MODIFICATION OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS

Abstract: The present invention relates to the modification of lignin biosynthesis in plants, using the nucleotide sequences encoding the enzymes 4-coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, from ryegrass (Lolium) and fescue (Festuca). The present invention also relates to regulatory elements, promoters capable of causing expression of exogenous genes in plants, wherein the regulatory elements are from the genes for caffeic acid Omethyl transferase (OMT), 4CL, CCR or CAD. The invention also relates to vectors including the nucleic acids and regulatory elements of the invention, plant cells, plants, plant seeds and other plant parts transformed with the regulatory elements, nucleic acids and vectors and methods using the nucleic acids, regulatory elements and vectors.

Description: ODIFICATION OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS The present invention relates to the modification of lignin biosynthesis in plants and, more particularly, to enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway and nucleic acids encoding such enzymes. The present invention also relates to a regulatory element and, more particularly, to a promoter capable of causing expression of an exogenous gene in plant cells, such as a gene encoding an enzyme involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in plants. The invention also relates to vectors including the nucleic acids and regulatory elements of the invention, plant cells, plants, seeds and other plant parts transformed with the regulatory elements, nucleic acids and vectors, and methods of using the nucleic acids, regulatory elements and vectors. Lignins are complex phenolic polymers that strengthen plant cell walls against mechanical and chemical degradation. The process of lignification typically occurs during secondary thickening of the walls of cells with structural, conductive or defensive roles. Three monolignol precursors, sinapyl, coniferyl and p-coumaryl alcohol combine by dehydrogenative polymerisation to produce respectively the syringyl(S), guaiacyl(G) and hydroxyl(H) subunits of the lignin polymer, which can also become linked to cell-wall polysaccharides through the action of peroxidases and other oxidative isozymes. In grasses, biosynthesis of the monolignol precursors is a multistep process beginning with the aromatic amino-acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. It is the final two reduction/ dehydrogenation steps of the pathway, catalysed by Cinnamoyl CoA Reductase (CCR) and Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (CAD) that are considered to be specific to lignin biosynthesis. The proportions of monolignols incorporated into the lignin polymer vary depending on plant species, tissue, developmental stage and sub-cellular location. Caffeic acid O-methyl transferase (OMT), 4 coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) are key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis. Worldwide permanent pasture is estimated to cover 70% of agriculturally cultivated area. Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) together with the closely related fescues (Festuca spp.) are of significant value in temperate grasslands. The commercially most important ryegrasses are Italian or annual ryegrass (L. multiflorum Lam.) and perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L). They are the key forage species in countries where livestock production is an intensive enterprise, such as the Netherlands, United Kingdom and New Zealand. The commercially most important fescues are tall fescue (F. anundinacea Schreb.), meadow fescue (F. pratβnsis) and red fescue (F. rubra). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) is the major grass species sown in temperate dairy pastures in Australia, and the key pasture grass in temperate climates throughout the world. A marked decline of the feeding value of grasses is observed in temperate pastures of Australia during late spring and early summer, where the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass based pasture is often insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of lactating dairy cattle. Perennial ryegrass is also an important turf grass. Grass and legume in vitro dry matter digestibility has been negatively correlated with lignin content. In addition, natural mutants of lignin biosynthetic enzymes in maize, sorghum and pearl millet that have higher rumen digestibility have been characterised as having lower lignin content and altered S/G subunit ratio. Thus, lignification of plant cell walls is the major factor identified as responsible for lowering digestibility of forage tissues as they mature. It would be desirable to have methods of altering lignin biosynthesis in plants, including grass species such as ryegrasses and fescues, by reducing the activity of key biosynthetic enzymes in order to reduce lignin content and/or alter lignin composition for enhancing dry matter digesitibility and improving herbage quality. However, for some applications it may be desirable to enhance lignin biosynthesis to increase lignin content and/or alter lignin composition, for example to increase mechanical strength of wood, to increase mechanical strength of turf grasses, to reduce plant height and reduce lodging or improve disease resistance. While nucleic acid sequences encoding some of the enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway have been isolated for certain species of plants, there remains a need for materials useful in the modification of lignin biosynthesis in plants, particularly grass species such as ryegrasses and fescues. Other phenotypic traits which may be improved by transgenic manipulation of plants include disease resistance, mineral content, nutrient quality and drought tolerance. However, transgenic manipulation of phenotypic traits in plants requires the availability of regulatory elements capable of causing the expression of exogenous genes in plant cells. It is an object of the present invention to overcome, or at least alleviate, one or more of the difficulties or deficiencies associated with the prior art. In one aspect, the present invention provides substantially purified or isolated nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments encoding the following enzymes from a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species: 4 coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). The ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species may be of any suitable type, including Italian or annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, meadow fescue and red fescue. Preferably the ryegrass or fescue species is a ryegrass, more preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment may be of any suitable type and includes DNA (such as cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA (such as mRNA) that is single- or double- stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases, and combinations thereof. The term "isolated" means that the material is removed from its original environment (eg. the natural environment if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally occurring nucleic acid present in a living plant is not isolated, but the same nucleic acid separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such nucleic acids could be part of a vector and/or such nucleic acids could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such a vector or composition is not part of its natural environment. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding 4CL includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) sequences shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 1 , 3 and 5; respectively) (b) complements of the sequences shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 1 , 3 and 5, respectively); (c) sequences antisense to the sequences recited in (a) and (b); and (d) functionally active fragments and variants of the sequences recited in (a), (b) and (c). In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding CCR includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) the sequence shown in Figure 10 hereto (Sequence ID No: 7); (b) the complement of the sequence shown in Figure 10 hereto (Sequence ID No: 7); (c) sequences antisense to the sequences recited in (a) and (b); and (d) functionally active fragments and variants of the sequences recited in (a), (b) and (c). In a still further preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding CAD includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) the sequences shown in Figures 13, 14, 26 and 27 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 9, 11 , 14 and 16, respectively); (b) complements of the sequences shown in Figures 13, 14, 26 and 27 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 9, 11 , 14 and 16, respectively); (c) sequences antisense to the sequences recited in (a) and (b); and (d) functionally active fragments and variants of the sequences recited in (a), (b) and (c). By "functionally active" is meant that the fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) is capable of modifying lignin biosynthesis in a plant. Such variants include naturally occurring allelic variants and non- naturally occurring variants. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the nucleotides are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the fragment or variant. Preferably the functionally active fragment or variant has at least approximately 80% identity to the relevant part of the above mentioned sequence, more preferably at least approximately 90% identity, most preferably at least approximately 95% identity. Such functionally active variants and fragments include, for example, those having nucleic acid changes which result in conservative amino acid substitutions of one or more residues in the corresponding amino acid sequence. Preferably the fragment has a size of at least 10 nucleotides, more preferably at least 15 nucleotides, most preferably at least 20 nucleotides. In a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a vector including a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the vector may include a regulatory element such as a promoter, a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to the present invention and a terminator; said regulatory element, nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment and terminator being operatively linked. By "operatively linked" is meant that said regulatory element is capable of causing expression of said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment in a plant cell and said terminator is capable of terminating expression of said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment in a plant cell. Preferably, said regulatory element is upstream of said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment and said terminator is downstream of said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment. The vector may be of any suitable type and may be viral or non-viral. The vector may be an expression vector. Such vectors include chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic nucleic acid sequences, eg. derivatives of plant viruses; bacterial plasmids; derivatives of the Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens; derivatives of the Ri plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes; phage DNA; yeast artificial chromosomes; bacterial artificial chromosomes; binary bacterial artificial chromosomes; vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA. However, any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable or integrative or viable in the plant cell. The regulatory element and terminator may be of any suitable type and may be endogenous to the target plant cell or may be exogenous, provided that they are functional in the target plant cell. Preferably the regulatory element is a promoter. A variety of promoters which may be employed in the vectors of the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Factors influencing the choice of promoter include the desired tissue specificity of the vector, and whether constitutive or inducible expression is desired and the nature of the plant cell to be transformed (eg. monocotyledon or dicotyledon). Particularly suitable promoters include the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter, the maize Ubiquitin promoter, the rice Actin promoter, and ryegrass endogenous OMT, 4CL, CCR or CAD promoters. A variety of terminators which may be employed in the vectors of the present invention are also well known to those skilled in the art. The terminator may be from the same gene as the promoter sequence or a different gene. Particularly suitable terminators are polyadenylation signals, such as the CaMV 35S polyA and other terminators from the nopaline synthase (nos) and the octopine synthase (ocs) genes. The vector, in addition to the regulatory element, the nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment of the present invention and the terminator, may include further elements necessary for expression of the nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment, in different combinations, for example vector backbone, origin of replication (ori), multiple cloning sites, spacer sequences, enhancers, introns (such as the maize Ubiquitin Ubi intron), antibiotic resistance genes and other selectable marker genes [such as the neomycin phosphotransferase (npt2) gene, the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) gene, the phosphinothricin acetyltransf erase (bar or pat) gene], and reporter genes (such as beta- glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gusA)]. The vector may also contain a ribosome binding site for translation initiation. The vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression. As an alternative to use of a selectable marker gene to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells, the presence of the vector in transformed cells may be determined by other techniques well known in the art, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), Southern blot hybridisation analysis, histochemical GUS assays, northern and Western blot hybridisation analyses. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various components of the vector are operatively linked, so as to result in expression of said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment. Techniques for operatively linking the components of the vector of the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include the use of linkers, such as synthetic linkers, for example including one or more restriction enzyme sites. The vectors of the present invention may be incorporated into a variety of plants, including monocotyledons (such as grasses from the genera Lolium, Festuca, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Panicum and other forage and turf grasses, corn, oat, sugarcane, wheat and barley), dicotyledons (such as arabidopsis, tobacco, legumes, alfalfa, oak, eucalyptus, maple, canola, soybean and chickpea) and gymnosperms. In a preferred embodiment, the vectors are used to transform monocotyledons, preferably grass species such as ryegrasses (Lolium species) and fescues (Festuca species), more preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) including forage and turf type cultivars. Techniques for incorporating the vectors of the present invention into plant cells (for example by transduction, transfection or transformation) are well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include Agrobacterium mediated introduction, electroporation to tissues, cells and protoplasts, protoplast fusion, injection into reproductive organs, injection into immature embryos and high velocity projectile introduction to cells, tissues, calli, immature and mature embryos. The choice of technique will depend largely on the type of plant to be transformed. Cells incorporating the vector of the present invention may be selected, as described above, and then cultured in an appropriate medium to regenerate transformed plants, using techniques well known in the art. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. The resulting plants may be reproduced, either sexually or asexually, using methods well known in the art, to produce successive generations of transformed plants. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part, including, eg transformed with, a vector of the present invention. The plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part may be from any suitable species, including monocotyledons, dicotyledons and gymnosperms. In a preferred embodiment the plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part may be from a monocotyledon, preferably a grass species, more preferably a ryegrass (Lolium species) or fescue (Festuca species), even more preferably a ryegrass, most preferably perennial ryegrass, including forage- and turf-type cultivars. The present invention also provides a plant, plant seed or other plant part derived from a plant cell of the present invention. The present invention also provides a plant, plant seed or other plant part derived from a plant of the present invention. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of modifying lignin biosynthesis in a plant, said method including introducing into said plant an effective amount of a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment and/or a vector according to the present invention. By "an effective amount" is meant an amount sufficient to result in an identifiable phenotypic trait in said plant, or a plant, plant seed or other plant part derived therefrom. Such amounts can be readily determined by an appropriately skilled person, taking into account the type of plant, the route of administration and other relevant factors. Such a person will readily be able to determine a suitable amount and method of administration. See, for example, Maniatis et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Using the methods and materials of the present invention, plant lignin biosynthesis may be increased, decreased or otherwise modified relative to an untransformed control plant. It may be increased or otherwise modified, for example, by incorporating additional copies of a sense. nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment of the present invention. It may be decreased, for example, by incorporating an antisense nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment of the present invention. In addition, the number of copies of genes encoding for different enzymes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway may be manipulated to modify the relative amount of each monolignol synthesized, thereby leading to the formation of lignin having altered composition. In a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided use of a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to the present invention, and/or nucleotide sequence information thereof, and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms thereof, as a molecular genetic marker. More particularly, nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments according to the present invention, and/or nucleotide sequence information thereof, and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms thereof, may be used as a molecular genetic marker for qualitative trait loci (QTL) tagging, mapping, DNA fingerprinting and in marker assisted selection, and may be used as candidate genes or perfect markers, particularly in ryegrasses and fescues. Even more particularly, nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments according to the present invention, and/or nucleotide sequence information thereof, may be used as molecular genetic markers in forage and turf grass improvement, eg. tagging QTLs for dry matter digestibility, herbage quality, mechanical stress tolerance, disease resistance, insect pest resistance, plant stature and leaf and stem colour. In a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a substantially purified or isolated polypeptide from a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Fustuca) species, selected from the group consisting of the enzymes 4CL, CCR and CAD. The ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species may be of any suitable type, including Italian or annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, meadow fescue and red fescue. Preferably the species is a ryegrass, more preferably perennial ryegrass L. perenne). In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the substantially purified or isolated enzyme 4CL includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 2, 4 and 6, respectively); and functionally active fragments and variants thereof. In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the substantially purified or isolated enzyme CCR includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequence shown in Figure 10 hereto (Sequence ID No: 8); and functionally active fragments and variants thereof. In a still further preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the substantially purified or isolated enzyme CAD includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequence shown in Figures 13, 14, 26 and 27 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 10, 12, 15 and 17, respectively); and functionally active fragments and variants thereof. By "functionally active" in this context is meant that the fragment or variant has one or more of the biological properties of the enzymes 4CL, CCR and CAD, respectively. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the amino acids are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the fragment or variant. Preferably the fragment or variant has at least approximately 60% identity to the relevant part of the above mentioned sequence, more preferably at least approximately 80% identity, most preferably at least approximately 90% identity. Such functionally active variants and fragments include, for example, those having conservative amino acid substitutions of one or more residues in the corresponding amino acid sequence. Preferably the fragment has a size of at least 10 amino acids, more preferably at least 15 amino acids, most preferably at least 20 amino acids. In a further embodiment of this aspect of the invention, there is provided a polypeptide recombinantly produced from a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to the present invention. Techniques for recombinantly producing polypeptides are well known to those skilled in the art. In a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a lignin or modified lignin substantially or partially purified or isolated from a plant, plant seed or other plant part of the present invention. Such lignins may be modified from naturally occurring lignins in terms of the length, the degree of polymerisation (number of units), degree of branching and/or nature of linkages between units. In a still further aspect, the present invention provides an isolated regulatory element capable of causing expression of an exogenous gene in plant cells. Preferably the regulatory element is isolated from a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding OMT, 4CL, CCR or CAD. The regulatory element may be a nucleic acid molecule, including DNA (such as cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA (such as mRNA) that is single- or double- stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases, and combinations thereof. Preferably the regulatory element includes a promoter, more preferably an O-methyltransferase promoter, even more preferably an O- methyltransferase promoter from a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species, more preferably a ryegrass, most preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). In a particularly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the regulatory element includes a promoter from the caffeic acid O- methyltransferase gene corresponding to the cDNA homologue pOMTI from perennial ryegrass. Preferably the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence including the first approximately 4630 nucleotides of the sequence shown in Figure 18 hereto (Sequence ID No: 13); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. By "functionally active" in this context is meant that the fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) is capable of causing expression of a transgene in plant cells. Such variants include naturally occurring allelic variants and non-naturally occurring variants. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the nucleotides are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the regulatory element. Preferably the functionally active fragment or variant has at least approximately 80% identity to the relevant part of the above sequence, more preferably at least approximately 90% identity, most preferably at least approximately 95% identity. Preferably the fragment has a size of at least 100 nucleotides, more preferably at least 150 nucleotides, most preferably at least 200 nucleotides. In a particularly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: Nucleotides - 4581 to -1 Nucleotides -4285 to -1 Nucleotides -4020 to -1 Nucleotides -2754 to -1 Nucleotides - 1810 to -1 Nucleotides -831 to -1 Nucleotides -560 to -1 Nucleotides -525 to -1 Nucleotides -274 to -1 Nucleotides -21 to -1 of Figure 18 hereto (Sequence ID No: 13); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. In another preferred embodiment the regulatory element includes a 4 coumarate-CoA ligase promoter, even more preferably a 4 coumarate-CoA ligase promoter from a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species, more preferably a ryegrass, most preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). In a particularly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the regulatory element includes a promoter from the 4 coumarate-CoA ligase gene corresponding to the cDNA homologue p4CL2 from perennial ryegrass. Preferably the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence including the first approximately 2206 nucleotides of the sequence shown in Figure 38 hereto (Sequence ID No: 17); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. By "functionally active" in this context is meant that the fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) is capable of causing expression of a transgene in plant cells. Such variants include naturally occurring allelic variants and non-naturally occurring variants. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the nucleotides are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the regulatory element. Preferably the functionally active fragment or variant has at least approximately 80% identity to the relevant part of the above sequence, more preferably at least approximately 90% identity, most preferably at least approximately 95% identity. Preferably the fragment has a size of at least 100 nucleotides, more preferably at least 150 nucleotides, most preferably at least 200 nucleotides. In a particularly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: Nucleotides - 2206 to -1 Nucleotides -1546 to -1 Nucleotides -1186 to -1 Nucleotides -406 to -1 Nucleotides - 166 to -1 of Figure 38 hereto (Sequence ID No: 17); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. In another preferred embodiment the regulatory element includes a cinnamoyl-CoA reductase promoter, even more preferably a cinnamoyl-CoA reductase promoter from a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species, more preferably a ryegrass, most preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). In a particularly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the regulatory element includes a promoter from the cinnamoyl-CoA reductase gene corresponding to the LpCCRI cDNA from perennial ryegrass. Preferably the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence including the first approximately 6735 nucleotides of the sequence shown in Figure 39 hereto (Sequence ID No: 18); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. By "functionally active" in this context is meant that the fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) is capable of causing expression of a transgene in plant cells. Such variants include naturally occurring allelic variants and non-naturally occurring variants. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the nucleotides are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the regulatory element. Preferably the functionally active fragment or variant has at least approximately 80% identity to the relevant part of the above sequence, more preferably at least approximately 90% identity, most preferably at least approximately 95% identity. Preferably the fragment has a size of at least 100 nucleotides, more preferably at least 150 nucleotides, most preferably at least 200 nucleotides. ln a particularly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: Nucleotides - 6735 to -1 Nucleotides -5955 to -1 Nucleotides -5415 to -1 Nucleotides -4455 to -1 Nucleotides - 4035 to -1 Nucleotides -3195 to -1 Nucleotides -2595 to -1 Nucleotides -1755 to -1 Nucleotides -1275 to -1 Nucleotides -495 to -1 Nucleotides -255 to -1 Nucleotides -75 to -1 of Figure 39 hereto (Sequence ID No: 18); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. By an "exogenous gene" is meant a gene not natively linked to said regulatory element. In certain embodiments of the present invention the exogenous gene is also not natively found in the relevant plant or plant cell. The exogenous gene may be of any suitable type. The exogenous gene may be a nucleic acid such as DNA (e.g. cDNA or genomic DNA) or RNA (e.g. mRNA), and combinations thereof. The exogenous gene may correspond to a target gene, for example a gene capable of influencing disease resistance, herbage digestibility, nutrient quality, mineral content or drought tolerance or be a fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) thereof which is capable of modifying expression of said target gene. Such variants include nucleic acid sequences which are antisense to said target gene or an analogue, derivative, mutant or fragment thereof. The transgene may code for a protein or RNA sequence depending the target condition and whether down or up-regulation of gene expression is required. Preferably, the target gene is selected from exogenous coding sequences coding for mRNA for a protein, this protein may be of bacterial origin (such as enzymes involved in cell wall modification and cell wall metabolism, cytokinin biosynthesis), or eukaryotic origin (such as pharmaceutically active polypeptides) or of plant origin (such as enzymes involved in the synthesis of phenolic compounds, cell wall metabolism, sugar metabolism, lignin biosynthesis). Preferably, the target gene is selected from the group comprising O-methyltransferase, 4 coumarate CoA-ligase, cinnamoyl CoA reductase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamate 4 hydroxylase, phenolase, laccase, peroxidase, coniferol glucosyl transferase, coniferin beta-glucosidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, ferulate 5-hydroxylase, chitinase, glucanase, isopentenyltransferase, xylanase. The plant cells, in which the regulatory element of the present invention is capable of causing expression of an exogenous gene, may be of any suitable type. The plant cells may be from monocotyledons (such as grasses from the genera Lolium, Festuca, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Panicum and other forage and turf grasses, corn, grains, oat, sugarcane, wheat and barley), dicotyledons (such as arabidopsis, tobacco, legumes, alfalfa, oak, eucalyptus and maple) and gymnosperms. Preferably the plant cells are from a monocotyledon, more preferably a grass species such as a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species, even more preferably a ryegrass, most preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The regulatory element according to the present invention may be used to express exogenous genes to which it is operatively linked in the production of transgenic plants. Accordingly, in a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a vector including a regulatory element according to the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the vector may include a regulatory element according to the present invention, an exogenous gene as hereinbefore described, and a terminator; said regulatory element, exogenous gene and terminator being operatively linked, such that said regulatory element is capable of causing expression of said exogenous gene in plant cells. Preferably, said regulatory element is upstream of said exogenous gene and said terminator is downstream of said exogenous gene. The vector may be of any suitable type and may be viral or non-viral. The vector may be an expression vector. Such vectors include chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic nucleic acid sequences, eg. derivatives of plant viruses; bacterial plasmids; derivatives of the Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens; derivatives of the Ri plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes; phage DNA; yeast artificial chromosomes; bacterial artificial chromosomes; binary bacterial artificial chromosomes; vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA. However, any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable on integrative or viable in the plant cell. The terminator may be of any suitable type and includes for example polyadenylation signals, such as the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S polyA (CaMV 35S polyA) and other terminators from the nopaline synthase (nos) and the octopine synthase (ocs) genes. The vector, in addition to the regulatory element, the exogenous nucleic acid and the terminator, may include further elements necessary for expression of the nucleic acid, in different combinations, for example vector backbone, origin of replication (ori), multiple cloning sites, spacer sequences, enhancers, introns (such as the maize Ubiquitin Ubi intron), antibiotic resistance genes and other selectable marker genes [such as the neomycin phosphotransferase {npt2) gene, the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) gene, the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar or pat) gene], and reporter genes (such as beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gusA)]. The vector may also contain a ribosome binding site for translation initiation. The vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression. The regulatory element of the present invention may also be used with other full promoters or partial promoter elements. As an alternative to use of a selectable marker gene to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells, the presence of the vector in transformed cells may be determined by other techniques well known in the art, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), Southern blot hybridisation analysis, histochemical GUS assays, northern and Western blot hybridisation analyses. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various components of the vector are operatively linked, so as to result in expression of said transgene. Techniques for operatively linking the components of the vector of the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include the use of linkers, such as synthetic linkers, for example including one or more restriction sites. The vectors of the present invention may be incorporated into a variety of plants, including monocotyledons, dicotyledons and gymnosperms. In a preferred embodiment the vectors are used to transform monocotyledons, preferably grass species such as ryegrasses (Lolium species) and fescues (Festuca species), more preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) including forage- and turf- type cultivars. Techniques for incorporating the vectors of the present invention into plant cells (for example by transduction, transfection or transformation) are well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include Agrobacterium mediated introduction, electroporation to tissues, cells and protoplasts, protoplast fusion, injection into reproductive organs, injection into immature embryos and high velocity projectile introduction to cells, tissues, calli, immature and mature embryos. The choice of technique will depend largely on the type of plant to be transformed. Cells incorporating the vector of the present invention may be selected, as described above, and then cultured in an appropriate medium to regenerate transformed plants, using techniques well known in the art. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. The resulting plants may be reproduced, either sexually or asexually, using methods well known in the art, to produce successive generations of transformed plants. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part, including, eg. transformed with, a vector of the present invention. The plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part may be from any suitable species, including monocotyledons, dicotyledons and gymnosperms. In a preferred embodiment the plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part is from a monocotyledon, preferably a grass species, more preferably a ryegrass (Lolium species) or fescue (Festuca species), even more preferably perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), including forage- and turf-type cultivars. The present invention also provides a plant, plant seed, or other plant part derived from a plant cell of the present invention. The present invention also provides a plant, plant seed or other plant part derived from a plant of the present invention. In a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a recombinant plant genome including a regulatory element according to the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention the recombinant plant genome further includes an exogenous gene operatively linked to said regulatory element. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for expressing an exogenous gene in plant cells, said method including introducing into said plant cells an effective amount of a regulatory element and/or a vector according to the present invention. By "an effective amount" is meant an amount sufficient to result in an identifiable phenotypic change in said plant cells or a plant, plant seed or other plant part derived therefrom. Such amounts can be readily determined by an appropriately skilled person, taking into account the type of plant cell, the route of administration and other relevant factors. Such a person will readily be able to determine a suitable amount and method of administration. See, for example, Maniatis et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention will now be more fully described with reference to the accompanying Examples and drawings. It should be understood, however, that the description following is illustrative only and should not be taken in any way as a restriction on the generality of the invention described above. In the Figures Figure 1 shows plasmid maps of the three cDNAs encoding perennial ryegrass 4CL homologues. Figure 2 shows the nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 1) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 2) sequences of Lp4CL1. Figure 3 shows the nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 3) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 4) sequences of p4CL2. Figure 4 shows the nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 5) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 6) sequences of Lp4CL3. Figure 5 shows amino acid sequence alignment of deduced proteins encoded by p4CL1 (Sequence ID No: 2), Lp4CL2 (Sequence ID No: 4) and Lp4CL3 (Sequence ID No: 6). Figure 6 shows northern hybridisation analysis of developing perennial ryegrass using Lp4CL1 , p4CL2 and Lp4CL3 as hybridisation probes. SR: roots from seedlings (3-5 d post-germination), SS: shoots from seedlings (3-5 d post-germination), ML: leaves from 12-week-old plants, MS: stems from 12- week-old plants. Blots were washed in 0.2 X SSPE, 0.1 % SDS at 65 °C. Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and p4CL3 do not cross hybridise at this stringency. Sizes are given in kb. Figure 7 shows northern hybridisation analysis showing the time course of expression of 4CL mRNA in wounded perennial ryegrass leaves. Sizes are given in kb. Figure 8 shows genomic Southern hybridisation analysis using p4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and p4CL3 as hybridisation probes. 10 μg of digested perennial ryegrass genomic DNA or 20 μg of digested tall fescue genomic DNA were separated on a 1.0 % agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N + membranes and then hybridised with 32 P labelled Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 or p4CL3 probes. The ryegrass p4CL1 , p4CL2 and p4CL3 genes reveal homologous sequences in tall fescue and indicate that the ryegrass 4CL genes can be used to isolate and to manipulate the expression of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) 4CL genes. Figure 9 shows restriction map of LpCCRL An L. perenne seedling cDNA library constructed in Uni-ZAP™ (Stratagene) was screened in a solution containing 10xPIPES, 50% deionised formamide and 10% SDS at 42°C. Filters were washed at room temperature, three times in 0.1% SDS, 2x SSPE and then twice in 0.1% SDS, 0.2x SSPE. The location of the probe used for northern and Southern hybridisation analyses is indicated by the black line labelled pCCR531. Figure 10 shows the nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 7) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 8) sequences of LpCCRI . Figure 11 shows Southern hybridisation analysis of DNA from double haploid (DH) perennial ryegrass using LpCCRI as hybridisation probe. 10μg of DH genomic DNA was digested with Dral, BamHI, EcoRI, EcoRV, Hindlll or Xbal, separated on a 1% agarose gel and then capillary blotted onto nylon membrane (Amersham Hybond-N). The membrane was probed with the digoxigenin (DIG) labelled LpCCR531 fragment at 25ng/ml in the hybridisation solution. Hybridisation was in 4x SSC, 50% formamide, 0.1% N-Lauroyl- sarcosine, 0.02% SDS, 2% Blocking solution at 42°C. The membrane was washed twice for five minutes in 2x SSC, 0.1% SDS at room temperature, then twice for fifteen minutes in 0.5x SSC, 0.1 %SDS at 68°C. Molecular weight was determined by comparison to a DIG-labelled marker (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). Figure 12 shows northern hybridisation analysis of RNA samples from different organs and developmental stages of perennial ryegrass using LpCCRI probe. Roots from seedlings (3-5 d post-germination), shoots from seedlings (3-5 d post-germination), roots from seedlings (7-10 d post- germination), leaves from seedlings (7-10 d post-germination), roots from 6 and 10 week old plants, leaves from 6 and 10 week old plants, stems from 6 and 10 week old plants, whole seedling from 11 day old Phalaris and 7 day old Festuca. Total RNA was isolated using Trizol (GibcoBRL) and 15 μg was separated on a 1.2% Agarose gel containing 6% formamide and then capillary blotted onto nylon membrane (Amersham Hybond-N). The membrane was stained with 0.2% methylene blue/0.3M sodium acetate to visualise the marker and ensure that RNA was evenly loaded. 50 ng LpCCR531 was random- labelled with 32 P-dCTP (Amersham Megaprime) and hybridisation conditions were 4x SSC, 50% formamide, 0.5% SDS, 5x denhardt solution, 5% dextrane sulphate, 0.1% Herring sperm DNA at 42°C over-night. The ryegrass LpCCRI gene reveal homologous transcripts in tall fescue and Phalaris, thus indicating that the ryegrass CCR gene can be used to manipulate the expression of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Phalaris CCR endogenous genes. Figure 13 shows the nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 9) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 10) sequences of LpCADI . Figure 14 shows the nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 11) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 12) sequences of LpCAD2. Figure 15 shows a plasmid map of a cDNA clone encoding perennial ryegrass CAD homologue LpCADI . Figure 16 shows northern hybridisation analysis of RNA samples from different organs and developmental stages of perennial ryegrass using A) LpCADI and B) LpCAD2 as hybridisation probes. Roots from seedlings 3-5 d post-germination, 7-10 d post-germination, 6 weeks and 10 weeks, Shoots from seedlings 3-5 d post-germination and 7-10 d post-germination, Leaves from 6 week old and 10 week old plants, stem tissue from 6 and 10 week old plants. RNA isolated from Phalaris and Festuca 11 and 7 day old seedlings. The ryegrass CAD genes reveal homologous transcripts in tall fescue and Phalaris, thus indicating that the ryegrass CAD gene can be used to manipulate the expression of the tall fescue and Phalaris CAD endogenous genes. Figure 17 shows genomic Southern hybridisation analysis. 10 μg of perennial ryegrass genomic DNA digested with a range of restriction enzymes was separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N and then hybridised with a DIG labelled A) LpCADI , and B) LpCAD2 hybridisation probe. Figure 18 shows the nucleotide sequence of the LpOmtl promoter (Sequence ID No: 13). Figure 19 shows a plasmid map of plant transformation vector carrying the reporter β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gusA) under control of the perennial ryegrass LpOmtl promoter. Figure 20 (upper image) shows PCR analysis of transgenic tobacco plants containing the gusA gene under the control of the perennial ryegrass LpOMTI promoter (upper figure). PCR reactions using gt/S/4-specific primers were performed. Figure 20 (lower images) show histochemical GUS assays, demonstrating xylem-specific gusA expression (A and B) and gusA expression in glandular leaf trichomes (C and D) in transgenic tobacco plants containing the gusA gene under the control of the perennial ryegrass LpOMTI promoter. Figure 21 shows the isolation of the LpCCRI genomic clone 1. A) Southern hybridization analysis of CCR genomic clone λLp6.1.1a digested with Xύal, Ncol, Sa/I, Xho\, XhoUSali DNA was separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N and hybridized with a DIG labelled CCR1 probe. B) Map showing the genomic gene organisation of LpCCRI clone 1 based on sequence results. C) Comparison of plant CCR exon size and number in different plant species (Lolium perenne, Lp., Eucalyptus gunni, Eg., Eucalyptus saligna, Es., Populus balsamifera, Pb.) Figure 22 shows the isolation of the LpCCRI genomic clone 2. A) Southern hybridization analysis of CCR genomic clone λLp6.1.1a digested with Xba\, Ncol, Sa/I, Xho\, XhoUSaΛ DNA was separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N and hybridized with 200bp of the CCR1 promoter (Figure 21 B). B) Map showing the promoter region of LpCCRI clone 2 based on sequence results. Figure 23 shows the isolation of an Lp4CL genomic clone. A) Southern hybridisation analysis of 4CL genomic clone λLp4CL2 digested with BamHI, Kpnl or Sail. DNA was separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N and hybridized with a DIG labelled 4CL1 hybridisation probe. B) 10μl of a standard PCR reaction using forward and reverse oligonucleotides designed to positions outlined on C). The PCR products were separated on a 0.8% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. C) Map showing the genomic gene organisation of λLp4CL2 based on sequence and PCR results. Figure 24 shows the isolation of an Lp4CL genomic clone. A) Southern hybridisation analysis of 4CL genomic clone λLp4CL2 digested with BamHI, Kpnl, Sail. DNA was separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N and hybridized with a DIG labelled 4CL1 probe. B) Map showing the genomic gene organisation of Lp4CL2 clone 1 and the promoter region of clone 2. Figure 25 shows plasmid map of plant transformation vector carrying the gusA gene under control of the perennial ryegrass Lp4CL2 promoter (Lp4CL2::gusA). Figure 26 shows nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 14) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 15) sequences of genomic clone CAD2 cv Barlano (Intron 1 and first 111 bp of the coding region are missing). Figure 27 shows nucleotide (Sequence ID No: 16) and amino acid (Sequence ID No: 15) sequences of coding sequence deduced from genomic clone CAD2 cv Barlano (region in bold is missing from the genomic clone). Figure 28 shows the isolation of LpCAD2 genomic clone. A) Southern hybridization analysis of CAD genomic clone λLpCAD2 digested with BamHI, EcoRI, Kpnl, Sail or Xbal. DNA was separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N and hybridized with a DIG labelled CAD2 hybridisation probe. B) Map showing the genomic gene organisation of λLpCAD2 based on sequence results. Figure 29 shows A) Sense and antisense Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 transformation vectors under control of the CaMV 35S promoter; B) Sense and antisense Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 transformation vectors under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. Figure 30 shows A) Sense and antisense LpCCRI transformation vectors under control of the CaMV 35S promoter; B) Sense and antisense LpCCRI transformation vectors under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. Figure 31 shows A) Sense and antisense LpCADI transformation vectors under control of the CaMV 35S promoter; B) Sense and antisense LpCADI transformation vectors under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. Figure 32 shows molecular analysis of Lp4CL1 -transgenic tobacco. A) Plasmid map of transformation vector carrying a chimeric sense Lp4CL1 gene. B) PCR analysis of independent transgenic tobacco clones using Lp4CL1 specific primers. C) Southern hybridization analysis of independent transgenic tobacco plants using an Lp4CL1 specific probe. D) Northern hybridization analysis of independent transgenic tobacco plants using an Lp4CL1 specific probe. Figure 33 shows molecular analysis of LpCCRI -transgenic tobacco. A) Plasmid map of transformation vectors carrying a chimeric sense and antisense LpCCRI gene. B)» PCR analysis of independent sense transgenic tobacco clones using LpCCRI specific primers. Figure 34 shows protocol for suspension culture-independent production of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants. A) Isolated zygotic embryos, plated on MSM5 medium, day 0; B) Embryogenic callus formation and proliferation, 6 - 8 weeks after embryo isolation; C) Embryogenic calli arranged on high osmotic MSM3Plus medium prior to biolistic transformation; D) Histochemical GUS assay showing GUS expressing foci 3 - 4 days post- bombardment of chimeric gusA gene; E) Selection of embryogenic calli on MSM3 medium containing 100 mg/l paromomycin (Pm), 2 weeks after microprojectile bombardment; F) Regeneration of Pm resistant shoots on MSK medium containing 100 mg/l Pm, 4 weeks after microprojectile bombardment; G) In vitro plant regeneration from PM resistant embryogenic calli, 6 weeks after microprojectile bombardment; H) Transgenic perennial ryegrass plants 28 weeks after embryo isolation. Figure 35 shows molecular analysis of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants carrying sense and antisense LpOmtl transgenes. Plasmid maps of vectors used for the co-transformation of perennial ryegrass embryogenic calli; pHP23 carrying a chimeric neomycin phosphotransferase (npt2) selectable marker gene; pUbiomtl carrying a maize ubiquitin promoter driven sense LpOmtl gene; pUbitmol carrying a maize ubiquitin promoter driven antisense LpOmtl gene (top). PCR analysis using r?pf2-specific primers of 5 independent transgenic perennial ryegrass plants from biolistic transformation with sense and antisense LpOmtl vectors (upper centre). Southern hybridization analysis with an omt\ hybridization probe of 7 independent perennial ryegrass plants co-transformed with sense (lanes 1-3) and antisense (lanes 4-7) LpOmtl vectors (lower centre left). Southern hybridisation analysis with an npt2 hybridisation probe of independent perennial ryegrass plants (lower centre right). Northern hybridisation analysis of perennial ryegrass plants co- transformed with antisense LpOmtl vector (bottom). C = negative control untransformed perennial ryegrass; P = positive plasmid control. Figure 36 shows biochemical analysis of LpOmtl -transgenic perennial ryegrass. OMT activity of leaf samples from selected independent LpOmtl - transgenic perennial ryegrass plants (EII8, EII11 , EII14 and EII15) was determined and compared to untransformed perennial ryegrass negative control plant L. perenne cv. Ellett (wild type). Mean values and standard deviations of replicate assays are shown. Figure 37 shows PCR screening of transgenic ryegrass plants. PCR analysis using t?p?2-specific primers of 8 independent transgenic perennial ryegrass plants from biolistic transformation with antisense LpUbi4CL2 vector. Figure 38 shows the nucleotide sequence of genomic clone 4CL2 from perennial ryegrass (Sequence ID No: 17). Figure 39 shows the nucleotide sequence of genomic clone CCR1 from perennial ryegrass (Sequence ID No: 18). Figure 40 shows the map location of Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL3, LpCADI , LpCAD2, LpCCRI , LpOMTI and LpOMT2 (in bold) within the genetic linkage map of perennial ryegrass. EXAMPLE 1 Isolation and characterisation of three 4-Coumarate CoA-Ligase (4CL) cDNAs from Lolium perenne Materials and Methods Plant material Plants and embryogenic cell suspensions of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv Ellet and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cv Triumph were established and maintained as previously described (Heath et al., 1998). Wounding experiments were performed with 10-day-old seedlings of perennial ryegrass (cv Ellet) as previously described (Heath et al., 1998). Screening of a cDNA library A cDNA library prepared with RNA isolated from perennial ryegrass seedlings (Heath et al., 1998) was screened with a [ 32 P]dCTP-labelled rice partial 4CL probe. The rice 4CL probe and consisted of a 844 bp 4CL specific sequence inserted into PUC119. This insert has 93 % sequence identity with a rice 4CL cDNA sequence (Genbank, L43362, bases 453-1300). cDNA inserts were excised and recircularized using the ExAssist helper phage with SOLR strain (Stratagene) as described by the manufacturer. DNA sequencing cDNA clones were digested with 8 restriction enzymes (BamHI, EcoPλ, Kpn\, Not\, Pst\, SaH, Xba\, Xhol) and selected clones were sequenced on both strands by the dideoxy chain termination method using M13 forward and reverse primers. For sequencing the internal regions of Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 synthetic oligonucleotide primers were designed from the DNA sequences previously determined. Sequencing was performed using the ABI dye terminator kit and automatic sequencer. Nucleotide sequences were aligned using the SeqEd program (ABI) and further analysis was performed using the HIBIO DNASIS vs2 program (Hitachi Software Engineering). Genomic DNA blot analysis Genomic DNA was isolated from single genotype-derived cell suspensions of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue according to Lichtenstein and Draper (1985). Ten μg of perennial ryegrass DNA and 20 μg of tall fescue DNA was digested with each of the restriction enzymes HincΛU and Xba\, separated on 1 % agarose gels, and transferred to Hybond N+ membranes according to the manufacturer's instructions (Amersham). Probes consisted of BamHI/Kpnl fragments of Lp4CL1 (1771 bp), Lp4CL2 (2034 bp) or Lp4CL3 (2080 bp) labelled using the Megaprime labelling kit (Amersham) and [ 32 P]dCTP. Hybridization was performed at 65 °C in 5 X SSPE, 5 X Denhardt's solution, 0.5 % (w/v) SDS, and 200 μg/mL denatured herring sperm DNA. Membranes were washed three times in 2 X SSPE, 0.1 % SDS for 10 min at 25 °C and then twice in 0.1 X SSPE, 0.1 % SDS for 20 min at 65 °C. RNA blot analysis Total RNA (10 μg) was separated on 1.2 % formaldehyde gels and transferred to Hybond N (Amersham) membranes according to the manufacturers instructions. Membranes were stained with 0.2 % methylene blue to confirm correct loading and transfer of RNA. Hybridisation was performed at 42 °C in 5 X SSPE, 5 X Denhart's solution, 0.5 % SDS, 50 % deionized formamide, 200 μg/mL denatured herring sperm DNA. Preparation of probes and washing of membranes was as for DNA blot analysis except for the tall fescue Northern blot when the final two washes were performed with 0.1 X SSPE, 0.1 % SDS for 10 min at 42°C. Results Isolation and sequence analysis of perennial ryegrass 4CL cDNAs A cDNA library prepared from RNA extracted from perennial ryegrass seedlings was screened with a rice 4CL hybridization probe and ten cDNAs were isolated from 2 X 10 5 pfu. The cDNAs were characterised by restriction analysis with 8 restriction enzymes. All clones were full length (approximately 2.0-2.2 kb) with poly(A) tails and could be separated into three groups: Lp4CL1 (four clones) Lp4CL2 (five clones) and Lp4CL3 (one clone). Plasmid maps for Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 are shown (Figure 1). Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 were fully sequenced (Figures 2, 3 and 4, respectively). Lp4CL1 is 2284 bp long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1710 bp, a 5' noncoding region of 322 bp and a 3' noncoding region of 252 bp including a poly(A) tail. Lp4CL2 is 1992 bp long with an ORF of 1668 bp, a 5' noncoding region of 61 bp and a 3' noncoding region of 263 bp including a poly(A) tail. Lp4CL3 is 2038 bp long with an ORF of 1671 bp, a 5' noncoding region of 112 bp and a 3' noncoding region of 255 bp including a poly(A) tail. Within the coding region, Lp4CL1 has 70 % nucleic acid sequence identity with both Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3, while Lp4CL2 has 79 % sequence identity with Lp4CL3. There is little sequence homology in the 3' noncoding regions between clones (52-55 %). Amino acid sequence comparisons The putative proteins encoded by the three cDNAs consist of 570 amino acids [60290 u (Da)] for Lp4CL1 , 556 amino acids (59238 u) for Lp4CL2 and 557 amino acids (59735 u) for Lp4CL3. The deduced amino acid sequences of Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 are shown (Figure 5). Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 share 79 % amino acid sequence identity, Lp4CL1 and Lp4CL2 have 61 % amino acid sequence identity, while Lp4CL1 and Lp4CL3 have only 58 % amino acid sequence identity. Regions of high sequence homology are more prevalent in the central and c-terminal regions of the enzyme. For example the sequence identity between amino acids 208 to 568 of each enzyme is 85 % for Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3, 72 % for Lp4CL1 and Lp4CL2 and 67 % for Lp4CL1 and Lp4CL3. Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 share several common regions with other plant 4CLs. In particular, they contain the putative AMP-binding domain and the consented GEICIRG motif, except for Lp4CL3 where the second isoleucine has been replaced with valine (Figure 5). It has been proposed that domain II is associated with the catalytic activity of 4CL. Also, four Cys residues consented in plant 4CLs are conserved in Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 (Figure 5). These results suggest that the L. perenne cDNAs encode three divergent 4CL enzymes that are likely to have originated from three different 4CL genes. Expression of perennial ryegrass 4CL genes Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 were used as hybridization probes in Northern blots with RNA prepared from different organs of perennial ryegrass at two developmental stages. All three probes hybridized to a single mRNA species of approximately 2.2 - 2.3 kb. Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 were expressed at both seedling and mature stages of development and in all organs tested. For Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 the strongest signal was found in RNA samples from seedling roots and mature stems (Figure 6). Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 were also used as hybridization probes in Northern blots with RNA prepared from tall fescue. All three probes hybridized to a similar mRNA species (2.3 kb) as that in perennial ryegrass (Figure 6). The strongest signal was found in RNA samples from mature stems with weaker signals in RNA from roots and seedling shoots. No expression of Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 or Lp4CL3 was observed in leaves. The three probes varied in their ability to hybridize to the corresponding homologues in tall fescue, with Lp4CL3 resulting in the highest signal and Lp4CL1 hybridizing only weakly. To determine whether 4CL could be induced under stress conditions, leaves of perennial ryegrass seedlings were wounded. No increase in the transcript level upon wounding was observed with Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 or Lp4CL3 (Figure 7). Genomic organization of perennial ryegrass 4CL genes Perennial ryegrass DNA was digested with two restriction enzymes, HincΛU or Xba\. Restriction sites for these enzymes are not present in the cDNA sequence of Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 or Lp4CL3. When Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 or Lp4CL3 was used as a probe, several DNA hybridizing fragments of varying intensity were revealed (Figure 8). Each probe hybridized to a unique set of fragments, suggesting that Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 represent three different genes. Furthermore, Lp4CL1 and Lp4CL2 hybridized to 2 to 3 major fragments per digest which may represent either alleles of the same gene or indicate the presence of more than one gene in each class. The Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 probes also revealed several different size hybridizing DNA fragments in genomic Southern blots from tall fescue under high stringency conditions (Figure 8), suggesting that three similar 4CL genes are present in F. arundinacea. EXAMPLE 2 Isolation and characterisation of a Cinnamoyl CoA Reductase (CCR) cDNA from Lolium perenne A total of 500,000 phage were screened from a cDNA library constructed from ten-day-old etiolated L. perenne seedlings using a maize CCR probe. Ninety-three positive plaques were observed in the primary screen and five were subsequently analysed by restriction enzyme digestion. Four out of the five were identical. One of the four identical cDNAs, LpCCRI , was selected for further analysis (Figure 9). Nucleic acid sequence analysis of perennial ryegrass CCR cDNA The full nucleotide sequence of LpCCRI was obtained and the amino acid sequence predicted (Figure 10). LpCCRI is a 1395 bp cDNA with 149 bp of 5' non-coding region and 160 bp of 3' non-coding region. An open reading frame of 1086 bp encodes a protein of 362 amino acids. The composition of the coding region was found to be 68% G+C rich. Codon usage was also examined and found to be biased towards XXC/G codons (94%), with XCG and XUA codons accounting for only 9% and 0.55% respectively. G+C richness and bias towards G and C in the third position of a codon triplet are previously reported characteristics of monocot genes. ( Genomic organization of perennial ryegrass CCR gene The number of CCR genes present in the ryegrass genome was determined by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from double haploid plants, using as probe a fragment of the LpCCRI cDNA (LpCCR531, Figure 9). Double haploid DNA reduces the complexity associated with allelic variation. Genomic DNA was cut with enzymes that do not cut the cDNA internally; Dra\, BamHI, EcoRI, EcoRV, H/ndlll and Xba\, and the membrane was hybridised and washed under medium-stringency conditions. A single strongly hybridising band was evident in each lane (Figure 11) indicating that there is a single copy of the LpCCRI gene in the perennial ryegrass genome. Expression of perennial ryegrass CCR gene To investigate the expression profile of the CCR gene in ryegrass, northern hybridisation analysis was carried out with total RNA extracted from roots and shoots at seedling growth stages (0.5-1 cm and 4-6cm shoots) and roots, stem and leaves at mature growth stages (6 and 10 weeks). Seedlings were grown on filter paper in the dark at 25°C and then transferred to soil and glasshouse conditions (25°C) until the 6 and 10-week stages. Whole seedling total RNA from Festuca and Phalaris was included in the northern analysis. Hybridisation with LpCCR531 (Figure 9) was performed at medium-stringency and the membrane was then washed at high-stringency. A transcript of approximately 1.5 kb was detected in all tissues, the level of expression varying with maturity and from one tissue type to another (Figure 12). The LpCCRI transcript appears to be more abundant in roots and stem than shoots and leaves. In the stem, transcript abundance increases from 6-weeks to 10-weeks; indicating that transcription in stem tissue is up-regulated as the plant matures. Expression was found predominantly in tissues such as stems and roots that are forming secondary cell walls indicating that LpCCRI is constitutively involved in lignification. EXAMPLE 3 Isolation and characterisation of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (CAD) cDNAs from Lolium perenne A 558 bp cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) fragment was amplified from cDNA synthesised from total RNA prepared from perennial ryegrass seedlings. The conserved amino acid domains between Pinus radiata, Medicago sativa, Aralia cordata, Eucalyptus botryoides and Arabidopsis thaliana CADs were used to design oligonucleotides for the amplification of the perennial ryegrass CAD. The forward oligonucleotide was designed to the conserved amino acid domain CAGVTVYS and the reverse oligonucleotide to the conserved domain DVRYRFV. The 551 bp PCR fragment was cloned and sequenced to confirm that it corresponded to a perennial ryegrass CAD PCR fragment. A cDNA library prepared from RNA extracted from perennial ryegrass seedlings was screened with the 551 bp PCR fragment specific for perennial ryegrass CAD. Eight cDNAs were isolated and separated into six groups by restriction digest analysis. One representative clone each from two groups (LpCADI , LpCAD2) were selected for further characterisation. Nucleic acid sequence analysis of perennial ryegrass CAD cDNAs The complete sequence of the perennial ryegrass CAD homologue LpCADI was determined (Figure 13). The 1325 bp clone had a poly (A) tail, typical start and stop codons and the open reading frame (ORF) of this clone coded for a putative protein of 408 amino acids. The complete nucleotide sequence of the perennial ryegrass CAD homologue LpCAD2 was also determined (Figure 14). Expression of perennial ryegrass CAD genes A northern hybridisation analysis with RNA samples isolated from perennial ryegrass at different developmental stages hybridised with the full length LpCADI 1325 bp cDNA (Figure 15) was performed to determine patterns of organ and developmental expression. The probe hybridised to a single mRNA species of approximately 1.6 kb. The LpCADI transcript was expressed in all tissue tested: roots, shoots, stem and leaves (Figure 16A). The LpCADI transcript was most abundant in root tissue and the mature stem, this expression pattern is typical of a gene involved in the lignification of plant cell walls. Intergeneric homologies were revealed in Festuca and Phalaris. A similar northern hybridisation analysis was performed with LpCAD2 (Figure 16B), however the transcript was found to be most abundant in mature stem tissue and the shoots. Genomic organization of perennial ryegrass CAD genes A Southern hybridisation analysis using DNA samples isolated from a perennial ryegrass double haploid plant digested with Dra\, Bam \, EcoRI, EcoRV, HincftU and Xba\ and hybridised with a 500 bp LpCADI probe was performed. The hybridisation pattern at high stringency revealed the presence of two prominent bands for most digests indicating that LpCADI belongs to a small gene family and exists a muliticopy gene in perennial ryegrass (Figure 17A). A similar Southern hybridization analysis was performed with LpCAD2 (Figure 17B) the hybridisation pattern at high stringency revealed the presence of one or two prominent bands for most digests indicating that LpCAD2 exists as a single copy gene or a member of a small gene family in perennial ryegrass (Figure 17B). EXAMPLE 4 Isolation and characterisation of genomic clones and promoters for O- methyltransferase (OMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), 4 coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) from Lolium perenne Genomic clones and promoters of O-methyltransferase (OMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), 4 coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) were isolated from a perennial ryegrass genomic library using the corresponding cDNAs as hybridisation probes. Isolation and characterisation of genomic clones and promoters for perennial ryegrass O-methyltransferase (OMT) A perennial ryegrass genomic library was screened with the cDNA clone, LpOmtl , (Heath et al. 1998) encoding O-methyltransferase (OMT). The sequence of the 5' untranslated region and the coding region was found to be identical to that of the LpOmtl cDNA previously isolated. The entire 4.8 kb genomic clone was fully sequenced (Figure 18). To further characterise the promoters, transcriptional fusions of the promoter sequence to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) coding sequence (gusA) have been generated (Figure 19). Direct gene transfer experiments to tobacco protoplasts were performed with the corresponding chimeric genes to transgenically express them in a heterologous system for in planta expression pattern analysis by histochemical GUS assays. A set of transgenic tobacco plants carrying a chimeric gusA gene under the control of the 5' regulatory region of the LpOmtl promoter was generated to assess the potential use of the LpOmtl promoter for xylem-specificity and targeted downregulation of genes encoding key lignin biosynthetic enzymes. The transgenic tobacco plants generated using the LpOmtl promoter driven chimeric gusA transformation vector were screened by PCR and histochemical GUS assays. A PCR screening was undertaken using gusA specific primers for the initial identification of transgenic tobacco plants (Figure 20). PCR positive tobacco plants were screened by histochemical GUS assays for in planta expression pattern analysis (Figure 20). Isolation and characterisation of genomic clones and promoters for perennial ryegrass cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) A CCR genomic clone from perennial ryegrass was isolated containing 6.5 kb of promoter and the entire gene organisation (intron/exon boundaries). The CCR promoter can be used for targeted expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. A perennial ryegrass genomic library was screened with the cDNA clone LpCCRI which codes for the lignin biosynthetic enzyme, cinnamyl-CoA reductase (CCR). Four different genomic clones were identified based on restriction digest analysis. Clone 6.1.1a was selected for further analysis. A 6.42 kb Xhol fragment from clone 6.1.1a, which hybridized strongly to the LpCCRI cDNA probe, was subcloned into pBluescriptSK (Figure 21A). Sequence analysis revealed that the 6.42 kb Xhol fragment contained the entire LpCCRI gene and 200 bp of promoter region. The intron/exon boundaries are illustrated in figure 21 B, the location and the size of the exons appear to be conserved in other CCRs from different species (Figure 21 C). To isolate the promoter region of LpCCRI , the Southern blot containing digested phage genomic DNA isolated from clone λLp6.1.1a was reprobed with the 200bp promoter region. The probe hybridized strongly to a 6.5 kb Sail fragment. This genomic fragment LpCCRI clone 2, was subcloned into pBluescriptSK and sequenced (Figure 22A). Sequence results revealed that the 6.5 kb Sail fragment contained 6.5 kb of promoter (Figure 22B). The full sequence of LpCCRI genomic clone containing the promoter and entire gene sequence (exons and introns) was obtained and is shown on Figure 39. Isolation and characterisation of genomic clones and promoters for perennial ryegrass 4 coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL) A 4CL2 genomic clone from perennial ryegrass was isolated containing 2.5 kb of promoter and partial gene organisation (intron/exon boundaries). The 4CL2 promoter can be used for targeted expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. The 2.5 kb promoter has been fused to the reporter gene gusA for expression analysis. A perennial ryegrass genomic library was screened with an Lp4CL cDNA probe. After tertiary screening positive 4CL genomic clones were obtained and characterised by restriction digest and Southern hybridisation analysis (Figure 23A). Sequence analysis revealed that the isolated 4CL genomic clone (4CL2) from perennial ryegrass had 100% nucleotide identity to the Lp4CL2 cDNA clone. To further characterise this 5 kb λLp4CL2 genomic clone and to confirm that it corresponds to the cDNA of Lp4CL2, a number of PCR reactions using primers designed to the cDNA were used. PCR results confirmed that the 5 kb genomic fragment was a partial genomic clone corresponding to the Lp4CL2 cDNA (Figure 23B). Using primer combinations F1 and R1 the entire 4.8kb genomic fragment was amplified. To determine the location of introns additional PCR reactions using the primer combinations F1 / R2 and F2 / R1 were performed, a 1 kb and 3.5 kb bands were amplified respectively. The location and size of the introns could be determined from these results, and further confirmed by sequence analysis. This large 5 kb genomic fragment contains 4 small exons representing the coding sequence of Lp4CL2 between 508 bp and 1490 bp (Figure 23C). The genomic clone 1 , Lp4CL2 contained no promoter region. To isolate the promoter region of Lp4CL2, the Southern blot containing digested phage genomic DNA isolated from clone λLp4CL2 was reprobed with a 300 bp EcoRI/Bgll isolated from the 5' end of the cDNA clone Lp4CL2. The 300 bp probe hybridised strongly to a 2.5 kb BamHI fragment. This genomic fragment Lp4CL2 clone 2, was subcloned into pBluescriptSK and sequenced (Figure 24A). Sequence results revealed that the 2.5 kb BamHI fragment contained the 508 bp of the 5' ORF of Lp4CL2 missing from genomic clone 1 and 2.0 kb of promoter region (Figure 24B). The full sequence of the Lp4CL2 genomic clone containing the promoter and partial gene sequence (exons and introns) was obtained and is shown on Figure 39. The promoter from Lp4CL2 was thus isolated and used for the production of a chimeric gusA reporter gene (Figure 25). Isolation and characterisation of genomic clones and promoters for perennial ryegrass cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) A CAD genomic clone from perennial ryegrass was isolated containing the gene organisation (intron/exon boundaries) minus intron 1 containing the first 111 bp of the CAD coding region. The genomic clone has allowed the identification of a G at position 851 bp in the coding region of the CAD2 genomic clone isolated from perennial ryegrass cv. Barlano which is absent in the CAD2 cDNA clone isolated from perennial ryegrass cv. Ellett. The SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) found to exist between the 2 cultivars has the potential utility as a molecular marker for herbage quality, dry matter digestibility, mechanical stress tolerance, disease resistance, insect pest resistance, plant stature and leaf and stem colour. Results below show the isolation of the genomic clone and sequence analysis of deduced coding sequence from the genomic clone CAD2 from perennial ryegrass cv. Barlano compared to the truncated cDNA CAD2 from the cv Ellett. The missing G in the perennial ryegrass cv. Ellett has been highlighted (Figures 26 and 27). A perennial ryegrass genomic library was screened with a probe corresponding to the 5' end of the LpCAD2 cDNA clone, which codes for the lignin biosynthetic enzyme cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Ten positive plaques were identified and isolated in the primary library screening. After a secondary and tertiary screening, two positive plaques were obtained and corresponding positive genomic clones were further characterised by restriction digest and Southern hybridization analyses. Both genomic clones were found to be identical based on restriction digest analyses. One clone, named λLpCAD2 was chosen for further Southern hybridization analyses. A 4.5 kb BamHI fragment which hybridized strongly to the LpCAD2 cDNA probe was subcloned into pBluescriptSK and sequenced (Figure 28A). Sequence analysis revealed that the 4.5 kb BamHI fragment was a partial genomic clone of LpCAD2. This large 4.5 kb genomic fragment contains 4 small exons representing the coding sequence of LpCAD2 between 213 bp and the stop codon at 1213 bp, and the location of the intron/exon boundaries are illustrated in Figure 28B. EXAMPLE 5 Development of transformation vectors containing chimeric genes with 4CL, CCR and CAD cDNA sequences from perennial ryegrass To alter the expression of the key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis 4CL, CCR and CAD, through antisense and/or sense suppression technology and for over-expression of these key enzymes in transgenic plants, a set of sense and antisense transformation vectors was produced. Transformation vectors containing chimeric genes using perennial ryegrass 4CL, CCR and CAD cDNAs in sense and antisense orientations under the control of either the CaMV 35S or the maize ubiquitin promoter were generated (Figures 29, 30 and 31). EXAMPLE 6 Production and characterisation of transgenic tobacco plants expressing chimeric 4CL, CCR and CAD genes from perennial ryegrass A set of transgenic tobacco plants carrying chimeric 4CL, CCR and CAD genes from perennial ryegrass were produced and analysed. Transformation vectors with Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL2 and Lp4CL3 full length cDNA sequences in sense and antisense orientations under the control of either the CaMV 35S or the maize ubiquitin promoters were generated. Transformation vectors with LpCCRI cDNA in both sense and antisense orientation under the control of either the CaMV 35S and maize ubiquitin promoters were generated. Transformation vectors with 1325 bp full length LpCADI cDNA in sense and 1051 bp partial LpCADI cDNA in antisense orientation under the control of either the CaMV 35S and maize ubiquitin promoters were generated. Direct gene transfer experiments to tobacco protoplasts were performed using these transformation vectors. The production and molecular analysis of transgenic tobacco plants carrying the perennial ryegrass Lp4CL1 and LpCCRI cDNAs under the control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter is described here in detail. A set of transgenic tobacco plants generated using the Lp4CL1 sense transformation vector was screened by PCR and subjected to Southern and northern hybridization analyses. A PCR screening was undertaken using npt2 and Lp4CL1 specific primers for the initial identification of transgenic tobacco plants. Independent transgenic tobacco plants were identified to be co-transformed with both the selectable marker npt2 and the Lp4CL1 chimeric genes (Figure 32). Southern hybridisation analysis was performed with DNA samples from PCR positive transgenic tobacco plants to demonstrate the integration of the chimeric Lp4CL1 transgene in the tobacco plant genome. Independent transgenic tobacco plants carried between 1 and 5 copies of the Lp4CL1 transgene. No cross-hybridization was observed between the endogenous tobacco 4CL gene and the perennial ryegrass hybridization probe used (Figure 32). Northern hybridization analysis using total RNA samples prepared from the transgenic tobacco plants carrying the chimeric sense Lp4CL1 transgene and probed with the Lp4CL1 -specif ic hybridization probe revealed the presence of a 1.2 kb Lp4CL1 transcript strongly expressed in one Lp4CL1- transgenic tobacco plant analysed (Figure 32). The sense and antisense transformation vectors of LpCCRI under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter were introduced into tobacco protoplasts via direct gene transfer. A set of transgenic tobacco plants was generated and screened by PCR with specific primers to identify transgenic tobacco plants carrying chimeric LpCCRI transgene. The molecular analysis of LpCCRI - transgenic tobacco plants is shown (Figure 33). EXAMPLE 7 Production and characterisation of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants expressing chimeric OMT, 4CL, CCR and CAD genes from perennial ryegrass An improved transformation method was developed for the production of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants by biolistic transformation of embryogenic cells. Transgenic perennial ryegrass plants were generated using chimeric OMT, 4CL, CCR and CAD genes from perennial ryegrass and the improved transformation method. Improved method for the production of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants This improved procedure utilises embryogenic calli produced from mature seed-derived embryos as direct targets for biolistic transformation without requiring the establishment of embryogenic cell suspensions. The protocol relies on a continuous supply of isolated zygotic embryos for callus induction. Transgenic ryegrass plants can be regenerated 24 - 28 weeks after embryo isolation (Fig. 34). Isolated embryos are plated onto MSM5 medium to produce embryogenic calli suitable as targets for biolistic transformation within 8 weeks. The embryogenic calli, treated on high-osmoticum medium MSM3 Plus prior to microprojectile bombardment, are selected on MSM3 medium containing 100 mg/l paromomycin (Pm) for 2 weeks before being transferred onto MSK with 100 mg/l Pm for further 4 weeks until differentiation of Pm resistant shoot appear. Regenerated shoots are transferred on to fresh selective media MSK with 100 mg/l Pm for a further 4 weeks (Figure 34). Production of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants expressing chimeric OMT, 4CL, CCR and CAD genes from perennial ryegrass Transgenic perennial ryegrass {Lolium perenne) plants were generated using chimeric ryegrass OMT, 4CL, CCR and CAD genes by biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli. Examples of the production and detailed molecular analysis of these transgenic ryegrass plants are described. Transgenic perennial ryegrass plants for OMT down-regulation were produced using biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli and plant transformation vectors pUbiomtl and pUbitmol carrying LpOmtl cDNA sequence in sense and antisense orientation under control of the constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter. These transgenic perennial ryegrass plants for down-regulated OMT activity were regenerated from paromomycin resistant calli obtained from biolistic transformation using microprojectilies coated with two plasmids; pHP23 (carrying the chimeric npt2 gene as the selectable marker) and either the sense or antisense LpOmtl transformation vector driven by the maize Ubi promoter. Transgenic perennial ryegrass plants were subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening using /7pf2-specific primers. Independent npt2 PCR-positive transgenic perennial ryegrass plants obtained from biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli - generated from approximately 60,000 isolated mature seed-derived embryos - using LpOmtl sense (pUbiomtl) and LpOmtl antisense (pUbitmol) transformation vectors were identified [16 pUbiomtl transgenic plants and 27 pUbitmol transgenic plants] (Figure 35). Southem hybridization analysis was performed with undigested and H/ndlll-digested DNA samples prepared from the PCR positive transgenic perennial ryegrass plants, to demonstrate their transgenic nature and the integration of the chimeric npt2 and LpOmtl transgenes. Independent transgenic perennial ryegrass plants co-transformed with both, the selectable marker npt2 gene and LpOmtl chimeric genes, were identified (Figure 35). In most instances, the transgenic perennial ryegrass plants recovered contained multiple copies of the selectable marker gene including rearranged transgene copies. No πpf2-hybridizing bands were detected in the untransformed negative control. Samples of H/nc/lll-digested genomic DNA were included in the analysis when the LpOmtl gene-specific hybridization probe (omtl) was used. The omtl probe hybridized to a number of bands in DNA samples corresponding to both, the transgenic plants and the untransformed negative control. The omtl- hybridizing bands shared in all samples correspond to endogenous LpOmtl gene sequences represented as a small multigene family in the perennial ryegrass genome (Heath et al. 1998). The different omt -hybridizing bands evident in the samples from the transgenic plants and absent in the untransformed negative control sample correspond to antisense {tmol) and sense (omtl) LpOmtl transgene integration events (Figure 35). Northern hybridization analysis using strand-specific LpOmtl probes allowed the identification of transgenic perennial ryegrass plants expressing the antisense LpOmtl transgene (Figure 35). The OMT activity of selected antisense and sense LpOmtl transgenic perennial ryegrass plants was determined. Biochemical assays for OMT activity were initially established in untransformed plants (such as tobacco and perennial ryegrass). The assays utilise radiolabelled S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor for the OMT-catalysed conversion of caffeic acid into ferulic acid. The production of radioactive ferulic acid is measured and allows the OMT activity to be determined. The OMT activity of selected LpOmtl -transgenic perennial ryegrass plants (L. perenne cv. Ellett) was determined. Significantly altered OMT activity in individual transformation events was observed (Figure 36). The manipulation of OMT activity in transgenic perennial ryegrass plants due to the expression of the chimeric ryegrass LpOmtl gene was thus demonstrated. Transgenic perennial ryegrass plants were recovered, using biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli, for the manipulation of the expression of genes encoding the key lignin biosynthetic enzyme, 4CL. The plant transformation vectors pUbi4CL2 and pUbi2LC4 carrying chimeric Lp4CL2 cDNA sequences in sense and antisense orientation, respectively, driven by the constitutive maize ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter were used. Perennial ryegrass plants for 4CL manipulation were regenerated from Pm-resistant calli obtained from biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli using microprojectiles coated with the plasmids pHP23, carrying a chimeric npt2 gene as selectable marker gene and the antisense pUbi2LC4. Transgenic perennial ryegrass plants were subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening using npte?-specific primers. Independent npt2 PCR-positive transgenic perennial ryegrass plants were obtained from biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli (Figure 37). Transgenic perennial ryegrass plants were also recovered, using biolistic transformation of embryogenic calli, for the manipulation of the expression of genes encoding the key lignin biosynthetic enzymes, CCR and CAD. EXAMPLE 8 Genetic mapping of perennial ryegrass OMT, 4CL, CCR and CAD genes Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL3, LpCADI , LpCAD2, LpCCRI , LpOMTI and LpOMT2 clones were PCR amplified and radio-labelled for use as probes to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). RFLPs were mapped using 110 progeny individuals of the p150/112 perennial ryegrass reference population restricted with the enzymes described in the table below. Lp4CL1 , Lp4CL3, LpCADI , LpCAD2, LpCCRI , LpOMTI and LpOMT2 loci mapped to the linkage groups as indicated in the table and in Figure 40. These gene locations can now be used as candidate genes for quantitative trait loci for lignin biosynthesis associated traits such as herbage quality, dry matter digestibility, mechanical stress tolerance, disease resistance, insect pest resistance, plant stature and leaf and stem colour. REFERENCES Heath et al (1988) cDNA cloning and differential expression of three caffeic acid O-methyltransferase homologues from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Journal of Plant Physiology 153:649-657 Lichtenstein, C, And J. Draper (1985) Genetic engineering of plants. In: D.M. Glover (ed.), DNA Cloning, Vol. 2, pp. 67-119, IRL Press, Washington. Finally, it is to be understood that various alterations, modifications and/or additions may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention as outlined herein. It will also be understood that the term "comprises" (or its grammatical variants) as used in this specification is equivalent to the term "includes" and should not be taken as excluding the presence of other elements or features. Documents cited in this specification are for reference purposes only and their inclusion is not an acknowledgement that they form part of the common general knowledge in the relevant art.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding an enzyme selected from the group consisting of 4 coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), from a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species. 2. A nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to claim 1 wherein said ryegrass or fescue species is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). 3. A nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to claim 1 encoding 4CL and including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) sequences shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 1 , 3 and 5; respectively) (b) complements of the sequences shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 1 , 3 and 5, respectively); (c) sequences antisense to the sequences recited in (a) and (b); and (d) functionally active fragments and variants of the sequences recited in (a), (b) and (c). 4. A nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to claim 1 encoding CCR and including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) the sequence shown in Figure 10 hereto (Sequence ID No: 7); (b) the complement of the sequence shown in Figure 10 hereto (Sequence ID No: 7); (c) sequences antisense to the sequences recited in (a) and (b); and (d) functionally active fragments and variants of the sequences recited in (a), (b) and (c). 5. A nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to claim 1 encoding CAD and including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) the sequences shown in Figures 13, 14, 26 and 27 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 9, 11 , 14 and 16, respectively); (b) complements of the sequences shown in Figures 13, 14, 26 and 27 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 9, 11, 14 and 16, respectively); (c) sequences antisense to the sequences recited in (a) and (b); and (d) functionally active fragments and variants of the sequences recited in (a), (b) and (c). 6. A vector including a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to claim 1. 7. A vector according to claim 6 further including a promoter and a terminator, said promoter, nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment and terminator being operatively linked. 8. A plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part, including a vector according to claim 6. 9. A method of modifying lignin biosynthesis in a plant, said method including introducing into said plant an effective amount of a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to claim 1 and/or a vector according to claim 6. 10. Use of a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to claim 1 , and/or nucleotide sequence information thereof, and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms thereof as a molecular genetic marker. 11. A substantially purified or isolated polypeptide from a ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca) species, selected from the group consisting of the enzymes 4CL, CCR and CAD. 12. A polypeptide according to claim 11 wherein said ryegrass or fescue species is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). 13. A polypeptide according to claim 11 wherein said polypeptide is 4CL and includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 2, 4 and 6, respectively); and functionally active fragments and variants thereof. 14. A polypeptide according to claim 11 wherein said polypeptide is CCR and includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequence shown in Figure 10 hereto (Sequence ID No: 8); and functionally active fragments and variants thereof. 15. A polypeptide according to claim 11 wherein said polypeptide is CAD and includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequence shown in Figures 13, 14, 26 and 27 hereto (Sequence ID Nos: 10, 12, 15 and 17, respectively); and functionally active fragments and variants thereof. 16. A lignin or modified lignin substantially or partially purified or isolated from a plant, plant seed or other plant part according to claim 8. 17. An isolated regulatory element capable of causing expression of an exogenous gene in plant cells, wherein said regulatory element is isolated from a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of: O-methyl transferase (OMT), 4 coumarate CoA-ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). 18. A regulatory element according to claim 17 wherein said regulatory element includes an O-methyltransferase promoter. 19. A regulatory element according to claim 17 wherein said regulatory element includes a 4 coumarate CoA-ligase promoter. 20. A ' regulatory element according to claim 17 wherein said regulatory element includes a cinnamoyl CoA-reductase promoter. 19. A regulatory element according to claim 17 from a ryegrass (Lolium) or Fescue (Festuca) species. 20. A regulatory element according to claim 17 including the first approximately 4630 nucleotides of the sequence shown in Figure 18 hereto (Sequence ID No: 13); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. 21. A regulatory element according to claim 17 including the first approximately 2206 nucleotides of the sequence shown in Figure 38 hereto (Sequence ID No: 17); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. 22. A regulatory element according to claim 17 including the first approximately 6735 nucleotides of the sequence shown in Figure 39 hereto (Sequence ID No: 18); or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof. 23. A vector including a regulatory element according to claim 17. 24. A vector according to claim 23 further including an exogenous gene and a terminator, said regulatory element, exogenous gene and terminator being operatively linked, such that said regulatory element is capable of causing expression of said exogenous gene in plant cells. 25. A plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part, including a vector according to claim 23. 26. A method for expressing an exogenous gene in plant cells, said method including introducing into said plant cells an effective amount of a regulatory element according to claim 17 and/or a vector according to claim 23.

Inventors: HEATH ROBYN LOUISE, LIDGETT ANGELA JANE, LYNCH DAMIAN PAUL, MCINNES RUSSELL LEIGH, SPANGENBERG GERMAN CARLOS, HEATH, ROBYN, LOUISE, LIDGETT, ANGELA, JANE, LYNCH, DAMIAN, PAUL, MCINNES, RUSSELL, LEIGH, SPANGENBERG, GERMAN, CARLOS
Applicants: DAIRY RES AND DEV CORP, HEATH ROBYN LOUISE, INTERNAT MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPRO, LIDGETT ANGELA JANE, LYNCH DAMIAN PAUL, MCINNES RUSSELL LEIGH, SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY, SPANGENBERG GERMAN CARLOS, STATE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA AS RE, UNIV ADELAIDE, VICTORIA STATE, DAIRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, HEATH, ROBYN, LOUISE, INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPROVEMENT CENTER, LIDGETT, ANGELA, JANE, LYNCH, DAMIAN, PAUL, MCINNES, RUSSELL, LEIGH, SPANGENBERG, GERMAN, CARLOS, STATE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA AS REPRESENTED BY SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, STATE OF VICTORIA AS REPRESENTED BY DEPARTMENT OF, THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A01H5
IPC codes: C12N9, C12N15