METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING HELICOBACTER ANTIGENS

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for characterizing or identifying proteins which are expressed by cultivated Helicobacter cells and which preferably react with human antisera. Thus, novel Helicobacter antigens are provided which are suitable as targets for the diagnostis, prevention or treatment of Helicobacter infections.

Description: Method for Identifying Helicobacter Antigens Description The present invention relates to a method for characterizing or identifying proteins which are expressed by cultivated Helicobacter cells and which preferably react with human antisera. Thus, novel Helicobacter antigens are provided which are suitable as targets for the diagnostis, prevention or treatment of Helicobacter infections. The presence of bacteria in the stomach mucosa was described by Bizzozero as early as 1 893 (Bizzozero, 1893) . Only ninety years later Warren and Marshall (Warren, 1 983; Marshall and Warren, 1984) succeeded in cultivating bacteria, later named Helicobacter pylori, which had been isolated from the gastric epithelia of active chronic gastritis patients. With the detection of H. pylori ' in the stomach, a paradigm shift in medical microbiology occurred. Epidemiological studies revealed a statistically significant correlation between the presence of H. pylori and stomach carcinomas (Forman et al., 1991 ; Nomura et al., 1991 ; Parsonnet et al., 1 991 ) . It is now recognized that H. pylori is a major cause of inflammation leading to dyspepsia, duodenal or gastric cancer or gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT). In 1 994 the WHO declared H. pylori to be a definitive carcinogen (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 1 994) . Diagnosis of H. pylori is performed by invasive and noninvasive methods. Invasive methods include biopsies, urease test, histology, direct microscopy, culture, and PCR from biopsy material. Noninvasive tests are 13 C-urea breath test, serologicai tests like ELISA and immunoblots. PCR, ELISA and immunoblotting require the identification of gene or protein targets characterizing H. pylori presence (Megraud, 1997). The genes cagA and ureC can be detected directly in biopsies by PCR (Lage et al., 1995). Blots of one-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels revealed several diagnostically relevant antigens, including CagA, VacA, urease α subunit, heat shock protein B, and 35 kDa antigen. Others were only characterized by their apparent molecular mass (Aucher et al., 1998; Lamarque et al., 1999; Nilsson et al., 1997). H. pylori infection can be successfully treated by "triple therapy" combining a proton pump inhibitor with two antibiotics (Moayyedi et al., 1995; Goddard and Logan, 1995; Labenz and Borsch, 1995). The high cost of antibiotic treatment, the likelihood for development of antibiotic resistance and the potential reinfection, have provided impetus for the development of a therapeutic and/or prophylactic vaccine against H. pylori. In small animal models such as the mouse, the H. pylori urease was the first protein shown to provide protective immunity to a Helicobacter infection (Michetti et al., 1994). Since then, VacA (Marchetti et al., 1995; Marchetti et al., 1998; Crabtree, 1998), CagA (Marchetti et al., 1998; Crabtree, 1998), catalase (Radcliff et al., 1997), a nickel-binding heat shock protein (Gilbert et al., 1995), and a citrate synthase homologue (Dunkley et al., 1999) were also used successfully as vaccines in mouse models. In addition, the Lewis antigen-binding adhesin BabA (liver et al., 1998) and HP0175, an open reading frame with some homology to Campylobacter jejuni cell binding protein 2, were proposed as vaccine candidates (McAtee et al., 1998c). Given the enormous heterogeneity of H. pylori strains there is a great need for. additional vaccine candidates conserved between strains and antigens of diagnostic value. In animal models, several strategies have been applied to gain protective immunization. In 1992, Chen et al. reported induction of protective immunity in mice after oral vaccination with whole cell sonicates, this was later confirmed by Czinn et al. (Czinn et al., 1993; Chen et al., 1992). Workers in our laboratory reported 100% protection after single oral immunization with an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium live vaccine expressing UreA and UreB (Gomez-Duarte et al., 1998). The high efficacy in the mouse model, combined with remarkable immunogenicity, safety and low-cost production, makes attenuated live recombinant Salmonella a promising vaccine strategy for the control of H. diseases in humans (Gomez-Duarte et al., 1999). To date, the complete genome of 26 microorganisms has been sequenced, including two strains of H. pylori 26625 (Tomb et al., 1997) and J99 (Aim et al., 1999). The number of genes predicted for the two H. pylori strains sequenced is 1590 predicted genes for strain 26695 (Tomb et al., 1997); and 1495 predicted genes for strain J99 (Aim et al., 1999), respectively. Knowing the nucleic acid sequence of the Helicobacter genome, however, is just a first step in understanding the processes taking place in the case of a Helicobacter infection and in selecting specific Helicobacter proteins as targets for the treatment or prevention of Helicobacter infections. Thus, the object underlying the present invention was to provide a method allowing characterization or identification of proteins expressed by cultivated Helicobacter cells and determination of the reactivity of said proteins with human antisera. In order to solve this problem the present invention provides a systematic analysis of about 1 ,800 Helicobacter proteins, the identification of 152 proteins . by peptide mass fingerprinting MALDI mass spectrometry (Example 1 ). This comprehensive analysis is the basis of comparative proteome analysis as exemplified by comparison of the protein composition of different H. pylori strains, the comparison of different biological situations, and the identification of antigens. Thus, one subject matter of the present invention is a method for characterizing or identifying proteins which are expressed by Helicobacter cells, comprising the steps: (a) providing a cell extract from Helicobacter cells comprising solubilized proteins, (b) separating said cell extract by two- dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (c) characterizing said proteins. In the context of the present application, characterization of protein is the analysis of the chemical composition of the protein. Identification of a protein is the assignment of a spot on the 2DE-gel to its biological functions or at least the assignment to a gene including the regulatory and coding sequences. In the context of the present application, the proteome comprises the protein composition of an organism or a part of it at a defined biological situation. The method of the present invention allows characterization and identification of Helicobacter proteins of given Helicobacter strains under given cultivation conditions and, thus, analysis of the interaction between genetic information and the environment by comparison of different biological situations. By means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and characterization of separated individual proteins, e.g. by peptide fingerprinting a comparative proteome analysis is provided which allows the detection of functionally interesting proteins as a prerequisite for the elucidation of antigens, virulence and pathogenicity factors. The actual technique of 2-DE used in this approach has a potential to resolve up to 5000 protein species, which may be easily increased twofold by doubling the gel size. Due to the size of H. pylori genome, the resolution power allows three posttranslational modifications per gene locus, if all of the proteins are really expressed. For this organism there is a good chance to resolve more than 90% of the proteome and in addition posttranslational modifications, whereas in eukaryotic organisms by 2-DE only the top of the iceberg may be visualized. In contrast to earlier investigations, where it was claimed that MALD1-MS is not sufficient for a sure identification, we could show that for organisms with complete genome sequences MALDI-MS alone is sufficient for identifications. Step (a) of the method of the invention comprises the preparation of a cell extract from cultivated Helicobacter cells, wherein said cell extract contains solubilized proteins. The cell extract preferably comprises a denaturing agent such as urea in an amount which is sufficient for a substantial denaturation of the cellular proteins. Further, the cell extract preferably comprises a thiol reagent such as dithiotreitol (DTT) and/or a detergent such as CHAPS. The preparation of the cell extract according to step (a) may include labelling of the viable cells in order to identify surface exposed proteins. Labelling is preferably performed by biotinylation. Further, in order to identify Helicobacter secreted proteins, the cell may be prepared by precipitation of proteins in the Helicobacter culture supernatant, preferably by TCA precipitation. Step (b) of the method of the invention is a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis which comprises (i) separation in a first dimension according to the isoelectric point and (ii) separation in a second dimension according to size. The gel matrix is preferably a polyacrylamide-urea gel. Gel preparation may be carried out according to known methods (Jungblut et al., 1994; Klose and Kobalz, 1995). Step (c) of the method of the invention comprises characterization of the proteins which have been separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This characterization may be carried out by peptide fingerprinting, wherein peptide fragments of the protein to be analyzed are generated by in-gel proteolytic digestion, e.g. by digestion with trypsin. Further characterization of the peptides may be carried out by mass spectrometry, e.g. by MALDI mass spectrometry and/or by at least partial amino acid sequencing, e.g. by Edman degradation. In a preferred embodiment, the method of the invention further comprises as step (d) the determination of the reactivity of the proteins with antisera. Preferably, these antisera are human antisera which may be derived from Helicobacter positive patients, from patients which are suffering from Helicobacter-mediated diseases such as stomach adenocarcinoma patients, and/or from Helicobacter negative control persons. By screening the reactivity of the proteins with a plurality of antisera, particularly from Helicobacter positive patients, cross-reacting antigens may be identified. Additionally to the investigation of sera obtained from different patients the 2-DE approach allows the analysis and comparison of proteomes from different strains of Helicobacter pylori. This is of importance because of the high variability of the protein composition between different strains. A goal may be the detection of common epitopes between as much as possible of the existing strains. In a further preferred embodiment, the method of the invention comprises step (e), namely repeating steps (a) to (c) and, optionally, (d) as described above with Helicobacter cells from at least one different strain and/or with Helicobacter cells grown under different conditions and (f) comparing the proteins from different Helicobacter strains and/or from Helicobacter cells grown under different conditions. By means of this comparison a comparison and subtractive analysis between different Helicobacter isolates and/or Helicobacter isolates grown under different conditions may be carried out. When combining these comparative analyses with an analysis of the reactivity of the respective proteins with human antisera, valuable information with regard to the proteome of Helicobacter ceils may be obtained. This information in turn may be used for a pathogenicity analysis of different Helicobacter isolates and for identifying targets and intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of Helicobacter infections and Helicobacter-mediated diseases such as gastritis, stomach ulcers and stomach carcinoma. Further, proteome analysis is suitable for identifying targets which allow the development of diagnostic methods for determining Helicobacter infections. The comparative analysis between different Helicobacter strains is a suitable tool for identifying pathogenicity and virulence factors as well as strain-independent immunization targets. The comparative analysis of proteins from Helicobacter cells grown under different conditions, e.g. from Helicobacter cells which have been cultivated in vitro or in vivo or from Helicobacter cells which have been cultivated at different pH values, e.g. in the range from about 5 to 8, is suitable for identifying proteins which are preferably expressed under conditions which resemble the conditions in the host and, thus, also allow the identification of relevant target molecules which are expressed in vivo. Urease, an enzyme on the surface of H. pylori leads to cleavage of the urea that is present and thus leads to local neutralization of the acidic pH value in the stomach. A further subject matter of the present invention are Helicobacter proteomes consisting of highly resolved patterns of proteins, comprising preferably at least 100, more preferably at least 500 and most preferably at least 1 ,000 different protein species, which are expressed by Helicobacter cells and are obtainable by the method of the present invention. The term "protein species" describes a chemically clearly defined molecule and corresponds to one spot on a high-performance 2-DE pattern (Jungblut, P., Thiede B., Zimny-Amdt, U., Mϋiler, E.-C, Scheler, C, Wittmann-Liebold, B., Otto, A., Electrophoresis 1996, 17, 839-847) . Preferably, the proteomes of the present invention which may be in the form of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis pictures or electronic databases thereof contain the proteins as shown in Figs. 1-10, e.g. in Figs. 1 (a)-(c), 2 (a)-(f), 5 and 6 (a)-(d) or at least a part thereof, e.g. the proteins as shown in Table 1 , 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1 1 , 1 3, 14, 1 5, 1 6, 1 7 and 1 8. A still further subject matter of the present invention are individual Helicobacter proteins which are expressed by Helicobacter cells and which have been characterized and identified by the method as described above. Preferably, these proteins are immunologically reactive with human antisera. These proteins may be abundant protein species, e.g. as shown in Table 3, antigens, e.g. as shown in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3, 14, 1 5, 1 6 and/or pathogenicity or virulence factors, e.g. as shown in Table 4, surface exposed proteins, e.g. as shown in Table 1 7 and secreted proteins, e.g. as shown in Table 18. Overall, three hundred and seventy nine antigenic protein species were detected representing about 1 8% of all spots separated. Twenty-one of the 30 proteins most frequently recognized by H. pylori positive sera, were confirmed from other studies and 9 were newly identified. Among the 1 56 identified most abundant protein species of H. pylori (Example 2) we have found four new specific antigens: the predicted coding region HP0231 , serine protease HtrA (HP101 9), hydantoin utilisation protein A (HP0695), fumarate reductase (HP01 92) and Cag3 (HP0522) . Together with other antigens they were proposed for further testing in diagnostic assays. Among the 23 proteins showing significant differences of recognition by sera from gastritis, ulcer or cancer patients, several newly identified antigens correlated with the manifestation of ulcer such as the hypothetical proteins HP0305 and HP1 285 while other antigens seemed associated with cancer. A still further subject matter of the present invention is the protein HP 0231 . The function of the protein HP 0231 is not yet known. HP 0231 is a surface exposed protein (Table 1 7) and a secreted protein (Table 1 8). HP 0231 is an H. pylori specific antigen in human sera (Table 8, 1 4) and recognized by H. pylori positive patients (Table 7) with significant difference to H. pylori negative individuals (Table 1 1 ). Vaccination with recombinant HP 0231 (adjuvant: cholera toxin) protected mice against //. pylori. A still further subject matter of the present invention is the protein HP 0410 (putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding hemagglutinin homolog) . HP 041 0 is a known virulence factor (Table 4) and exposed on the surface of H. pylori (Table 1 7) . HP 0410 is an H. pylori specif ic antigen in human sera (Table 8) and recognized by H. pylori positive patients (Table 7) with significant difference to H. pylori negative individuals (Table 1 1 ) . It reacts significantly with antibodies of sera from carcinoma patients (Table 9, 1 2, 1 3, 1 6) . Vaccination with recombinant HP 0410 (adjuvant: cholera toxin) protected mice against H. pylori. A still further subject matter of the present invention is the protein HP 1 01 9 (serine protease). HP 1019 is exposed on the surface of H. pylori (Table 17). Expression of HP 1019 depends upon pH (Table 5). HP 1019 is an H. pylori specif ic antigen in human sera (Table 8, 14) and recognized by H. pylori positive patients (Table 7) with significant difference to H. pylori negative individuals (Table 1 1 ). Vaccination with recombinant HP 1019 (adjuvant: cholera toxin) protected mice against H. pylori. The proteins or protein patterns as described above may be used for the identification of targets for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of Helicobacter infections and Helicobacter-mediated diseases. Preferably, the proteins or protein patterns may be used for a diagnostic assay or for the manufacture of a vaccine. The diagnostic assays may comprise the determination of Helicobacter antigens, e.g. by immunological methods, wherein an antibody directed against the specific Helicobacter antigen is contacted with a sample to be tested and the absence or the presence or the intensity of an immunological reaction is determined. In specific embodiments the determination may comprise the use of several different antigens, e.g. homologous antigens from different Helicobacter strains and/or different antigens, e.g. a plurality of antigens associated with a specific disease such as gastritis, ulcer or cancer. Particularly preferred H. pylori antigens associated with ulcer are shown in Tab. 1 5. Particularly preferred H. pylori antigens associated with cancer are shown in Tab. 1 6. These antigens associated with a specific disease are suitable targets for diagnostic assays, particularly with patients suffering from a specific disease. The antigens may be determined individually. More preferably a determination of several antigens, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more antigens is carried out to allow a differential diagnosis. The manufacture of a vaccine may comprise the administration of substantially purified polypeptide or peptide antigens derived from the protein species as described above. Further, the manufacture of the vaccine may comprise the administration of nucleic acid vaccines encoding a suitable polypeptide or peptide antigen. Furthermore, the manufacture of the vaccine may comprise the administration of recombinant live vaccines such as described by Gomez-Duarte et al. ( 1 998) . The vaccine may be administered in any suitable way, e.g. by oral, parenteral or mucosal routes. The vaccine is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition comprising the active agent and a suitable pharmaceutical carrier and optionally an adjuvant. The composition may be in the form of an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension, tablet, cream, ointment etc. depending on the route of administration. Preferably the vaccine is administered by injection or by the oral route. The vaccine may be administered in one or several doses as required by the specific type of the vaccine and/or the disease to be treated or prevented. The amount of the antigen to be administered will also depend on the specific type of antigen used and the type or severity of the disease to be treated or prevented. Corresponding dosages can be easily determined by a skilled physician. Still a further subject matter of the invention is a method of identifying and providing substances capable of modulating, particularly inhibiting, the activity of Helicobacter proteins as described above. This method can be carried out by known screening procedures and may comprise contacting the substance to be tested with a Helicobacter protein and determining the modulating activity of the substance. The method may be a cellular screening assay wherein the protein is provided within a cell, e.g. a Helicobacter cell or a recombinant bacterial cell or an extract of such a cell. Alternatively, the method may be a molecular screening assay wherein the protein is provided in a substantially purified and isolated form. A substance identified by said method or substance derived therefrom, e.g. by chemical derivatization and/or molecular modeling may be provided as a pharmaceutical composition which is preferably suitable for the treatment or prevention of Helicobacter infections and Helicobacter associated diseases. The present invention is to be further illustrated by the following Figures and Examples. Figure legends Figure 1 : 2-DE gel of total cell protein of (a) H. pylori 26695, (b) H. pylori J99 and (c) H. pylori SS1 . The original gel size is 23 x 30 x 0.075 cm. The proteins were detected by silver staining. Figure 2: Sectors A-F of the 2-DE pattern of H. pylori 26695 cell proteins. Identified proteins are marked with corresponding accession numbers in Table 1 . Figure 3: Part of sector B with protein species differing in spot intensity depending on pH during cultivation. Six spots are marked with database numbers, which showed clearly different intensities. Five of them were identified (Table 5). B184 had not previously been identified. A, H. pylori 26695 cultivated at pH 8; B, H. pylori 26695 cultivated at pH 5. Figure 4: Antigens of H. pylori 26695 detected by immunostaining on 2-DE blots. Spots marked with numbers were identified and the numbers correspond to the 2-DE database numbers. The protein name may be found in Table 1 or in Table 6. A, patient serum Mpi54, peptic ulcer; B, patient serum Mpi44, adenocarcinoma. Figure 5: Two DE-gel of cellular proteins from H. pylori 26695 detected by silver staining. Six sectors (A-F) are marked by dashed lines. Spots that have been identified as immunogenic are marked with numbers and consist of the letter for the sector A-F in the gel and a number for identification. Figure 6: H. pylori 26695 antigens detected by immunostaining on 2-DE blots with sera from patients with gastric disorders: A. H. pylori unrelated gastritis, B. H. pylori gastritis, C. H. pylori gastric ulcer, D. gastric cancer. Spots that have been identified are marked (see legend Figure 5) . Figure 7: Two-DE blot of biotinylated H. pylori lysates stained with NeutrAvidin-coupled peroxidase. Figure 8: Two-DE blot of biotinylated intact H. pylori cells stained with NeutrAvidin-coupled peroxidase. Marked spots were identified. Their numbers correspond to the numbers in Tab. 1 7. Figure 9: Two-DE blot of biotinylated membrane proteins purified from labeled intact H. pylori cells. A) Silverstaining, B) NeutrAvidin-staining. Figure 10: Two-dimensional electrophoresis of extracellular proteins of an H. pylori strain 26695 liquid culture. Spot numbers correspond to Table 18. Example 1 1 . Experimental Procedures 1 .1 Helicobacter pylori strains and growth conditions In this study, the proteomes of three different H. pylori strains were compared. The strains Hp26695 and J99 were used. The genome of these strains has been entirely sequenced (Tomb et al., 1 997; Aim et al., 1 999) . A mouse-adapted H. pylori strain, the "Sydney strain" SS1 (Lee et al., 1 997), that has been used for pre-clinical vaccine testing (Corthesy-Theulaz et al., 1997; Gomez-Duarte et al., 1 998; Radcliff et al., 1 997) was also analyzed. All H. pylori strains were grown on serum plates (Odenbreit et al., 1 996) at 37°C in a microaerobic atmosphere (5% O 2 , 85% N 2 , and 10% CO 2 ) for two days or five days for the pH variations investigated. The bacteria were harvested, washed twice in ice-cold PBS containing proteinase inhibitors (1 mM PMSF, 0.1 μM pepstatin, 2.1 μWI\ leupeptin, 2.9 mM benzamidin), and lysed by resuspension in half a volume of distilled water. The resulting volume in μ\ was multiplied by i) 1 .08 to obtain the amount of urea in mg to be added, ii) 0.1 to obtain the volume in μl of 1 .4 M DTT and 40% Servalyte (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany) pi 2-4 to be added. CHAPS was added to obtain an end concentration of 1 %. The end concentrations of DTT and urea were 70 mM and 9 M, respectively. Solubilization of the proteins occurred within 30 min at room temperature. A protein concentration of 15 μg/μl + /- 25% was obtained. Two-dimensional electrophoresis For the resolution of the H. pylori proteome, we used a 23 cm x 30 cm 2-DE gel system (Jungblut et al., 1994; Klose and Kobalz, 1995) with a resolution power of about 5 000 protein species. For subtractive analyses (Aebersold and Leavitt, 1990) and database construction, we applied 50-100 μg of protein to the anodic side of the IEF gel. In the second dimension we used 0.75 mm thick gels. The proteins were detected by silver staining optimized for these gels (Jungblut and Seifert, 1990). For identification of proteins, 200 - 300 μg of protein were applied and in the second dimension 1 .5 mm thick gels were used. The proteins were stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (Eckerskorn et al., 1 988) or G250 (Doherty et al., 1 998), or negative staining (Fernandez-Patron et al., 1 995) . Peptide mass fingerprinting The proteins were identified by tryptic digestion. The proteins were digested on-blot or in-gel in 10 μl or 20 μl, respectively, 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer pH 7.8, 10% (v/v) acetonitrile. The digestion mix contained for on-blot or in-gel digestion 0.05 μg or 0.1 μg trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI), respectively. The proteins were digested overnight at 37°C under shaking. Only one spot was used per digestion. Before digestion the spot was washed and equilibrated (Otto et al., 1996). The digestion buffer was used as equilibration buffer. The digestion was performed in 20 μl digestion buffer with 0.1 μg trypsin as described above. After digestion the sample was centrifuged and sonicated for 2 min. Ten μg POROS R2 beads in 100 μl 0.5% methanol, 0.1 % TFA were added. After incubation for 15 min under shaking the POROS beads were centrifuged and transferred onto the sample plate. On-target elution was performed with 1 μl matrix solution (saturated σ-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid solution in 50% acetonitrile, 0.3% TFA). Alternatively, two μl of the sample were taken off directly after sonication of the digest, mixed with 2 μl matrix solution and 2 μl were applied onto the sample plate. The peptide/matrix solution was applied to the sample template of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometer (Voyager Elite, Perseptive, Framingham, MS, USA). Data were obtained using the following parameters: 20 kV accelerating voltage, 70% grid voltage, 0.050% guide wire voltage, 100 ns delay, and a low mass gate of 500. Peptide mass fingerprints were searched using the program MS-FIT (http://prospector. ucsf.edu/ucsfhtml/msfit. htm) reducingtheproteins of the NCBl database to the Helicobacter proteins and to a molecular mass range estimated from 2-DE + /- 20%, allowing a mass accuracy of 0.1 Da for the peptide mass. In the absence of matches the molecular mass window was extended. Partial enzymatic cleavages leaving two cleavage sites, acetylation of the N-terminus, removal of methionine from the N-terminus and concurrent acetylation, oxidation of methionine, pyro-glutamic acid formation of N-terminal glutamine and modification of cysteine by acrylamide were considered in these searches. Dependency of pH H. pylori was cultivated on serum plates as described above. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5, 6 ,7, and 8. For each pH value three independent cultivations were performed and from each one the proteins were separated by a small gel 2-DE method (Jungblut and Seifert, 1990). The spot intensities were determined by scanning and spot detection (Topspot, Algorithmus, Berlin, Germany) . To confirm four of the detected variants large 2-DE gels of pH 5 and pH 8 samples were analyzed. Immunoblotting For immunostaining the proteins were transferred from the 2-DE gels onto PVDF membranes (ImmobilonP, Millipore, Eschbom, Germany) by semidry-blotting (Jungblut et al., 1 990) using a blotting buffer containing 100 mM borate, 20% methanol, pH 9.0. The blotting time was 2 h with a current of 1 mA/cm 2 . The gels were divided in two equal-sized parts (13 x 19 cm) to avoid too high temperatures during blotting. Antigens were detected by incubation of the membranes with human sera in a dilution of 1 :200, a secondary antibody (anti-human polyvalent immunoglobulins, G, A, M, peroxidase conjugated, Sigma A-8400, Deisenhofen, Germany) at a dilution of 1 :10000. Before the addition of serum, the membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk, 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS for at least 1 h at room temperature. All washing steps were performed with PBS, 0.05% Tween 20. After blocking the membrane was washed 3 times for 5 min. The sera were incubated with the membrane for 1 h at room temperature. Before and after addition of the secondary antibody the membranes were washed 4 times for 1 5 min in PBS, 0.05% Tween 20. The washed membrane was incubated with 30 ml/membrane of a 1 : 1 mixture of Enhanced Luminol Reagent and Oxidizing Reagent for 1 min (Renaissance Western Blot Chemiluminescence Reagent for ECL Immunostaining (NEN, Kόln, Germany) . The detection reagent was drained off and the membrane wrapped in a foil. The foil was overlaid with Kodak BioMax MR1 film for an exposure time of 5 min. For localization the proteins were stained on the membranes by Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. 1 .6 Database construction Gels were digitised after scanning with a UMAX Mirage Use scanner using the Topspot software (Algorithmus, Berlin, Germany) . Before spot detection the gels were divided into six sectors, which were automatically spot-detected and afterwards interactively corrected. The resulting map files were introduced together with gif files and identification data collected within an access database into the 2-DE database (Mollenkopf et al., 1999). Results: 2.1 Protein separation and identification The protein composition of H. pylori 26695, SS1 , and J99 was resolved on large 2-DE gels (Figure 1 ) . In all 3 strains the protein spots are spread over the whole pi range of 4-10 and the whole Mr range 5 -1 50 kDa. There is a tendency for an increased number of protein species in the basic range of the gel and several of them are accumulated at the basic end of the gel. In total 1 863, 1448, and 1 622 spots were detected on the patterns of H. pylori 26695, SS1 , and J99, respectively. The comparison of the three patterns reveals a high genetic variability. Whereas several main spots are found at the same position, many positional shifts and differentially present or absent spots are observed. Peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI mass spectrometry allowed us to identify ten spots, which were assigned easily between the two strains 26695 and J99 (Table 2). Three protein species were identical as predicted from the genome sequence and indeed they were at the same position within the 2-DE patterns. Flavodoxin, thioredoxin, and FusA have 4, 3, and 2 amino acid exchanges, respectively, without a net charge change and therefore appear at the same position in the 2-DE pattern. Four protein species with amino acid exchanges resulting in a net charge change of at least 1 show the predicted shift. As expected the shift obtained from 1 net charge results in a larger shift for low Mr proteins as compared to high Mr proteins. In the Mr range up to 60 kDa a net charge shift of 1 discriminates two protein species on large, high-resolution 2-DE gels, as shown for GroEL and TsaA. Peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI- mass spectrometry was used to identify 1 52 spots of strain 26695. The complete pattern was digitized and subdivided in 6 sectors. Sectors A-F of strain 26695 are shown in Figure 2 A-F. All of the spots marked with numbers were identified. Table 1 contains a systematic protein list, in which the numbers of the spots lead to the protein name and if known to the function of the protein. For Table 1 the classification o f H. p ylo ri p r o t e i n s o f t h e T I G R d a t a b a s e (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/mdb.html), which was derived from the classification of E. coli (Riley, 1 993), was used. The 1 52 identified protein spots represented 1 26 genes. Several proteins appeared in horizontal spot series resulting from protein species of one protein with differently charged side groups caused by posttranslational modifications. One hundred of the identified protein species (67% of all identified proteins) were within the 10% most intense silver-stained spots of the 26695 strain. Except for two, all of the twenty most intense spots were identified (Table 3) . The two not identified spots were not stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue. The first five most intense spots clearly dominated the pattern and were, in order of decreasing intensity: GroEL, UreB, TsaA, GroEL, and CagA. GroEL and UreB contributed 4 and 3 spots, respectively, which correspond to different protein species, these were all included in the list of the 20 most intense spots. The 1 26 identified proteins represent about 8% of the total number of 1 590 genes predicted from the genome (Tomb et al., 1997). The identified proteins are dispersed over nearly all protein classes. One pair of paralogous proteins was identified: CeuE HP1 561 and CeuE HP1 562. The following protein classes are underrepresented by the identified 1 26 proteins, with a percentage below 8% of the predicted number of ORFs: Biosynthesis of cofactors, prosthetic groups, and carriers, transport and binding proteins, DNA metabolism, cell envelope, cellular processes, and other categories. More than 20% of the predicted proteins of a certain protein class were found in the following protein classes: Central intermediary metabolism, energy metabolism, transcription, protein fate, and unknowns. More than 40% of the predicted members of a protein family were found in the following protein families: Pyridoxine; glutathione; anaerobic proteins; TCA cycle; chromosome-associated proteins; DNA-dependant RNA polymerase; transcription factors, translation factors; protein folding and stabilization; degradation of proteins, peptides and glycopeptides; surface structures; detoxification. Several well-known virulence factors were identified (Table 4) and contribute to the most intense spots of the 2-DE pattern of H. pylori 26695 under the chosen growth conditions. 2.2 PH dependent protein composition H. pylori is a microorganism capable of growing under extreme acidic conditions in the presence of urea (Segal et al., 1992; Solnick et al., 1 995) . We studied the effect of pH on protein composition by growing H. pylori on agar plates with pH values between 5 and 8. Several differences in the protein composition of bacteria grown at these conditions were observed. Five of the differences detected are shown in Figure 3. The spot intensities were measured after scanning the images, performing spot detection with the evaluation program Topspot and adding the pixel intensities within one spot (Table 5) . Patterns were normalized on 10 spots predicted to be constant in intensity. The mean intensity value and variation coefficient were calculated from three experiments each, starting with three independent H. pylori cultivations per pH value. Spot 1 decreased in intensity with decreasing the pH value from 8 to 5. It was identified as serine protease HtrA (HP1019). Decreasing the pH from 8 to 5 decreased spot 5 in intensity and spots 2-4 were completely absent at pH 5. These proteins were identified as different protein species of the vacuolating cytotoxin (HP0887). . Antigens detected by human sera SDS-PAGE is a common method for the detection of antigens. Unfortunately its resolution power is optimal for protein mixtures of up to only 100 protein species. Therefore a clear assignment to a certain protein species is often not possible if the expected complexity is above 1 00. H. pylori extracts contain at least 1 800 protein species (Figure 1 ), therefore, high-resolution 2-DE is required to detect and identify antigens on the protein species level. Sera from 3 patients were used to detect antigens on blots of 2-DE separated H. pylori 26695 proteins. The first patient (MP54) suffered from ulcus ventriculi and gastritis and was H. pylori positive as determined by histology, urease test, culture, and a high ELISA titer. The second patient (MP44) had a clinical diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and stomach cardia, the Helicobacter status was unclear because of a positive urea test, negative histology and culture, a non-specific, directed against IgG, high ELISA titer and a specific, directed against H. pylori IgG and IgA negative ELISA titer. The third serum was from a patient, who was clearly H. pylori negative by all of the above criteria and had a clinical diagnosis of chronic antrum gastritis. Antibodies bound to antigens were detected with a secondary antibody against human Ig and visualized with an ECL system. The serum of the H. pylori negative patient reacted only with some of the most abundant H. pylori proteins on the 2-DE pattern including GroEL, urease a subunit, and catalase (Table 6) . The intensity of these spots on the ECL blots was very low. The other two immunoblots had several additional spots in common (Figure 4a and 4b) . The identified antigens are shown in Table 6. The main antigens GroEL and the ribosomal protein L7/L1 2, both present with several spots in horizontal series, occurred as high intensity spots in both immunoblots. Three GroES spots were detected by both sera (MP44 and MP54), but with a clearly higher intensity on the blot using serum from the ulcer patient. A series of about 60 spots directly below GroEL with high to low intensity common to both immunoblots could only partly be assigned to spots on the silver stained pattern. Only one of them has been identified: spot A431 , glutamine synthase. A spot group below the ribososomal protein L7/L1 2 has the same constellation as in the silver stained pattern but is shifted relatively to the ribosomal protein to the basic side of the pattern. This protein (E41 and E59) is a common antigen of the two sera tested and was identified as thioredoxin. The third component (E45) was not identified. The serum of the patient with adenocarcinoma reacted uniquely with strong signals with GTP binding protein TypA/Bipa, urease a and β subunit, catalase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and the hypothetical protein HP0697. Only flavodoxin (FldA) with middle intensity was unique for the serum of the ulcer patient. 3. Discussion 3.1 Protein separation and identification In contrast to other microorganisms, e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Jungblut et al., 1 999b) and Borrelia garinii (Jungblut et al., 1 999a), basic proteins are dominant in all of the 2-DE patterns of H. pylori strains investigated. This is in agreement with the high pl-values calculated from the protein sequences deduced from the genes of H. pylori. More than 70% of the predicted proteins in H. pylori have a calculated pi greater than 7.0 compared to about 40% in Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli (Tomb et al., 1 997) . Despite the fact that only 98 genes of strain 26695 are absent in J99, there are only 41 with perfect identity and only 310 with more than 98% amino acid conservation between these two strains (Aim et al., 1 999). Aim et al. predicted 1552 and 1495 open reading frames for strain 26695 and J99, respectively. The protein patterns revealed 1 863 and 1 622 protein species, respectively, for these two strains. Within 1 52 identified spots, 1 26 (83%) open reading frames were represented. If the same percentage is assumed for the total detected spot number a gene number represented on the 2-DE patterns of 1 546 and 1 346 for 26695 and J99, respectively, may be predicted. This is only slightly below the total predicted gene numbers. However, one should be aware of the fact that not all of the proteins will be present in the biological situation studied here and that a high dynamic range of protein amount is to be expected for the different protein species, which may not be covered by silver staining. For a middle-sized protein, about 1 000 molecules per cell are necessary to be detected by silver staining on a 2-DE gel, if 1 0 7 cells are applied to the gel. The significance of the proteome approach for confirmation of predicted protein species has been emphasized (Humphery-Smith et al., 1 997) . To date our study revealed expression of 27 conserved hypothetical proteins and 6 unknowns, not described previously at the protein level. 3.2 Genetic variability at the proteome level A comparison of 10 spots with the same or nearly the same position on the 2-DE pattern has shown that one amino acid exchange causing a change of pi of 0.05 units results in a clearly detectable shift in the 2-DE pattern. The influence of the proteins on the pH- gradient in ampholyte isoelectric focusing under non-equilibrium conditions is irrelevant. Proteins with identical sequence occur at the same position within the two compared patterns, as was the case for the three proteins thioredoxin, GroES, and urease β subunit. Thus, these patterns may serve as references for the assessment of post-translational modifications and virtual patterns of ORF's determined by DNA sequencing from other strains may be established. The extreme genome plasticity predicted by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (Jiang et al., 1 996) was relativated by the overall conservation in genomic organization and gene order (Aim et al., 1 999) . The proteome analyzed by 2-DE shows now again a high variability. But considering the high sensitivity of isoelectric focusing against exchanges of single amino acids this variability may reflect the exact chemical structure of the protein species and not the differential presence of the protein as defined by its function. The 2- DE approach analyses the genetic variability at the protein species level. Further identifications of protein species of different H. pylori strains will reveal the variability at the protein level. 3.3 PH dependent protein composition H. pylori has the capability to survive under extremely acidic conditions. This survival is mediated by the production of urease (Evans et al., 1 991 ; Clyne et al., 1 995) . However, both urease negative mutants survived a 60 min exposure at pH 3.5 (Clyne et al., 1 995) and urease positive, acid sensitive mutants exist (Bijlsma et al., 1 998) showing the existence of additional mechanisms for acid resistance. Proteome analysis will help to reveal factors at the protein level, which contribute to the survival of H. pylori in the stomach. These factors are per definitionem virulence factors. Decreasing the pH of the growth medium from pH 8 to pH 5 decreased the amount of vacuolating cytotoxin VacA (Hp0887) and serine protease HtrA (Hp1 01 9). Whereas VacA is a well-known virulence factor (Cover and Blaser, 1 992), HtrA has not been described before to have this role/activity. An increased secretion of these proteins may explain the decrease of protein amount within the cell during acidification. VacA is activated by decreasing the pH to 5.5 (de Bernard et al., 1 995). This activation may also be accompanied by an increased secretion and therefore decrease of VacA concentration within the cell. Both vacuolization of the surface epithelium and the destruction of the protective mucus layer by proteases are important activities during the pathogenesis of H. pylori. These two proteins represent only two obvious differences in the patterns obtained from different pH during cultivation. The detection and identification of further variants will give more detailed information on the molecular mechanisms of the survival of H. pylori within an acidic surrounding. 3.4 Antigens detected by human sera The aim to correlate antibody recognition of certain H. pylori antigens with clinical manifestations of disease and to identify vaccine candidates has prompted several groups to undertake immunoblot analyses using panels of sera from infected and non- infected patients (Faulde et al., 1992; Mattsson et al., 1998; Faulde et al., 1 993; Nilsson et al., 1 997; Klaamas et al., 1996) for original publications and (Zevering et al., 1 999) for a comprehensive overview) . Given the complexity of the H. pylori genome, conventional SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses yielded mostly information on the molecular weight of immunoreactive bacterial proteins and not on sequence information. Methodological differences and the use of antigen preparations of different H. pylori strains hampered a comparison between the different studies. Nonetheless, several proteins with the respective Mr recognized by serum antibodies were identified including CagA (1 10-1 20 kDa), VacA (87 kDa), urease a and β subunit (67 kDa and 31 kDa respectively), GroEL ( 60 kDa), flagellins (50 kDa), p35 (35 kDa) and a 26 kDa antigen. Antibodies against CagA, VacA and the 35 kDa antigen suggested infection with a type I strain (Xiang et al., 1995) and were likely correlated with development of ulcers (Telford et al., 1 994; Weel et al., 1 996; Atherton et al., 1 997; Aucher et al., 1 998; Lamarque et al., 1 999). We detected numerous antigenic proteins in Hp26695 with individual sera from patients with a history of H. pylori and were able to determine the identity of a subgroup using a proteomics approach (Table 6) . Recently, similar 2-DE analyses of H. pylori ATCC 43504 (McAtee et al., 1 998b) and H. pylori G27 (Kimmel et al., 2000) was employed to identify antigens by immunoscreening using pooled or individual sera from infected patients. Three known antigens, urease β subunit, chaperonin GroEL, and isocitrate dehydrogenase led were detected in all three studies and 1 5 of the antigens in at least two of the studies. The fact that some of these proteins were used with success in vaccination studies in animal models of H. pylori infection (Kleanthous et al., 1 998) strongly supports 2-DE as an approach for identification of vaccine candidates. This reasoning led to the identification of a protein with homology to Campylobacterjejeuni ceW binding protein 2 (McAtee et al., 1 998c) an ORF that was also present in H. pylori 26695, HP01 75. The antigenicity of this gene product was confirmed here. However, only one of the sera recognized the spot corresponding to this protein, indicating either that not all patients react to this protein or that H. pylori strains exist that lack the respective gene or have an orthologous gene with modified sequence. The enormous genetic variation in H. pylori suggests that the latter two explanations are more likely. The sera used in the present study, reacted with a characteristic pattern of proteins with apparent molecular weights in the range of 40-60 kDa and pis of 4,9-6,4. Proteins with similar relative coordinates were also identified by McAtee et al. (McAtee et al., 1 998b) and Kimmel et al. (Kimmel et al., 2000) . Similarly, a set of three antigens is detected displaying a Mr below 10 and a pi of 5.1 . We have identified these proteins as candidate vaccine antigens for further study. These results prompted us to perform an extended analysis of antigenic proteins recognized by a large number of individual sera that will lead to the identification of proteins of diagnostic value and also potential vaccine candidates (Haas et al., in preparation) . It is of note that all proteins with vaccine efficacy tested in animals to date are abundant proteins that are also detected by immunoblot analyses (compare with Table 3) . This suggests that the frequency of a protein is a key criterion to identify it as a vaccine candidate and that despite the fact that antibodies may not be protective they discriminate between bacterial proteins accessible to the immune system and those that are not. 3.5 Virulence factors Virulence factors are defined as gene products that are indispensable for colonization and host to host transmission competence of a pathogen and may include gene products that are important pathogenic factors (for review see (McGee and Mobley, ' 1 999)) . The growing list of those identified of H. pylori includes (i) proteins involved in adhesion such as BabA that mediates binding to Lewis 0 antigen and might be a key factor in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer and adenocarcinoma (liver et al., 1 998; Gerhard et al., 1 999), AlpA and AlpB (Odenbreit et al., 1 999) that are members of a large family of related outer membrane proteins (Tomb et al., 1 997), the sialic acid lectin HpaA (HP0410), a lipoprotein (Evans et al., 1 993) which may contribute to adherence factors detected by hemagglutination or adherence assays, (ii) proteins required for motility (Bijlsma et al., 1 999) such as flagellins, (iii) factors involved in acid neutralization such as urease or detoxification of aggressive oxygen metabolites such as catalase and super oxide dismutases, (vi) proteins involved in iron uptake and storage such as a lactoferrin-binding protein, siderophores and potential periplasmic iron binding proteins such as CeuE or ferritin orthologs such as NapA or Pfr (Frazier et al., 1 993; Doig et al., 1 993; Evans et al., 1 995) (v) proteins involved in pathogenicity such as the cag pathogenicity island encoded proteins or the vacuolating toxin VacA. The reference strain 26695 is deficient in several of the above mentioned virulence factors: it does not produce functional BabA (liver et al., 1 998), lacks immunoreactive flagellins (McAtee et al., 1 998b) and we have observed some subclones with very variable levels of catalase activity. Many proteins belonging to the aforementioned classes of virulence factors were easily identified in our 2-DE analysis (Table 4) and the urease subunits, Cag26, catalase, and GroES were also recognized by at least one of the sera. Though there is no paucity in the detection of cell envelope proteins, the class of outer membrane proteins both on silver stained gels and on immunoblots is only represented by outer membrane protein HP1 564 within the identified proteins. The list of the 20 most abundant proteins (Table 3) contains additionally to known virulence factors the protein TagD, which is described in the NCBI sequence database as an adhesin and NapA, which was mentioned as immunogenic H. pylori protein by Kimmel et al (Kimmel et al., 2000) . Example 2 1 . Methods 1 .1 . Patients In this study, one hundred and thirty-eight patients with gastric disorders who underwent gastroduodenal endoscopy in the Virchow- Charite Hospital in Berlin were screened for serum antibodies against H. pylori. Clinical parameters leading to diagnosis, history of previous H. pylori infection, treatment of H. pylori infection, clinical disorders, further medication and diseases were recorded. The study has been approved by the ethical committee of the Virchow Hospital. Four main parameters were then evaluated for the diagnosis of H. pylori: histology, culture, CLO test in the gastric biopsies and serum antibody titers. Patients were classified as Helicobacter positive (H. pylori), when three of the criteria tested turned out to be positive. Only 24 patients were clearly H. pylori positive at the time of the blood sample (Table 10) . Twelve patients who had gastric disorders unrelated to H. pylori and did not show any sign of prior infection were considered negative. From the six cancer patients, 5 patients had gastric cancer and one had MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma of the upper gastric tract. One of these patients was H. pylori positive, one had previous infection, one showed a high antibody titer in ELISA and four including the already mentioned patients had positive CLO tests, which could, however, also be related to other bacterial infections. For 4 of these cancer patients, previous H. pylori infection was not documented because of incomplete records. In total, 5 of these 42 patients had previous H. pylori infection and 6 had already once successful eradication therapy. For 6 additional patients with unclear diagnosis of H. pylori because of missing records, samples were investigated because they had either precancerosis or previous H. pylori infection. Data from these patients were, however, not evaluated as a group. Helicobacter pylori growth conditions H. pylori Hp26695 was used because its genome has been entirely seuquenced (Tomb, White, et al., 1 997) . H. pylori strains were grown on serum plates (Odenbreit, Wieland et al., 1 996) at 37°C in a microaerobic atmosphere (5% O 2 , 85% N 2 and 1 0% CO 2 ) for two days. The bacteria were harvested, washed twice in ice-cold PBS containing proteinase inhibitors (1 mM PMSF, 0.1 μM pepstatin, 2.1 μM leupeptin, 2.9 mM benzamidin), and lysed by resuspension in half a volume of distilled water. The resulting volume in μl was multiplied by i) 1 .08 to obtain the amount of urea in mg to be added, ii) 0.1 to obtain the volume of 1 .4 M DTT and 40% Servalyte (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany) pi 2-4, CHAPS was added to obtain an end concentration of 1 %. The end concentrations of DTT and urea were 70 mM and 9 M, respectively. Solubilization of the proteins occured within 30 min at room temperature. A protein concentration of 1 5 μg/μl + /- 25% was obtained. Two-dimensional electrophoresis H. pylori proteins were resolved by a 7 cm x 8.5 cm 2-DE gel system (Jungblut and Seifert, 1 990) with a resolution power of about 1 ,000 protein species. Twenty μg of protein were applied to the anodic side of the IEF gel. In the second dimension 1 .5 mm thick gels were used. The proteins were detected by silver staining optimized for these gels (Jungblut and Seifert, 1990). For the identification of proteins and immunoblotting, 20 μg of protein were applied. The proteins were stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (Eckerskom, Jungblut et al., 1988) or G250 (Doherty, Littman et al., 1998). Peptide mass fingerprinting Peptide mass fingerprinting was performed as previously described, Lamer and Jungblut, subm.). Optimised conditions including volatile buffer, decreased trypsin concentrations, and using volumes below 20 μl allowed for the identification of weakly stained Coomassie Blue G-250 protein spots starting with only one excised spot. The peptide solution was mixed with an equal volume of a saturated σ-cyano-4- hydroxy cinnamic acid solution in 50% acetonitrile, 0.3% TFA and 2 μl were applied to the sample template of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometer (Voyager Elite, Perseptive Biosystems, Framingham, MS, USA). Data were obtained using the following parameters: 20 kV accelerating voltage, 70% grid voltage, 0.050% guide wire voltage, 100 ns delay, and a low mass gate of 500. Peptide mass fingerprints were searched using the program MS-FIT (http://prospector.ucsf.edu/ucsfhtml/msfit.htm) by reducing the proteins of the NCBl database to the Helicobacter proteins and to a molecular mass range estimated from 2-DE +/- 20%, allowing a mass accuracy of 0.1 Da for the peptide mass. In the absence of matches, the molecular mass window was extended. Partial enzymatic cleavages leaving two cleavage sites, oxidation of methionine, pyro-glutamic acid formation at N-terminal glutamine and modification of cysteine by acrylamide were considered in these searches. lmmunoblotting For immunostaining the proteins were transferred from the 2-DE gels onto PVDF membranes (ImmobilonP, Millipore, Eschborn, Germany) by semidry-blotting (Jungblut, Eckerskorn et al., 1990) using a blotting buffer containing 100 mM borate, 20% methanol, pH 9.0. The blotting time was 2 h with a current of 1 mA/cm 2 . Next, the membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk, 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS for at least 1 h at room temperature. After blocking the membrane was washed 3 times for 5 min. All washing steps were performed with PBS, 0.05% Tween 20. Antigens were detected by incubation of the membranes with human sera for one hour in a dilution of 1 :200, followed by a secondary antibody (anti-human polyvalent immunoglobulins, G, A, M, peroxidase conjugated, Sigma A-8400, Deisenhofen, Germany) at a dilution of 1 :10000. Before and after addition of the secondary antibody the membranes were washed 4 times for 15 min in PBS, 0.05% Tween 20. To visualize the results, the washed membrane was incubated with 30 ml/membrane of a 1 : 1 mixture of Enhanced Luminol Reagent and Oxidizing Reagent for 1 min (Renaissance Western Blot Chemiluminescence Reagent for ECL Immunostaining (NEN, Kδln, Germany) . The detection reagent was drained off and the membrane wrapped in a plastic foil was then exposed to Kodak BioMax MR1 film for 5 min. Evaluation of blots and gels Initial analysis was performed as previously described (Jungblut, Grabher, et al., 1999). Briefly, the silver stained pattern of a small gel was used as a master pattern, with each of the spots numbered. The protein pattern corresponded to the silver stained pattern of larger gels described previously (Example 1 ) . Spot detection was performed by the TopSpot evaluation program (Algorithmus, Berlin, Germany). After automatic segmentation and spot detection, all additional visually detected protein spots were introduced into the master pattern interactively. Each spot that reacted with the different sera was numbered and compared to the silver stained spots for further identification. The optical density of the immuno-reactive spot was classified into five categories: not detectable -, very low staining 0.5, low staining 1 , staining 2, intensive staining 3, very intensive staining 4. For each group of sera a signal frequency in % was calculated as the mean intensity grade of each serum (0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4) divided by the optimal reachable value (n x 4), where n = number of sera. 1 .7 Statistical evaluation: Statistical analysis was performed using the software Systat 9 for Windows. For the analysis of discrete data and rates, ^-square analysis was used. Mean intensities of spots in the different groups of immunoblots were compared using a non-parametric test (Kruskal- Wallis test) and significance was as indicated (p < 0,05) . 2. Results 2.1 Heterogeneous immunoreactivity pattern revealed by 2-DE immunoblots. In order to correlate H. pylori antibody recognition with the disease and to identify highly immunogenic vaccine candidates, we evaluated patients with Helicobacter related disease and compared them to a control group of H. p ylori negative patients with unrelated gastric disorders and a group of cancer patients, who all underwent gastric endoscopy (Table 10) . Sera from individual patients were used for western blot analysis to detect antigens from the H. pylori strain 26695 separated on 2-DE gels and blotted onto PVDF membranes. The pattern of protein spots recognized on these immunoblots were compared with a 2-DE pattern of spots on a standard silver stained gel and spots are marked with a code consisting of a letter that represents the corresponding sector on the standard gel (A-F) and an attributed number. Identification of detected protein spots was performed by in gel digestion and MALDI-MS analysis. The identified protein species were named according to the classification of H. pylori proteins in the T1GR database (Tomb, White, et al., 1 997) . Protein species can be accessed by name or by spot number according to Table 1 . Threehundred seventy nine antigen spots from H. pylori 26695 could be detected by immunoblots on silver stained 2-DE gels and 1 56 have been identified so far. The intensity of a particular spot was assigned on an arbitrary scale between 0,5 and 4. Similar to the silver stained gel pattern, individual spots on the immunoblots were distributed over the whole pi range of 4-1 0 and the whole Mr range of 5-1 50kDa. However, more spots seemed to be immunoreactive in the basic range (Figure 5 and Figure 6) . We have also observed that several protein species accumulated in the low pi range and have not migrated into the IEF gel. The significance of this observation is not yet clear and needs further investigation. Examples for individual immunoreactive pattern are shown in Figure 6 and include sera from an H. pylori negative patient (Figure 6A), patients with H. pylori related gastritis or ulcer (Figure 6B and C) or a cancer patient (Figure 6D) . Between 3 and 1 53 spots were stained on the individual immunoblots. Although the spot patterns were quite heterogeneous, two features were observed: most protein spots that reacted on the blots with the gastritis, ulcer or cancer sera were clearly more intense than spots reacting with H. pylori negative sera and a higher number of spots was detected, indicative of higher antibody titers directed against a greater number of antigens. Spots that could be identified and are mentioned in the tables and in the text are marked. As an example, spot E35 corresponding to 50-S ribosomal protein L7/L1 2 is found in the lowest left segment of the silver gel and on all four immunoblots shown (Figure 5 and 6). We detected seven series of spots that were prominent in the silver stain and corresponded to major antigens of H. pylori. The GroEL protein (HP0010, main spot A390), 50-S ribosomal protein L7/L1 2 (HP1 1 99, main spot E35) and catalase (HP0875 main spot B439) reacted with sera from all four patients shown (Figure 6 A-D) . Urease B subunit (HP0072, main spot A343) reacted with the negative, gastritis and ulcer sera, whereas the spot series from Cag 26 (HP0547, spot B1 26) was mainly stained with the gastritis or ulcer sera (Figure 6 B and C) . Isocitrate dehydrogenase (HP0027, main spot B492) and the putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding protein HpaA (HP0410, main spot D132) reacted with the gastritis, ulcer and cancer sera, respectively (Figure 6 B-D), but not with H. pylori negative sera. All these series of spots were found useful for orientation in the 2-DE silver stain and in the immunoblots. 2.2 Comparison of antibody recognition in sera from H. pylori positive and negative patients. In order to detect highly immunogenic antigens of H. pylori, we first concentrated on the most abundant and intense spots detected in the silver stains that were also strongly recognized by sera from the 24 H. pylori positive and 1 2 negative patients. A signal frequency was calculated by dividing the arithmetric mean of intensities through the (maximal reachable value of intensities x 100)(Jungblut, Grabher, et al., 1999). Table 1 1 lists spots and corresponding proteins that were recognized above a threshold of 10% by sera of H. pylori positive patients or spots with a significantly higher occurrence or intensity of recognition in sera from the positive group compared to negative controls (p < 0,05) . In total, 31 0 of the 379 protein spots were recognized by Helicobacter positive sera while 1 56 spots were recognized by negative sera and 272 spots showed a higher frequency in the positive group of sera. The number of 5 spots stained by individual positive sera was widely spread (range 7 to 1 53) with a mean of 62, while negative sera stained with a range from 3 to 66 and a mean of 24 spots. Thirty-two antigens (Table 1 1 ) were recognized by positive sera with a signal frequency over 1 0% . The major antigens recognized by sera from Helicobacter o positive patients were the 50 S ribosomal protein L7/L12 (HP1 199, spot E35), catalase (HP0875, spot B439), GroEL(HP001 0, spot A390), Cag 1 6 (HP0537, spot B466), Cag26 (HP0547, spot B1 26), UreaseA (HP0073, spot D322) and Urease B (HP0072, spot A343) . Except Cag 1 6, all these spots were stained in blots B and C 5 (Windows of sector A, B, D and E in Figure 6). In sera from H. pylori negative patients, best recognition was achieved for the 50 S ribosomal protein L7/L1 2, UreaseA, catalase and the conserved hypothetical secreted protein HP1098 (spot D262) . Staining of the 50 S ribosomal protein L7/L1 2 (spot E35) and catalase (spot B439) o are shown on blot A of Figure 6 as well. Fourteen protein species reacted at most with one negative serum with an intensity of 0,5 (Table 1 1 ). These proteins preferentially recognized by H. pylori positive sera. Five proteins were only 5 recognized by positive sera: a predicted coding region, the serine protease HtrA, Cag 3, CLPB and the trigger factor HP0795. From the fourteen preferentially recognized protein species, the following reacted most frequently in the immunoblot pattern (Table 1 1 ) : a predicted coding region (HP0231 , spot D226) with 1 1 /24 sera, the 0 serine protease HtrA (HP1019, spot B429) with 9/24 sera. Fumarate reductase (HP01 92, spot B1 7) and the Cag 26 protein as a typical marker for the subgroup of type I Helicobacter strains were recognized by 8/24 sera. Cag 3 (spot B443), CLPB (HP0264 spot A308) were recognized by 7/24 sera, the trigger factor HP0795 (spot A41 1 ) by 6/24 positive sera. Two spots of isocitrate dehydrogenase: B496 (not shown) and B497 (Table 1 1 ) were only recognized by positive sera, whereas the main spots B492 and B499 were recognized by both positive and negative sera (not shown) . Three other protein species with a frequency below 10 that seemed restricted to serum recognition by H. pylori positive patients, correspond to the proteins aconitate hydratase (HP0779, spot B2), hydantoin utilisation protein A (HP0695, spot B377), or DnaK (HP0109, spot A359) which were all recognized at most by one serum from the control group with the lowest intensity. The so far unidentified protein spot E53 was also only recognized in one negative serum. Different combinations of these proteins are recognized on individual blots: fumarate reductase (spot B17), Cag 26 (spot B1 26), Cag 3 (spot B443) are found in the window of sector B from the blot stained with the gastritis and the ulcer serum, whereas the predicted coding region (HP0231 , spot D226), CLPB (HP0264 spot A308) and the trigger factor HP0795 (spot A41 1 ) were only stained on gels obtained from other gastritis and ulcer patients. In conclusion, antibodies from H. pylori positive patients recognized more proteins species with higher intensity compared to the control group, but only few antigens were specific. 2.3 Differences in protein recognition associated with disease manifestation The H. pylori infected patients were diagnosed either with gastritis or ulcer. Antibodies from infected ulcer patients recognized more protein species than did those from gastritis patients. In most cases, the intensity of recognition in the immunoblots was also much higher. Therefore, a statistical analysis on the recognition pattern of sera from the 1 5 patients with H. pylori associated gastritis and the 9 patients with either gastric or duodenal ulcer was performed. Protein species which were detected with higher occurrence or intensity in one compared to the other two disease manifestations (p < 0,05), are shown in Table 1 2. As only 3 patients had duodenal ulcer, no further analysis was possible for the two types of ulcer. The following proteins with dominant recognition by ulcer sera compared to gastritis sera were detected: a conserved hypothetical protein (HP1 285, spot D327), a hypothetical protein precursor (HP01 75, spot D249), a signal recognition particle protein (HP1 1 52, spot B320), fumarate reductase (HP01 92, spot B1 7), one spot from the 50s ribosomal protein L9 (HP1 302, spot F68) and one from the 30s ribosomal protein S5 (spot F82), elongation factor TufB (HP1 205, spot A477),cag 1 6 (HP1 1 33, spot B466) and the not yet identified protein species B465. From the proteins isocitrate- dehydrogenase and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L1 2 several protein species were preferentially recognized, while other spots from these proteins did not show significant differences in recognition. There are few antigens as the putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding protein HpaA (HP0410, spot D1 21 in Figure 6) or the 26kD antigen (HP 1563, spot D341 ) which is known as a strong antigen in Helicobacter infection which are less recognized in ulcer compared to gastritis sera (Table 1 2). The recognition of 1 1 protein species was significantly higher by sera from patients with ulcer compared to the gastritis group (p < 0,05). Eight protein species showed a significantly higher mean intensity (p < 0,05) and 7 fulfilled both criteria. Taken together, antigen recognition pattern varied strongly among sera from patients with H. pylori positive gastritis, but recognition seems to increase with severity of disease, to be strongest and most intense in sera from Helicobacter positive ulcer patients. 2.4 Antigen recognition pattern in Cancer patients To evaluate whether the recognition pattern of H. pylori antigens differ between the patients with active gastritis or ulcer and cancer patients, antigen recognition by sera from the 15 patients with H. pylori related gastritis, and the 9 patients with H. pylori related ulcer was compared with recognition by 6 cancer sera. In most cases, the recognition pattern of cancer sera and ulcer sera were similar. The metabolic enzymes isocitrate-dehydrogenase (HP0027, main spot B492) and fumarate reductase (HP0192, spot B17), a conserved hypothetical protein (HP1285, spot D327), a hypothetical protein precursor (HP0175, spot D249), and elongation factor TufB (HP1 205, spot A477), were recognized by more than half of the sera in both groups (Table 12). In several cases, the intensity of antibody recognition in sera from cancer patients was higher compared to ulcer sera, as shown for isocitrate deydrogenase spot B499 in Figure 6 C and D and for the hypothetical protein (HP0305, spot D276) in Table 1 2. In addition, recognition of several proteins was dominant in sera from cancer patients compared to ulcer and gastritis sera: aliphatic amidase (HP0294, spot B51 1 ), cinnamyl- alcohol dehydrogenase (HP1 104, spot B35) and the putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding protein HpaA (HP0410, spot D1 21 ), DNA- directed RNA polymerase α chain (HP1 293, spot A29) , ATP dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit (HP0794) and for hydantoin utilization protein A (HP0695, spot B377) compared to gastritis sera (Table 1 2) . As only six patients were tested, statistical significance could not be achieved for the pyridoxalphosphate biosynthetic protein J (HP1 582, spot D314), a conserved hypothetical secreted protein HP 1 098 (spot D262) and the outer membrane protein HP1 564 (spot D202) (shown in Table 13), but frequencies of antibody recognition were above a threshold of 10 that was used in the comparison of positive and negative sera. Of the 234 recognized protein species, 52 showed a higher antibody recognition frequency in the cancer group than in the H. pylori infected ulcer and gastritis group. The corresponding proteins with a frequency > 10 are shown in Table 13 as well as carbonic anhydrase (HP1 186, spot D200), a hypothetical hit-like protein (HP0404, spot F40), thioredoxin (HP0824, spot E29), elongation factor G (HP1 1 95), spot A271 ) and superoxidase dismutase (HP0389, spot C1 97) which were recognized only by one or two cancer sera but with high intensity. Twenty one protein species were only recognized in cancer sera, although two thirds of them showed a heterogeneous recognition pattern and corresponded to series of proteins, and 1 1 immunoblot spots could not yet be identified (not shown). In conclusion, most antigens that are recognized in relation to H. pylori gastritis and ulcer are also recognized in sera from cancer patients although recognition of some metabolic enzymes was more often related to cancer sera. 3. Discussion: 3.1 Helicobacter specific antigens In order to characterize candidate antigens of H. pylori for diagnosis and therapy, we have systematically analyzed differences in the Helicobacter 2-DE protein recognition profiles of the sequenced strain 26695 by the use of sera from patients with different gastric disorders. Of 1 800 protein spots from this strain detected by silver staining, 379 spots reacted with the patients' sera tested and more than 1 50 of these could be identified. Among the proteins most frequently recognized by H. pylori positive sera, 23 were confirmed from a previous study and other 2DE analyses (Jungblut, Bumann et al., 2000, McAtee, Lim et al., 1998, Kimmel, Bosserhoff et al., 2000) and 10 were newly identified (Tables 14 and 15). Furthermore, antigen recognition that seemed associated with ulcer and cancer was evaluated. To date, characterization of immunogenic proteins from H. pylori was mainly determined based on their molecular mass in immunoblots (Faulde, Schroder et al., 1992, Faulde, Cremer et al., 1993, Klaamas, Held et al., 1996, Nilsson, Ljungh et al., 1997 and reviewed in Zevering, Jacob et al.), while only few studies used 2- DE or 2-DE immunoblots combined with mass spectroscopy to detect antigens from several strains of H. pylori (McAtee, Lim et al., 1998, Nilsson, Utt et al., 2000, Kimmel, Bosserhoff et al., 2000, Enroth, Akerlund et al., 2000, Jungblut, Bumann et al., 2000). The technique used here allows standardized high resolution of individual protein pattern and exact identification of antigens reacting with the different sera tested. Another advantage is the separation of protein spots with high pi, thus several antigens in the * basic range of the gels could be analyzed. For example, the hypothetical protein HP0305, the outer membrane protein HP 1 564, Cag 1 6 (HP0537) or the protease HP1 350 were recognized in more than half of the sera from positive patients. However, some membrane-bound antigens could be missed. In addition, genetic variation could lead to lack of detection of some antigens. To take these limitations into account, proteins which reacted only with sera from a few patients, but with high intensity were also evaluated. More than two thirds of the spots were more frequently recognized by the sera from the Helicobacter positive group of patients compared to negative controls with unrelated gastric disorders. On the other hand, several very abundant proteins from the Helicobacter proteome seem to be crossreactive with other bacterial infections: 50 S ribosomal protein L7/L12, catalase, and GroEL could be identified. The abundance of these proteins is shown in other studies using various Helicobacter strains and data from other bacterial proteome analyses (McAtee, Lim et al., 1 998, Kimmel, Bosserhoff et al, 2000, O'Connor, Farris et al., 1 997, Tonella, Walsh et al., 1 998) . In addition, UreaseA and B, Protease HP1 350 and the conserved hypothetical secreted protein HP1 098 were recognized by antibodies from H. pylori negative patients and correlate with observations of low specificity of Helicobacter detection in diagnostic assays that contain recombinant Urease (Widmer, de Korwin et al., 1 999) . At this time, the main problem of both commercial and scientific assays used for the detection of H. pylori is the relatively low correlation with disease and low specificity (Johansen, Norgard et al,, 1 995, Widmer, de Korwin et al., 1 999) . Furthermore, monitoring of eradication therapy by titrating the antibody response is not yet very successful (Nishizono, Gotoh et al., 1 998). Some rather specific antigens as aconitate hydratase (HP0779), a trigger factor HP0795, the stress protein ClpB (HP0364) or the heatshock protein DnaK (HP0109) were also detected in former studies (Kimmel, Bosserhoff et al., 2000, McAtee, Lim et al., 1 998) . The following five proteins: Cag3, the predicted coding region HP0231 , the serine protease HtrA (HP101 9), hydantoin utilisation protein A (HP0695) and fumarate reductase (HP01 92) seem to be new specific antigens for H. pylori and are among the 1 50 most abundant protein species of H. pylori (Jungblut, Bumann et al. 2000) and in preparation), whereas the protein species E53 could not yet be identified. All these proteins may represent very immunogenic candidates for rapid diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic success. For the design of a diagnostic assay that may react with a variety of H. pylori strains, we suggest to include a combination of at least two of the above mentioned highly specific and highly immunogenic antigens with low crossreactivity. The proteins related to gastritis, ulcer and cancer may represent very immunogenic candidates for rapid diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic success. For the design of a diagnostic assay for a variety of H. pylori strains, we suggest to include a combination of the above mentioned highly specific and highly immunogenic antigens with low crossreactivity (Table 14). A combination of these antigens in such a diagnostic assay should include several, e.g. 20 or better 10 antigens, including at least 2 of the antigens from Table 14 selected according to multiple criteria (high occurence or high signal frequency, low crossreactivity). A pattern of at least 5, preferably at least 7 antigens would confer a positive result. In order to recognize false positive results, but also to take strain variation into account, at least three antigens in this assay may also be conserved antigens from Table 1 1 . For the diagnostic distinction between gastritis, ulcer or cancer, a combination of antigens from Table 1 5 and 1 6 (ulcer and cancer antigens) would be used also selected according to multiple criteria (occurence in patients with the related disease, high frequency, low crossreactivity) . Several, e.g. at least 5 antigens from the tables could be used as a combination and the pattern of recognition would allow differential diagnosis of these diseases. H. pylori antigens related to disease The determination of bacterial factors that may influence the outcome of disease is still an important task (van Zanten and Lee, 1 999) . In our study, both appearance and intensity of antigen recognition was dramatically higher in association with H. pylori related ulcer and also with cancer compared to H. pylori related gastritis, although each serum revealed an individual immunoblot pattern. An additional statistical analysis that compared the serum antibody recognition from H. pylori negative gastritis patients to the aforementioned groups, showed that recognition seemed increase in association with H. pylori unrelated gastritis and H. pylori specific gastritis towards specific ulcer or cancer (data not shown) . The major antigens associated with ulcer consisted of proteins also recognized with gastritis or negative sera: the 50 S ribosomal protein L7/L1 2 (HP1 1 99), catalase (HP0875), GroEL (HP001 0) and Urease A (HP 0073) . This may be due to persistence of strong inflammation and tissue damage leading to increased antigen presentation during the development of ulcer. In concordance, recognition of two hypothetical proteins HP 0305 and HP1 285 that have not yet been described so far, was much stronger in association with ulcer. There are four other antigens that seem more specific for ulcer: Cag 1 6 (HP0537) the hypothetical protein HP 0305, a hemolysin secreting protein precursor and a signal recognition particle protein HP 1 1 52, which may prove useful as serum markers for differentiation of H. pylori related ulcer from gastritis. It would be interesting to investigate whether recognition of these antigens may decrease after therapy. As only three patients with successful eradication therapy were tested, no significant data for a lower occurrence of antibodies against the above mentioned antigens could be obtained for these patients as an individual group (data not shown) . Antigens which are better recognized by gastritis sera than by ulcer sera, could be protective against the development of ulcer. Spot 1 21 from the putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding hemagglutinin homologue HP0410 was not recognized in ulcer sera at all, but in Hp related gastritis sera and in negative sera. The hydantoin utilization protein A (HP0695), the NapA protein, which was also a protective antigen in animal studies (Satin, Del Giudice, et al. 2000), the conserved hypothetical protein HP0318, also described in another study, and a 26kDa antigen (HP1563) are three additional antigens that were more often recognized in H. pylori related gastritis sera than in ulcer sera. As gastritis and ulcer only occasionally evolve toward cancer, a serum marker for cancer would be helpful to monitor endangered patients. In sera from cancer patients several metabolic enzymes from H. pylori such as aconitate hydratase (HP0779), aliphatic amidase (HP0294) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (HP1 104) seem to be preferentially recognized, compared to gastritis or ulcer. Other antigens related to cancer in this study as a conserved hypothetical secreted protein HP 1098, the outer membrane protein HP1564 or pyridoxal phosphat protein J (HP1582) that are also recognized by negative sera, may either indicate crossreactions with other bacterial strains and cellular antigens or reveal cancer specific antigens (Table 1 6) . These need to be further investigated with a larger number of cancer patients. 3.3 Variation of antigen profiles Taken together, the pattern of serum antibody recognition of H. pylori revealed by immunoproteomics is very diverse even among sera from the same patient group. This could be due to the individual immune response including HLA differences, but could also be related to genetic variability of H. pylori strains. The impact of antigenic variation on antibody recognition is difficult to address in this type of study which aims to detect differences in recognition pattern related to both infection and disease and thus keeps the tested strain constant. Therefore differences between the host strain and the tested strain may leave some proteins unrecognized. The protein pattern of 26695 and other H. pylori strains represented by J99 (Aim, Ling et al., 1 999) and the mouse adapted strain SS1 show only few common protein spots (not shown) . The enzyme thioredoxin for example, shows a shift in the position on the 2-DE pattern resulting from a different amino acid sequence of strain 26695 compared to J99 (Jungblut, Bumann et al., 2000) . The strong reaction of two minor protein species B496 and B497 from the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (HP0027) with the sera from H. pylori positive patients compared to negative sera, may be related to differences in the genomic sequence between H. pylori and crossreactive bacteria that are recognized by the negative sera or to posttranslational modifications of the proteins. In addition, recognition of a spot in close association to the spot series of isocitrate dehydrogenase from strain 26695 revealed two protein species B66 and B1 38. Further separation of the series of spots related to the isocitrate dehydrogenase is under investigation. Similar observations were made for recognition of protein species E44 of 50S ribosomal protein L7/L1 2 (HP1 1 99) which reacts strongly with sera from ulcer patients, although it represents only a minor spot on silver stained patterns of H. pylori 26625 and on the immunoblots of sera from the other groups of patients. Such differences may also indicate specific strains or modified proteins present in the ulcer patients' autologous strains. In another study (McAtee, Fry et al., 1 998), two species of this protein with different amino terminal sequences were detected by pooled patients' sera and did occur in parallel in the same H. pylori strain. A comparison of the complete sequences from these protein species with spot sequences in our database would be interesting. Interestingly, the NapA protein, which was a major antigen detected in another 2-DE analysis and also in a one dimensional study (Kimmel, Bosserhoff et al., 2000, Satin, Del Giudice et al., 2000) using a different H. pylori strain, was only poorly recognized by the sera tested here, indicating that the strain variation may indeed count for antigenic variation. However, the evolution of quasispecies in individual patients has only recently been investigated (Kuipers, Israel et al., 2000, Yamaoka and Graham, 1999). Several antigens identified in this study were also immunogenic in mice using a mouse adapted strain of H. pylori. So far, mainly conserved or very abundant antigens of H. pylor including Urease A and B subunits, catalase, CagA, VacA, the GroES homologue HspA and NapA have been analyzed for their protective or therapeutic potential in animal studies, but none have been shown to be highly immunogenic so far in humans (Lee, Weltzin et al., 1995, Radcliff, Hazell et al., 1997, Gomez-Duarte, Lucas et al., 1998, Corthesy-Theulaz, Hopkins et al., 1998, Dubois, Lee et al., 1998, DiPetrillo, Tibbetts et al., 1999). As a combination of Urease and GroES augmented the protective capacity of either antigen in the mouse (Ferrero, Thiberge et al., 1995), a combination of the strong human B cell antigens detected in this study seems promising for testing in preclinical animal models. In conclusion, immunoproteomics by 2-DE and MALDI MS revealed a variety of antigen patterns associated with H. pylori infection and different manifestations of disease. Nevertheless, the immunogenicity of known antigens was confirmed and new antigens, both non-specific and disease-related, could be identified. We have developed a database which compiles data from proteome analysis and genomic sequences providing a basis for classification and comparison of complex protein profiles. Data from other studies can be unequivocally compared by using the HP orf accession number or the sequence, thus facilitating the identification of more proteins. Further analyses are in progress to compare antigen recognition of different strains. Our database offers an unique opportunity to compile a large number of protein profiles in order to evaluate candidates for diagnostic assays and vaccine design. With such tools, immunoproteomics open a new gate to elucidate multiple immunorelevant proteins and may also be helpful in the context of other pathogens. Example 3 1 . Materials and Methods H. pylori strain 26695 (Eaton, Morgan and Krakowa, 1 989) was cultured at 37°C in a micoraerobic atmosphere (5% O 2 , 85% N 2 , and 10% CO 2 ) on serum-agar plates (Odenbreit, Wieland and Haas, 1 996) for 3 days and then grown for one additional day on fresh plates. The bacteria were harvested and suspended in ice-cold 40 mM MOPS, pH 7,4, 8 g/l NaCI, 1 0% Glycerol, 1 mM CaCI 2 , 0,5 mM MgCI 2 at an optical density at 600 nm of 2,5-3,5 (equivalent to 1 -2 x 1 0 9 cfu/ml) . The bacteria were surface-labeled by incubation with 200 μM (f in a l co n centrati o n ) s u lfos u c cin i midyl- 6- (biotinamido)hexanoate (Pierce) for 30 minutes on ice. The reaction was stopped by adding two volumes of TSGCM (50 mM Tris; pH 7,4; 8 g/l NaCI; 10% Glycerol; 1 mM CaCI 2 ; 0,5 mM MgCI 2 ). After 10 minutes incubation at room temperature, the bacteria were sedimented by centrifugation at 3500 x g for 10 min and washed three times with TSGCM. The viability of the bacteria before and after labeling was determined by plating on serum-agar and by flow cytometry using a membrane- permeable (Syto 9) and a membrane-impermeable (Propidium iodide) fluorophores according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Live- Dead Kit, Molecular Probes) except that an altered ratio of 3 mM/27 mM of the dyes Syto9/Propidiumiodid was used. To isolate biotinylated membrane proteins, labeled bacteria were resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCI; pH 7,4; I mM MgCI 2 with protease inhibitors (0,5 mM PMSF; 1 μM pepstatin; 1 μM leupeptin; 2,9 mM benzamidin) and disrupted by 4 passages through a French press at 1 5.000 lb/in 2 . After removal of intact bacteria by two centrifugations at 4.000 x g and 4°C for 10 minutes, membranes were pelleted at 40.000 x g and 4°C for 30 minutes, washed and resuspended in TKE (50 mM Tris-HCI, 1 50 mM KCI, 1 0 mM EDTA, protease inhibitors, pH 7,4) . Membranes were adjusted to a protein concentration of 5 mg/ml, solubilized with 2% zwittergent 3-14 (Fluka) and incubated for 1 h at 4°C with head-over-head mixing. Insoluble membrane were removed by ultracentrifugation for 1 h at 100.000 x g and 4 °C. The soluble fraction was purified by affinity chromatography on reversibly binding avidin-agarose according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Boehringer) with slight modifications. In brief, 20-24 mg membrane proteins were diluted tenfold in 1 00 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1 50 mM NaCI, pH 7,2 and mixed with 1 ml avidin-agarose matrix equilibrated in washing buffer (100 mM Na 2 HPO 4 ; 1 50 mM NaCI; pH 7,2; 0.2% zwittergent). After 30 minutes incubation at room temperature, the matrix was washed five times with 2 ml washing buffer. The biotinylated proteins were eluted by rising the avidin-agarose five times for 1 5 min at 37°C with washing buffer containing 20 mM D-biotin. Protein containing fractions were pooled and concentrated by acetone precipitation. One dimensional SDS-PAGE and blotting on PVDF membranes were performed according to standard protocols. Biotinylated proteins were detected on the blots using NeutrAvidin-peroxidase staining (Pierce) and chemiluminescent visualization (ECL, Amersham) according to the manufacturers instructions. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, characterization by MALDI-MS and identification (assignment to a gene including the regulatory and coding sequences) were performed as described previously (Jungblut et al., 2000) . 2. Results To selectively label amino groups of Helicobacter pylori surface proteins that may play a role in host-pathogen interactions, we incubated intact H. pylori with the biotinylation reagent suIfosuccinimidyl-6-biotinamido-hexanoate that is highly hydrophilic due to its negatively charged sulfonate-group. The amount of biotinylation reagent was optimized to obtain selective labeling of many surface proteins at a minimum number of spot series (see below). As a control, we also biotinylated H. pylori lysates which should label all cell proteins with accessible amine groups. Cell lysis could lead to a release of cytosolic components and thereby decrease selectivity. To test if such unwanted lysis occurred during labeling, the viability of the bacteria was determined before and after labeling by plating and flow cytometric analysis using a combination of membrane-permeable and non-permeable fluorescent dyes (Jive-dead-staining") . Plating indicated that less than 10% of the bacteria were killed during incubation and washing. Moreover, only 1 -3% of the bacteria had a compromised membrane integrity after labeling as determined by flow cytometry. The small portion of killed bacteria might have released some cytosolic material but most of this would be removed during subsequent washing steps. In conclusion, cytosolic components are not likely to contaminate the labeled proteins. To analyze the extent of biotinylation, unlabelled or labeled H. pylori samples were separated on two-dimensional polyacrylamid gels, blotted on PVDF membranes, incubated with an avidin-peroxidase conjugate and developed using a chemoluminescence assay. Unlabelled samples contained only one weakly avidin-binding spot (apparent molecular weight about 20 kDa, pi > 9.0; data not shown). When H. pylori lysates were labeled, almost all proteins that could be detected by staining with Coomassie Blue were also biotinylated indicating that almost all proteins possess accessible amino groups (Fig. 7). Among the very few proteins that did not bind avidin were the previously identified citrate synthase and NapA (Jungblut, Bumann, Haas, Zimny-Arndt, Holland, Lamer, Siejak, Aebischer and Meyer, 2000). In addition, the highly abundant proteins Hsp60 and urease β subunit were only weakly labeled. This is surprising as Hsp60, NapA, and urease β subunit contain many lysine residues. Possibly, these lysines are not accessible for the biotinylation reagent. In contrast to the almost complete labeling of lysate proteins, labeled intact H. pylori contained only 44 species that were reproducibly biotinylated in three independent experiments (Fig. 7). Most species had isoelectric points in the alkaline range. Several species appeared as horizontal spot series instead of single spots. A comparison of labeled intact cells vs. labeled lysates (Fig. 7, 8) revealed a high selectivity of biotinylation as expected for a hydrophilic reagent and intact membranes. In contrast, the uncharged sulfhydryl-reactive reagent PEO-iodoacetyl biotin, labeled several known cytoplasmatic proteins indicating permeation of the bacterial membranes. To enrich the biotinylated putative surface proteins, labeled bacteria were lysed and total membranes were isolated. After solubilization with zwittergent 3-14, membrane proteins were loaded on an reversibly biotin-binding avidin D-column, washed, and eluted with biotin. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of these purified labeled proteins revealed 58 species as detected by silverstaining (Fig. 9a) most of which (52 out of 58, 90%) were biotinylated (Fig. 9b). The remaining 6 species were minor contaminants as indicated by their weak silverstaining. Moreover, 29 additional signals appeared in the NeutrAvidin-peroxidase staining which could not be visualized by silver staining probably due to their low amount. Compared with whole biotinylated H. pylori, the overall avidin-binding patterns of purified proteins were quite similar but more complex due to longer spot series and more total detectable species (36 spots in addition). Possibly, these additional species escaped detection in non-enriched whole cell samples because of their low abundance. On the other hand, all biotinylated proteins except three of whole H. pylori could be also detected in the purified membrane fraction indicating that almost no soluble proteins had been labeled. The relative positions of 18 biotinylated species matched with previously identified Helicobacter proteins (Table 17). To confirm these tentative assignments, the 13 most abundant biotinylated species were cut out from the blots, digested, and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. All of the direct identifications were consistent with the indirect assignments which confirmed the validity of the indirect approach. Most unlabelled proteins of H. pylori appear as single spots in the two-dimensional pattern. In contrast, most labeled protein species appeared as horizontal spot series which could represent the same protein with slight modifications that alter the pi. This was confirmed for three members of a biotinylated spot series corresponding to catalase (data not shown). Probably, a variable number of amino groups reacted with the biotinylation reagent resulting in a differential loss of protonable residues and slightly decreasing pi's. The pi difference between consecutive members of spot series were rather constant and in the range of one protonable group per molecule (Δpl « 0.05) which is consistent with this hypothesis. Using a 25 fold higher amount of biotinylation reagent, much more extensive spot series were obtained (data not shown). Moreover, acidic members of spot series were enriched during the avidin-affinity chromatography which further supports that they are highly biotinylated species. 3. Discussion Surface proteins of H. pylori mediate important pathogen-host interactions that are essential for colonization, adherence, survival, and virulence of this pathogen. To identify H. pylori surf ace proteins, several approaches have been used (see introduction). In a global proteome approach, we combined a selective surface biotinylation of free amino groups with affinity purification, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and peptide mass finger printing. A prerequisite for this method is the presence of free amino groups that are exposed to the external medium. The genome sequences indicate that all except 3 predicted proteins contain one or several lysine residues. Many of these residues seem to be on the outside of the corresponding protein structures since almost all detectable protein species in H. pylori lysates can be labeled using the highly hyd ro phil ic biotinylation reagent sulfosuccinimidyl-6- (biotinamido)hexanoate that reacts with free amino groups. In contrast, in intact bacteria only a few protein species were labeled indicating that the hydrophobic membranes limited the accessibility of most proteins for the highly hydrophilic biotinylation reagent. This is confirmed by the fact that no putative cytoplasmic proteins were found among the selectively biotinylated proteins (see below). While the inner membrane is impermeable for hydrophilic molecules unless they bind to specific carriers, the outer membrane contains porins that permit the diffusion of hydrophilic molecules. Usually rather small molecules permeate the outer membrane but exclusion limits up to 800 Dalton have been reported for some porins (Benz and Bauer, 1988). H. pylori might also posses porins with such a large exclusion limit and in this case, the biotinylation reagent (molecular weight: 560 Da) might gain access to the periplasmic space where it would label soluble and membrane associated periplasmic proteins as well as integral membrane proteins of the inner membrane all of which are not true surface proteins. In the case of E. coli, the same biotinylation reagent has been shown to weakly label periplasmatic proteins while labeling of true surface proteins was much more prominent. We attempted to further enhance selectivity by using five times lower concentrations of the labeling reagent. Under these conditions, almost all labeled protein species of intact H. pylori were recovered in total membrane preparations indicating that soluble periplasmic proteins had been scarcely labeled. Moreover, among the identified biotinylated proteins there was no putative inner membrane protein (see below) although many such proteins were labeled in lysates. Therefore, most proteins that were labeled in intact H. pylori are probably true surface proteins. In total, 81 H. pylori protein species were found to be surface- exposed using selective labeling. It is likely, that H. pylori possesses some additional surface proteins that escaped labeling. Three prominent proteins (UreB, NapA, Hsp60) could not be labeled either in lysates or in intact bacteria indicating that their localization could not be assessed using this approach while their surface localization has previously been demonstrated (Dunn and Phadnis, 1 998; Namavar et al., 1998). Additional surface proteins might contain only Iysine residues that are exposed to the periplasmic space but not to the extracellular medium. Such proteins would be labeled in lysates but not in intact bacteria despite their surface localization. However, proteins with such an asymmetric lysine distribution are probably rather rare since almost all selectively labeled proteins contained many different accessible lysine residues on the external surface as indicated by their appearance as multiple horizontal spot series on two-dimensional gels after non-saturating labeling. Among the group of labeled proteins that could be detected by avidin-staining of two-dimensional blots, 18 species matched with previously identified proteins (Tab. 17). However, the complex pattern of biotinylated proteins due to horizontal spot series and additional species that are below the detection limits of protein staining might impair such an indirect identification based on two- dimensional pattern comparisons. To directly confirm the tentative assignments, we separated the biotinylated proteins from unlabelled proteins using avidin-affinity chromatography of solubilized membrane proteins. After two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the purified fraction, we could identify 12 labeled proteins by tryptic digestion and peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-MS and all 1 2 assignments were consistent with the previous indirect identifications (Tab. 17). We currently further improve the yield of the purification procedure to obtain enough material for the identification of additional biotinylated surface proteins. Among the 1 8 identified surface-exposed proteins, urease A (Dunn and Phadnis, 1 998), catalase (Phadnis et al., 1 996) and flagellar sheath protein (HP0410) (Jones et al., 1 997) have been previously reported to be on the surface of H. pylori while MsrA has been found in the extracellular medium (Cao et al., 1998). HefA (Bina et al., 2000) is a homolog of E. coli TolC outer membrane protein which is known to be involved in multiple drug efflux. HP1564 is a predicted outer membrane protein and has a homolog in Pasteurella haemolytica that is a known outer membrane protein (Murphy and Whitworth, 1993). The homolog of cell ' binding factor 2 from C. jejuni has been purified by acid extraction suggesting a surface- association although it was not detected by an antiserum on intact bacteria (Kervella et al., 1993; Pei, Ellison, III, and Blaser, 1991 ). In summary, 7 out of 18 identified proteins or their homologs have been independently localized on the surface of H. pylori or other bacteria which confirms the validity of our approach. For the other proteins, the localization is less clear from previous findings. The E. coli homologs of the protease HtrA and the iron ABC transporter CeuE are localized in the periplasma (Skorko-Glonek et al., 1997; Staudenmaier et al., 1989) and a homolog of carbonic anhydrase has been found in the periplasma of Neisseria gonoroae (Huang et al., 1998). The gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase of E. coli is a periplasmatic protein (Suzuki, Kumagai and Tochikura, 1986) but homologs in Proteus mirabilis (Nakayama, Kumagai and Tochikura, 1986) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Mineyama, Mikami and Saito, 1995) are localized on the surface. A homolog of the protease HP1350 is found in the periplasma of E. coli (Hara et al., 1991 ) and homologs in C. jejuni and Bartonella bacilliformis are secreted (Mitchell and Minnick, 1997; Parkhill et al., 2000) . It is surprising that several of our biotinylated proteins from H. pylori have homologs in the periplasma of other organisms. It is unlikely that H. pylori proteins that copurify with membranes are soluble periplasmatic proteins but some of them could be periplasmatic membrane-associated proteins that stick to the membranes during purification. However, labeling of proteins in the periplasma is unlikely to occur under our conditions (see above). Moreover, the localization of the homologs from various organisms are controversial and several H. pylori proteins (including catalase, urease, Hsp60, Hsp70) are known to be localized on the surface despite different localization of their homologs in other organisms which casts doubts on predictions based on homologs of other organisms. In conclusion, it is likely that the identified proteins are truly surface-exposed in H. pylori although an independent localization method might be helpful to confirm this. Interestingly, only two of the 18 identified proteins (HP0605, HP1564) have been theoretically predicted to be surface proteins and none of the hypothetical outer membrane proteins" (HOP's) have yet been found. The strain HP 26695 is known not to express BabA and several members of the HOP family (liver, Arnqvist, Ogren, Frick, Kersulyte, Incecik, Berg, Covacci, Engstrand and Boren, 1998; Peck et al., 1998). HopC has been reported to be expressed in this strain (McAtee et al., 1998) and might be among the yet unidentified labeled protein species. Several surface proteins of H. pylori mediate important host- pathogen interactions. This is also the case for some of the 18 proteins that were identified in this study. Two of them have been previously described as essential virulence factors (urease, y- glutamyltranspeptidase). Moreover, the flagellar sheath protein is part of functional flagella that are also essential for virulence. Cag16 is a member of the CAG (cytotoxin-associated genes) pathogenicity island that is known to enhance inflammatory responses to H. pylori but no specific information on Cag 1 6 is available. For other human pathogens, homologs of catalase and the protease HtrA are important for virulence and all fresh human isolates of H. pylori express catalase although this enzyme is not necessary for colonization in a mouse infection model. Information about a potential role of HtrA for H. pylori virulence is lacking. It would be interesting to functionally characterize HtrA and, particularly, the additional surface proteins with no known homologs in other organisms. Surface proteins of H. pylori are especially exposed to the host immune system and therefore might represent major antigens. Indeed, 10 out of the 1 8 identified proteins are among the previously described 30 antigens that are recognized by the majority of sera from infected humans (McAtee, Lim, Fung, Velligan, Fry, Chow and Berg, 1 998; Kimmel et al., 2000) (Haas et a!., in prep.) . This indicates that our identification procedure strongly enriched for highly immunogenic antigens (10 antigens out of 1 8 surface proteins vs. 30 antigens out of 1560 total proteins). This set of proteins therefore represents a rational basis to select antigen candidates for vaccine development. Indeed, three of the 18 identified proteins (catalase, y-glutamyl peptidase, urease) have previously been shown to induce protective immunity against an H. pylori challenge infection in the mouse model. Additional candidate antigens are currently being tested. In conclusion, a rapid proteome approach has been developed to identify surface proteins of H. pylori that are promising targets for the control of this important human pathogen. Moreover, this approach should be generally applicable to characterize the surface of several human pathogens to identify new potential target proteins for drug therapy and vaccine development. Example 4: Identification of secreted proteins obtained from H. pylori strain 26695 1 . Bacterial culture In order to analyse protein secretion of H. pylori, we need a liquid culture. In addition, the culture medium itself must be free of proteins. Thus, standard culture protocols using serum could not be used. We improved a method of serum- free culture of H. pylori developed by Vanet and Labigne (1998). Briefly, the frozen stock of strain PA4 was plated on normal H. pylori serum agar plates. After 3 days, cells were suspended in BHI, washed, and the OD was determined. A liquid culture was inoculated by H. pylori suspension (final concentration 0.02 OD) in a 1 50 ml culture flask. The culture was shaken at 150 rpm at 37°C overnight, reaching an OD of 0.5-1 . Cells were harvested, washed and used to inoculate 60 ml fresh medium in a 250 ml .flask to 0.01 OD. After 20 h cultivation, the culture reached an OD of 0.3-0.5 (about 4 x 10 8 cfu/ml). Culture medium: BHI plus Vancomycin, Nystatin, Trimethoprim, plus 1 % beta-cyclodextrin. Before using the medium for cell culture, it was equilibrated in a H. pylori atmosphere overnight at 37°C. 2. TCA precipitation Standard protocols for protein precipitation with 1 0% trichloro acetic acid (TCA) yielded only low protein amounts, due to a sticky sediment which could not be resuspended. Thus, we used the protocol of Komoriya, Shibano et al. (1 995) . After centrifugation at 1 8.500xg for 1 5 min the supernatant was treated with prechilled 25% TCA (final concentration 6%) and incubated on ice for 1 5 min. Proteins were sedimented by centrifugation (10.000 x g, 10 min), resuspended in 0.5 ml acetone using sonification, and again pelleted. The acetone washing was repeated twice. Finally the pellets were dried and resuspended in sample buffer. 3. Analysis by 2-DE gelelectrophoresis and MALDI-MS Two-dimensional gelelectrophoresis, characterization by MALDI-MS and identification (assignment to a gene including the regulatory and coding sequences) were performed as described previously (Jungblut et al., 2000) . Proteome analysis of extracellular proteins reproducibly resuited in a pattern largely different from total cell lysates (see Figure 10). Thus, we conclude that spontaneous lysis of H. pylori, which might cause release of most of the H. pylori proteins, did occur only to a very small extent in our culture at the logarithmic growth phase (OD<0.5). We digested 20 spots with trypsin and analysed the fragments by MALDI-MS (see Table 18). By comparing the intensities with corresponding spots obtained from total lysates, we conclude that urease B and fructose bisphosphat aldolase are most probably non- secreted proteins which might be released unspecificly to a small extent. All other spots were enriched in the extracellular medium. Thus, we conclude that they were secreted specificly. Database search was performed with MS-FIT (NCBl database). We regarded a protein to be identified with a sequence coverage of at least 30%. We cannot exclude, however, the presence of additional proteins within the spots. Example 5: Vaccination with recombinant H. pylori surface proteins against H. pylori in the mouse model In Helicobacter pylori strain P76, the ORFs HP 231 and HP410 were isolated from genomic DNA and amplified by PCR. A C-terminal hexa-histidin residue was fused to the ORFs by the primer sequence. The DNA fragments were cloned in the expression vector petl 5b by Nde 1/BamH1 and the identities of the cloned PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. The proteins were expressed in E. coli. Purification was performed by affinity chromatography (Ni binding sepharose column) and subsequent dialysis. Three groups of 10 mice each were orally immunized with 500 μg H. pylori P76 lysate, 100 μg recombinant H. pylori HP 231 ; or HP 410, respectively + 10 μg cholera toxin in each group. Immunization was performed at day 0, 18, 25 and 35. As a control, two groups of 5 mice each were immunized by pure PBS + 10 g cholera toxin, or 100 μg p21 activated kinase 2 (PAK2), which does not occur in H. pylori, + 10 μg cholera toxin. At day 45, the mice were infected with 2,5 * 10 8 H. pylori cells. At day 84, the stomach was removed. H. pylori colonization and the urease activity were determined. The IgG titer was determined by ELISA before and after immunization and after infection. In the group immunized with H. pylori lysate, colonization was reduced to 9% of the PBS and the PAK2 control groups (P<0.005). Compared with the PBS and the PAK2 groups, the colonization in the HP 231 and HP 410 immunized groups was reduced to 6% (P< 0.005) and 30% (P< 0.05), indicating that immunization with HP 231 or HP 410 alone has a similar effect as lysate immunization. Urease activity was significantly reduced in the HP 231 , HP 410 or H. pylori lysate groups compared with the PAK2 group. The titer of HP 231 specific IgG was increased in HP 231 immunized mice compared with naive mice and the control groups. In HP 410 immunized mice, the HP 41 0 specific IgG titer was not increased significantly. Our results show that immunization of mice with the proteins HP 231 and HP 410 protect against H. pylori infection. Thus, HP 231 and HP 410 can be used for production of a vaccine or an immunogenic composition for the treatment of Helicobacter infections. References 1 . Aeb.ersold, R., and Leavitt, J. (1990) Sequence analysis of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: towards an integrated protein database. Electrophoresis 11 : 517-527. 2. Aim, R.A., Ling, L.S., Moir, D.T., King, B.L., Brown, E.D., Doig, P.C., Smith, D.R., Noonan, B., Guild, B.C., deJonge, B.L., Carmel, G., Tummino, P.J., Caruso, A., Uria-Nickelsen, M., Mills, D.M., Ives, C, Gibson, R., Merberg, D., Mills, S.D., Jiang, Q., Taylor, D.E., Vovis, G.F., and Trust, TJ. (1999) Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 397: 176-180. 3. Atherton, J.C., Peek, R.M.J., Tham, K.T., Cover, T.L., and Blaser, M.J. (1997) Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 112: 92-99. 4. Aucher, P., Petit, M.L., Mannant, P.R., Pezennec, L., Babin, P., and Fauchere, J.L. (1 998) Use of immunoblot assay to define serum antibody patterns associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and with H. pylori-related ulcers. J Clin Microbiol 36: 931 -936. 5. Bijlsma, J.J., Gerrits, M.M., Imamdi, R., Vandenbroucke- Grauls, CM., and Kusters, J.G. (1 998) Urease-positive, acid- sensitive mutants of Helicobacter pylori: urease-independent acid resistance involved in growth at low pH. FEMS Microbiol Lett 167: 309-313. 6. Bijlsma, J.J., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, CM., Phadnis, S.H., and Kusters, J.G. (1999) Identification of virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori by random insertion mutagenesis. Infect Immun 67: 2433-2440. 7. Bizzozero, G. (1893) Liber die schlauchfόrmigen Drϋsen des Magendarmkanals und die Beziehung ihres Epithels zu dem Oberflachenepithel der Schleimhaut. Arch Mikr Anat 42: 82- 152. 8. Chen, M., Lee, A., and Hazell, S. (1992) Immunisation against gastric helicobacter infection in a mouse/Helicobacter felis model. Lancet 339: 1 120-1 121 . 9. Clyne, M., Labigne, A., and Drumm, B. ( 1995) Helicobacter pylori requires an acidic environment to survive in the presence of urea. Infect Immun 63: 1 669-1 673. 1 0. Corthesy-Theulaz, I.E., Bergonzelli, G.E., Henry, H., Bachmann, D., Schorderet, DF, Blum, A.L., and Ornston, L.N. (1997) Cloning and characterization of Helicobacter pylori succinyl CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase, a novel prokaryotic member of the CoA-transferase family. J Biol Chem 272: 25659-25667. 1 1 . Cover, T.L., and Blaser, M.J. (1992) Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. J Biol Chem 267: 10570-10575. 12. Crabtree, J.E. (1998) Eradication of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection by therapeutic vaccination. Gut 43: 7-8. 1 3. Czinn, S.J., Cai, A., and Nedrud, J .G. (1 993) Protection of germ-free mice from infection by Helicobacter felis- after active oral or passive IgA immunization. Vaccine 1 1 : 637-642. 14. de Bernard, M., Papini, E., de Filippis, V., Gottardi, E., Telford, J., Manetti, Fontana, A., Rappuoli, R., and Montecucco, C (1 995) Low pH activates the vacuolating toxin of Helicobacter pylori, which becomes acid and pepsin resistant. J Biol Chem 270: 23937-23940. 1 5. Doherty, N.S., Littman, B.H., Reilly, K., Swindell, A.C, Buss, J.M., and Anderson, N.L. ( 1 998) Analysis of changes in acute-phase plasma proteins in an acute inflammatory response and in rheumatoid arthritis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 19: 355-363. 1 6. Doig, P., Austin, J.W., and Trust, T.J. (1 993) The Helicobacter pylori 1 9.6-kilodalton protein is an iron- containing protein resembling ferritin. J Bacteriol 175: 557- 560. 1 7. Dunkley, M.L., Harris, S.J., McCoy, R.J., Musicka, M.J., Eyers, F.M., Beagley, L.G., Lumley, P.J., Beagley, K.W., and Clancy, R.L. (1 999) Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection by intestinal immunisation with a 50/52-kDa subunit protein. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 24: 221 -225. 1 8. Dunn, B.E., Perez-Perez, G.I., and Blaser, M.J. (1989) Two- dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of Campylobacter pylori proteins. Infect Immun 57: 1825-1 833. 1 9. Eckerskorn, C, Jungblut, P., Mewes, W., Klose, J., and Lottspeich, F. (1 988) Identification of mouse brain proteins after two-dimensional electrophoresis and electroblotting by microsequence analysis and amino acid composition analysis. Electrophoresis 9: 830-838. 20. Evans, D.G., Karjalainen, T.K., Evans, D.J.J., Graham, D.Y., and Lee, CH. (1993) Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a gene encoding an adhesin subunit protein of Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 175: 674-683. 21 . Evans, D.J.J., Evans, D.G., Kirkpatrick, S.S., and Graham, D.Y. (1991 ) Characterization of the Helicobacter pylori urease and purification of its subunits. Microb Pathog 10: 15-26. 22. Evans, D.J.J., Evans, D.G., Takemura, T., Nakano, H., Lampert, H.C, Graham, D.Y., Granger, D.N., and Kvietys, P.R. (1995) Characterization of a Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein. Infect Immun 63: 2213-2220. 23. Faulde, M., Cremer, J., and Zoller, L. (1993) Humoral immune response against Helicobacter pylori as determined by immunoblot. Electrophoresis 14: 945-951 . 24. Faulde, M., Schroder, J.P., and Sobe, D. (1992) Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections by detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies using an immunoblot technique and enzyme immunoassay. EurJ Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11 : 589-594. 25. Fernandez-Patron, C, Calero, M., Collazo, P.R., Garcia, J.R., Madrazo, J., Musacchio, A., Soriano, F., Estrada, R., Frank, R., Castellanos-Serra, L.R., and et al ( 1 995) Protein reverse staining: high-efficiency microanalysis of unmodified proteins detected on electrophoresis gels. Anal Biochem 224: 203- 21 1 . 26. Forman, D., Newell, D.G., Fullerton, F., Yarnell, J.W., Stacey, A.R., Wald, N., and Sitas, F. (1 991 ) Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ 302: 1 302- 1 305. 27. Frazier, B.A., Pfeifer, J.D., Russell, D.G., Falk, P., Olsen, A.N., Hammar, M., Westblom, T.U., and Normark, S.J. (1 993) Paracrystalline inclusions of a novel ferritin containing nonheme iron, produced by the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori: evidence for a third class of ferritins. J Bacteriol 175: 966-972. 28. Gerhard, M., Lehn, N., Neumayer, N., Boren, T., Rad, R., Schepp, W., Miehlke, S., Classen, M., and Prinz, C (1 999) Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood- group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 1 2778-1 2783. 29. Gilbert, J.V., Ramakrishna, J., Sunderman, F.W.J., Wright, A., and Plaut, A.G. (1 995) Protein Hpn: cloning and characterization of a histidine-rich metal-binding polypeptide in Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae. Infect Immun 63: 2682-2688. 30. Goddard, A., and Logan, R. (1 995) One-week low-dose triple therapy: new standards for Helicobacter pylori treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 7: 1 -3. 31 . Gomez-Duarte, O.G., Bumann, D., and Meyer, T.F. (1 999) The attenuated Salmonella vaccine approach for the control of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Vaccine 17: 1 667-1 673. 32. Gomez-Duarte, O .G., Lucas, B., Yan, Z.X., Panthel, K., Haas, R., and Meyer, T.F. (1 998) Protection of mice against gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori by single oral dose immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium producing urease subunits A and B. Vaccine 16: 460-471 . 33. Humphery-Smith, I., Cordwell, S.J., and Blackstock, W.P. (1997) Proteome research: complementarity and limitations with respect to the RNA and DNA worlds. Electrophoresis 18: 1 21 7-1 242. 34. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1994) Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monogr Eval Carciήog Risks Hum 61 : 1 -241 . 35. liver, D., Amqvist, A., Ogren, J., Frick, I.M., Kersulyte, D., Incecik, E.T., Berg, D.E., Covacci, A., Engstrand, L., and Boren, T. (1 998) Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science 279: 373-377. 36. Jiang, Q., Hiratsuka, K., and Taylor, D.E. (1 996) Variability of gene order in different Helicobacter pylori strains contributes to genome diversity. Mol Microbiol 20: 833-842. 37. Jungblut, P., Eckerskorn, C, Lottspeich, F., and Klose, J. (1990) Blotting efficiency investigated by using two- dimensional electrophoresis, hydrophobic membranes and proteins from different sources. Electrophoresis 1 1 : 581 -588. 38. Jungblut, P., Otto, A., Zeindl-Eberhart, E., Pleissner, K.P., Knecht, M., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Fleck, E., and Wittmann- Liebold, B. (1 994) Protein composition of the human heart: the construction of a myocardial two-dimensional electrophoresis database. Electrophoresis 15: 685-707. 39. Jungblut, P.R., Grabher, G., and Stδffler, G. (1 999a) Comprehensive detection of immunorelevant Borrelia garinii antigens by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 20: 361 1 -3622. 40. Jungblut, P. R., Schaible, U.E., Mollenkopf, H.J., Zimny-Arndt, U., Raupach, B., Mattow, J., Halada, P., Lamer, S., Hagens, K., and Kaufmann, S.H.E. (1 999b) Comparative proteome analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains: towards functional genomics of microbial pathogens. Mol Microbiol 33: 1 103-1 1 1 7. 41 . Jungblut, P.R., and Seifert, R. (1 990) Analysis by high- resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of differentiation- dependent alterations in cytosolic protein pattern of HL-60 leukemic cells. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 21 : 47-58. 42. Kimmel, B., Bosserhoff, A., Frank, R., Gross, R., Goebel, W., and Beier, D. (2000) Identification of Immunodominant Antigens from Helicobacter pylori and Evaluation of Their Reactivities with Sera from Patients with Different Gastroduodenal Pathologies. Infect Immun 68: 91 5-920. 43. Klaamas, K., Held, M., Wadstrom, T., Lipping, A., and Kurtenkov, O. (1 996) IgG immune response to Helicobacter pylori antigens in patients with gastric cancer as defined by ELISA and immunoblotting. Int J Cancer 67: 1 -5/ 44. Kleanthous, H., Lee, C.K., and Monath, T.P. (1 998) Vaccine development against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Br Med Bull 54: 229-241 . 45. Klose, J., and Kobalz, U. (1 995) Two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins: an updated protocol and implications for a functional analysis of the genome. Electrophoresis 16: 1034-1059. 46. Labenz, J., and Borsch, G. (1 995) Toward an optimal treatment of Helicobacter pylori-positive peptic ulcers. Am J Gastroenterol 90: 692-694. 47. Lage, A. P., Godfroid, E., Fauconnier, A., Burette, A., Butzler, J.P., Bollen, A., and Glupczynski, Y. (1 995) Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection by PCR: comparison with other invasive techniques and detection of cagA gene in gastric biopsy specimens. J Clin Microbiol 33: 2752-2756. 48. Lamarque, D., Gilbert, T., Roudot-Thoraval, F., Deforges, L., Chaumette, M.T., and Delchier, J.C (1 999) Seroprevalence of eight Helicobacter pylori antigens among 1 82 patients with peptic ulcer, MALT gastric lymphoma or non-ulcer dyspepsia. Higher rate of seroreactivity against CagA and 35-kDa antigens in patients with peptic ulcer originating from Europe and Africa. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1 1 : 721 -726. 49. Lee, A., O'Rourke, J., De Ungria, M.C, Robertson, B., Daskalopoulos, G., and Dixon, M.F. (1 997) A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection: introducing the Sydney strain. Gastroenterology 1 12: 1386-1397. 50. Mϋller, E.-C, Thiede, B., Zimny-Arndt, U., Scheler, C, Prehm, J ., Mϋller-Werdan, U., Wittmann-ϋebold, B., Otto, A., and Jungblut, P. (1 996) High-performance human myocardial two- dimensional electrophoresis database - edition 1 996. Electrophoresis 17: 1 700-1 71 2. 51 . Marchetti, M., Arico, B., Burroni, D., Figura, N., Rappuoli, R., and Ghiara, P. (1 995) Development of a mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection that mimics human disease. Science 267: 1 655-1658. 52. Marchetti, M., Rossi, M., Giannelli, V., Giuliani, M.M., Pizza, M., Censini, S., Co acci, A., Massari, P., Pagliaccia, C, Manetti, R., Telford, J.L., Douce, G., Dougan, G., Rappuoli, R., and Ghiara, P. (1 998) Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice by intragastric vaccination with H. pylori antigens is achieved using a non-toxic mutant of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) as adjuvant. Vaccine 16: 33-37. 53. Marshall, B.J., and Warren, J.R. (1 984) Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1 : 131 1 -1 31 5. 54. Mattsson, A., Quiding-Jarbrink, M., Lonroth, H., Hamlet, A., Ahlstedt, I., and Svennerholm, A. (1 998) Antibody-secreting cells in the stomachs of symptomatic and asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects. Infect Immun 66: 2705- 271 2. 55. McAtee, C.P., Fry, K.E., and Berg, D.E. (1 998a) Identification of potential diagnostic and vaccine candidates of Helicobacter pylori by "proteome" technologies. Helicobacter 3: 1 63-1 69. 56. McAtee, C.P., Lim, M.Y., Fung, K., Velligan, M., Fry, K., Chow, T., and Berg, D.E. (1 998b) Identification of potential diagnostic and vaccine candidates of Helicobacter pylori by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, sequence analysis, and serum profiling. C//t7 Diagn Lab Immunol 5: 537-542. 57. McAtee, C.P., Lim, M.Y., Fung, K., Velligan, M., Fry, K., Chow, T.P., and Berg, D.E. (1 998c) Characterization of a Helicobacter pylori vaccine candidate by proteome techniques. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 714: 325-333. 58. McGee, D.J.,and Mobley, H.L. (1 999) Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori infection: bacterial factors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 241 : 1 55-1 80. 59. Megraud, F. (1 997) How should Helicobacter pylori infection be diagnosed? Gastroenterology 1 13: S93-S98. 60. Michetti, P., Corthesy-Theulaz, I., Davin, C, Haas, R., Vaney, A.C, Heitz, M., Bille, J., Kraehenbuhl, J.P., Saraga, E., and Blum, A.L. (1 994) Immunization of BALB/c mice against Helicobacter felis infection with Helicobacter pylori urease. Gastroenterology 107: 1002-101 1 . 61 . Moayyedi, P., Sahay, P., Tompkins, D.S., and Axon, A.T. (1 995) Efficacy and optimum dose of omeprazole in a new 1 - week triple therapy regimen to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 7: 835-840. 62. Mollenkopf, H.J., Jungblut, P.R., Raupach, B., Mattow, J., Lamer, S., Zimny-Arndt, U., Schaible, U.E., and- Kaufmann, S.H. (1 999) A dynamic two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis database: the mycobacterial proteome via Internet. Electrophoresis 20: 21 72-21 80. 63. Nilsson, I., Ljungh, A., Aleljung, P., and Wadstrom, T. (1 997) Immunoblot assay for serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections. J Clin Microbiol 35: 427-432. 64. Nomura, A., Stemmermann, G.N., Chyou, P.H., Kato, I., Perez-Perez, G.I., and Blaser, M.J. (1 991 ) Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 325: 1 1 32-1 1 36. 65. Odenbreit, S., Till, M„ Hofreuter, D., Faller, G., and Haas, R. (1 999) Genetic and functional characterization of the alpAB gene locus essential for the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric tissue. Mol Microbiol 31 : 1 537-1 548. 66. Odenbreit, S., Wieland, B., and Haas, R. ( 1 996) Cloning and genetic characterization of Helicobacter pylori catalase and construction of a catalase-deficient mutant strain. J Bacteriol 178: 6960-6967. 67. Otto, A., Thiede, B., Mϋller, E.-C, Scheler, C, Wittmann- Liebold, B., and Jungblut P. (1 996) Identification of human myocardial proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis using an effective sample preparation for mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 17: 1 643-1 650. 68. Parsonnet, J., Friedman, G.D., Vandersteen, D.P., Chang, Y., Vogelman, J.H., Orentreich, N., and Sibley, R.K. (1 991 ) Heϋcobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med 325: 1 1 27-1 131 . 69. Radcliff, F.J., Hazell, S.L., Kolesnikow, T., Doidge, C, and Lee, A. (1 997) Catalase, a novel antigen for Helicobacter pylori vaccination. Infect Immun 65: 4668-4674. 70. Riley, M. (1 993) Functions of the gene products of Escherichia coli. Microbiol Rev 57: 862-952. 71 . Segal, E.D., Shon, J., and Tompkins, L.S. (1 992) Characterization of Helicobacter pylori urease mutants. Infect Immun 60: 1883-1889. 72. Shevchenko, A., Wilm, M., Vorm, O., and Mann, M. (1 996) Mass spectrometric sequencing of proteins silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. Anal Chem 68: 850-858. 73. Solnick, J.V., Josenhans, C, Suerbaum, S., Tompkins, L.S., and Labigne, A. (1995) Construction and characterization of an isogenic urease-negative mutant of Helicobacter mustelae. Infect Immun 63: 371 8-3721 . 74. Telford, J.L., Ghiara, P., Dell'Orco, M., Comanducci, M., Burroni, D., Bugnoli, Tecce, M.F., Censini, S., Covacci, A., and Xiang, Z. (1 994) Gene structure of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin and evidence of its key role in gastric disease. J Exp Med 179: 1653-1658. 75. Tomb, J.F., White, O., Kerlavage, A.R., Clayton, R.A., Sutton, G.G., Fleischmann, RD, Ketchum, K.A., Klenk, H.P., Gill, S., Dougherty, B.A., Nelson, K., Quackenbush, J., Zhou, L., Kirkness, E.F., Peterson, S., Loftus, B., Richardson, Dodson, R., Khalak, H.G., Glodek, A., McKenney, K., Fitzegerald, L.M., Lee, N., Adams> M.D., and Venter, J.C (1 997) The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388: 539-547. 76. Warren, J.R. (1 983) Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1 : 1 273-1 275. 77. Weel, J.F., van der Hulst, R.W., Gerrits, Y., Roorda, P., Feller, M., Dankert, J., Tytgat, G.N., and van der Ende, A. ( 1 996) The interrelationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin, and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. J Infect Dis 173: 1 1 71 -1 1 75. 78. Xiang, Z., Censini, S., Bayeli, P.F., Telford, J.L., Figura, N., Rappuoli, R., and Covacci, A. (1 995) Analysis of expression of CagA and VacA virulence factors in 43 strains of Helicobacter pylori reveals that clinical isolates can be divided into two major types and that CagA is not necessary for expression of the vacuolating cytotoxin. Infect Immun 63: 94- 98. 79. Zevering, Y., Jacob, L., and Meyer, T.F. (1 999) Naturally acquired human immune responses against Helicobacter pylori and implications for vaccine development. Gut 45: 465-474. 80. Megraud, F. 1 998. Epidemiology and mechanism of antibiotic resistance in helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 115: 1 278- 1 282. 81 . IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 1 994. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monogr Eva/ Carcinog Risks Hum 61 : 1 -241 . 82. Axon,A. and Forman, D. 1 997. Helicobacter gastroduodenitis - a serious infectious disease - antibiotic treatment may prevent deaths in the decades ahead. British Medical Journal 314: 1430-1431 . 83. Kabir,S. 1 999. The role of PCR in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 10: 1 97-21 2. 84. Jungblut,P.R., Bumann, D., Haas,G ., Zimny-Arndt,U., Holland, P., Lamer,S., Siejak,F., Aebischer,A., and Meyer, T.F. 2000. Comparative proteome analysis of helicobacter pylori [In Process Citation]. Mol Microbiol 36: 710-725. 85. Tomb,J .F., White,O., Kerlavage,A.R., Clayton, R. A., Sutton,G.G., Fleischmann, RD, Ketchum,K.A., Klenk,H.P., Gill,S. et al. 1 997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388: 539-547. 86. Nilsson, T., Utt,M„ Nilsson, H.O., Ljungh,A., and Wadstrom,T. 2000. Two-dimensional electrophoretic and immunoblot analysis of cell surface proteins of spiral-shaped and coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori. Electrophoresis 21 (13): 2670- 2677. 87. Enroth,H., Akerlund,T., Sillen,A., and Engstrand,L. 2000. Clustering of clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7(2): 301 - + . 88. O'Connor,CD., Farris,M., Fowler,R., and Qi,SN. 1 997. The proteome of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium: current progress on its determination and some applications. Electrophoresis 18: 1483-1490. 89. Tonella,L., Walsh, B.J., Sanchez,J.C, Ou,K., Wilkins,M.R., Tyler,M., Frutiger,S., Gooley,A.A., Pescaru,!., Appel,R.D. et al. 1 998. '98 Escherichia coli SWISS-2DPAGE database update. Electrophoresis 19: 1 960-1 971 . 90. Widmer, M., de Korwin, J.D., Aucher,P., Thiberge, J.M., Suerbaum,S., Labigne, A., and Fauchere,J.L. 1 999. Performance of native and recombinant antigens for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 18(11): 823-826. 91 . Johansen, H.K., Νorgaard,A., Andersen, L. P., Jensen, P., Nielsen, H., and Hoiby,N. 1 995. Cross-reactive antigens shared by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, and Haemophilus influenzae may cause false-positive titers of antibody to H. pylori. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2: 149-1 55. 92. Nishizono,A., Gotoh,T., Fujioka,T., Murakami, K., Kubota,T., Nasu,M., Watanabe,M., and Mifune,K. 1 998. Serological assessment of the early response to eradication therapy using an immunodominant outer membrane protein of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5: 856-861 . 93. van Zanten,S.J.O.V. and Lee,A. 1 999. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in duodenal and gastric ulcer [ R e v i e w ] . GA S TR OD UODENA L DISEA SE A ND HELICOBACTER PYLORI : PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREA TMENT 241 : 47-56. 94. Satin, B., Del Giudice,G., Delia, B., V, Dusi,S., Laudanna,C, Tonello,F., Kelleher,D., Rappuoli, R., Montecucco,C, and Rossi, F. 2000. The neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) of Helicobacter pylori is a protective antigen and a major virulence factor. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 191 : 1467-1476. 95. Kuipers,E.J., Israel, D. A., Kusters, J.G., Gerrits,M.M., Weel,J., van Der,E., van Der,H., Wirth,H.P., Hook-Nikanne,J., Thompson, S. A. et al. 2000. Quasispecies development of Helicobacter pylori observed in paired isolates obtained years apart from the same host. J Infect Dis 181 : 273-282. 96. Yamaoka,Y. and Graham, D.Y. 1 999. CagA status and gastric cancer unreliable serological tests produce unreliable data [letter; comment]. Gastroenterology 1 17: 745. 97. Lee,CK., Weltzin,R., Thomas,W.D.J., Kleanthous,H., Ermak,T.H., Soman,G., Hill,J.E., Ackerman,S.K., and Monath,T.P. 1995. Oral immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease induces secretory IgA antibodies and protects mice from challenge with Helicobacter felis. J Infect Dis 172: 1 61 -172. 98. Corthesy-Theulaz, I.E., Hopkins, S., Bachmann,D., Saldinger,P.F., Porta,N., Haas,R., Zheng-Xin,Y., Meyer,T., Bouzourene,H., Blum, A. L. et al. 1998. Mice are protected from Helicobacter pylori infection by nasal immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium phoPc expressing urease A and B subunits. Infect Immun 66: 581-586. 99. Dubois,A., Lee,CK., Fiala,N., Kleanthous,H., Mehlman,P.T., and Monath,T. 1998. Immunization against natural Helicobacter pylori infection in nonhuman primates. Infect Immun 66: 4340-4346. 100. DiPetriIIo,M.D., Tibbetts,T., Kleanthous,H., Killeen,K.P., and Hohmann,E.L. 1999. Safety and immunogenicity of phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi expressing Helicobacter pylori urease in adult volunteers. Vaccine 18: 449-459. 101. Ferrero, R.L., Thiberge, J.M., Kansau,!., Wuscher,N., Huerre,M., and Labigne, A. 1995. The groes homolog of helicobacter pylori confers protective immunity against mucosal infection in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 6499-6503. 102. Alm,R.A., Bina,J., Andrews, B.M., Doig,P., Hancock,R.E., and Trust,T.J. (2000) Comparative genomics of Helicobacter pylori: analysis of the outer membrane protein families Infect.lmmun.68: 4155-4168. 03. Benz,R., Bauer,K. ( 1 988) Permeation of hydrophilic molecules through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Review on bacterial porins Eur.J.Biochem. 176: 1 -1 9. 04. Bina,J.E., Alm,R.A., Uria-Nickelsen,M., Thomas, S.R., Trust,T.J., and Hancock,R.E. (2000) Helicobacter pylori uptake and efflux: basis for intrinsic susceptibility to antibiotics in vitro Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 248- 254. 1 05. Bradbume,J.A., Godfrey, P., Choi,J.H., and Mathis,J.N. (1 993) In vivo labeling of Escherichia coli cell envelope proteins with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of biotin Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 663-668. 1 06. Cao, P., McClain,M.S., Forsyth,M.H., and Cover,T.L. (1 998) Extracellular release of antigenic proteins by Helicobacter pylori Infect.lmmun. 66: 2984-2986. 1 07. Doig,P., Trust,T.J. (1 994) Identification of surface-exposed outer membrane antigens of Helicobacter pylori Infect.lmmun. 62: 4526-4533. 1 08. Dunn,B.E., Phadnis, S.H. (1 998) Structure, function and localization of Helicobacter pylori urease Yale J Biol. Med 71 : 63-73. 109. Eaton, K. A., Morgan, D.R., and Krakowka,S. ( 1 989) Campylobacter pylori virulence factors in gnotobiotic piglets Infect.lmmun. 57: 1 1 1 9-1 1 25. 110. Exner,M.M., Doig,P., Trust,T.J., and Hancock,R.E. (1995) Isolation and characterization of a family of porin proteins from Helicobacter pylori Infect.lmmun.63: 1567-1572. 111. Hara,H., Yamamoto,Y., Higashitani,A., Suzuki, H., and Nishimura,Y. (1991) Cloning, mapping, and characterization of the Escherichia coli pre gene, which is involved in C- terminal processing of penicillin-binding protein 3 J. Bacteriol. 173: 4799-4813. 112. Huang, S., Xue,Y., Sauer-Eriksson,E., Chirica,L., Lindskog,S., and Jonsson,B.H. (1998) Crystal structure of carbonic anhydrase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its complex with the inhibitor acetazolamide J. Mol. Biol.283: 301-310. 113. Jones, A. C, Logan, R. P., Foynes,S., Cockayne,A., Wren,B.W., and Penn,CW. (1997) A flageilar sheath protein of Helicobacter pylori is identical to HpaA, a putative N- acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin, but is not an adhesin for AGS cells J. Bacteriol. 179: 5643-5647. 114. KervelIa,M., Pages, J.M., Pei,Z., Grollier,G., Blaser,M.J., and Fauchere,J.L. (1993) Isolation and characterization of two Campylobacter glycine-extracted proteins that bind to HeLa cell membranes Infect.lmmun.61: 3440-3448. 115. Mineyama,R., Mikami,K., and Saito,K. (1995) Partial purification and some properties of gamma-glutamyl peptide- hydrolysing enzyme from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Microbios 82: 7-19. 116. Mitchell, S.J., Minnick,M.F. (1997) A carboxy-terminal processing protease gene is located immediately upstream of the invasion-associated locus from Bartonella bacilliformis Microbiology 143: 1 221 -1 233. 1 7. Murphy,G.L., Whitworth,L.C (1 993) Analysis of tandem, multiple genes encoding 30-kDa membrane proteins in Pasteurella haemolytica A1 Gene 129: 1 07-1 1 1 . 1 8. Nakayama,R., Kumagai, H., and Tochikura, T. ( 1 984) gamma- Glutamyltranspeptidase from Proteus mirabilis: localization and activation by phospholipids J. Bacteriol. 160: 1031 -1 036. 1 9. Namavar,F., Sparrius,M., Veerman,E.C, Appelmelk,B.J., and Vandenbroucke-Grauls,CM. (1 998) Neutrophil-activating protein mediates adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to sulfated carbohydrates on high-molecular-weight salivary mucin Infect.lmmun. 66: 444-447. 20. Nilsson, C.L., Larsson,T., Gustafsson,E., Karlsson,K.A., and Davidsson,P. (2000) Identification of protein vaccine candidates from Helicobacter pylori using a preparative two- dimensional electrophoretic procedure and mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 72: 2148-2153. 21 . ParkhilU., Wren,B.W., Mungall,K., Ketley, J.M., Churcher,C, Basham,D., Chillingworth,T., Davies,R.M., Feltwell,T., Holroyd,S., Jagels,K., Karlyshev,A.V., Moule,S., Pallen,M.J., Penn,CW., Quail, M. A., Rajandream,M.A., Rutherford, K.M., van Vliet,A.H., Whitehead,S., and Barrell,B.G. (2000) The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences Nature 403: 665-668. 22. Peck,B., Ortkamp,M., Diehl,K.D., Hundt,E., and Knapp,B. (1 999) Conservation, localization and expression of HopZ, a protein involved in adhesion of Helicobacter pylori Nucleic Acids Res. 27: 3325-3333. 23. Pei,Z.H., Ellison, R.T., III, and Blaser,M.J. (1 991 ) Identification, purification, and characterization of major antigenic proteins of Campylobacter jejuni J. Biol. Chem. 266: 1 6363-1 6369. 24. Phadnis,S.H., Parlow,M.H., Levy,M., llver,D., Caulkins,CM., Connors, J.B., and Dunn,B.E. (1 996) Surface localization of Helicobacter pylori urease and a heat shock protein homolog requires bacterial autolysis Infect.lmmun. 64: 905-91 2. 25. Skorko-Glonek,J., Lipinska,B., Krzewski,K., Zolese,G., Bertoli,E., and Tanfani,F. (1997) HtrA heat shock protease interacts with phospholipid membranes and undergoes conformational changes J. Biol. Chem. 272: 8974-8982. 26. Staudenmaier,H., Van Hove,B., Yaraghi,Z., and Braun,V. (1989) Nucleotide sequences of the fecBCDE genes and locations of the proteins suggest a periplasmic-binding- protein-dependent transport mechanism for iron(Ill) dicitrate in Escherichia coli J. Bacteriol. 171 : 2626-2633. 27. Suzuki, H., Kumagai, H., and Tochikura, T. (1 986) gamma- Glutamyltranspeptidase from Escherichia coli K-1 2: formation and localization J. Bacteriol. 168: 1332-1 335. 28. Zevering,Y., Jacob, L., and Meyer,T.F. (1999) Naturally acquired human immune responses against Helicobacter pylori and implications for vaccine development Gut 45: 465-474. Table 1 : Systematic assignment of the proteins identified from H. pylori 26695 Proteins oi Helicobacter pylori 26625 were separated by 2-DE. The protein spots were identified by PMF using MALDI-mass spectrometry. The proteins were grouped according to the protein classification described in Tomb et. al. (Nature 388:539-547, 1997), which is deduced from the Echerichia coli gene classification of Riley (Microbiol. Rev. 57, 862-952, 1993). The number in brackets after each category refer to the total number of genes in this category. The classification, protein names and numbers were taken from TIGR database (Nov 24 th 1999) (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/). Spot No NCBI Protein name TIGR Short name ORF AccNo A Amino acid biosynthesis (44) A 1. Aromatic amino acid family (14) A 2. Aspartate family (14) B185 2313754 Tetrahydrodipicolinate N- DapD HP0626 succinyltransferase A 3. Glutamate family (3) A431 2494748 Glutamine synthetase GlnA HP0512 A 4. Pyruvate family (3) B192 3024012 Branched-chain-amino-acid NvE HP1468 aminotransferase A 5. Serine family (9) D3 • 2313177 Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase HP0096 A 6. Other (1 ) B377 2313818 Hydantoin utilization protein A HyuA HP0695 B Purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and nucleotides (38) B 1. 2'-Deoxyribonucleotide metabolism (5) C1 86 3024765 Thioredoxin reductase TrxB HP0825 B 2. Purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis (12) F50 2498068 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase Ndk HP0198 C89 2497478 Adenylate kinase Adk HP061 8 B488 2497358 lnosine-5'-monophosphate GuaB HP0829 dehydrogenase B 3. Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis (11) B 4. Salvage of nucleosides and nucleotides (5) B403 23131 87 2M3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'- CpdB HP0104 phosphodiesterase B 5. Sugar-nucleotide biosynthesis and conversions (4) B 6. Other (1 ) C Fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism (26) C 1. Biosynthesis (24) D69 2313282 Enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) Fabl HP0195 reductase (NADH) D295 2313678 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein FabG HP0561 reductase B224 2313814 Acetyl coenzyme A FadA HP0690 acetyltransferase (thiolase) D96 2314546 3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-(acyl FabZ HP1376 carrier protein) dehydratase C 2. Degradation (2) D Biosynthesis of cofactors, prosthetic groups, and carriers (62) D 1. Biotin (7) D 2. Folic acid (7) D 3. Heme and porphyrin, and cobalamin (10) D 4. Menaquinone and ubiquinone (3) D 5. Molybdopterin (12) D 6. Pantothenate (4) D 7. Pyridoxine (2) D314 2314765 Pyridoxai phosphate biosynthetic PdxJ HP1 582 protein J D 8. Riboflavin, FMN. and FAD (6) D 9. Glutathione (1 ) B321 2314270 Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase Ggt HP1 1 18 D 10. Thiamine (4) D 11. Pyridine nucleotides (3) D 12. Other (3) E Central intermediary metabolism (34) E 1. Amino sugars (1 ) E 2. Phosphorus compounds (3) C195 2500043 Inorganic pyrophosphatase Ppa HP0620 E 3. Polyamine biosynthesis (3) E 4. Other (27) C55 2507528 Urease accessory protein UreG HP0068 D84 2507527 Urease accessory protein UreF HP0069 D21 5 2507525 Urease accessory protein UreE HP0070 A343 137076 Urease beta subunit (urea UreB HP0072 amidohydrolase) A325 137076 Urease beta subunit (urea UreB HP0072 amidohydrolase) A323 137076 Urease beta subunit (urea UreB HP0072 amidohydrolase) D322 137069 Urease, alpha subunit UreA HP0073 D318 137069 Urease, alpha subunit UreA HP0073 D316 137069 Urease, alpha subunit UreA H POO 73 D323 137069 Urease, alpha subunit UreA HP0073 D326 130769 Urease, alpha subunit UreA HP0073 C109 2314035 Hydrogenase HypB HP0900 expression/formation protein D200 2314346 Carbonic anhydrase HP1 186 F Energy metabolism (108) F 1. Aerobic (15) F 2. Amino acids and amines (8) B51 1 2313392 Aliphatic amidase AimE HP0294 F 3. Anaerobic (11 ) B17 2494617 Fumarate reductase, flavoprotein FrdA HP0192 subunit B516 2313707 Ferredoxin oxidoreductase, alpha HP0589 subunit D287 2314259 Pyruvate ferredoxin HP1 108 oxidoreductase, gamma subunit D188 2314262 Pyruvate ferredoxin HP1 1 1 1 oxidoreductase, beta subunit 2565251 F 4. ATP-proton motive force interconversion (9) A209 21971 29 ATP synthase F1 , subunit beta AtpD HP1 132 B465 2493030 ATP synthase F1 , subunit gamma AtpG HP 133 F 5. Electron transport (29) E41 3024719 Thioredoxin TrxA HP0824 E59 3024719 Thioredoxin TrxA HP0824 E29 3024719 Thioredoxin TrxA HP0824 D230 2314091 Oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H - HP0954 nitroreductase E62 2314319 Flavodoxin FldA HP1 161 E60 2314319 Flavodoxin FldA HP1 161 B480 2314321 Thioredoxin reductase TrxB HP1 164 F34 2314636 Thioredoxin - HP1458 D236 2314722 Ubiquinol cytochrome c FbcF HP1 540 oxidoreductase, Rieske 2Fe-2S subunit F 6. Entπer-Doudoroff (2) F 7. Fermentation (6) C155 2492992 3-oxoadipate coA-transferase YxjD HP0691 subunit A C1 10 2492996 3-oxoadipate coA-transferase YxjE HP0692 subunit B F 8. Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (14) A487 2506387 Enolase Eno HP01 54 D7 2492813 Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase Tsr HP0176 F 9. Pentose phosphate pathway (5) F 10. Sugars (2) B173 2313462 UDP-glucose 4-epimerase HP0360 F 11. TCA cycle (5) B483 249371 1 Citrate synthase Git A HP0026 B492 2497255 Isocitrate dehydrogenase led HP0027 B499 2497255 Isocitrate dehydrogenase led HP0027 B210 2497255 Isocitrate dehydrogenase led HP0027 B2 3023247 Aconitase B AcnB HP0779 B505 2314492 Fumarase FumC HP1325 F 12. Other (2) G Transport and binding proteins (1 19) G 1. Amino acids, peptides and amines (29) D174 2313399 Dipeptide ABC transporter, ATP- DppD HP0301 binding protein G 2. Anions (5) G 3. Carbohydrates, organic alcohols, and acids (6) G 4. Cations (24) D221 2314745 Iron(lll) ABC transporter, CeuE HP1561 periplasmic iron-binding protein D313 2314746 Iron(lll) ABC transporter, CeuE HP1562 periplasmic iron-binding protein G 5. Nucleosides, purines and pyrimidines (2) G 6. Other (15) G 7. Unknown substrate (38) H DNA metabolism (105) H 1. DNA replication, recombination, and repair (54) H 2. Restriction/modification (48) H 3. Degradation of DNA (2) H 4. Chromosome-associated proteins (1 ) D180 2314294 . Plasmid replication-partition HP1 138 related protein I Transcription (10) 1 1. Degradation of RNA (1 ) I 2. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (2) A461 2500600 DNA-directed RNA polymerase, RpoA HP1293 alpha subunit I 3. Transcription factors (4) C69 2494920 Transcription elongation factor GreA HP0866 GreA D93 2499340 Transcription termination factor NusG HP1203 NusG I 4. RNA processing (3) J Protein synthesis (99) J 1. tRNA aminoacylation (26) J 2. Nucleoproteins (1 ) J 3. Ribosomal proteins: synthesis and modification (54) B57 2500384 Ribosomal protein S1 Rps1 HP0399 F68 2500245 Ribosomal protein L9 Rpl9 HP0514 E35 2500212 Ribosomal protein L7/L12 Rpl7/I12 HP1 199 E27 2500212 Ribosomal protein L7/L12 Rpl7/I12 HP1 199 D329 2500400 Ribosomal protein S4 Rps4 HP1294 F55 2500432 Ribosomal protein S10 Rps10 HP1320 B147 2500388 Ribosomal protein S2 Rps2 HP1554 J 4. tRNA and rRNA base modification (5) J 5. Translation factors (1 1 ) C1 15 2494272 Translation elongation factor Efp HP0177 EF-P A271 2494251 Translation elongation factor FusA HP1 195 EF-G A477 2494256 Translation elongation factor TufB HP1205 EF-Tu A478 2494256 Translation elongation factor TufB HP1 205 EF-Tu A476 2494256 Translation elongation factor TufB HP1205 EF-Tu D86 3024576 Ribosome releasing factor Frr HP1256 B1 19 2494278 Translation elongation factor Tsf HP1 555 EF-Ts A501 2494278 Translation elongation factor Tsf HP1 555 EF-Ts J 6. Other (2) F65 2313961 ss-DNA binding protein 12RNP2 HP0827 precursor K Protein fate (44) K 1. Protein modification and repair (3) K 2. Protein folding and stabilization (9) A390 2506272 Chaperone and heat shock protein GroEL HP0010 A194 2506272 Chaperone and heat shock protein GroEL HP0010 F16 2506278 Co-chaperone GroES HP001 1 F6 2506278 Co-chaperone GroES HP001 1 F9 2506278 Co-chaperone GroES HP001 1 A359 2495351 Chaperone and heat shock protein DnaK HP0109 70 A360 2495351 Chaperone and heat shock protein DnaK HP0109 70 A331 2495363 Chaperone and heat shock protein HtpG HP0210 C62.5 D167 2314166 Co-chaperone-curved DNA binding CbpA HP1024 protein A F36 2314613 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans Ppi HP1441 isomerase B, cyclosporin-type rotamase K 3. Protein and peptide secretion and trafficking (13) B320 2500881 Signal recognition particle Ffh HP1 152 protein K 4. Degradation of proteins, peptides, and glycopeptides (19) F40 2495234 Protein kinase C inhibitor HP0404 (SP:P16436) B537 3182910 Aminopeptidase a/i PepA HP0570 B455 2313782 Processing protease YmxG HP0657 C84 2493736 ATP-dependent dp protease ClpP HP0794 proteolytic component B210 23141 55 Protease PqqE HP1012 B429 2314163 Serine protease HtrA HP1019 B427 2314163 Serine protease HtrA HP1019 B303 2314520 Protease HP1350 L Regulatory functions (37) L 1. Other (37) B503 2313314 Peptide methionine MsrA HP0224 D265 2313506 Penicillin tolerance protein LytB HP0400 D257 3913690 Ferric uptake regulation protein Fur HP1027 Cell envelope (105) 1. Lipoproteins (3) M 2. Surface structures (1 ) D132 2313516 Putative neuraminyllactose- HpaA HP0410 binding hemagglutinin homolog D121 2313516 Putative neuraminyllactose- HpaA HP0410 binding hemagglutinin homolog D345 2313516 Putative neuraminyllactose- HpaA HP0410 binding hemagglutinin homolog 3. Biosynthesis of murein sacculus and peptidoglycan (20) WI 4. Biosynthesis and degradation of surface polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (34) B297 2313283 UDP-3-0-(3-hydroxymyristoyl) LpxD HP0196 glucosamine N-acyltransferase B246 2313467 Spore coat polysaccharide - HP0366 biosynthesis protein C WI 5. Other (47) D249 2499779 Cell binding factor 2 HP0175 D202 2314748 Outer membrane protein HP1564 D326 2314748 Outer membrane protein HP1564 N Cellular processes (161 ) N 1. Cell division (21) N 2. Chemotaxis and motility (73) N 3. Detoxification (6) E54 2506370 Neutrophil activating protein NapA HP0243 (bacterioferriti) C134 2313490 Superoxide dismutase SodB HP0389 C197 2313490 Superoxide dismutase SodB HP0389 B439 1561776 Catalase - HP0875 B437 2493545 Catalase - HP0875 D341 2507172 Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase TsaA HP1563 C86 2507172 Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase TsaA HP1563 N 4. Transformation (5) N 5. Toxin production and resistance (8) D97 2313748 Modulator of drug activity Mda66 HP0630 B251 2499106 Vacuolating cytotoxin VacA HP0887 N 6. Pathogenesis (36) B318 2313643 Cag pathogenicity island protein Cag8 HP0528 B466 2313652 Cag pathogenicity island protein Cag16 HP0537 B126 2498230 Cag pathogenicity island protein Cag26 HP0547 N 7. Adaptions to atypical conditions (9) D329 250031 1 General stress protein Ctc HP1496 N 8. Other (3) A424 231371 6 Hemolysin secretion protein HylB HP0599 precursor A426 2313716 Hemolysin secretion protein HylB HP0599 precursor O Other categories (20) O 1. Plasmid-related functions (3) 0 2. Transposon-related functions (17) P Unknown (23) P 1. General (23) D281 2313491 Adhesin-thiol peroxidase TagD HP0390 A349 3123132 GTP-binding protein, fusA- YihK HP0480 homolog D277 2313595 Catalase-like protein HP0485 D293 231 3595 Catalase-like protein - HP0485 B35 2314257 Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase Cad HP1 104 ELI3-2 B74 2314358 Aldo-keto reductase, putative - HP1 193 Q Hypothetical (289) Q 1. Conserved (289) D51 2313188 Conserved hypothetical protein HP0105 B263 2501 535 Conserved hypothetical ATP- HP0269 binding protein D31 8 2313418 Conserved hypothetical HP0318 F90 2313863 Conserved hypothetical protein HP0741 D246 2499779 Conserved hypothetical protein HP1075 D262 2314247 Conserved hypothetical secreted HP1098 protein F21 2314405 Conserved hypothetical protein HP1242 D327 2314453 Conserved hypothetical protein HP1285 D142 2314454 Conserved hypothetical secreted HP1286 protein B250 3122972 Conserved hypothetical protein HP1335 B357 2829454 Conserved hypothetical ATP- HP1430 binding protein Q 2. Hypothetical proteins A15 2313260 Hypothetica protein HP0170 D226 2313333 Hypothetica protein HP0231 D323 2313333 Hypothetica protein HP0231 F3 2313371 Hypothetica protein HP0268 B278 2313728 Hypothetica protein HP0605 B261 2313789 Hypothetica protein HP0659 E43 2313821 Hypothetica protein HP0697 C194 2313821 Hypothetica protein HP0697 C84 2313821 Hypothetica protein HP0697 D239 + 2313852 Hypothetica protein HP0721 D247 D348 2313852 Hypothetica protein HP0721 B473 2313904 Hypothetica protein HP0773 F22 2314040 Hypothetica protein HP0902 D256 2313338 Hypothetica protein HP1173 D195 2314632 Hypothetica protein HP1454 B104 231471 5 Hypothetica protein HP1527 Table 2: Comparison of 10 assigned spots in strains 26695 and J99. Spots with a comparable intensity at the same position or with a horizontal shift of up to 2 cm were assigned to the same protein. The pi given in the table was calculated from the sequence of the TIGR gene sequence database with the help of the pi calculation program of Expasy. The theoretical pi values and the resulting predicted pH shift were compared with those found on the 2-DE patterns. 1563 5.88 jh l471 5.98 Alkyl A->T; T->S; J99- J99- hydroperoxide Q->H >right >right reductase TsaA *Detected in this study as antigen Table 3: The 20 most abundant protein species of the 2-DE pattern of H. pylori 26695. The intensity was determined by adding the optical densities of all of the pixels within each spot. Mr and pi were estimated from the 2-DE position. The spots were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting MALDI mass spectrometry. Protein names in brackets represent proteins in series where the main spot was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Table 4: Known virulence factors identified on the 2-DE pattern of H. pylori 26695. Table 5: Spots varying in intensity dependent on the pH of the medium. H. pylori 26695 was cultivated for 5 days on agarose plates adjusted to pH values between 5 and 8. Three cultures per pH value and spot No. were analysed by 2-DE and evaluated by the software program Topspot. Spot intensity was normalised on 10 spots with predicted identical intensity. Mean values for 5 spots evaluated as clearly different were calculated and are presented together with their coefficients of variability. OD, optical density. Spot No. Mean value of intensity Coefficient of variability Identity Open (sum of pixel OD) (%) reading frame pH5 pH6 pH pH8 pH5 pH6 pH7 pH8 1 397.5 631.5 777.3 832.7 28.1 6.6 5.8 21.0 Serine Hpl019 protease B429 HtrA 2 24.5 123.9 138.9 - - 49.6 31.8 Nacuolati Hp0887 ng toxin B231 NacA 3 53.2 214.1 216.4 - 53.7 19.7 15.8 Nacuolati Hp0887 ng toxin B240 - NacA 4 73.6 294.1 275.9 - 8.5 14.6 18.0 Nacuolati Hp0887 ng toxin B251 NacA 5 40.5 109.1 242.3 217.3 35.4 19.7 11.8 31.0 Nacuolati Hp0887 ng toxin B258 NacA Table 6: Identified antigens of H. pylori 26695 detected by immunoblotting with human sera. After protein separation by 2-DE the resulting protein pattern was blotted onto PVDF. The antigens immobilized on the membrane reacted with antibodies of sera from an adenocarcinoma patient (Mpi44) and from an ulcus ventriculi patient (Mpi54). The serum of a patient with clearly no H. pylori history (Mpi40) was analyzed to detect potential unspecific immune reactions, x, positive reaction; -, no reaction. Table 7: Proteins preferentially recognized in H. pylori positive patients. H. pylori 26695 was separated by a small gel 2-DE technique (7 x 8 cm) (Jungblut and Seifert, 1990) and blotted onto PNDF membranes (Jungblut et al., 1990, Electrophoresis). Sera of 24 patients with positive H.pylori diagnosis were compared with 12 sera of patients with negative H. pylori diagnosis concerning their immunoreactivity with antigens separated on the 2-DE blots. The spots of the small gels were assigned to spots of the large gels published in the 2-DPAGE database and by Jungblut et al, 2000, Mol.Microbiol). (serie) describes that the protein was assigned to an identified main spot within the same spot serie. no id., the protein was not identified until now. 2-DPAGE No ORF Identity D226 HP 0231 Predicted coding region E44 HP 1199 50 rib. ProteinL7/l12 A177 HP 0010 GroEL (Serie) A194 HP 0010 δOkDchaperoniπ GroEL D276 no id. no id. A390 HP 0010 60kDchaperonin GroEL E35 HP 1199 50s rib. ProteinL7/L12 A388 HP 0010 ΘOkDchaperonin GroEL A343 HP 0072 Urease B-unit A209 HP 1132 F1 F0-ATPase B-subunit A477 HP 1205 transl.elong.fact. EF-Tu A308 no id. no id. B126 HP 0547 cag Protein 26 E27 HP 1199 50s rib. Protein I7/L12 A464 no id. no id. A307 no id. no id. A461 HP 1293 DNA-directed RNA polymerase A A396 no id. no id. A97 no id. no id. A411 no id. no id. E49 no id. no id. A192 HP 0010 60kDchaperonin GroEL (Serie) E53 no id. no id. B126 HP 0547 cag Protein 26 B126 HP 0547 cag Protein 26 B126 HP 0547 cag Protein 26 B126 HP 0547 cag Protein 26 B19 HP 0192 Fumarate reductase f. subunit A325 HP 0072 Urease B-unit A119 HP 0010 GroEL (Serie) A190 no id. no id. A323 HP 0072 Urease B-unit A424 HP 0599 hemolysin secr.protein precursor B3 no id. no id. A107 no id. no id. D322 HP 0073 Urease A-subunit D132 HP 0410 HpaA B488 HP 0829 lnosine-5'-Monophosphatase deh, D173 no id. no id. D265 HP 0400 Penicillin tolerance protein LytB D202 HP 1564 Outer membrane protein D314 HP 1582 Pyridoxai phosphatase b.prot. J.. D318 HP 0318 Conserved hypothetical protein D321 HP 0073 Urease A-subunit B429 HP 1019 Serine protease HtrA B437 HP 0875 catalase B439 HP 0875 catalase B443 no id. no id. B303 HP 1350 protease B320 HP 1152 Signal recognition particle protein cag 16 D259 no id. no id. D261 no id. no id. D165 no id. no id. Table 7 F82 no id. no id. D299 no id. no id. A359 HP 0109 DNAK protein E35 HP1199 50s rib.Protein (Serie) B17 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit (Serie) B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase(Serie) B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase(Serie) D262 HP 1098 conserved h.secreted protein B492 HP 0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase D327 HP 1285 Conserved hypothetical protein Table 8: H. pylori proteins with statistically significant specifity for antigenicity against human sera. Η. pylori 26695 was separated by a small gel 2-DE technique (7 x 8 cm) (Jungblut and Seifert, 1990) and blotted onto PNDF membranes (Jungblut et al., 1990, Electrophoresis). Sera of 24 patients with positive H.pylori diagnosis were compared with 12 sera of patients with negative H. pylori diagnosis concerning their immunoreactivity with antigens separated on the 2-DE blots. The spots of the small gels were assigned to spots of the large gels published in the 2-DPAGE database and by Jungblut et al, 2000, Mol.MicrobioL). (serie) describes that the protein was assigned to an identified main spot within the same spot serie. no id., the protein was not identified until now. 2-DPAGE No ORF Identity D226 Ηp 0231 Predicted coding region E44 HP1199 50Sribosomal protein L7/L12 A177 HPOOIO GroEL (Serie) D276 n.id. n.id. A390 HPOOIO GroEL E35 HP1199 50Sribosomal protein L7/L12 A388 HPOOIO GroEL (Serie) A29 HP1293 DNA-directed RNA polymerase A(Serie) , B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2(Citrate hydrolisase z) B126 HP0547 Cag26 E27 HP1199 50Sribosomal protein L7/L12 C84 HP0794 ATP-Dependent Clp Protease Proteolytic subunit(X) A396 n.id. n.id. E35 HP1199 50s rib.Protein (Serie) A97 n.id. n.id. A192 HPOOIO GroEL (Serie) E53 n.id. n.id. B126 HP0547 Cag26 B126 HP0547 Cag26 B126 HP0547 Cag26 B19 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit A119 HPOOIO GroEL (Serie) B17 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit(Serie) A190 n.id. n.id. A424 HP0599 hemolysin secretion protein precursor A107 n.id. n.id. B511 HP0294 Aliphatic amidase (aimE) B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase(Serie) B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase(Serie) D121 HP0410 Putative neuroaminyl-lactose-bindung hemagglutinin homolog(xx) Table 8 B492 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase B35 HP1104 Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase ELI3-2 B429 HP1019 Serine protease HtrA B437 HP0875 catalase D249 HP0175 Hypothetical protein precursor(Serie) B320 HP1152 Signal recognition particle protein Ffh B465 HP1133 ATPSyntase Gamma chain B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase(Serie) B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase(Serie) Table 9: Proteins of H. pylori significantly reacting with antibodies of sera from carcinoma patients, ORF, open reading frame; (serie) describes that the protein was assigned to an identified main spot within the same spot serie. 2-DPAGE No ORF Identity D132 HP0410 Putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding hemagglutinin homolog (hpaA) E29 HP0824 Thioredoxin B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2 (Citrate hydro-Lysase-2) B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2 (Citrate hydro-Lysase-2) A461 HP 1293 DNA-directed RNA polymerase a-chain RNA Polymerase A-chain [Serie] A177 HPOOIO GroEL [Serie] A271 HP1195 Elongation factor G (EF-G) B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2 (Citrate hydro-Lysase-2) C197 HP0389 Superoxidase dismutase 8sod B9 [Serie] B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2 (Citrate hydro-Lysase-2) B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2 (Citrate hydro-Lysase-2) B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2 (Citrate hydro-Lysase-2) B377 HP0695 Hydantoin utilization protein A (HyuA) [Serie] B377 HP0695 Hydantoin utilization protein A QHyuA) [Serie] B377 HP0695 Hydantoin utilization protein A (HyuA) [Serie] B492 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase B210 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase F40 HP0404 Hypothetical hit-like protein ' D132 HP0410 Putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding hemagglutinin homolog (hpaA) D202 HP 1564 Outer membrane protein [Serie] D314 HP1582 Pyridoxai phosphate biosynthetic protein J (Pdxy) D262 HP1098 Coserved hypothetical secreted protein D313 HP 1562 Iron (III) ABC transporter, periplasmatic iron-binding protein (ceu) [Serie] D313 HP 1562 Iron (III) ABC transporter, periplasmatic iron-binding protein (ceu) [Serie] D200 HP1186 Carbonic anhydrase [Serie] EF68 HP0514 50s ribosomal protein L9 B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (Serie) B499 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (Serie) Table 10: Classification of H. pylori (Hp) infected and noninfected patients Hp positive Hp negative Gastric Tumors Gastritis Ulcer Eradication therapy 5 1 0 0 Previous Hp 1 2 0 2 No History of Hp 9 6 12 4 known Disease group 15 9 12 6 Total (n=42) 24 12 6 Table 11. H. pylori antigens recognized by sera from infected individuals with a signal frequency > 10 or with significant difference of recognition compared to H. pylori negative sera Protein class Spot ORF Identity Short name Hp positive (n ; =24) Hp negative (n=12) frequency 0 occurrence frequency occurrence B 2. 2'-deoxyribonucleotide metabolism B488 HP 0829 lnosine-5'-monophosphatase dehydrogenase GuaB 11 6 2 2 B 4. Central intermediary metabolism D322 HP 0073 Urease alpha-subunit (Urea Amidohydrolase) UreA a 33 19 27 7 A343 HP 0072 Urease beta-subunit (Urea Amidohydrolase) UreB 28 14 15 8 D . Pyridoxine D314 HP 1582 Pyridoxai phosphate biosynthetic protein J PdxJ 11 7 7 3 F 3. Anaerobic of energy metabolism B17 HP 0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit FrdA 17 8 1 1 F 4. ATP-proton motive force A209 HP 1132 ATP synthase beta chain atpB 16 8 1 1 interconversion A396 HP 1134 ATP synthase alpha chain atpA 15 * 11 * 1 1 F11. TCA cycle B497 HP 0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase led 7 * 8 * 0 0 B66+B138 Protein associated with isocitrate a,b 8 10 11 6 dehydrogenase, n.i. c I 2. DNA-dependent RNA- polymerase A461 HP 1293 DNA-directed RNA polymerase alpha chain RpoA 17 9 5 5 O J 3. Ribosomal proteins: D165 HP1307 50S ribosomal protein L5 Rpl5 13 5 2 2 D synthesis and modification D299 HP1201 50s ribosomal protein L1 RpH 17 10 6 3 O E35 HP1199 50S ribosomal Protein L7/L12 Rpl7/I12 a 61 21 27 10 E35 HP1199 50S ribosomal Protein L7/L12 Rpl7/I12 a 6 * 11 * 0 0 F82 HP1302 30s ribosomal protein S5 Rps5 14 6 1 1 J 5. Translation factors A477 HP 1205 Elongation Factor (EF-TU) TufB a 18 9 3 3 O K2. Protein folding and stabilization A359 HP 0109 DnaK protein (Heat shock protein 70) DnaK a 11 6 1 1 A390 HP 0010 GroEL GroEL a 37 * 20 14 8 K 3. Protein and peptide secretion B320 HP 1152 Signal recognition particle protein (54 homolog) Ffh 24 12 4 4 K 4. Degradation of proteins, peptides A308 HP0264 ClpB protein ClpB 14 7 0 0 3 and glycopeptides B303 HP 1350 Protease 30 14 8 7 B429 HP 1019 Serine protease HtrA 10* 9 * 0 0 L 1. Other regulatory functions D265 HP 0400 Penicillin tolerance protein LytB 13 7 1 1 M 2. Surface structures D132 HP 0410 Putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding HpaA 12 9 3 2 hemagglutinin homolog 5. Cell envelope: others D202 HP 1564 Outer membrane protein 18 14 4 4 N 3. Detoxification B439 HP 0875 Catalase a 48 20 26 8 N 6. Cellular processes: pathogenesis B126 HP 0547 Cag 26 Cag26 37 * 8 1 1 B466 HP0537 Cag 16 Cag16 11 14 4 3 B443 HP 0522 Cag3 Cag3 14 7 0 0 N 8. Cellular processes: others A424 HP 0599 Hemolysin secretion protein precursor HylB 27 * 12 2 2 P 1. Unknown function A411 HP0795 Trigger factor 19 6 0 0 Q. 1. Q1. Conserved hypothetical D318 HP 0318 Conserved hypothetical protein 13 9 7 3 D262 HP 1098 Conserved hypothetical secreted protein 14 8 24 6 Q 2. Hypothetical proteins D226 HP 0231 H.pylori predicted coding region HP0231 a 23 * 11 * 0 0 D276 HP 0305 Hypothetical protein 20 15 10 4 Nomenclature according to the Tigr database, spot occurs in a series, determined by localisation on the gel, n.i. not yet identified, signal frequency calculated as the sum of intensity grades (0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4) of each serum divided by the optimal reachable value (n x 4) x 100, where n = number of sera, * significant difference compared to negative group, p<0,05 Table 12: Sera from gastritis, ulcer and cancer patients react with H. pylori proteins (significant differences) Occurrence (%) Mean intensity Frequency (%) e Protein class Spot ORF Identity Short G u c G u c G u c name n=15 n=9 n=6 n=15 n=9 n=6 n=15 n=9 n=6 A 6. Amino acid biosynthesis B377 HP0695 Hydantoin utilization protein A HyuA a 33 22 50,0 0.5 0.2 1 ,8 ' 13 5 45 B 4. Central intermediary metabolism D321 HP0073 Urease alpha-subunit UreA 20 55 50 0.3 1.3 * 1,1 8 33 28 F 3. Anaerobic energy metabolism B1 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit FrdA 20 55 67 * 0.5 0.9 1 ,8 13 23 45 F11. TCA cycle B492 HP0027 Isocitrate-dehydrogenase led b 20 77 * 67 * 0.4 0.3 1 ,2 10 8 30 B496 HP0027 Isocitrate-dehydrogenase led b 20 55 50 0.3 0.3 1.1 8 8 28 B497 HP0027 Isocitrate-dehydrogenase led a b 20 55 50 0.3 0.3 1.1 8 8 27 B499 HP0027 Isocitrate-dehydrogenase led b 20 55 67 * 0.3 0.3 1.8 8 8 45 B66+B138 Protein associated with Isocitrate led c 26 66 83 * 0.3 0.3 1.8 8 8 45 O dehydrogenase in the 2D gel, d n.i. D O 1 2. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase A29 HP1293 DNA-directed RNA polymerase A RpoA 33 *, 0 0 0.8 * 0 0 20 alpha chain (Transciptase alpha chain) J 3. Ribosomal proteins E35 HP1199 50s ribosomal protein L7/L12 Rpl7/I12 a ' b 33 66 16 0.2 0.3 0.1 5 8 3 O E44 HP1199 50s ribosomal protein L7/L12 Rpl7/I12 a ' 40 77 *# 0 0.8 1.8 # 0 20 45 0 F68 HP0514 50s ribosomal protein L9 Rpl9 0 33 * 0 0 0.6 * 0 0 15 0 3 F82 HP1302 30s ribosomal protein S5 Rps5 7 55 * 33 0.3 1.1 * 0.2 8 28 5 J 5. Translation factors A477 HP1205 Elongation factor (EF-TU) TufB a 20 66 * 67 * 0.4 1.3 * 0.9 9 33 23 K 3. Protein and peptide secretion B320 HP1152 Signal recognition particle protein Ffh 33 77 * 50 0.5 1.8 0.8 13 45 20 and trafficking (fifty-four homolog) K 4. Degradation of proteins, peptides, C84 HP0794 ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic ClpP 0 11 33 * 0 0.1 0.2 0 1 5 and glycopeptides subunit (Endopeptidase CLP) M 2. Surface structures D121 HP0410 Putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding hpaA a 6 0 33 ° 0.1 0 0.2 1 0 6 hemagglutinin homolog N 6. Cellular processes: pathogenesis B466 HP0537 Cag 16 Cag 16 40 88 *# 17 0.2 0.8 *H 0.3 6 21 8 P 1. Unknown B35 HP1104 Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase ELI 3-2 Cad 6 22 67 * 0.2 0.1 1.6 " 5 3 40 Q 1. Conserved hypothetical D249 HP0175 Hypothetical protein HP0175 precursor 13 66 * 50 * 0.2 0.7 * 0.3 5 18 8 D327 HP1285 Conserved hypothetical protein 40 89 * 50 0.6 0.4 0.8 15 11 20 Q 2. Hypothetical D276 HP0305 Hypothetical protein 46 88 * 50 0 1.3 * 1.7 * 1 32 42 B465 n.i. 7 27 * 17 0.1 0.3 0.5 * 2 8 13 Nomenclature according to the Tigr database, spot occurs in a series, series of spots with different recognition rate, determined by localisation on the gel, n.i. not yet identified, signal frequency calculated as the sum of intensity grades (0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4) of each serum divided by the optimal reachable value (n x 4) x 100, where n = number of sera, ' significant difference compared ulcer group, p< 0.05, * significant difference compared to gastritis group, p<0.05, # significant difference compared to cancer group, p< 0.05 Table 13. H. pylori proteins preferentially recognized by sera of cancer patients with a frequency > 10 or with high intensity ' Protein class Spot ORF Identity Short name Frequency Gastritis Ulcer Cancer A 6. Amino acid biosynthesis B377 HP0695 Hydantoin utilization protein A HyuA 13 5 45 D 7. Biosynthesis of cofactors: D314 HP1582 Pyridoxai phosphate pdxJ 10 14 42 pyridoxine biosynthetic protein J E 4. Central intermediary metabolism D200 HP1186 Carbonic anhydrase 1 0 17 Amino acids and amines B511 HP0294 Aliphatic amidase aimE 4 3 15 Electron transport E29 HP0824 Thioredoxin TrxA 0 0 2 F 3. Anaerobic energy metabolism B17 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit FrdA # 13 23 45 F11. TCA cycle B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase 2 AcnB 8 6 23 (Citrate hydro-Lysase-2) CO B492 HP0027 Isocitrate dehydrogenase led 8 10 30 C CD B66+B138 Protein associated withlsocitrate led 8 8 45 O dehydrogenase, n.i. c O G 4. Transport and binding proteins: D313 HP1562 Iron (III) ABC transporter, ceuE 4 4 21 O cations periplasmatic iron-binding protein I 2. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase A29 HP1293 DNA-directed RNA polymerase ' RpoA 0 0 20 alpha chain J 5. Translation factors A271 HP1195 Elongation factor G (EF-G) FusA 0 0 4 K2. Protein folding and stabilization ' A177 HP0010 GroEL ' GroEL 4 6 19 K 4. Degradation of proteins, peptides C84 HP0794 ATP-dependent Clp protease 0 1 5 O and glycopeptides proteolytic subunit (Endopeptidase CLP) M 2. Surface structures D132 HP0410 Putative neuraminyl-lactose- ! hpaA 18 15 33 D121 HP0410 binding hemagglutinin homolog hpaA 1 0 6 5. Cell envelope: others D202 HP1564 Outer membrane protein ' 12 29 50 N 3. Detoxification C197 HP0389 Superoxidase dismutase sodB 0 0 4 P 1. Unknown B35 HP1104 Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase Cad 5 3 40 ELI 3-2 Q 1. Conserved hypothetical D262 HP1098 Conserved hypothetical 12 14 42 secreted protein Q 2. Hypothetical F40 HP0404 Hypothetical protein 0 0 nomenclature according to the Tigr database, a spot occurs in a series, b determined by localisation on the gel, c n.i., not yet identified, d signal frequency calculated as the sum of intensity grades (0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4) of each serum divided by the optimal reachable value (n x 4) x 100, where n = number of sera, e antigens recognized by one or two cancer sera with intensity> 0.05 Table 14: H. pylori specific antigens ^ Protein class Spot ORF Identity new antigens F3. Anaerobic energy metabolism B17 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit FrdA J3. Ribosomal proteins: F82 HP1302 30s ribosomal protein S5 Rps5 synthesis and modification K4. Degradation of proteins, peptides B429 HP 1019 Serine protease ( htrA) HtrA and glycopeptides O N6. Cellular processes: pathogenesis B443 HP0522 Cag3 Cag3 D O Q2. Hypothetical D226 HP0231 H. pylori predicted coding region O ri ^1 proteins known from other studies O F4.ATP-proton motive force A209 HP 1132 ATP synthase beta chain atpB interconversion A396 HP1134 ATP synthase alpha chain atpA K2. Protein folding and stabilization A359 HP 0109 DNAK protein (Heat shock protein 70) DnaK J K4. Degradation of proteins, peptides A308 HP0264 CLPB protein ClpB and glycopeptides O L1. Other regulatory functions D265 HP 0400 Penicillin tolerance protein (lytB) LytB N6. Cellular processes: pathogenesis B126 HP 0547 Cag 26 Cag26 P1. Unknown function A411 HP0795 trigger factor minor spots from spot series in the gel F11. TCA cycle B497 HP0027 Isocitrate-dehydrogenase led J3. Ribosomal proteins: E44 HP1199 50s ribosomal protein L7/L12 Rpl7/12 synthesis and modification Table 15: H. pylori antigens associated with ulcer Protein class Spot ORF Identity Significant association new antigens F3. Anaerobic energy metabolism B17 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit FrdA J3. Ribosomal proteins: F68 HP0514 50s ribosomal protein L9 Rpl9 synthesis and modification O F82 HP1302 30s ribosomal protein S5 Rps5 D O Q1. Conserved hypothetical D249 HP0175 Hypothetical protein HP0175 precursor Q1. Conserved hypothetical D327 HP1285 Conserved hypothetical protein Q2. Hypothetical D276 HP0305 hypothetical protein O B465 n.i. 3 proteins known from other studies o B4. Central intermediary metabolism D321 HP0073 Urease Alpha-Subunit UreA F11. TCA cycle B492 HP0027 Isocitrate-dehydrogenase led B499 HP0027 J3. Ribosomal proteins: E44 HP1199 50s ribosomal protein L7/L12 Rpl7/12 synthesis and modification J5. Translation factors A477 HP1205 Elongation factor (EF-TU) TufB K3. Protein and peptide secretion B320 HP1152 Signal recognition particle protein Ffh and trafficking (fifty-four homolog) N6. Cellular processes: pathogenesis B466 HP0537 - Cag16 Cag 16 Table 16: H. pylori antigens associated with cancer Protein class Spot ORF Identity Significant association relatively A6. Amino acid biosynthesis B377 HP0695 Hydantoin utilization protein A restricted F2. Amino acids and amines B511 HP0294 Aliphatic amidase F11. TCA cycle B2 HP0779 Aconitate hydratase B66+B138 protein associated with isocitrate dehydrogenase, localisation in the gel 12. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase A29 HP1293 DNA-directed RNA polymerase A alpha chain O K4. Degradation of proteins, peptides, C84 HP0794 ATP-Dependent Clp Protease D O and glycopeptides Proteolytic Subunit M2. Surface structures D121 HP0410 Putative neuraminyl-lactose-binding O O D132 HP0410 hemagglutinin homolog CD P1. Unknown B35 HP1104 Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase ELI 3-2 3 also in ulcer sera o F3. Anaerobic energy metabolism B17 HP0192 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit F11. TCA cycle B499 HP0027 Isocitrate-dehydrogenase Q2. Hypothetical D276 HP0305 Hypothetical protein also in negative sera D7. Pyridoxines D314 HP1582 Pyridoxai phosphate biosynthetic protein M5. Cell envelope: others D202 HP1564 Outer membrane protein Q1. Conserved hypothetical D262 HP1098 Conserved hypothetical secreted protein Tab. 17: Surface-exposed proteins of H. pylori Table 17 (continued.) No Identification pi 1 Catalase 9,0 2 Serine Protease 9,6 3 HP0659 9,6 4 Protease 10,0 5 Cag16 9,8 6 gamma-Glutamlytranspeptidase 9,8 7 cell binding factor 10,0 8 secreted protein HP1285 9,8 9 Putative neuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin homolog (HpaA) 8,7 10 hypothetical secreted protein 1098 8,6 11 Carbonic Anhydrase 9,7 12 Predicted coding region HP231 9,6 13 Urease alpha subunit (Urea midohydrolase) 9,0 14 Putative outer membrane protein HP605 9,4 5 Peptid methionine suifoxide reductase (MsrA) 7,7 16 Iron ABC transporter (CeuE) 9,8 17 Predicted coding region HP721 9,6 18 Outer membrane protein 9,6 19 9,9 20 7,9 21 8,1 22 9,3 23 8,9 24 10,1 25 9,8 26 10,2 27 10,2 28 7,2 29 6,4 30 9,8 31 5,0 32 6,0 33 8,7 34 6,0 35 7,2 36 9,8 37 10,3 38 10,4 39 9,7 40 5,9 41 5,4 42 10,7 43 7,2 44 8,3 Table 17 (continued.) o Identification pi 45 7,1 46 8,5 47 6,0 48 5,9 49 6,6 50 7,5 51 10,5 52 8,3 53 7,4 54 7,5 55 10,7 56 5,3 57 5,5 58 5,0 59 7,8 60 8,3 61 9,2 62 7,8 63 8,7 64 10,3 65 9,5 66 9,7 67 6,6 68 6,5 69 6,8 70 7,3 71 7,7 72 7,1 73 7,3 74 10,2 75 5,1 76 7,6 77 7,2 78 6,2 79 6,7 80 8,7 Table 18

Claims: Claims 1 . Use of Helicobacter proteins HP 0231 , HP 0410 and HP 1 01 9 for the manufacture of a vaccine. 2. The use of claim 1 wherein the vaccine is selected from recombinant subunit vaccines, live vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines. 3. Helicobacter proteome consisting of a pattern of individual proteins which are expressed by Helicobacter cells obtainable by a method comprising the steps: (a) providing a cell extract from Helicobacter cells comprising solubilized proteins, (b) separating said cell extract by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (c) characterizing and/or identifying said proteins. 4. The proteome of claim 3, containing the proteins as shown in Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 1 0, or at least a part thereof. 5. The proteome of claim 3 or 4, containing the proteins as shown in Table 1 , 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1 1 , 1 2, 13, 14, 1 5, 1 6, 17, 1 8 or at least a part thereof. 6. Helicobacter proteins which are expressed by Helicobacter cells characterized and identified by a method comprising the steps: (a) providing a cell extract from Helicobacter cells comprising solubilized proteins, (b) separating said cell extract by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (c) characterizing and/or identifying said proteins. 7. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from the most abundant protein species as shown in Table 3 or from virulence factors as shown in Table 4. 8. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from pH dependent protein species as shown in Table 5. 9. The proteins of claim 6, which are immunologically reactive with human antisera. 10. The proteins of claim 9 as shown in Tables 6-9 and 1 1 -1 3, 1 5 and 1 6. 1 1 . The proteins of claim 9 or 10 which are associated with a specific Helicobacter-mediated disease. 1 2. The proteins of claim 1 1 wherein the disease is selected from gastritis, cancer of ulcer. 13. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from H. pylori specific antigens as shown in Table 14. 14. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from surface-exposed proteins as shown in Table 1 7. 1 5. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from secreted proteins as shown in Table 18. 1 6. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from HP 0231 , HP 041 0 and HP 101 9. 17. The use of the proteome or the proteins of any one of claims 3 to 16 for the identification of targets for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of Helicobacter infections and Helicobacter-mediated diseases. 18. The use of claim 17 for the manufacture of a diagnostic assay or kit. 19. The use of claim 18 for the manufacture of a vaccine. 20. The use of claim 19 for the manufacture of a live vaccine. 21 . A method for characterizing or identifying proteins which are expressed by Helicobacter cells, comprising the steps: (a) providing a cell extract from Helicobacter cells comprising solubilized proteins, (b) separating said cell extract by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (c) characterizing and/or identifying said proteins. 22. The method of claim 21 , wherein said cell extract comprises a denaturing agent. 23. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein said cell extract further comprises a thiol reagent and/or a detergent. 24. The method of any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein said two-dimensional gel electrophoresis comprises (i) separation in a first dimension according to the isoelectric point and (ii) separation in a second dimension according to size. 25. The method of any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the proteins are characterized by peptide fingerprinting. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the peptides are generated by in-gel proteolytic digestion. 27. The method of claim 25 or 26, wherein the peptides are characterized by mass spectrometry. 28. The method of claim 25 or 26, wherein the peptides are characterized by at least partial sequencing. 29. The method of any one of claims 21 to 28, further comprising the step: (d) determining the reactivity of the proteins with antisera. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said antisera are human antisera. 31 . The method of claim 30, wherein said human antisera are derived from Helicobacter positive patients. 32. The method of claim 30 or 31 , wherein said human antisera are derived from patients suffering from Helicobacter-mediated diseases. 33. The method of claim 30 or 32, wherein said human antisera are derived from Helicobacter negative control persons. 34. The method of any one of claims 21 to 33, further comprising the steps: (e) repeating steps (a) to (c) and, optionally, (d) with Helicobacter cells from at least one different strain and/or with Helicobacter cells grown under different conditions, and (f) comparing the proteins from different Helicobacter strains and/or from Helicobacter strains grown under different conditions. 35. The method of any one of claims 21 to 34, wherein the Helicobacter cells are cultivated in vitro. 36. The method of any one of claims 21 to 34, wherein the Helicobacter cells are cultivated in vivo. 37. The method of any one of claims 21 to 36, wherein the Helicobacter cells are cultivated at a pH in the range from about 5 to 8. 8. A method for identifying and providing a substance capable of modulating the activity of Helicobacter protein of any one of claims 6-16 comprising contacting said substance with said protein and determining the modulating activity of said substance. AMENDED CLAIMS [received by the International Bureau on 17 October 2001 (17.10.01); original claims 1-38 replaced by amended claims 1-16 (2 pages)] 1 . Use of Helicobacter proteins HP 0231 (NCB1 2313 333), HP 0410 (NCBI 2313 516) and HP 1019 (NCBI 2314 163) for the manufacture of a vaccine. The use of claim 1 wherein the vaccine is selected from recombinant subunit vaccines, live vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines. 3. Helicobacter proteome consisting of a pattern of individual proteins which are expressed by Helicobacter cells obtainable by a method comprising the steps: (a) providing a cell extract from Helicobacter cells comprising solubilized proteins, (b) separating said cell extract by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and (c) characterizing and/or identifying said proteins. 4. The proteome of claim 3, containing the proteins as shown in Figures 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, or at least a part thereof. 10. The proteins of claim 9 as shown in Tables 6-9 and 1 1 -13, 15 and 16. 1 1 . The proteins of claim 9 or 10 which are associated with a speci ic Helicobacter-mediated disease. 1 2. The proteins of claim 1 1 wherein the disease is selected from gastritis, cancer of ulcer. 13. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from H. pylori specific antigens as shown in Table 1 . 14. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from surface-exposed proteins as shown in Table 17. 1 5. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from secreted proteins as shown in Table 18. 16. The proteins of claim 6 which are selected from HP 0231 (NCBI 2313 333), HP 0410 (NCBI 2313 516) and HP 1019 (NCBI 2314 1 63).

Inventors: AEBISCHER ANTON, BUMANN DIRK, HAAS GABY, JUNGBLUT PETER, KARAALI GALIP, LAMER STEPHANIE, MEYER THOMAS F, SABARTH NICOLAS, WENDLAND MEIKE, ZIMNY-ARNDT URSULA, AEBISCHER, ANTON, BUMANN, DIRK, HAAS, GABY, JUNGBLUT, PETER, KARAALI, GALIP, LAMER, STEPHANIE, MEYER, THOMAS, F., SABARTH, NICOLAS, WENDLAND, MEIKE, ZIMNY-ARNDT, URSULA
Applicants: AEBISCHER ANTON, BUMANN DIRK, HAAS GABY, JUNGBLUT PETER, KARAALI GALIP, LAMER STEPHANIE, MAX PLANCK GESELLSCHAFT, MEYER THOMAS F, SABARTH NICOLAS, WENDLAND MEIKE, ZIMNY ARNDT URSULA, AEBISCHER, ANTON, BUMANN, DIRK, HAAS, GABY, JUNGBLUT, PETER, KARAALI, GALIP, LAMER, STEPHANIE, MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER WISSENSCHAFTEN E.V., MEYER, THOMAS, F., SABARTH, NICOLAS, WENDLAND, MEIKE, ZIMNY-ARNDT, URSULA
Application year: 2001
Main classification: C07K14
IPC codes: A61K39, C07K14