obtain the sequence (b), and symbols x 7 , x 8 and x 9 are wrapped around to obtain the sequence depicted in (c) of FIG. 4. It should be understood that the intermediate sequence (b) is shown in the figure for explanation reason only, as the sequence (c) can be obtained from the starting sequence (a) in a one-step operation. Thus, the input symbol position has changed from x k to x' k according to x' k = [ x k + π] mod N where mod is the well known modulo function. It will be appreciated that the relation is identical for any value of π that is offset by N. Therefore, the range for varying the parameter π can be set, without loss of generality, to the integer number range starting from 0 and running to N -1. When identical mother interleaver patterns are used, a total of N different interleaver patterns can be obtained. Moreover, it will be appreciated that setting the interleaver parameter π to 0 results in using the mother interleaver pattern itself. While the cyclic shifting scheme shown in FIG. 4 has been discussed as being performed on the source data stream before interleaving, it will be appreciated that the scheme can also be applied to the output sequence. Assuming that the output sequence symbol positions y k are obtained from the input symbol positions x k according to y k = f ( x k ) where the function f describes the characteristics of the mother interleaver, the cyclic shifting of the output sequence can be described by y k = [ f ( x k ) + π] mod N . In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cyclic shifting scheme is performed both on the input sequence and the output sequence. This leads to a higher flexibility in choosing the distinct interleavers, and thus to a higher number of possible distinct interleavers to be used or chosen. It will be appreciated that when the cyclic shifting scheme is performed both before and after the interleaving process, the algorithms can run completely separately from each other but can in an alternative approach also use the same parameters. Therefore, in one embodiment the interleaver parameters p i , i =1,2,3, are used for both cyclic shifting processes in the same manner whereas in another preferred embodiment the parameters p i , i =1,2,3, are actually tuples containing two different values, one being used for cyclic shifting the input sequence and the other being used for cyclic shifting the output sequence: p i = <π in , π out > i . Due to the combination of different algorithms, different interleaver pattern tuples might lead in certain combinations to an identical interleaver behaviour for different streams. These cases depend on the parameter N which is a parameter given by the system. The selection of interleaver pattern parameters is therefore preferably done by avoiding those tuples which lead to identical interleavers. When it is determined that a parameter tuple is given that tends to result in an identical interleaver behaviour for different streams, this tuple is exchanged by another tuple. Another embodiment of how to obtain distinct interleaver patterns from a mother pattern is the biased mirroring scheme which will now be discussed with reference to FIGs. 5 and 6. Mirroring itself would result in a process which can be achieved by simply reversing the order of the positions, i.e. x' k = ( N -1)- x k . In order increase the variability, a centre position parameter γ is introduced for each transmitter i : p i = γ i . The parameter γ is an integer multiple of 0.5. It acts as the mirroring point if it is an integer number, or it gives the mirroring centre between two positions [γ-0.5; γ+0.5] if it is not an integer number. Since the mirroring position is now no longer the centre of the vector, the present mirroring scheme is called "biased mirroring". FIG. 5 depicts the biased mirroring scheme where the centre position parameter γ is an integer number. In the example of FIG. 5, γ is equal to 3. In a first step, the sequence is mirrored to obtain the sequence of (b) of FIG. 5, and the symbol positions x 9 , x 8 and x 7 are then wrapped around to obtain sequence (c). In the example of FIG. 6, the centre position parameter γ is equal to 2.5 so that a mirroring axis is given between positions x 2 and x 3 . Thus, the positions are mirrored with wrap around in case the mirrored vector exceeds the boundaries. The parameter γ is an integer multiple of 0.5 ranging from 0 to N -0.5. To obtain a mirroring process that is not biased, the parameter γ is set to N /2. Again, the sequence of step (b) is shown for explanation reasons only and is not necessarily explicitely performed. Further, the biased mirroring is preferably done on the input sequence, but in another preferred embodiment, the output sequence is modified instead of or in addition to the input sequence: p i = <γ in , γ out > i . A further preferred embodiment for obtaining distinct interleaver patterns is to use variations of the pseudo-random noise generator polynomial. It will be appreciated that the invention is preferably used for decorrelating PN interleavers(or pseudo-noise interleavers or pseudo-random interleavers). As already described above, in a classical block interleaver the input data is written along the rows of a set of memory elements configured as a matrix, and is then read out along the columns. The PN interleaver is a variation of the classical block interleaver in which the data is written to memory in sequential order and read out in a pseudo-random order. A random interleaver is a permutation block interleaver that is generated from a random permutation based on a random noise source. For example, a noise vector of a given length is generated and the permutation that puts the noise vector in sorted order is used to generate the interleaver. In practice, the noise vector itself may be generated by a pseudo-random noise generator. A well know technique for pseudo-random noise generators is the usage of linear feedback shift registers (LFSR), an example thereof being shown in FIG. 7. The LFSR consists of a sequence of delay elements such as D flip-flops 700, 710, 720, 730, 740 that store data values x j , j =0,1,2,3,4. The stored data values are fed back to the input of the LFSR according to individual wheighting factors c j . Thus, the feedback can be described by a polynomial of the form where L is the number of tabs, i.e. the number of stages of the LFSR. In the example of FIG. 7, the polynomial is ν(x) = x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x 0 since c 1 =0 and c 0 = c 2 = c 3 = c 4 =1. One example of how derive a PN sequence from such a register is to use the content of each tap and interpret this as binary representation of an integer number. Alternative schemes are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and are therefore not discussed herein in more detail. Thus, in the present embodiment the interleaver pattern parameters p i are unique generator polynomials that are different in each data stream: p i = ν i ( x ) = { c j | j =0,..., L -1} i . As the period of the pseudo-random sequence should be at least N , in a preferred embodiment of the invention, there are N of the provided values used for obtaining the pseudo-random noise vector in case the pseudo-random sequence is greater than N . Preferably, the N lowest values are selected. Further, it is preferable to choose as many different generator polynomials with the described proprieties as possible. However, for ease of implementation, those polynomials that fit the requirements with the smallest memory length L , i.e. the number of stages, are selected. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, LFSRs are applied in much the same way as previously described but the interleaver pattern parameters p i indicate initialisation values of these LFSR, that are unique for each stream. It is well known that m-sequences are defined as linear feedback shift registers with L stages which produce the maximum possible period q L -1 where q is set to 2 in binary LFSRs. The shift registers have to be initialised with a set value κ where 0 < κ < q L . This initialisation value has direct impact on the sequence of values with the noise vector. The value κ is therefore used as interleaver pattern parameters p i : p i = κ i . While in the description above several embodiments have been discussed that can be used for obtaining distinct interleaver patterns, combinations of some or all of the above described schemes can be used to increase the number of possible distinct interleavers since each parameter can be set individually and independently. This means, that the interleaver pattern parameters p i , i =1,2,3, are multi-value tuples containing one or more cyclic shifting parameters π, π in , π out and/or one or more biased mirroring parameter γ, γ in , γ out and/or a unique pseudo-random noise generator polynomial ν and/or a unique initialisation value κ, e.g. p i = < π in , π out , γ in , γ out , { c j | j =0,..., L -1}, κ> i . Further, different LFSR sequence lengths L can be used. It will be appreciated that the system of the invention preferably includes mechanisms for avoiding those parameter combinations that lead to identical interleavers. Further, while in FIG. 3 the interleavers 300, 310, 320 are depicted as replacing the mother interleavers 230 of FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that the transmitters, and inversely the receivers, might include the mother interleavers 230 in addition to a modification block to obtain the distinct interleavers 300, 310, 320. Thus, it is within the invention to provide an additional block to the mother interleaver 230 for each stream, or to provide interleavers 300, 310, 320 that replace the mother interleaver 230 in each stream. Similarly, implementions can be done by adding blocks before or after the mother interleaver, or by replacing the mother interleaver with distinct interleaver blocks which explicitly follow the functionalities given above. Moreover, in a further embodiment, the interleaver functionalities are varied with time. If the interleaver pattern parameters p i are tuples containing multiple values, the time variation can apply to each of these values or to only some of them. If it should not be possible to avoid such parameter combinations that result to identical individual interleavers in the data streams, the parameters are preferably chosen in a manner that the number of identical interleavers is reduced to the most extent. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, the technique that has been described in the foregoing allows for decorrelating interleavers for synchronised data transmission. It is well known that in a communication system that includes forward error correction (FEC) interference bursts have more impact on the decoder performance than a multitude of distributed signal errors. Therefore, the invention allows for distributing existing burst interference between two streams to less bursty or signal errors in each stream before the FEC code is decoded. This is done in the embodiments described above for instance by obtaining a multitude of interleavers out of a generic interleaver, i.e. out of the mother interleaver. Error decorrelation using distinct interleaver patterns is particularly advantageous where the data streams do not differ from each other with respect to the code block length, spreading factor, coding rate etc. The invention is therefore in particular suitable for HSDPA with multi-code transmission within the 3GPP context. In a CDMA system, a handy way of choosing the parameters is to use the spreading code number σ: p i = σ i . In the example of the 3GPP context, currently a maximum of 512 spreading codes are used simultaneously within one cell, each spreading code representing one data stream. A particularly preferred embodiment is to use a simple relation between the interleaver pattern parameters p i , in particular the shifting parameter π, and the data stream ID: p i = π i = g (data stream ID) where g is an arbitrary function that converts the integer data stream ID into the interleaver pattern parameter p i . This function can also be applied to obtain the cyclic shift parameters π in , π out for shifting the input or output sequence. For the mirroring parameters γ, γ in , γ out , an arbitrary function h is chosen for converting the integer data stream ID into the integer multiple of 0.5 biased mirroring parameter: p i = γ i = h (data stream ID) Again, the function can be used for mirroring the input as well as the output sequence. In a further preferred embodiment, the functions g and h are chosen to be the identity function, i.e. p i = π i = data stream ID and p i = γ i = data stream ID.

Claims: A method of interleaving a source data stream using an interleaver pattern in a transmitter (200, 210, 220, 110, 300, 310, 320, 130), the method comprising the steps of: accessing an interleaver parameter; modifying said interleaver pattern using said interleaver parameter; applying said modified interleaver pattern in said transmitter for interleaving said source data stream; characterized in that said interleaver parameter used by the transmitter for modifying said interleaver pattern differs from the interleaver parameter used simultaneously by at least one other transmitter that transmits another data stream at the same time on the same channel; and said step of modifying said interleaver pattern comprises accessing a mother interleaving pattern and modifying the mother interleaving pattern including performing biased mirroring of source data stream vector elements using a center position parameter that is given for each transmitter by said interleaver parameter, whereby mirroring is achieved by reversing the order of the positions of at least some of the vector elements and the mirroring position is no longer the centre of the vector. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of modifying said mother interleaver pattern comprises the step of cyclic shifting source data stream vector elements by an amount that is given by said interleaver parameter. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the step of modifying said mother interleaver pattern includes the step of wrapping around vector elements of the data stream. The method of one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said step of applying said modified interleaver pattern includes the substeps of: applying said mother interleaver pattern; and changing the sequence of vector elements of the data stream before or after the application of the mother interleaver pattern. The method of one of claim 1 to 4, wherein said interleaver parameter depends on the data stream ID. The method of one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said interleaver parameter varies with time. The method of one of claims 1 to 6, arranged for being performed in a CDMA communication system. The method of one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said interleaver parameter depends on the spreading code. The method of one of claims 1 to 8, arranged for being operated in an HSDPA system. The method of one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising the step of performing forward error correction of the source data stream. A transmitter adapted to interleave a source data stream using an interleaver pattern comprising: means for accessing an interleaver parameter; means for modifying said interleaver pattern using said interleaver parameter; means for applying said modified interleaver pattern in said transmitter for interleaving said source data stream; characterized in that said interleaver parameter used by the transmitter for modifying said interleaver pattern differs from the interleaver parameter used simultaneously by at least one other transmitter that transmits another data stream at the same time on the same channel; and said means for modifying said interleaver pattern are arranged to access a mother interleaving pattern and modify the mother interleaving pattern including performing biased mirroring of source data stream vector elements using a center position parameter that is given for each transmitter by said interleaver parameter whereby mirroring is achieved by reversing the order of the positions of at least some of the vector elements and the mirroring position is no longer the centre of the vector. A method of deinterleaving a data stream using a deinterleaver pattern in a receiver, the method comprising the steps of: accessing a deinterleaver parameter; modifying said deinterleaver pattern using said deinterleaver parameter; applying said modified deinterleaver pattern in said receiver for deinterleaving the data stream; characterized in that said deinterleaver parameter used by the receiver for modifying said deinterleaver pattern differs from the deinterleaver parameter used simultaneously by at least one other receiver that receives another data stream at the same time on the same channel; and said step of modifying said deinterleaver pattern comprises accessing a mother de-interleaving pattern and modifying the mother de-interleaving pattern including performing biased mirroring of source data stream vector elements using a center position parameter that is given for each receiver by said deinterleaver parameter whereby mirroring is achieved by reversing the order of the positions of at least some of the vector elements and the mirroring position is no longer the centre of the vector. The method of claim 12, arranged for deinterleaving a data stream that has been interleaved by the method of one of claims 1 to 10. A receiver arranged for deinterleaving a received data stream using a deinterleaving pattern, comprising: means for accessing a deinterleaver parameter; means for modifying said deinterleaver pattern using said deinterleaver parameter; means for applying said modified deinterleaver pattern in said receiver for deinterleaving the data stream; characterized in that said deinterleaver parameter used by the receiver for modifying said deinterleaver pattern differs from the deinterleaver parameter used simultaneously by at least one other receiver that receives another data stream at the same time on the same channel; and said means for modifying said deinterleaver pattern comprises accessing a mother de-interleaving pattern and modifying the mother de-interleaving pattern including performing biased mirroring of source data stream vector elements using a center position parameter that is given for each receiver by said deinterleaver parameter, whereby mirroring is achieved by reversing the order of the positions of at least some of the vector elements and the mirroring position is no longer the centre of the vector.

Inventors: GOLITSCHEK EDLER VON ELBWART A, SEIDEL EIKO, WENGERTER CHRISTIAN, GOLITSCHEK EDLER VON ELBWART, ALEXANDER, SEIDEL, EIKO, WENGERTER, CHRISTIAN
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 2001
Main classification: H03M13
IPC codes: H04L1, H04B7, H04J99