COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF THE USE THEREOF ACHIRAL ANALOGUES OF CC-1065 AND THE DUOCARMYCINS

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel achiral <i>seco</i>-analogues of the DNA minor groove and sequence-selective alkylating agents (+)-CC1065 and the duocarmycins, depicted as general class I, II, III, IV and V wherein X is a good leaving group, such as a chloride, a bromide, an iodide, a mesylate, a tosylate, an acetate, a quaternary ammonium moiety, a mercaptan, an alkylsulfoxyl, or an alkylsulfonyl group, preferably either a chloride, a bromide, or an iodide group. R1 is suitable minor groove binding agent to enhance the interactions of the achiral seco-cyclopropaneindole (CI) or an achiral <i>seco</i>-duocarmycin with specific sequences of DNA. Examples of the DNA binders are given in Table 4. The preferred DNA binders are groups A, C, D, E, F, G, H and I. R1 can also include the following: t-butoxy, benzyloxy, 9-flurenylmethyloxy or other common protecting groups for amines wherein X is a good leaving group, such as a chloride, a bromide, an iodide, a mesylate, a tosylate, an acetate, a quaternary ammonium moiety, a mercaptan, an alkylsulfoxyl, or an alkylsulfonyl group, preferably either a chloride, a bromide, or an iodide group. R1 is a suitable minor groove binding agent to enhance the interactions of the covalently reactive achiral <i>seco</i>-pharmacophore with specific sequences of DNA. Examples of the DNA binders are given in Table 4. The preferred DNA binders are groups A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L. R2 and R3 can be hydrogen or short chain alkyl (C1-C5) groups, preferably both being hydrogen atoms. The alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched and include such groups as ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl. R4 et R5 can be hydrogen atoms, short alkyl groups, trifluoromethyl moieties, and alkyloxycarbonyl groups. The preferred R4 and R5 groups are methoxycarbonyl and trifluoromethyl. R can be either a benzyl, a benzyloxycarbonyl, a hydrogen atom, a 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, or a N'-methylpiperazinyl-N-carbonyl group wherein X is a good leaving group, R1 is a minor groove binding agent, such as the binding units of adozelesin and duocarmycins, netropsin and bisbenzimide. R2 and R3 can be hydrogen or short-chain alkyl (C1-C5) groups. R4 and R5 can be hydrogen atoms, short alkyl groups, trifluoromethyl moieties, and alkyloxycarbonyl groups. R can be either a benzyl, a benzyloxycarbonyl, a hydrogen atom, a 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, or a N'-methylpiperazinyl-N-carbonyl group. The present invention is further directed to pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and as a method for treatment of cancer using the subject compounds.

Description: COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF THE USE THEREOF ACHIRAL ANALOGUES OF CC-1065 AND THE DUOCARMYCINS RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 09/666,160, the subject matter of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention is directed to novel achiral seco-analogues of (+)- CC1065 and the duocarmycins and pharmaceutical compositions containing the said achiral analogues. The achiral analogues of (+)-CC1065 and the duocarmycins are useful as anticancer agents. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION One class of compounds that has received much attention recently is the DNA minor groove binders that exert their anticancer activity by alkylating specific sequences of DNA (la). Minor groove interacting agents are more attractive than intercalating agents and major groove binders because the minor groove is typically only occupied by a spine of hydration and is therefore more accessible to anticancer agents. Additionally, covalent modifications in the minor groove are generally more cytotoxic to cells than their major groove alkylating counterparts, such as tallirnustine versus L-phenylalanine mustard (lb). Examples of minor groove and AT sequence selective alkylating agents that have potent anticancer activity are (+)- CC-1065 (lc,d,e, 2) and the duocarmycins (2, 3). CC-1065 and the duocarmycins, exemplified by (+)-duocarmycin SA (or DUMSA) (2) and depicted in Table 1, belong to a group of natural products that have incredibly potent cytotoxic properties (ca. IC50 values in the pM range against the growth of mouse L1210 leukemia cells in Table 1. Structures and summaries of the biological properties of (+)-CCl065 and doucarmycin SA (DUMSA) culture). These compounds, which were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces zelensis (4) and Streptomyces sp. (5), respectively, derive their anticancer activity by reacting primarily with adenine-N3 groups in the minor groove of specific sequences of DNA. Confirmation of the adenine-N3 covalent reaction was achieved from isolation of an adenine-CC1065 adduct (6) and an adenine- duocarmycin SA adduct (7) from thermally cleaved DNA-drug adducts. (+)-CC1065 shows a preference for alkylating the adenine-N3 group which is flanked by 5'- A or 5'-T residues. The sequence preference for the three-base AT-rich alkylation site followed the order: 5'-AAA = 5'-TTA > 5'-TAA > 5'- ATA (the alkylation site is denoted by the under lined base). In addition, this compound exhibited a strong preference for the fourth 5'-base to be an A or T residue, a weaker preference for the fifth 5 '-base to be an A or T base, and a weak preference for the 3' base preceding the alkylating site to be a purine. The consensus sequences 5'-PuNTTA-3' and 5'- AAAAA-3' for (+)-CC-1065 are suggested (6, 8). Although (+)-CC1065 and (+)- DUMSA generally have similar sequence selectivity, some subtle differences were observed, notably the lack of alkylation at 5'-GCAAA by CC1065 (2, 3, 7). The mechanism by which CC1065 and the duocarmycins react with specific sequences of DNA is still a subject of intense debate (9). Two models for their sequence selective DNA alkylations have been proposed. The "noncovalent binding model" proposed by Boger's group (9) suggests that the forces stabilizing the DNA alkylation are a combination of stereoelectronically controlled covalent bond formation between the cyclopropypyrroloindolone (CPI) subunit of CC1065 and adenine-N3 of DNA, as well as stabilizing noncovalent interactions derived from the hydrophobic and van der Waals contacts of the PDE-I subunits for CC1065, and the TMI (trimethoxyindole) unit of DUMSA (9). In the "alkylation site model" proposed by Hurley and coworkers (10), the covalent sequence specificty of the compounds, exemplified by (+)-CC1065, has been attributed to the unique conformational features of the consensus sequences, in which the sequences are flexible enough to adopt a transient bent conformation for recognition of the drug molecule. Further, the unique conformation provides an acidic proton on a phosphate which can activate the CPI system by general acid catalysis. In either case, iH-NMR studies showed that (+)-CC1065 effectively alkylated adenine-N3 of duplex 5'- GGCGGAGTTAGG-3 1 (alkylation at the underlined A residue in the italicized sequence) and induced a bend of 17-22° at the TTA sequence (11). Similarly, a 1 H- NMR study of DUMSA with d-(GACTAATTGAC).d-(GTCATTAGTC) has also revealed that the drug undergoes significant conformational changes uopn binding to the minor groove, which subsequently enhances its covalent reactivity (lid). Such conformational changes on the DNA has been postulated to entrap structures in the DNA that might be relevant to the biological control of gene expression and replication (12). A recent density functional and ab Initio study on the activation of the duocarmycin SA pharmacophore for DNA alkylation was reported (13). In the study the authors found that twisting of the indoline-amido-N bond (X 2 ) did not sufficiently explain the million-fold enhancement of DNA alkylation compared to solvolysis. Even though (+)-CC1065 has potent cytotoxic properties, its usefulness as an anticancer drug is hampered by its limiting toxicity of delayed lethality in mice at therapeutic doses (4b). Interestingly, DUMSA is devoid of this toxic side effect (2a), and it is the most solvolytically stable and the most potent in this class of compounds (2, 14). Facilitated by an extensive array of analogues of CC1065 synthesized by Upjohn scientists (la, b, 4c), structure-activity relationships have been sharply defined (10b, 11), and the ethano bridges (see Figure 1) were found to be responsible for the undesired delayed lethality. These ethano groups enter into favorable van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions with adenine-H2 atoms on the floor of the minor groove that stabilizes the drug-DNA complex (11a, b). It has been suggested that the delayed lethaUty of (+)-CC1065 and its CDPI2 analogue (see Table 2) is a consequence of their inability to "reversibly" alkylate DNA (7, 15). The strong noncovalent binding of these compounds due to the ethano groups could either prevent the reverse reaction after alkylation has occurred (7, 15a), or keeps the drug bound so that it realkylates the same site (15b). In agreement with this suggestion, CC1065 analogues, such as adozelesin (15b) and DUMSA (15a, 16), which lack the ethano bridges, are devoid of the delayed toxicity problem, yet they exhibit potent anticancer activity. Table 2. Reported structural analogues of (+)-CC1065 and duocarmycins. CBI is cyclopropylbenzorndolone, CPzI is cyclopropylpyrazoloindolone, CFI is cyclopropylfuranoindolone, and CI is cyclopropylindolone. Adozelesin (lb, 4c, 17, patent 1), carzelesin (18), bizelesin (19, patent 2), and KW2189 (20, patent 3) are examples of analogues of (+)-CC1065 and duocarmycins that are presently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. A phase I clinical trial of adozelesin has shown a partial response on a melanoma patient (17e). Carzelesin is a prodrug that upon carbamate hydrolysis provides the seco-prodrug U76073, which readily cyclizes to the corresponding cyclopropane containing CPI "drug" U76074 (18). It is worthy to note that carzelesin has a higher in-vivo anticancer activity against L1210 leukemia than adozelesin (150+8% ILS, 2/6 survival versus 90+11%, 0/6 survival) (18). This outcome is likely to be due to the lower toxicity of carzelesin, and consequently it can be administered at a higher dose (400 μg/kg vs 100 μg/kg for adozelesin) (18). Bizelesin is a DNA interstrand crosslinking agent incorporating two seco-CPI alkylating units and is approximately 20-30 times more potent than (+)-CC1065 itself (IC50 (L1210) = 1 pM vs 20 pM) (19). KW2189, a semisynthetic duocarmycin B2 derivative, which possesses improved anticancer activity, water solubility, and stability, has been selected for clinical evaluation in Japan (20). Its mechanism of activation also involves hydrolysis of the carbamate group to release a seco-prodrug, which cyclizes to produce the actual cyclopropane containing drug, or DU-86. The biological properties of these clinically studied compounds indicate that seco-prodrugs are as active as their cyclopropane containing CPI counterparts but do not cause the delayed toxicity shown by (+)-CC1065. Because seco-prodrugs are also more stable and easier to handle than the drugs themselves, compounds bearing this type of pharmacophore are described in this disclosure. In addition, the indole- benzofuran (In-Bf) (4c), the indole-indole (In-In) (4c), the trimethoxyindole (TMI) (3), as well as analogues of distamycin as exemplified by the dipyrrole (Py-Py) (21) noncovalent binding units given in Table 2 will be incorporated into the structures of the compounds of the invention. These DNA binding units are chosen because they have been shown to enhance the cytotoxic potency of this class of compounds, and they lack the delayed toxicity problem. Besides systematic modifications on the noncovalent portion of CC1065, alterations of the pharmacophore have also been done to elucidate the mechanis by which this class of compounds exert their activities. Analogues of the CPI unit of CC1065 and duocarmycin SA (DUMSA) (1-4) depicted in Table 2, such as CBI (cyclopropylbenzoindolone) (2, 3, 22), CFI (cyclopropylfuranoindolone) (23), CPzI (cyclopropylpyrazploindolone) (24) and CI (cyclopropylindolone) (2, 3, 25), have been designed and prepared. Structure-activity relationship studies of these pharmacophores have demonstrated that analogues possessing the greatest solvolytic stability also exhibited the most potent anticancer activity (9b, 14). Moreover, ammo-containing seco-Cl and CBI analogues, depicted in Table 3, have also been shown to be equally potent in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells as the parent seco-CI and CBI compounds (26). Table 3. Structures of seco-amino analogues of CI and CBI. Effects of the chiral center on the biological activity of this class of compounds have also been studied. The unnatural (-)-(R) enantiomer of DUMSA was ten times less effective in alkylating DNA than the natural (+)-(S) enantiomer, and that was consistent with the ten fold lower in cytotoxicity for the (-)-enantiomer (2, 7). Similar to (+)-CC1065, the binding orientation of (+)-DUMSA is 3'->5' over an AT- rich 3-5 base pair site, and the opposite enantiomer orients in the 5'->3' direction. It is worth noting that while (-)-CC1065 exhibited a slower rate of DNA alkylation than the (+)-enantiomer, their overall' efficiencies of DNA alkylation are identical, and so are their in-vitro and in-vivo anticancer activities (27). Further investigations on both enantiomers of CPI-CDPIl and CPI-PDE-Il (see Table 2 for general structures) revealed their cytotoxicities differ by a factor of about 150 fold favoring the natural (+)-isomer (2a, 27b). For the enantiomers of CPI-In-In, the natural (+)-isomer is about 250 times more cytotoxic (27c). It is, therefore, crucial that enantiomerically pure compounds must be prepared and evaluated biologically before they can be developed into clinical drugs (28a). At present, syntheses of this class of compounds in the optically pure forms , require a chemical resolution step, either by separation on a chiral column by HPLC (29) or separation of diastereomeric Mandelate (2, 21, 30a,b) or N-BOC-L-tryptophan esters (30c) of intermediates using normal phase HPLC and recrystallization methods, respectively. There is also a report of using lipase catalyzed esterification reactions to resolve race ic alcohol intermediates for synthesizing optically active CPI (31). While these methods are feasible, at least in small scale, they are inefficient because in the chemical resolution step all of the undesired enantiomer has to be discarded. Furthermore, there have been reports of only modest asymmetric induction in the preparation of CFI (23), CBI (32) and duocarmycin A (29), using either an asymmetric hydroboration or Sharpless dihydroxylation method, respectively. The achiral analogues of CC-1065 and doucarmycins described in this invention will thus represent a significant improvement to the present state in the development of this class of minor groove binding agents for use in the treatment of diseases such as cancers. Synthesis of the achiral analogues described in this disclosure will not only alleviate the chemical resolution step, their interactions with DNA may be simplified, and their cytotoxic potency and anticancer activity are retained. The design of the target cvompounds described in this invention is based on a report that 4-(2-haloethyl)phenols (halide = CI, Br and I) are capable of producing DNA alkylation and cytotoxic activities (28b). 4-(2-Haloethyl)phenols have also been shown to readily eliminate HX to generate a spiro(2,5)octa-l,4-diene- 3-one intermediate which ultimately alkylates DNA (28c). In this disclosure, the preparation and evaluation of the biological and DNA interacting properties of a series of achiral seco analogues of the doucarmycins, CC- 1065 and adozelesin are described. The structures of the seco-achiral compounds of this invention are depicted as general class I, II, III and IV. The achiral compounds are composed of an achiral pharmacophore conjugated to a number of non-covalent DNA binding subunit, including, but not limited to, the Indole-Indole, Indole- Benzofuran, Pyrrole-Pyrrole, Trimethoxyindole, the N-mustard (H) as well as the 'hairpin' (J) groups as depicted in Table 4. The 'hairpin' subunit was designed on the basis of recent findings that 1:1 and side-by-side complexes of duocarmycin A and distamycin (33a,b) or lexitropsins (33c,d) exhibited a high degree of DNA sequence alkylation specificity. In addition, 'hairpin' duocarmycin-oligopeptides conjugates that are related to distamycin and lexitropsins have been shown to exhibit a predictable and high level of sequence specificity (34). Yet in addition, side-by-side and hairpin oligopeptides derived from the lexitropsins have been extensively studied. The studies revealed that the side-by-side pyrrole-pyrrole pairing recognizes either an A/ T or T/ A base pair. A pyrrole-imidazole pairing specifically recognizes a C/G base pair, while an imidazole-pyrrole pair binds specificalaly to a G/C base pair, respectively (35). Recently we have also demonstrated that the imidazole-imidazole pairing will recognize either a G/C or C/G within specific DNA sequences (36). Moreover, the side-by-side imidazole-imidazole pairing was found to be even more selective for binding to mismatched T/G base pairs, providing a unique opportunity to develop molecules for targeting such mismatched DNA base pairs (37). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to novel achiral analogues of the DNA minor groove alkylating agents (+)-CC1065 and the duocarmycins, depicted as general class I, II, III, IV, and V: General Class I General Class II General Class III General Class IV General Class V wherein X is a good leaving group, such as a chloride, a bromide, an iodide, a mesylate, a tosylate, an acetate, a quaternary ammonium moiety, a mercaptan, an alkylsulfoxyl, or an alkylsulfonyl group, preferably either a chloride, a bromide, or an iodide group. Ri is a suitable minor groove binding agent to enhance the interactions of the achiral seco-cyclopropaneindole (CI) or an achiral seco-duocarmycin with specific sequences of DNA. Examples of the DNA binders are given in Table 4. The preferred DNA binders are groups A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L. Ri can also include the following: t-butoxy, benzyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethyloxy or other common protecting groups for amines. Y and Z are N or CH m = 0 - 5 n = 0 - 5 Table 4. Examples of the minor groove binding components in the compotmds described in this invention. R 2 and Rs can be hydrogen or short chain alkyl (C1-C5) groups, preferably both being hydrogen atoms. The alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched and include such groups as ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl. R4 and R5 can be hydrogen atoms, short alkyl groups, trifluoromethyl moieties, and alkyloxycarbonyl groups. The preferred R and R5 groups are methoxycarbonyl and trifluoromethyl. R can be either a benzyl, a benzyloxycarbonyl, a hydrogen atom, a 4- nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, or a N'-methylpiperazinyl-N-carbonyl group. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of cancer by administering the compounds of the present invention to a patient for a time and under conditions sufficient to effect inhibition of cancerous growth. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for the rcognition and targeting of compounds described in the invention to specific DNA sequences, including sequences within the control regions of disease causing genes. Such agents can have application for the identification of unique sequences in the genome as well as for use as potential gene controlling properties (38). Yet another aspect of the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of the invention in a combination with pharmaceutical carriers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to novel achiral analogues of the DNA minor groove and sequence selective alkylating agents (+)-CC1065 and the duocarmycins, depicted as general class I, II, III, IV and V: General Class I General Class II General Class III General Class IV General Class V wherein X is a good leaving group, such as a chloride, a bromide, an iodide, a mesylate, a tosylate, an acetate, a quaternary ammonium moiety, a mercaptan, an alkylsulfoxyl, or an alkylsulfonyl group, preferably either a chloride, a bromide, or an iodide group. Ri is a suitable minor groove binding agent to enhance the interactions of the achiral seco-cyclopropaneindole (CI) or an achiral seeo-duocarmycin with specific sequences of DNA. Examples of the DNA binders are given in Table 4. The preferred DNA binders are groups A, C, D, E, F, G, H and I. Ri can also include the following: t-butoxy, benzyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethyloxy or other common protecting groups for amines. The preferred compounds of the present invention are listed below. N-(2-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyI-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamidopyrroIe- 2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide N-(2-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole- 2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide N-[2-(2-Bromoethyl)-O-(4-nitrobenzylcarbonato)phenyl]-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4- butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxarnide 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole-2- carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5-nitroindole-2-carboxamido)phenol 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2-cWoroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole-2- carboxamidojphenol 4-(2-CMoroethyl)-3-[[5-[5-(4-bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino)benzamido]benzofuran-2- carboxamido]indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-0-(4-nitrobenzylcarbonato)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2- chloroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Bronιoethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-0-(4-nitrobenzylcarbonato)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-0-(N-methylpiperazine-N'-carbamato)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(CMoroethyl)-3-[2-(4-N,N-(diethyl)aminophenyl)benzimidazole-6- carboxamidojphenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiimemoxy_ndole-2-carboxamino)phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5-memoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(2-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(3-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dimethoxy-5-pyridyl)-E-ethen-l-ylcarboxamido)phenol Dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)indole-2,3-dicarboxylate Dmαethyl4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-[5-(benzofuran-2-carboxarnido)indole-2- carboxamido]indole-2,3-dicarboxylate Methyl 4-(2-cMoroethyl)-7-hydroxy-2-trifluoromethyl-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)indole-3-carboxylate 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)aniline 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiJ-methoxyindole-2-carboxanxido)-l-naphthylamine N-[(N-(4-Anύnobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-methylρyrrole-2-carboxarnido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide hydrochloride N-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-memylimidazole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide hydrochloride N-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-methylhnidazole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide hydrochloride 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(3-aza-4-memoxycinnamoylamido)-l-naphthylarnine 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(3-aza-2,4-dinιethoxycinnamoylamido)-l-naphthylarnine 4-(2-CMoroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]-l- naphthylamine 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5-methoxymdole-2-carboxamido)-l-naphthylaιnine N-(Butoxycarbonyl)-4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-mtio-l-naphthylarnine 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)-l-naphthol O-Benzyl-4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(butoxycarboxamido)phenol The compounds belonging to general class I of the invention can be prepared by art recognized methods. A general synthetic approach is described and illustrated in Scheme 1. Scheme 1. Synthesis of the compounds of the invention belonging to general class I. The synthetic approach for the proposed achiral seco-CI compounds starts from the reaction of the readily available diethyl 2-(4-benzyloxy-2- nitrophenyl)malonate (4c). Treatment of diethyl 2-(4-benzyloxy-2- nitrophenyl)malonate with NaOH in ethanol (25 - 80°C), preferably refluxing, followed by acidification and mild heating (25 - 100°C), preferably refluxing, the solution gave the desired 4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenylacetic acid in 95% yield. Selective reduction of the carboxylic acid with borane at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, in THF produced 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethanol in 95% yield. The alcohol was then chlorinated at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride in CH2C12 to give 2-(4-benzyloxy-2- nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride in 97% yield. The 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide was obtained in 92% yield after reacting 2-(4-benzyloxy-2- nitrophenyl)ethanol with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide in acetonitrile. Catalytic reduction of 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride and 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide at atmospheric pressure, and at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, using 10% Pd/C in THF afforded 2-(2-amino- 4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride and 2-(2- amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl bromide, respectively. 2-(2- Amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl bromide was directly coupled at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with 5-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole- 2-carboxylic acid in the presence of EDCI [l-(3-dimethylarninopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride] and DMF to give compound 4-(2-bromoethyl)-3- [5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol in a low 2% yield for the two steps after purification by silica gel column chromatography. Similarly, coupling of 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride with 5-(benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxylic acid in the presence of EDCI gave 4-(2- chloroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol in 28 % yield for the two steps following column chromatography. The reaction of 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxamido]phenol at 0 - 50°C, preferably at 5°C, with 4-nitrobenzyl chloroformate in the presence of triethylamine gave the desired prodrug 4-(2-chloroethyl)-O-(4- nitrobenzylcarbonato)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxamidojphenol in 84% yield. Furthermore, reaction of 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[5-(5- benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate followed by reaction at 0 - 50°C, preferably at 5°C then gradual warming to room temperature, with N-methylpiperazine and triethylamine gave the carbamate prodrug 4-(2-chloroethyl)-O-(N-methylpiperazine-N'-carbamato)-3-[5-(5- benzofuran-2-carboxarnido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol in 37% yield, after silica gel column purification. In the preparation of the achiral seco-compounds that contain netropsin moieties, 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride was reacted at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with N-methyl-4-(N-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole- 2-carboxamide)-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid in the presence of EDCI in DMF to give the desired compound N-(2-(2-chloroethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4- butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide in 6% yield, after silica gel column purification. Similarly, coupling of 2-(2- amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl bromide with N-methyl-4-(N-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamide)-pyrrole- 2-carboxylic acid gave N-(2-(2-bromoethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole- 2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide in 40% yield. Subsequent reaction of N-(2-(2-bromoethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamido-ρyrrole- 2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide at 0 - 50°C, preferably at 5°C, with 4- nitrobenzyl chloroformate in the presence of triethylamine gave the prodrug N-[2-(2- bromoethyl)-O-(4-nitrobenzylcarbonato)phenyl]-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4- butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide in 12% yield. Coupling of 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with 2-(4-(N,N- diethyl)aminophenyl)benzimidazole-6-carboxyhc acid or 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxylic acid with EDCI gave the desired compounds 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[2-(4- N,N-(diethyl)ammophenyl)benzimidazole-6-carboxamido]phenol and 4-(2- cHoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiimemoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenol in 11 and 13% yield, respectively, after column chromatography. An alternative synthetic route for the compounds of the invention is depicted in Scheme 2. For example, 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamino)phenol was also prepared by selective reduction of the nitro group of 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride to an amino group by catalytic hydrogenation over platinum oxide at 10-100 psi, preferably at 55 psi, and at 0-35 °C, referably at room temperature. The resulting amine was directly coupled at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxyUc acid in the presence of PyBOP (benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) and diisopropylethylamine to give benzyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)~3- (5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenyl ether in 66% yield. The benzyl group was removed by catalytic hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure and at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, over 10% Pd-C to produce 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7- fr-methoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenol in 50% yield. Scheme 2. Synthesis of achiralseco-CI derivatives. Preparation of the benzoic acid mustard containing analogues of general class I compounds of the invention is depicted in Scheme 3. Scheme 3. Preparation of benzoic acid mustard containing analogue of the general class I compounds of the invention. 2-(2-Amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride was coupled with 5-nitroindole- 2-carboxyUc acid with EDCI at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, in DMF to give 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5-nitroindole-2-carboxamido)phenol in 14% yield. Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation of 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5-nitroindole-2- carboxamido)phenol at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with 5% Pd-C in THF gave an amine which was directly reacted with at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, benzoic acid mustard (p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminobenzoic acid) and EDCI to give the desired compound 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2- cMoroethyl)arnino)benzamido]indole-2-carboxamido]phenol in 24% yield. Reaction of 4-(2-cMoroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2-cWoroethyl)arnmo)benzamido]indole-2- carboxamido]phenol at 0 - 50°C, preferably at 5°C, with 4-nitrobenzyl chloroformate and triethylamine gave the prodrug 4-(2-chloroethyl)-0-(4-nitrobenzylcabonato)-3- [[5-(4-bis-(2-cHoroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole-2-carboxarnido]phenol in 13 % yield, after purification by silica gel column chromatography. The structures of all the compounds prepared were confirmed using IR, ^H-NMR (^H and ^C) spectroscopy, and FAB mass spectrometry including accurate mass measurements. The compounds belonging to general class II described in this invention can be synthesized by art recognizing methods. A general synthetic scheme is given in Scheme 4. X - Cl and Br Scheme 4. Synthesis of Compounds of General Class II. In synthesizing the compounds of general class II, 4-chloro-3-nitroaniline was used as the starting material. The amine moiety was protected with a benzyloxycarbonyl or "Z" protecting group. The desired yellow solid product was afforded in 46% yield by heating at 30-100 °C, preferably at refluxing, under a drying tube the aniline with benzyl chloroformate and triethylamine with distilled dichloromethane as the solvent. Reaction of the protected chloride with diethyl malonate and sodium hydride in dry dimethylsulfoxide at 50-150 °C, preferably at 110°C, and under a nitrogen atmosphere gave the desired diester in 63% yield. Conversion of the diester to the acetic acid moiety was accomplished in 91% yield by heating at 50-100°C, preferably refluxing, the diester in ethanol and aqueous 10% sodium hydroxide for 4 hours. Following acid work-up provided the acid a viscous yellow oil. The carboxylic acid was converted to a primary alcohol through reduction with borane/THF at at 0 - 50°C, preferably at 5°C then gradual warming to room temperature, under a nitrogen atmosphere with distilled THF as a solvent. The colorless oily alcohol was afforded in 93% yield. This alcohol was then converted to the corresponding primary chloride through a reaction under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with triphenylphosphine, carbon tetrachloride and distilled dichloromethane as the solvent. The orangish/ yellow oil chloide was produced in 81% yield. The nitro moiety of the chloride was reduced to an amine by hydrogenation over PtO 2 at 10- 100 psi, preferably at 55 psi, and at 0-35 °C, preferably room temperature, The unstable amine was immediately coupled at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, to 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole carboxylic acid (TMI) in presence of tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) and distilled N,N- diisopropylethylamine with distilled dichloromethane as the solvent. A clear foamy product was produced in 36% yield. The Z protecting group was removed by hydrogenation over 10% Pd on carbon in THF at 0-35 °C, preferably at room temperature. The achiral amino seco-CI TMI compound was afforded as a viscous colorless oil in 80% yield. The compounds belonging to general class III of the invention can also be prepared by art recognized methods. A general synthetic approach is described and illustrated in Scheme 5. Scheme 5. Synthesis of the compounds of the invention belonging to general class III. Synthesis of the compounds of general class III begins with the reaction of 2- amino-4-chloro-5-nitrophenol at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with benzyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate and tetra-N- butylammonium iodide in DMF to give 2-benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-mtioaniline in 56% yield. Subsequent reaction of 2-benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-nitroaniline (25 - 80°C), preferably reluxing, with benzoyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine provided N-(2-benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)benzamide in 85% yield. Reaction of N-(2- benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)benzamide with sodium dimethyl malonate anion, generated from reaction of dimethyl malonate with sodium hydride in DMSO, in a DMSO solution at 80-150 °C, preferably at 110°C, overnight gave dimethyl 2-(5-benzamido-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylmalonate in 36% yield. When dimethyl 2-(5-benzamido-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylmalonate was treated with NaOH in ethanol at 25-100 °C, preferably refluxing, followed by acidification with HC1 and mild heating at 25-100 °C, preferably refluxing, provided the desired compound 2-(5-amino-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylacetic acid in 93% yield. Treatment of 2-(5-anr o-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylacetic acid at 0 - 50°C, preferably at 5°C then gradual warming to room temperature, with borane in THF selectively reduced the carboxylic acid group to an alcohol, 2-(5-amino-4-benzyloxy- 2-nitro)phenylethanol in 52% yield. 2-(5-Amino-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylethanol was heated at 25-100 °C, preferably refluxing, with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in methanol to give dimethyl 2-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-ι itioamlino]nιalate in 96% yield. Subsequent treatment of dimethyl 2-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4- nitroanilino]malate at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with carbon tetrachloride in methylene chloride and triphenylphosphine provided dimethyl 2-[2- benzyloxy-5-(2-cMoroethyl)-4-nitioarvilLno)malate in 85% yield. Next, dimethyl 2-[2- be--_zyloxy-5-(2-cMoroet_hyl)-4-nitioanilino)malate was treated with Palladium (II) acetate in N,N-dimethylacetamide at 40-120 °C, preferably at 70°C, to give dimethyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-chloroethyl)-5-nitroindole-2,3-dicarboxylate in 23% yield. Treatment of dimethyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-chloroethyl)-5-nitroindole-2,3-dicarboxylate with 10% palladium-on-carbon in THF at an atmospheric pressure of hydrogen and at 0-35 °C, preferably at room temperature, gave an amine intermediate which was directly coupled at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with 5,6,7- trimethoxyindole-2-carboxyUc acid and 5-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxylic acid in the presence of EDCI in DMF at room temperature for three days to give the target achiral seco-duocarmycin analogue dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7- hydroxy-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)indole-2,3-dicarboxy late and dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-[5-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxamido]indole-2,3-dicarboxylate in 20 and 16 % yield, respectively. In the synthesis of the tiifluorornethyl-containing analogues, 2-(5-amino-4- benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylethanol was reacted with methyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-2- butynoate in methanol 30-75 °C, preferably refluxing, to give methyl 3-[2-benzyloxy- 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-nitioanilino]-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenonate in 87% yield. Subsequent treatment of methyl 3-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-nitroanilino]- 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenonate at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with carbon tetrachloride in methylene chloride and triphenylphosphine provided methyl 3-[2- benzyloxy-5-(2-cMoroethyl)-4-mtioanilino]-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenonate in 57% yield. Next, methyl 3-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-cMoroethyl)-4-nitioaruuno]-4,4,4-trifluoro-2- butenonate was treated with Palladium (II) acetate in N,N-dimethylacetamide at 50- 120 °C, preferably at 70°C, to give methyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-chloroethyl)-2- trifluoromethyl -5-nitroindole-3-carboxylate in 29% yield. Treatment of methyl 7- benzyloxy-4-(2-cMoroethyl)-5-nitroindole-2-trifluoromethyl-3-carboxylate with 10 % Palladium-on-carbon in THF at an atmospheric pressure of hydrogen and at 0-35 °C, preferably at room temperature, gave an amine intermediate which was directly coupled at 0-50°C, preferably at room temperature, with 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxylic acid in the presence of EDCI in DMF at room temperature for three days to give the target achiral seco-duocarmycin analogue methyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7- hydroxy-2-tiifluoromethyl-5-(5,6,7-triιnethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)indole-3- carboxylate in 2% yield. The compounds of general class IN described in the invention were also prepared using art recognizing methods, and the general scheme is given in Scheme 6. Scheme 6. Preparation of compounds of general class IV. Reaction of l-chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene (39) with t-butyl ethyl malonate with sodium hydride in DMSO and at 20-150 °C, preferably at 110°C, gave the diester in 78% yield. Treatment of the unsymmetrical diester at 0-100 °C, preferably room temperature, with hydrochloric acid gave the ethyl ester in 70% yield. Reduction of the 4-nitro group at 20-100 °C, preferably refluxing, with sodium sulfide followed by protection of the amino group at 0-70 °C, preferably at 0°C, with a benzyloxycarbonyl "Z" group gave the protected ester in 11 % and 26%, respectively. Hydrolysis of the ester at 0-100 °C, preferably at refluxing temperature, followed by reduction of the carboxylic acid at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with borane gace the desired alcohol in 11% and 58%, respectively. Treatment of the alcohol at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with carbon tetrachloride and triphenylphosphine gave the chloride in 96% yield. Reduction of the nitro group by hydrogenation over PtO 2 at 10-100 psi, preferably at 55 psi, and at 0-35 °C, preferably at room temperature, gave an amine intermediate. The amine was coupled at 0 - 50°C, preferably at room temperature, with trimethoxyindole-2- carboxylic acid in presence of PyBOP and Hunig's base gave the desired amide in 40 % yield. Removal of the Z protection group by hydrogenation over 10% Pd/C a atmospheric pressure and at 0-35 °C, preferably at room temperature, gave the desired achiral seco-amino CI-TMI product in 18% yield. The compounds of the present invention are useful as anticancer agents. The formation of covalent adducts can be determined by art-recognizing methods. For example, alkylation of purine-N3 in the minor groove of DNA can be determined through the formation of thermally-induced DNA strand breaks (40), and the covalent sequence specificity of the compounds of this invention can be determined using a Taq polymerase stop assay (41). The compounds of this invention can be useful as anticancer agents. They show, in particular, cytostatic properties towards tumor cells so that they can be useful, e.g., to inhibit the growth of various cancers, such as, for instance, carcinomas, e.g. mammary carcinoma, lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, colon carcinoma, ovary, colon, rectum, prostate, and endometrial cancers. Other cancers in which the compounds of the invention could find an application are, for instance, sarcomas, e.g. soft tissue and bone sarcomas, and hematological malignancies such as leukemias. The present compounds may be administered by usual routes, for example, parentally, e.g. by intravenous injection of infusion (if soluble), intramuscularly, intranasal, intradermal, subcutanneous, parenteral, enteral, and the like. Depending on the route of administration, the pharmaceutical composition may require protective coatings. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are usually prepared following conventional methods and are administered in a pharmaceutically suitable form. For instance, solutions for intravenous injections of infusion may contain as a carrier, for example, sterile water, or preferably, they may be in the form of sterile aqueous isotonic saline or sugar solutions. Suspensions or solutions for intramuscular injections may contain together with the active compound a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g. sterile water, olive oil, ethyl oleate, glycols, and if desired, a suitable amount of lidocaine hydrochloride. In the topical forms for the application, e.g. creams, lotions or pastes for use in dermatological treatment, the active ingredient may be mixed with conventional oleagimous or emulsifying excipients. The solid oral forms, e.g. tablets and capsules, may contain, together with the active ingredient, diluents, e.g. lactose, dextrose, saccharose, cellulose, corn starch and potato starch; lubricants, e.g. silica, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium streate, and/ or polyethylene glycols; binding agents, e.g. starches, arabic gums, gelatin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone; disaggregating agents, e.g. a starch, alginic acid, alginates, sodium starch glycolate; effervescing mixtures; dyestuffs, sweeteners; wetting agents, e.g. lecithin, polysorbates, laurylsulfates; and, in general, non-toxic and pharmacologically inactive substances used in pharmaceutical formulations. Said pharmaceutical preparations may be manufactured in a known manner, for example by means of mixing, granulating, tabletting, sugar coating, or film coating. The dosage depends on the age, weight, and conditions of the patient and on the administration route. For example, a suitable dosage for the administration to adult humans may range from about 0J to about 200-250 mg pro dose 1-4 times daily. T he following examples illustrate but do not limit the invention. EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl bromide and 2-(2-amino-4- hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride To a round-bottom flask containing diethyl 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl) malonate (4c) (2.00 g, 5.17 mmol) was added EtOH (45 mL) and 10% NaOH (60 mL) producing a dark brown solution. The solution was refluxed for 3 h and checked by TLC (CHCI3), at which time the solution was slightly yellowish and clear. The EtOH was removed under reduced pressure to form a yellow suspension and sufficient THF (30 mL) was added to produce a clear yellow solution which was placed in an ice bath and stirred. 6M HCl (30 mL) was slowly added to the solution to reach pH 1. The light orange solution was refluxed for another hour, at which time two layers formed. The top THF layer was collected, and the aqueous solution was extracted with CHCI3 (100 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solution was then filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to produce 4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenylacetic acid as an orange solid. The solid was then placed on a high vacuum and dried (1.41 g, 4.91 mmol, 95%). Mp 145-152 °C; TLC (CHCI3) Rf = 0J5; Ϊ H- MR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) 7.76 (d, 2.7, 1H), 7.41 ( , 5H), 7.26 (d, 8.7, 1H), 7.21 (dd, 2.7, 8.7, 1H), 5J3 (s, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H); IR (CHCI3 cast) 3400-2600 (br), 3100, 1698, 1601, 1526, 1523, 1453, 1376, 1349, 1240, 1180, 1022, 848, 815, 760, 712; EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 287 (M + , 10). Accurate mass (EI-MS) for C15H13NO5: calcd. 287.0794, obsd. 287.0799. 4-Benzyloxy-2-nitrophenylacetic acid (6.38 g, 22.2 mmol) was dissolved in freshly distilled and dry THF (60 mL) and stirred in an ice bath under N2- After 5 min, borane (55.6 mL, 55.5 mmol, 1M solution in THF) was transferred using a canula to a dropping funnel placed over the stirring solution. The BH3-THF solution was then slowly added to the solution, producing much effervescence. The red solution was left stirring in the ice bath for 10 min, and then allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction was checked by TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3). Water (150 mL) was slowly added to the flask until effervescence no longer occurred. The organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and gravity filtered. The solution was then concentrated down producing a brown oil. Column chromatography (Siθ2, 10-60% EtOAc/5% CHCI3 for solubility/hexane gradient elution) afforded 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethanol (5.72 g, 21.0 mmol, 95%) as a brownish solid. Mp 48-52 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) Rf = 0.61; Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) 7.54 (d, 2.5, IH), 7.42 (m, 5H), 7.31 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.17 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 5.10 (s, 2H), 3.91 (br q, 6.5, 2H), 3.65 (br t, 6.5, OH), 3.10 (t, 6.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3400, 3050, 2965, 2921, 2858, 1622, 1523, 1453, 1344, 1240, 1039, 804 . EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 273 (M + , 14). Accurate mass (EI-MS) for C15H15NO4: calcd. 273.1001, obsd. 273.0992. Triphenylphosphine (1.98 g, 7.55 mmol), CC14 (2.18 mL, 22.62 mmol), and dry CH2CI2 (13.7 mL) were added to 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethanol (1.03 g, 3.77 mmol) in a round bottom flask. A red solution with pink precipitate formed, but dissolved after 30 min. The solution was allowed to stir overnight under positive pressure of nitrogen. The solution was checked by TLC (20% ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether) and then concentrated using a rotoevaporator. The brown oily residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography and a 10% ethyl acetate, 5% CHCI3, and 85% petroleum ether solvent system. 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2- nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride was isolated as a thick yellowish oil which solidified upon standing in the refrigerator (1.06 g, 3.64 mmol, 97% yield). Mp 38-40 °C; TLC (20% ethyl acetate/ hexane) Rf = 0.53; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCI3) 7.51 (d, 2.5, IH), 7.33 (m, 5H), 7.23 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.10 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 5.02 (s, 2H), 3.70 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.20 (t, 7.0, 2H); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCI3) 158.1, 149.5, 135.7, 143.0, 128.7, 128.4, 127.5, 125.1, 120.4, 110.7, 70.6, 44.0, 35.8; IR (neat) 3092, 3038, 2962, 2919, 2865, 1618, 1570, 1532, 1499, 1451, 1343, 1294, 1197, 1160, 1062, 1019, 906, 847, 809, 739, 696, 652; EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 291 (M + , 10); isotope pattern of M + and M + + 2 agrees with the presence of one chlorine atom. Accurate mass (EI-MS) for C15H1435QNO3: calcd. 291.0662, obsd. 291.0667. Pd/C 10% (45 mg) was added to 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride (132 mg, 0.453 mmol). The mixture was then suspended in freezer chilled THF (30 mL). The suspension was degassed and purged 3 times with hydrogen and reduced under atmospheric pressure at room temperature. After 3 h the solution was checked by TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) and the solution was filtered by suction over Cehte. The filter residue was washed with more CH 2 C1 2 , and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride as a white solid (60.7 mg, 0.354 mmol, 78%). Mp 96-100 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) Rf = 0.34; Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3 in 1 drop DMSO-d6, 500 MHz) 8.20 (br s, IH), 6.85 (d, 8.0, IH), 6.27 (dd, 2.5, 8.0, IH), 6.26 (d, 2.5, IH), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 3.66 (t, 8.5, 2H), 2.90 (t, 8.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3139, 3020, 2954, 1622, 1594, 1513, 1464, 1560, 1306, 1265, 1246, 1197, 1175, 1079, 1049, 973, 848, 793, 722, 596, 646; EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 171 (M + , 28); isotope pattern of M + and M + + 2 agrees with the presence of one chlorine atom. Accurate mass (EI-MS) for CgHinQNO: calcd. 171.0451, obsd. 171.0444. 2-(2-Amino-4-benzyloxyphenyl)ethyl chloride(448 mg, 1.71 mmol), DMAP (21 mg, 0J7 mol), di-t-butyl dicarbonate (447 mg, 2.05 mmol) was dissolved in dry acetonitrile (5 mL). The solution was stirred under a drying tube at room temperature for 60 hours. Upon removal of the solvent, the residue was partitioned in chloroform (30 mL) and water (10 mL). The organic layer was washed with 0J M HCl (5 mL), and then dried. Concentration of the organic extract gave an oily residue that was purified by silica gel chromatography (chloroform) to give the desired product O-Benzyl-4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(butoxycarboxamido)phenol as a white solid (213 mg, 34.5 %). TLC (CHCls) R f = 0.60; Η-NMR (CDCls) 7.48 (s br, IH), 7.43 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.38 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.37 (d, 2.5, IH), 7.32 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.06 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.71 (dd, 2.5, 8.5), 5.05 (s, 2H), 3.69 (t, 7.0, 2H), 2.99 (t, 7.0, 2H), 1.53 (s, 9H). Triphenylphosphine (1.92 g, 7.33 mmol), CBr 4 (7.28 g, 21.96 mmol), and dry CH3CN (16.6 mL) were added to a round bottom flask containing 2-(4-benzyloxy-2- nitrophenyl)ethanol (1.00 g, 3.66 mmol). A red solution resulted which was allowed to stir overnight under a positive pressure of nitrogen. The solution was checked by TLC (20% EtOAc/hexane) and concentrated down on a rotoevaporator. The excess CBr4 was removed by vacuum kugehohr distillation (60 °C, 0.25 mmHg). Column chromatography (Siθ2, 10% EtOAc/5% CHCI3/ 85% petroleum ether gradient elution) afforded 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide as a brownish solid (1.33 g, 3.56 mmol, 92%). Mp 30-34 °C; TLC (20% EtOAc/hexane) Rf = 0.48; iH- NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) 7.52 (d, 2.5, IH), 7.34 (m, 5H), 7.24 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.11 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 5.04 (s, 2H), 3.57 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.30 (t, 7.0, 2H); ^C-NMR (CDCI3. 125 MHz) 158.0, 149.4, 135.6, 133.8, 128.7, 128.4, 127.5, 125.8, 120.5, 110.8, 70.6, 35.9, 32.0; IR (neat) 3070, 3027, 2919, 2855, 1618, 1570, 1526, 1499, 1451, 1408, 1381, 1343, 1289, 1262, 1240, 1149, 1025, 842, 804, 733, 695; EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 335 (M + , 9); isotope pattern of M + and M + + 2 agrees with the presence of one bromine atom. Accurate mass (EI-MS) for Ci5Hi4NO3Br: calcd. 335.0157, obsd. 335.0160. Pd/C 10% (270 mg) and 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide (540 mg, 1.6 mmol) were mixed together in a round bottom flask. The mixture was suspended in freezer chilled THF (15 mL). The solution was then degassed and purged 3 times and reduced under atmospheric pressure and room temperature (24 h). The solution was checked by TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) and filtered by suction over Cehte. The filtering pad was washed with CH2CI2 and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a precipitate which was coevaporated twice with dry CH2CI2 (5 mL). 2-(2- Amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl bromide, an off-white solid, was placed on a high vacuum until further use (540 mg, 2.50 mmol, 100%). Mp 160- 166 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCtø) Rf = 0.27; Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3 in 1 drop DMSO, 500 MHz) 7.21 (br s, IH), 7.14 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.10 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.87 (dd, 2.0, 8.0), 3.83 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.17 (t, 7.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3335, 3008, 2921, 1622, 1561, 1502, 1464, 1442, 1289, 1191, 1137, 1082, 847, 820; EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 135 (M + -HBr, 85). Accurate mass (EI-MS) for C8H9NO: calcd. 135.0684, obsd. 135.0678. EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of N-(2-(2-chloroethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4- butanamido pyrrole-2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide and its derivatives Cold methanol (100 mL) was added to a mixture of methyl N-methyl-4-(N- methyl-4-nitropyrrole-2-carboxamide)pyrrole-2-carboxylate (3.00 g, 9.8 mmol) and 5% Pd/C (1.2 g). The reaction mixture was hydrogenated for 18 h and checked by TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3). After complete reduction, the amine was filtered by suction over Cehte and a cintered funnel, the filtrate was rotovapped to dryness and coevaporated twice. To a dropping funnel was added distilled methylene chloride (30 mL) and butyryl chloride (1.00 mL, 10.8 mmol) through a septum by syringe. The amine was then dissolved in dry THF (75 mL) and Et3N (1.5 mL, 10.8 mmol) was added. The amine mixture was stirred in an ice bath for 5 min, and the butyryl chloride mixture was then slowly dripped in. A light peach mixture resulted and it was allowed to stir overnight (18 h) under a drierite drying tube. Water (100 mL) and chloroform (100 mL) were then added to the flask, and the contents were stirred. The solution was added to a separatory funnel. Two scoops of salt were added and the separatory funnel was shaken and vented. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted another time (50 mL) with chloroform. The combined chloroform extracts were then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solution was gravity filtered into a 500 mL round bottom flask and rotovapped to dryness, forming a light tan foam. Column chromatography (SiO2, 0-2% MeOH/CHCls gradient elution) afforded methyl N-methyl-4-(N-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole-2- carboxamide)pyrrole-2-carboxylate as an off-white foam (6.51 g, 18.8 mmol, 82%). Mp 85-95 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.48; iH-NMR (CDC13, 500 MHz) 7.43 (br s, IH), 7.41 (d, 1.5, IH), 7.08 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.99 (br s, IH), 6.72 (d, 2.5, IH), 6.62 (d, 2.0, IH), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.30 (t, 4.5, 2H), 1.75 (sextet, 4.5, 2H), 1.00 (t, 4.5, 3H); IR (KBr) 3292, 3126, 2954, 1709, 1658, 1578, 1556, 1442, 1404, 1251, 1197, 1153, 1109, 1060, 749; MS (FAB) m/z (relative intensity) 347 (M + H + , 50), 346 (M + , 50). Accurate mass (FAB-MS) for C17H23N4O7: calcd. 347.1719, obsd. 3471736. Compound methyl N-methyl-4-(N-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole-2- carboxamide)pyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.00 g, 5.78 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (70 mL) and 10% NaOH (70 mL) and the solution was heated to reflux for 3 h. After refluxing, the methanol layer was rotovapped down. Ice and water (40 mL) was then added to the solution. Three molar HCl (approximately 50 mL) was then added slowly until the solution reached a pH of 1. After chilling the reaction mixture in an ice bath, the precipitated N-methyl-4-(4-butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamido)pyrrole- 2-carboxylic acid was collected by suction filtration, and dried in a vacuum oven (50°C at 0.2 mmHg) overnight yielding a beige powder (1.58 g, 4.76 mmol, 82%). Mp 130-142 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) Rf = 0.21; l-H-NMR (CDC13 and 3 drops DMSO, 300 MHz) 11.0 (br s, IH), 7.85 (br s, IH), 7.59 (br s, IH), 7.45 (d, 1.7, IH), 7J4 (d, 1.7, IH), 6.79 (d, 1.7, IH), 6.68 (d, 1.7, IH), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.30 (t, 6.9, 2H), 1.75 (sextet, 6.9, 2H), 1.00 (t, 6.9, 3H); IR (KBr) 3433, 3124, 2954, 1649, 1572, 1436, 1403, 1256, 1201, 1164, 1109, 1054; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 333 (M + H + , 60), 332 (M + , 72). Accurate mass (FAB-MS) for C16H21N4O4: calcd. 333.1563, obsd. 333.1559. N-(2-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole- 2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide To the reaction flask containing 2-(2- amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride (250 mg, 1.46 mmol) was added EDCI (838 mg, 4.37 mmol), N-methyl-4-(N-methyl- 4-butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamide)pyrrole-2-carboxyhc acid (485 mg, 1.46 mmol), and dry DMF (10 mL). The solution was allowed to stir under an N2 atmosphere at room temperature for 48 h. The solvent was removed using a kugehohr apparatus at 40°C and 0.1 mmHg, leaving a brown oil. The oily residue was partitioned using CHC13 (100 mL) and water (25 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted 3 times with CHC13 (70 mL each) and the combined organic layers were washed with 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate and dried (Na2Sθ4). Concentration of the filtrate gave a residue which was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 10% ethyl acetate/ CHC13 solvent system, in which the EtOAc percentage was raised by 10% increments for every 50 mL until reaching 100% EtOAc to which MeOH was added by 10% increments for every 50 mL. The desired compound was obtained as a white solid (41.6 mg, 0.084 mmol, 6%). Mp 130-134 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) Rf = 0.16; !H-NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz) 8.10 (br s, IH), 7.25 (s, IH), 7.22 (s, IH), 7.04 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.03 (s, IH), 6.92 (s, IH), 6.89 (s, IH), 6.81 (s, IH), 6.08 (dd, 2.0, 8.0, IH), 6.45 (d, 1.5, IH), 4.25 (t, 7.7, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.01 (t, 7.7, 2H), 2.33 (t, 7.5, 2H), 1.77 (sextet, 8.0, 2H), 1.00 (t, 8.0, 3H); IR (neat) 3390, 2965, 2921, 1638, 1572, 1447, 1404, 1256, 1197, 1153, 1093, 1044, 864, 793, 679; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 450 (M + H + -HBr, 8), 449 (450 -H + , 8). Accurate mass (FAB-MS) for C24H 27N504: calcd. 449.2063, obsd. 449.2080. To the reaction flask containing 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl bromide (250 mg, 1J5 mmol) was added EDCI (1.49 g, 7.5 mmol), N-methyl-4-(N-methyl-4- butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamide)-pyrrole-2-carboxyhc acid (830 mg, 2.50 mmol) and dry DMF (12 mL). The solution was kept under an atmosphere of N2 and allowed to stir (48 h). The DMF was removed using a kugehohr apparatus. The remaining oily residue was then partitioned using CHC13 (100 mL) and water (25 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with NaHCO3, and dried (Na2Sθ4). Concentration of the filtrate gave a residue which was purified by column chromatography using a 20% EtOAc/CHCl3 solvent system in which the ethyl acetate was increased by 10% increments every 50 mL until reaching 100% EtOAc to which MeOH was added in 10% increments for every 50 mL to give N-(2- (2-bromoethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamido pyrrole-2- carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide as an off-white foam (230 mg, 0.462 mmol, 40%). Mp 138-150 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) Rf = 0.13; *H-NMR (CDC13 in 1 drop DMSO-de, 500 MHz) 9.85 (s, IH), 9.74 (s, IH), 9.22 (s, IH), 7.39 (br s, IH), 7.33 (d, 2.0, IH), 7.14 (d, 2.0, IH), 7.02 (d, 8.0, IH), 6.87 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.69 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.41 (dd, 2.5, 8.0, IH), 4.22 (t, 8.5, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.99 (t, 8.0, 2H), 2.21 (t, 7.0, 2H), 1.59 (sextet, 7.5, 2H), 0.895 (t, 7.5, 3H); IR (Nujol) 3368, 3270, 3125, 1632, 1600, 1262, 1202, 1153, 1093, 1039, 864, 804, 728; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z relative intensity 450 (M + H + -HBr, 10), 449 (450 - H + , 10). Accurate mass (FAB-MS) for C24H28N504: calcd. 450.2141, obsd. 450.2147, for C24H27N5O4: calcd. 449.2063, obsd.449.2082. p-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate (60.9 mg, 0.282 mmol) was added to a solution of N-(2-(2-bromoethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamido pyrrole-2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide (60 mg, 0J13 mmol) and dissolved in dry CH2C12 (6 mL). The solution had to be heated a little in order for the mixture to dissolve. Triethylamine (32 μL) was added to the solution sealed with a rubber septum while stirring in an icebath under nitrogen. The solution was allowed to stir overnight and the reaction was checked by TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3). The reaction mixture was diluted with CHC13 (150 mL) and washed with 5% NaHCθ3 (30 mL) and brine (30 mL). The organic layer was collected and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solution was gravity filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to produce yellow solid which was purified by a preparative TLC (10% CHC13) to yield N-[2-(2-bron oethyl)-0-(4-nitroberιzylcarbonato)phenyl]-l-nιethyl-4-(l-m.ethyl- 4-butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide as a white powder (8.4 mg, 0.013 mmol, 12%). Mp 115-120 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl3) Rf = 0.55; α H- NMR (CDC13, 500 MHz) 8.25 (d, 9.0, 2H), 7.78 (br s, IH), 7.59 (d, 8.5, 2H), 7.45 (s, IH), 7.27 (d, 1.5, IH), 7.26 (br s, IH), 7J9 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.04 (d, 2.0, IH), 7.02 (br s, IH), 6.82 (dd, 2.0, 8.0, IH), 6.67 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.52 (d, 2.0, IH), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.35 (t, 8.0, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3J4 (t, 8.0, 3H), 2.30 (t, 7.5, 2H), 1.75 (sextet, 7.5, 2H), 1.00 (t, 7.5, 3H); IR (neat) 3412, 3126, 2954, 1758, 1658, 1643, 1583, 1523, 1440, 1402, 1348, 1320, 1239, 1156, 1099, 1060, 1017, 804, 771, 735; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 629 (M + H + -HBr, 2). Accurate mass (FAB-MS) for C32H33N6O8: calcd. 628.2281, obsd. 628.2277. EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of 4-(2-cHoroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2-cWoroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole- 2-carboxamido]phenol and its derivatives A suspension of 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride (310 mg, 1.81 mmol), 10% Pd-C (233 mg) in dry THF (10 mL) was hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Removal of the catalyst by filtration, and concentration of the filtrate gave an amine as a white solid. 5-Nitroindole-2- carboxylic acid (372 mg, 1.81 mmol), EDCI (1.04 g, 5.42 mmol) and dry DMF (10 mL) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and at room temperature for two days. The solvent was removed using a Kugehohr apparatus (0J mm Hg, 60 °C), and the residue was partition in CHCI3 and water. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (twice). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na 2 SO ). The brown oily residue was purifed by sihca gel chromatography (0 -> 50% ethyl acetate: chroroform every 50 mL), and the 4- (chloroethyl)-3-(5-nitroindole-2-carboxamido)phenol was isolated as a yellow solid (70 mg, 14%). Mp 290-300 °C (dec. then melt); TLC (10% MeOH/ CHCI3) Rf=0.43; Η-NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) 10.98 (s br, IH, indole-NH), 8.87( s br, IH, amido-NH), 8.67 ( d, 2.0, IH), 8.59 (s, IH), 8J7 (dd, 2.0, 9.0, IH), 7.55 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.20 ( d, 2.5, IH), 7.11 ( d, 8.5, IH), 6.77 ( dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 3.78 ( t, 7.5, 2H), 3.08 ( t, 7.5, 2H). IR (neat) 3391, 3261, 2929, 2858, 1658, 1616, .1545, 1462, 1379, 1326, 1249, 1154, 1071, 804, 739; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z ( rel. intensity) 360 (M + H + , 4). Accurate mass for Cι 7 Hι 5 N 3 O 4 35 Cl: calcd. 360.0751, obsd. 360.0762. A suspension of 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5-nitroindole-2-carboxamido)phenol (250 mg, 0.69 mmol) and 10% Pd-C ( 187 mg) in freshly distilled THF (20 mL) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure and room temperature overnight. Suction filtration of the suspension over a pad of Cehte and concentration of the filtrate in- vacuo gave an amine as a yellow solid. To this solid was added p-N,N-bis-(2- chloroethyl)aminobenzoic acid ( 219 mg, 0.84 mmol), EDCI (436 mg, 2.28 mmol) and freshly distilled and dry DMF (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen and at room temperature for two days. The reaction mixture was concentrated using a Kugehohr apparatus ( 0J mm Hg, 60°C), and the residue was partitioned in chloroform and water. The water layer was further extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purifed by column chromatography ( 0 -> 10% methanol in chloroform; sihca gel). 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2- chloroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole-2-carboxarnido]phenol was obtained as a white solid (96 mg, 24%). Mp 80-90°C; TLC (10% MeOH/ CHCI3) Rf=0.52; Η-NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz) 11.65 ( d, 1.0, IH, indole-NH), 9.84 ( s, IH, amido-NH), 9.49 (S, IH, phenolic-OH), 8.12 (d, 2.0, IH), 7.90 (d, 9.0, 2H), 7.51 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 7.39 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.30 (d, 1.0, IH), 7.17 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.85 (d, 9.0, 2H), 6.78 (d, 2.5, IH), 6.68 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 3.78 (m, 8H), 3.75 (t, 7.5, 2H), 2.97 (t, 7.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3390, 3019, 2965, 2921, 2856, 1643, 1600, 1539, 1513, 1464, 1447, 1256, 1229, 1180, 1153, 1093, 1044, 1017, 870, 799; Uv-vis (ethanol) 220 ( =1.1 x 10 6 M- nr 1 ), 310 (e =3.8 x 10 4 M^cπr 1 ); FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (rel. intensity) 573(M + H + , 1). Accurate mass for C 2 8H28N θ3 35 α 3 : calcd. 573.1227, obsd. 573.1232. To a solution of 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2- chloroethyl)arnino)benzamido]indole-2-carboxamido]phenol (36 mg, 0.063mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) and dry triethylamine (17.5 μL, 0J2 mmol) at ) 0°C and under a drying tube was added nitrobenzyl chloroformate (20.3 mg, 0.094 mmol). The solution was kept under a nitrogen atmosphere and aUowed to warm at room temperature overnight. At that time an additional amount of nitrobenzyl chloroformate (10.2 mg, 0.047 mmol) was added. After 0.5 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate, and the solution was washed with 5% NaHCO 3 then dried (Na 2 SO 4 ). The residue was purified by preparative TLC (10% MeOH: CHCk) to give 4-(chloroethyl)-O-(4- nitiober-zylcarbonato)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino)benzanτido]indole-2- carboxamido]phenol as an off-white solid (6.1 mg, 13%). Mp 192-98 °C; TLC (10% MeOH:CHCl3) Rf = 0.51; Η-NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) 9.11 (s br, IH, indole-NH), 8.34 (s br, IH, amido-NH), 8.27 (d, 8.5, 2H), 8.17 (d, 2.0, IH), 7.90 (d,2.0, IH), 7.84 (d, 8.5, 2H), 7.73(s, IH), 7.62(d, 8.5, 2H), 7.44(d, 8.5, IH), 7.39 (dd,2.0,8.5, IH), 7.28 (d, 8.5, 1 H), 7.07 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 6.75 (d, 9.0, 2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 3.83 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.69 (t, 7.0, 2H); IR (neat) 3379, 3019, 2954, 2922, 2856, 1736, 1643, 1605, 1513, 1453, 1376, 1261, 1218, 1066, 1017, 897, 788; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (rel. intensity) 752 (M+H + , 1). Accurate mass for calcd. 752.1446, obsd. 752.1391. EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of 4-(2-bromoethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxamido]phenol and 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol and their derivatives 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide (300 mg, 0.893 mmol) was dissolved in chilled THF (20 mL). 10% Pd/C (0.150 g) was added to the solution and then purged three times under vacuum with H2. The solution was stirred under H 2 for 16 hours at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The solution was filtered through a Cehte pad in a cinter funnel and washed with CH 2 C1 2 The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated twice with dry CH 2 C1 2 . 5-(Benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxyhc acid (0.286 g, 0.894 mmol) and EDCI (0.514 g, 2.68 mmol) were added to the amine then dissolved in dry DMF (10 mL). The solution was stirred under positive N 2 pressure and at room temperature for three days. The DMF was removed using the Kugehohr apparatus (40°C, 0J mm Hg). The oily residue was dissolved in chloroform (200 L), ethyl acetate (50 mL), and washed with water (50 mL) and 5% sodium bicarbonate (20 mL). The organic layer was collected dried with sodium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. 4-(2-Bromoethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol was purified on a silica gel column. The product was an off-white solid (8J mg, 0.016 mmol, 2 %). Mp = 285-290°C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.50; Η-NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 500 MHz) 11.70 (s, IH), 10.45 (s, IH), 9.32 (s, IH), 8.18 (d, 1.5, IH), 7.83 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.76 (s, IH), 7.73 (dd, 1.0, 8.0, IH), 7.60 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 7.51 (dt, 1.0, 8.0, IH), 7.47 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.38 (dt, 1.0, 8.0, IH), 7.15 (d, 2.0 IH), 7.07 (d, 8.0, IH), 6.47 (dd, 2.0, 8.0, IH), 4.52 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.12 (t, 7.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3346, 3120, 2943, 1660, 1616, 1589, 1512, 1423, 1414, 1305, 1251, 1153, 1049, 810, 739, 619; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 438 (M+H + -HBr, 3). Accurate mass for C 2 6H 20 N 3 O 4 : calcd 438.1454, obsd 438.1440. 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride (0.4068 g, 1.40 mmol) was dissolved in chilled THF (-20°C). 10% Pd/C (0.200 g) was added to the solution and then purged three times under vacuum with H 2 . The solution was stirred under H 2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure for 45 hours. The solution was filtered through a Cehte pad in a cinter funnel and washed with CH 2 C1 2 . The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated twice with dry CH C1 2 to yield awhite solid. 5-(Benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxyhc acid (0.36 g, 1J2 mmol) and EDCI (0.81 g, 4.20 rnrnol) were added to the amine then dissolved in dry DMF. The solution was stirred under positive N 2 pressure and at room temperature for 4 days. The DMF was removed using a Kugehohr apparatus (40°C, 0J mm Hg). The oily residue was dissolved in chloroform (200 mL) and washed with water (50 mL) and 5% sodium bicarbonate (50 mL). The organic layer was collected. The water layer was extracted three times with chloroform (200 mL). The organic layers were collected, dried with sodium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified on a sihca gel column. The column was run in 100% chloroform and ethyl acetate gradient. 4-(2- CUoroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol was obtained as an off-white solid. The product could be precipitated from CH 2 Cl 2 /petroleum ether (299 mg, 0.632 mmol, 28 %). Mp = 233-235°C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.37; Η-NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz) 11.74 (d, 1.5, IH, indole- NH), 10.44 (s, IH), 9.87 (s, IH), 9.48 (s, IH), 8J7 (d, 1.0, IH), 7.83 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.76 (s, IH), 7.73 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.58 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 7.51 (dt, 1.0, 8.0, IH), 7.44 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.38 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.33 (d, 1.0, IH), 7.17 (d, 9.0, IH), 6.79 (d, 2.5, IH), 5.67 (dd, 2.5, 9.0 IH), 3.75 (t, 7.5, 2H),2.98 (t, 7.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3401, 3259, 3041, 2965, 2921, 1643, 1594, 1534, 1446, 1301, 1256, 1230, 1094, 1051, 804, 739; UV-vis (ethanol) 218 (ε = l.lxl0 6 M- 1 cm- 1 ), 290 (ε = l^xlO^M" 1 cm- 1 ); FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 474 (M+H + , 2). Accurate mass for C 2 6H 2 ιN 3 O 4 35 Cl: calcd. 474.1221, obsd. 474.1219. Dry triethylamine (0.045 mL, 0.322 mmol) was added to 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[5- (5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol (74J mg, 0J56 mmol) and dissolved in distilled CH2CI2 (20 mL), while under N 2 , then placed in an ice bath. 4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate (0.087 g, 0.4025 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred in an ice bath under N 2 . Dry THF (2 mL) was added, and the contents were sonicated to completely dissolved the mixture. The solution was stirred in the ice bath for 40 minutes then at room temperature for 20 hours. After 20 hours the reaction was not completed by TLC and more 4-nitrobenzyl chloroformate (0.087 g) was added to the mixture and stirred for three hours. The mixture was diluted with chloroform (50 mL) and extracted with saturated NaCI and 5% sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous wash was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and dried with sodium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to a yellow-brown solid. The product was purified on a silica gel column run in 1% methanol, 99% chloroform. 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-O-(4- nitiobenzylcarbonato)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxamido]phenol was obtained as an off-white solid (85.7 mg, 0J31 mmol, 84 %). Mp = 192-195°C; TLC (5% MeOH/CHCls) Rf= 0.50; Η-NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) 9.25 (s br, IH), 8.41 (s, IH), 8.37 (s, IH), 8.28 (s, IH), 8.26 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.91 (d, 2.0, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.614 (s, IH), 7.612 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.58 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.47 (m, 3H), 7.34 (dt, 1.0, 8.0, IH), 7.29 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.08 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 5.37 (s, 2H), 3.89 (t, 6.0, 2H), 3.20 (t, 6.0, 2H); IR (neat) 3401, 3281, 2959, 2871, 1758, 1660, 1643, 1594, 1523, 1442, 1344,1229, 1169, 1055, 804, 739; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 653 (M+H + , 3). Accurate mass for C34H 26 4θ 8 35 Cl: calcd. 653.1439, obsd. 653.1428. Triethylamine (0.113 mL, 0.810 mmol) was added to 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[5-(5- benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol (191.8 mg, 0.405 mmol) then dissolved in dry CH2CI2 (50 mL). p-Nitrophenyl chloroformate (0.204 mmol, 1.013 mL) was added to the solution. The solution was stirred under positive N2 pressure and stirred on an ice bath for 20 minutes. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was then re-chilled in an ice bath and N- methylpiperazine (0J1 mL, 1.215 mmol) was added to the solution. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 22 hours then refluxed for one hour. The solution was diluted with chloroform (50 mL) and washed with saturated NaCl. The organic layer was collected, dried with sodium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified a sihca gel column in chloroform methanol gradient, starting with chloroform and 1% increment of methanol every 50 mL of solvent. The collected fractions were combined and concentrated to give 4-(2-chloroethyl)-O-(N-methylpiperazine-N'-carbamato)-3-[5-(5- benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol as a white foam (90 mg, 0.15 mmol, 37 %). Mp = 208-210°C; TLC (5% MeOH/CHCls) R f = 0.13; Η-NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) 9.34 (s, IH), 8.41 (s, IH), 8.34 (s, IH), 8.23 (s, IH), 7.719 (d, 7.0, IH), 7.719 (d, 1.5, IH), 7.61 (s, IH), 7.58 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.46 (m, 3H), 7.34 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.23 (d, 8.0, 1H),7.02 (dd, 2.5, 8.0, IH), 3.84 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.70 (s br, 2H), 3.60 (s br, 2H), 3.15 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.46 (s br, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H); IR (Neat) 3389, 3270, 3124, 2965, 1711, 1662, 1648, 1592, 1537, 1423, 1261, 1232, 864, 799, 749, 668; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative Intensity) 600 (M+H + , 18). Accurate mass for Cs2H3iN 5 O5 35 Cl: calcd. 600.2014, obsd. 600.2009. EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[2-(4-N,N-(diethyl)aminophenyl)benzimidazole-6- carboxamido] phenol A solution of 3,4-dinitrobenzoic acid (5.01 g, 23.6 mmol), CH30H (150 L), and H2SO4 (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 22.5 h. Upon the addition of H2O (50 mL), a white sohd formed. The product was then extracted with CHC13 (3 x 100 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with a mixture of saturated NaHCO3 (27 mL) and H2O (80 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous Na2SO4 and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave methyl 3,4-dinitrobenzoate as a white sohd (4.77 g , 89.4 %). Mp 85-86 °C; TLC (2.5 % MeOH?CHCls) Rf = 0.76; H- NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) 8.58 (d, 8.3, IH), 8.45 (d, 8.3, IH), 8.42 (d, 8.3, IH), 4.00 (s, 3H); IR (Nujol) Umax 1731, 1600, 1553, 1461, 1376, 1292. Methyl 3,4-dinitrobenzoate (lg, 4.42 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (250 mg) were dissolved in CH3OH (60 mL) and allowed to stir under H2 overnight. Next, the reaction mixture was vacuum filtered through Cehte and concentrated on the rotary evaporator to afford the diamine. After coevaporating the residue twice (10 mL each) with dry CH2C12, it was used directly in the next step. Methyl 3,4-diaminobenzoate (0.73 g, 4.42 mmol), 4- (diethylamino)benzaldehyde (3.0 g, 16.9 mmol) were dissolved in nitrobenzene (30 mL) and refluxed on a 145 °C oil bath overnight. The nitrobenzene was then removed in vacuo using a Kugehohr apparatus (60 °C, 0.1 mm Hg). The remaining oily residue was dissolved in CHC13 and washed with water (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated. The crude oil was then purified through column chromatography using a solvent system of 1% MeOH/CHCl3 to give methyl 2-(4-(N,N-diethyl)aminophenyl)benziιnidazole-6- carboxylate as a yeUowish sohd (117 g, 82% yield). TLC (2.5 % MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.26; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 9.87 (s br, IH), 8.30 (s br, IH), 7.94 (dd, 1.5, 8.5, IH), 7.91 (d, 8.5, 2H), 7.60 (s br, H), 6.72 (d, 8.5, 2H), 3.42 (q, 7.0, 4H), 1.21 (t, 7.0, 6H); IR (neat) 3508, 2063, 2920, 1712, 1611, 1504, 1434, 1360, 1307, 1269, 1205, 1157, 1082, 1008, 821, 751. To methyl 2-(4-(N,N-diethyl)aιninophenyl)benzimidazole-6-carboxylate (0.500 g, 1.54 mmol) was added 10% NaOH (7.0 mL) and EtOH (30 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 4 h. The mixture was cooled and the ethanol was evaporated off. 6M HCl was then added until the mixture reached a pH of 1, at which point yellow crystals precipitated from solution. The suspension was left to cool on an ice bath. The off-white solid 2-(4-(N,N- diethyl)aminophenyl)benzimidazole-6-carboxyhc acid were then suction filtered and aUowed to dry in a vacuum oven overnight at 60 °C (0.37 g, 77.8% yield). Mp = 300- 304 °C; iH-NMR (300 MHz, CDC13 and 3 drops of DMSO-d6) 8.33 (d, 1.0, IH), 8.20 (d, 9.3, 2H), 8.03 (dd, 1.0, 8.7, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.7, IH), 6.77 (d, 9.3, 2H), 3.46 (q, 7.2, 4H), 1.24 (t, 7.2, 6H); IR (nujol) 3477; 1712, 1606, 1296, 1269, 1157, 767, 724. 2-(4-(N,N-diethyl)aminophenyl)benzimidazole-6-carboxyhc acid (0.350 g, 1.13 mmol), 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride (0.300 g, 1.75 mmol), EDCI (0.592 g, 3.08 mmol) were dissolved in dry DMF (15 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 days under N2. The DMF was then taken off by the Kugehohr apparatus (0.1 mm Hg, < 70 °C), and the remaining crude product was dissolved in CHC13 and washed with water (3 x 40 mL). The organic layer was collected, dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated. Purification was through column chromatography using as a solvent gradient 10-50% EtOAc/ CHC13 to afford 4-(2- chloroethyl)-3-[2-(4-N,N-(diethyl)aιninophenyl)benz_-midazole-6- carboxamido]phenol as a white sohd (0.07 g, 13% yield). Mp = 223 °C; TLC (10 % MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.43; Ϊ H-NMR (500 MHz, CDC13 and 2 drops of DMSO-d6) d 8.78 (s br, IH), 8.65 (s br, IH), 8.22 (s, IH), 814 (d, 9.0, 2H), 7.83 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.76 (d, 9.0, 2H), 6.73 (dd, 2.0, 8.0, IH), 3.77 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.45 (q, 7.5, 4H), 3.07 (t, 7.5, 2H), 1.23 (t, 7.5, 6H); IR (nujol) 3408, 1607, 1493, 1379, 1306, 1254, 1202, 1156, 1093, 1021, 798, 663, 616; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 463 (M+H + , 5). Accurate mass for C26H28N 4 O2 35 Cl 2 : calcd. 4631901, obsd. 4631901. EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-ti-methoxy dole-2-carboxammo)phenol and its analogues 2-(2-Amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride (449 mg, 1.72 mmol) was synthesized by the previously reported procedure. This being fairly unstable was quickly treated with 5,6,7- trimethoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (429.0 mg, 1.71 mmol), 3 equivalents of EDCI (987.7 mg, 5.16 mmol), and DMF (15 mL). The solution stirred under nitrogen for 3 days. The DMF was removed using a Kugehohr apparatus (60 °C, 1mm Hg), and the oily residue was partitioned between CHC13 (200 mL) and H2 O (75 mL). The organic layer was then dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and condensed. Purification by column chromatography (1.5% MeOH/CHCl3 gradient elution) afforded 4-(cWoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiinιethoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenol as an off- white sohd (77.8 mg, 11% yield). Mp = 48-50 °C; TLC (10 % MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.43; iH-NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 9.71 ( s br, IH), 8.32 (s, IH), 7.99 (d, 2.5, IH), 7.18 (s br, IH), 7.09 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.95 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.86 (s, IH), 6.72 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 4.11 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.83 (t, 6.0, 2H), 3.09 (t, 6.0, 2H); IR (KBr) 3362, 3062, 2958, 2916, 2854, 1649, 1540, 1503, 1457, 1410, 1374, 1306, 1259, 1239, 798, 756; FAB- MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 404 (M + , 2), 405 (M+H + , 3). Accurate mass for C2oH22 2 O5 35 Cl 2 : calcd. 4051217, obsd. 4051216. Anal. Calcd. For C2DH21N2O5CI: C, 59.33; H, 5.23; N, 6.92. Found: C, 59.56; H, 5.33; N, 7.13. To the hydrogenation flask was added 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride (1.005 g, 3.44 mmol), platinum oxide (PtCte) (200 mg) and freezer chilled THF (50 mL). The chamber was then evacuated and purged with H2 three times and allowed to shake at 55 psi for an hour. The solution was then filtered over Cehte, concentrated on a rotovap, and the residue was coevaporated twice with dry CH2CI 2 (5 mL each). An off white, flaky sohd resulted which was placed under vacuum. The resulting 2-(2-amino-4-benzyloxyphenyl)ethyl chloride was dissolved in dry CH2CI2 (50 mL), and then added, through a septum, into a stirred suspension of 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxyhc acid (961 mg, 3.83 mmol) and benzotriazol-1- yloxy-tripyrrohdinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) (2.00g, 3.84 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (440 mL). The reaction mixture was flushed with N2 and allowed to stir at room temperature for 10 min. Using a syringe, freshly distilled and dried N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.5 mL, 8.6 mmol) was added, and at which point the suspension became a yellow solution. The solution was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature and under N 2 . After checking the reaction by TLC (16:1 CH 2 C1 2 / EtOAc), the solution was diluted with 100 mL of CH2CI2 and washed once with water (100 mL), once with 10% HCl (1M) (100 mL), once with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL) and once with saturated NaCl (100 mL). The organic layer was cohected, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated down. The product was purified using a 16:1 QHbCb/EtOAc sihca gel column. The product was then collected and washed quickly with 10% NaOH (100 mL) and once with water (100 mL). The organic layer was cohected, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated down to yield benzyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7- tiim.ethoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenyl ether as a light yellow foam (1.13g, 2.29 mmol, 66%). TLC (16:1 CH 2 Cl 2 /EtOAc) Rf = 0.38; Η-NMR (500 MHz CDCls) 9.19 (s, IH), 8.16 (s, 1H0, 7.62 (d, 3.0, IH), 7.45 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.39 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.33 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.15 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.90 (s, IH), 6.85 (dd, 3.0, 8.5, IH), 6.84 (s, IH), 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.83 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.10 (t, 6.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3296, 3073, 2970, 2924, 2850, 1751, 1709, 1644, 1579, 1537, 1499, 1467, 1411, 1304, 1261, 1234, 1099, 1025, 914, 797, 732; EI-MS (relative intensity) 494 (M + , 20), 458 (M + -HC1, 100). To the flask containing benzyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamino)phenyl ether (2.17 g, 4.38 mmol) was added an aqueous solution of 25% NH 4 HCO 2 (17.60 mL, 0.0697 mmol) and THF (100 L). The solution was allowed to stir in an ice bath for 10 min. To the chilled solution was added Pd/C 10% (450 mg). The flask was.then allowed to stir under H2 overnight. TLC analysis (2.5% MeOH/CHCls) of the reaction mixture showed the debenzylation was complete. The solution was filtered over Celite and concentrated on a rotovap. The resulting oil was dissolved in CHCI3 (100 mL) and washed once with water (100 mL) and once with brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated on a rotovap. The resulting yellowish oil was purified using a silica gel column, beginning with 0.5% MeOH/CHCb. The MeOH percentage was increased by 0.5% increments every 100 mL. The product was collected and concentrated on a concentrated to produce 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3- (5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenol as a white foam (880 mg, 2.17 mmol, 50%) 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-nitroρhenyl)ethyl chloride (250 mg, 0.856 mmol), 10% Pd/C (75 mg) was suspended in chilled (-20°C) THF (30 mL). The flask was evacuated and purged with H2 three times and aUowed to stir at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature for 24 hrs. The solution was filtered over Cehte and concentrated. The resulting green oily residue was coevaporated twice with CH2CI2 (5 mL) producing a hght green, flaky sohd. The resulting 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride was then placed under a high-vacuum. To a flame dried 100 mL round bottom flask was added 5-methoxyindole-2 carboxyhc acid (180 mg, 0.941 mmol), and EDCI (495 mg, 2.56 mmol). The flask was sealed with a septum and flushed with N2. Through the septum was added dry DMF (10 mL). The solution was ahowed to stir for 10 minutes. The amine, dissolved in dry DMF (3 mL), was added to the reaction mixture. The clear light tan suspension was allowed to stir at room temperature and under N 2 for three days. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and filtered through a Buchner funnel. The filtrate was added to a separatory funnel and washed with water (100 mL) three times. The organic layer was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated on a rotovap to give a dark brown oil. The crude product was purified on a sihca gel column using 1% MeOH/CHCl3 yielding 4-(2-cWoroethyl)-3-(5-memoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenol as an off white residue (29 mg, 0.0842 mmol, 10%). Mp = 64-70 °C; TLC (1% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.42; Η-NMR (500 MHz, CDCls) 9.08 (s, IH), 8.26 (s, IH), 7.56 (d, 2.5, IH), 7.36, (d, 9.0, IH), 7.12 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.10 (d, 2.0, IH), 7.01 (dd, 3.0, 8.0, IH), 6.95 (s, IH), 6.73 (dd, 3.0, 8.0, IH), 5.38 (s, IH), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.84 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.11 (t, 6.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3290, 3050, 2957, 2916, 1653, 1618, 1534, 1508, 1472, 1451, 1223, 1093, 1026, 907, 798, 715; EI-MS (relative intensity) 344 (M + , 20), 308 (M + -HC1, 100); Accurate mass for Cι 8 Hι 7 N2θ3 35 Cl: calcd. 334.0928, obsd. 344.0914. 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride (250 mg, 0.856 mmol), 10% Pd/C (75 mg) was suspended in chilled (-20°C) THF (30 mL). The flask was evacuated and purged with H 2 three times and aUowed to stir at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature for 24 hrs. The solution was filtered over Cehte and concentrated. The resulting green oily residue was coevaporated twice with CH2CI2 (5 mL) producing a light green, flaky sohd. The resulting 2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl chloride was then placed under a high-vacuum. To a flame dried flask was added 2- methoxycinnamic acid (168 mg, 0.942 mmol), and EDCI (492 mg, 2.57 mmol). The flask was sealed with a septum and flushed with N 2 . Through the septum was added dry DMF (10 mL). The solution was allowed to stir for 10 min. The amine, dissolved in dry DMF (3 mL), was added to the reaction mixture. The clear light tan suspension was aUowed to stir at room temperature and under N2 for three days. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and filtered through a Buchner funnel. The filtrate was added to a separatory funnel and washed with water (100 mL) four times. The organic layer was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, gravity filtered and concentrated on a rotovap producing a light brown oily residue. The crude product was purified using a 0.5% MeOH/CHCb silica gel column. A gradient solvent system was used beginning with 0.5% MeOH/CHCl3. The MeOH percentage was increased to 1% after 50 mL, then by 1% every additional 50 mL to yield 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol as an off white foam (70.4 mg, 0.213 mmol, 25%). Mp = 70 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.61; Η- NMR (500 MHz, CDCls) 8.01 (d, 16.0, IH), 7.53 (d, 6.5, IH), 7.49 (s br, IH), 7.36 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.27 (s, IH), 7.08 (d, 8.0, IH), 6.98 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.93 (d, 7.5, IH), 6.69 (dd, 2.0, 6.5, IH), 6.68 (d, 16.0, IH), 5.35 (s br, IH), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.76 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.05 (t, 6.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3253, 3071, 3011, 2925, 2839, 1648, 1614, 1541, 1485, 1459, 1248, 1209, 1162, 1101, 1028, 753; EI-MS (relative intensity) 331 (M + , 2), 295 (M + -HC1, 35); Accurate mass for Ci8H 18 NOs 35 Cl: calcd. 331.0975, obsd. 331.0970. 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride (250 mg, 0.856 mmol), 10% Pd/C (75 mg) was suspended in chilled (-20°C) THF (30 mL). The flask was evacuated and purged with H2 three times and allowed to stir at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature for 24 hrs. The solution was filtered over Celite and concentrated. The resulting green oily residue was coevaporated twice with CH2CI2 (5 mL) producing a hght green, flaky sohd. To a flame dried flask was added 4-methoxycinnamic acid (168 mg, 0.942 mmol), and EDCI (492 mg, 2.57 mmol). The flask was sealed with a septum and flushed with N2. Through the septum was added dry DMF (10 mL). The solution was allowed to stir for several minutes. The amine, dissolved in dry DMF (3 mL), was added to the reaction mixture. The clear hght yeUow suspension was aUowed to stir at room temperature and under N2 for three days. The solution was dhuted with EtOAc (100 mL) and filtered through a Buchner funnel. The filtrate was added to a separatory funnel and washed with water (100 mL) four times. The organic layer was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, gravity fUtered and concentrated on a rotovap producing a hght yeUow sohd. The sohd was suspended in 0.5% MeOH/CHCl3 and filtered through a Hirsch funnel producing a hght tan sohd (50.9 mg). The filtrate was then purified on a 0.5% MeOH/CHCl3 sihca gel column. A gradient solvent system was used, beginning with 0.5% MeOH/CHGb. The MeOH percentage was increased to 1% after 50 mL, then by 1% every additional 50 mL to yield 4-(2-cHoroethyl)-3-(4-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol as a hght tan/yeUow sohd (23.3 mg; total yield 74.2 mg, 0.22 mmol, 26%). Mp = 210 - 213°C; TLC (10 % MeOH/CHCls) Rf 0.60; Η-NMR (500 MHz, CDCls) 8.60 (s br, IH), 8.08 (s br, IH), 7.58 (d, 16.0, IH), 7.48 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, 8.0, IH), 6.84 (m, 2H), 6.62 (d br, 7.0, IH), 6.49 (d br, 16.0, IH), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.62 (t, 7.5, 2H), 2.95 (t, 7.5, 2H); IR (nujol) 3295, 3183, 3063, 1644, 1588, 1545, 1511, 1282, 1265, 1226, 1175, 1020, 968, 856, 826; EI-MS (relative intensity) 331 (M + , 3), 295 (M + , 29). 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride (250 mg, 0.856 mmol), 10% Pd/C (75 mg) was suspended in chilled (-20°C) THF (30 mL). The flask was evacuated and purged with H2 three times and aUowed to stir at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature for 24 hrs. The solution was filtered over Cehte and concentrated. The resulting green oUy residue was coevaporated twice with CH2CI2 (5 mL) producing a hght green, flaky sohd. To a flame dried flask was added 3-methoxycinnamic acid (168 mg, 0.942 mmol, 25%), and EDCI (492 mg, 2.57 mmol). The flask was sealed with a septum and flushed with N 2 . Through the septum was added dry DMF (10 mL). The solution was allowed to stir for several minutes. The amine, dissolved in dry DMF (3 mL), was added to the reaction mixture. The clear hght yeUow suspension was aUowed to stir at room temperature and under N2 for three days. The solution was dUuted with EtOAc (100 L) and filtered through a Buchner funnel. The filtrate was added to a separatory funnel and washed with water (100 mL) four times. The organic layer was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, gravity filtered and concentrated on a producing a hght brown oUy residue which solidified upon refridgeration. The product was suspended in 0.5% MeOH/CHCb and filtered through a Hirsch funnel producing 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(3- methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol as a yeUow sohd (54.7 mg). The filtrate was then dissolved in 0.5% MeOH/CHCls and purified on a 0.5% MeOH/CHCk sffica gel column. The MeOH percentage was increased to 1% after 50 mL, then by 1% increments every additional 50 mL to yield 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(3- methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol as a hght yeUow sohd (45.9 mg; total yield 100.6 mg, 0.303 mmol, 35%). MP = 220 °C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.64; ; Η-NMR (500 MHz, CDCls) 7.73 (d, 16.0, IH), 7.48 (s br, IH), 7.32 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.31 (s, IH), 7.22 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.10 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.08 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.94 (dd, 2.0, 8.0, IH), 6.70 (d, 7.0, IH), 6.53 (d, 16.0, IH), 4.90 (s, IH), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.77 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.05 (t, 6.5, 2H); IR (nujol) 3356, 3252, 2727, 1709, 1640, 1597, 1541, 1295, 1244, 1200, 1162, 1045, 959, 856, 718; EI- MS (relative intensity) 331 (M + , 5), 295 (M + -HC1, 32). 2-(4-Benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride (250 mg, 0.856 mmol), 10% Pd/C (75 mg) was suspended in chiUed (-20°C) THF (30 mL). The flask was evacuated and purged with H2 three times and allowed to stir at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature for 24 hrs. The solution was filtered over Cehte and concentrated. The resulting green ony residue was coevaporated twice with CH2CI2 (5 mL) producing a hght green, flaky sohd. To a flame dried flask was added 3-(2,6-dimethoxy-5- ρyridyl)acrylic acid (245 mg, 1.09 mmol), and EDCI (570 mg, 2.97 mmol). The flask was sealed with a septum and flushed with N2. Through the septum was added dry DMF (15 mL). The solution was aUowed to stir for several minutes. The amine, dissolved in dry DMF (3 L), was added to the reaction mixture. The clear hght yeUow suspension was aUowed to stir at room temperature and under N2 for three days. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (100 L) and filtered through a Buchner funnel. The filtrate was added to a separatory funnel and washed with water (100 mL) four times. The organic layer was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, gravity filtered and concentrated on a rotovap producing an oU which was purified on a 0.5% MeOH/CHCb sihca gel column. A gradient solvent system was used, beginning with 0.5% MeOH/CHCb. The MeOH percentage was increased to 1% after 50 mL, then by 1% every additional 50 mL to yield 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6- dimethoxy-5-pyridyl)-E-ethen-l-ylcarboxamido)phenol as a hght yeUow sohd (39.7 mg, 0.10 mmol, 12%). Mp = 153 - 155°C; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCls) Rf 0.55; Η-NMR (500 MHz, CDCls) 7.80 (d, 15.5, IH), 7.69 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.53 (s br, IH), 7.44 (s br, IH), 7.08 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.68 (dd, 1.0, 8.0, IH), 6.61(d, 15.5, IH), 6.36 (d, 8.0, IH), 5.91 (s br, IH), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.75 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.04 (t, 7.5, 2H); IR (nujol) 3273, 3180, 1652, 1594, 1483, 1386, 1319, 1261, 1213, 1097, 1018, 800. EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis of the Hairpin Compounds N-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-m.ethylpyrrole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxarnido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide and analogues The achiral 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl chloride compound (0.500 g, 1.71 mmol) was dissolved in freezer-chiUed THF (30 mL) and Ptθ2 (0.150 g) was added. The reaction was stirred while degassing under vacuum, foUowed by exposure to hydrogen gas. The degas/ hydrogen exposure cycle was repeated 3 times, at which point the reaction was aUowed to continue stirring under hydrogen at 50 psi at room temperature for one hour. The amine solution was fUtered over Cehte, and concentrated under reduced pressure. It was then coevaporated three times with dry CH 2 Cl2 (5 mL). A tan oU resulted and was placed under high vacuum, covered with foil for 30 minutes. Then, 5-nitrobenzofuran-2-carboxyIic acid (0.394 g, 1.90 mmol) and PyBOP (0.999 g, 1.92 mmol) were suspended in dry CH 2 CI 2 (220 mL). The amine was then dissolved in dry CH2CI2 (30 mL) and added to the suspension via a syringe through a septum. The reaction was aUowed to stir for 10 minutes, at which point dry N,N-Dhsopropylethylamine (0.75 mL, 4.29 mmol) was added to the suspension. The solution turned clear yeUow. It was covered with foh and the solution was stirred under nitrogen, at room temperature for two days. The solution was vacuum filtered and the filtrate was washed with water (1 x 75 mL), 10% HCl (1 x 75 L), saturated Sodium bicarbonate (1 x 75 mL), and brine (1 x 75 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, vacuum filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a yellow sohd. The residue was purified on a sihca gel column using a 5-20% EtOAc/ hexane solvent system to give the desired product 2-(4-benzyIoxy-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2- carboxamido)phenyl)ethyl chloride as a yeUow solid (0.173 g, 22% yield). Rf = 0.22 (20% EtOAc/hexane) M.p. 109-113°C IR (neat) 3370, 3088, 3032, 2945, 2858, 1690, 1531, 1337, 1270, 1168, 1101, 1025, 753, 610 Η-NMR (500 MHz, CDCls) 8.67 (d, 2.0, IH), 8.64 (s br, IH), 8.39 (dd, 2.0, 9.0, IH), 7.73 (s, IH), 7.70 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.65 (d, 2.5, IH), 7.45 (d, 8.0, 2H), 7.40 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.36 (t, 8.0, IH), 719 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.89 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 5.10 (s, 2H), 3.83 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.14 (t, 6.5, 2H). FAB-MS (NBA) 451 (M+H + , 11). Accurate mass for C 2 4Hι 9 N 2 O 5 Cl +H: calcd.4511060; obs. 4511050. A mixture of achiral 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2- carboxamido)phenyl)ethyl chloride (0.099 g, 0. 220 mmol) with PtO 2 (0.030 g) was suspended in freezer chilled THF (25 mL), and the suspension was hydrogenated (with shaking) at 50 psi and room temperature for 45 minutes. The suspension was fUtered over Cehte, and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure. Because the amine intermediate was unstable, it was used directly. To the above amine was added N-[(N-BOC-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole- 4-(N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)] glutaramide monocarboxyhc acid (0.132 g, 0.256 mmol), EDCI (0.084 g, 0.439 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate [HOBT] (0.030 g, 0.220 mmol) which was then dissolved in DMF (7.5 mL). Dissolution was aided by sonication and the suspension stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for three days with the flask covered with foU. At that time, the DMF was removed via kugehohr apparatus (0.1 mm Hg, 60°C). The residue was purified on a silica gel column using a CHC1 3 to 7% MeOH/CHCl 3 solvent system to give the desired product N-[(N-BOC-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4- (N-meώylpyrrole-2-carboxarrddo)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(3-benzyloxy-2-(2- chloroethyl)phenyl)benzofuran-2-carboxamido)] glutarodiamide as a tan solid (0.108 g, 52% yield). Rf = 0.08 (5% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). M.p. 80-84°C. Η-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 10.21 (s, IH), 10.04 (s, IH), 9.82 (s, IH), 9.81 (s, IH), 5.09 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H). FAB-MS (NBA) 949 (M+H + , 1). FAB-MS (NBA+K + ) 987 (M+K + , 1). Accurate mass calculated for CsoHszNsOgCl +Na: calcd. 971.3835, obs. 971.3821. N-[(N-BOC-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2- carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(3-benzyloxy-2-(2- chloroethyl)phenyl)benzofuran-2-carboxamido)] glutarodiamide (0.108 g, 0.114 mmol) was dissolved in freezer chilled THF (20 mL). Two this solution was added 10% Pd/C (0.070 g). The reaction was stirred while degassing under vacuum, foUowed by exposure to hydrogen gas. The degas/ hydrogen exposure cycle was repeated 3 times, at which point the reaction was aUowed to continue stirring under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for one day. At this point a TLC analysis indicated that the reduction was not complete so the degassing procedure described above was repeated and again the reaction was allowed to stir under nitrogen atmosphere for another day. At this point TLC indicated the reaction was complete. The reaction was filtered over Cehte. The Cehte was washed with THF and this solvent was removed under vacuum. The result was a off white oily film N- [(N-BOC-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-rnethylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)]glutarodiamide (0.080 g, 82% yield). Rf = 0.31 (10% MeOH/CHCls). IR (neat) 3630, 3308, 3058, 2965, 2910, 1634, 1516, 1424. Η-NMR (500 MHz, MDSO- d6) 10.10 (s, IH), 10.04 (s,lH), 9.82 (s, IH), 9.81 (s, IH), 9.47 (s, IH), 8.19 (d, 1.5, IH), 7.96 (t, 6.0, IH), 7.68 (s, IH), 7.62 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.54 (dd, 2.0, 9.0, IH), 7.15 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.82 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.77 (t br, 6.0, IH), 6.76 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.67 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 6.62 (s, IH), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.73 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.13 (q, 6.5, 2H), 2.93 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.90 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.39 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.32 (t, 6.5, 2H), 1.91 (quintet, 6.5, 2H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H). FAB-MS (NBA) 859 (M+H + , 1). N-[(N-BOC-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2- carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide (0.080 g, 0.093 mmol) was dissolved in dry ethyl acetate (over molecular sieves 3 A (20 mL) with sonication. While under a nitrogen atmosphere, and at room temperature, anhydrous 3M hydrochloric acid/ ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added to the clear pale yellow solution, which immediately turned cloudy. After aUowing the reaction to stir for 3-4 hours, the stirring was stopped and the precipitate was aUowed to sit in the freezer for one hour. Some of the HCl/ EtOAc was drawn out using a Pasteur pipette. The residual solution of precipitate was centrifuged in a preweighed test tube. The coUected sohd in the test tube was then washed again with dry ethyl acetate (6 mL). The ethyl acetate was then drawn off as much as possible. This was repeated three times, then the test tube was covered with a piece of paper and rubber band. The covered test tube and contents were then dried overnight in a vacuum oven (0.1 mm Hg, 40°C) to give an off white, yeUowish sohd N-[(N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N- methylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3- yl)benzofuran-2-carboxamido)]glutarodiamide hydrochloride. (0.038 g, 52% yield). M.p. 220-224°C IR (Nujol) 3288, 3114, 1654, 1572, 1193, 1143, 1091, 810, 707. Η-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 10.04 (s, IH), 10.03 (s, IH), 9.83 (s, IH), 9.81 (s, IH), 9.33 (s, IH), 8.17 (d, 1.5, IH), 8.02 (t, 6.0, IH), 7.84 (s, IH), 7.62 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.52 (dd, 2.0, 9.0, IH), 7.53-7.67 (m, 3H, -NHs + ), 7.14 (m, 3H), 7.06 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.85 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.83 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.68 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.73 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.18 (q, 6.5, 2H), 3.08 (t, 7.0, 2H), 2.93 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.79 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.39 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.31 (t, 6.5, 2H), 1.91 (quintet,6.5, 2H), 1.52 (m, 4H). FAB-MS (NBA) 759 (M + , 1). Accurate mass for C 39 H44N8θτCl2: calcd. 759.3021, obs. 759.2997. A mixture of 2-(4-benzyloxy-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2- carboxamido)phenyl)ethyl chloride (0.219 g, 0.486 mmol) with Pt0 2 (0.060 g) was suspended in freezer ch led THF (25 mL), and the suspension was hydrogenated (with shaking) at 50 psi and room temperature for one hour. The suspension was filtered over Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The amine was divided equally into two flasks. Because the amine intermediate was unstable, it was used directly. To the 2-(4-ber-zyloxy-2-(5-air-inobenzofuran-2-carboxamido)phenyl)ethyl chloride (0.243 mmol) was added the N-[(N-BOC-(4-aminobutyl)-N- n ethylimidazole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)] glutaramide monocarboxyhc acid (0.133 g, 0.258 mmol), EDCI (0.093 g, 0.486 mmol) and 1- hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate [HOBT] (0.033 g, 0.244 mmol) which was then dissolved in DMF (15 mL). Dissolution was aided by sonication and the suspension stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for two days with the flask covered with foU. At that time, the DMF was removed via kugehohr apparatus (0.1 mm Hg, 60°C). The resulting oil was dissolved in CHCb, washed with water (1 x 75 mL), then with brine (1 x 75 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. It was then fUtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the product N-[(N-BOC-(4- an inobutyl)-N-methyliιnidazole-4-(N-nιethylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(3-benzyloxy-2-(2-chloroethyl)phenyl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide as a brown oU (0.125 g, 51% yield). Rf = 0.40 (10% MeOH/CHCls) IR (Nujol) 3309, 3190, 1685, 1644, 1536, 1260, 1168, 1096, 1014, 809, 723. Η-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 10.24 (s, IH), 10.21 (s, IH), 10.04 (s, IH), 9.83 (s, IH), 8.19 (d, 1.5, IH), 7.90 (t, 6.5, IH), 7.69 (s, IH), 7.62 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.55 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 7.46 (s, IH), 7.44 (d, 8.0, 2H), 7.39 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.33 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.30 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.28 (s, IH), 7.02 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.94 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 6.90 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.79 (t br, IH), 5.09 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.76 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.21 (q, 6.5, 2H), 2.98 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.90 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.38 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.32 (t, 6.5, 2H), 1.91 (quintet, 6.5, 2H), 1.45 (quintet, 6.5, 2H), 1.35 (s, 9H). N-[(N-BOC-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-methylimidazole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2- carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(3-benzyloxy-2-(2- chloroethyl)phenyl)benzofuran-2-carboxamido)]glutarodiamide (0.125 g, 0.132 mmol) was dissolved in freezer chiUed THF (20 mL). Two this solution was added 10% Pd/C (0.100 g). The reaction was stirred wlύle degassing under vacuum, foUowed by exposure to hydrogen gas. The degas/ hydrogen exposure cycle was repeated 3 times, at which point the reaction was allowed to continue stirring under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for one day. At this point a TLC analysis indicated the reaction was complete. The reaction was filtered over Cehte. The Cehte was washed with THF and this solvent was removed under vacuum. The resultant oil was purified by preparatory TLC using a solvent system of 10% MeOH/CHCl3. The top band was removed to yield the desired product N-[(N-BOC- (4-aminobutyl)-N-methyhmidazole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide as a colorless oUy film (0.050 g, 44% yield). Rf = 0.30 (10% MeOH/CHCls). IR (neat) 3283, 3114, 2919, 2852, 1654, 1526, 1465, 1245, 1107, 799, 743, 610. Η-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 9.83 (s, IH), 9.48 (s, IH), 9.33 (s, IH), 8.19 (s, IH), 8.17 (s, IH), 7.92 (t, 6.5, IH), 7.65 (s, IH), 7.63 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.61 (s, IH), 7.54 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 7.28 (s, IH), 7.22 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.00 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.89 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.79 ( t br, IH), 6.76 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.67 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.73 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.22 (q, 6.5, 2H), 3.08 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.93 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.91 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.38 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.32 (t, 6.5, 2H), 1.91 (quintet, 6.5, 2H), 1.45 (quintet, 6.5, 2H), 1.35 (s, 9H). FAB- MS (NBA) 860 (M+H + , 1). N-[(N-BOC-(4-Ammobutyl)-N-methylimidazole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2- carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide (0.050 g, 0.058 mmol) was dissolved in dry ethyl acetate (20 mL) with sonication. While under a nitrogen atmosphere anhydrous 3M hydrochloric acid/ ethyl acetate (15 mL) was added to the clear pale yeUow solution, which immediately turned cloudy. After allowing the reaction to stir for 2.5 hours, the stirring was stopped and the precipitate was aUowed to settle. Some of the HCl/ EtOAc (10 mL) was drawn out via pipette. The sohd was washed two times with dry EtOAc (10 mL), each time removing the EtOAc with a pipette. The remaining solvent was removed with a gentle stream of nitrogen. The sohd was further dried under high vacuum (0.1 mm Hg) at room temperature. The result was the product a white sohd, N-[(N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylimidazole-4-(N- methylρyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3- yl)benzofuran-2-carboxamido)]glutarodiamide hydrochloride (0.036 g, 81% yield). M.p. 190-210°C. IR (Nujol) 3247, 3149, 1659, 1542, 1306, 1255, 1199, 1096, 809, 727, 610. Η-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 1018 (s, IH), 10.11 (s, IH), 10.06 (s, IH), 9.84 (s, IH), 9.49 (s br, IH), 8.19 (d, 1.5, IH), 8.01 (t, 6.5, IH), 7.69 (s, IH), 7.67 (s br, 3H, - NH 3 + ), 7.62 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.55 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 7.48 (s, IH), 7.25 (d, 1.5, IH), 7.15 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.92 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.77 (d, 2.5, IH), 6.66 (dd, 2.5, 8.5, IH), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.73 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.25 (q, 6.5, 2H), 2.93 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.80 (m, 2H), 2.40 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.33 (t, 6.5, 2H), 1.91 (quintet, 6.5, 2H), 1.52 (m, 4H). FAB-MS (NBA) 760 (M + , 1). Accurate mass for CsyH-sNgOyC : calcd. 760.2974, obs. 760.2971. To the 2-(4-berιzyloxy-2-(5-aminobeι zofuran-2-carboxamido)phenyl)ethyl chloride (0.243 mmol) was added the N-[(N-BOC-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole- 4-(N-memylimidazole-2-carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)] glutaramide monocarboxyhc acid (0.133 g, 0.258 mmol), EDCI (0.093 g, 0.486 mmol) and 1- hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate [HOBT] (0.033 g, 0.244 mmol) which was then dissolved in DMF (15 mL). Dissolution was aided by sonication and the suspension stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for two days with the flask covered with foU. At that time, the DMF was removed via kugehohr apparatus (0.1 mm Hg, 60°C). The resulting oil was dissolved in CHCI3, washed with water (1 x 75 L), then with brine (1 x 75 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. It was then fUtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the product N-[(N-BOC-(4- aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-memyliιmdazole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(3-benzyloxy-2-(2-chloroethyl)phenyl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide as a brown oU (0.166 g, 68% yield). Rf = 0.40 (10% MeOH/CHCls). . N-[(N-BOC-(4-aιninobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-methylimidazole-2- carboxamido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(3-benzyloxy-2-(2- chloroethyl)phenyl)benzofuran-2-carboxamido)] glutarodiamide (0.166 g, 0.175 mmol) was dissolved in freezer chilled THF (20 mL). Two this solution was added 10% Pd/C (0.100 g). The reaction was stirred while degassing under vacuum, foUowed by exposure to hydrogen gas. The degas/ hydrogen exposure cycle was repeated 3 times, at which point the reaction was aUowed to continue stirring under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for one day. At this point TLC indicated the reaction was complete. The reaction was fUtered over Cehte. The Cehte was washed with THF and this solvent was removed under vacuum. The resultant oU was purified by preparatory TLC using a solvent system of 10% MeOH/CHCb. The top band was removed to yield the desired product N-[(N-BOC- (4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-methyhmidazole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] lutarodiamide as a ten residue (0.076 g, 50% yield). Rf = 0.28 (10% MeOH/CHCls). N-[(N-BOC-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-methylimidazole-2- carboxarnido)-2-carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide (0.076 g, 0.088 mmol) was dissolved in dry ethyl acetate (20 mL) with sonication. WhUe under a nitrogen atmosphere anhydrous 3M hydrochloric acid/ ethyl acetate (15 mL) was added to the clear pale yeUow solution, which immediately turned cloudy. After aUowing the reaction to stir for 2.5 hours, the stirring was stopped and the precipitate was aUowed to settle. Some of the HCl/ EtOAc (10 mL) was drawn out via pipette. The sohd was washed two times with dry EtOAc (10 mL), each time removing the EtOAc with a pipette. The remaining solvent was removed with a stream of nitrogen. The solid was further dried under high vacuum (0.1 mm Hg) at room temperature. The result was the product a white sohd, N-[(N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N- methyliιnidazole-2-carboxamido)-2-carboxarnido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3- yl)benzofuran-2-carboxamido)]glutarodiamide hydrochloride. (0.062 g, 91% yield). M.p. 172-182°C (dec.) IR (Nujol) 3370, 3175, 1700, 1654, 1527, 1296, 1224, 1153, 968, 712, 600. Η-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 10.23 (s, IH), 10.16 (s, IH), 10.11 (s, IH), 9.88 (s, IH), 9.48 (s br, IH), 8.19 (d, 1.5, IH), 8.03 (t, 6.5, IH), 7.69 (s, IH), 7.68 (s br, 3H, -NHs + ), 7.64 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.56 (dd, 2.0, 8.0, IH), 7.37 (s, IH), 7.15 (s, IH), 7.14 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.88 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.74 (d, 2.5, IH), 6.68 (d, 2.5, 8.0, IH), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.73 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.18 (m, 2H), 2.94 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.80 (q br, 5.5, 2H), 2.39 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.38 (t, 6.5, 2H), 1.91 (quintet, 6.5, 2H), 1.51 (m, 4H). FAB-MS (NBA) 760 (M + , 1). Accurate mass for C37H 4 3N 9 OτCl2: calcd. 760.2974, obs. 760.2980. EXAMPLE 8 Synthesis of dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)indole-2,3-dicarboxylate and its Analogues 2-Amino-4-chloro-5-nitrophenol (20.03 g, 0.133 mol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (20.0 g, 0.14 5mol) and tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.025 g, 0.068 mmol) were added to a dry 500 mL and covered with a septum. Freshly distilled and dry DMF (90 mL) was added, foUowed by benzyl bromide (13.8 mL, 0116 mol) and the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature under N 2 . The solution was then concentrated by removing the DMF on the Kugehohr apparatus (50°C, 0.25 mmHg). The oily residue was dissolved in CHCI3, suction fUtered to remove the excess potassium carbonate and washed with water. The filtrate was concentrated on a rotovap until a yeUow sohd remained. The crude product was first purified using a chloroform sihca gel column. The product, 2-benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-nitroarύline, was coUected from the first few fractions. The product was then purified on a sUica gel column using 20% ethyl acetate/ hexane eluent. The product was coUected, concentrated on a rotovap and dried under high-vacuum to give 2-benzyloxy-5- chloro-4-nitroamline as a yeUow solid (13.44 g, 48.34 mmol, 56%). Mp 98-103°C. TLC (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) Rf = 0.38; 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls) 7.68 (s, IH), 7.42 (m, 5H), 6.72 (s, IH), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.52 (s br, 2H); IR (nujol) 3469, 3378, 3355, 1613, 1567, 1522, 1483, 1464, 1377, 1217, 1126; EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 278 (M + , 11). Accurate mass for C13H11N2O3CI: calcd. 278.0458, obsd. 278.0468. 2-Benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-rdtioaniline (31.63 g, 0.0828 mmol) was dissolved in 300 mL of dry methylene chloride in a dry 250 mL round bottom and sealed with a septum. Triethylamine (13.2 mL, 0.0947 mol, 1.1 equiv) was then added. Benzoyl chloride (31.1 mL, 0.268 mol, 3 equiv) was then added to dry methylene chloride (100 mL) in a self-equalizing dropping funnel and covered with a drying tube. The benzoyl chloride solution was added dropwise to the round bottom. The reaction mixture was aUowed to stir for 15 minutes after addition of the benzoyl chloride solution. The solution was then refluxed overnight under a drying tube. The solution was dUuted with chloroform (100 mL) and washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium suhate, gravity filtered and concentrated on a rotovap. Ethyl ether (150 mL) was added to the sohd forming a suspension which was then suction fUtered to yield N-(2-benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)benzamide as a peach solid (31.63g , 0.0828 mol, 85%). Mp 158-160°C; TLC (chloroform) Rf = 0.62; 500 MHz Η- NMR (CDCb) 8.89 (s, IH), 8.74 (s br,lH), 7.80 (d, 8.0, 2H), 7.68 (s, IH), 7.58 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.48 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.44 ( , 5H), 5.25 (s, 2H); IR (nujol) 3416, 3378, 1670, 1586, 1529, 1517, 1499, 1335, 1259, 1194. EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 382 (M + , 7). Accurate mass for C20H15N2O4CI: calcd. 382.0720, obsd. 382.0712. AU glassware was dried in oven overnight or flame dried. A 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oU (0.632 g, 15.6 mmol) and dry hexane (5 L) were added to a 250 mL round bottom under N2. The suspension was stirred for ten minutes and then aUowed to settle. The hexane was carefully removed from the flask with a syringe. Dry and freshly distiUed DMSO (20 mL) was added to the NaH. The mixture was stirred and placed in an ice bath. Dry and freshly distiUed dimethyl malonate (1.92 mL, 16.4 mmol) was added slowly via syringe. H2 was produced and the excess pressure was released by inserting a small needle into the septum while the dimethyl malonate was added. The solution was then warmed to room temperature. Dry N-(2-benzyloxy-5-chloro-4-nitrophenyI)benzamide (2.00 g, 5.24 mmol) was placed in a lOOmL round-bottom flask, covered with a septum and flushed with N2. Dry DMSO (20 mL) was added to the peach solid under N2. The sohd was dissolved in the DMSO by stirring for a few minutes in a oil bath set at 100°C. The orange solution was then transferred to the dimethyl malonate anion solution via syringe. Excess N2 and H2 gases in the reaction flask were vented with a needle. The dark orange solution was placed in an oU bath (100 °C) and stirred overnight. The DMSO was removed on the Kugehohr apparatus. The brown sludge that remained was then dissolved in chloroform (200 mL) and washed with water (3 x 75 mL). The emulsion was broken up by the addition of ethanol (15 mL). The organic layer was next washed with brine (3 x 75 mL). The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, gravity filtered and concentrated on rotovap. The contents were dissolved in chloroform and purified on a 5% chloroform/ 15% ethyl acetate/ 80% hexane sihca gel column. The product coUected was mixed with starting material and therefore purified again on a silica gel column in 100% chloroform to yield dimethyl 2-(5-benzamido-4-benzyloxy-2-nitiO)phenylmalonate as a yeUow oU that solidified upon sitting in the refrigerator (0.88g , 1.90 mmol, 36%). Mp = 140- 143°C; TLC (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) R f = 0.34. 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls) 8.80 (s, IH), 8.75 (s br, IH), 7.86 (s, IH), 7.79 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.57 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.47 (t, 7.5, 2H),7.45 (m, 5H), 5.37 (s, IH), 5.27 (s, 2H), 3.84 (s, 6H); IR (neat) 3424, 3036, 2952, 2922, 2845, 1753, 1689, 1586, 1540, 1510, 1480, 1453, 1434, 1415, 1335, 1259, 1198, 1156, 1099, 1072, 1057, 1027. EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 478 (M + , 15). Accurate mass for C25H22N2O8 : calcd. 4781376, obsd. 4781374. In a 250 L round-bottom flask, dimethyl 2-(5-benzamido-4-benzyloxy-3- nitro)phenylmalonate (1.59 g, 3.41 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (40 mL) and 10% NaOH (24 mL) was added slowly producing a dark brown solution. The solution was refluxed for 3 hours to yield a yeUow solution. The methanol was removed on a rotovaporator to give a yeUow suspension. THF (50 mL) was added producing a clear yeUow solution that was put on an ice bath and stirred for 5 minutes. 6M HCl (13 mL) was slowly added until a pH ~1 was reached. The reaction solution turned bright yeUow and was refluxed for 1 hour. The round bottom was cooled to room temperature and the solution was dUuted with chloroform (75 mL). The mixture was added to a separatory funnel and the organic layer was coUected. The water layer was then extracted with chloroform (3 x 50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried with sodium sulfate, gravity filtered, and concentrated on rotovap to yield 2-(5-amino-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylacetic acid as a yeUow sohd (1.25 g , 4.14 mmoles, 93%). Mp = 191-194 °C; TLC (5% MeOH:CHCls) Rf = 0.20; 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCI3) 11.50 (s br, IH), 8.08 (d, 8.0, 2H), 7.83 (s, IH), 7.61 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.47 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.43 (m, 5H), 6.52 (s, IH), 5.15 (s, 2H), 3.97 (s, 2H); IR (nujol) 3500, 3401, 1704, 1681, 1616, 1597, 1533, 1290, 1263, 1236; EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 302 (M + , 15), 258 (M + -CO2, 16). Accurate mass for Cι 5 Hι N 2 O 5 : calcd. 302.0903, obsd. 302.0894. AU glassware was flame dried or dried in oven overnight. 2-(5-Amino-4- benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylacetic acid (5.70 g, 18.8 mmol) was dissolved in dry and freshly distiUed THF (120 mL) and stirred in an ice bath for 5 minutes under N 2 . Borane (45.2 L, 45.2 mmol, 1M solution in THF) was transferred via syringe to a dropping funnel placed over the stirring solution. The BH3-THF solution was then slowly added to the solution, producing much effervescence. The dark orange solution was left stirring in an ice bath for 10 min, and then aUowed to stir at room temperature for 6 hours. The reaction was checked by TLC (5.0% MeOH/CHCb). Water (150 mL) was slowly and carefully added to the flask until the effervescence no longer occurred. The solution was then extracted three times with ethyl acetate (100 mL each). The organic layer was coUected, dried with sodium sulfate, gravity fUtered, and concentrated to give 2-(5-amino-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylethanol as an orange sohd. The sohd was purified using silica gel chloroform column. (2.82 g, 9.79 mmol, 52%). TLC (5% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.33. M.p. = 114-116°C. 500 MHz Η- NMR (CDCls) 7.73 (s, IH), 7.43 (m, 5H), 6.56 (s, IH), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 3.93 (t, 5.5, 2H), 3.18 (t, 5.5, 2H). IR (neat) 3470, 3375, 3080, 2925, 2852, 1620, 1576, 1524, 1488, 1296, 1263, 1226. EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 288 (M + , 20). Accurate mass for C15H16N2O4, calcd. 2881110, obsd. 2881111. 2-(5-Aιnino-4-benzyloxy-2-nitro)phenylethanol (0.051 g, 0.174 mmol) was placed in a 50 mL round-bottom flask and dried in a vacuum oven (50 °C, 0.25 mm Hg). Once dried, the round-bottom flask was sealed with a septum, flushed with N2, and dissolved in methanol (2 mL) yielding a yeUow solution. The dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (0.11 mL, 0.87 mmol) was then added. The septum was then replaced with a condenser and drying tube and refluxed gently overnight. The solution was then concentrated to a yeUow oU under reduced pressure. The yeUow oU was then purified on a sihca gel column run in CHCI3 to produce dimethyl 2-N- [2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-4-nitroanilino]malate as a yeUow solid (0.073 g, 0.170 mmol, 96%). Mp = 100-105°C; TLC (2.5% MeOH/ CHCI3) Rf = 0.40; 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls) 9.88 (s, IH), 7.69 (s, IH), 7.49 (d, 7.0, 2H), 7.41 (t, 7.0, 2H), 7.35 (t, 7.0, IH), 6.59 (s, IH), 5.68 (s, IH), 5.22 (s, 2H), 3.90 (q, 6.0, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.10 (t, 6.0, 2H), 1.80 (d, 6.0, IH); IR (neat) 3300, 2921, 2855, 1738, 1684, 1609, 1584, 1529, 1454, 1437, 1383, 1333, 1283, 1220, 1133, 1066, 1028. EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 430 (M + , 32). Accurate mass for C21H22N2O8: calcd. 4301376, obsd. 4301369. Triphenylphosphine (0.610 g, 2.32 mmol), CC1 4 (0.67 L, 6.96 mmol), and dry CH2CI 2 (20 mL) were added to dimethyl 2-N-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxyethyI)-4- nitroar lino]malate (0.50 g, 1.16 mmol) in a round-bottom flask. The yeUow solution was flushed with N 2 and stirred overnight. The solution was checked by TLC (30% ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether) and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a sUica gel column run in 30% ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether solvent system to give dimethyl 2-N-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-chloroethyl)-4- nitroanUino]malate as a yellow sohd (0.44 g, 0.98 mmol, 85%). M.p. = 93-96°C; TLC (20% ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether) Rf = 0.70; 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls) 9.83 (s, IH), 7.74 (s, IH), 7.49 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.41 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.35 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.59 (s, IH), 5.70 (s, IH), 5.22 (s, 2H), 3.80 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 6.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3280, 3102, 2953, 2851, 1741, 1681, 1606, 1583, 1532, 1453, 1438, 1387, 1331, 1285, 1220, 1183, 1131, 1066, 1024, 787, 740, 694. EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 448 (M + , 20). Accurate mass for C2iH2iN 2 0 7 35 Cl: calcd. 4481037, obsd. 4481031. Dimethyl 2-N-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-4-rufroanilino]malate (0.519 g, 1.16 mmol) was dried under high vacuum in a round-bottom flask. PaUadium II acetate (0.52 g, 2.32 mmol) was added, the flask was then covered with a septum and flushed with N2. Dry dimethylacetamide (60 mL) was then added via syringe under N2. The solution was then degassed three times under vacuum and purged with N2. The solution was then stirred for three and a half hours in an oU bath at 70 °C. The solution was then dUuted with CHCI3 (200 mL) and washed three times with water (50 mL). The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, gravity filtered and concentrated on rotovap. The dimethyl acetamide was removed under high vacuum Kugehohr distillation (50 °C, 0.25 mm Hg). The reside was purified on sUica gel column in a 5% chloroform/ 15% ethyl acetate/ 80% petroleum ether solvent system to yield dimethyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-chloroethyl)-5-nitroindole-2,3-dicarboxylate as a yeUow sohd (0.119 g, 0.267 mmol, 23%). M.p. = 122-128 °C; TLC (30% ethyl acetate/petroluem ether) R f = 0.35; 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls) 9.39 (s, IH), 7.48 (s, IH), 7.47 (m, 5H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.81 (t, 8.0, 2H), 3.47 (t, 8.0, 2H); IR (neat) 3282, 3103, 3080, 2959, 2923, 2851, 1726, 1623, 1583, 1534, 1458, 1336, 1260, 1171, 1077, 1018, 803. EI-MS m/z (relative intensity) 446 (M + , 6), 415 (2). Accurate mass for C21H19N2O7CI: calcd. 446.0881, obsd. 446.0873. 10% Pd/C (0.035 g) was added to dimethyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-chloroethyl)-5- nitroindole-2,3-dicarboxylate (0.0718 g, 0.161 mmol) and chiUed THF (5 mL) was added quickly to a flask. The mixture was placed under reduced pressure and purged three times with H2. The reaction was stirred under H2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure until no starting material remained as indicated by TLC analysis. The solution was fUtered through a Celite pad in a cinter funnel and washed with THF. The amine solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was co-evaporated twice with dry CH2CI2 (3 mL each). To the amine were added EDCI (0.0617 g, 0.322 mmol) and 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxyhc acid (0.0404 g, 0.161 mmol). The flask was sealed with a septum and flushed with N 2 . The mixture was then dissolved in dry DMF (6 L) and stirred for three days under N2. The yellow solution was then dUuted with ethyl acetate (150 mL), washed with water three times (100 mL each) and 5% NaHCO 3 (50 mL). The organic layer was coUected, dried with sodium sulfate, gravity fUtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The compound was purified on a chloroform sihca gel column in which the solvent system was increased 0.5% MeOH/ chloroform every 25 mL of solvent to give dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)indole-2,3-dicarboxylate as an off-white sohd (17.8 mg, 0.032 mmol, 20 % yield). Mp = 166 °C (dec); TLC (2.5% MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.23; 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls) 9.24 (s, IH), 9.19 (s, IH), 8.50 (s br, IH), 7.25 (s, IH), 7.10 (s br, IH), 6.98 (s, IH), 6.85 (s, IH), 4.09 (s, 3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.90 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.31 (t, 7.0, 2H); IR (neat) 3282, 3090, 2954, 2918, 2851, 1730, 1713, 1685, 1610, 1535, 1510, 1476, 1415, 1376, 1307, 1262, 1204, 1096, 1050, 1030, 802. FAB-MS m/z (relative intensity) 560 (M+H + , 3), 559 (M + , 2). Accurate mass for C26H 2 6N 3 O 9 35 Cl: calcd. 5591358, obsd. 5591350. 10% Pd/C (0.035 g) was added to dimethyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-chloroethyl)-5- nitroindole-2,3-dicarboxylate (0.0708 g, 0.159 mmol) and chiUed THF (7 mL) was added quickly to a flask. The mixture was placed under reduced pressure and purged three times with H2. The reaction was stirred under H2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure until until no starting material remained as indicated by TLC analysis. The solution was fUtered through a Cehte pad in a cinter funnel and washed with THF. The amine solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was co-evaporated twice with dry CH2CI2 (3 mL each). To the amine were added EDCI (0.0914 g, 0.477 mmol) and 5-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole- 2-carboxylic acid (0.051 g, 0.159 mmol). The flask was covered and flushed with N2, then dry DMF (6 mL) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for three days under N2. The yeUow solution was then dUuted with ethyl acetate (150 mL), washed with water three times (100 mL each) and 5% NaHCθ3 (50 mL). The organic layer was coUected, dried with sodium sulfate, gravity fUtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product precipitated when methylene chloride (20 mL) was added. The suspension was centrifuged and the organic layer was removed from the precipatated product. The mother liquor was purified on a chloroform column in which the solvent system was increased 1% MeOH/ chloroform every 25 mL to give dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-[5- (5-benzofuran-2-carboxarnido)indole-2-carboxamido]indole-2,3-dicarboxylate as an off-white sohd (0.0155 g, 0.0247 mmol, 16%). Mp = 174 - 180 °C (dec); TLC (5%MeOH/CHCls) Rf = 0.25; 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls + a drop of DMSO-de) 10.95 (s, IH), 10.92 (s, IH), 10.18 (s, IH), 9.97 (s, IH), 8.91 (s, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.61 (s, IH), 7.59 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.499 (s, IH), 7.492 (s, IH), 7.64 (t, 8.5, IH), 7.35 (s, 3H), 7.32 (t, 8.5, IH), 7.04 (s, IH), 7.01 (d, 1.5, IH), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.80 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.29 (t, 7.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3331, 3121, 2956, 1735, 1722, 1675, 1595, 1545, 1478, 1365, 1256, 1231, 1205, 1159, 1109; FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 629 (M+H + , 3), 628 (M + , 2). Accurate mass C 3 2H25N 4 O 8 35 Cl: calcd. 6281361, obsd. 6281349. 2-(3-Amino-4-benzyloxy-6-nitro)phenylethanol (0.100 g, 0.347 mmol) was placed in a 25 mL round bottom and dried in a vacuum oven (50 °C, 0.25 mm Hg). The round bottom was sealed, flushed with N2 and dry methanol (6 mL) was added yielding a yeUow solution. Methyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoate (0.26 g, 1.74 mmol) was then added. The septum was replaces with a condensor and drying tube and refluxed gently for 7 hours. The solution was then concentrated to a yeUow oil under reduced pressure. The yeUow oU was then purified on a silica gel column run in CHCI3 to produce methyl 3-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-nitroanilino]-4,4,4- trifluoro-2-butenoate as a yellow oU that crystallized upon refrigeration. Total yield: 0.133 g (0.302 mmol, 87 %). M.p. = 72 -74 °C. TLC (5 % methanol/ chloroform) Rf = 0.60. 500 MHz i H-NMR (CDCls) 9.94 ( s br, IH), 7.66 (s, IH), 7.48 (d, 7.0, 2H), 7.40 (t, 7.0, 2H), 7.35 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.14 (s, IH), 5.62 (s, IH), 5.22 (s, 2H), 3.92 (t, 6.0, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.14 (t, 6.0, 2H). IR (neat) 3431, 3040, 2957, 1743, 1686, 1642, 1616, 1581, 1528, 1296, 1260, 1217, 1142, 1020, 805, 739, 696. FAB-MS (NBA) m/z (relative intensity) 441 (M+H + , 4), 440 (M + , 4). Accurate mass for C2C.H1C.N2O6F3: calcd. 4401195, obsd. 4401198. Triphenylphosphine (2.57 g, 9.77 mmol), CCk (2.83 mL, 29.3 mmol), and dry CH2CI2 (55 mL) were added to methyl 3-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4- nitroanUino]-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenoate (2.10 g, 4.89 mmol) in a round bottom flask. The yeUow solution was flushed with N2 and stirred overnight. The solution was checked by TLC (20 % ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether) and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a sihca gel column run in 10 % ethyl acetate / petroleum ether solvent system to give methyl 3-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2- chloroethyl)-4-mtioanilino]-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenoate. Total yield: 1.25 g (2.71 mmol, 57 %). M.p. = 105-110 °C. TLC (20 % ethyl acetate / petroleum ether) Rf = 0.69. 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCI3) 10.04 (s, IH), 7.72 (s, IH), 7.48 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.41 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.35 (t, 7.5, IH), 714 (s, IH), 5.63 (s, IH), 5.23 (s, 2H), 3.80 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.33 (t, 6.5, 2H). IR (neat) 2415, 3050, 2956, 1730, 1687, 1640, 1615, 1585, 1530, 1334, 1296, 1215, 1143, 1024, 815, 739, 696. EI-MS (relative intensity) 458 (M + , 6). Accurate mass for C 2 oHi8O 5 N2 35 ClFs: calcd. 458.0856, obsd. 458.0853. Methyl 3-[2-benzyloxy-5-(2-chloroethyl)-4-nitroanilino]-4,4,4-trifluoro-2- butenoate (0.035 g, 0.0763 mmol) was dried under high vacuum in a round bottom flask. PaUadium II acetate (0.034 g, 0.153 mmol) was added, the flask was then covered with a septum and flushed with N2. Dry dimethyl acetamide (20 mL) was then added via syringe under N2. The solution was then degassed three times under vacuum for thirty minutes and purged with N2. The solution was then stirred for six hours and fifteen minutes in an oU bath at 68 °C. The solution was then dUuted with CHCI3 (100 mL) and washed with water three times (100 mL). The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, gravity fUtered and concentrated on rotovap. The dimethylacetamide was removed under high vacuum Kugehohr distillation (50 °C, 0.25 mm Hg). The residue was purified on sUica gel column using methylene chloride as a solvent to yield methyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-cloroethyl)-5-nitro-2- trifluoromethylindole -3-carboxylate as a yeUow sohd. Total yield: 0.010 g (0.022 mmol, 29 %). TLC (methylene chloride) Rf = 0.75. 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls) 9.24 (s br, IH), 7.46 (m, 5H), 7.44 (s, IH), 5.26 (s, 2H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.82 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.63 (t, 7.5, 2H). IR (neat) 3036, 2952, 2915, 2850, 1732, 1713, 1695, 1576, 1534, 1503, 1451, 1337, 1259, 865, 802. EI-MS (relative intensity) 456 (M + , 3), 420 (M + -HC1, 3). Accurate mass for C 20 Hi6O 9 N2 35 CU ? s: calcd. 456.0700, obsd. 456.0695 10 % Pd/C (0.023g) was added to methyl 7-benzyloxy-4-(2-cloroethyl)-5-nitro- 2-trifluoromethylindole -3-carboxylate (0.0468 g, 0.102 mmol) and chUled THF (7 mL) was added quickly to the flask. The mixture was placed under reduced pressure and purged three times with H2. The reaction was stirred under H 2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure until completed by TLC. The solution was fUtered through Cehte pad in a sinter funnel and washed with THF. The amine was then concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated twice with dry CH2CI2 (2 mL). To the amine were added EDCI (0.040 g, 0.208 mmol) and 5,6,7- trimethoxyindole-2-carboxyhc acid (0.026 g, 0.104 mmol). The flask was covered and flushed with N2. The amine was dissolved in dry DMF (10 mL) and stirred for four days under N 2 . The yeUow solution was then dUuted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with water three times (100 mL) and 5% NaHCO3 (75 mL). The organic layer was coUected, dried with sodium sulfate, gravity fUtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was then purified on a preparative TLC in 2.5 % methanol chloroform to yield the crude product. The product was further purified on a preparative TLC in methylene chloride to yield methyl 4-(2- chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-2-trifluoromethyl-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)indole-3-carboxylate as a yellow solid. Total yield: 0.001 g ( 0.002 mmol, 2%). TLC (methylene chloride) Rf = 0.56. 500 MHz Η-NMR (CDCls): 9.53 (s, IH), 9.37 (s, IH), 9.07 (s, 2H), 7.89 (s, IH), 7.42 (s, IH), 6.85 (s, IH), 4.12 (s, 3H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.87 (t, 8.0, 2H), 3.72 (t, 8.0, 2H). IR (Neat) 3018, 2965, 2922, 2847, 1729, 1531, 1472, 1344, 1253, 1227, 1178, 1109, 1002, 799. EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of Achiral Amino seco-CI Analogs Synthesis of 4-(2-cHoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiime oxyindole-2-carboxarnido)aniline Two equal batches of 4-chloro-3-nitroaniline (20.0 g each, 0.116 mol) were dissolved separately in freshly distiUed dichloromethane (over P2O5) (150 mL each) and dry triethylamine (1.1 eq. each, 18 mL, 0.128 mol) under a drierite drying tube. Each of the reaction mixtures was chiUed in an ice bath and benzyl chloroformate (50 mL each, 0.348 mol) was slowly added. The resulting solutions were heated to reflux for 4 days, and then they were combined and concentrated. The residue was further concentrated in vacuo using a kugehohr apparatus (0.1 mm Hg, 60°C) to give a thick oU. The oily material was dissolved in chloroform (300 L) and washed with brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified on a sihca gel column, using a 2.5% methanol/ chloroform as a solvent. A total yield of 32.2 g (46% yield) of N- benzyloxycarbonyl-4-chloro-3-mtioaniline was isolated as a yeUow oU that solidified upon refrigeration. Rf = 0.61 (20% ethyl acetate/ hexane). IR (neat) 3424, 3100, 3060, 3025, 2918, 2865, 1603, 1528, 1493, 1448, 1395, 1351, 1231, 1204, 1146, 1071, 1027, 960, 894, 841, 805, 734, 694. ^-NMR (500 MHz, CDCI3) 7.28 (t, 9.0, 2H), 7.24(s br, IH), 7.22 (t, 9.0, IH), 7.16 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.13 (d, 9.0, 2H), 6.98 (d, 3.0, IH), 6.73 (dd, 3.0, 8.0, lH), 4.60 (s, 2H). Sodium hydride (1.5 g of a 60% mineral oU suspension, 0.038 mol) was washed with dry hexane in a dry reaction flask that was kept under a nitrogen atmosphere. The hexane was removed and dry dimethylsulfoxide (15 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was chiUed in an ice bath, and diethyl malonate (4.0 mL, 0.0325 mol) was slowly added. In a separate flask, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-4- cMoro-3-nitioaniline (1.0 g, 3.3 mmol) was dissolved in dry dimethylsulfoxide (15 mL), and it was slowly added to the chilled hydride/ malonate reaction mixture. The resulting solution was heated in an oU bath at 105-115 °C for 64 hours. The solvent was removed by distillation using a Kugehohr apparatus (0.1 mm Hg, 60 °C) to give a viscous residue, which was dissolved with chloroform (300 mL). The organic layer was washed twice with water (150 mL each), then dried over sodium sulfate. Concentration of the organic layer gave an oUy residue that was purified by sihca gel chromatography, using a 5-10 % ethyl acetate/hexane gradient solvent system. The desired product, diethyl ((N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-nitioanilin-4-yl)malonate, was isolated as an orange oU which solidified upon refrigeration (0.88 g, 63 %). Rf = 0.44 (20% ethyl acetate/hexane). IR (neat) 3400, 3061, 3030, 2978, 2937, 1732, 1623, 1534, 1446, 1394, 1358, 1301, 1228, 1150, 1000. α H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCI3 ) 713-7.30 (m, 8H), 6.84 (dd, 3.0, 8.0, IH), 4.62 (s, 2H), 4.16 (q, 6.5, 4H), 3.39 (s, IH), 1.20 (t, 6.5, 6H). A solution of diethyl ((N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-nitroanUin-4-yl)malonate (0.500 g's, 1.16 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) and 10% NaOH (aq) (18 mL) was refluxed for 4 hrs. At that time, the ethanol was removed under vacuum and THF (20 mL) was added. Upon chilling the solution in an ice bath, the solution was adjusted to pH 1 with 6 M HCl. The solution was then refluxed for one hour. After the THF was removed from the biphasic mixture (using a pipette), the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform (2 x 100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium suhate then concentrated to dark brown oU under vacuum. The crude product was chromatographed on silica gel with chloroform to give ((N- benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-nitroanUin-4-yl)acetic acid as a thick yeUow oUy residue ( 0.35 g, 91%). Rf = 0.29 (10% methanol/ chloroform). Purified product IR (neat) 3025, 2927, 1714, 1630, 1532, 1453, 1399, 1351, 1297, 1235, 1199, 1071, 965, 903, 734, 694. 2 H- NMR (500 MHz, CDCI3 ) 7.95 (s, IH), 7.42 (d, 3.0, IH), 7.27 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.21 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.16 (d, 7.0, 2H), 7.01 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.84 (dd, 3.0, 8.0, IH), 4.63 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 2H). ((N-Benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-nitioanilin-4-yl)acetic acid (0.35 g, 1.06 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (5 mL) and kept under nitrogen, then the solution was chiUed in an ice bath. A solution of borane-THF complex (3.6 mL of a 1.0 M solution, 3.6 mmol) was slowly added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was SLOWLY quenched with water. The THF layer was removed, and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, then concentrated to a oU under vacuum. The crude product was chromatographed on silica gel using a gradient solvent system (chloroform to 5% methanol/ chloroform to afford 2-((N- benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-nitroanUin-4-yl)ethanol as a thick colorless oU (0.33 g, 93%.). Rf = 0.59 (10% methanol/ chloroform). IR (neat) 3565, 3352, 3060, 3024, 2927, 2856, 1621, 1528, 1453, 1395, 1351, 1302, 1235, 1199, 1156, 1036, 960, 894, 845, 810, 734, 699. 2 H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCI3 ) 7.27 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.22 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.20 (s, IH), 7.19 (d, 3.0, IH), 7.16 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.07(d, 8.5,1H), 6.83 (dd, 3.0, 8.5, IH), 4.61 (s, 2H) 3.80 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.93 (t, 6.5, 2H). To a solution 2-((N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-rdtioanilin-4-yl)ethanol (0.33 g, 1.04 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.55 g, 2.09 mmol) in freshly distiUed dichloromethane (15 L) that was kept under nitrogen, was added carbon tetrachloride (0.6 mL, 3.85 mmol). After the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one day, it was concentrated to an oU. Purification of the oUy residue on a sihca gel column with chloroform gave 2-((N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-3- nitroanUin-4-yl)ethyl chloride as a thick orangish/yeUow oU ( 0.27 g, 81%). Rf = 0.80 (5% methanol/ chloroform). IR (neat) 3344, 3060, 3025, 2963, 2927, 2865, 1626, 1528, 1493, 1453, 1399, 1346, 1262, 1235, 1076, 1027, 965, 898, 805, 734, 699, 668. Η-NMR (500 MHz, CDCI3 ) 7.27 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.25 (d, 3.0, IH), 7.22 (s, IH), 7.21 (t, 8.5, IH), 7.16 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.07 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.82 (dd, 3.0, 8.5, IH), 4.62 (s, 2H), 3.68 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.11 (t, 7.0, 2H). A mixture of 2-((N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-nitioarvilin-4-yl)ethyl chloride (1.01 g) with Ptθ2 (250 mg) was suspended in chiUed THF (60 mL), and the suspension was hydrogenated (with shaking) at 55 psi and room temperature for one hour. The suspension was filtered over Cehte, and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure. The oUy residue was coevaporated with dry CH2CI2 (twice) then kept under high vacuum. Because the amine intermediate was unstable, it was used directly. A sample of the 3-anuno-2-((N-benzyloxycarbonyl)anilin-4-yl)ethyl chloride (169 mg, 0.55 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH2CI2 (20 mL). This solution was then added to a stirred suspension of 5,6,7-tiimethoxy-2-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.60 mmol) and benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tripyrrohdinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) (296 mg, 0.57 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (55 mL) which was kept under nitrogen. Freshly distiUed N,N-dnsopropylethylamine (0.22 mL, 1.28 mmol) was added, and the resulting clear solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. At that time, the reaction mixture was dUuted with CH2CI2 (100 mL), then washed with water (50 mL), 1M HCl (50 mL), saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL), then brine (50 mL). The organic layer was then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified on a sUica gel column using a 2.5% EtOAc/ CH2CI2 solvent system to give 2-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)anUin-4-yl)ethyl chloride as clear colorless foam (106 mg, 36%). M.p. 70-74 °C. Rf = 0.55 (16:1 CH2CI2: EtOAc). IR (neat) 3291, 3060, 3007, 2936, 2829, 1776, 1621, 1577, 1537, 1497, 1461, 1448, 1408, 1364, 1235, 1111, 1049, 991, 832, 747. X H- NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) 9.11 (s, IH), 7.92 (s, IH), 7.26-714 (m, 7H), 6.94 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.74 (s, IH), 6.66 (s br, IH), 6.50 (dd, 3.0, 8.5, IH), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.69 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.95 (t, 6.5, 2H). Analysis for QaHaNsOeCl: calcd. C, 62.51, H, 5.25, N, 7.81; obsd. C, 72.77, H, 5.01, N, 8.02. 2-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)anilin-4- yl)ethyl chloride (187 mg, 0.35 mmol) was combined with 10% Pd/C (95 mg), and then suspended in THF (20 mL, chiUed). The suspension was purged (three times) and kept under hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for three days. An additional amount of THF (6 mL) being added after the first day. The suspension was fUtered over Cehte, and the yeUow solution was concentrated in vacuo. The yeUow-brown residue was purified by on sihca gel column using a MeOH-CHCl3 gradient (0-6%) solvent system, to give 4-(2-chlproethyι)-3-(5,6,7- tiimethoxyindole-2-carboxarnido)aniline (117 mg, 80%) as a clear and thick colorless oU. Rf = 0.21 (32:1, CH2CI2: EtOAc). 1 H-NMR (CDCI3, 500MHz) 9.80 (IH, s), 8.22 (IH, s), 7.11 (IH, s), 6.87 (IH, d, 8.5 Hz), 6.85 (IH, s), 6.72(1H, s), 6.42 (IH, dd, 8.5, 3.0 Hz), 4.42( 2H, s br), 3.93 (3H, s), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.64 (2H, t, 6.5 Hz), 2.90 (2H, t, 6.5 Hz). Analysis for C 2 oH22NsO 4 Cl.H2O: calcd. C, 56.94, H, 5.73, N, 9.96; obsd. C, 56.55, H, 6.01, N, 10.22. EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of achiral amino seco-CBI analogs Preparation of 4-(2-cHoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)-l- naphthylamine and analogues K 2 Cθ3 (4.04 g, 29.22 mmol) was added to a solution of l-chloro-2,4- dinitronaphthalene (6.04 g, 23.91 mmol) and t-butyl ethyl malonate (5.0 g, 26.50 mmol) in THF (50 mL), and the mixture was heated reflux overnight. The mixture was cooled and filtered, then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (20-50% AcOEt-Petroleum ether gradient elution) afforded t- butyl ethyl (2,4-dinitronaphthalen-l-yl)malonate (7.6 g, 54%) as a pale red solid. M.p. 86-88 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.65 (s, IH), 8.55 (dd, 0.5, 8.5, IH), 8.36 (dd, 0.5, 9.0, IH), 7.89 (dt, 1.0, 8.0, IH), 7.81 (dt, 1.5, 9.0, IH), 5.64 (s, IH), 4.26 (q, 7.0, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.24 (t, 7.0, 3H); IR (neat) 2980, 1745, 1537, 1368, 1346, 1306, 1253, 1147, 1027, 850, 832, 801, 774, 761 cm" 1 . FABMS (NBA) m/z 405 (M+H + , 5). Concentrated HCl (1.5 mL) was added to a solution of t-butyl ethyl (2,4- dinitronaphthalen-l-yl)malonate (0.60 g, 1.48 mmol) in AcOEt (6 mL), and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (30 mL), washed with H 2 O (10 L), saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 L). The organic layer was dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Recrystalhzation (Ether) afforded ethyl (2,4- dinitronaphthalen-l-yl)acetate (0.31 g, 69%) as a pale orange solid. M.p. 132-134 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.71 (s, IH), 8.61 (d, 8.5, IH), 8.30 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.92 (dt, 1.0, 8.5, IH), 7.86 (dt, 1.5, 8.5, IH), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.22 (q, 7.5, 2H), 1.27 (t, 7.5, 3H); 304 (M-); IR (neat) 3087, 2989, 1732, 1528, 1422, 1355, 1204, 1169, 1027, 889, 832, 779 cm- 1 . FABMS (NBA) m / z 305 (M + H + ). Na 2 S (60%, 4.27 g, 32.87 mmol) was added to a refluxing solution of ethyl (2,4- dinitronaphthalen-l-yl)acetate (10.0 g, 32.87 mmol) in EtOH (200 mL) and stirred for 0.5 h. The mixture was poured into water (200 mL), concentrated and extracted with AcOEt (300 mL). The organic layer was washed with H2O (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL). The each aqueous layer was extracted with AcOEt (100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (20% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) afforded ethyl (4-amino-2- nitronaphthalen-l-yl)acetate (1.0 g, 11%) as a dark purple sohd. M.p. 93-100 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 8.08 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.86 (d, 7.5, IH), 7.66 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.62 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.20 (s, IH), 4.40 (brs, 2H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, 7.0, 2H), 1.26 (t, 7.0, 3H); IR (neat) 3459, 3379, 3255, 2980, 1728, 1634, 1590, 1515, 1466, 1439, 1368, 1337, 1249, 1200, 1156, 1027, 841, 756 cnr . FABMS (NBA) m / z 274 (M + ). Benzyl chloroformate (1.56 mL, 10.94 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl (4-amino-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl)acetate (1.0 g, 3.65 mmoml) and Et 3 N (0.56 mL, 4.01mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (20 mL) slowly that was at 0 °C under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was heated to reflux for 3 days and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOEt (50 mL), and washed with H2O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (25 L). The organic layer was dried (Na2S0 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (20% AcOEt-Petroleum ether to CHCI3) afforded ethyl [4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]acetate (0.39 g, 26%) as an orange sohd. M.p. 160-164 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.09 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.88 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.66 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.60 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.46 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.41 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.35 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.07 (s, IH), 4.92 (brs, IH), 4.52 (d, 4.0, 2H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 4.19 (q, 7.0, 2H), 1.26 (t, 7.5, 3H); IR (neat) 3397, 2927, 1723, 1594, 1537, 1515, 1439, 1333, 1200, 1124, 1027, 823, 752, 703 cm- 1 . A solution of NaOH (0.17 g, 4.31 mmol) in H2O (20 mL) was added to a suspension of ethyl [4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]acetate (0.8 g, 1.96 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL), and the mixture was heated to reflux for 2hr. EtOH was evaporated and washed with Et2θ (10 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified (pH 1) with 6 M HCl. The resulting precipitate was fUtered and left out overnight to provide [4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl] acetic acid (0.66 g, 89%) as an orange sohd. M.p. 170-172 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (DMSO-dβ, 500 MHz) δ 8.40 (d, 8.5, IH), 8.13 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.67 (m, 2H), 7.55 (m, IH), 7.41 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.32 (t, 7.0, 2H), 7.22 (t, 8.0, IH), 6.71 (s, IH), 4.55 (d, 5.5, 2H), 4.04 (s, 2H); ESMS m / z 337 (M - CO2+ H + ), 673 ((M - CO2) X 2 + H + ); IR (nujol) 3405, 2652, 1696, 1590, 1515, 1461, 1439, 1377, 1333, 1249, 1120, 929, 832, 792, 752, 699 cm- 1 . FABMS (NBA) m / z 336 (M - CO 2 + ). BH3-THF complex (1.0 M sol., 0.13 mL, 0.13 mmol) was added to a solution of [4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]acetic acid (40.0 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (5 mL) under N2 atmosphere and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was treated with saturated aqueous NH-C1 (1 L) and extracted with AcOEt (20 mL), The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (25% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) afforded 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2- nitronaphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (21.2 mg, 53%) as a dark red sohd. M.p. 128-130 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.24 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.88 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.66 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.60 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.45 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.41 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.35 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.92 (s, IH), 4.87 (brs, IH), 4.50 (d, 5.0, 2H), 4.05 (t, 8.5, 2H), 3.40 (t, 7.0, 2H), 1.84 (brs, IH); IR (neat) 3406, 2936, 2892, 1594, 1519, 1435, 1342, 1124, 1036, 912, 823, 752, 699 cm" 1 . FABMS (NBA) m / z 322 (M - CO 2 + ), ESMS m / z 323 (M - CO 2 + H + ), 645 ((M - CO2) X 2 + H + ). CC (0.2 mL, 2.18 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-[4-(N- berιzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.1 g, 0.27 mmol) and PhsP (0.29 g, 1.09 mmol) in CH2CI2 (5 mL) under N2 atmosphere and stirred for 3 h. Flash chromatography (10% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) afforded of 2-[4-(N- ber_zyloxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (0.1 g, 96%) as an orange sohd. M.p. 122-124 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.18 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.89 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.70 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.62 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.45 (d, 7.0, 2H), 7.41 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.35 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.95 (s, IH), 4.93 (brs, IH), 4.51 (d, 5.0, 2H), 3.86 (t, 8.0, 2H), 3.56 (t, 8.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3087, 3033, 2927, 2856, 1594, 1519, 1439, 1342, 1124, 752, 699 cm" 1 . FABMS (NBA) m / z 340 (M - C0 2 + ), ESMS m / z 341 (M - CO2 + H + ). A solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (0.1 g, 0.26 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of Ptθ2 (50 mg) in chiUed THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated (with shaking) at 55 psi at room temperature for 1 h. The suspension was filtered over Celite and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure to provide as a pale yeUow solid (90.0 mg). A solution of reducted compound (90.0 mg, 0.25 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (15 mL) was added to a suspension 5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-carboxylic acid (71.78 mg, 0.29 mmol) and benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tripyroridinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) (0.14 g, 0.27 mmol) in CH2CI2 (25 mL) under N 2 atmosphere. Then distiUed N,N- dhsopropylethylamine (0,1 mL, 0.60 mmol) was added to the mixture. The clear solution was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and dUuted AcOEt (20 mL) and washed with 10% HCl (5 mL), saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 (5 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), dried (Na 2 SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (5% AcOEt-CH∑Ck) afforded 2-[4-(N- benzyloxycarbonylarnmo)-2-(5,6,7-tiin ethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l- yl] ethyl chloride (62.0 mg, 41%) as a pale yeUow foam: mp 58-62 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.31 (s, IH), 8.51 (s, IH), 7.85 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.83 (d, 7.5, IH), 7.30- 7.54 (m, 8H), 7.15 (s, IH), 6.85 (s, IH), 4.68 (brs, IH), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.96 (t, 6.0, 2H), 3.95 (s, 5H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.52 (t, 6.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3406, 3308, 2936, 1772, 1648, 1590, 1532, 1493, 1466, 1413, 1306, 1240, 1226, 1107, 1049, 996, 907, 827, 756, 734, 699 cm- 1 . FABMS (NBA) m / z 544 (M - CO 2 + ), ESMS m / z 544 (M - CO 2 + ). A solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (60.0 mg, 0.10 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (50 mg) in chUled THF (10 L) and the suspension was hydrogenated under H2 atmosphere at room temperature for 3 days. The suspension was fUtered over Celite and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure. Preparative TLC (50% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) afforded 4-(2-chloroethyl)- 3-(5,6,7-tiimethoxyindole-2-carboxarnido)-l-naphthylamine (8.2 mg, 18%) as a pale yeUow solid. M.p. 182 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 9.40 (s, IH), 8.54 (s, IH), 7.85 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.83 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.53 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.46 (t, 8.5, IH), 7.32 (s, IH), 6.97 (s, IH), 6.86 (s, IH), 4.25 (brs, 2H) 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.98 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.54 (t, 6.5, 2H); IR (neat) 3326, 2927, 2856, 1626, 1590, 1536, 1501, 1466, 1408, 1302, 1240, 1107, 1049, 1000, 907, 832, 756 cm" 1 . FAB HRMS (NBA) m / z 4541549 (M + H + , C 2 H2 4 ClNsO 4 requires 4541534). Anal. Calcd. For C24H2 4 N 3 0 Cll/2H2θ: C, 62.20; H, 5.40; N, 9.07. Found: C, 62.39; H, 5.71; N, 8.68. A solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.1 g, 0.16 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (0.1 g) in chUled THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated under H2 atmosphere at room temperature for 3 days. The suspension was fUtered over Cehte and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized with diisopropylether to yield 2-[4-amino-2- (5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.064 g, 84%) as a white sohd: mp 182-186 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 9.40 (s, IH), 8.65 (s, IH), 7.94 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.86 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.57 (s, IH), 7.55 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.46 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.19 (brs, IH), 6.88 (s, IH), 4.39 (t, 7.0, 2H), 4.23 (brs, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.41 (t, 7.0, 2H), 2.10 (s, 1.5, 3H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 478 (M + H + ), IR (neat) v ma χ 3341, 1727, 1639, 1591, 1536, 1505, 1466, 1410, 1304, 1243, 1106, 1046, 758 cm- 1 . A solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyIoxycarbonyIamino)-2-(5,6,7-trirnethoxyindoIe-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.14 g, 0.25 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (0.1 g) in chiUed THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated under H 2 atmosphere at room temperature for 3 days. The suspension was filtered over Cehte and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized with diisopropylether to yield 2-[4-amino-2-(5,6,7- trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.083 g, 76%) as a pale yeUow sohd: mp 172-180 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.85 (s, IH), 9.28 (s, IH), 7.86 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.86 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.54 (s, IH), 7.50 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.43 (t, 8.5, IH), 7.03 (d, 2.0, IH), 6.84 (s, IH), 4.18 (t, 5.5, 2H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.33 (t, 7.0, 2H) ; ); FABMS (NBA) m / z 435 (M + H + ), IR (neat) v^x 3291, 2936, 1638, 1595, 1541, 1509, 1464, 1432, 1410, 1305, 1264, 1106, 1047, 996, 909, 833, 757, 731 cm •1 To a solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyIoxycarbonylaπuno)-2-aminonaphthalen-l- yl]ethyl acetate (0.3 g, 0.79 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was added 5-methoxy-2- carboxyhc acid (0.23 g, 1.19 mmol) , 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (0.16 g, 1.19 mmol) and l-[3-(din ethylannno)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.23 g, 1.19 mmol) under N2 atmosphere at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred for 2 days and heated at 60 °C for 2 days. The reaction mixture was dUuted AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with 10% HCl (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried (Na2SO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield as a brown foam 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5- methoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.52 g, quant.) : mp 98- 110 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.41 (s, IH), 8.67 (s, IH), 7.96 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.85 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.55 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.47 (d, 8.0, 2H), 7.43 (t, 9.0, IH), 7.39 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.34 (m, 2H), 7.20 (brs, IH), 7.13 (d, 1.5, IH), 6.99 (dd, 9.0, 1.0, IH), 6.99 (dd, 9.0, 1.5, IH), 4.69 (brs, IH), 4.50 (s,2H), 4.41 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.42 (t, 7.0, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H) ; ); FABMS (NBA) m / z 507 (M - C0 2 + ), IR (neat) v ma χ 3272, 1728, 1647, 1592, 1530, 1476, 1453, 1236, 1213, 1162, 1030, 909, 841, 807, 759, 733, 699 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-methoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.5 g, 0.91 mmol) in methanol : tetrahydrofuran = 1 : 1 (10 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.13 g, 0.91 mmol) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (100 mL) and washed with H 2 O (20 mL) , saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield as a brown foam 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5- methoxyindoIe-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.42 g, 94%) : mp 198 °C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 500 MHz) δ 10.18 (s, IH), 8.26 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.97 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.51 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.43 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.39 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.33 (s, IH), 7.31 (s, IH), 7.28 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.18 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.11 (brs, IH), 7.08 (d, 2.5, IH), 6.91 (t, 6.0, IH), 6.86 (dd, 9.0, 2.5, IH), 6.81 (s, IH), 5.35 (t, 4.5, IH), 4.47 (d, 5.5, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.69 (m, 2H), 3.11 (t, 6.0, 2H) ; ); FABMS (NBA) m / z 465 (M - CO 2 + ), IR (neat) v ma χ 3272, 2945, 2874, 1646, 1594, 1528, 1479, 1453, 1422, 1404, 1261, 1213, 1162, 1030, 841, 805, 758, 734, 699 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-methoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.4 g, 0.78 mmol) and triethylamine (0.44 mL, 3.14 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.24 mL, 3.14 mmol) with ice bath and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was dUuted with CH2CI2 (50 mL) and washed with H 2 O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica-gel column (30% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) to yield as a yeUow foam 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5- methoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-y 1] ethyl methanesulfonate (0.28 g, 61%) : mp 160 °C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.09 (brs, IH), 8.36 (brs, IH), 7.89 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.87 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.57 (t, 8.5, IH), 7.48 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.40 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.34 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, IH), 713 (s,lH), 7.00 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.00 (d, 9:0, IH), 4.70 (brs, 2H), 4.61 (t, 6.0, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.54 (t, 6.0, 2H), 2.84 (s, 3H) ; ); FABMS (NBA) m / z 543 (M - CO 2 + ), IR (neat) v max 3400, 1643, 1591, 1530, 1479, 1453, 1351, 1231, 1213, 1173, 1142, 1076, 1031, 974, 947, 841, 805, 761, 734, 699 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-methoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesulfonate (0.27 g, 0.46 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added LiCl (0.39 g, 9.19 mmol) at room temperature under N 2 atmosphere and stirred for 3 days. The reaction mixture was dUuted AcOEt (100 mL) and washed with H2O (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (5 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (30% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) afforded 2-[4-(N- benzyloxycarbonylan -no)-2-(5-methoxyindole-2-carboxarnido)naρhthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (0.16 g, 66%) as a yeUow foam: mp 182 °C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 9.28 (brs, IH), 8.55 (brs, IH), 7.87 (d, 8.5, 2H), 7.55 (dt, 1.0, 7.5, IH), 7.46 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.39 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.33 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.31 (s, IH), 7.17 (s, IH), 7.11 (d, 2.5, IH), 6.98 (d, 9.0, IH), 6.98 (d, 8.5, IH), 4.68 (brs, IH), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.00 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.57 (t, 6.5, 2H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 484 (M - CO 2 + ); IR (neat) v max 3406, 3282, 1645, 1591, 1529, 1475, 1453, 1422, 1399, 1249, 1213, 1164, 1029, 758, 733, 701 cm" 1 . A solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-m.ethoxyindole-2- carboxa ido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (68 mg, 0.13 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (100 mg) in chUled THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated under H2 atmosphere at room temperature overnight. The suspension was filtered over Cehte and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized with diethylether to yield 4-(2-Chloroethyl)- 3-(5-methoxymdole-2-carboxarmdo)-l-naphthylamine (40 mg, 78%) as a white solid: mp 228 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 500 MHz) δ 9.95 (s, IH), 8.11 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.96 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.52 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.41 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.35 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.28 (s, IH), 7.13 (s, IH), 6.89 (d, 9.0, IH), 6.67 (s, IH) 5.83 (s, 2H), ), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.73 (t, 8.0, 2H), 3.37 (t, 8.0, 2H) ; ); FABMS (NBA) m / z 394 (M + H + ); IR (nujol) v max 3296, 1652, 1592, 1533, 1462, 1260, 1094, 1020, 800 cm- 1 . Acetic anhydride (4.0 mL, 42.39 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-[4-amino- 2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl] ethanol (3.3 g, 14.21 mmol) in dry pyridine (33 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hr. The mixture was diluted with AcOEt (100 L). The organic layer was washed with H2O (30 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCOs (30 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (33% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) afforded 2-[4-arnino-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (1.0 g, 26%) as an orange solid.; mp 108-110 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.33 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.84 (dd, 8.0, 0.5, IH), 7.70 (dt, 7.5, 0.5, IH), 7.64 (dt, 8.5, 1.5, IH), 7.11 (s, IH), 4.44 (t, 8.0, 2H), 4.38 (brs, 2H), 3.49 (t, 8.0, 2H), 2.06 (d, 0.5, 3H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 274 (M + ), IR (neat) 3381, 1728, 1636, 1589, 1516, 1469, 1437, 1342, 1241, 1041, 754 cm- 1 . Di-t-butyl dicarbonate (3.18 g, 14.57 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-[4- ammo-2-mtionaphthalen-l-yl] ethyl acetate (1.0 g, 3.65 mmol) in dry pyridine (10 mL) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was concentrated and dUuted with AcOEt (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with H2O (30 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (25% AcOEt- Petroleum ether) afforded 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l- yl]ethyl acetate (1.0 g, 73%) as a yeUow solid.; mp 122-124 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.40 (d, 8.0, 2H), 7.94 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.73 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.70 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.00 (brs, IH), 4.45 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.55 (t, 7.5, 2H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.58 (s, 9H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 374 (M + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 3741487 (M + , Cι 9 H22N 2 O 6 requires 3741478) IR (neat) 1735, 1598, 1527, 1367, 1342, 1234, 1156, 1040, 893, 760 cm- 1 . A solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (1.0 g, 2.67 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd-C (0.1 g) in chUled THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated (with shaking) at 55 psi at room temperature for 1 h. The suspension was filtered over Cehte and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2-[2-amino-4-(N-t- butoxycarbonylamino)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate as an orange foam. The compound was washed with dusopropyl ether to afford as a pale yeUow sohd (0.48 g, 52%).: mp 138-140 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 7.86 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.56 (brs, IH), 7.46 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.27 (m, IH), 6.85 (brs, IH), 4.26 (t, 8.0, 2H), 4.22 (brs, 2H), 3.24 (t, 7.5, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.56 (s, 9H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 344 (M + ), IR (neat) v max 3379, 2977, 1727, 1626, 1534, 1504, 1456, 1391, 1367, 1238, 1158, 1043, 894, 758, 730 cπr ι_ To a solution of 2-[2-anhno-4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)naphthalen-l- yl]ethyl acetate (0.23 g, 0.67 mmol) in pyridine (4 L) was (2E)-3-[6-methoxy(3- pyridyl)]prop-2-enoic acid (0.18 g, 1.00 mmol) , 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (0.14 g, 1.00 mmol) and l-[3-(dimethylammo)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.19 g, 1.00 mmol) under N2 atmosphere at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred for 2 days and heated at 60 °C for 3 days. The reaction mixture was dUuted AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with H2O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed with diethyl ether to yield as a white sohd 2-[4-(N-t- butoxycarbonylanxmo)-2-(3-aza-4-methoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.19 g, 56%) : mp 208-212 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.62 (brs, 2H), 8.38 (s, IH), 7.95 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.92 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.87 (dd, 8.5, 2.5, IH), 7.79 (d, 15.5, IH), 7.55 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.49 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.81 (m, 3H), 4.27 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.40 (t, 8.0, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.55(s, 9H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 506 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 506.2300 (M + H + , C28H32 3O6 requires 506.2291); IR (neat) v max 3256, 2980, 1736, 1688, 1661, 1601, 1537, 1497, 1384, 1287, 1236, 1161, 1026, 830, 756, 732 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[2-am o-4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)naphthalen-l- yljethyl acetate (0.23 g, 0.67 mmol) in pyridine (4 mL) was (2E)-3-[2, 6-dimethoxy(3- pyridyl)]prop-2-enoic acid (0.21 g, 1.00 mmol) , 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (0.14 g, 1.00 mmol) and l-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.19 g, 1.00 mmol) under N2 atmosphere at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred for 2 days and heated at 60 °C for 3 days. The reaction mixture was dUuted AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with H2O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed with diethyl ether to yield as a white sohd 2-[4-(N-t- butoxycarbonylammo)-2-(3-aza-2,4-dimethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l- yljethyl acetate (0.22 g, 61%) : mp 228-230°C; α H NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.56 (s br, IH), 8.45 (s br, IH), 7.98 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.91 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.87 (d, 15.5, IH), 7.75 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.54 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.48 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.94 (d, 15.5, IH), 6.77 (brs, IH), 6.37 (d, 8.0, IH), 4.30 (t, 8.0, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.41 (t, 7.5, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.55(s, 9H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 536 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 536.2392 (M + H + , C29H34N3O7 requires 536.2397); IR (neat) v__ x 3252, 2979, 1736, 1688, 1656, 1620, 1595, 1537, 1503, 1484, 1455, 1422, 1387, 1366, 1321, 1280, 1241, 1162, 1098, 1040, 1014, 903, 812, 756, 732 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-4- methoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.19 g, 0.38 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.06 g, 0.45 mmol) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (100 mL) and washed with H2O (20 mL) , saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-4- methoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol as a pale brown foam (0.17 g, 97%) : mp 116-120°C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.21 (brs, IH), 8.26 (s, IH), 8.19 (s, IH), 7.83 (brs, 2H), 7.68 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.54 (d, 15, IH), 7.40 (m, 2H), 6.81 (brs, IH), 6.72 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.36 (d, 15.5, IH), 4.02 (brs, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.25 (brs, 2H), 2.88 (brs, IH), 1.55 (s, 9H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 464 (M + H + ), IR (neat) v max 3271, 2979, 1694, 1662, 1601, 1538, 1497, 1384, 1311, 1288, 1231, 1160, 1026, 909, 830, 732 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-2,4- dimethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.22 g, 0.41 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.07 g, 0.49 mmol) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with AcOEt (100 mL) and washed with H2O (20 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na 2 SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield as a pale brown foam 2-[4-(N-t- butoxycarbonylan ino)-2-(3-aza-2,4-dinαethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l- yl]ethanol (0.20 g, 99%) : mp 164-168 °C ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.92 (brs, IH), 8.27 (brs, IH), 7.90 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.80 (d, 15, IH), 7.68 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.47 (m, 2H), 6.73 (brs, IH), 6.59 (d, 15.5, IH), 6.33 (d, 8.0, IH), 4.08 (brs, 2H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.33 (t, 5.5, 2H), 1.55 (s, 9H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 494 (M + H + ), IR (neat) v max 3272, 1692, 1656, 1594, 1484, 1457, 1422, 1388, 1321, 1280, 1248, 1160, 1040, 1015, 761, 730 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-4- methoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.16 g, 0.35 mmol) and triethylamine (0.2 mL, 1.43 mmol) in CH2CI2 : THF = 1: 1 (6 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.1 mL, 1.29 mmol) with ice bath and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with H2O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2S0 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed with diethyl ether to yield as a white sohd 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylarnino)-2-(3-aza-4- memoxycinnanιoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesuhonate (0.17 g, 90%) : mp 224°C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.34 (s, IH), 8.29 (brs, IH), 8.10 (brs, IH), 7.92 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.88 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.84 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.79 (d, 16.0, lh), 7.56 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.52 (t, 6.5, IH), 6.85 (s, IH), 6.79 (d, 8.5, IH), 6.65 (d, 15.5, IH), 4.55 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.54 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.56 (s, 9H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 542 (M + H + ), IR (neat) v max 3248, 2980, 1688, 1660, 1626, 1601, 1532, 1497, 1384, 1356, 1288, 1249, 1229, 1173, 1023, 974, 953, 828, 756, 733 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-2,4- dimethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.17 g, 0.34 mmol) and triethylamine (0.2 mL, 1.43 mmol) in CH2CI2 : THF = 1: 1 (6 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.1 mL, 1.29 mmol) with ice bath and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with H2O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed with diethyl ether to yield as a yeUow solid 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-2,4- dimethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesulfonate (0.18 g, 93%) : mp 200 °C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.27 (s br, IH), 7.91 (d, 8.5, 2H), 7.84 (d, 15.5, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.56 (t, 9.0, IH), 7.51 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.28 (m, IH), 6.84 (s br, IH), 6.79 (d, 15.5, IH), 6.36 (d, 8.0, IH), 4.55 (t, 6.5, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.55 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.92 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 9H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 572 (M + H + ), IR (neat) v max 3388, 3246, 2980, 1688, 1656, 1594, 1532, 1485, 1457, 1422, 1388, 1355, 1321, 1280, 1249, 1226, 1173, 1098, 1040, 1014, 952, 814, 761, 725 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-4- methoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesulfonate(015 g, 0.28 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added LiCl (0.69 g, 16.28 mmol) at room temperature under N2 atmosphere and stirred for 3 days. The reaction mixture was added H 2 O (20 mL), and the precipitate was filtered. The sohd was washed with MeOH to yield 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-4-methoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l- yl]ethyl chloride (0.12 g, 91%) as a white sohd: mp 220 °C (decomp.) ; 1 H NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.31 (s, IH), 8.05 (brs, IH), 7.89 (brs, IH), 7.82 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.72 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 6.94 (s, IH), 6.78 (d, 7.0, IH), 6.58 (d, 16.0, IH), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.74(brs, 2H), 3.49 (brs, 2H), 3.40 (brs, IH), 1.57 (s, 9H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 482 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 4821841 (M + H + , C 2 6H29ClNsO requires 4821847); IR (neat) v max 3224, 2997, 1715, 1687, 1652, 1617, 1602, 1544, 1501, 1402, 1384, 1310, 1289, 1242, 1165, 1024, 979,831, 754, 734 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-2,4- dimethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesulfonate (0.16 g, 0.28 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added LiCl (0.72 g, 17.00 mmol) at room temperature under N2 atmosphere and stirred for 4 days. The reaction mixture was added AcOEt (10 mL) and H2O (20 mL), and the precipitate was fUtered to yield 2-[4-(N-t- butoxycarbonylarnino)-2-(3-aza-2,4-dimethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l- yl]ethyl chloride (0.12 g, 84%) as a white sohd: mp 202 °C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.14 (brs, IH), 7.93 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.85 (d, 15.5, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.69 (brs, IH), 7.57 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.53 (t, 8.0, IH), 6.83 (brs, IH), 6.68 (d, 15, IH), 6.36 (d, 7.5, IH), 4.06 (brs, 3H), 3.97(s, 3H), 3.88 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.57 (t, 7.0, 2H), 1.55 (s, 9H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 512 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 5121965 (M + H + , C 2 7HsιClNsθ5 requires 5121952); IR (neat) v ma χ 3219, 1688, 1656, 1621, 1594, 1541, 1501, 1484, 1453, 1404, 1386, 1320, 1284, 1250, 1162, 1098, 1075, 1016, 810, 752 cm" 1 . To a suspension of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-4- methoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (0.12 g, 0.25 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (10 mL) was added 3 N HCl in AcOEt (3 mL, 9 mmol) at room temperature, and the resulting solution was stirred overnight. The precipitate was fUtered to yield 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(3-aza-4-methoxyci-nnamoylamido)-l-naphthylamine dihydrochloride (0.11 g, 100%) as a pale yeUow solid: mp 230 °C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (DMSO-dό, 500 MHz) δ 10.20 (s, IH), 8.45 (d, 2.5, 2H), 8.19 (d, 8.0, IH), 8.08 (d, 8.0, IH), 8.03 (dd, 8.5, 2.5, IH), 7.81 (s, IH), 7.68 ( , IH), 7.62 (d, 15.5, IH), 7.05 (d, 15.5, IH), 6.93 (d, 8.5, IH), 5.27 (brs, 2H), 3.90(s, 3H), 3.81 (t, 8.5, 2H), 3.59 (t, 8.5, 2H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 382 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 3821334 (M + H + , C 2 ιH 2 ιClNsθ2 requires 3821322); IR (nujol) v max 3370, 1671, 1636, 1606, 1556, 1511, 1461, 1377, 1329, 1233, 1186, 1008, 974, 839, 764, 721 cm- 1 . To a suspension of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(3-aza-2,4- dimethoxycinnamoylamido)naphthalen-l-yl] ethyl chloride (0.12 g, 0.23 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (10 L) was added 3 N HCl in AcOEt (3 mL, 9 mmol) at room temperature, and the resulting solution was stirred overnight. The precipitate was fUtered to yield 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(3-aza-2,4-dimethoxycinnamoylamido)-l- naphthylamine dihydrochloride(011 g, 97%) as a yeUow sohd: mp 150-160 °C (decomp.) ; Η NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 500 MHz) δ 9.93 (s, IH), 8.13 (d, 8.5, IH), 8.05 (d, 7.5, IH), 7.95 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.66 (d, 16.0, IH), 7.66 (m, IH), 7.60 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.53 (brs, IH), 6.97 (d, 16.0, IH), 6.50 (d, 7.5, IH), 4.01(s, 3H), 3.92 (m, 5H), 3.77 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.52 (t, 8.0, 2H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 412 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 4121413 (M + H + , C22H2sClNs0 3 requires 4121428); IR (nujol) v ma χ 1594, 1543, 1461, 1385, 1322, 1250, 1097, 1018, 751 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylammo)-2-aminonaphthalen-l- yl] ethyl acetate (0.3 g, 0.79 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was added carboxyhc acid (0.38 g, 1.19 mmol) , 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (0.16 g, 1.19 mol) and l-[3- (din ethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.23 g, 1.19 mmol) under N2 atmosphere at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred for 3 days. To the reaction mixture was added 1 M HCl (10 mL), and then the precipitate was filtered and washed with water and MeOH to yield as a pale brown sohd 2-[4- (N-benzyloxycarbonylaιnino)-2-(5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.64 g, quant.) : mp 150-156 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.52 (s, IH), 8.74 (s, IH), 8.44 (s, IH), 8.31 (s, IH), 7.97 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.85 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.62 (s, IH), 7.59 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.55 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.31-7.49 (m, 11H), 7.22 (s, IH), 4.52 (s,lH), 4.40 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.49 (s, 2H), 3.42 (t, 7.0, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z (M - C0 2 + ), IR (neat) v max 3402, 1728, 1654, 1592, 1534, 1475, 1448, 1426, 1302, 1245, 1142, 1076, 1031, 881, 810, 739, 699 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-beιιzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.64 g, 0.94 mmol) in methanol : tetrahydrofuran = 1 : 1 (40 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.13 g, 0.94 mmol) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The precipitate was fUtered and washed with MeOH to yield 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-(5- benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indoIe-2-carboxarnido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.32 g, 53%) as a pale yeUow solid: mp 180-185 °C ; Η NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 500 MHz) δ 8.26 (d, 8.5, IH), 813 (s, IH), 7.97 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.82 (d, 7.5, IH), 7.74 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.71 (s, IH), 7.49 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.34-7.41 (m, 9H), 7.29 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.19 (t, 7.0, 2H), 6.88 (brs, IH), 4.47 (s, 2H), 3.96 (brs, 2H), 3.69 (brs, 2H); FABMS (NBA) m / z (M - C0 2 + ), IR (nujol) v ma χ 3263, 1642, 1595, 1542, 1456, 1404, 1377, 1330, 1267, 1231, 1169, 1138, 1029, 872, 827, 805, 740, 704, 668 cm- 1 . To a suspension of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylarnino)-2-(5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxarnido)indole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.3 g, 0.47 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.88 mmol) with ice bath and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (50 mL), and then the organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield as a brown oU 2-[4-(N- benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxarnido)indole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesuUonate(0.32 g, 95%) ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.33 (s, IH), 8.76 (s, IH), 8.42 (s, IH), 8.19 (s, IH), 7.90 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.87 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.71 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.44-7.60 (m, 9H), 7.39 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.22-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.12 (s, IH), 4.60 (t, 6.5, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.54 (t, 6.0, 2H), 2.88 (s, 3H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z (M - CO 2 + ), IR (neat) v max 3202, 1639, 1590, 1536, 1404, 1351, 1258, 1231, 1171, 1076, 1045, 969, 947, 748 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesuhonate (0.3 g, 0.42 mmol) in dry DMF (6 mL) was added LiCl (0.35 g, 8.37 mmol) at room temperature under N2 atmosphere and stirred for 3 days. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (100 mL) and washed with H2O (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2S0 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (30% AcOEt-Petroleum ether) afforded 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (84 mg, 30%) as a yeUow sohd: mp 180 °C (decomp.) ; ■ __ NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 500 MHz) δ 10.43 (s, IH), 9.99 (s, IH), 8.31 (d, 8.5, IH), 8.15 (s, IH), 8.00 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.82 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.74 (s, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.58 (t, 8.5, 2H), 7.49 (t, 7.0, 2H), 7.43 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.39 (s, IH), 7.37 (d, 7.0, 2H), 7.28 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.20 (d, 7.0, IH), 7.06 (t, 5.5, IH), 6.37 (s, IH), 4.48 (d, 5.5, 2H), 3.74 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.33 (t, 7.5, 2H); FABMS (NBA) m / z (M - C0 2 + ); IR (nujol) Vmax 3365, 3206, 3022, 1609, 1639, 1516, 1406, 1403, 1260, 748 cm" 1 . A solution of 2-[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (70 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (50 mg) in chiUed THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated under H2 atmosphere at room temperature overnight. The suspension was fUtered over Cehte and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized with diethylether to yield 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)mdole-2-carboxamido]-l- naphthylamine (16 mg, 29%) as a pale yeUow sohd: mp 216 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (DMSO-dδ, 500 MHz) δ 10.44 (s, IH), 10.01 (s, IH), 8.18 (s, IH), 8.11 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.97 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.83 (d, 7.5, IH), 7.75 (s, IH), 7.72 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.58 (dd, 2.0, 8.5, IH), 7.53 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.50 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.35-7.46 (m, 5H), 6.68 (s, IH), 5.83 (brs, IH), 3.75 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.38 (t, 7.5, 2H) ; FABMS (NBA) / z (M + H + ); IR (nujol) v max 3434, 1707, 1593, 1534, 1462, 1378, 1260, 1122, 1074, 1022, 953, 914, 861, 801, 743 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylammo)-2-ammonaphthalen-l- yljethyl acetate (1.5 g, 7.24 mmol) in pyridine (30 L) was added 5-nitro-2- benzofurancarboxylicacid (2.25 g, 10.86 mmol), N,N-dhsopropylethylamine (1.9 mL), 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (1.47 g, 10.86 mmol) and l-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (2.08 g, 10.86 mmol) under N2 atmosphere at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred for 2 days and heated at 60 °C for 3 days. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and to the residue was H2O (50 mL). The precipitate was fUtered to yield as a pale brown sohd 2-[4-(N-t- butoxycarbonylanτino)-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2-carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (2.1 g, 54%) : mp 199-200°C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 10.63 (s, IH), 9.32 (s, IH), 8.86 (s, IH), 8.38 (d, 9.0, IH), 8.20 (d, 8.0, IH), 8.12 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.57 (t, 7.5, IH), 4.22 (t, 6.5, 2H), 1.92 (d, 2.0, 3H), 1.49 (d, 2.0, 9H) ; TOFMS 534 (M + H + ), TOFHR m / z 5341864 (M + H + , C 28 H 2 8N 3 O 8 requires 5341876); IR (neat) v ma χ 3285, 3102, 2977, 2873, 1731, 1683, 1622, 1598, 1530, 1498, 1446, 1392, 1366, 1345, 1274, 1235, 1159, 1069, 1044, 1004, 953, 896, 824, 804, 750, 731, 684 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2- carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (2.1 g, 3.94 mmol) in methanol (40 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.65 g, 4.72 mmol) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was fUtered, and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was purified by silica-gel column (AcOEt/ Petroleum ether=l/2) to yield as a pale brown sohd 2-[4-(N-t- butoxycarbonylaniino)-2-(5-nitiobenzofuran-2-carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (0.7 g, 36%) : mp 200 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 10.25 (s, IH), 8.51 (d, 2.0, IH), 8.38 (s, IH), 8.32 (dd, 2.0, 9.0, IH), 7.89 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.81 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.60 (d, 9.0, 2H), 7.53 (s, IH), 7.49 (d, 7.0, IH), 7.46 (d, 8.0, IH), 6.78 (s, IH), 4.15 (brs, 2H), 3.49 (dq, 3.0, 7.0, 2H), 2.75 (s, IH), 1.58 (s, 9H) ; TOFMS 492 (M + H + ) ; IR (neat) v max 3295, 1670, 1601, 1527, 1498, 1392, 1344, 1277, 1238, 1158, 1070, 894, 821, 732, 684, 668 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2- carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (1.5 g, 3.05 mmol) and triethylamine (0.85 mL, 6.10 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.5 mL, 6.47 mmol) with ice bath and stirred for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with H2O (10 L) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield as a black oU 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5- nitrobenzofuran-2-carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesulfonate (1.8 g, quant) ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.91 (s, IH), 8.67 (t, 2.0, IH), 8.40 (t, 2.0, IH), 8.38 (t, 2.0, IH), 8.32 (s, IH), 7.96 (t, 8.5, 2H), 7.79 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.75 (s, IH), 7.62 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.58 (t, 7.0, IH), 6.96 (s, IH), 4.62 (t, 6.0, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.61 (t, 5.0, 2H), 1.56 (d, 2.5, 9H) ; TOFMS 570 (M + H + ) ; IR (neat) Vmax 2979, 1719, 1623, 1597, 1528, 1498, 1346, 1274, 1232, 1173, 1070, 952, 898, 822, 749, 684, 668 cm- 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonyIamino)-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2- carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesuhonate (1.8 g, 3.05 mmol) in dry DMF (60 mL) was added LiCl (5.17 g, 0.12 mol) at room temperature under N2 atmosphere and stirred for 3 days. The reaction mixture was added H2O (20 mL), and the precipitate was fUtered to yield 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5- nitrobenzofuran-2-carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (0.52 g, mixture). A solution of 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-nitrobenzofuran-2- carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (0.52 g, mixture) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd-C (0.5 g) in chUled THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated (with shaking) at 55 psi at room temperature for 1 h. The suspension was fUtered over Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed with MeOH to yield as a white sohd (80 mg, 5.5% from 2-[4-(N-t-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-aminobenzofuran-2- carbozamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride ).mp 240 °C (decomp.) ; 1 H NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 10.35 (s, IH), 9.32 (s, IH), 8.12 (t, 10.0, 2H), 7.62 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.58 (s, IH), 7.56 (t, 8.5, IH), 7.52 (s, IH), 7.38 (d, 9.0, IH), 6.84 (s, IH), 6.81 (d, 9.0, IH), 5.04(s, 2H), 3.82 (t, 7.5, 2H), 3.51 (t, 7.5, 2H) ; TOFMS 480 (M + H + ) ; IR (neat) v max 3369, 2962, 2927, 2865, 1718, 1624, 1580, 1540, 1500, 1466, 1394, 1366, 1237, 1259, 860, 756, 668 cm- 1 . EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of Achiral seco-CBI Analogs Preparation of 4-(2-cMoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)-l- naphthol To a 35% H2S0 (50 mL) was added ethyl 2-[4-amino-2-nitronaphthalen-l- yljacetate (1.0 g, 3.65 mmol) at room temperature, and stirred overnight to make a salt completely. To the suspension was added a solution of NaNθ2 (0.33 g, 4.74 mmol) of chUled water (1 mL) below +3 °C, and the mixture was stirred for 5 min. A few crystals of urea were added to the mixture to decompose any excess NaNU2. To the cold mixture was added a solution of Cu(NOs)2.3H2θ (14.09 g, 58.33 mmol) in water (total volume was 140 mL) below +10 °C. With vigorous stirring, to the mixture was added Q12O (0.48 g, 3.35 mmol) and stirred for 3h. The mixture was extracted with AcOEt (200 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), and then dried (Na 2 SO ) and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica-gel column (AcOEt : Petroleum ether = 1 : 6) to yield ethyl 2-[4-hydroxy-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]acetate (0.42 g, 42%) as a yeUow sohd. Mp 96-100 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 7.99 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.86 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.66 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.55 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.90 (s, IH), 4.34 (q, 7.0, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 1.38 (t, 7.5, 3H) ; IR (neat) v max 3351, 2983, 1708, 1595, 1517, 1430, 1374, 1338, 1251, 1215, 1156, 1081, 1023, 847, 772, 757 cm- 1 . Anhydrous K2CO3 (0.50 g, 3.68 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 2-[4- hydroxy-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]acetate (0.42 g, 1.53 mmol) and benzyl bromide (0.44 mL, 3.68 mmol) in acetone (4 mL) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was fUtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was dUuted with AcOEt (50 mL), and to the mixture was added N- methypiperazine (3 mL) to remove any excess benzyl bromide. The mixture was washed with water (10 mL),l M HCl (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), and then dried (Na2S0 ) and evaporated to yield ethyl 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]acetate (0.35 g, 63%) as a yeUow solid. Mp 128-130 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.44 (dd, 0.5, 8.0, IH), 8.10 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.71 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.66 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.54 (d, 7.0, 2H), 7.46 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.43 (s, IH), 7.40 (t, 7.0, IH), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 4.21 (q, 7.0, 2H), 1.27 (t, 7.0, 3H) ; EIMS / z 365 (M + ); IR (neat) Vπ_ x 2980, 1725, 1592, 1524, 1512, 1469, 1451, 1426, 1371, 1331, 1252, 1202, 1159, 1111, 1022, 842, 770, 756, 724, 690 cm- 1 . DIBAL-H (1.0 M, 3.84 mL, 3.84 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 2-[4- benzyloxy-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl] acetate (0.35 g, 0.96 mmol) in THF (4 mL) slowly under N2 atmosphere at 0 °C, and stirred for 15 min. The mixture was poured into chilled 1 N HCl (10 mL) slowly, and the mixture was extracted with AcOEt (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCOs (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2S0 ) and evaporated to yield 2- [4-benzyloxy-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl] ethanol (0.33 g, quant.) as a dark brown solid. Mp 82-90 °C ; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.43 (d, 8.5, IH), 8.25 (d, 9.0, IH), 7.71 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.65 (t, 7.0,1H), 7.54 (d, 8.0, 2H), 7.45 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.40 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.19 (s, IH), 5.29 (s, 2H), 4.08 (t, 6.5, 2H), 3.49 (t, 6.5, 2H); EIMS m / z 323 (M + ); IR (neat) v ma χ 3368, 2929, 1593, 1526, 1513, 1463, 1423, 1363, 1337, 1271, 1240, 1161, 1103, 1039, 829, 755, 697 cm" 1 . Acetic anhydride (0.35 L, 3.71 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-[4- benzyloxy-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl] ethanol ( (0.3 g, 0.93 mmol) in dry pyridine (3 mL) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was concentrated and dissolved in AcOEt (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1 M HCl (lOmL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2SO ) and concentrate. The residue was purified by sihca-gel column (AcOEt : Petroleum ether = 1 : 6) to yield 2-[4-benzyloxy-2- nitronaphthalen-1-yl] ethyl acetate ( (0.21 g, 62%) as a yeUow sohd. mp 82-87 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.43 (d, 8.5, IH), 8.33 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.33 (dt, 1.0, 7.5, IH), 7.66 (dt, 1.0, 7.0, IH), 7.54 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.45 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.40 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.28 (s, IH), 5.30 (s, 2H), 4.47 (t, 7.0, 2H), 3.55 (t, 7.0, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H); EIMS m / z 388 (M + Na÷); IR (neat) v max 1738, 1593, 1527, 1514, 1466, 1424, 1365, 1337, 1235, 1104, 1043, 770, 752, 698 cm- 1 . A solution of 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-nitronaphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.2 g, 0.55 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added to a suspension of Ptθ2 (100 mg) in THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated (with shaking) at 55 psi at room temperature for 1 h. The suspension was fUtered over Cehte and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure to yield 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-aminonaphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate as a brown sohd (0.18 g, 97.58%). Mp 76-82 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 8.24 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.80 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.22-7.53 (m, 7H), 6.41(s, IH), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.25 (t, 8.0, 2H), 3.21 (t, 8.0, 2H),2.11 (s, 3H); EIMS m / z 335 (M + ); IR (neat) Vn_x 3378, 2927, 1731, 1624, 1600, 1516, 1454, 1410, 1366, 1239, 1158, 1133, 1028, 827, 759, 698 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-aminonaphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.16 g, 0.48 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was added 5,6,7-tτimethoxy-2-carboxylic acid (0.18 g, 0.72 mmol) , 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (0.10 g, 0.72 mmol) and l-[3- (dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.27 g, 1.43 mmol) under N2 atmosphere at room temperature, and then the mixture was stirred for 3 days and heated for 2days. The reaction mixture was dUuted AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with 10% HCl (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCOs (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried (Na2SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by sihca-gel column (AcOEt : Petroleum ether = 1 : 4) to yield as an orange foam 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxaπύdo)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.10 g, 37%) : mp 55-65 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.40 (s, IH), 8.74 (s, IH), 8.39 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.93(d, 8.5, IH), 7.78 (s, IH), 7.71 (dd, 3.5, 5.5, IH), 7.57 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 3.5, 5.8, IH), 7.44 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.37 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.24 (s, IH), 6.89 (s, IH), 5.31 (s,2H), 4.42 (t, 7.0, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.44 (t, 7.0, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H) ; FABMS (NBA) m / z 569 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 568.2204 (M + H + , C 33 H 3 2N2θ 7 requires 568.2210); IR (neat) v max 3293, 2963, 2933, 1731, 1634, 1593, 1538, 1503, 1465, 1409, 1370, 1306, 1239, 1111, 1075, 1048, 999, 909, 832, 761, 736, 699 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl acetate (0.10 g, 018 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added potassium carbonate (29.15 mg, 0.21 mmol) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was dUuted with AcOEt (50 mL) and washed with H2O (10 mL) , saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2S0 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield as a yeUow oU 2-[4- benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7-tiimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (82 mg, 87%); NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.96 (s, IH), 9.25 (s, IH), 8.39 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.85 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.75 (s, IH), 7.71 (dd, 3.5, 5.8, IH), 7.57 (d, 7.5, 2H), 7.53 (m, IH), 7.43 (t, 7.5, 2H), 7.36 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.06 (s, IH), 6.84 (s, IH), 5.30 (s, 2H), 4.21 (t, 6.0, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.37 (t, 5.0, 2H); EIMS m / z 527 (M + H + ); IR (neat) v max 3272, 2932, 1726, 1644, 1594, 1540, 1505, 1464, 1409, 1370, 1263, 1236, 1127, 1103, 1049, 997, 831, 760, 701 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethanol (80 mg, 0.15 mmol) and triethylamine (0.09 mL, 0.61 mmol) in CH2CI2 (2 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.05 mL, 0.61 mmol) with ice bath, and then the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was dUuted with CH2CI2 (50 mL) and washed with H2O (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), and then the organic layer was dried (Na2S0 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield as a brown oU 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7- trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesuhonate (0.11 g, quant) ; Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 9.24 (s, IH), 8.47 (s, IH), 8.41 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.85 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.71 (dd, 3.5, 5.5, IH), 7.60 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.48-7.56 (m, 3H), 7.44 (t, 8.0, 2H), 7.37 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.18 (s,lH), 6.88 (s, IH), 5.28 (s, 2H), 4.63 (t, 6.5, 2H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.56 (t, 6.5, 2H), 2.86 (s, 3H); EIMS m / z 509 (M - CH 3 SO 3 H + ); IR (neat) v max 3330, 3099, 2933, 2874, 1725, 1649, 1592, 1537, 1502, 1466, 1411, 1369, 1306, 1238, 1174, 1127, 1076, 1048, 998, 972, 951, 833, 796, 751, 702 cm" 1 . To a solution of 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl methanesuhonate (0.11 g, 0.17 mmol) in dry DMF (2 mL) was added LiCl (0.29 g, 6.94 mmol) at room temperature under N 2 atmosphere and stirred for 3 days. The reaction mixture was dUuted AcOEt (100 mL) and washed with H2O (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 L), and then dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica-gel column (AcOEt : Petroleum ether = 1 : 4) to yield as a white sohd 2-[4- benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7-tiin ethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl]ethyl chloride (75 g, 81%): mp 180-184 °C; Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.23 (s, IH), 8.63 (s, IH), 8.42 (d, 7.5, IH), 7.84 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.53-7.60 ( , 4H), 7.49 (t, 8.0, IH), 7.44 (t, 7.0, 2H), 7.38 (t, 7.5, IH), 6.99 (s, IH), 6.88 (s, IH), 5.29 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.05 (t, 6.0, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.60 (t, 6.0, 2H); EIMS m / z 545 (M÷); IR (neat) vπ * 3271, 2932, 1722, 1634, 1592, 1537, 1503, 1464, 1409, 1370, 1306, 1258, 1237, 1111, 1076, 1050, 998, 910, 830, 761, 736, 700cm" 1 . A solution of 2-[4-benzyloxy-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)naphthalen-l-yl] ethyl chloride (70 mg, 0.13 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (50 mg) in chUled THF (10 mL) and the suspension was hydrogenated under H 2 atmosphere at room temperature overnight. The suspension was filtered over Cehte and the filtrate was concentrated in reduced pressure . The residue was crystallized with diethylether to yield 4-(2-chloroethyl)-3- (5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)-l-naphthol (54 mg, 91%) as a white sohd: mp 212 °C (decomp.); Η NMR (CDCls, 500 MHz) δ 9.55 (s, IH), 8.76 (s, IH), 8.33 (d, 8.0, IH), 7.82 (d, 8.5, IH), 7.78 (brs, IH), 7.71 (s, IH), 7.57 (t, 7.0, IH), 7.48 (t, 7.5, IH), 7.03 (s, IH), 6.88 (s, IH), 4.13 (s, 3H), 4.06 (t, 6.0, IH), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), ), 3.61 (t, 6.0, 2H); FABMS (NBA) m / z 455 (M + H + ), FABHR (NBA) m / z 4541290 (M + H + , C24H23CIN2O5 requires 4541296); IR (neat) v™ 3416, 3193, 3149, 2936, 1621, 1592, 1524, 1435, 1411, 1383, 1328, 1267, 1244, 1197, 1126, 1096, 1054, 852, 821, 758, 743 cm -1 . EXAMPLE 12 Cytotoxicity studies on human chronic myeloid leukemia ceUs The cytotoxicities of the compounds of the invention against the growth of cancer cells in culture were studied, and the results are provided in Table 1. The cytotoxicity was determined using a MTT tetrazolium dye assay (42). The K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia ceUs were maintained in RPM1 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 2 mM glutamine at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 and were incubated with a specified dose of drug for either 1 hour or continuously for 3 days at 37 °C in the dark. The incubation was terminated by centrifugation (5 minutes, 300 g) and the ceUs were washed once with drug-free medium. FoUowing the appropriate drug treatment, the ceUs were transferred to 96-weU microtitre plates, 10^ ceUs per weU, 8 wells per sample. Plates were then kept in the dark at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The assay is based in the ability of viable cells to reduce a yeUow soluble tetrazolium salt, 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazohum bromide (MTT, Sigma Chemical Co.) to an insoluble purple formazan precipitate. FoUowing incubation of the plates for 4 days (to aUow control ceUs to increase in number by 10 fold) 20 μL of a 5 mg/mL solution of MTT in phosphate buffered saline was added to each weU and the plates further incubated for 5 hours. The plates were then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 300 g and the bulk of the medium pipetted from the ceU pellet leaving 10-20 μL per weU. 200 μL DMSO was added to each weU and the samples agitated to ensure complete mixing. The optical density was then read at a wavelength of 550 nm on a Titertek Multiscan ELISA plate reader, and the dose-response curve was constructed. For each curve, an IC50 value was read as the dose required to reduce the final optical density to 50% of the control value. Table 1. In-vitro cytotoxicity data against K562 ceUs for the compounds of the invention IC50 (μM) Compound 1 hour exposure continuous exposure (3 days) 1 12.1±1.8 1.47+0.8 2 23.8+9.7 1.6±0.9 3 8.76+3.8 0.37+015 6 >30 not determined 7 >100 3.64±0.05 8 36.9 1.81 9 14.9±7.3 2.7+1.1 10 19.0+3.8 2.6±0.9 11 12.6+31 1.5+0.34 12 13.1±5.9 1.4±0.05 13 24.4±21.1 1.75±0.35 14 291+14.6 2.03±0.84 16 >30 1.97±1.0 22 0.31+0.22 0.25+0.096 24 1.30+0.3 25 0.018 0.045 26 0.017 0.15 02/30894 General class I General class III X = Cl, R X = CI, R 23 General Class II X = C1, R =R2=R3=H X = Cl, R=H 24 25 General Class V X = C1, R = H 26 The results from the cytotoxicity studies indicate that the compounds of the invention have significant activity in inhibiting the growth of human leukemic ceUs in culture. The data also demonstrate that prolonged exposure of ceUs to the said drugs led to some enhancement in activity. EXAMPLE 13 Cytotoxicity studies on human colon, prostate, and breast cancer ceUs The human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, LS 174T, was obtained from the European CoUection of Animal CeU Cultures, CAMR, Porton Down, U.K. LS174T ceUs were routinely cultured in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 1% non-essential amino acids, 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum, 2mM L-glutamine, 50 IU/ml penicUlin, 50 mg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2, 95% air-humidified incubator. CeUs were seeded in 96-weU microtiter plates at densities of 1000 ceUs/weU. The optimal seeding density was determined to ensure exponential growth in control weUs throughout the experimental period and to obtain a linear relationship between absorbance at 492 nm and cell number when analyzed by the suhorhodamine B (SRB) assay (43). 24 hours after seeding the ceUs were incubated for 1 hour or continuously for 3 days with the drugs (concentration range 0.01 to 500 μM). The cells were washed once and then incubated in drug free medium for 6 days. At the end of the incubation cell growth was determined by the SRB assay, which quantifies viable ceUs by measuring their total ceUular protein content. The IC50 (concentration of drug giving 50% survival in- vitro), was calculated from the dose- response curve obtained by plotting the percentage of inhibition versus log molar drug concentration, interpolated by cubic spline. SimUar studies were conducted against the growth of PC3 (human prostate cancer ceUs) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells). Table 2. In-vitro cytotoxicity data for the compounds of the invention IC50 (μM) Compound 1 hour exposure Continuous exposure LS174T PC3 MCF-7 LS174T PC3 MCF-7 1 18.0 82.4 >50.0 2.27 3.0 3.43 3 3.6 7.09 20.42 0.39 0.46 0.94 7 236.6 nd 9 2.9 nd 10 >10 3.51 11 >10 7.28 12 >10 1.43 13 487.3 nd 15 224.7 nd 16 45.4 nd 22 1.86 0.35 0.97 4.0 nM 0.05 0.13 The results from these cytotoxicity studies further demonstrate the activity of the compounds of this invention against the growth of cancer ceUs in culture. FoUowing one hour exposure, the achiral seco-prodrugs 1 and 9 showed similarly activity against the LS174T ceUs as the K562 ceUs. Similarly, for both K562 and LS174T ceUs, compound 7, a bromo containing compound was not active with one hour exposure. This could be attributed to the inherent higher reactivity and thus lower stability in aqueous solutions. The significantly lower cytotoxicity of the 4- nitrobenzylcarbonato derivatives, compounds 13-15, further Ulustrate the necessity of having a free C4-hydroxy group for the compound to exhibit potent activity. This result is consistent with reported evidence that seco-CC1065 and duocarmycins react with DNA through the formation of then corresponding cyclopropane-containing drugs. In our case, the 4-nitrobenzylcarbonato group prevents the ready elimiation of HCl to form the active cyclopropane-containing drug. 91 EXAMPLE 14 » Cytotoxicity Studies on murine L1210 leukemia and P815 mastocytoma ceUs The P815 and L1210 ceU lines were obtained from American Type Tissue Culture CoUection (ATCC). The cell lines were grown in Delbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Atlanta Biologicals) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, Hepes Buffer (2mM, Mediatech Cellgro, 25-060-C1), L-Glutamine (2 mM, Mediatech CeUgro), and penicillin/ streptomycin (50,000 units penicillin, 50,000 mg streptomycin, Atlanta Biologicals). CeUs were maintained at 37°C in a 5% humidified CO2 atmosphere. Cultured ceUs were counted using a hemocytometer and resuspended in fresh DMEM at a concentration of 8 x 10 5 ceUs/mL. This ceU suspension (100 μL) was added to 96 weU flat -bottom ceU culture plates. At this concentration, 80,000 ceUs were seeded in each weU. Drug solutions (dissolved in DMSO and dUuted in DMEM) were added to each weU (5 μL/weU) resulting in final concentrations ranging from lxlO -4 to lxlO" 12 M. Quadruplicate weUs were prepared for each drug concentration. The plates were incubated for 72 hr at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) was dissolved in PBS (5 mg/ml). After the indicated ceU incubation period, 10 μL of this stock MTT solution was added to each weU and the plates were further incubated for 4 h at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. After this final incubation, 100 μL acid isopropanol solution (16 μL 12.1 N HCl in 5 mL isopropanol) was added to each weU. The contents of the weU were mixed thoroughly by pipetting the ceU suspension up and down and the plates were aUowed to sit at room temperature for 15 min in order to allow for fuU development of the purple color. The plates were read on a Dynatech Plate Reader, utilizing Dynex Revelation 3.2 software, with a test wavelenth of 570 run and a reference wavelength of 630 nm. The dose inhibiting the growth by 50% (ICso) was extrapolated from curves generated based on the averages of the absorbance data (4 points/ concentration). Table A3. ICso values for the achiral agents (μM) Compound P815 L1210 1 43 23 3 5.6 1.5 17 61 64 18 >100 >100 19 >100 >100 22 5.4 4.2 25 0.068 0.18 26 0.055 EXAMPLE 15 NCI in-vitro cytotoxicity screen The compounds of this invention were also tested against the panel of 60 human cancer ceU lines at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (44). The cytotoxicity studies were conducted using a 48 hour exposure, and measuring the optical density of suhorhodarnine B-derived color. Dose-respose curves were generated the GI50 (concentration of drug needed to inhibit the growth by 50%), TGI (total growth intuition), and LC50 (concentration needed to keU 50% of cells). Compounds 1, 3, 7, 9, 22 , 25 and 26 were submitted to the NCI, and the results for compounds 1, 3 , 22, 25 and 26 are depicted below. National Cancer Institute Developmental Therapeutics Program In- Vitro Testing Results NSC: D- 691887 - / l Experiment ID: 9612RS06-17 ' Test Type: 08 Units: Molar Report Date: February 11 , 1997 Test Date: December 30, 1996 QNS: MC: COMI: SK-II-149 Stain Reagent: Dual-Pass SSPL: OADV LββlO conetneratlon Tim* Mian Optical Caαalclai Ftretnt Growth P»n«l/C«U Una Zaio Ctrl -( .0 -7.0 -(.0 -3.0 -4.0 -4.0 -7.0 -(.0 -5.0 -4 .0 6130 Tβi LC30 l«ukuιl* cew-ctn 0.301 1.031 l.αis 1.044 0.721 0.240 0.244 !( 102 51 -22 -13 1-04 -0( K-5H 0.370 .714 0.3(4 0.332 ( >1.00t-04 1.7(( 1.741 1.141 1 If !( 1.1( S .2(E 4 -2 -S 2 .(41-04 (.5(1-0 ( >1.001-04 Jβl.T-4 0.313 1.9(( 1.919 1.433 0.(14 0.2(4 0.3(3 14 (1 54 -( 4 1.14E-04 HHX-I22I >1.00t-04 1.094 2.2(1 2.44( 2.244 2.030 0.775 0.(22 112 17 71 -2( -41 1.1(1-04 IR 0.315 1.317 1.311 1.214 0.7(0 0.301 0.214 100 11 41 -5 -7 ( .S2E-01 s.sιε-ό( >1.00E-04 « .121-04 Hon-Mal C«ll Lang Caneaε M .00E-04 M4»/Atee 0.227 1.1(4 1.131 1.177 0.111 O.IK -0.004 (( 11 7( -17 -loo l .(IE-0( (.3(E-0( 2.44E-0S 0.343 0.110 0.713 0.7(0 0.723 0.1(( 0.0(1 15 If 12 -43 -10 1.711-04 xor-H 4.41I-0( 1.37E-0S 0.412 1.102 1.004 1.034 0. (12 0.2(7 0.001 (( 10 21 -30 -11 4 .331-07 3.07E-04 1.33E-03 κor-12 0.312 0. (11 0.4(4 0.134 0.723 0.301 o.oii •4 121 115 -40 -(2 2.(21-04 3..3E-0C 1.3(1-03 κex-x22i 0.102 3.141 3.137 3.041 2.137 1.3(3 0.071 100 S 11 24 -(0 4 .011-04 1.42E-03 4 .441-03 K I-M23 0.371 1.930 1.704 1. (72 1.402 0.133 0.224 IK US 11 -77 -(1 1. (71-04 3.34E-04 ( .(4t-0( KCI-I1322M 0.372 1.4(7 1.4(2 1.477 1.400 0.5(3 0.021 103 101 IS -2 -(5 2.I1I-04 I.40C-04 3.30E-0S HCI-H122 0.391 0.771 0.7(1 0.144 0.331 0.1(1 0.072 11 11 41 -53 -(0 l.llt-07 3.00E-0( 1.331-04 Colon Cincaε nee-lid 0.303 1.137 1.104 1.10( 1.033 0.0(2 0.010 !( •7 10 -71 -(7 1.741-04 2.3(E-0( 7,221-04 H r-iK 0.212 2.1(( 2.171 2.101 1.127 0.201 0.032 (( 15 11 -24 -(( 1. (41-04 S .73E-0( 2.43E-0S -teτ- 9 0.213 1.311 1.232 1. (13 1.223 0.1(4 0.023 (7 . H is -3( -(1 1.(11-04 4.(»-0( 1. (11-03 HT21 0.113 1.244 1.202 1.131 0.119 0.211 0.0(1 (( 12 7( . 3 -51 2.211-04 1.131-05 ( .((1-05 W12 0.203 1.222 1.192 1.101 1.042 1.230 0.032 (3 11 12 101 -(5 l.Kc-os 3.90E-09 (.301-05 (W-(20 0.22S 1.240 !.!(( 1.131 0.1(5 0.201 0.017 (( 11 75 -7 -(( 2 .01t-0( 4.1II-9( CHI Canαar 3.3K-03 ιr-2tι 0.434 1.240 1.144 1.143 0.1(7 1.001 0.033 (( 11 (1 10 -(1 1.341-03 2.711-03 -!( 3.731-03 ιr-2is 0.441 1.743 1. (40 1.(73 1. (31 0.1(1 0.020 (2 (4 ii -21 ir-sn 2.12E-0( (,4(E-0( 2.421-03 0.1(1 0. HI 0. (37 0.(03 0. (31 0.071 -0.003 (2 120 12 -37 -100 1.(21-04 4.1(1-04 I .OOE-04 (Kl-ll 0.211 0.(43 0. (70 o.((i 0.114 0.3(1 0.072 104 10 ( !( 12 -7S 3.3K-04 1.3(1-03 S.KErOS . INI-TS 0.477 0.(11 0.991 0.(02 0.5(4 0.(14 0.021 S( 13 (5 104 -14 1.44C-0S 3.321-03 S .10t-03 0211 0.2(3 1.2(2 1.27( 1.277 1.021. 0.333 0.077 102 101 77 7 -71 2.41C-M 1.23E-0S 3.3 It-OS Mdaneαa UX IKVI 0.24( 1.413 1.4(9 1.42( 1.324 0.203 0.073 104 101 12 -17 -70 2.431-Of (,(3E-0( .221-05 HU-MS-3M 0.940 0.117 0.112 0.111 0.173 O .IK 0.027 102 102 •7 -7( -15 1.(41-04 3.3»-0( 4.17E-04 Ht4 0.233 0.474 0. (31 0.411 0.724 0.031 0.003 (3 (1 74 -73 -(1 1.41(-0f 3.11E-04 ( . ( U-0( IK-WL-2 0.901 0. (37 0. (32 0.(42 0 ,(04 0.035 0.017 (0 101 (1 -(3 -17 1.323-04 2.47E-04 9.43C-0( 1K-KEL-2I 0.411 1.411 1.437 1.444 1.3(2 0.394 0.010 103 104 17 -27 -(( 2.401-04 4.101-04 2.14E-0S .H.--OX-S 0.274 0.(23 0. (31 0.(44 0.777 0.043 o.ooi 105 104 12 -(3 -17 1.711-01 3.341-04 ( .441-04 UλCC-237 0.4(1 1.14( 1.1(1 1.177 1.1(1 0.044 0.014 102 104 101 -(0 -(7 . 1 .41C-04 3.40E-04 4.KE-04 UACC-12 0.903 1.3(4 1.3(( 1.411 1.4(5 0.040 0.007 100 104 101 -(2 -(1 ι.πc-04 3.411-04 4.14--04 Ovarian Canctr 26MV1 0.332 1.171 1.121 1.1(4 0.1(3 0.113 0.011 (3 (1 75 -(3 -14 1 .501-04 3.411-04 7.77l-0( OVCM-3 0.703 1.72( 1.444 1.731 1.711 0.344 0.010 14 102 (1 -4( -(( 2.11(-0( 4.(11-04 1.01C-03 OVCMI-4 0.3(1 0.703 β .7(* 0.792 0.721 0.211 0.012 121 113 lot -43 -12 2.311-01 3.041-04 1.38E-0S OVCM-S 0.412 0. (30 0.(23 0.(2( 0.(25 0.212 0.004 14 IS 14 -2( -11 2.211-04 3.(0E-0( 2.OOE-05 OVCM-I 0.41* 1.7(3 1.713 1.101 1.331 0.1(( 0.171 14 • 4 ■ 43 -(1 -(3 1.321-04 3.2K-01 1.12E-04 IK-OV-1 0.744 1.47( 1.414 1.411 1.521 0.(42 0.010 11 102 10 ( -14 -11 2.131-04 7.441-04 2.(71-05 Ktnal Gancar 114-0 0.2(( 1.3(( 1.3(2 1.410 1.227 0.2(3 0.132 14 101 (S 2 -SO 2. (21-04 1.07E-03 ( .(3C-0S 0.2(2 0.(14 0. (33 0.(20 0. (0 0.211 0.010 13 104 (7 -23 -(( 1.91E-04 3.SSE-04 2.341-03 0.3(0 1.0(7 1.032 0.111 0.113 0.325 0.020 (5 12 17 -14 -IS 2.301-04 7.1K-0I 2.771-03 ntr 3f3 0.932 1.00S 1.022 0.(44 0.771 0.015 0.014 104 74 50 -(7 -(4 1.(21-07 2.1(E-0( 4.111-04 1H12C 0.437 1.410 1.411 1.421 1.411 0.423 0.103 101 102 101 -3 -77 3.101-01 (.411-04 4.3SE-0S TK-10 0.417 1. (17 1. (30 1.(03 1.(21 0.4(3 0.012 104 11 101 -31 -(5 2.431-04 S.IJE-04 l .((E-05 UO-31 0.7(1 1.472 1.310 1.444 1.434 0.534 0.014 103 102 123 -30 -17 3.001-04 ( .311-04 2.001-03 Froititt Cancar PC-3 0.424 1.35( 1.314 1.33( 0.113 0.2(3 0.004 (( 11 41 -33 -1* 1.4(3-07 3.111-04 1.121-03 DU-14S 0.330 0.(34 0. (31 0.(73 0. (10 0.2(1 o.oii 101 104 S3 -14 -11 1.121-04 ( ,l»-0( 2.741-03 inut canctr 0 ,137 0. (24 0. (77 0.413 0.3(1 O.O01 -0.002 in 114 32 -14 -ioo 1. H-0C 2.211-04 S .OOE-04 mπftM-nt 0.(4( !.((( 1. ( 22 1.442 1.4(1 0.2(1 0.211 (1 17 10 -S4 -55 1. (31-04 3.71E-0( ( .101-04 -SA-Ha-231/λTec 0.3S3 0.(11 0. (73 0.414 0. (44 0.217 0.124 (4 17 12 -1( -(5 2.431-04 1.10E-04 4.14E-05 HI till 0.2(0 0.714 0. (17 0.412 0.441 0.331 o.m 77 (2 11 37 -31 l .l(t-09 3.((C-03 >1. OOC-04 ISA-K1-41S 0.313 1.31( 1.494 1.407 1.311 0.0(0 0.011 101 103 (( -71 -14 i.m-of 3.79(-0( 1.-43E-04 M-A-H 0.1M 1.17( 1.173 1.203 1.191 0.130 0.024 too 101 (7 -33 -17 2.111-01 3.41E-04 1. (IE-OS R-941 0.373 1.413 1.4(3 1.431 1.422 0.(30 0.437 110 101 101 ( -20 3.(01-01 2.031-03 >1.001-04 Table 5. Values of GIso . TGI and LCw from compound 1 against 60 cancer cell lines. Table 6. Graphical depiction of the values of GIw, TGI and LCsøof compound 1 against 60 cancer cell lines National Cancer Institute Developmental Therapeutics Program In-Vitro Testin Results IcelO Coneantεatlon Tie* Kaac Optical Oanalclaa laiβtnc Gcowch P»n«l/C«ll Ltd* Zaro Ctrl -1.0 -7.0 -(.0 -S.0 -4.0 -(.0 -7.0 - ( .0 -3.0 -4.0 0130 TCI IC30 Laukaal-- ceitr-eiM 0.114 0.579 0.573 0.431 0.211 0.322 0.271 II (2 25 33 22 2.131-07 >1.00t-04 >l.O0S-04 H -10 (TI) 0.S4I 2.512 2.457 2.410 1.273 0.S2I 0.311 14 15 31 -4 -27 5.731-07 ( .0(t-0( >1.001-04 K-SI2 0.1(3 1.(43 1.751 0.155 0.241 0.210 0.150 10 ( 54 ( 3 -1 1.191-07 1.(31-03 >1.001-04 MOLT-4 0.1SS 0.113 0.743 0.1(2 0.317 0.3(1 0.315 (0 (1 31 21 21 3.171-07 >t.001-04 >1.00E-04 KtMX-1221 0.414 1.111 1.113 1.122 0.(19 o.soi 0.311 13 II 14 2 -19 3.211-07 1.201-05 >1.001-04 IK 0.234 1.171 0.111 0.110 0.302 0.454 0.3(1 7( (1 7 23 IS 2.031-07 >1.001-04 >1.001-04 Kon-Saall Call tuno Caπear ΛS4I/MCC 0.147 0.141 0.150 0.121 0.100 0.2SI 0.202 100 II -32 14 7 2.321-07 >1.001-04 £KVX 0.441 1.211 1.250 1.314 1.1(3 0.400 0.103 104 123 93 -11 -77 2.3U-0S 7.171-04 3.90E-0S HO(-(2 0.3(9 1.S72 1.347 1.SS4 0.120 0.513 0.227 100 II S 1 -10 3.301-07 1.0SC-0S (.131-03 KOF-(2 0.320 0. ( 23 0.(11 0.1(4 0.331 0.319 0.177 123 113 ( 0 -45 3.101-07 l .l(t-0( >1.001-04 NCI-Λ22( 0.712 l.((( 1.510 1.730 1.(11 0.2(1 0.(32 (1 107 102 -(5 -14 2.0SI-ΘI 4.0(1-0( , NCI-H23 0.303 1.147 1.714 1 -721 0.112 0.375 0.3(1 (0 11 3( -21 -23 5.(41-07 3.171-01 >1.008-04 NCI-H322M 0.474 1.521 1.334 1.5(0 1.404 0.413 0.423 107 104 (( 2 -11 2.11E-0I 1.311-05 >1.001-04 NCX-S410 0.115 1.5(1 1.592 1.500 0.417 0.231 0.114 102 IS 21 4 -42 4.0(1-07 1.231-05 >1.001-04 NCI-πS22 0.417 0.CS1 0.411 0.432 0.17S 0.201 0.111 32 ( -SS -50 -73 <1.00C-01 1.211-07 7.301-07 colon Cancaε COM 209 0.131 1.012 1.001 1.070 0.3S2 0.021 0.010 (2 11 21 -17 -14 4.231-07 1.5(1-01 4.S3E-0I HCC-2SS1 0.177 0.772 0.752 0.(10 0.1S0 0.010 0.005 (7 (( -IS -55 -97 2.211-07 7.111-07 ?.S(ϊ-0( κeτ- 11 0.210 2.231 2.303 2.033 0.124 0.471 0.142 103 (1 33 10 -51 4.931-07 1.441-05 9.C2E-0S HCT-1S 0.137 1.317 1.222 1.312 0.S44 0.270 0.1(2 (1 17 33 11 4 3.451-07 >1.001-04 >1.001-04 HT2( 0.012 O.IOS 0.7(3 0.730 0.214 0.111 0.0(1 14 10 17 11 1 3.531-07 >1.001-04 ->1.001-04 XM12 0.1SS 0.119 0.139 0.135 0.101 0.211 0.023 10S 14 -31 1 -14 ■ ;. 2.2(1-07 # 4.2 E-0S JH-120 0.121 0.111 0.7(2 0.721 0.0S1 0.140 0.031 • 3 71 -31 2 -11 l.(«-07 . β CHS caneac sr-211 0.5(7 1.427 1.311 1.373 0.(74 0.(52 0.421 17 14 12 10 -25 3.451-07 1.(21-05 >1.001-04 sr-293 0.413 1.4(7 1.4(7 1.315 0.213 0.301 0.203 100 12 -3( -27 -51 2.131-07 5.211-07 9.10E-05 »r-33( 0.117 0.111 0.714 0.1S1 0.014 0.051 0.011 13 13 -S ( -71 -11 1.94Z-07 4. 51-07 I .90E-07 (Hl-K 0.310 1.111 1.147 1.342 0.571 0.S17 0.024 (S 107 24 17 -14 4.131-07 1.421-05 4.03E-0S 1NB-7S 0.312 0.100 0.(13 0.104 0.(01 0.203 O.02I 103 101 42 -41 -93 7.3(1-07 2.(3E-0( 1.10E-0S U2S1 0.011 0. (37 0.(01 0.501 0.044 0.121 0.001 (1 73 -55 S -91 1.321-07 , . Mal'anoiu IOX IKVI 0.0S1 0.153 0.131 0.723 0.121 0.131 O.OK (( 14 10 11 2 2.1U-07 >1.001-04 >1.001-04 HUME-3M O.SSS 1.247 0.922 1.102 0.4K O.ISI O.IK -3 51 -5( -14 -II . . I .70E-07 M14 0.231 1.341 1.310 1.571 0.(13 0.034 0.020 (7 121 34 -11 -92 (.511-07 1.921-0 ( S.02E-0S SK-HE -2 0.4(1 1.111 1.221 1.153 0.714 0.091 0.0(3 104 14 34 -79 -17 5.3(1-07 l .(IE-0( 5.331-01 SK-HH.-21 0.211 1.010 0.944 1.011 O.Hfr 0.043 0.919 (1 101 SS -(4 -13 ;÷ 1.091-0 ( 2.491-01 S.19E-0I 3K-MIL-3 0.011 0.909 0.((1 0.(12 0.03( 0.044 0.004 (( 71 2 3 -73 2.251-07 1.101-05 4.7(1-03 UMC-237 0.3(3 1.300 1.311 1.333 0.3(1 0.0S7 0.034 101 103 21 -(4 -11 4.4(1-07 l.S(E-0( .731-04 UMC-12 0.214 1.210 1.1K 1.213 0.5(4 0.053 0.032 l( 101 30 -(2 -11 5.251-07 1. (71-01 S .23E-0( Ovarian Canear I01OV1 0.211 0.134 0.571 0.4(4 0.077 0.117 0.011 (7 (7 -(3 -23 -34 1.331-07 3.231-07 . OVCM-3 0.(03 O.ISI 0.111 0.771 0.111 0.210 0.034 113 (( -(1 -(S •14 1.211-07 2.(21-07 C.17E-07 OVCMl-4 0.374 0.1(0 1.017 0.1(4 0.(50 0.321 0.101 110 101 47 -12 -72 1.101-07. ( .231-0( 4.321-05 OVCM-S 0.2(7 0.7(4 0.104 0.114 0.415 0.350 0.111 104 US 2( 1( -SI 3.1(1-07 1.(41-05 7.17E-05 OVCM-t o.Ki 1.050 0.1(( 0.140 0.411 0.231 0.01S (0 (7 34 ( -41 5.001-07 1.271-05 >1.00E-04 SK-CV-3 0.713 1.374 1.414 1.311 0.173 0.754 0.052 10( 102 -( ( -13 3.031-07 • 3.70E-0S Banal Cancac 711-0 0.1(( 1.032 0.173 O.ISI 0.011 0.245 0.0(2 13 11 -41 7 -17 1.971-07 • S.94E-0S A4II 0.7(3 1.3(3 1.4S7 1.4(1 1.4(0 0.311 0.1(( 112 114 112 -SO -71 2.421-01 4.m-o( 1.911-01 ACHH 0.2(1 1.232 1.111 1.130 0.074 0.307 0.115 (7 10 •72 5 -25 1.7(1-07 . . CΛKX-1 0.4(4 1.431 1.S2S 1.SS3 0.971 0.311 0.014 10( 112 S3 -IS -10 1.101-01 (.0(1-01 3.4(1-05 FOtr 313 0.101 1.144 1.202 1.203 0.271 0.121 0.001 104 107 -SS -(0 -11 2.241-07 4.551-07 9.2(E-07 JN12C 0.331 1.230 1.147 1.207 0.101 O.420 0.124 (1 17 14 10 -(2 1.131-01 1.311-03 (.7(1-03 T -10 0.421 1.123 1.220 1.271 0.974 0.213 O.OII 114 122 71 -34 -71 1.101-01 5.011-01 2.3SE-05 UO-31 0.311 1.301 1.233 1.310 0.1(7 0.442 0.317 (5 101 -57 ( -1 2.211-07 . . ?coιβ*ta canear 1C-3 0.231 1.141 1.017 0.(71 0.447 0.303 0.072 (1 11 22 ( -71 3.331-07 1.111-05 S.29E-05 DU-143 0.252 0.SS1 0.333 0.313 0.141 0.140 0.010 (4 47 -41 -43 -11 1.131-01 3.421-07 1.27E-05 Bcaait Canear Mcr7 0.07S 0.(11 0.530 0.351 0.015 O.OIO O.021 (5 52 3 2 -73 1.121-07 1.0(1-03 4.1(1-05 HCI/AOK-RIl 0.5(7 1.001 0.(33 0.1(1 0.722 0.111 0.111 12 II 30 -(( -II 4.SK-07 2.031-01 (.511-01 hDλ-HB-231/λTCC 0.37S 0.113 0.121 0.1(0 0.S27 0.417 0.251 13 S( 31 9 -32 5.301-07 1.131-05 >ι.ooε-θ4 HI S71T 0.741 1.431 ' 1.321 1.S07 1.312 0.741 0.(37 llβ 107 II -1 "lϊ ' ■ 2.(ll-0( 1.111-01 >1, 001-04 K.A-H--- 33 0.142 0.121 1.043 0.1(1 0.013 0.011 0.002 US !( -51 •31 -11 . 2.001-07 4.271-07 .((l-0 * KDA-H 0.211 1.310 1.2S3 1.313 0.331 0.072 0.047 (1 100 2 -(( -77 1.231-07 1.0(1-01 S ( 1T-341 0.113 1.744 1.(13 1.714 1.425 0.717 0.315 (3 (7 72 13 -41 2.43t-0( 1.741-03 >ι.αoκ-Bt Table 7. Values of GIso, TGI and LGo from compound 3 against 60 cancer cell lines. Table 8. Graphical depiction of the values of GIso, TGI and LCso of compound 3 against 60 cancer cell lines. National Cancer Institute Developmental Therapeutics Program In- Vitro Testing Results *SC: D- 702842 -R/ l Experiment ID: 9805RC37-29 Test Type: 08 Units: Molar Report Date: June 17, 1998 Test Date: May 18, 1998 QNS: MC: OMI: KD-π-93 Stain Reagent: SRB Dual-P SSP : OADV LoσlO Coπean-ra-lon Tlaa M-an optical Oanaltlaa f areant Growth ϊanβl/Cβll Una 3*ro Ctrl -1.3 -7.3 -1.3 -3.3 -4.3 -( .3 -7.3 -1.3 -9.3 -4.3 6150 TCI LCSO Laukaala ccwr-eut 0.172 1.590 1.21* 0.711 0.447 0.423 0.401 77 43 19 11 17 3. 11-01 >5.001-05 >3.001-05 Hl-lO (TI) 0.274 0.937 0.(31 0.(29 0.341 0.33S 0.2*7 (S 34 10 9 3 (.041-01 >3.00l-03 7S .OOE-0S K-S12 0.037 0.7(7 0.(35 0.374 0.302 0.32O 94 77 43 34 3( 3.151-07 >5.001-05 >S. OOE-OS MOtT-4 0.107 1.531 0.l(( 0.503 0.401 0.39( 0.424 (1 2* 21 20 22 1.051-0* >5.001-05 ?3.001-03 MMX-I22I 0.254 2.010 1.(12 1.7(0 O . ISI 0.S2S 0.412 *3 •7 2 ? 13 13 1.101-07 >5.00E-0S 75.00E-05 IK 0.099 1.140 0.(31 0.3(3 0.313 0.371 0.311 SI 2* 21 27 20 5.101-09 >S.001-05 ->S. OOE-OS Non-Jβall call Mnα Canear A349/ATCC 0.0(7 0.79( 0.(55 0.743 0.091 0.110 0.130 101 93 -( 12 S 1.351-07 . .■3.001-03 IKVX 0.3IS 0.7(0 0.797 0.(00 0.311 0.141 0.0(5 103 102 1 -*2 -13 1.(41-07 5.141-07 3.231-01 «or-(2 0.321 0.100 0.7(4 0.703 0.212 0.117 0.039 12 to -34 -39 -II 1. 41-01 2.511-07 lvSlt-0( HOf-92 0.311 0.911 0.(22 0.(02 0.441 0 .3(1 0.240 101 97 32 -S -3* 1.791-07 2.37C-0« »3. OOt-OS -ΪCI-S22( 0.(17 0.(49 0.(5( 0.711 0.42* 0.309 0.1(7 104 1* -31 -SS -71 7.411-01 2.211-07 2.SSE-00 NCI-H23 0.425 1.4SI 1.210 1.004 0.S1I 0.431 0.320 13 3* 9 1 -23 (.751-01 S.»t-0( »5.00E-05 KCI-B322H 0.112 1.470 1.410 1.434 0.793 0.(11 O.S20 *3 »* 1( -1 -22 1.171-07 2.3(1-0 ( >5.g0I-0S MCX-MIO 0.2(1 1.SS7 1.347 1.213 0.3(1 0.310 0.0(1 14 73 1 4 -C* 1.141-07 5.(41-01 ϊ.741-03 HCI-HS22 0.412 0.1(1 0.100 0.5(0 0.141 0.051 0.01S 74 SI -(( -l( -9« 5.771-01 1.471-07 3.731-07 Colon Canear COLO 203 0.103 0.141 0.101 0.753 0.332 0.271 0.250 15 11 31 23 20 2.331-07 »S.001-05 >3.001-03 HCC-2*** 0.351 0.133 o.no 0.(44 0.2(2 0.245 0.044 91 IS -27 -31 -11 1.021-07 2.191-07 .αu-os HCT-1K 0 .301 1.331 1.237 0.((4 0.17S 0.211 0.127 II 12 -43 -9 -S9 ( .5(1-01 1.931-07 3.321-05 HCT-15 0.310 1.391 1.323 1.275 0. ((( 0.29* 0.39$ «3 19 33 -4 -33 3.5*1-07 4.00I-0( >S. OOE-OS HT21 0.1(2 0.(41 0.5(5 0.4(3 0.110 0.017 0.013 • 4 (3 -32 -39 -55 (.tii-oi 2.2(1-07 2.341-01 nua 0.343 1.017 0.1(1 0.(03 0.111 0.132 0.072 »3 •3 -53 -« -7* 1.741-01 2.011-07 4.741-07 (H-120 0.151 0.(14 0.(71 0.745 0.231 0.215 0.131 II 71 * 1( -11 1.091-07 1. (01-05 >S.001-05 CH* Canear (Mil 0.(19 1.2SS 1.12( 0.((7 0.391 0.227 0.251 10 12 -42 -(3 -51 1.311-01 1.401-01 l.ni-o* 81-295 0.110 1.172 1.234 0. (11 0.331 0.301 0.201 101 74 14 11 1 1.2(1-07 -•3.001-08 >5.001-05 SF-S39 0.144 0.419 0.451 0.403 0.077 0.024 0.014 1* 7S -47 -(4 -90 1.041-01 2.071-07 (.011-07 itm-i* 0.550 1.151 1.533 1.475 0.711 0.(29 0.513 1* 13 21 7 -7 1.731-07 1.(41-05 >9.00I-09 (Hl-75 0.SS9 0.7(7 0.735 0. ((7 0.314 0.01* 0.273 77 (0 -44 -14 -SI (.2(1-01 1.901-07 7.111-07 C2S1 0.1(2 1.U9 1.011 0.117 0.271 0.275 0.017 II 74 11 12 -40 1.201-07 1.44I-0( S>5.001-09 MalaαβM MX JMVI 0.314 1.1SS S .MS 0.1(9 0.219 0.242 0.124 11 (1 -9 -23 -(1 1.171-01 3.141-07 2.5(1-05 t_* 0.1(2 0.529 0.547 0.445 o.oso 0.017 0.013 105 77 -11 -30 -92 7. (41-01 1.1(1-07 3.(11-07 SK-MEL-2 0.413 1.03* 0.113 0.331 0.109 0.121 0.0(4 19 17 -71 -74 -17 1.391-01 1. (11-07 3.391-01 SR-MEL-2S 0.1(0 0.(05 0.5(7 0.3(1 0.223 0.143 0.091 11 *2 14 -11 -43 1.722-07 1.121-01 >5. OOE-OS 3K-HEL-S 0 .217 0.771 0.700 0.451 0.213 0.2IS 0.177 II 42 -2 9 -13 3.231-01 • >5. OOE-OS OACC-2S7 0.1(1 0.1(0 O.MS 0.(55 0.23S 0.317 0.172 101 19 1 19 -10 1.701-07 2.251-05 >S.001-09 UΛCC-(2 0 .50S .SH 1.45S 1.311 0.213 0.110 0.03( 10 71 -SI -7( -19 7.121-01 1.151-07 4 .3(1-07 Ovarian Canear lαiovi 0.2(0 0.(14 0.709 0.(50 0.113 0.112 O.05( 71 (1 -59 -33 -10 (.211-01 1.(21-07 . QVCMl-3 0.194 0.117 0.100 0.734 0.220 0.273 0.035 »7 17 4 13 -12 1.3*t»07 (.(Oi-oi 2.301-05 OVCM-* 0.221 0.710 0.702 0.5(5 0.1S5 0.010 0.0(2 II (5 -32 -(5 -14 7.0*1-01 2.331-07 1.71I-0( 1X-OV-3 0.1(3 0.190 -.912 0.117 0.434 0.307 0.015 103 90 33 17 -34 2.(11-07 l.(ll-0( 4.4 ((-OS Ranal Canear 711-0 0 .244 0.123 0.719 0.722 0.243 0.112 0.124 *4 (2 -X -2( -SO 1.231-07 4.(21-07 >3.001-03 A49I 0.334 1. (21 .SII 1.(07 0.395 0.341 0.0(1 »3 91 5 1 -12 1.(41-07 5.151-01 2.07E-0S λCMH 0 .202 1.013 0.959 0.5(0 0.204 0.22* 0.112 (3 41 0 3 -40 4.411-01 3.131-0 ( >3.001-03 CMCI-1 0.113 0.343 0.529 0.472 0.1(1 0.1S* 0.0(1 *7 13 12 10 -40 1.471-07 1.011-01 >3.oo»-os FWr 393 0.102 0.472 0.449 0.313 0.1(7 0.077 0.03( *4 57 11 -23 -15 7.411-01 1.311-01 2.151-05 1H12C 0.205 0.101 0.750 0.714 0.340 0.2(1 0.103 *0 14 22 9 -30 1.7*1-07 7. I7I-0. >3.001-03 TK-10 0.2(3 1.147 1.145 1.171 0.731 0.(07 0.3(4 100 102 31 22 * 2.721-07 >S.O0t-αS >S .001-93 UO-31 0.231 1.001 0.911 0.(35 0.123 0.274 0.2(0 f( (1 -47 S 1 ( .(•t-oi . >9.eot-B9 Prøaeat* Canear PC-3 0.321 0.122 0.730 0.591 0.347 0.233 0.03* (1 55 4 -32 -11 ( .171-01 (.401-07 1.051-03 Btaaac Canear wer7 0.117 0.179 0.(54 0.41S 0.110 0.1(1 0.0S7 70 3( 1 1 -SI 2.241-01 (.311-01 4.731-03 Nei/ADR-MS 0.431 07 0 ,(51 0.934 0.131 0.534 0.193 0.2(9 #7 77 1C -5* -41 1.371-07 (.171- . H>λ-M-231MTCC 0.2(1 0.127 0.122 0.717 0.351 0.321 0.31* 9* 19 11 12 10 1.711-07 >S.001-03 ».nβ»-ø3 HI 37IT 0.701 0.(17 1. -07 0.112 0.9(4 0.4K 0.11* 0.321 130 122 -41 -73 -54 1.311-01 3.(01-07 *.4( MM-HS-433 0.243 1.321 1.211 1.300 0.2K 0 7( 0.1(( (( 97 -11 -2( -32 1.371-07 3.(31-01 >S .001-05 KDVH 0.1(1 0.171 0.113 0.117 0.230 0.113 0.2*0 *0 *1 • S -3 • 1.501-07 . >S.001-05 BT-S4I 0.355 1.301 1.223 1.170 0.737 0.5*1 0.211 •1 •5 42 25 -3* 3.2*1-07 1.231-05 »5.001-05 T-47B o .il* 0.437 0 ,43* 0.334 0.309 0.221 0.1(0 100 74 29 33 14 1.711-01 >S .001-05 >5.001-05 Table 9. Values of GIso, TGI and LCso from compound 22 against 60 cancer cell lines. Table 10. Graphical depiction of the values of GIso, TGI and LCso of compound 22 against 60 cancer cell lines. Table 11. In-vitro Anticancer Screening of Compound 25 by the NCI. Table 2. In-vitro Anticancer Screening of Compound 26 by the NCI. The results from the NCI cytotoxicity screen clearly demonstrate that compounds of the invention have significant cytotoxic potency over a wide range of human cancer cells. Even though compounds 1, 3 , 22, 25 and 26 have fairly different structures, both compounds showed a number of similar biological properties. First, they exhibit activity in the micromolar range. Second, none of these compounds showed much activity against leukemia cells, but they showed strong activity against solid tumors cells. Third, they were active against melanoma cells, and to some extent breast, ovarian and lung cells as well. Based on the novel structures of these compounds and the unique biological profilesof these compounds they have been chosen by the biological evaluation committee for the in-vivo hollow fiber assay (45). EXAMPLE 16 Hollow Fiber Assay for Preliminary In Vivo Testing The Biological Testing Branch of the Developmental Therapeutics Program has adopted a preliminary in-vivo screening tool for assessing the potential anticancer activity of compounds identified by the large-scale in vitro cell screen. For these assays, human tumor cells are cultivated in polyvinylidene fluoride (PNDF) hollow fibers, and a sample of each cell line is implanted into each of two physiologic compartments (intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) in mice. Each test mouse receives a total of 6 fibers (3 intraperitoneally and 3 subcutaneously) representing 3 distinct cancer cell lines. Three mice are treated with potential antitumor compounds at each of 2 test doses by the intraperitoneal route using a QD x 4 treatment schedule. Vehicle controls consist of 6 mice receiving the compound diluent only. The fiber cultures are collected on the day following the last day of treatment. To assess anticancer effects, viable cell mass is determined for each of the cell lines using a formazan dye (MTT) conversion assay. From this, the %T/C can be calculated using the average optical density of the compound treated samples divided by the average optical density of the vehicle controls. In addition, the net increase in cell mass can be determined for each sample as a sample of fiber cultures are assessed for viable cell mass on the day of implantation into mice. Thus, the cytostatic and cytocidal capacities of the test compound can be assessed. Generally, each compound is tested against a minimum of 12 human cancer cell lines. This represents a total of 4 experiments since each experiment contains 3 cell lines. The data are reported as %T/C for each of the 2 compound doses against each of the cell lines with separate values calculated for the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous samples. Compounds are selected for further in vivo testing in standard subcutaneous xenograft models on the basis of several hollow fiber assay criteria. These include: (1) a % T/C of 50 or less in 10 of the 48 possible test combinations (12 cell lines X 2 sites X 2 compound doses); (2) activity at a distance (intraperitoneal drug/ subcutaneous culture) in a πri imum of 4 of the 24 possible combinations; and/ or (3) a net cell kill of 1 or more cell lines in either implant site. To simplify evaluation, a points system has been adopted which allows rapid viewing of the activity of a given compound. For this, a value of 2 is assigned for each compound dose which results in a 50% or greater reduction in viable cell mass. The intraperitoneal and subcutaneous samples are scored separately so that criteria (1) and (2) can be evaluated. Compounds with a combined IP+SC score > 20, a SC score > 8 or a net cell kill of one or more cell lines are referred for xenograft testing. These criteria were statistically validated by comparing the activity outcomes of > 80 randomly selected compounds in the hollow fiber assay and in the xenograft testing. This comparison indicated that there was a very low probability of missing an active compound if the hollow fiber assay were used as the initial in vivo screening tool. In addition to these criteria, other factors (e.g. unique structure, mechanism of action) may result in referral of a compound for standard xenograft testing without the compound meeting these criteria. The experiments for compound 3 are still in progress. However, the studies of compound 1 have completed, and the results are the following: for human H522 lung cancer, IP score of 8, SC score of 10 giving an IP+SC score of 18, and significant cells kill was observed. Based on these results compound 1 has been further selected by NCI's biological evaluation committee to in-vivo testing using human tumor xenografts in nude mice. The plans are to look at least three different solid tumors, with one being H522 lung cancer. Hollow fiber studies conducted on compound 25 gave a composite score of 54 (IP = 46, and SC = 8) with cell kill observed. This compound is presently undergoing xenograft testing against two breast cancers (MD A-MB-231 and MD A-MB-435) and lung cancer (NCI-H23) at the NCI. EXAMPLE 17 pBR322 strand nicking assay When a compound is covalently bound to a purine-N3 in the minor groove of DNA, the adduct is thermally unstable. It is readily hydrolyzed to produce a DNA strand (2). Consequently, the formation of adenine-N3 (or guanine-N3) alkylation adducts can be detected by thermal conversion of supercoil pBR322 DNA (Form I) to nicked open closed-circular DNA (Form II) as a result of the formation of single strand breaks. These two different forms of pBR322 DNA can then be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the relative amounts of each form can be determined by densitometry of methylene blue stained gels (39). The supercoil form of pBR322 DNA is more compact than the open circular form, and as a result, moves further down the gel towards the positive electrode. Solutions of the drugs dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) were made at 0J0 mM concentrations, and were always stored in the refrigerator. Tris buffer solution at pH 7.4 at 25 °C and 0.010 M was made from Tris HCl (0.661 g), Tris base (0.097 g) diluted to a 100 mL volume with distilled water. Then EDTA-Na2-2H2O (0J86 g) and KCl (3.72 g) were added to the Tris HCl solution and diluted to 500 mL volume with distilled water. A TBE solution was prepared from Carolina Lot # 4020602 Electrophoresis buffer 20 times TBE diluted to a volume of three liters with deionized water . The agarose gel was prepared from agarose low EEO (0.32 g) dissolved in TBE buffer (40 mL) and heated in a microwave oven until dissolved. The pBR322 DNA (100 μg/ 100 μL) from Pharmacia Biotech was in a buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, and ImM EDTA). The DNA was prepared from plasmid DNA isolated from E. coli HB101 by the alkaline lysate procedure and was purified by Sepharcryl S-100 chromatography followed by CsCl-ethidium bromide centrifugation. The alkylation samples were prepared by adding DNA (10 μL), Tris-EDTA KCl buffer (18 μL), and compound (2 μL) at 100 μM concentration to Eppendorf tubes. The samples were incubated at 40 °C for 40 h. The samples were removed then centrifuged for one minute. 10% SDS (sodium dodecylsulfate) (2 μL), 50% glycerol (5 μL), and bromophenol blue (2 μL) were added to the samples. The contents of the tubes were mixed with a Vortex mixer then centrifuged to consolidate the samples. The agarose gel was covered with TBE-buffer in the chamber. The samples were loaded onto the agarose gel and run at 40 V for three hours, or when the band were about three/fourths of the way down the gel. The gel was removed and stained with methylene blue (45 min). At this time, the stained gel was placed in a water chamber overnight. The intensities of each band i.e. Form I and II were determined using densitometry. The achiral compounds 1, 3 and 9 were subjected to this study, the results are shown in Table 4. Table A4. DNA alkylation studies on the compounds of the invention . Compound 1 Form I DNA (%) Form II DNA (%) Control pBR322 87+2 13±1 0.1 mM 73±2 27+4 Compound 3 Form I DNA (%) Form II DNA (%) Control pBR322 79+1 21±1 0.1 mM 51+3 49+4 Compound 9 Form I DNA (%) Form II DNA (%) Control pBR322 78±4 22±4 0.1 mM 48+4 52±4 Compound (1.0 mM) Form I DNA (%) Form II DNA (%) Control pBR322 32.7+5 67.3+5 17 quantitative 18 quantitative 19 quantitative Compound 24 Form I DNA (%) Form II DNA (%) Control pBR322 86±5 14+6 0.1 mM quantitative Compound 25 Form I DNA (%) Form II DNA (%) Control pBR322 64+4 36+5 0.1 mM quantitative Compound 26 Form I (%) Form II (%) Control pBR322 46 54 0.1 mM 0 quantitative The results from Table A4 show that DNA strand breaks are produced after incubation of the drug-DNA solutions at 40 °C for 40 h. The strand breaks are formed as a result of thermally cleavaged reactions of adducted A-N3 or G-N3 sites thus providing evidence that the compounds preferentially bind to and alkylate within the minor groove. EXAMPLE 18 Taq polymerase stop assay The ability of the compounds of the invention to alkyate DNA at specific sequences was studied using a Taq polymerase stop assay. The procedure employed was previously described by Ponti et al. (41). Prior to drug/ DNA incubation, plasmid pBR322 DNA was linearized with an appropriate restriction enzyme to provide a stop for the Taq downstream from the primer. The oligodeoxynucleotide primers were 5'-end labelled prior to amplification using T4 polynucleotide kinase and [γ32p]-ATP (5000Ci/mmol, Amersham. UK). The labelled primers were purified by elution through Bio-Rad spin colμmns. The synthetic primer 5'- GCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAA-3', identified as SCA, binds to the complementary strand at position 3090-3109 and was used to examine the alkylation on the bottom strand. The primer 5*-GCATTGGTAACTGTCAGACC-3', identified as SRM, binds in the sequence 3303-3284 and was used to examine the top strand. Linear amplification of DNA was carried out in a total volume of 100 μL containing 0.5 μg of template DNA, 50 pmol of labelled primer, 250 μM of each dNTP, 1U "Red Hot" Taq polymerase, 20 M ( H4)2SO . 75 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.0, 0.01% Tween, 2.5 mM MgCl2, and 0.01% gelatin. After an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 minutes, the cycling conditions were as follows: 94 °C for 1 minute, 60 °C for 1 minute, and 72 °C for 1 minute, for a total of 30 cycles. After being amplified, the samples were ethanol precipitated and washed with 70% ethanol. Samples were dissolved in formamide loading dye, heated for 2 minute at 90 °C, cooled on ice, and electrophoresed at 2500- 3000V for 3 h on a 80 cm x 20 cm x 0.4 mm 6% acrylamide denaturing sequencing gel (Sequagel, National Diagnostics). The gels were dried, and x-ray film was exposed to the gels (Hyperfilm, Amersham. UK). Densitometry was carried out on a Bio-Rad GS-670 imaging densitometer. The gels given in Tables 13 and 14 for compounds 1, 2, and 27 were performed on a Pvu II fragment, and a Sea I fragment, respectively. Each of these compounds possess the achiral "warhead" with the only difference being that 2 containing a bromo instead of a chloro leaving group. The noncovalent binding portions of the three compounds are also similar, except that compound 27 contains a 5-nitroindole group instead of the larger indole-benzofuran group shared by 1 and 2. These characteristics proved to be of significance as shown by the results. Both compounds 1 and 2 showed stronger sequence selectivity than 27, which presumable if due to the larger noncovalent binding interaction of the compounds 1 and 2 with DNA. Table 13. Taq DNA Polymerase Stop Assay using the Pvu II primer; lane 1, control DNA; lane 2, 100 μM chlorambucil treated; lane 3 compound 27, 10μM, 5h; lane 4 compound 27, 100 μM, 5h; lane 5 compound 27, 10 μM, 8h; lane 6 compound 27, 100 μM, 8h; lane 7 compound 1, 10 μM, 5h; lane 8 compound 1, 100 μM, 5h; lane 9 compound 1, 10 μM, 8h; lane 10 compound 1, 100 μM, 8h; lane 11 compound 2, 10 μM, 5h; lane 12 compound 2, 100 μM, 5h; lane 13 compound 2, 10 μM, 8h; lane 14 compound 2, 100 μM, 8h. Table 14. Taq DNA Polymerase Stop Assay using the Sea II primer; lane 1, control DNA; lane 2, 100 μM chlorambucil treated; lane 3 compound 27, 10 μM, 5h; lane 4 compound 27, 100 μM, 5h; lane 5 compound 27, 10 μM, 8h; lane 6 compound 27, 100 μM, 8h; lane 7 compound 1, 10 μM, 5h; lane 8 compound 1, 100 μM, 5h; lane 9 compound 1, 10 μM, 8h; lane 10 compound 1, 100 μM, 8h; lane 11 compound 2, 10 μM, 5h; lane 12 compound 2, 100 μM, 5h; lane 13 compound 2, 10 μM, 8h; lane 14 compound 2, 100 μM, 8h. For the Pvu II fragment depicted in Table 13, strong alkylation sites were found in 5'-AAAAA (#3207, 3208), 5'-TTAT (#3202), 5'-AAGGG (#3186), 5'-AAAA (#3171), and G (#3115). For the Sea I DNA fragment, strong alkylation sites were found in A A (#3239), TT (#3263), and A (#3321). Similar Taq DNA polymerase stop assays performed on both Pvu II an sea I fragments and compared with CC-1065 and adozelesin. The results (not shown) show similarity between the covalent sequence selectivity of CC-1065 and adozelesin and compounds compounds of the invention, except for the hairpin compounds (17, 18 and 19). The hairpin compounds gave preference in alkylating different sequences of DNA. Specifically, from the Taq DNA polymerase stop assay, the hairpin compounds 17-19 did not alkylate the 5'-AAAAA sequence, the major alkylation site by most analogues of CC-1065 and duocarmycins. Instead, they showed alkylation selectivity at the 3'-ATTT-5' sequence . For compound 18, an additional and unique strong alkylation site was found at 3'-GCAACG-5'. For compound 19, a unique, but weaker, alkylation site was located at 3'-(G)CA-5'. Because of the unique sequence specificity of the compounds described in this invention, in particilar the hairpin compounds that use a novel motif of sequence specific recognition and alkylation, they can have potential application in identifying specific sequences in the genome, as well as application in controlling gene expression. The results in Table 13 and 14 also indicate that the bromo-containing analogue 2 is less efficient in alkylating DNA, thus blocking the activity of Taq DNA ploymerase, than the corresponding chloro-compound 1. The is probably a result of the bromide being a better leaving group and is thus more solvolytically reactive. The results from a Taq DNA polymerase stop assay performed on compounds 25, 26 and compound 28 (a seco-CBI-trimethoxyindoe reference compound) are given in Table 15. 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Claims: What is claimed: 1. Compound of the formula General Class I General Class II General Class III General Class IV General Class V wherein X is a good leaving group, such as a chloride, a bromide, an iodide, a mesylate, a tosylate, an acetate, a quaternary ammonium moiety, a mercaptan, an alkylsulfoxyl, or an alkylsulfonyl group, preferably either a chloride, a bromide, or an iodide group. Ri is a suitable minor groove binding agent to enhance the interactions of the achiral seco-cyclopropaneindole (CI) or an achiral seco-duocarmycin with specific sequences of DNA. Examples of the DNA binders are given in Table 4. The preferred DNA binders are groups A, C, D, E, F, G, H and I. R_. can also include the following: t-butoxy, benzyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethyloxy or other common protecting groups for amines wherein X is a good leaving group, such as a chloride, a bromide, an iodide, a mesylate, a tosylate, an acetate, a quaternary ammonium moiety, a mercaptan, an alkylsulfoxyl, or an alkylsulfonyl group, preferably either a chloride, a bromide, or an iodide group. Ri is a suitable minor groove binding agent to enhance the interactions of the covalently reactive achiral seco-pharmacophore with specific sequences of DNA. Examples of the DNA binders are given in Table 4. The preferred DNA binders are groups A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L. R 2 and R3 can be hydrogen or short chain alkyl (C1-C5) groups, preferably both being hydrogen atoms. The alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched and include such groups as ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl. Ri and R5 can be hydrogen atoms, short alkyl groups, trifluoromethyl moieties, and alkyloxycarbonyl groups. The preferred _ and R5 groups are methoxycarbonyl and trifluoromethyl. R can be either a benzyl, a benzyloxycarbonyl, a hydrogen atom, a 4- nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, or a N'-methylpiperazinyl-N-carbonyl group. 2. A compound of claim 1, wherein X is chloro, bromo, iodo, mercapto, a quaternary ammonium moiety, or a mesylate, tosylate, acetate, Ci-Cβ alkylsulfoxyl or Cι-C 6 alkylsulfonyl group. 3. A compound of claim 2, wherein X is chloro, bromo or iodo. 4. A compound of claim 1, wherein Ri is a group of Table 4. 5. A compound of claim 1, wherein R 2 and R3 are both hydrogen. 6. A compound of claim 1, wherein R_ and R 6 are independently methoxycarbonyl or trifluoromethyl. 7. A method of treating a cancer susceptible to alkylating agent therapy in a patient in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering to the patent an anti-cancer effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the amount is about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg of patient body weight. 9. A method of delivering achiral seco-alkylating pharmacophores of CC-1065 or of a duocarmycin to selective sequences of DNA, the method comprising conjugating the pharmacophore to a DNA minor groove binding agent to form a conjugate,and contacting the selective sequences with the conjugate for atime sufficient to achieve binding of the conjugate to the selective sequence. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the contacting step is in vivo. 11. A pharmaceutical compostion suitable for the treatment of a cancer susceptible to alkylating agent therapy comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore. 12. A compound selected from the group consisting of: N-(2-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole- 2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide N-(2-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4-butanamidopyrrole- 2-carboxamido)pyrrole-2-carboxamide N-[2-(2-Bromoethyl)-0-(4-nitrobenzylcarbonato)phenyl]-l-methyl-4-(l-methyl-4- butanamidopyrrole-2-carboxarrιido)pyrrole-2-carboxarnide 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2-cMoroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole-2- carboxamidojphenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5-nitroindole-2-carboxamido)phenol 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2-cHoroethyl)amino)benzamido]indole-2- carboxamidojphenol 4-(2-CMoroethyl)-3-[[5-[5-(4-bis-(2-c oroethyl)amino)benzamido]benzofuran-2- carboxamido]indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-O-(4-nitrobenzylcarbonato)-3-[[5-(4-bis-(2- chloroethyl)aπιino)benzamido]indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Bromoethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-O-(4-nitrobenzylcarbonato)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-O-(N-methylpiperazine-N'-carbamato)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2- carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(2-CMoroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]phenol 4-(CWoroethyl)-3-[2-(4-N,N-(diethyl)arninophenyl)benzimidazole-6- carboxamidojphenol 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiimemoxyindole-2-carboxamino)phenol 4-(2-CUoroethyl)-3-(5-n ethoxyindole-2-carboxarnino)phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(2-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(3-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methoxycinnamoylamido)phenol 4-(2-cWoroethyl)-3-(2,6-dimethoxy-5-pyridyl)-E-ethen-l-ylcarboxamido)phenol Dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- - carboxamido)indole-2,3-dicarboxylate Dimethyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-5-[5-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2- carboxamidoJindoleτ2,3-dicarboxylate Methyl 4-(2-chloroethyl)-7-hydroxy-2-trifluoromethyl-5-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2- carboxamido)indole-3-carboxylate 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-ti]-methoxyindole-2-carboxamido)aniline 4-(2-CUoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiiιnethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)-l-naphthylamine N-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N-methylpyrrole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide hydrochloride N-[(N-(4-Am--nobutyl)-N-memylpyrrole-4-(N-methylimidazole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)]glutarodiamide hydrochloride N-[(N-(4-Aιninobutyl)-N-me1-hylimidazole-4-(N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxamido)-2- carboxamido)]-N-[5-(4-(2-chloroethyl)phenol-3-yl)benzofuran-2- carboxamido)] glutarodiamide hydrochloride 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-(3-aza-4-memoxyci--mamoylamido)-l-naphthylarnine 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-(3-aza-2,4-di_methoxycinnamoyIamido)-l-naphthyIamine 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-[5-(5-benzofuran-2-carboxamido)indole-2-carboxamido]-l- naphthylamine 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-(5-memoxyindole-2-carboxarmdo)-l-naphthylamine N-(Butoxycarbonyl)-4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitro-l-naphthylamine 4-(2-CWoroethyl)-3-(5,6,7-tiijnethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)-l-naphthol O-Benzyl-4-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(butoxycarboxamido)phenol 13. A compound of claim 12, wherein the compound is 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7- tiimethoxy-ndole-2-carboxanύdo)-l-naphthylamine 14. A compound of claim 12, wherein the compound is 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(5,6,7- trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)phenol.

Inventors: LEE MOSES, LEE, MOSES
Applicants: LEE MOSES, TAIHO PHARMACEUTICAL CO LTD, LEE, MOSES, TAIHO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 2001
Main classification: C07D209
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P35, C07C215, C07C231, C07C233, C07C235, C07C271, C07D207, C07D209, C07D213, C07D235, C07D405