Mn-Zn ferrite and production process thereof

Abstract: The present invention provides a Mn-Zn ferrite having an electrical resistivity exceeding 1 Ωm order and having a high initial permeability of 3000 or more at 100 kHz and 100 or more at 10 MHz. The main components of the Mn-Zn ferrite are 44.0 to 49.8 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , 15.0 to 26.5 mol% ZnO, 0.02 to 1.00 mol% Mn 2 O 3 and the remainder MnO. The Mn-Zn ferrite is enabled to be used in a wide frequency region from 100 kHz to 10 MHz by limiting Fe 2 O 3 content to less than 50 mol% that is the stoichiometric composition and inhibiting formation of Mn 2 O 3 .

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an oxide magnetic material having soft magnetism, and more particularly to a Mn-Zn ferrite according to claim 1 suitable for use as various inductance elements, impedance elements for EMI countermeasures and the like, and to a production process thereof according to claim 3. 2. Description of the Related Art Typical oxide magnetic materials having soft magnetism include a Mn-Zn ferrite. Conventionally, this Mn-Zn ferrite usually has a basic component composition containing 52 to 55 mol% Fe 2 O 3 on the average exceeding 50 mol% which is the stoichiometric composition, 10 to 24 mol% ZnO and the remainder MnO. The Mn-Zn ferrite is usually produced by mixing respective material powders of Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO and MnO in a prescribed ratio, subjecting mixed powders to the respective steps of calcination, milling, component adjustment, granulation and pressing to obtain a desired shape, then performing sintering treatment at 1200 to 1400°C for 2 to 4 hours in a reducing atmosphere in which a relative partial pressure of oxygen is controlled to a low level by supplying nitrogen. The reason why the Mn-Zn ferrite is sintered in the reducing atmosphere is that Fe 2+ is formed as the result of reducing a part of Fe 3+ . This Fe 2+ has positive crystal magnetic anisotropy cancels negative crystal magnetic anisotropy of Fe 3 to thereby enhance soft magnetism. Amount of the above-mentioned Fe 2+ formed depends on relative partial pressures of oxygen in sintering and cooling after the sintering. Therefore, when the relative partial pressure of oxygen is improperly set, it becomes difficult to ensure excellent soft magnetic properties. Thus, conventionally, the following expression (1) has been experimentally established and the relative partial pressure of oxygen in sintering and in cooling after the sintering has been controlled strictly in accordance with this expression (1). log Po 2 = -14540/(T + 273) + b where T is temperature (°C) , Po 2 is a relative partial pressure of oxygen, and b is a constant, which is usually 7 to 8. The fact that the constant b is 7 to 8 means that the relative partial pressure of oxygen in the sintering must be controlled in a narrow range, whereby such a problem arises that the sintering treatment becomes significantly troublesome and production costs are increased. Additionally, in recent years, with miniaturization and performance improvement of electronic equipments there is an increasing tendency that signals are processed at a higher frequency. Thus, a magnetic material having excellent magnetic properties even in a higher frequency region as well has been needed. However, when the Mn-Zn ferrite is used as a magnetic core material, an eddy current flows in a higher frequency region applied resulting in a larger loss. Therefore, in order to extend an upper limit of the frequency at which the Mn-Zn ferrite can be applied as a magnetic core material, an electrical resistivity of the material must be made as high as possible. However, since the above-mentioned general Mn-Zn ferrite contains Fe 2 O 3 in an amount larger than 50 mol% which is the stoichiometric composition, a large amount of Fe 2+ ion is present, thereby making easy the transfer of electrons between the above-mentioned Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ions. Thus, the electrical resistivity of the Mn-Zn ferrite is in the order of 1 Ωm or less. Accordingly, an applicable frequency is limited to about several hundred kHz maximum, and in a frequency region exceeding the limit, permeability (initial permeability) is significantly lowered to completely take away properties of the soft magnetic material. In order to increase an apparent resistance of the Mn-Zn ferrite, in some cases, CaO, SiO 2 or the like is added as additive to impart a higher resistance to grain boundary and at the same time the Mn-Zn ferrite is sintered at as low as about 1200°C to diminish the grain size from its usual dimension, about 20 µm, to 5µm, thereby taking measures to increase the ratio of the grain boundary. However, even if such measures are adopted, it is difficult to obtain an electrical resistivity exceeding 1 Ωm order as the grain itself has a low resistance, and the above-mentioned measures fall short of a thorough solution. Further, a Mn-Zn ferrite to which, for example, CaO, SiO 2 , SnO 2 and TiO 2 are added to obtain a higher resistance has been developed and is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. Hei 9-18092. However, the electrical resistivity of the Mn-Zn ferrite is as low as 0.3 to 2.0 Ωm, which does not sufficiently satisfy application in a high frequency region. Further, a Mn-Zn ferrite containing 50 mol% or less Fe 2 O 3 to which SnO 2 and the like are added is disclosed in EPC 1,304,237. Although it is supposedly very difficult for Fe 2+ to be formed when Fe 2 O 3 content is 50 mol% or less, the Mn-Zn ferrite described in this EPC patent contains as much as 3 to 7 mol% Fe 2+ . Therefore, the electrical resistivity of the Mn-Zn ferrite in the EPC patent cannot exceed the electrical resistivity of a conventional general Mn-Zn ferrite. On the other hand, a Mn-Zn based ferrite which contains less than 50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 for a higher resistance has been developed for use as a core material for a deflecting yoke and is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. Hei 7-230909, Hei 10-208926, Hei 11-199235 and the like. However, judging from the fact that the application thereof is a core material for a deflecting yoke and from examples of the invention described in each publication, the Mn-Zn based ferrites described in any of the above publications are ferrite materials intended to be used in a frequency region of 64 to 100 kHz. It is described that setting the Fe 2 O 3 content to 50 mol% or less for obtaining a high electrical resistivity is to make it possible to wind a copper wire directly around a core for a deflecting yoke. Thus, those publications do not suggest the application of the Mn-Zn based ferrite in such a high frequency region as exceeding 1 MHz. All the Mn-Zn based ferrites have an initial permeability of about 1100 at 100 kHz and excellent soft magnetic properties can not be obtained by merely setting the Fe 2 O 3 content to less than 50 mol% so as to obtain a high electrical resistivity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in consideration of the above-mentioned conventional problems, and an object of the present invention is therefore to provide a Mn-Zn ferrite which has a higher electrical resistivity than 1 Ωm order and high initial permeabilities of 3000 or more at 100 kHz and of 100 or more at 10 MHz, and also a production process by which such a Mn-Zn ferrite can be obtained easily and inexpensively. A Mn-Zn ferrite according to the present invention to attain the above-mentioned object is characterized in that main components include 44.0 to 49.8 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , 15.0 to 26.5 mol% ZnO, 0.02 to 1.00 mol% Mn 2 O 3 and the remainder MnO. The present Mn-Zn ferrite may contain, in addition to the above-mentioned main components, at least one of 0.010 to 0.200 mass% V 2 O 5 , 0.005 to 0.100 mass% Bi 2 O 3 , 0.005 to 0.100 mass% In 2 O 3 , 0.005 to 0.100 mass% PbO, 0.001 to 0.100 mass% MoO 3 and 0.001 to 0.100 mass% WO 3 as additive. Further, the present Mn-Zn ferrite is characterized in that the initial permeability at room temperature (25°C) is 3000 or more at 100 kHz and 100 or more at 10 MHz. Still further, a production process according to the present invention to attain the above-mentioned object is characterized in that mixture whose components are adjusted so as to compose the above-mentioned Mn-Zn ferrite is pressed, then sintered and cooled, after the sintering, down to 500°C or lower in an oxygen atmosphere with a relative partial pressure of oxygen defined by an arbitrary value selected from a range of 6 to 10 as a constant b in the expression (1). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In a usual Mn-Zn ferrite of the prior art, Fe 2 O 3 content is more than 50 mol% that is the stoichiometric composition, as described above. Thus, in order to prevent this excessive Fe 2 O 3 from getting precipitated as hematite, sintering and cooling must be conducted under a condition where a relative partial pressure of oxygen is reduced to a significantly lower level by flowing nitrogen, that is a condition obtained by a constant b of 7 to 8. On the other hand, since a Mn-Zn ferrite of the present invention contains less than 50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , hematite is hardly precipitated. Thus, even if a range of relative partial pressure of oxygen in sintering is somewhat increased, excellent magnetic properties can be obtained. Further, in the conventional Mn-Zn ferrite that contains more than 50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , about 3.0 mol% Fe 2+ exists. On the other hand, in the Mn-Zn ferrite of the present invention, Fe 2+ content is as low as 0.1 to 0.7 mol%. Accordingly, the electrical resistivity of the Mn-Zn ferrite of the present invention is very high. Therefore, an eddy current is not increased so much even in a high frequency region, and an excellent initial permeability can be obtained. However, if this Fe 2 O 3 content is too small, saturation magnetization is deteriorated. Thus, at least 44.0 mol% Fe 2 O 3 is needed. ZnO as main component influences the Curie temperature and saturation magnetization. Too small amount of ZnO reduces the initial permeability, but on the contrary, too large amount of ZnO lowers the saturation magnetization and the Curie temperature, so ZnO content is set to the above-mentioned range of 15.0 to 26.5 mol%. A manganese component in the above-mentioned ferrite exists as Mn 2+ and Mn 3+ . However, since Mn 3+ distorts a crystal lattice, thereby significantly lowering the initial permeability, Mn 2 O 3 content is set to 1.00 mol% or less. However, if the Mn 2 O 3 content is too small, the electrical resistivity is significantly lowered. Thus, at least 0.02 mol% Mn 2 O 3 is made to be contained in the ferrite. In the present invention, at least one of V 2 O 5 , Bi 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , PbO, MoO 3 and WO 3 can be contained as additive. All of these additives have an action of accelerating the growth of grain. The initial permeability in a comparatively lower frequency region depends on grain size, so the initial permeability in a lower frequency region can be enhanced by allowing the above-mentioned additive(s) to be contained. However, if the content thereof is too small, the effects are small. On the contrary, if the content is too large, grains grow abnormally. Accordingly, it is desirable that V 2 O 5 be set to 0.01 to 0.200 mass%, Bi 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 and PbO be respectively set to 0.005 to 0.100 mass%, MoO 3 and WO 3 be respectively set to 0.001 to 0.100 mass%. In the present invention, as described above, amount of Mn 3+ is controlled by conducting sintering and cooling after the sintering in an atmosphere of a relative partial pressure of oxygen obtained by using an arbitrary value in a range of 6 to 10 as the constant b in the expression (1). When a value larger than 10 is selected as the constant b, the amount of Mn 3+ in the ferrite becomes larger than 1 mol% whereby the initial permeability is rapidly decreased. Therefore, the amount of Mn 3+ in the ferrite must be decreased to increase the initial permeability. Thus, it is desirable that a small value be selected as the constant b. However, when a value smaller than 6 is selected, the electrical resistivity is significantly decreased by the fact that amount of Fe 2+ becomes large or amount of Mn 3+ becomes too small. Accordingly, the constant b is set to at least 6. In production of the Mn-Zn ferrite, the respective raw material powders of Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, Mn 2 O 3 and MnO, which are the main components, are previously weighed for a prescribed ratio and mixed to obtain a mixed powder, and then this mixed powder is calcined and finely milled. Although the temperature for calcination differs slightly depending on the target compositions, an appropriate temperature should be selected from a range of 800 to 1000°C. Further, a general-purpose ball mill can be used for the fine milling of the calcined powder. Incidentally, when V 2 O 5 , Bi 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , PbO, MoO 3 and WO 3 are made to be contained as additive, powders of these additives are added to the aforementioned fine milled powder in appropriate amounts and mixed to obtain a mixture with a target composition. Then the mixture is granulated and pressed in accordance with a usual ferrite production process, and then sintered at 1100 to 1400°C. Incidentally, in the granulation process, a method of adding a binder such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, methyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide or glycerin can be used, and in the pressing process, a method of applying pressure of, for example, 80 MPa or more can be used. In the above-mentioned sintering and cooling after the sintering, a relative partial pressure of oxygen is controlled by flowing inert gas such as nitrogen gas or the like into a sintering furnace. In this case, as the constant b in the expression (1), an arbitrary value can be selected from a range of 6 to 10. Thus, the constant b has a very wide allowance as compared to the constant b (7 to 8) selected in a case where a usual Mn-Zn ferrite of the prior art containing more than 50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 is sintered, and the relative partial pressure of oxygen can be easily controlled. Further, in this case, since at a temperature of below 500°C, the reaction of oxidation or reduction can be neglected independent of relative partial pressures of oxygen, the cooling after the sintering needs to be conducted in accordance with the above-mentioned expression (1) only till the temperature gets down to 500°C. EXAMPLES Example 1 Respective raw material powders of Fe 2 O 3 , MnO, Mn 2 O 3 and ZnO were weighed for a composition of 42.0 to 51.0 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , and the remainder including MnO, Mn 2 O 3 and ZnO with a molar ratio of MnO to ZnO being 3 : 2 (both MnO and Mn 2 O 3 are counted as MnO), and mixed with a ball mill. Then, the mixed powder was calcined in the air at 900°C for 2 hours and milled with a ball mill for 20 hours to thereby obtain a fine milled powder. Then, the component of this fine milled powder was adjusted so as to obtain the composition above-mentioned and the adjusted mixture was further mixed with a ball mill for 1 hour. Then, this mixture was granulated with addition of polyvinyl alcohol, and pressed at a pressure of 80 MPa into toroidal cores (green compacts) each having an outer diameter of 18 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm and a height of 4 mm. Then, the green compacts were placed in a sintering furnace where an atmosphere was adjusted by flowing nitrogen so that it has such a relative partial pressure of oxygen as obtained by setting the constant b in the expression (1) to 8. Sintering at 1300°C for 3 hours and cooling after the sintering were then conducted in the above atmosphere adjusted and samples 1-1 to 1-7 as shown in Table 1 were obtained. Regarding the samples 1-1 to 1-7 thus obtained, final component compositions were checked by a fluorescent X ray analysis, and the electrical resistivities and the initial permeabilities at 100 kHz and 10 MHz were measured. The results are shown together in Table 1. Sample No. Classification Main Component (mol%) Electrical Resistivity (Ωm) Initial Permeability Fe 2 O 3 MnO ZnO 100 kHz 10 MHz 1-1 Comparison 51.0 29.4 19.6 0.2 2320 1 1-2 Comparison 50.2 29.9 19.9 0.5 2610 1 1-3 Present Invention 49.8 30.1 20.1 70 3040 110 1-4 Present Invention 49.0 30.6 20.4 110 3450 140 1-5 Present Invention 47.0 31.8 21.2 190 3630 150 1-6 Present Invention 44.0 33.6 22.4 220 3100 160 1-7 Comparison 42.0 34.8 23.2 280 2790 90 As apparent from the results shown in Table 1, all the samples 1-3 to 1-7 each containing less than 50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 have significantly higher electrical resistivities than the comparative samples 1-1 and 1-2 each containing more than 50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 . Further, out of these samples, the samples 1-3 to 1-6 of the present invention containing 44.0 to 49.8 mol% Fe 2 O 3 obtained initial permeabilities of 3000 or more at 100 kHz and 100 or more at 10 MHz as well. Example 2 Respective raw material powders of Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, MnO and Mn 2 O 3 were weighed for a composition of 48.0 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , 12.0 to 27.0 mol% ZnO, and the remainder including MnO and Mn 2 O 3 and mixed with a ball mill, and samples 2-1 to 2-6 as shown in Table 2 were obtained by following the same production conditions as employed in Example 1. Regarding the respective samples 2-1 to 2-6, final component compositions were checked by a fluorescent X ray analysis, and the initial permeabilities at 100 kHz and 10 MHz and the Curie temperatures were measured. The results are shown together in Table 2. Sample No. Classification Main Component (mol%) Initial Permeability Curie Temperature (°C) Fe 2 O 3 MnO ZnO 100 kHz 10 MHz 2-1 Comparison 48.0 40.0 12.0 2360 190 190 2-2 Present Invention 48.0 37.0 15.0 3030 190 170 2-3 Present Invention 48.0 34.0 18.0 3430 180 140 2-4 Present Invention 48.0 31.0 21.0 3510 160 120 2-5 Present Invention 48.0 28.0 24.0 3380 140 100 2-6 Comparison 48.0 25.0 27.0 3020 120 70 As can be seen from the results shown in Table 2, the initial permeabilities of 3000 or more at 100 kHz and 100 or more at 10 MHz as well are obtained on the samples 2-2 to 2-6 containing 15.0 mol% or more ZnO. However, the comparative sample 2-6 containing 27.0 mol% ZnO has a low Curie temperature of 70°C, which causes a problem in practical use. Example 3 Respective raw material powders were weighed so as to have the same composition as the sample 1-5 of Example 1 and mixed with a ball mill. Then, the mixed powder was calcined in the air at 900°C for 2 hours and further milled with a ball mill for 2 hours to thereby obtain a fine milled powder. Then, the component of this fine milled powder was adjusted so as to obtain the composition specified in the above and the obtained mixture was further mixed with a ball mill for 1 hour. Then, this mixture was granulated with addition of polyvinyl alcohol, and pressed at a pressure of 80 MPa to obtain toroidal cores (green compacts) each having an outer diameter of 18 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm and a height of 4 mm. Then, the green compacts were placed in a sintering furnace where an atmosphere was adjusted by flowing nitrogen so that it has such a relative partial pressure of oxygen as obtained by changing variously the constant b in the expression (1) in a range of 5.5 to 12. Sintering at 1300°C for 3 hours and cooling after the sintering were then conducted in the above atmosphere adjusted and samples 3-1 to 3-5 as shown in Table 3 were obtained. Regarding the samples 3-1 to 3-5 thus obtained, the electrical resistivities and the initial permeabilities at 100 kHz and 10 MHz were measured. Further, quantitative analysis of Mn 2 O 3 in the respective samples was conducted. The results are shown together in Table 3. Sample No. Classification b Constant Electrical Resistivity (Ωm) Initial Permeability Mn 2 O 3 (mol%) 100 kHz 10 MHz 3-1 Comparison 5.5 9 3840 70 0.01 3-2 Present Invention 6 80 3810 120 0.22 3-3 Present Invention 8 190 3630 150 0.46 3-4 Present Invention 10 250 3150 180 0.79 3-5 Comparison 12 300 2110 190 1.10 As can be seen from the results shown in Table 3, all the samples 3-2 to 3-4 of the present invention which were sintered in atmospheres of relative partial pressures of oxygen obtained by setting the constant b in the expression (1) to 6 to 10 have higher initial permeabilities at 100 kHz and at 10 MHz. However, since the comparative sample 3-1 which was sintered in an atmosphere of a relative partial pressure of oxygen obtained by setting the constant b to 5.5 has a lower electrical resistivity, it has the lowest initial permeability at 10 MHz. On the contrary, since the comparative sample 3-5 which was processed by setting the constant b to 12 contains as much as 1.1 mol% Mn 2 O 3 , it has a lower initial permeability at 100 kHz. Example 4 Respective raw material powders were weighed so as to have the same composition as the sample 1-5 of Example 1 and mixed with a ball mill. Then, the mixed powder was calcined in the air at 900°C for 2 hours and milled with a ball mill for 20 hours to thereby obtain a fine milled powder. Then, the component of this fine milled powder was adjusted so as to obtain the composition specified in the above, a prescribed amount of V 2 O 5 , Bi 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , PbO, MoO 3 or WO 3 was added to the fine milled powder as additive, and the obtained mixture was further mixed with a ball mill for 1 hour. Then, this mixture was granulated with addition of polyvinyl alcohol, and pressed at a pressure of 80 MPa into toroidal cores (green compacts) each having an outer diameter of 18 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm and a height of 4 mm. Then, the green compacts were placed into a sintering furnace where an atmosphere was adjusted by flowing nitrogen so that it has such a relative partial pressure of oxygen as obtained by setting the constant b in the expression (1) to 8. Sintering at 1300°C for 3 hours and cooling after the sintering were then conducted in the above atmosphere adjusted and samples 4-1 to 4-8 as shown in Table 4 were obtained. Regarding the samples 4-1 to 4-8 thus obtained, the average grain sizes and the initial permeability at 100 kHz were measured. The results are shown together in Table 4. Sample No. Classification Additive (mass%) Grain Size (µm) Initial Permeability 100 kHz 1-5 Present Invention - 14 3630 4-1 Present Invention V 2 O 5 0.010 15 3780 4-2 Present Invention V 2 O 5 0.200 20 3820 4-3 Comparison V 2 O 5 0.300 Abnormal Grain 2190 4-4 Present Invention Bi 2 O 3 0.050 20 3530 4-5 Present Invention In 2 O 3 0.050 19 3870 4-6 Present Invention PbO 0.050 18 3780 4-7 Present Invention MoO 3 0.050 22 3900 4-8 Present Invention WO 3 0.050 17 3730 As can be seen from the results shown in Table 4, all the samples 4-1, 4-2 and 4-4 to 4-8 of the present invention each containing appropriate amounts of additives have larger grain sizes and further improved initial permeabilities, as compared with the sample 1-5 of the present invention containing no additive. However, the comparative sample 4-3 excessively containing V 2 O 5 as additive generates abnormal grain growth, which significantly decreases the initial permeability. As described above, the Mn-Zn ferrite of the present invention obtains excellent initial permeabilities in a wide range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz by allowing Fe 2 O 3 to be contained in a range of 44.0 to 49.8 mol%, which is less than the stoichiometric composition, also allowing Mn 2 O 3 to be contained in a range of 0.02 to 1.00 mol%, and sintering in an atmosphere of appropriate relative partial pressure of oxygen, and turns out to be of great utility. Further, when at least one of V 2 O 5 , Bi 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , PbO, MoO 3 and WO 3 is contained in appropriate amounts as additive, a still higher permeability can be ensured in a low frequency region and the utility is further increased. Further, according to the production process of the Mn-Zn ferrite of the present invention, a relative partial pressure of oxygen does not have to be strictly controlled during and after the sintering, thus largely contributing to stabilization and cost reduction in the production of the Mn-Zn ferrite.

Claims: A Mn-Zn ferrite, wherein main components include 44.0 to 49.8 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , 15.0 to 26.5 mol% ZnO, 0.02 to 1.00 mol% Mn 2 O 3 and a remainder MnO, and an initial permeability at room temperature (25 °C) is 3000 or more at 100kHz and 100 or more at 10MHz. The Mn-Zn ferrite according to claim 1 containing as additive at least one of 0.010 to 0.200 mass% V 2 O 5 , 0.005 to 0.100 mass% Bi 2 O 3 , 0.005 to 0.100 mass% In 2 O 3 , 0.005 to 0.100 mass% PbO, 0.001 to 0.100 mass% MoO 3 and 0.001 to 0.100 mass% WO 3 . A production process of Mn-Zn ferrite, wherein mixture whose components are adjusted so as to obtain the composition of the Mn-Zn ferrite according to claim 1 or 2 is pressed, then sintered and cooled, after the sintering, down to 500°C or lower in an atmosphere of a relative partial pressure of oxygen defined by the following expression: log Po 2 = -14540/(T + 273) + b where T is temperature (°C), Po 2 is a relative partial pressure of oxygen, and b is a constant selected from a range of 6 to 10.

Inventors: ITO KIYOSHI, KOBAYASHI OSAMU, YAMADA OSAMU, ITO, KIYOSHI, KOBAYASHI, OSAMU, YAMADA, OSAMU, Ito, Kiyoshi, c/o Minebea Co., Ltd., Kobayashi, Osamu, c/o Minebea Co., Ltd., Yamada, Osamu, c/o Minebea Co., Ltd.
Applicants: MINEBEA KK, MINEBEA CO., LTD.
Application year: 2001
Main classification: C04B35
IPC codes: H01F41, C04B35, H01F1, C22C29, C01G49