METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A DISPLAY DEVICE

Abstract: The invention deals with the large area flicker effect reduction in display devices like plasma display panels, in which the light output is controlled by small pulses over a whole frame period and the amount of small pulses determine the brightness of the light output. The invention proposes an adaptation of the known principle of sub-field grouping for large area flicker reduction for the specific sub-field coding process called incremental sub-field coding, in which only those sub-field code words are taken for display driving having the characteristic that there is never a sub-field inactivated between two activated sub-fields or never a sub-field is activated between two inactivated sub-fields.For this specific sub-field coding it is proposed to make the sub-field grouping in a simple manner, where all the odd sub-fields are grouped together in one group (G1) and all the even sub-fields are grouped together in a second group (G2). Despite the fact that some luminance differences are present in the groups it has been proved, that this sub-field grouping leads to a very efficient large area flicker reduction because of its complementary behaviour to the required dithering technique.

Description: Method and Apparatus for controlling a display device The invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling a display device, such as matrix displays like plasma display panels (PDP) , display devices with digital micro mirror arrays, (DMD) and all kinds of displays based on the principle of duty cycle modulation (pulse width modulation) of light emission. More specifically the invention is closely related to a kind of video processing for improving the picture quality and to an improved controlling of the display drivers, in particular for large area flicker effect reduction. Background The plasma display technology now makes it possible to achieve flat colour panels of large size and with limited depth without any viewing angle constraints. The size of the displays may be much larger than the classical CRT picture tubes would have ever been allowed. A plasma display panel utilizes a matrix array of discharge cells, which could only be "on" or "off". Also unlike a CRT or LCD in which gray levels are expressed by analog control of the light emission, a PDP controls the gray levels by modulating the number of light pulses per frame (sustain pulses) . The eye will integrate this time-modulation over a period corresponding to the eye time response. Since the video amplitude determines the number of light pulses, occurring at a given frequency, more amplitude means more eye pulses and thus more "on" time. For this reason this kind of modulation is known as P M, pulse width modulation. To establish a concept for this PWM, each frame will be decomposed in sub-periods called "sub-fields" . 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Due to the fact that both 100 Hz sub-field groups in the frame period originate from a single picture, the well known 100 Hz TV mode artifact which introduces a "judder" in the video sequence, is also a problem here. This problem can be solved by compensating one of the two 100' Hz, 120 Hz, 150 Hz, etc. fields in the motion direction. This can be done with sub-field entry shifting which is adapted to the doubling of the frame/field rate. The sub-field entry shifting is disclosed in EP-A-0 980 059. Advantageously, additional embodiments of the inventive method are disclosed in the respective dependent patent claims . With the measure of exchanging the sub-field group position within a frame period in a predetermined frame period raster or in a randomized fashion, the remaining level of flickering can be further reduced. Drawings Exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and explained in more detail in the following description. In the figures: Figure 1 shows the cell structure of the plasma display panel in the matrix technology; Figure 2 shows the conventional ADS addressing scheme during a frame period; Figure 3 shows the standard sub-field encoding principle; Figure 4 shows the problematic of false contour effect in case of a standard sub-field encoding; Figure 5 shows the sub-field encoding principle using an incremental code; Figure 6 shows the effect of observing a moving transition in case of incremental sub-field coding; Figure 7 shows the video processing steps for preparation of the incremental sub-field encoding; Figure 8 shows the principle of the gamma pre-correction for standard CRT displays; Figure 9 shows the result of displaying a standard pre- corrected picture on a PDP, having a linear display characteristic; Figure 10 shows the affection of low video levels in case of standard sub-field encoding due to the need of gamma pre- correction compensation; Figure 11 shows the rebuilding of a gamma-like display characteristic when using an incremental sub-field coding; Figure 12 shows a sub-field organization for an implementation of the incremental coding with a global addressing period, selectively erasing periods, sustaining periods and a global resetting period; Figure 13 shows a sub-field organization for an implementation of an incremental sub-field coding with a global priming period, selective addressing periods, sustaining periods and a global erase period; Figure 14 shows the human eye temporal response characteristic; Figure 15 shows a known principle of controlling a display device when using a standard flicker free code; Figure 16 shows a first embodiment for controlling a display device according to the invention when using an incremental code; Figure 17 shows a second embodiment for controlling a display device according to the invention when using an incremental sub-field encoding,- and Figure 18 shows a block diagram of an apparatus according to the invention. Exemplary embodiments The principle structure of a plasma cell in the so-called matrix plasma display technology is shown in Figure 1. Reference number 10 denotes a face plate made of glass. With reference number 11 a transparent line electrode is denoted. The back plate of the panel is referenced with reference number 12. There are two dielectric layers 13 for isolating face and back plate against each other. In the back plate are integrated colour electrodes 14 being perpendicular to the line electrodes 11. The inner part of the cells consists of a luminous substance 15 (phosphorous) and separators 16 for separating the different coloured phosphorous substances (green 15A) (blue 15B) (red 15C) . The UV radiation caused by the discharge is denoted with reference number 17. The light emitted from the green phosphorous 15A is indicated with an arrow having the reference number 18. From this structure of a PDP cell it is clear, that there are three plasma cells necessary, corresponding to the three colour components RGB to produce the colour of a picture element (pixel) of the displayed picture. 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LQ CO TJ 0 rt J tr 0 d Hi rt μ- JD μ] tr 3 φ rt tr 00 Hi 00 rt PJ Φ - μ- φ d 0 Φ t rt 00 O cr fi 00 i μ- 3 00 1 rt Φ μ- O a rt Hi tr Hi Φ 3 3 μ- JD μ- O S3 00 3 φ fi TJ rt rt tr ft S3 PJ tr tr μ- r PJ ft μ- rt ii μ- Φ Ω PJ fi rt tr rt 00 tr CQ ft tr φ 00 S3 φ tr JD ft tr o μ- 0 rt φ 3 ι ω M t μ μ in o in o in o in TJ rt ^ O Ω rt 3 ft rt rt PJ ι-3 Ω Φ rt JD Hi μ- Ω PJ μ- 3 rt ft Φ H3 Φ cr S3 JD H Φ 3 fi tr μ- 3 O tr d μ- tr tr tr Φ Hi tr ft O 3 Hi D 3 00 O O μ- 3 X tr ϋ Φ ii Hi 3 fi JD μ- Φ LQ Φ 3 JD Ω 00 Φ φ 00 φ Hi Φ ft 3 rt 3 ft fi Hi O JD Φ JD μ- rt JD 3 3 TJ rt tr Ω O μ- i φ Φ PJ Φ ii Hi S3 3 00 rt φ rt 00 φ μ- 00 O tr ft Ω JD 00 Ω Hi Φ O ft fi Ω Φ Φ φ 3 TJ 00 φ μ- rt fi tr μ- 3 d ω Hi φ PJ rt JD μ- φ rt ft μ- 0 00 S3 μ- fi i 00 00 ft fi H 1 d ft LQ Φ Φ 3 ■• LQ cr rt μ- fi 00 ^ ft 00 φ 00 μ- JD rt Φ JD φ d d φ Hi Φ cr tr 3 rt LQ ^, 1 μ- rt Φ 3 LQ TJ H Φ ii μ- 3 H Φ 3 rt tr JD 00 TJ cr Ω 3 i 1 rt rt tr [ JD φ Hi tr φ Φ 00 φ 3 Ω 0 ft LQ φ Φ rt φ JD 1 Φ rt O JD Hi O Φ ,— - Φ o TJ 3 fi μ- H φ ^ O ft JD Φ 00 d • ; S M Φ ft fi Hi 3 a μ- LQ ft JD CO Φ ) φ d CQ TJ JD ¥ JD i 00 μ- PJ 00 • ; TJ JD μ- 3 00 ft Φ Φ ft O fi JD 00 H CO φ 00 Φ CO μ- fi PJ μ- rt o a LQ d fi cr rt φ O d rt h- 1 rt . - ft rt JD μ- ft φ ft rt φ H 3 Φ 00 3 JD Hi LQ JD cr μQ μ- PJ H3 Φ < cr tr rt ft t 00 fi f O ft Φ a φ- t fi 0 TJ JD Hi H μ- LQ 3 μ- 1 d 3 Ω tr ft μ- 1 Φ tr Φ d ft ft ii 0 0 PJ TJ JD rt O TJ 3 JD 3 Φ rt JD 3 Hi φ μ- ? μ- O 00 3 Hi Φ O fi 00 00 i fi • Φ TJ ϋ rt Φ fi μ- fi JD ft LQ TJ 0 tr ft μ- a 3 LQ 00 T LQ μ- h- 1 fi ii rt 00 Φ 00 Φ LQ Φ li JD O ϋ rt ft Φ d Φ ft φ Ω LQ fi rt rt Φ μ- Φ LQ PJ φ 00 00 fi P ) CO PJ rt 3 JD JD tr ϋ TJ fi 00 fi n tr O Ω μ- O JD rt JD μ- ft 00 μ- PJ 3 rt Φ 00 ft φ φ Φ μ- S3 Φ O ft μ- TJ d tr O fi ft Φ D 3 3 rt μ- 3 π- μ- rt μ- ft ft 00 fi o *< fi 00 3 φ 3 JD 3 μ- rt fi fi μ- φ 3 LQ μ- rsi tr O JD fi Φ φ 00 μ- ft μ- 00 TJ TJ LQ fi ft fi JD 3 μ- S3 JD φ N ft μ- Hi LQ 0 PJ Φ a μ- ft Φ fi φ o rt μ- fi φ μ- LQ Ω Hi φ rt JD 3 μ- TJ 3 rt CQ 3 ft CO PJ ft ft μ- 3 μ- fi rt O φ ii JD μ- d <! rt fi 00 Φ μ- Φ fi 00 μ- CO Φ 3 LQ 3 μ- tr ft μ- TJ Φ Ω LQ fi φ μ- JD O 00 Ω ii JD 0 3 JD rt Φ μ- 3 μ- 3 LQ μ- O Φ LQ Ω Φ JD rt tr Φ i O 3 3 rt tr μ- rt a Ω Ω μ- 00 3 3 μ- Φ LQ TJ a ft JD tr JD fi 00 00 rt ^ 3 ft φ - Φ O 00 O rt 3 00 LQ 0 LQ a a rr CQ φ LQ 00 Ω 3 rt 3 μ- φ 00 S 3 ft rt ft μ- φ μ- • a φ LQ tr rt ϋ tr - O JD μ- ft 00 PJ TJ JD φ - tr 00 μ- < 3 Φ TJ 1 rt JD μ- μ- P ) Φ ft rt 3 rt μ- tr rt Φ Φ tr 3 Φ LQ H Φ S3 tr μ- LQ 0 00 S3 ϋ fi S3 φ 3 ^ ft O tr Hi O fi D JD 0 LQ tr 00 fi μ- 00 00 Φ ft tr LQ JD tr JD Φ Hi Hi S3 rt μ- cr s3 Hi rt Φ tr μ- 00 • 00 JD Φ Φ 00 μ- ft S3 -= rt Φ φ a tr O Ω \-> 00 φ a 0 O 00 0 O φ φ if fi • φ Ω tr H TJ Φ • fi Φ ft φ d LQ Hi fi O d Φ rt ft H μQ ■ <: TJ Φ tr rt Φ Φ fi 3 LQ φ μ- rt 00 μ- μ- 3 00 X - Hi 3 d μ- φ ι-3 TJ O ϋ 00 μ- 3 3 Φ tr rt 3 3 to rt Φ rt JD PJ ϋ JD fi . fi rt tr Φ μ- Φ TJ 3 rt a JD 00 Φ PJ 3 LΠ tr JD 3 S3 O rt φ Φ μ- tr μ- i 00 JD O μ- 3 3 ^ ft Hi μ- μ- •fl CTI Φ TJ μ- TJ tr 3 tr LQ • O Φ 00 μ- rt 3 3 O O 00 μ- rt O cr 3 3 μ- O 3 μ- Φ Hi d ft O μ- 00 tr 00 LQ fi fi d LQ JD φ Hi D μ- LQ LQ < s3 μ- μ- Φ Ω rt 0 μ- Ω μ- ft 3 a 3 Φ φ = Φ Φ cr ϋ 00 3 • μ- tr 3 tr tr μ- JD fi JD rt Φ 00 PJ 1 S3 rt μ- LQ 0 ft O π- LQ μ- φ 3 ft fi S3 Hi TJ Ω Hi Ω 00 00 Hi to PJ tr Ω Hi DO Φ H" 3 ft Φ ft D μ- tr fi O i Φ μ- O d d μ- Ω ii φ TJ '- 0 Φ μ- JD 0 Ω fi > 3 μ- 00 φ μ- ft d cr cr Φ μ- Φ ft Ω Φ JD 3 a ^ Φ φ μ> φ TJ Ω μQ 3 ft Φ 1 1 μ- 1 00 00 T3 ^ i μ- TJ ft μ- 00 00 Φ ϋ tr 3 d O Ω μ- 00 ft Hi Hi ft PJ Ω μ- Hi 3 Φ JD rt LQ rt 00 00 X 0 Φ μ- S3 μ- 00 μ- μ- μ- O 00 JD 3 O fi Ω <! a μ- φ 3 00 O μ- d Ω <; Hi Φ fi 00 TJ Ω JD rt cr Φ Φ O 3 Φ Φ ft P ) φ Φ 3 fi 0 a tr μ- φ JD ft φ • tr fi ■ ^ Φ ϋ S3 00 3 d μ-< Φ JD ω rt S3 LQ 1 rt 00 Ω ft Hi Φ PJ φ ft ft LQ ^ μ- JD Φ 00 CO • 00 - μ- μ- Hi μ- μ- rt O fi a 00 00 JD h- 1 Ω S3 Hi 3 μ- rt μ- rt 3 TJ μ- 3 rt O Hi fi d LQ Ω TJ CQ 3 JD Φ μ- O ft TJ <! d tr 3 00 JD Φ Φ φ LQ tr μ- O a φ tr fi Φ JD JD μ- Φ Φ 00 φ LQ tr .V i Φ rt cr fi S3 - PJ μ- ft fi 3 N 00 r M M PJ fi μ- fi O Φ cr a μ- ft JD JD φ JD fi 3 φ ft PJ μ- Φ CO O 3 μ- JD 3 φ JD S3 φ O CO rt rt 3 μ- LQ μ- O rt 3 cr S3 0 LQ fi 00 JD O ft - Φ tr rt . φ 3 3 d μ- TJ S3 Φ ft μ- φ 00 Hi 00 Φ Φ φ ft LQ 00 O μ- O 00 ft φ 3 Φ ft 00 a Φ Id Id to t μ μ in O in o in o in μ- cr JD μ- μ- ft μ- μ- H 00 < S Hi 0 rt 3 H 0 μ- rt 3 Ω <J JD Ω Ω TJ 00 rt S H3 LQ Φ rt H3 Φ 3 rt μ- 3 3 Φ d μ- tr fi cr tr O 3 Hi 3 tr 0 O μ- O 0 μ- μ- tr tr tr fi 3 tr tr 0 rt Hi JD f O PJ ft < fi H X LQ φ Φ μ- JD μ- Φ Φ d TJ a Φ μ- Hi rt cr t 00 Φ rt TJ Φ rt 3 rt ft 1 φ 3 φ μ- rt n H μ- μ- φ μ- fi fi Φ 3 fi 00 > < 00 CO Φ LQ a 00 φ tr tr Hi O Φ Φ ii 00 O tr μ- Φ O 3 O ft Φ φ μ- Φ 00 μ- Φ rt fi CQ i φ φ ft μ- 00 <! JD 3 φ LQ 00 μ- a LQ Φ 00 00 00 Hi φ μ- M μ- 3 ^ fi Ω rt μ- Φ φ 00 O φ Hi μ- Φ 3 CO LQ H O TJ TJ • μ- Hi a 3 φ O JD Φ JD φ tr rt < a Φ fi 3 fi φ TJ fi μ- tr μ- Hi Φ O 0 Ω rt O rt <! 3 LQ rt μ- Φ *< μ- rt μ- JD ft PJ JD o fi μ- μ^ o rt 3 i < -> a 3 2! JD Φ φ 00 Φ O Φ <! ft rt rt 00 3 LQ 3 S3 JD Φ LQ • 3 0 Φ Φ ft ft μ- 3 TJ 3 LQ Hi ft φ O μ- Φ TJ Φ tr Hi φ φ μ- 00 00 tr TJ rt 3 <! μ- μ- rt rt JD O fi CQ JD TJ ft 3 3 JD fi fi JD Ω PJ Φ rt O d tr Φ 3 3 tr ϋ rt JD 3 φ rt JD μ- TJ rt rt PJ Φ H 1 O TJ μ- 3 Hi Φ rt O LQ LQ td π- μ- rt ft fi tr rt S3 3 fi • Φ rt Φ CO 3 rt Φ TJ 3 rt TJ 00 tr Hi ft μ- O μ- μ- φ tr ft φ 3 d Φ μ- tr ϋ α Hi JD rt Φ TJ Φ O 00 T3 J rt O 3 O cr O rt Φ μ- 00 rt rt fi ft 3 Φ μ- TJ 0 rt H- fi tr 00 μ- H Hi d μ- li 00 Hi 3 ^ ft O tr a Ω CO tr Φ μ- Ω LQ 0 t 3 rt Φ Ω ft to cr X μ- cr Φ JD μ- PJ PJ Hi O Φ ft Φ Hi rt μ- CO μ> 1 φ O <^i 00 TJ rt 00 o rt 0 rt TJ PJ Hi a Hi ^ rt o rt O < O d Hi . to Hi LQ Hi μ- fi tr rt φ cr cr Φ a TJ a φ rt fi φ tr S3 tr Hi μ- fi fi Hi -j μ- fi LQ TJ O μ- tr fi 0 00 ft rt ft fi 0 O SJ Φ Φ Φ ft Φ Φ Hi φ μ- JD rt . fi Ω 00 Φ <! rt Φ tr μ- Φ d 3 S3 μ- rt Hi •A φ O ii tr JD 00 ><! tr Φ Φ Φ rt fi ft S3 Φ Ω Hi 3 ϋ μ- rt tr rt < μ- O 3 rt φ Φ a ft Φ ^ CO 00 fi < fi o < μ- tr D d rt LO tr μ- Φ μ- LQ Φ tr 3 ft JD μ- • Φ 00 φ JD 3 μ- Hi Φ Φ rt t-> φ LQ TJ ft • Φ rt Φ TJ Ω rt 00 3 Ω i S 3 Hi 3 *<: μ- TJ Hi 3 PJ tr 3 JD φ Φ TJ *< rt Φ rt d μ] rt μ- fi μ- μ- 0 LQ φ o * μ- Hi Φ μ- 3 rt o ii O <! μ- Φ 00 Φ tr ii μ- H- cr 00 Φ O Hi fi μ- 3 X φ μ- 3 <! rt φ X ■ <; d Φ μ- <! 00 1 φ μ- PJ d π- φ 3 S3 00 ft φ Ω LQ rt JD Φ μ- TJ μ- φ Φ cr S3 O PJ Hi 3 ft rr 00 i tr 3 rt μ- • φ rt tr Φ 00 3 3 O μ- r • 1 μ- 0 ft rt μ- μ- φ Φ Φ μ- μ- φ rt Φ 00 00 cr LQ 00 μ- LQ Hi Ω S3 Hi d Φ 3 φ a rt TJ Ω 3 Q LQ H Ω • μ- 0 fi d 00 rt μ- ι-3 JD μ- μ- rt ft ft rt tr μ- rt O rt 3 ft fi 3 fi a fi JD 3 00 o •A d 00 tr 3 φ Φ H μ- ft fi Φ Ω tr Φ o μ- PJ Ω μ- μ- rt Φ μ- cr μ- H μ- ft μ- fi tr Hi Ω μ- rt φ u" LQ φ <! fi rt JD rt cr tr Ω 3 Φ ft o CJ. LQ Φ TJ 00 ft 3 Φ 0 JD Ω φ <! φ μ- fi • μ- Φ μ- rt tr Φ μ- JD LQ a Φ • fi Ω Ω rt fi fi rt O 00 μ- ft <! 3 P ) 3 Ω 3 Ω Φ ft 00 00 3 Ω φ μ- D O TJ Φ μ- 0 Φ ft ft JD JD rt LQ rt LQ tr Φ TJ μ- O rt rt > ι-3 00 00 rt fi φ LQ LQ d ft Φ μ- φ μ- ϋ rt Φ μ- fi μ- φ μ- LQ <J μ- tr d Ω fi fi fi tr rt μ- 3 O 3 μ- μ- - rt 0 rt ft μ- 3 Hi rt X tr Φ 3 μ- Φ 3 00 tr φ μ- JD rt Φ LQ rt S3 O O fi a tr μ- LQ Hi tr φ rt 3 Φ 3 H φ tr Ω O rt fi tr tr O rt TJ •T] d 3 O JD 00 Φ Hl tr JD φ φ φ 3 < ft O rt rt ft Φ L rt J fi tr μ- μ- 00 00 <! 3 • Hi rt Ω ii 00 TJ 3 Φ rt μ- s3 tr CO h- 1 rt ft Φ Ω LQ φ 00 φ 3 rt Φ • d rt X tr rt ft rt μ- a Φ ^ • rt TJ Φ Φ 00 rt • 00 O fi > μ- fi TJ d rt Φ tr φ tr t μ- Hi 3 rt cr\ d tr Hi rt LQ Φ JD 3 μ- μ- > 00 O Φ μ- O JD JD Ω μ- H Φ X rt μ- tr JD i Φ D rt μ- ft tr a fi fjr 00 00 3 Φ Hi 3 00 00 rt rt o 3 3 φ 00 Φ fi 3 Φ • ft tr 0 D rr rt rt φ ft CO ft d Ω i rt LO 00 φ O Φ d φ a ϋ ϋ S3 D LO 00 Ω Ω O rt rt i Φ Ω μ- CO μ- 00 μ- H 00 3 fv TJ O Φ rt TJ Ω JD a tr tr Φ LQ JD LQ TJ O 00 rt 00 tr μ- ft JD d μ- Hi O rt tr fi TJ O φ 00 rt Φ Φ Ω fi 00 tr a 1 μ- 3 tr Φ μ- 3 d 00 φ LQ Hi fi μ- O μ- <! 00 φ Φ li rt PJ Φ rt PJ X O 00 3 O fi ft 00 tr PJ 00 ft X φ 00 3 Φ cr rt < φ μ- S3 tr Ω d JD μ- LQ φ rt μ- ?r a d φ H μ- rt rt O Φ O TJ Φ 3 3 0 JD rt 00 rt 00 φ 00 LQ 3 00 Ω Ω < tr μ- rt Hi d 00 S3 00 tr μ- 0 μ- JD Φ 00 rt φ Φ μ- 00 rt JD M JD rt Hi 3 Φ Φ 0 3 S3 rt 3 ft tr 00 O 3 CQ tr tr O 3 μ- 3 μ- TJ Φ 3 O φ JD Φ ϋ μ- O μ- φ ~~ 00 < 3 O a 3 i φ σ> Hi Id ω to to μ H (Jl o in o in O in rt ft 3 S3 if Ω μ- 00 s3 _. K tr 00 3 3 O O μ- μ- rt JD rt Φ JD Ω O Ω rt T S3 cr ft ft > tr μ- φ μ- φ O 3 d μ- 0 Φ 0 φ O fi Hi 3 3 tr tr 3 ft P ) rt O Φ O μ- μ- Φ Φ μ- 00 μ- rt 3 rt rt a Ω cr Hi S 00 3 LQ fi LQ Ω ft φ CQ Φ Ω ft a a 4 ft 3 00 3 <! Hi 00 tr rt tr S rt fi 1 Hi Φ TJ O φ JD ft JD < H μ- d O μ- Φ Φ TJ 00 μ- 00 Φ Hi rt Φ μ- φ O φ Hi _: <! rt 00 3 μ- Φ Ω rt cr ft ft a cr fi 5 O μ- rt O φ tr Ω fi O rt φ d 3 μ- a φ rt 00 O μ- μ- ft 3 JD O 1 μ- μ- LQ Φ fi cr Φ tr O fi φ JD μ- 3 tr 3 fi Φ φ Φ cr fi O O TJ < O Nl Φ Φ rt TJ Hi Hi 3 O cr JD ft φ < TJ Φ a 3 Φ φ 3 H < φ - 3 t Φ 0 3 Φ μ- Hi LQ JD ft LQ a J ft rt Φ rt ft Φ rt Ω Φ μ- rt rt O φ φ Φ a Φ M Φ Φ φ 3 Hi Ω 3 φ ft ft rt J μ- 00 S3 Hi JD 00 ϋ S3 S O 3 μ- ^ μ- PJ rt Hi ii Ω Hi i ; JD ft <! d X a rt rt 0 Hi H- Φ μ- 3 ? μ- 3 O Φ tr ft Φ O d μ- d μ- μ- TJ tr PJ 00 00 rt Φ rt PJ Φ = cr Φ rt TJ μ- ISl H 3 < φ f τ] 3 3 i cr oo 00 ft i H ■ <; a O Φ fi Ω tr 3 00 Ω Ω O Φ a tr Φ 3 Φ rt LO Φ 00 μ- O rt Ω rt Φ > < Φ rt Φ Φ JD ft 0 tr μ- ft μ- rt O Hi 3 ft ft tr d Ω LQ fi Φ tr ft d O ii μ- JD d Ω EH 3 00 JD 3 ft Hi O rt 00 00 φ ft O CO cr O LQ PJ TJ Φ PJ π- i 3 JD rt O d μ- fi μ- 00 μ- = a s3 d PJ O ft μ- O 1 fi JD ft rt ϋ ft s3 cr 0 Φ 00 fi μ- 3 Ω μQ W ft μ- 3 • Φ O Ω rt Hi μ- 00 Hi 3 rt Hi li LΠ 3 3 μ- 00 O JD Φ Hi ft TJ Φ O rt Φ d μ- D 3 LQ tr Φ rt φ Hi Ω O μ- Φ • μ- μ- μ- td fi μ- a < φ 3 O φ 3 00 fi Ω m 00 Ω O tr 3 Φ fi Φ 00 N 00 00 μ- φ 3 oo Ω φ <! Ω CO d CO 00 ft d φ 3 tr d O D rt TJ φ 00 ii Φ rt TJ m PJ 00 rt Ω LQ d Φ μ- 3 μ- 3 ϋ 0 cr φ μ- cr 3 tr rt fi φ Φ rt tr ft O tr rt μ- ft rt μ- 1 Ω 00 00 ft Φ Hi O Hi 3 rt 0 1 φ rt rt 00 1 00 Ω μ- μ- μ- a Φ Φ 3 Φ μ- cr φ Φ Φ Ω • φ X μ- S3 O Φ φ 0 Hi Hi <! tr tr Hi Φ O 00 3 3 O rt M Ω ft O TJ a ^ Φ μ- 0 rt Ω 3 ii Hi μ- φ Φ O μ- μ- Ω ft μ- LQ Hi ^ a O μ- Ω 3 φ μ- rt td 00 H3 3 • Hi 00 ft 00 Φ i ft 00 Φ d Φ N Ω d ft 3 O Ω ϋ Hi μ- 00 tr rt Hi Hi Φ H" μ- d 00 Φ cr PJ Φ rt LQ O μ- LQ ii S3 00 rt > fi rt μ- μ- O Φ H JD Ω μ- 00 cr ft rt ft μ- rt Ω ft tr ϋ ft μ- tr 3 fi μ- d Φ O < 00 ii <! Ω τ O rt Q TJ 1 ^ -- JD cr tr <! tr ? μ- JD φ 3 φ LQ 00 Φ rt cr ft cr 3 Φ φ ft Φ Ω Φ 3 00 tr 0 Hi φ Φ fi Φ φ _: Φ Φ Φ 00 ^ 00 fi d 00 tr 1 O 3 Ω Φ O Φ μ- rt 00 μ- a • Φ Ω O i O ii S3 rt O cr TJ Hi μ- rt rt Ω O H 00 H O rt 00 φ Φ Ω LQ JD 3 3_ 00 φ Hi li TJ 00 O Φ O cr 1 O μ> μ- 3 rt tr fi O ft ft Hi tr Ω 3 0 . 3 d JD d O fi Ω fi JD Hi <! Hi 3 to φ tr Φ "< ft φ rt μ- μ- Φ O JD 0 0 ft ft O 00 μ- cr S3 JD ϋ O JD ft ft μ- μ- ft Φ Φ O 00 3 00 μ- Hi μ- μ> 1 μ- a φ 3 cr Ω cr 00 00 O φ μ- 00 ft μ- TJ μ- LQ d rt 00 00 φ 3 DO 3 Φ Hi Ω ft φ O d d 3 d LQ TJ H m S 00 a H tr μ- O Φ φ Φ 3 LQ -J O μ- JD rt μ- d μ- φ JD Hi cr 00 ft LQ cr Ω • H Φ a 4 O Φ Φ rt 1 rt d < 3 Ω \ li rt s3 φ ii Hi 3 TJ ii 1 1 O Φ <! d fi Ω <! 3 O Hi Φ fi Φ 0 0 3 M Φ < Φ a JD Hi JD O φ DO Hi > : S3 3 Hi ft LΠ < μ- 00 ft J φ ft μ- fi i d ft 0 to 00 JD Φ ft φ Ω d rt ϋ LΠ μ- φ d μ- Φ • μ- O ^ 00 ϋ φ rt φ JD Ω Φ LQ μ- ft co JD d 3 a 00 < > CO μ- cr JD CΓ Φ ft μ- g φ O d μ- 1 ii tr rt O tr 3 φ — 3 TJ rt φ μ- Ω fi ft Φ LQ cr S3 H d 00 rt ft Φ μ- Φ μ- ft d 3 TJ LQ -<: TJ Jϋ rt - fi O P ) 3 ft ft tr φ ft O tr 00 tr μ- ft 3 ft 00 fi TJ fi < D fi LQ s3 O a Ω > μ- μ- 00 μ- rt fi 00 fi Φ Ω Φ Hi rt φ Φ Φ O μ- fi CQ ft Φ φ O 3 r JD JD 00 Hi 3 00 00 ft fi Ω O Hi a fi Hi 00 3 • t Φ 00 μ- a tr f 00 = φ rt 3 \-> 00 Hi μ- μ- • JD 00 Φ O ft a φ μ- O O O Ω 00 Φ μQ μ- 00 00 O Ω Φ • μ- Φ 3 rt μ- 00 ft φ Φ fi 3 ft i O μ PJ φ 0 d TJ rt Ω Φ Hi O JD O Ω cr cr fi 00 m 3 JD Φ X Ω d d ft tr rt 3 μ- fi O 00 a 3 3 a 4 φ K φ rt tr ft fi JD S rt Hi fi Ω JD rt μ- Φ μ- fi φ S a 00 00 ft Φ a O Φ 3 tr rt μ- ^ Φ Φ rt S3 O H Φ Φ μ- 3 O JD Φ Φ < J rt JD d Φ μ- 00 S3 • rt Φ tr 00 μ- TJ O fi Ω O 3 O LQ TJ a <! ω μ- 00 μ- 3 Ω Ω JD 00 μQ O Φ Φ LQ μ- 00 rt fi ft O 3 Φ JD 3 fi 3 φ 0 3 tr d d d <! ι-3 Ω 00 • Ω tr tr ft ft 3 3 DO O tr d d rr d rt 00 cr φ < φ tr O d 3 rt O Φ • cr Φ Φ rt ^ LΠ O S3 cr JD 3 00 CO tr μ- Hi PJ μ- O 1 oo φ H μ- ft cr d LΠ Φ S3 ^ PJ JD O 3 tr <! j 1 Φ rt JD a < Hi ft 00 Φ 1 3 ft 3 cr Hi S3 Ω μ- φ Φ Φ J * μ- Φ rt μ- Ω Hi f 4 O tr O tr *<; Ω 3 i 3 Ω φ 00 tr Φ JD s3 μ- μ- Φ JD Hi rt μ- H tr cr ft JD 00 Φ φ i rt O rt oo ft JD Ω Φ O 00 a μ- 00 φ f fi ft rt fi O JD Φ Hi Φ Φ a 4 ft 3 3 a to t μ μ in o in o in ft 3 <τ4 < JD S3 ii td rt μ- rt ft rt rt Hi 3 ft 00 >x| ft H PJ μ- o PJ JD to Hi rt ft cr cr 0 JD α μ- Φ 0 μ- JD 0 D μ- tr 3 tr μ- tr Φ μ- d μ- TJ μ- φ μ- 3 TJ 00 o TJ TJ TJ fi tr μ- JD Φ 3 μ- rt <J LQ i ft i 3 rt μ- Ω Φ rt Φ Ω Φ Hi Φ LQ <! rt TJ to TJ TJ Φ Φ Φ rt Ω Hi M TJ rt tr φ μ- • μ- μ- ft LQ 00 00 fi tr tr o" Hi Ω • φ tr rt rt LΠ Ω tr ? O ^ tr Φ a PJ r 00 Φ ^ φ μ- Φ μ- 3 ft φ Φ μ- Φ tr μ- tr o μ- μ- μ- Φ i μ- Φ H 00 LQ C x r ii Hi LΠ 00 ii Φ Ω Φ o Ω Ω Hi ■ g 3 t tr ϋ JD 3 ϋ 3 μ- 00 ϋ Φ 0 fi JD Φ S3 rt fi μ- μ- φ 00 Ω JD 00 TJ μ- TJ μQ φ μ- • μ- JD i o JD JD μ- 3 K μ- 00 0 d μ- 3 PJ rt μ- 0 fi tr O Φ 3 Φ d 3 d d Ω 0 3 Ω S3 3 Hi rt Φ VD rt rt Ω Ω φ 3 rt ϋ QA 3 LQ fi fi 3 μ- 0 fi JD LQ ft rt LQ rt Φ JD Hi rt K r LQ 0 μ- Hi • μ- μ- ^ LQ 3 tr ? Φ LQ Φ JD 3 S3 fi ft φ 3 Φ 0 φ 0 0 so 0 0 μ- ft JD φ 00 rt 3 d 0 LQ 3 φ CQ rt < rt fi rt 00 .V X S3 3 rt H 1 3 fi • 3 3 3 ft μ- Ω 3 fi μ- Φ fi 00 00 Hi 00 tr 0 μ- Φ JD tr PJ d μ- PJ Φ Φ 0 Φ TJ Φ rt JD rt cr ^ μ- Φ 00 Ω Φ μ- rt μ- T3 rt ^ ft Ω 3 φ cr 3 3 < JD Ω S3 0 μ- fi Ω tr 3 i Hi 00 r 3 rt fi rt JD 3 O 0 rt φ a 4 LQ 00 ft TJ φ tr μ- rt Φ 0 Hi 3 0 fi Φ td d 0 JD 3 ft μ- PJ tr 00 3 μ > tr 0 a Φ μ- 0 Hi fi μ> a 3 O X fi Φ fi μ- μ- 3 rt μ- Φ 0 rt Φ φ Ti ft JD Φ μ- 3 μ- 0 Φ - to μ- LQ 0 TJ rt TJ Φ JD μ- 3 rt Ω tr d .V μQ fi 3 Φ ft μ- 00 a - μQ Hi TJ cr φ Hi μQ • fi rt tr CJ 3 00 3 rt 00 JD Φ rt a d Φ 00 1 LQ fi φ d fi d φ Hi μ- 00 d JD Φ tr Φ TJ φ Φ LQ fi rt μ- 0 φ ft S3 ω 0 • rt 0 μ- D <! Φ 0 rt ft 00 0 rt d φ 3 00 φ 00 3 00 0 PJ μ- fi 0 • μ- rt 3 O d • 3 φ 3 d 00 d fi cr 00 JD rt LU ft 00 0 Φ 3 3 <l rt tr JD LΠ rt Φ LQ < cr μ- μ- φ μ- ft TJ JD 00 PJ μ- d 3 μQ O μ- tr Φ < . • rt Tj . Φ 00 a o μ- φ JD Φ 00 Hi ∞ X <! μ- TJ fi 3 rt Ω rt d rx) rt 3 JD JD tr d ft ft 3 Hi X μ- PJ Φ 00 Φ μ- ft 00 Φ tr 00 μ- μ- Φ <! φ μ- td Hi Φ rt rt o JD 1 φ ft μ- TJ 00 φ d 3 Ω μ- 3 0 (ϊ ϋ rt Ω >< rt μ- > μ- tr ϋ 3 tr 0 Φ rt 00 TJ ^ Ω ft JD 00 00 φ φ 00 tr tr ft Φ JD rt Φ μ> <! d t Φ μ> t Φ 0 PJ Φ rt rt fi 0 Φ TJ ft Φ φ cr 00 μ- a to f s; S3 JD fi f a fi UJ tr μ- ft μ- 0 ft φ fi a 00 tr tf Φ 3 ft μ- 0 μ- μ> ft Ω o rt 00 to Φ Φ rt 3 3 0 Φ d rt Ω Φ Φ Φ td d μQ 00 μ- 3 Φ d SD TJ Φ JD tr • <! 3 tr 0 μ- LQ fi rt μ- Hi fi fi fi d 0 D μ- Φ d d 3 rt 00 to 0 O rt . μ- μ- φ i 3 LQ 0 00 Φ φ s3 μ- ft Φ 00 00 00 μ- rt φ cr Ω Φ Φ r μ- 00 μ- 00 3 H d ft LQ LQ •^ PJ ii μ- cr μ- Hi φ rt rt rt i < LQ JD 3 <! 00 0 ϋ XT 00 μ- J 3 μ- ft ii 0 rt Φ rt 0 ft μ- tr fi 0 Hi Hi Φ Φ ii 00 LQ μ- μ- Φ a μ- 3 rt μ- ϋ μ- Hi a rt 3 μ- 3 Φ Φ Hi tr ft tr fi LQ cr Φ Φ 0 μ- 3 JD μ- ft cr <! < Φ tr 00 JD 3 Hi μ- tr 0 N Ω 00 ft Φ Φ rt tr >< fi 00 rt fi φ Φ 00 cr Ω JD φ φ o μ- D φ 3 LQ φ N Φ rt JD fi Ω rt cr μ- fi -- tr rt μ- 0 fi a μ- O Φ Hi ft 3 μ- LQ fi JD Φ rt Φ i rt tr tr 3 μ- Φ rt 3 d JD ft rt H 0 00 μ- 00 ϋ 00 Φ JD φ rt μ- ft μ- JD μ- 0 Φ Φ 3 cr 3 fi LQ d 3 < 00 PJ to 3 φ TJ cr fi rt 3 PJ 3 μ- 3 0 00 tr PJ LQ Φ 3 0 d rt Ω 0 -J <! p ) φ JD P) tr LQ rt a cr 00 μ . rt 0 < 3 Φ Φ rt TJ JD 3 Ω 0 μ- 3 Ω μ- JD μ- JD " — cr φ rt < 00 3 Φ tr LQ Φ tr a Φ rt ft tr fi TJ 0 rt 0 i 00 Ω JD 0 rt ft fi Ω μ> Φ μ- φ μ- LQ rt JD Φ Ω o td S3 00 3 tr μ- rt μ- Φ TJ rt Φ 3 Φ φ PJ 3 3 μ- μ- φ 0 to tr 00 0 Ω Φ *. tr rt JD d μ- Φ rt JD 00 tr S3 00 00 tr Ω φ rt 0 3 ft J 00 φ o d H 1 rt μ- S3 μ- rt φ tr φ μ- Φ tr 00 rt μ- μ- μ- μ- 3 LQ 00 μ- <! rt 00 rt 00 o ft LQ μ- 0 d Φ TJ a Ω i 3 tr 3 0 3 00 • tr 3 S3 μ- Φ P ) d Φ <! tr f tr rt rt JD H φ t μ- rt a rt 00 3 fi JD PJ μ- 3 Φ 3 rt 0 LQ tr 0 3 fi cr rt μ> μ- φ tr tr tr φ d φ td μQ 0 rt TJ PJ H3 O S3 Φ ϋ TJ φ to 00 in rt ft S3 Φ rt 00 JD μ- ft Φ μ- μ- d d fi 3 tr ϋ <! tr a JD 3 O Hi rt φ ϋ μ- tr JD t a 00 tr JD 3 3 0 fi Φ Φ o Φ K μ- JD μ- a μ- i O μ- o JD JD r J Φ 0 ft JD Φ rt < 3 O μ- 0 3 μ- 00 0 μ- ft rt 3 JD cr φ PJ 00 a H tr ft ϋ Hi ft μ- 00 fi . φ TJ Hi a 00 TJ S3 Ω 0 3 tr rt 3 μ- LQ Φ JD μ- μ- o 00 3 3 Φ 0 o φ μ- Φ μ- JD rt 00 rt φ Ω JD ft ft LQ Φ φ PJ TJ 3 00 Hi cr 00 0 td rt d PJ fi rt Ω < TJ Φ φ rt cr tr 00 JD μ- 3 <! JD rt LQ d Hi <! O tr Hi μ- μ- 3 μ- rt Φ Ω tr Φ φ 00 3 Ω rt μ- φ μ- ft Φ Φ cr Φ μ- 3 0 rt 0 4 Ω d i φ Φ tr μ- φ φ O tr Hi 00 ft ft fi 0 S3 <! 3 Φ TJ Φ i 00 Φ a <! ft ft μ- μ- 00 Φ td φ d ^ 3 μ- i JD JD Φ cr μ- μ- 0 Φ 00 Ω f μ- rr 3 00 ft μ- rt cr fi μQ td t ft Hi <! PJ μ- rt 0 rt H" JD μ- φ rt Φ H JD μ- d μ- Φ μ- 3 rt a rt • ; 3 0 3 φ a 3 φ rt 0 JD p ) 0 rt • ft LQ to to μ μ in in o in o in t to μ μ in in o in o in CO Hi μ- rt H M O μ- 3 rt ft μ- II LQ 0 O M M TJ TJ Φ t H d 00 Ω H3 S fi fi ϋ ι-3 Ω Hi 00 TJ d μ- 00 tr 3 Φ d 3 JD tr Φ 00 JD fi 3 φ 0 fi M 3 tr tr 3 0 tr tr μ- Φ μ- Φ tr JD μ- 0 fi cr Φ Φ < rt TJ P ) TJ !χ! ft 1 3 Hi S 0 JD Ω Φ φ 3 d PJ φ M 00 LQ Ω Φ 3 M Φ M TJ i rt Φ TJ rt TJ rt μ- rt 3 μ- rt rt Φ Ω 00 O fi JD ϋ ϋ M TJ tr Φ 00 Φ 3 rt Hi ft O Φ tr M a tr Φ Ω tr JD 3 tr ϋ Φ 3 ft 00 Φ rt Ω JD TJ O rt μ- φ li φ tr Ω μ- 00 Φ 00 rt Φ ft PJ rt φ JD Φ TJ CQ PJ μ- μ- Hi d Φ Ω M 0 3 < PJ ft JD 0 φ 00 μ- M Φ Hi rt JD <! 00 3 LQ 0 fi rt JD cr 00 M Φ TJ rt fi M Φ μ- 00 Ω S M fi rt M ft M μ] a Φ PJ fi μ- . ft LQ a fi JD M Φ 00 00 φ μ- fi fi TJ TJ H ft μ- cr JD tr Φ JD O 0 tr a ~ cr rt ft μ- PJ Φ M φ fi 3 φ 3 00 Φ Φ μ- rt Φ 00 LQ M JD 00 μ- <! 3 rt μ- S3 Φ Ω 00 φ >-3 00 3 M • <! μ- JD fi Ω Φ fi Ω a 4 Ω tr Φ 3 φ Ω Φ LQ rt tr 3 Φ rt rt Ω 0 0 tr TJ Φ J Φ 00 < tr PJ rt Ω f-h rt Φ rt Hi cr tr M Φ tr Φ fi TJ μ- tr μ- f-h μ- M rt TJ JD 00 M rt ft φ JD ϋ tr 0 0 a Φ O 00 H- O 0 Φ rt ϋ O Φ 00 M 00 JD tr fi 3 μ- μ- fi Φ ϋ ϋ ϋ TJ ft M • 0 TJ Hi JD μ 1 Hi μ- tr μ- 0 a 00 ^ Φ ; 0 o μ- S3 Ω 00 rt PJ fi fi 3 Φ μ- M TJ fi fi 0 3 φ 3 cr 0 JD μ- < Ω ft Ω JD 00 μ- • TJ tr Ω Φ TJ Φ 00 • Ω μ- 0 td μ- O μ- φ JD O d TJ TJ M Ω d - LQ Φ JD a Φ fi M M Φ rt 00 μ- Ω rt 3 S3 • 3 fi 3 a 3 rt a fi d Φ JD rt M 3 a μ- 00 rt μ- M t-3 PJ Φ TJ Ω rt JD Hi a μ- LQ TJ rt TJ ft ft TJ rt μ- rt 3 a TJ rt 00 μ- 00 00 μ- M tr ^ Ω fi O rt Φ 3 tr fi rt 3 M d M Φ μ> d LQ J a tr μ- rt μ- Hi M ft Φ 0 μ- 3 d ft μ- Φ tr LQ Φ 3 Φ 00 00 to rt <! tr <! rt cr rt Φ O JD 3 a 3 μ- d φ ii TJ fi 00 00 fi μ- 00 Φ μ- 3 μ- 3 rt O μ- rt μ- μ- Φ 00 rt ft 00 LQ Ω 00 LQ φ JD fi rt φ Φ TJ 3 00 PJ Hi φ rr Φ fi rt <! ft ft Ω <i μ- JD ϋ μ- φ μ- rt ϋ Hi a Φ μ- 00 μ- <! TJ Φ 00 3 3 O 0 O μ- φ TJ φ μ- μ- 3 μ- 0 fi ft 0 JD fi JD 0 Φ Ω Ω cr Ω Φ fi Φ rt LQ μ- rt rt > 3 ft 0 JD 0 JD M ft TJ 00 rt ft Φ Hi M PJ ft fi M rt Φ JD rt fi μ- a a JD rt rt μ- Φ μ> φ i fi M φ d rt d Ω rt φ φ 00 0 Ω fi d 00 3 ft 3 rt O 3 ft SD o M rt M φ a O rt PJ μ- Ω rt rt D ft Φ •- Ω Hi JD Φ fi φ Ω tr μ- 3 μ- tr LQ to Φ Φ JD 00 3 00 Φ M tr Φ ft rt tr O d Φ μ- ^ o JD 00 Φ JD O S3 M < O <! rt M <! ft ^ Φ TJ LQ tr rt PJ M rt 00 PJ 00 LQ TJ < JD μ- Φ Φ Hi Φ μ- fi Φ μ- JD μ- 00 α JD μ- Φ tr <! 0 tr φ a JD M rt 0 Hi PJ LQ 0 3 M <! M M 00 JD <! ft ii M 0 cr LQ TJ 3 3 φ φ d Φ rt PJ 3 Φ tr fi d 00 D μ- rt M φ 00 •fl rt Φ φ ft M 3 Φ JD . 3 0 fi 0 0 fi 3 Φ 3 CO 3 ft μ- tr M μ- D 3 Φ M O a φ Hi 3 JD •fl cr TJ J TJ Hi 3 Φ JD μ- 3 Ω a 3 3 φ tr a LQ fi JD ft LQ 00 0 3 2! μ- 00 fi μ- μ- JD 00 3 JD 00 Ω ϋ Φ O TJ φ ii μ- M JD rt TJ ii JD tr 3 LQ Φ Φ Hi 3 Ω rt rt tr Ω 5 a " 0 rt 00 μ- φ a fi Φ • D cr 00 Φ 3 fi ii Φ Φ φ • fi a TJ rt T μ- fi 0 μ- 3 rt 0 ft Hi Ω Φ 3 rt μ> • φ ^ <! 3 JD 0 Ω 3 φ <! Ω M fi d Φ Ω 0 fi M JD M 3 d tr 3 J JD H3 O o ft M φ JD rt cr rt 0 ft so Φ 0 M φ ii JD J ϋ M a ^ rt 3 Φ fi TJ tr • ι-3 rt μ- M Φ M tr i JD 00 • ft fi *< 00 Φ LQ M ft Φ d .---. tr Ω JD 3 Φ TJ Φ rt tr cr tr 00 Hi ft Φ Φ i fi 00 PJ M Ω Ω 00 Φ μ- S3 D rt 3 rt φ tr μ] μ- "< Φ rt μ- a 3 Φ 00 rt TJ Φ M μ- rt 3 > < JD rt rt "< 3 μ- rt μ- JD D ft μ- Φ tr 00 Φ 00 a μ- 00 00 Ω rt O μ- Ω μ- o d 3 00 μ- fi Φ rt O Φ M 3 φ JD Hi ft Ω 3 - d cr JD Ω rt 3 a cr PJ ft rt o JD rt tr S3 3 Hi M rt TJ a fi JD 0 M rt tr μ- a tr rt μ- φ 00 Φ μ- Φ 3 rt ϋ tr Φ Hi 00 0 O a a φ fi fi M μ- μ- *τl 3 0 ft Φ d O JD • 00 Hi 00 ft Φ Φ Φ Φ <! Φ d t rt Φ φ M ι-3 00 0 μ- 0 Hi 3 JD fi 3 fi • a TJ rt ft 00 X ft μ- Ω cr rt fj 1 μ- JD Ω 0 tr rt 3 LQ 00 μ- ϋ μ- Φ a M JD 0 TJ Ω TJ μ- JD rt 1 0 tr <! Φ rt cr S Φ φ rt Φ μ- ft 3 3 fi j Ω PJ 3 μ- φ JD o 00 Hi Hi φ μ- fi μ- JD μ- ft μ- M M 00 TJ S3 JD φ tr rt ^ ft π- 3 Ω 3 3 TJ rt μ- ft μ- 00 3 3 ft 00 *<; ft 00 M tr ft 00 Φ μ- Φ tr rt Φ Φ O tr H φ M <! Φ 00 LQ LQ Φ O 3 d Φ μ- Φ TJ O ft μ- φ ^ 00 i 3 00 Φ 3 M O μ- O H 00 d TJ O ft • μ- Φ JD cr 3 Ω 0 tr a 3 μ- PJ rt Φ ft S3 ft 00 Φ M Hi μ- 3 Φ 3 3 ft Φ tr JD 3 a S3 TJ LQ rt 00 Hi Φ φ M S3 Φ TJ JD O Ω TJ O Ω Φ Hi a rt 00 3 M μ- rt μ- • tr μ- to O d JD Ω ϋ O φ μ- φ JD fi fi rt rt μ- 3 rt 0 μ- rt cr φ JD μ- rt tr Ω Φ rt • Hi cr Ω O <! M 3 fi 3 Φ tr Ω tr ft μ- φ Φ Φ rt a tr φ rt 00 00 DO rt ft <! Φ M PJ a ft Φ rt rt Φ μ- 3 M ft Ω tr Φ a • Φ — ' - μ- μ- M rt H M Φ tr 3 ft 0 Φ Φ rt Hi fi M DO 3 ft 00 cr Φ rt JD ft Φ LQ rt μ- 3 tr < φ Hi Hi μ- LQ Φ φ M tr 3 φ Φ Φ 00 tr rt O Φ 00 Φ from 0 to 255 with a division step of 16 (4 Bit dithering) in that case for each of the 13 possible video values V n the value displayed should respect the following progression : F 0 = 1x 16 F, = 255 x = 1 192 From these figures, the sub-field weights for an incremental code can be relatively simply derived. It has already been mentioned that each sub-field code word differs from the previous sub-field code word by the amount of the sub-field weight, which is additionally switched on in the step. This means we have to respect the following formulas: V n+ ι = V n + SF n+1 for n > 0 By simple mathematical operations it follows that the sub- field weights can be calculated according to the following formula. SF n = V n - V n _ι . This formula applied to the figures listed above, leads to the following sub-field weights: SE 1 = ι-o=ι SF 2 =5-1 = 4 SE 3 =12-5 = 7 SF 4 =23-12 = 11 SF 5 =37-23 = 14 SF 6 =55-37 = 18 SF 7 =78-55 = 23 SF 8 =104-78 = 26 SF 9 =135-104 = 31 SF 10 =171-135 = 36 SF n =211-171 = 40 SF U =255-211 = 44 The accumulation of these sub-field weights follows exactly the gamma function behaviour from 1 (no sub-field on) up to 255 (all sub-fields on) . In Fig. 11 the corresponding curve is shown in form of a bar graph for all 12 sub-fields. Since in the incremental coding method all sub-fields are sequentially activated (no sub-field "off" between two consecutive sub-fields "on" and vice versa) it is possible to avoid some operation in the electronic implementation of such a mode. There are two different possibilities, which will be presented below. The first mode is based on selective erasing operations. At the beginning of a frame period a global addressing operation will excite all the plasma cells. This means that all plasma cells are charged. Then in the next step the selected erasing operation will be performed. This aims at selecting each cell separately in order to be able to apply or not an erasing pulse. This operation is similar to a standard addressing or writing operation but aims at erasing specifically selected plasma cells. Then during the next sustaining operation only the cells, which have not been erased before, will generate light pulses. In that case it is not necessary to perform 3 operations per sub-field as in the standard ADS addressing scheme (namely selective writing or addressing operation plus global sustaining operation plus global erasing operation) . Instead, there are only 2 operations required (selective erasing operation and global sustaining operation) . Only at the end of the frame period a global reset operation (erasing operation) needs to be performed in order to initialize the whole panel for the next video frame. In such a mode the sub-fields are displayed in an order as shown in Fig. 12 where the sub-field weight increases step by step. The following table shows the code words for this kind of implementation. The second possible implementation is based on a selective writing of plasma cells. At the beginning of a frame period a global priming and erase operation is performed. This is a standard priming/erase operation, which is also often used in the ADS addressing scheme. The sub-fields are placed in a reverse order and selectively activated via a standard writing/addressing operation. There is no need for an erase operation in the sub-field period anymore. Only at the end of the frame period a global erasing operation needs to be performed as a reset before the next frame starts. This mode is illustrated in Fig. 13. This mode is not the optimized one for an implementation of an incremental coding but it is the only one, which can be used on a panel which does not dispose of the selective erasing capability, i.e. where no separate erasing lines are provided. In the following table the code words used in the second mode are listed. In both modes the saving of one operation per sub-field period, saves a lot of time and enables the use of more sub- field periods . Obviously, as in the second mode the lower sub-field rates are positioned at the end of the frame period. These modes require very efficient priming/erase operation since for the writing of the lower sub-field weights there is a long distance in time from the previous global priming operation, and in between there is no excitation of the plasma cell due to the specific coding. It is also possible to use the overall concept of NFC coding in combination with the standard addressing scheme (with writing, sustaining and erasing period per sub-field) . Of course, the previously mentioned advantage that a lot of time is saved, is no longer valid. Nevertheless, there are some situations where the concept of motion dependent sub- field code word entry shifting should be used, e.g. for sharpness enhancement. The concept of sub-field code word entry shifting is disclosed e.g. in EP-A-980 059. Despite of that the advantage of time saving is reduced, the advantage of no false contouring is still valid in this case. In the introduction, it was already explained that the large area flickering is a real problem in countries, e.g. of Europe, using 50Hz frame repetition rate in the TV norms, such as PAL and SECAM. However, even in the case of 60Hz frame repetition rate such as in the NTSC TV system, such a flickering will become disturbing in the future with the increase of the display size (since the human eye is more sensitive to the large area flickering in the peripheral zones) as well as with the increase of the luminance or brightness of the picture. Note that the peak white luminance level is increased more and more on PDPs . In Fig. 14 the human eye sensitivity versus temporal frequency components for different luminance levels is depicted. Even for 75Hz temporal frequency components, there are contrast sensitivity values in the range of 2 to 3 for the two high luminance levels. For that reason, the concept of flickering reduction by an artificial frequency doubling is not only an advantage for 50Hz video norms but also for 60Hz video norms and even for PC applications which tend to 75Hz or more frame repetition rate. The concept of artificial frequency doubling adapted to the PDP technology is already described in the publication document of another European patent application of the applicant with the number EP-A-0 982 708. This concept is ι " based on the main idea of sorting the sub-fields in two groups inside the frame period (20 ms in case of 50Hz video norms) . Each group is displayed in an equivalent time frame, i.e. 10 ms in case of 50Hz video norms respecting the fact that the most significant sub-fields of each group will have preferably the same weights. Such a code can relatively simply be derived from a standard code as can be seen in Fig. 15. There, at the top of Fig. 15 an example of a 10 sub-field code is shown. The four most significant sub- fields are split in two parts by a bisection operation. Then the resulting 14 sub-field periods are organized in two consecutive groups in an optimized fashion, so that in each group almost the same amount of light pulses will be produced, i.e. most similar numbers result, when summing up the sub-field weights of the sub-fields in either group. The grouping of the sub-fields is depicted in Fig. 15. It is one possible generation of a flicker-free code with 14 sub- fields from a standard 10 sub-field code. In other words, the obtained flicker-free code needs 14 sub-fields but will only have the quality of a standard 10 sub-field code. In the case of an incremental sub-field coding, this is not really acceptable since it cannot be afforded to have the quality of a sub-field organization with a lower sub-field number since we need as many sub-fields as possible to dispose of an acceptable gray level rendition. If not enough sub-fields are used in case of the incremental encoding, the dithering pattern is very visible and this will lead to a strong noise level in the picture. It is true what is explained in the document EP-A-0 982 708 that it is possible to use more sub-fields in the flicker-free code mode at 50Hz video norms than in a standard mode for 60Hz video norms since more time is available (20 ms instead of 16.6 ms) . Nevertheless, in case of incremental encoding, the dithering will be more visible at the 50 Hz frame repetition rate than at the 60Hz frame repetition rate because the dithering pattern changes less often. It is notified that the dithering pattern changes for each pixel/colour, each line and each frame . For that reason, it is not really feasible to split the most significant sub-fields from a standard sub-field code for 60Hz frame repetition rate to design a specific flicker-free code for 50Hz frame repetition rate. In addition, it has already been mentioned that even for 60Hz frame repetition rate the large area flickering is an issue and, therefore, also requires a specific flicker-free code mode . Therefore, an adaptation of the sub-field grouping is required for the incremental sub-field encoding mode. According to the invention this adaptation can be made simply by alternating the position of the sub-fields coming from a standard incremental code in order to generate two LQ tr 1 td 0 TJ LQ O Hi CO rt LQ μ- 00 ] H 00 TJ 3 μ- 0 ■ t $ rt Φ Φ J μ- Hi O μ- TJ 00 rt rt n en LQ LQ fi μ- μ> Hi fi fi TJ μ- n. 0 ϋ 00 μ- μ- tr rt Φ Φ 00 TJ μ- μ- tr PJ 3 tr 00 μ- fi M φ Φ μ- S^ o o li fi 0 f Φ O Φ fi LQ O N LQ Φ P ) fi Φ Φ rt rt Φ Ω μ- μ- φ LQ M fi M 3 O K K O 0 a φ Hi rt TJ a i 00 Φ £ PJ φ 3 μ- ft TJ H tr tr tr 00 Ω J M J a μ- φ φ N N a a TJ sS O tr p ) TJ ) rt ) rt TJ 3 - o ft 0 00 φ PJ 00 00 tr ft 3 00 O Ω 00 TJ TJ μ- M φ fi rt fi tr μ> TJ P ) ft i rt rt Ά a Ω μ- LQ 00 μ- rt ft rt Hi • Hi < 00 Ω 00 M PJ rt μ- LQ Φ Φ Ω PJ μ- n rt fi rt Hi μ- tr μ- 00 PJ O PJ M N fi μ- fi ii μ- cr to Φ 0 Hi rt tr 0 fi fi H 3 • • μ- ft μ- 0 0 O Φ LQ rt CQ a M O μ- PJ J <1 P ) P ) ft Φ 0 3 μ- μ- Φ 3 O LQ O φ 3 00 fi a • P φ M cr 00 rt rt rt φ 3 3 3 φ μ- Hi J 00 ti O a ii P ) a • H μ- <! tr 3 3 μ- PJ μ- Φ tr φ 00 φ O 3 cr CO a LQ μ- TJ O H M 3 tr ISl μ- 00 Φ Φ O a 3 rt ι-3 TJ M CO O ft Φ Φ LQ 00 00 Φ a rt M 00 a M rt μ- Φ Φ f Hi to μ- tr a 4 M tr 3 fi s. rt f TJ 0 O PJ a ft a t i 3 a φ tr TJ 3 ft φ cr TJ Fj • 3 φ Φ PJ PJ 0 μ- 00 PJ O μ- φ 0 μ- cr Ω μ- LQ Hi cr TJ a Φ rt rt O Hi o fi rt Φ LQ ϋ 3 00 ft s: Hi 3 0 00 a 3 TJ ϋ 3 0 3 rt i PJ Φ ft ft tr tr Hi PJ li Hi Φ φ td tr fi ι-3 φ 3 ft 3 O M μ- M Φ Φ 3 Ω Hi 3 ft 0 O rt M i Φ φ PJ M 00 Ω 00 φ φ tr O rt J i fi a 3 ft rt 00 M μ- ft a tr Hi en (T en μ> 3 μ- μ- rt Φ tr O Φ TJ μ- tr Φ μ- rt LQ Hi μ- a φ cr rt TJ Φ PJ O 1 o 00 O o Φ Ω LQ 3 μ- 00 Hi Φ m Φ Ω 00 rt 03 μ- cr fi rt 0 ft M TJ tr tr ft i LQ φ ft Ul t 3 0 rt 3 a 00 i Φ 00 cr tr 0 O Φ J μ- ϋ Φ ft PJ Φ Φ o Ω ft 3 φ Ω ft a 3 TJ Φ ) Hi ft cr 00 a PJ 00 ft M μ- φ 3 TJ 3 O ft 00 fi μ> Φ ϋ Φ 0 rt 0 cr 00 Φ fi M Φ a tr rt Φ μ- M 3 cr μ> Φ σι Φ 3 TJ rt LQ φ M φ ft Hi tr a 00 fi 00 00 rt Hi cr μ- M Hi 00 LQ tr 00 en PJ fi • 00 O μ- s. M 3 rt M 00 φ ft a Hi fi μ- Hi μ- TJ tr μ- Hi O Φ Hi Φ rt Ω ) σi a μ- 0 0 ft tr 00 00 rt fi tr μ- PJ O li PJ rt Φ μ- Φ Hi μ- 3 Ω φ PJ TJ PJ Ω rt rt LQ rt Hi cr Φ • μ- tr LQ φ CO ft Φ fi rt Ω 00 M μ- φ rt fi fi φ cr 3 O μ- 3 > χ j tr fi PJ tr PJ 0 3 rt Φ fi Hi M rt Φ Φ Φ μ- ft φ M μ- Φ Φ i φ ft rt ii O 00 O Φ P ) rt M Hi Hi td LQ μ- td O H- ft φ μ- fi PJ J M ft PJ <J 3 μ- LQ PJ ft 3 • ii TJ » f tr φ rt 00 Φ a Φ 00 ϋ 00 Ω ft μ- M O ft 00 φ rt Ω O μ- ϋ rt μ- rt tr o φ Φ fi rt fi tr O tr φ tr TJ M • O μ- 3 M cr ^ 00 Si tr ft 3 ft tr 3 μ- ^ s μ- M φ tr 00 μ- TJ φ Ω ft LQ ft ft 00 LQ > M • Φ ft Φ 00 PJ 3 Φ LQ 3 O Π O Ω 3 PJ tr 00 Φ rt 3 φ 0 a J 00 fi H μ- Φ TJ - P ) -, μ- Φ fi a i ,— - μ- μ- fi K 00 rt M Φ ft fi cr M O i TJ J Φ 3 ft 3 <! M f-h a > LQ 00 PJ cr LQ TJ 3 3 rt cr Hi N LQ PJ μ- PJ rt H ft M CO a μ- μ- PJ Hi 0 ? rt Hi tr Ω 00 Φ fi LQ Ω O O ϋ rt fi TJ rt < 3 μ- PJ rt rt LQ rt <*i TJ φ ft oo < o ϋ μ- tr rt cr fi μ- Hi ft μ- ϋ TJ O tr <! O TJ μ- φ f 0 fi fi r μ- μ- LQ tr rt Φ J φ φ fi 3 φ φ n μ- 3 μ- 3 O φ rt 3 φ μ- a M 3 M μ- TJ 00 rt φ O 3 li Φ tr rt ft Ω ft ft ft rt LQ fi cr LQ φ P ) μ- Hi 3 0 tr rt ft TJ μ- Φ < 3 Φ rt 3 3 O Φ tr φ Φ tr LQ μ- Φ M a 3 φ Hi Φ 00 φ 00 Ω LQ fi O LQ μ- a O 00 rt μ- TJ 0 X Φ TJ rt 3 ft O ft ft LQ rt 3 O TJ O J Hi 00 J 00 Hi M μ- 3 TJ 0 LQ a Φ O LQ 3 μ- CO 3 PJ Φ O tr Ω TJ tr rt ^ μ- Hi Φ sϋ rt fi μ- 0 rt a 0 0 cr < LQ fi Ω <τ_ 3 Ω fi cr Φ fi PJ Φ TJ TJ Φ PJ μ- 3 Ω P ) μ- μ- P ) 3 TJ μ- cr rt cr rt I Φ Φ 0 rt rt rt TJ PJ μ- PJ Φ M fi φ fi μ- M LQ <^ Φ μ- TJ M O 3 μ- Φ 0 tr PJ TJ O tr Hi 3 rt a •t Φ tr M 00 O 00 PJ fi PJ fi φ rt Hi Φ PJ Hi TJ M 3 Φ M fi a f-h Φ M φ Hi Φ H- tr TJ o ft Φ Φ φ ft a 00 Φ rt μ- TJ tr fi Ω 3 Ω μ- M 00 PJ PJ μ- fi Φ 00 PJ Φ rt tr Ω μ- cr H rt μ- φ cr fi Hi φ LQ a ϋ ii Q TJ ) TJ μ- s- i 00 Φ PJ μ- O PJ O PJ O μ> Hi Φ rt ft O ft fi a 3 ft C μ- Ω Φ fi H μ- 3 M M φ O J M ft cr Φ • φ rt α 3 tr 0 00 PJ 00 ^ a 00 φ rt φ Φ O 00 Ω P ) a a 00 0 ft J 00 fi Ω o fi TJ Φ M φ μ- rt ft rt 3 rt μ- CQ Hi LQ H rt • a J rt a μ- 3 rt 3 φ 3 tr tr J μ- fi M rt 3 Φ μ- μ- Φ TJ ≤ tr 00 00 μ- 3 a rt N tr LQ ?r rt φ tr Φ O μ- TJ 3 a O Hi fi Φ μ- Φ μ- rt φ O Ω μ- tr φ td J μ- fi 3 a O tr Φ fi μ- ft 00 H φ O ft ft Φ φ £ rt 0 3 M O PJ fi rt 00 P ) a M 3 φ - O 0 3 O a M a 00 rt 00 TJ LQ cr Ω Hi M fi 00 μ- tr 00 μ- O 00 00 a LQ a LQ TJ Hi tr ϋ t TJ tr Ω cr Ω tr O ii 0 f - Φ *<; O μ- O a 3 Hi - ft Ω φ Hi φ TJ Φ O φ CO Φ Φ ω o O PJ Φ i Hi fi 3 O s- M 3 ft μ > cr μ- φ s- P ) PJ O Ω • TJ fi fi H 00 ft f-h rt 00 $. J 00 3 3 μ- LQ to 3 PJ rt ft μ- 00 Ω M 0 Φ P ) μ- Φ GO Hi rt rt φ Hi tr rt rt Φ rt LQ rt Hi LQ tr rt φ tr M 3 fi rt φ rt rt μ- tr t μ- μ- M tr Φ O fi μ- p. Φ Ω H tr - tr 00 μ- Φ μ- tr 0 f fi Φ xQ 3 3 PJ Ω a O TJ rt O 3 cr Φ a φ 3 0 ■t 0 O ft Φ 00 rt fi 0 3 tr Hi μ- fi cr M f-h 00 ft 3 μ- 3 rt Φ J O O o 3 φ 3 Φ ft • M Hi 3 ω > t w μ μ o o Ul o Hi ft μ- μ- Φ Hi M Hi ft φ 00 fi Φ CO 3 ^ rt to "" CO tr φ •r] 3 -, Hi CO 0 i - cr φ O rt ^i rt Φ fi CO Φ μQ o ^ a PJ M PJ μ- 3 N ft PJ rt CO μ- 0 a PJ μ- fi 3 Φ LQ LQ fi fi 0 0 a a TJ TJ Φ Ω ft μ> rt rt 0 tr LQ Φ Φ rt CO tr a φ cr ii to t t μ μ o LΠ o in o LΠ Again, here it is also possible to use the overall concept of NFC coding in combination with the standard addressing scheme (with writing, sustaining and erasing period per sub- field) , e.g. for the combination of NFC coding with sub- field code word entry shifting. In the following the concept of generating a flicker-free code for the case of an implementation of an incremental coding with selective writing operation in the sub-field periods, is explained. The overall principle stays the same but the order of the sub-field is inverted as can be seen in Fig. 17. Also in this case, in the first group Gl all the odd sub-fields SFn to SF X are grouped together. In the second group G2 all the even sub-fields SF X2 to SF 2 are grouped together. After the sustaining period of the last sub-field SFi in the first group Gl a global erase operation follows. Also the global erase operation is performed after the sustaining period of the last sub-field SF 2 in the second group G2. The blanking period is again sub-divided in two parts Bl and B2 in order to adjust the sub-field group lengths and to assure that the 10 ms or 8.3 ms raster can be maintained. It is also remarked, that the first group of sub-fields can be made with either the odd or even sub- fields from the prior incremental code. In the example shown in Fig. 17 there is no global priming operation in the second sub-field group G2. Of course, this depends on the efficiency of the priming operation itself. In case efficiency is not high enough, it is recommended to implement also a global priming operation at the beginning of the second sub-field group G2. As already mentioned in the first group there could be grouped together either the odd or the even sub-fields. And respectively in the second group either the even or the odd sub-fields can be grouped together. This can be utilized for a further improvement. Namely, the position of the sub-field groups having grouped together all the even or odd sub- fields, can be exchanged from frame period to frame period in a predetermined way. This could help to further reduce a remaining low f equency component . An alternative to this solution is to change the group position in a randomized fashion instead of the deterministic alternation. Also this can further reduce the large area flickering. Both solutions are simple to implement. The sub-field coding process can remain unchanged. However, it is required that the sub-field code word entries stored in the frame memory are read out in a different order for display driving. Corresponding masking Bit patterns can be used for this purpose when addressing the sub-field code words in a frame memory. Fig. 18 shows a block diagram of the corresponding apparatus for controlling the display. Input R, G, B video data is forwarded to a sub-field coding unit 20. For the sub-field coding process to each RGB data the corresponding code word will be selected from the corresponding look-up table. The sub-field code words are forwarded to a memory 21 separately for the different colour components R, G, B. This memory preferably has a capacity of two frame memories. This is recommendable due to the plasma driving process. The plasma display panel is driven in sub-fields as explained above and, therefore, for every pixel only one Bit (in fact 3 Bits because of the 3 colour components) needs to be read out of this memory per sub-field. On the other hand data needs to be written in the memory. To avoid any conflicts between writing and reading, there are two independent frame memories used. When data is read from one frame memory, the other frame memory is used for writing of data and vice versa. The read Bits of the sub-field code words are collected in a serial parallel conversion unit 22 for a whole line of the PDP. As there are e.g. 854 pixel in one line, this means 2962 sub-field coding Bits need to be read for each line per sub-field period. These bits are input in the shift registers of the serial/parallel conversion unit 22. The sub-field code words are stored in memory unit 21. The external control unit 24 also controls reading and writing from and to the memory unit. Also it controls the sub-field coding process and the serial/parallel conversion. Further it generates all scan, priming, sustaining and erasing pulses for PDP control. It receives horizontal H and vertical V synchronizing signals for reference timing. Some or all of the electronic components shown in the different blocks may be integrated together with the PDP matrix display. They could also be in a separate box, which is to be connected with the plasma display panel. The invention can be used in particular in PDPs. Plasma displays are currently used in consumer electronics e.g. for TV sets, and also as a monitor for computers. However, use of the invention is also appropriate for matrix displays, where the light output is also controlled with small pulses in sub-periods, i.e. where the PWM principle is used for controlling the light output.

Claims: Claims 1. Method for controlling a display device having a plurality of elements corresponding to the colour components of pixels of a video picture, wherein the video picture data are processed, said video picture data comprising video level pixel data for each colour component, wherein the pixel data is converted into a sub-field code word, in which to each Bit of the digital code word a certain duration is assigned during which the corresponding element of the pixel is activated for light output, herein after called sub- field, wherein for the sub-field coding process a specific code is used in which by corresponding bit entries it is avoided that in a frame period a sub- field is inactivated between two activated sub-fields and in which it is avoided that in a frame period a sub-field is activated between two inactivated sub- fields, characterized in that, the sub-fields of a frame period are organized in two consecutive groups (Gl, G2) , wherein the odd sub-fields are grouped in one group (Gl) and the even sub-fields are grouped in the other group (G2) . 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the two sub-field groups (Gl, G2) are separated from each other by dedicated blanking periods (Bl, B2) so that the light output occurs in a specific time raster, in particular in a 10 ms raster for 50Hz frame/field repetition rate or in a 8.3 ms raster for 60Hz frame/field repetition rate. 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein at the beginning of each sub-field group (Gl, G2) a global addressing operation is performed in a sub-period, in which the display elements are activated for a light output . 4. Method according to claim 3, wherein to each sub-field period a selective erasing period and a global sustaining period belongs, wherein in the selective erasing period those display elements which shall no longer produce a light output in the current sub-field group are inactivated and in the global sustaining period the activated display elements are stimulated for light output in small pulses. 5. Method according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein at the beginning of each sub-field group (Gl, G2) a global priming operation is performed in a sub-period, in which the display elements are prepared for light output . 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein to each sub-field period a selective addressing period and a global sustaining period belongs, wherein in the selective addressing period those display elements which shall produce light in the corresponding sub-field period are activated and in the global sustaining period the activated display elements are stimulated for light output in small pulses. 7. Method according to one of the previous claims, wherein at the end of each sub-field group (Gl, G2) a global erasing period follows, in which the display elements are reset to a neutral state. 8. Method according to one of the previous claims, wherein the specific code used in the sub-field coding process has the characteristic, that the sub-field weight, i.e. the amount of light pulses generated during the sub-field period, increases from sub-field to sub-field or decreases from sub-field to sub-field in the frame period when all the sub-field weights are ordered according to size. 9. Method according to one of the previous claims, wherein the position of the sub-field groups (Gl, G2) within the frame period is exchanged in a predetermined frame period raster, e.g. from frame period to frame period or in randomized fashion. 10. Method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the sub- field weights used for the specific code when ordered according to size follow the form of the gamma function, e.g. Y = X Ύ , with γ= 2.2, where Y is the output video level and X is the input video level . 11. Apparatus for controlling said display device having a plurality of elements corresponding to the colour components of pixels of a video picture, said apparatus having included: i) a video processing unit in which video picture data are processed, said video picture data comprising video level pixel data for each colour component, ii) a sub-field coding unit (20) in which the pixel data is converted into a sub-field code word in which to each Bit of the sub-field code word a certain duration is assigned during which the corresponding element of a pixel may be activated for light output, herein after this period is called sub-field, wherein for the sub-field coding process a specific code is used, in which by corresponding Bit entries it is avoided that in a frame period a sub-field is inactivated between two activated sub-fields and in which it is avoided that in a frame period a sub-field is activated between two inactivated sub-fields, characterized in that, said apparatus further includes a controller (24) for the display driver circuits, which provides the light generation in a frame period in two consecutive groups (Gl, G2) wherein the odd sub- fields are grouped in one group (Gl) and the even sub- fields are grouped in the other group (G2) .

Inventors: CORREA CARLOS, DOYEN DIDIER, KERVEC JONATHAN, WEITBRUCH SEBASTIEN, CORREA, CARLOS, DOYEN, DIDIER, KERVEC, JONATHAN, WEITBRUCH, SEBASTIEN
Applicants: CORREA CARLOS, DOYEN DIDIER, KERVEC JONATHAN, THOMSON LICENSING SA, WEITBRUCH SEBASTIEN, CORREA, CARLOS, DOYEN, DIDIER, KERVEC, JONATHAN, THOMSON LICENSING S.A., WEITBRUCH, SEBASTIEN
Application year: 2001
Main classification: G09G3
IPC codes: G09G3, H04N5, H04N9