NEW IMMUNOGENIC COMPLEX

Abstract: The invention relates to an immunogenic complex comprising at least one glycoside and at least one lipid, integrated into an iscom complex or matrix, and at least one antigen which antigen is integrated into the iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with the iscom complex or iscom matrix complex, characterised in that it also comprises at least one enzyme. It also relates to such a complex further comprising at least one peptide which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation, which cell expresses MHC Class I or Class II and to compositions comprising the complexes.

Description: New immunogenic complex The present invention relates to new immunogenic complexes of iscom or iscom matrix and antigens together with an enzyme and possibly also peptides, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation, and to compositions comprising the new complexes. Background of the invention. Exploitation of the mucosal immune system offers several advantages from a vaccine point of view. Mucosal vaccines may achieve both systemic and local mucosal immune protection against infectious micro-organisms of which many gain access to the body via mucosal membranes There is a growing interest for oral vaccines and for the possibility of using such vaccines to protect against infectious diseases affecting not only mucosal surfaces but also against diseases like HIV, polio etc. Mucosally active vaccines containing recombinant protein antigens would have many immunological and economic advantages for inducing protective immunity against a wide variety of mucosal and systemic pathogens. Recent results show that antigens incorporated into iscoms are highly immunogenic by mucosal routes, inducing strong T cell mediated immune responses that include secretory IgA antibodies, Thl dependent delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytokine production, as well as very strong class I MHC restricted CD8 + T cell responses. Serum antibody production is also primed, but this is relatively less efficient (3, 11). The particulate nature of iscoms allows them to preferentially target and activate accessory cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) (14-17). Iscoms induce normal responses in IL4KO, but not in IL12KO mice (3, 12 and 18). In addition, iscoms stimulate the production of mediators such as ILl, IL6 and IL12 from macrophages and DC and in vivo depletion of macrophages markedly reduces the adjuvant effects of iscoms (15, 18-22). There is a group of bacterial toxins that exert strong enzymatic activity on mammalian cells, such as E coli heat-labile toxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT). They act by ADP- ribosylation of GTP-binding proteins in the cell membrane of the target cells, resulting eventually in the formation of large quantities of intracellular cAMP. The increase in cAMP may then act to immunomodulate many diverse immune reactions such as increasing B lymphocyte differentiation, augmenting co-stimulation of antigen- presenting cells, inhibiting or promoting various T cell functions or modulating apoptotis in lymphoid cells. They are therefore potent adjuvants. CT is composed of five enzymatically inactive, non-toxic B-subunits (CTB) held together in a pentamere structure surrounding a single A-subunit that contains a linker to the pentamere via the A2 fragment (CTA2) and the toxic enzymatically active A 1 -fragment (CTA1) of the molecule. The toxic CTA1 has strong ADP-ribosyl transferase activity. This results in activation of adenylate cyclase and the subsequent intracellular increase in cAMP. CTB binds to the ganglioside GMl-receptor, present on most mammalian cells including lymphocytes and gut epithelial cells. CTB has been integrated in ISCOMS as a mucosa targeting molecule EP 97905539.9 and also together with antigens that do not easily penetrate mucosas EP 97905541.5, in order to direct orally administrated iscoms to the mucosa. Although it has been shown that CT is a potent inducer of most T cell dependent responses when given orally (3, 4), it has also been reported that it may be less efficient at stimulating CD4 + Thl cells than Th2 cells (5-7). Furthermore, it is not widely accepted as being able to prime CD8 + T cells, while the toxicity of intact CT is likely to prevent its I use as a practical vaccine vector in man. Recently attempts have been made to overcome this problem by using an artificial adjuvant vector composed of the enzymatically active Al fragment of CT (CTA1) linked to two Ig binding domains of staphylococcal protein A. The resulting CTA1-DD fusion protein binds B lymphocytes specifically, has no systemic toxicity and has similar adjuvant properties to CT holotoxin when given by parenteral routes (8)+. However, preliminary indications are that it may have only limited effects when given orally. Whereas B lymphocytes play a central role in the adjuvant effects of CT and in particular, CTA1-DD (8, 13), the particulate nature of iscoms allows them to preferentially target and activate accessory cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) (14-17). Thus, the mucosal adjuvant effects of CT are dependent on the presence of IL4 dependent B cell follicles in Peyer's patches (PP), but not on IL12 (3, 13). In contrast, iscoms show an opposite pattern of requirements, inducing normal responses in IL4KO, but not in IL12KO mice (3, 17, and 18). In addition, whereas CT may inhibit many functions of macrophages, iscoms stimulate the production of mediators such as ILl, IL6 and ILl 2 from macrophages and DC and in vivo depletion of macrophages markedly reduces the adjuvant effects of iscoms (15, 18-22). Thus, iscoms and CTA1 and its derivatives use different anatomical routes and immune mechanisms to induce mucosal immune responses. Summary of the invention It has now turned out that when combining iscoms and an enzyme, especially CTA1 and its derivatives, their adjuvant effects are enhanced, some of their limitations and disadvantages are overcome and that the over all effect unexpectedly may be synergistic. Surprisingly the enzymatic activity of CTA1 is kept intact in the complex. This novel formulation is non-toxic and is highly immunogenic by a variety of mucosal and systemic routes. The main object of the invention is to provide an immunogenic complex comprising at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen which antigen is integrated into an iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with an iscom complex or iscom matrix complex, characterized in that it also comprises at least one enzyme. Another object of the invention is to provide immunogenic iscom complexes, comprising at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen, into which an enzyme preferably Al subunits of a bacterial enterotoxin have been integrated. Another object is to provide immunogenic iscom complexes into which both enzymes and peptides or proteins, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation, have been integrated. Another object is to provide iscom complexes on to which antigens and enzymes and / or peptides or proteins, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation, have been coupled. Another object is to provide iscom complexes mixed with antigens and enzymes and / or peptides or proteins, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation. Another object of the invention is to provide immunogenic iscom matrix complexes, comprising at least one glycoside and at least one lipid on to which antigens, enzymes and / or peptides or proteins, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation have been coupled. Another object is to provide iscom matrix complexes mixed with antigens and enzymes and / or peptides or proteins, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation. Still another object is to provide a complex where the enzyme and a peptide or protein which specifically binds to a receptor is bound together into a fusion protein which is integrated into an iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with an iscom complex or iscom matrix complex. Still another object is to provide a complex where the enzyme, the peptide or protein which specifically binds to a receptor and an antigen is bound together into a fusion protein, which is integrated into an iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with an iscom complex or iscom matrix complex. Another object is to provide a -composition comprising the new complexes according to the invention. Detailed description of the invention. The invention relates to a immunogenic complex comprising at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen which antigen is integrated into an iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with an iscom complex or iscom matrix complex, characterized in that it also comprises an enzyme. The enzyme is preferably an enzyme that confers enzymatic ADP-ribosylating activity as it has turned out that such an enzyme has unexpected adjuvant activity in combination with iscom and iscom matrix complexes. If the enzyme is toxic it is preferred that the toxic part be deleted from the enzyme. Thus, the enzyme may be an enzyme with ADP- ribosylating activity from which a toxic part has been deleted. Especially the enzyme is a native or mutant bacterial toxin, preferably an enterotoxin and specifically a subunit of a toxin that confers enzymatic ADP-ribosylating activity. The enzyme may be selected from Cholera toxin (CT), E. Coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT), Pertussis, Clostridia, Shigella and Peudomonas toxins. Most preferably the enzyme is at least one Al subunit of a bacterial enterotoxin wherein said enterotoxin is selected from the group consisting of cholera toxin (CT) and E. Coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT). Such enzymes and subunits and the production thereof are described in USP 5,917,026. According to a preferred form of the invention, the immunogenic complex further comprises at least one peptide or protein, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation. Preferably the cell expresses MHC Class I or Class II antigen. The antigen-presenting cell may be belong the group consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells and epithelial cells. Iscom contains at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one type of antigenic substances, especially proteins and peptides and can be produced as described in EP 0 109 942 Bl, EP 0 242 380 Bl and EP 0 180 564 Bl. Iscom matrices contain at least one glycoside and at least one lipid. Matrices have an immunostimulating effect on administration together with antigenic substances, and can be produced as described in EP 0 436 620 Bl . The enzyme and / or the antigen and / or the peptide or protein which specifically binds to a receptor may be integrated into an iscom complex. It is also possible to couple one or more of these substances on to an iscom complex already containing antigens or on to an iscom matrix complex. Further is it possible to mix on or more of these substances with iscom or iscom matrices. In such a case the iscom complex may already contain one or more antigens and/or one or more enzymes and /or one or more peptides or proteins, which specifically bind to a receptor. Thus, the invention relates to a composition comprising iscoms wherein one or more antigens, one or more enzymes or one or more receptor binding peptides or proteins are integrated into, coupled on to or mixed with the iscom complex. The invention also relates to a composition comprising matrix and one or more antigens, one or more enzymes and one or more receptor binding peptides or proteins coupled on to or mixed with the matrix complex. The antigen-presenting cells having receptors to which the peptide can bind, are suitably cells capable of antigen presentation especially cells expressing MHC Class I and Class II and may be lymphocytes, such as B-lymphocytes, T-cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and epithelial and endothelial cells. The peptide is a peptide that binds to receptors of the above cells, preferably to an Ig or Fc receptor expressed by said antigen-presenting cell and most preferably to receptors of B-lymphocytes. Examples of specific targeting peptides are peptides capable of binding to receptors of: (i) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) capable of binding to the GM-CSF receptor .alphaJ.beta.heterodimer present on monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, (ii) CD4 and CD8 expressed on T cells which together with the T cell receptor (TcR) act as co-receptors for MHC class II and MHC class I molecules, respectively. MHC class I are expressed on most nucleated cells, whereas MHC class II molecules are expressed on dendritic cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid and erythroid precursor cells and some epithelial cells, (iii) CD 28 and CTLA-4, two homodimeric proteins expressed mainly on T cells which bind to B7 expressed on B cells, (iiii) CD40 present mainly on the surface of mature B cells which interact with gp39 expressed on T cells, (iiiu) different isotypes of the Ig heavy chain constant regions which interact with a number of high or low affinity Fc receptors present on mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, . dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells and B cells. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, said peptide is constituted by protein A or a fragment thereof in single or multiple copies, such as one or more D subunits thereof. According to the invention, the enzyme and the peptide which specifically binds to a receptor may be bound together into a fusion protein, which may be integrated into an iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with an iscom complex or iscom matrix complex. The fusion proteins comprise a sub-unit of a native or mutant bacterial toxin that confers enzymatic ADP-ribosylating activity, and, linked thereto, a peptide. The peptide is preferably such that the resulting fusion protein is in possession of water solubility and capability of targeting the fusion protein to a specific cell receptor different from receptors binding to the native toxin; thereby mediating intracellular uptake of at least said subunit. An antigen may also be incorporated in the fusion protein. Thus, the antigen, the receptor binding peptide or protein and the enzyme may be used as a single molecule or as different combinations in fusion proteins for integration into iscoms or coupling on to iscoms and / or matrices or mixing with iscoms and / or matrices. One or more antigens, one or more receptor binding peptides or proteins and one or more enzymes may be used as single molecules or in the fusion protein. The integration of the substances and the coupling thereof on to iscoms or iscom matrices may be done as described in EP 0 109 942 Bl, EP 0 242 380 Bl and EP 0 180 564 Bl. Although the invention is by no means limited hereto it will be exemplified in the following mainly with reference to the sub-unit Al of cholera toxin or a mutant thereof. Preferably the fusion protein comprises the Al subunit of cholera toxin and is fused to one or more copies of protein A or a fragment thereof, such as the D region of said protein A. One fusion protein denoted CTA1-DD consisting of CTA1 linked to DD, a dimer of the D-region of protein A, binds to soluble immunoglobulins as well as the Ig-receptor on B cells. The results demonstrate that this molecule lacks enterotoxic activity, but still effectively ADP-ribosylates target proteins. When used as a parenteral adjuvant CTA1- DD enhances anti-KLH antibody responses and increases KLH T cell priming. These results demonstrate the possibility to circumvent the toxic effects of CT simply by removing the CTB pentamer, thus excluding the potential interaction resulting in toxicity between the epithelial cell GMl-receptor and CT. The strategy of targeting of the immunomodulating activity of CTA1 to defined cell populations can be expanded to include essentially any given cell type, enabling specific modulation of cellular responses controlled by cAMP, provided that a suitable targeting molecule is available. CTA1 alone is highly insoluble in physiological aqueous solutions. Thus, the targeting molecule used as fusion partner in this invention also has the important function to enhance solubility of the CTA1 entity. The CTA1 moiety in CTA1-DD is targeted to B cells primarily, and away from the GM1- receptor on e.g. the gut epithelial cells. Furthermore, using this construct it has been demonstrated that (i) the enzymatic activity of CTA1 was retained in CTA1 -fusion proteins provided that CTA1 was fused at its carboxy terminus; (ii) CTA1 in the fusion protein exerts its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in target cells through a pathway for entry that is different from the surface ganglioside GMl-receptor; and that (iii) CTA1-DD displays a strong immunopotentiating activity. Similarly, CTAl may be fused to other targeting molecules such as e.g. CD4 to access MHC II expressing cells or any other ligand that specifically can bind to a receptor present on the cell surface. Using this approach CTAl will not interact with the GMl- receptor present on most mammalian cells including gut epithelial cells because the CTB portion is lacking in the construct. There fore, CTAl is given a narrow spectrum of cellular interactions via specific binding to surface Ig or Fc-receptors thereby targeting CTAl to primarily B cells, and macrophages and other Fc-receptor carrying cells. Fusion proteins may be produced by general biotechnological methods known in the art. Fusion protein CTA1DD may be produced as described in USP 5,917,026. Fusion proteins with CTA1DD may be produced using the vector described in fig. 7 or as described in references 8, 29. The pharmaceutical compositions may comprise one or more immunogenic complexes according to the invention, together with one or more excipients that are acceptable in pharmaceutical or veterinary products, whereby complexes and components to be mixed therewith may be placed in separate compartments. The compositions according to the invention will in practice normally be administered orally but may be given topically, or by rectal administration or by injection. For oral administration tablets and capsules may contain conventional excipients, such as binders, for example syrup, sorbitol, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone; fillers, for example lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, calcium phosphate or sorbitol; lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid, polyethylene glycol or silica; desintegrants, for example potato starch or sodium starch glycolate, or surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulphate. Oral liquid preparations can be in the form of for example water or oil suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or can be supplied as a dry product for constitution with water or another suitable vehicle before use. A composition according to the invention can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection or continuous infusion. Compositions for injection can be provided in unit dose form and can take a form such as suspension, solution or emulsion in oil or aqueous carriers and can contain formulating agents, such as suspending, stabilizing and/or disperging agents. Alternatively, the active constituent can be present in powder form for constitution with a suitable carrier, for example sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. The compositions according to the invention can contain between 0.1 and 99% by weight of the active constituent, suitably from 30 to 95% for tablets and capsules and 3 to 50% for liquid preparations. The experimental part shows that iscoms containing a fusion protein comprising CTA1-DD linked to the OVA 323-339 peptide epitope, used as a model antigen, were highly immunogenic when given by the subcutaneous, oral or nasal routes, inducing a wide range of systemic T cell dependent immune responses. No toxicity was observed by any route indicating that rationally designed combined vectors consisting of CTAl -DD and iscoms S may provide the basis of potent and safe mucosal vaccines. Thus, iscoms containing OVA peptide fused to CTA1-DD were immunogenic when given by a variety of routes, including the oral, nasal and parenteral routes. The responses induced included DTH and serum IgG antibodies in vivo, antigen-specific T cell proliferation and γlFN production in vitro. Despite the fact that it was not possible to detect IL5 production when CTA1-DD-ISCOMS primed lymphocytes were restimulated with OVA in vitro, immunised mice were primed for the production of both IgG2a and IgGl isotypes, indicating that Thl and Th2 cells were primed in vivo. The immune responses induced by iscoms containing the OVA peptide fused to the intact CTA1-DD construct were markedly superior to those found after immunisation with iscoms containing the CTA1-R72K-DD construct which contains a point mutation that abolishes the enzymatic activity of CTAl. This confirms our previous findings that ADP- ribosylating function is essential for the adjuvant property of the CTA1-DD yector (8) and indicates that a significant proportion of the combined ISCOMS-CTA1DD structure also depends on targeting this activity to the immune system. Nevertheless, iscoms containing the enzymatically inert CTA1-R72K-DD molecule did retain some adjuvant activity when given by mucosal or parenteral routes. This may reflect the well- established adjuvant properties of the iscoms themselves, perhaps enhanced by the ability of the DD fragment to target them in vivo, presumably to B lymphocytes. Thus, in addition to being targeted to DC and/or macrophages like conventional iscoms (14-16, 17), the new, combined vector may have the additional ability to interact with B cells, creating a second potential source of APC for T cell priming. In addition to its potent APC targeting properties, the intactCTAl-DD-ISCOMS adjuvant has the great advantage of being able to activate these cells, creating a costimulatory microenviron- ment for efficient T cell priming. Iscoms induce DC and/or macrophages to produce pro- inflammatory cytokines such as ILl, IL6 and IL12 in vivo (15, 18-22), while CTA1-DD is a potent co-activator of B cells (8). For these reasons, at least three important features of CTA1-DD-ISCOMS were considered to contribute to their immunogenicity. First they can physically target antigen and adjuvant to distinct APC populations in vivo and via distinct mechanisms. In the case of iscoms, this probably involves phagocytic uptake by mononuclear cells, whereas CTA1-DD involves receptor-mediated binding and uptake by surface immunoglobulin (8). Secondly, the vector contains two active adjuvants, Quil A and the ADP-ribosylating enzyme CTAl, which can stimulate the relevant cells that have taken up the vector. Lastly, insertion of the antigenic construct into the rigid iscoms particle ensures that the antigen and the adjuvants are delivered directly to the same APC, focussing their effects for optimal T cell priming. Extremely low doses of OVA peptide were able to prime systemic immunity by both mucosal and parenteral routes using the CTA1-DD-ISCOMS vector, with as little as 150ng or.750ng peptide equivalent being effective by the subcutaneous and oral routes respectively. Secondly, although the antigenic epitope used was delivered as part of a large fusion protein inserted in an iscoms particle, it induced strong immune responses that could be recalled with intact OVA protein. This indicates that CTAl-DD fusion protein and the iscoms vector did not interfere with the antigen processing mechanisms, which normally generate this class II MHC-restricted epitope. Taken together the results suggest that the combined vector gains access to physiologically relevant antigen processing pathways in an extremely efficient manner. Lastly, it is important to emphasise that no toxicity was observed in mice given the combined adjuvant vectors by any route. This contrasts with the toxicity occasionally seen using vectors containing intact Quil A (12, 27, 28), but extends our previous findings that the Quadri A fraction of Quil A and the CTAl-DD fusion protein are themselves lacking significant toxicity, despite their potent adjuvant activities. Thus the combined vector should provide a safe means of inducing mucosal and systemic immunity. One surprising finding from the study was that the free CTAl-DD fusion protein also had some adjuvant activity when given by the oral route (fig. 3). As confirmed here, previous studies had shown that this material was active by parenteral and subcutaneous routes (8), but it was considered it unlikely that it would be able to gain access to the B cells necessary for its adjuvant effects when given into the harsh environment of the intestine. However, it is now shown that oral immunization with CTAl-DD containing a defined peptide epitope induces a wide range of immune responses, which interestingly included marked levels of γlFN, despite other claims that CT based adjuvants stimulate predominantly Th2 dependent responses by this route. The responses induced by free CTAl-OVAp-DD were not as high as those, which occurred, when the fusion protein was inserted in iscoms, underlining the added potency of the combined vector. However, the enzymatically inactive CTA-R72K-OVAp protein was unable to induce any response above that generated by peptide alone by the oral or parenteral routes, indicating that the adjuvant properties of the intact CTAl-DD material were dependent on its ADP ribosylating activity, even when given by the oral route. Subcutaneous immunisation gives a synergistic between the CTAl-DD and iscom adjuvant effect in proliferation for CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS over the sum of the proliferation levels of CTAl-ONAp-DD and CTAl-ONAp-R72K-DD (fig. 2A). Similarly oral immunisation gives a synergistic effect in IgG2a induction for (fig. 3D) and in proliferation and γlFΝ induction for (fig.4A and 4B). Also, intranasal administration gives a synergistic effect in proliferation and γlFΝ induction as can be seen from fig.5. Together, the results are encouraging evidence that by combining the distinctive adjuvant properties of iscoms and the novel, non-toxic CTAl-DD derivative, it may prove possible to construct effective, safe and stable subunit vaccines which are active by mucosal routes. All cited references herein are incorporated by reference. The invention will now be further described by non-limiting specific examples with reference to the appended drawings, wherein: Figure legends Figure 1: Induction of systemic immune responses by subcutaneous immunization with iscoms containing CTAl-OVAp-DD or enzymatically inactive CTAl-R72K-OVAρ-DD. Control mice received CTAl-OVAp-DD alone, or OVA 323-339 peptide alone. All mice received the equivalent of 150ng OVA peptide and results shown are primary DTH responses measured 7 days after immunization (A), serum total IgG (B), IgGl (C) and IgG2a (D) antibody levels measured 7 days a subcutaneous challenge with soluble OVA given 7 days after primary immunization. The data are means ± 1 standard deviation for 5 mice/group and are representative of 3 similar experiments (**, p<0.05 vs all other groups; fflf, p<0.05 vs OVAp alone ). Figure 2: Induction of systemic immune responses by subcutaneous immunization with iscoms containing CTAl-OVAp-DD or enzymatically inactive CTAl-R72K-OVAp-DD. Control mice received CTAl-OVAp-DD alone, or OVA 323-339 peptide alone. All mice received the equivalent of 150ng OVA peptide and results shown are proliferation (A) and γlFN (B) levels measured in draining lymph nodes, measured 7 days after immunization. The data are means ± 1 standard deviation for 5 mice/group and are representative of 3 similar experiments (**, p<0.05 vs all other groups; f, p<0.05 vs OVAp alone ). Figure 3: Induction of systemic immune responses by oral immunization with iscoms containing CTAl-OVAp-DD or enzymatically inactive CTAl -R72K-OVAp-DD . Control mice received CTAl-OVAp-DD alone, CTAl-R72K-OVAp-DD, or OVA 323-339 peptide alone. All mice received the equivalent of 750ng OVA peptide on 6 occasions and the results shown are primary DTH responses measured 7 days after the last immunization (A), serum total IgG (B), IgGl (C) and IgG2a (D) antibody levels measured 7 days after a subcutaneous challenge with soluble OVA given 7 days after the last immunization. The data are means ± 1 standard deviation for 4-5 mice/group and are representative of 3 similar experiments (**, p<0.05 vs all other groups; f, p<0.05 vs OVAp alone ). Figure 4: Induction of systemic immune responses by oral immunization with iscoms containing CTAl-OVAp-DD or enzymatically inactive CTAl-R72K-OVAρ-DD. Control mice received CTAl-OVAp-DD alone, CTAl-R72K-OVAp-DD, or OVA 323-339 peptide alone. All mice received the equivalent of 750ng OVA peptide on 6 occasions and the results shown are proliferation (A) and γ IFN (B) levels measured in draining lymph nodes, measured 7 days after immunization. The data are means ± 1 standard deviation for 4-5 mice/group and are representative of 3 similar experiments (**, p<0.05 vs all other groups; f, p<0.05 vs OVAp alone ). Figure 5: Priming of systemic T cells by intranasal immunization with iscoms containing CTAl- OVAp-DD or enzymatically inactive CTAl-R7K-OVAp-DD. Control mice received CTAl-OVAp-DD alone or OVA 323 - 339 alone. All mice received the equivalent of 150 ng of OVA peptide, and results shown are proliferation (A) and γ IFN (B) levels measured in the spleen 7 days after immunization. The data are means ±ISD for five mice per group and are representative of three similar experiments (**, p<0.05 vs all other groups; ^ p<0.05 vs OVAp alone ). Figure 6: Construction of iscoms consisting of (A) CTAl-OVAp-DD and PR8, (B) CTA1R7K- OVAp-DD and PR8 and (C) PR8 antigens alone. The CTAl-OVAp-DD and CTA1R7K- OVAp-DD were detected by a HRP (horse radish peroxidase) conjugated rabbit antibody binding to the DD domain and the PR8 antigens were detected using biotinylated chicken anti-PR8 immunoglobulin (not binding to the DD domain) followed by HRP conjugated streptavidin. The saponins composing the iscom particle were detected by their absorbance at 210 nm. Figure 7: Linear map of CTA1-OVA-DD sequence check: 1329 from: 1 to: 3798 CTAl-DD expressions vector with 217 enzymes:*. Max Cuts:l. Figure 8: DNA and amino acid sequence of CTAl-DD fusion protein. Example 1: Preparation pf CTAIDD fusion protein. Preparation of a Cholera Toxin Al Subunit (CTAl) Fusion Protein was made as described in USP 5,917,026. Escherichia coli strains HB101 and E.coli RV308 were used as bacterial hosts for all cloning and expression work. Standard plasmids and vectors used were: pUC 19 and the PCR.TM. vector (Invitrogen, USA). Restriction enzymes and T4 DNA ligase (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany and New England Biolabs, USA) were used according to the recommendation of the supplier. The oligonucleotides used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were synthesised with an automated machine (Pharmacia-LKB Gene Assembler Plus, Pharmacia Uppsala, Sweden) and phosphorylated separately using polynucleotide kinase (New England Biolabs, USA). Low melting temperature agarose (NUSIEVE.RTM. GTG, FMC Bioproducts, USA) was used to isolate DNA fragments, and Multi Purpose agarose (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) for DNA analysis. The PCR amplifications were performed using the DNA Thermal cycler and Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer Cetus Instruments, USA). The bacterial strains were grown in Luria Bertani medium (LB) or yeast tryptone medium (2.times.YT) with ampicillin (Ap) 50 .mu.g/ml or kanamycin (Km) 100 .mu.g/ml. Plasmid DNA was prepared according to MAGIC.RTM. Minipreps DNA Purification Systems manual (Promega, USA). To determine the nucleotide sequence of the obtained fragments, DNA sequencing was performed using the Sanger method (Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. and Coulson, A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 74, 5463-7, 1977.22). Both strands were sequenced according to a standard protocol for the Taq DYEDEOXY.RTM. Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Bio-systems, USA). Analyses were performed on an Applied Biosystems Model 373 A DNA Sequencing system. The gene encoding cholera toxin Al subunit amino acids 1 to 186 (Mekalanos, J. J., Swartz, D. J., Pearson, G. D., Harford, N., Groyne, F. and de, W. M. Cholera toxin genes: nucleotide sequence, deletion analysis and vaccine development. Nature. 306, 551-7, 1983) was obtained by PCR usinglwo synthetic DNA primers (1 and 2 in fig. 1 of USP 5,917,026). Similarly the DNA segment encoding the IgG-binding region D of staphylococcus aureus protein A (Uhlen, M., Guss, B., Nilsson, B., Gatenbeck, S., Philipson, L. and Lindberg, M. Complete Sequence of the Staphylococcal Gene Encoding Protein A. J. Biol. Chem. 1984) was obtained by PCR using two synthetic DNA primers (3 and 4 in fig. 1 of USP 5,917,026). Using standard molecular biology techniques as described in >Sambrook, J. and al., e. Molecular Cloning— A Laboratory Manual.; Second edition ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.: 1989!, plasmid pKP 1001 (fig. 2 of USP 5,917,026) was constructed. Plasmid pKP 1001 contains the gene encoding CTAl (aa 1- 186) fused in frame with a DNA element encoding two. tandem copies of the D region from S. aureus protein A. In pKP 1001 the transcription unit encoding the CTAl-DD fusion protein is under control of the tryptophane promoter pTrp. For the production of the CTAl-DD fusion protein, E.coli RV308 and HB101 cells transformed with plasmid pKPlOOl were grown in shaker flasks overnight in 2.times.YT or LB (250 ml or 500 ml), with kanamycin, at 37.degree. C. After culture, the cells were collected by centrifugation. In order to solubilize the intracellularly produced fusion proteins, which precipitated as inclusion bodies, the cell pellet was treated with 6M Guanidine-HCl. After addition of destined water to 1M Guanidine-HCl to allow the protein to refold, the fusion protein was purified by IgG affinity chromatography using IgG Sepharose (Pharmacia, Sweden). After passage of the solubilized fusion protein through the affinity column the gel was washed with TST (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20), followed buffered with 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 4.8. Finally the fusion protein was eluated in 0.2 M acetic acid pH 3.1. The eluted fusion protein was stored in aliquots at -20.degree. C. prior to further use. Two other fusion proteins, one comprising CTAl fused to DD at its amino terminus (DD-CTA1) and a second (CTAl (Asp 109->Ala)-DD) consisting of a mutant form of CTAl in which Asp 109 was converted to Ala by PCR-directed in vitro mutagenesis, were prepared in the same way. Example 2. Preparation of iscoms. Antigens and Adjuvants Ovalbumin (Fraction V) was obtained from Sigma(Poole, UK), while OVA 323-339 peptide was obtained from Sigma Genosys, CTAl-DD and CTA1-R72K-DD fusion proteins containing the OVA 323-339 epitope were prepared as described in references 8 and 29. CTA1-R72K is a variant of CTAl from which one amino acid has been deleted and which lacks enzymatic activity. For the generation of the fusion proteins CTAl-OVAp-DD and CTAl-R7K-OVAp-DD, harbouring one copy of OVA 323-339 between the DD and the CTAl moieties, a synthetic oligonucleotide encoding OVA 323-339 flanked by nonpalindromic Aval sites (31). was inserted bead-to-tail into the Bbsl site in vectors pCTAl-DD and ρCTAl-R7K- DD. For the production of fusion proteins, Escherichia coli TG-1 cells transformed with the different expression vectors were grown in 250-ml flasks overnight in 2 x YT or Luria-Bertani, with 50 μg/ml kanamycin, at 37°C. After culture, the cells were collected by centrifugation, and the fusion proteins, produced as inclusion bodies, were solubilized by treatment with 6 M guanidine-HCl. After addition of distilled water to allow refolding, the fusion proteins were purified by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose (Pharmacia, Peapack, NJ) and stored in 0.2 M HAc at 4°C. Iscom-CTAl-R7K-OVA-DD and Iscom-CTAl-OVA-DD The preparation of these iscoms was done simultaneously. From the stock solution of protein (lmg/ml) in 0.2 M acetic acid pH 4, both recombinant proteins (CTA1-OVA-DD and CTA1-R7K-OVA-DD) were each dialysed in refrigerator (4-10 °C ) against 0.2 M cold phosphate buffer pH 6. A one ml sample of each dialysed recombinant solution (equivalent to one mg of each protein) were transferred to room temperature. One mg purified freeze-dried saponin fraction (Quadri A), normally kept in sealed glass containers in freezer below -18 °C, were also transferred to room temperature, opened and the glass container with freeze-dried saponin and a small magnetic bar were arranged with clamps over a magnetic stirrer. A stock solution of 1% lipid mix (1 % cholesterol and 1% phoshatidylcholine dissolved in 20% Mega 10), normally kept in sealed plastic vials in freezer (below -18 °C), were also transferred to room temperature and melted at hand temperature (30-40 °C). The one mL protein sample were added to the freeze-dried saponin and as soon (a few seconds) the saponin were dissolved in the stirred protein solution then 40 microliter of hand warm 1% lipid mix were added and the mixture stirred for the next 3 hours at room temperature. The mixture were then dialysed for the next 2-3 hours at room temperature against 0,2 M room temperate phosphate buffer pH 6. The dialyse was continued in refrigerator(4-10 C ) for one night. Next day the dialysed protein was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 10000 x g and the supernatant (0,9 ml) transferred as a 300 microliter overlay to each of three 4 ml ultra centrifugation plastic vials with preformed sucrose freeze gradient. The freeze gradient was on basis of 25%(W/W) sucrose dissolved in 0,2 M phosphate buffer pH 6. After 5 hours ultra centrifugation (20 °C, sw60 rotor, 50000 rpm, r av =2570000 x g) fractions were collected by puncturing the plastic vial with a needle in the bottom. The fractions were analysed for antigenicity, protein content and density. The protein rich fractions, with no free protein, were pooled and dialysed in refrigerator (4-10 °C ) for 2 days against 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 6. Finally the iscom preparation was concentrated using centrifugal filter device until desired protein concentration of 0.5 mg/mL was obtained. Iscom-CTAIDD This preparation was done as described above using CTA1DD as protein source instead of CTA1-OVA-DD or CTA1-R7K-OVA-DD. Iscom-matrix Saponin fractionation Quadri A was prepared as described in Kamstrup S., San Martin R., Doberti A., Grande H., Dalsgaard K.: Preparation and characterisation of quillaja saponin with less heterogeneity than Quil-A. Vaccine Vol. 18, No. 21 , 01 -Apr-2000. From aliquots of 10 mg Quadri A saponin/ml H 2 0 (kept at -20 C) a sample of 2.5 mg saponin (250 microliter) was added to room temperated 2.183 microliter 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 6, and placed over magnetic stirrer with small magnet in the same way as described above. Fresh thawn' 67 microliter room temperated 1.5% lipidmix (1.5 % cholesterol and 1.5% phoshatidylcholine dissolved in 20% Mega 10) were then added. After 3 -5 hours stirring at room temperature the resulting 2.5 ml product was dialysed at room temperature one night and day against 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 6. Iscoms containing OVA 323-339 peptide were prepared by EP 97905539.9 and EP 97905541.5. Iscom matrix without protein were prepared by mixing 2.5mg Quadri A in 250μl H 2 0 with 2.183ml 0.2M PBS pH 6 plus 67 μl lipid mix containing 1.5% cholesterol and 1.5% phoshatidylcholine in 20% Megal 0 and stirring for 3-5 hours at room temperature. The resulting iscoms were dialysed at room temperature for 36 hours against 0.2 M PBS and analysed by EM as above. Example 3. Subcutan immunisation. Animals BALB/c mice (H-2d) were purchased from Harlan Olac (Bicester, UK) and maintained under SPF conditions in the Central Research Facility, University of Glasgow, or were obtained from-B&K (SoUentuna, Sweden) and bred in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg. All animals were first used at 6-8 weeks of age. Immunisation of Animals Mice were immunised subcutaneously into one footpad with iscoms or purified fusion proteins containing 4 μg of CTAl-OVAp-DD, equivalent to 150ng OVA 323-339 in a total volume of 50 μl. One group of mice received 150ng OVA 323-339 alone. Measurement of OVA- Specific Immune Responses in vivo 7 days after the last immunisation, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) were assessed by determining the increment in footpad thickness found 24 hours after subcutaneous injection of lOOμg of heat aggregated OVA in 50 μl of sterile saline. Mice were bled for primary serum antibody responses at this time and also 7 days after DTH challenge to assess secondary responses. Secretory IgA antibody responses were measured 7-10 days after the last feed of antigen in intestinal washes obtained after four gavages with PEG as described previously (9). Total IgG, IgA and IgGl and IgG2a isotype responses were measured by ELISA, as described previously (10). Local antibody responses were measured in the lung. Measurement of OVA-Specific Immune Responses in vitro 7 days after the last immunisation, draining popliteal lymph nodes, spleens or cervical lymph nodes were removed and single cell suspensions prepared in RPMI 1640 (Gibco BRL, Paisley, Scotland) by rubbing through a stainless steel mesh and passing the resulting suspension through Nitex mesh (Cadisch & Sons, London, U.K.). After three washes in medium, the cells were resuspended at a final concentration of 10^ cells/ml and cultured in 200μl aliquots in flat bottomed 96 well tissue culture plates (Costar, Nucleopore, High Wycombe, U.K.) in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS, 1 OOU/ml penicillin, lOOmg/ml streptomycin, 50mg/ml fungizone, 2mM L-glutamine, 25mM Hepes, 50mM 2-mercaptoethanol (all Gibco BRL), either alone or with lmg/ml OVA. Proliferation was assessed by addition of lμCi/well ^H thymidine for the last 18 hours of culture. Cell bound DNA was harvested on filter mats and ^H-TdR incorporation measured on a Betaplate counter. To measure cytokine production, 4x10^ lymph node cells in 1ml aliquots were cultured in 24 well tissue culture plates (Costar) either in medium alone or with lmg/ml OVA. Supernatants were harvested after 2-4 days and stored at -20°C until assayed. Cytokine production was quantified using sandwich ELISA techniques described in detail elsewhere (3, 21), using appropriate pairs of capture and biotinylated detecting antibodies (all Pharminsen). Antibodv binding was detected using extravidin-peroxidase (Sigma) and TMB substrate as described above. Cytokine concentrations in test supematants were determined with reference to a standard curve constructed using serial dilutions of recombinant cytokines (Pharmingen). Statistical Analysis Results are expressed as means +/- 1SD and comparisons were made using unpaired two tailed Student's t-test. RESULTS Incorporation into iscoms enhances the Systemic Immunogenicity of CTAl-DD Adjuvant Vector A. In vivo Responses Having successfully incorporated the CTAl-OVAp-DD fusion proteins into iscoms, the immunogenicity of the combined vector was compared with the intact fusion protein. Mice were immunised subcutaneously on one occasion and the subsequent systemic immune responses assessed by measuring primary OVA-specific DTH responses, primary and secondary serum antibody responses and in vitro T cell responses in the draining lymph node. As anticipated, mice immunised with 150ng OVA 323-339 in saline showed little or no DTH response above background, whereas mice immunised with purified CTAl-OVAp- DD fusion protein containing the same amount of OVA 323-339 had good DTH responses (Figure 1A). However, animals receiving CTAl-OVAp-DD fusion protein incoφorated in ISCOMS had significantly enhanced DTH responses compared with CTAl-OVAp-DD immunised mice (Figure 1 A). Confirming our previous findings that the enzymatically inactive CTA1-R72K fusion protein lacks inherent adjuvant activity (8), mice receiving CTAl-R72K-OVAp alone had no significant DTH responses above background. However, iscoms containing this material were immunogenic, inducing significant primary DTH responses that were markedly less than those found in mice immunised with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS (Figure 1 A), presumably reflecting the known adjuvant properties of the iscom vector itself. Primary serum antibodies reactive with native OVA could not be detected after immunisation with OVAp in any form (data not shown). However, secondary total IgG antibody responses did occur after subcutaneous challenge with heat aggregated OVA in animals primed with immunogenic vectors. These followed a similar pattern to the DTH responses, with the highest levels of IgG anti-OVA being found in mice immunised with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS (Figure IB). Significant, but lower, IgG responses also occurred in mice given intact CTAl-OVAp-DD fusion protein and in animals receiving CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD-ISCOMS, whereas mice immunised with OVAp alone or enzymatically inactive CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD had little or no total IgG antibody in serum (Figure IB). Interestingly, immunisation with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS or with CTAl-OVAp-DD primed for both IgGl and IgG2a antibody responses (Figure 1C/D), suggesting no bias towards priming of Thl or Th2 cells by the vectors. Again, some IgGl and IgG2a responses were found in mice given CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD-ISCOMS, but not in mice immunised with CTAl -OVAp-R72K-DD itself or with OVAp alone. B. T Cell Responses in vitro Next the immunogenicity of the combined adjuvant vectors was explored in more detail by examining their ability to prime T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Draining popliteal lymph nodes were removed 7 days after primary immunisation and lymphocytes restimulated in vitro with native OVA. As before, mice immunised with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS were primed for very strong T cell proliferation (Figure 2 A) and production of γ IFN (Figure 2B). Little or no IL5 production was observed. Immunisatiori with CTAl-OVAp-DD alone, or with iscoms containing the enzymatically inactive CTA1-R72K fusion protein also induced good T cell responses in vitro, although these were significantly lower than those found in CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS primed animals. Little or no proliferation or cytokine production was observed in mice receiving OVAp alone (Figure 2). There is a synergistic effect in proliferation for CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS over the sum of the proliferation levels of CTAl-OVAp-DD and CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD (fig. 2A) Together, these results confirm that enzymatically active CTAl-DD is an effective adjuvant for a broad range of systemic immune responses when given by parenteral routes and extend earlier findings by showing that incoφoration into iscoms markedly enhances this activity. Example 4. Oral immunisation. Animals were the same as used in example 3. For oral immunisation, mice were fed on days 1,2,3,8,9 & 10 with iscoms or.purified fusion proteins containing 4μg of CTAl- OVAp-DD, equivalent to 150ng OVA 323-339. One group of mice received 750ng OVA 323-339 on each occasion. In vivo and in vivo measurements were performed as in example 3 RESULTS Incoφoration into iscoms enhances the Mucosal Immunogenicity of CTAl-DD Adjuvant Vector Earlier work show that CTAl-DD functions poorly as an adjuvant by the oral route. However, iscoms are extremely effective when given orally and therefore it was examined if incoφoration into iscoms could improve the mucosal adjuvant properties of CTAl-DD. A. In vivo Responses Mice were fed on six occasions with the different vectors, a protocol found to be optimal in previous work with iscoms, and systemic immune responses assessed as described above. Oral immunisation with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS induced significant DTH responses compared with background levels and these were equivalent to those obtained after subcutaneous priming (Figure 3A). In these experiments, CTAl-DD itself also primed systemic DTH by the oral route, although to a significantly lesser degree than when incoφorated into iscoms. As with the parenteral route, enzymatically inactive CTA1-R72K fusion protein lacks inherent adjuvant activity and mice receiving CTA1- R72K-OVAp orally induced no significant DTH responses, but this material was immunogenic when incoφorated into iscoms, confirming the inherent mucosal adjuvant properties of iscoms. Again this response was markedly less than that found with iscoms containing intact CTAl-DD protein (Figure 3 A). Mice fed 150ng OVA 323-339 in saline showed little or no DTH response above background, whereas mice immunised with purifiedCTAl-OVAp-DD fusion protein containing the same amount of OVA 323- 339 had good DTH responses. However, animals receivingCTAl-OVAp-DD fusion protein incoφorated in iscoms had significantly enhanced DTH responses compared with CTAl-OVAp-DD immunised mice (Figure 3 A). Primary serum antibodies reactive with native OVA could not be detected after immunisation with OVAp in any form (data not shown). However, secondary total IgG antibody responses did occur after subcutaneous challenge with heat aggregated OVA in animals primed with immunogenic vectors. These followed a similar pattern to the DTH responses, with the highest levels of IgG anti-OVA being found in mice immunised with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS (Figure 3B). Significant, but lower, IgG responses also occurred in mice given intact CTAl-OVAp-DD fusion protein and in animals receiving CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD-ISCOMS, whereas mice immunised with OVAp alone or enzymatically inactive CTAl-OVAρ-R72K-DD had little or no total IgG antibody in serum (Figure 3B). Interestingly, immunisation with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS or with CTAl-OVAp-DD primed for both IgGl and IgG2a antibody responses (Figure 3C & D), suggesting no bias towards priming of Thl or Th2 cells by the vectors. Again, some IgGl and IgG2a responses were found in mice given CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD-ISCOMS, but not in mice immunised with CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD itself or with OVAp alone. There is a synergistic effect in IgG2a induction for CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS over the sum of the IgG2a levels of CTAl-OVAp-DD and CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD (fig. 3D) B. T Cell Responses in vitro As before, mice immunised with CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS were primed for very strong T cell proliferation and production of γlFN (Figure 4A & 4B). Immunisation with CTAl-OVAp-DD alone, or with iscoms containing the enzymatically inactive CTA1- R72K fusion protein also induced good T cell responses in vitro, although these were significantly lower than those found in CTAl-OVAp-DD-ISCOMS primed animals. Little or no proliferation or cytokine production was observed in mice receiving OVAp alone. There are synergistic effects in proliferation and γlFN induction for CTAl-OVAp- DD-ISCOMS over the sum of the proliferation and γlFN levels respectively of CTAl- OVAp-DD and CTAl-OVAp-R72K-DD (fig. 4A and 4B) The results show that a targeted CT derivative can be incoφorated into iscoms. The resulting combined vector is a potent adjuvant for inducing a wide range of immune responses to small amounts of peptide immunogen after mucosal and parenteral administration. Example 5. Intranasal immunisation. Mice were immunized intranasally on three occasions 10 days apart, with iscoms or purified fusion proteins containing 4 μg of CTAl-OVAp-DD or CTAlR7K-OVAρ-DD (equivalent to 150 ng of OVA 323 . 339 ) in a total volume of 20 μl. Control groups of mice All mice received the equivalent of 150 ng of ON A peptide. Fig 5 shows the proliferation (A) and IFΝ-γ (B) levels measured in the spleen 7 days after immunization. It can be seen that there is a synergistic effect in that the level of proliferation and production of IFΝ-γ when CTAl-OVAp-DD iscoms are used is higher than the sum of the corresponding levels when CTAιR7K-OVAρ-DD iscoms are used and CTAl-OVAp-DD. Exampel 6. Mixed iscoms containing two antigens. Mixed iscoms containing both CTAl-OVAp-DD and additional antigens (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from human influenza virus) were prepared essentially according to Example 2. (A) 0.5 mg of each CTAlR7K-OVAp-DD and detergent solubilized PR8 antigens were mixed with 5 mg of saponin (Spikoside, Isconova, Sweden; lOOmg/ml in distilled water) and 1 mg of each cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline (15 mg/ml in 20% MEGA-10). (B) 0.5 mg of each CTAl-OVAp-DD and detergent solubilized PR8 antigens were mixed with 5 mg of saponin (Spikoside, Isconova, Sweden; lOOmg/ml in distilled water) and 1 mg of each cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline (15 mg/ml in 20% MEGA-10). (C) 1.0 mg of detergent solubilized PR8 antigens were mixed with 5 mg of saponin (Spikoside, Isconova, Sweden; lOOmg/ml in distilled water) and 1 mg of each cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline (15 mg/ml in 20% MEGA-10). The Iscoms were prepared as known in the art (ref. 34). Aliquots of both preparations were analysed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The gradients were divided into fractions that were analysed for saponin content (A210) and the two antigens using ELISA. As shown in figure 6 both antigens were simultaneously incoφorated into the same complex. Mice were immunised subcutaneously and orally as described in Exampel 2. Antibody and systemic T cell responses were recorded against OVA and PR8. As shown for OVA in example 2, the response (antibody IgGl and IgG2a, proliferation and IFN-γ production were enhanced significantly by the simultaneous incoφoration of CTAl-OVAp-DD molecule compared to iscoms containing PR8 antigens alone or combined with CTAlR7K-OVAp-DD. REFERENCES 1. Mowat, A. M. 1999. Oral tolerance: basic mechanisms and clinical applications. Curr Opinion Gastroenterol 15:546. 2. Strobel, S., and A. M. Mowat. 1998. Immune responses to dietary antigens: Oral tolerance. Immunology Today 19:173. 3. Grdic, D., R. E. Smith, A. M. Donachie, M. Kjerrulf, E. Hornquist, A. M. Mowat, and N. Lycke. 1999. The mucosal adjuvant effect of cholera toxin and ISCOMS differ in their requirement for IL-12, indicating different pathways of action. Eur J Immunol 29:1774. 4. Wilson, A. D., M. Bailey, N. A. Williams, and C. R. Stokes. 1991. The in vitro production of cytokines by mucosal lymphocytes immunized by oral administration of keyhole limpet hemocyanin using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. Eur. J. Immunol 21:2333. 5. McGhee, J. R., C. Czerkinsky, and J. Mestecky. 1999. Mucosal vaccines: an overview. In Mucosal immunology, 2nd edition. P. L. Ogra, J. Mestecky, M. E. Lamm, W. Strober, J. R. McGhee, and J. Bienenstock, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, p. 741. 6. McGhee, J. R., J. Mestecky, M. T. Dertzbaugh, J. H. Eldridge, M. Hirasawa, and H. Kiyono. 1992. The mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to vaccine development. Vaccine 10:75. 7. Elson, C. O., and M. T. Dertzbaugh. 1999. Mucosal Adjuvants. In Mucosal Immunology, 2nd Edition. P. L. Ogra, J. Mestecky, M. E. Lamm, W. Strober, J. R. McGhee, and J. Bienenstock, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, p. 818. 8. Agren, L. C, L. Ekman, B. Lowenadler, J. G. Nedrud, and N. Lycke. 1999. Adjuvanticity of the cholera toxin Al-based gene fusion protein, CTAl-DD, is critically dependent on the ADP-ribosyltransferase and Ig-binding activity. J Immunol 162:2432. 9. Mowat, A. M., K. J. Maloy, and A. M. Donachie. 1993. Immune stimulating complexes as adjuvants for inducing local and systemic immunity after oral immunisation with protein antigens. Immunology 80:527. 10. . Maloy, K. J., A. M. Donachie, and A. M. Mowat. 1995. Induction of Thl and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses by oral or parenteral immunization with ISCOMS. Eur J Immunol 25:2835. 11. Smith, R. E., A. M. Donachie, and A. M. Mowat. 1998. Immune stimulating complexes as mucosal adjuvants. Immunol Cell Biol 76:263. 12. Sjolander, A., J. C. Cox, and I. G. Barr. 1998. ISCOMs: an adjuvant with multiple functions. JLeuk Biol 64: 713. 13. Vajdy, M., M. H, Kosco-Vilbois, M. Kopf, G. Kohler, and N. Lycke. 1995. Impaired mucosal immune responses in Interleukin 4-targeted mice. /. Exp. Med. 181:41. 14. Claassen, I. J. T. M., A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, and E. Claassen. 1995. Antigen detection in vivo after immunization with different presentation forms of rabies virus antigen: Involvement of marginal metallophilic macrophages in the uptake of immune- stimulating complexes. Eur J Immunol 25:1446. 15. Claassen, I. J. T. M., A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, M. Poelen, N. Van Rooijen, and E. Claassen. 1998. Antigen detection in vivo after immunization with different presentation forms of rabies virus antigen. II. Cellular, but not humoral systemic immune responses against rabies virus immune stimulating complexes are macrophage dependent. Immunology 94:455. 16. Watson, D. L., N. A. Watson, C. Fossum, K. Lovgren, and B. Morein. 1992. Interactions between immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) and peritoneal mononuclear leucocytes. Microbiol Immunol 36:199. 17. Smith, R. E., A. M. Donachie, D. Grdic, N. Lycke, and A. M. Mowat. 1999. Induction of innate immune responses by immune simulating complexes: a critical role for IL12 in the immunogenicity of ISCOMS. J Immunology 162:5536. 18. Smith, R. E., A. M. Donachie, F. H. McLaren, and A. M. Mowat. 1998. Preservation of mucosal and systemic adjuvant properties of ISCOMS in the absence of functional interleukin 4 or g interferon. Immunology 93:556. 19. Villacres-Eriksson, M., S. Behboudi, A. J. Morgan, G. Trinchieri, and B. Morein. 1997. Immunomodulation by Quillaja saponaria adjuvant formulations: in vivo stimulation of interleukin 12 and its effects on the antibody response. Cytokine 9:73. 20. Behboudi, S., B. Morein, and M. Villacres-Eriksson. 1997. In vivo and in vitro induction of IL-6 by Quillaja saponaria molina triteφenoid formulations. Cytokine 9:682. 21. Behboudi, S., B. Morein, and M. Villacres-Eriksson. 1996. In vitro activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) by defined composition of Quillaja saponaria Molina triteφenoids. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 105:26. 22. Mowat, A. M., R. E. Smith, A. M. Donachie, E. Furrie, D. Grdic, and N. Lycke. 1999. Oral vaccination with immune stimulating complexes. Immunology Letters 65:133. 23. Kamstrup, S., R. San Martin, A. Doberti, H. Grande, and K. Dalsgaard. 2000. Preparation and characterisation of Quillaja saponin with less heterogeneity than Quil-A. Vaccine 18. 24. Heeg, K., W. Kuon, .and H. Wagner. 1991. Vaccination of Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted murine CD 8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes toward soluble antigen: immunostimulating complexes enter the Class I MHC-restricted antigen pathway and allow sensitization against the immunodominant peptide. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:1523. 25. Takahashi, H., T. Takeshita, B. Morein, S. Putney, R. N. Germain, and J. Berzofsky. 1990. Induction of CD8 + cytotoxic T cells by immunisation with purified HIV-1 envelope protein in ISCOMS. Nature 344:873. 26. Mowat, A. M., A. M. Donachie, G. Reid, and O. Jarrett. 1991. Immune stimulating complexes containing Quil A and protein antigen prime Class I MHC- restricted T lymphocytes in vivo and are active by the oral route. Immunology 72:317. 27. Morein, B., K. Lovgren, B. Ronnberg, A. Sjolander, and M. Villacres- Eriksson. 1995. Immunostimulating complexes. Clinical potential in vaccine development. Clin. Immunother. 3:461. 28. Johansson, M., K. Morein, and K. Lovgren-Bengtsson. 1999. Iscoms with different Quillaja saponin components differ in their immunomodulating activities. Cell Immunol: In Press. 29. Agren, L.C. Ekman, B. Lowenadler and N. Y. Lycke 1997. Genetically engineered nontoxic vaccine adjuvant that combines B cell targeting with immunomodulation by cholera toxin Al subunit. J. Immunol. 158:3936. 30. Lovgren, K., Kaberg, H. and Morein, B. (1990). An experimental influenza subunit vaccine (ISCOM) - induction of protective immunity to challenge infection in mice after intranasal or subcutaneous administration. Clin. exp. 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Claims: CLAIMS. 1. An immunogenic complex comprising at least one glycoside and at least one lipid, integrated into an iscom complex or matrix, and at least one antigen which antigen is integrated into the iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with the iscom complex or iscom matrix complex, characterised in that it also comprises at least one enzyme. 2. An immunogenic complex according to claim 1, characterised in that the enzyme confers enzymatic ADP-ribosylating activity. 3. An immunogenic complex according to claim 1 and 2, characterised in that the enzyme is selected from Cholera toxin (CT), E. Coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT), Pertussis, Clostridia, Shigella and Peudomonas toxins,. 4. An immunogenic complex according to claim 1-3, characterised in that the enzyme is selected from an Al subunit of a bacterial enterotoxin wherein said enterotoxin is selected from the group consisting of cholera toxin (CT) and E. Coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT), 5. An immunogenic complex according to claim 1-4, characterised in that it further comprises at least one peptide or protein, which specifically binds to a receptor expressed on a cell capable of antigen presentation, which cell expresses MHC Class I or Class II antigen wherein said antigen-presenting cell is selected from the group consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells and epithelial cells. 6. An immunogenic complex according to claims 1 - 5, characterised in that the enzyme is integrated into an iscom complex comprising at least at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen. 7. An immunogenic complex according anyone of claim 1 - 5, characterised in that the peptide or protein, which specifically binds to a receptor is integrated into an iscom complex comprising at least at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen. 8. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 1-7, characterised in that the enzyme is coupled on to a iscom complex comprising at least at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen or on to a iscom matrix complex comprising at least at least one glycoside and at least one lipid. 9. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 5-8, characterised in that the peptide or protein, which specifically binds to a receptor is coupled on to a iscom complex comprising at least at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen or on to a iscom matrix complex comprising at least at least one glycoside and at least one lipid. 10. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 1-9, characterised in that the enzyme is mixed with a iscom complex comprising at least at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen or mixed with a iscom matrix complex comprising at least at least one glycoside and at least one lipid. 11. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 5-10, characterised in that the peptide or protein, which specifically binds to a receptor is mixed with a iscom complex comprising at least at least one glycoside, at least one lipid and at least one antigen or mixed with a iscom matrix complex comprising at least at least one glycoside and at least one lipid. 12. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 1-11, characterised in that said bacterial Al enterotoxin subunit comprises the Al subunit of cholera toxin. 13. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 5-12, characterised in that the antigen-presenting cell is a lymphocyte. 14. An immunogenic complex accordmg to anyone of claims 5-13, characterised in that the antigen-presenting cell is selected from the group consisting of macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and epithelial cells. 15. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 5-14 characterised in that the antigen-presenting cell is a B-lymphocyte. 16. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 5-15, characterised in that the peptide specifically binds to an Ig or Fc receptor expressed by said antigen- presenting cell. 17 An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 5-16, characterised in that the peptide which specifically-binds said antigen-presenting cell is selected from the group consisting of protein A, a fragment thereof, and multimers thereof. 18. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 1-17, characterised in that the enzyme and the peptide or protein which specifically binds to a receptor is bound together into a fiision protein, which is integrated into an iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with an iscom complex or iscom matrix complex. 19. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 1-18, characterised in that the enzyme, the peptide or protein which specifically binds to a receptor and a antigen is bound together into a fusion protein, which is integrated into an iscom complex or coupled on to or mixed with an iscom complex or iscom matrix complex. 20. An immunogenic complex according to anyone of claims 18-19, characterised in that the fusion protein comprises the Al subunit of cholera toxin fused to one or more copies of protein A or a fragment thereof. 21. An immunogenic complex according to claim 20, characterised in that the fragment of protein A comprises the D region of said protein A. 22 An immunogenic complex according to claims 1- 21, characterised in that it further comprises other immunomodulatory compounds or targeting agents. 23. An immunogenic composition according to claims 1-22, characterised in that it further comprises one or more excipients that are acceptable in pharmaceutical or veterinary products, whereby complexes and components to be mixed therewith may be placed in separate compartments.

Inventors: DALSGAARD KRISTIAN, KAASTRUP PETER, LOEWENADLER BJOERN, LYCKE NILS, MC MOWAT ALLAN, DALSGAARD, KRISTIAN, KAASTRUP, PETER, LOEWENADLER, BJOERN, LYCKE, NILS, MC MOWAT, ALLAN
Applicants: DALSGAARD KRISTIAN, ISCONOVA AB, KAASTRUP PETER, LOEWENADLER BJOERN, LYCKE NILS, MC MOWAT ALLAN, DALSGAARD, KRISTIAN, KAASTRUP, PETER, LOEWENADLER, BJOERN, LYCKE, NILS, MC MOWAT, ALLAN
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A61K39
IPC codes: A61K39, A61P37