MANDIBULAR ADVANCER AND METHOD OF INSTALLING THE SAME

Abstract: Multiple embodiments of mandibular advancers are disclosed. Advancement of the mandible is affected by mounting such a mandibular advancer on each side of both the upper dental arch and the lower dental arch. One embodiment of such a mandibular advancer includes a casting form with a rigid polymerized material therein and which includes a casting form mandibular advancement incline formed on an end thereof. The casting form mandibular advancement incline may wear away in certain instances to expose the polymerized material therebeneath which has been cured and assumed the shape of this casting form mandibular advancement incline. Other embodiments of mandibular advancers that use a band are also disclosed.

Description: MANDIBULAR ADVANCER AND METHOD OF INSTALLING THE SAME CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This patent application claims priority from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/533,892, which is entitled "MANDIBULAR ADVANCER AND METHOD FOR ASSEMBLING THE SAME," and which was filed on March 22, 2000; U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/559,792, which is entitled "MANDIBULAR ADVANCER AND METHOD OF INSTALLING THE SAME," and which was filed on April 27, 2000; and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/648,086, which is entitled "MANDIBULAR ADVANCER AND METHOD OF INSTALLING THE SAME," and which was filed on August 25, 2001. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to the field of the advancement of the mandible or lower jaw in typically an orthodontic treatment setting (e.g., to treat an orthodontic patient with a Class II malocclusion, to treat an orthodontic patient with a Class HI malocclusion) and, more particularly, to various mandibular advancement devices which include a mandibular advancement incline for affecting mandibular advancement and which may be fixedly attached to one or more teeth of the patient. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Class II malocclusions exist when an individual's upper jaw or maxilla protrudes further out from the individual's face than his/her lower jaw or mandible. Conversely, Class El malocclusions exist when an individual's lower jaw or mandible protrudes further out from the individual's face than his/her upper jaw or maxilla. Treatment of a Class π malocclusion may entail exerting a functional orthopedic force on the individual's lower jaw or mandible so as to advance the same in a mesial or "outward" direction. One way in which orthodontic treatment forces have been applied to address a Class II malocclusion is through a facebow to retract the upper jaw or maxilla to match the position of a retraded mandible. As 70% of Class II malocclusions are due to a deficient mandible, it is more beneficial to the patient to advance the mandible than to retract the maxilla. This results in a better profile, and a more balanced facial appearance, compared to orthodontic techniques which retract the maxillary teeth to match the position of a retrusive mandible. The disadvantage of this approach is that the nose continues to grow, when the maxilla is retracted, and the nose becomes unduly prominent in the profile, while the maxilla and mandible are retracted to a retrusive position. This approach may align the anterior teeth, but at the same time, is detrimental to the patient's facial appearance. The alternative to a functional orthopedic approach to correct a mandibular retrusion would entail a combination of orthodontic and surgical correction to align the teeth and advance the mandible to match the correctly positioned maxilla. Orthopedic correction achieves a similar result by correcting the mandibular position without surgery in many cases. It is important to integrate orthopedic techniques with conventional orthodontic techniques, to allow the simultaneous correction of skeletal and dental abnormalities. Another option which has been utilized to affect mesially-directed mandibular advancement is through what has been characterized in the orthodontic industry as "bite blocks." Bite blocks generally include a planar surface which is disposed at an angle relative to an individual's occlusal plane when the bite blocks are installed on the patient. Typically a pair of bite blocks are installed on the occlusal surface of the patient's upper dental arch on opposite sides thereof (i.e., one on the right side of the upper dental arch, and another on the left side of the upper dental arch), while a pair of bite blocks are also installed on the occlusal surface of the patient's lower dental arch on opposite sides thereof (i.e., one on the right side of the lower dental arch, and another on the left side of the lower dental arch). Each of these bite blocks are installed so that there is a camming- like action between the two bite blocks which are occlusally installed on the patient's upper arch and their corresponding bite blocks which are occlusally installed on the patient's lower arch. Both fixed and removable attachment techniques have been suggested for bite blocks generally of the above-noted type. "Fixed" in the orthodontic treatment sense and also as used herein means that a particular appliance is installed on the orthodontic patient in such a manner so that at least in theory the orthodontic patient will not be able to readily remove the appliance, but so that the appliance may be removed by the orthodontic practitioner utilizing the proper tool(s). "Removable" in the orthodontic treatment sense and also as used herein means that a particular appliance is installed on the orthodontic patient in such a manner so that the appliance may be readily removed by both the orthodontic patient and practitioner. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, orthopedic appliances have traditionally been removable by the patient, therefore being dependent on patient cooperation to achieve the beneficial effects of treatment. The improvements of the present invention addressed below adapt the principles of orthopedic correction, already proven in removable appliance techniques, to fixed orthopedic appliances, thus allowing better control, and better results to be achieved by the unrestricted full time wear of orthopedic appliances. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to the advancement of the mandible in typically an orthodontic treatment setting and, more particularly, to the manner in which one or more components used to affect mandibular advancement are assembled for installation on a patient. Both mesial advancement (i.e., treatment of Class II malocclusions) and distal advancement or retraction (i.e., treatment of Class HI malocclusions) of the mandible may be affected utilizing principles of the present invention. Nomenclature which will be used herein to describe the various aspects of the present invention defines the corresponding structure/step in relation to the "installed" position or to the position which is assumed within the patient's mouth, and further conforms to the way in which such terms are commonly used in the dental or orthodontic practice to describe particular surfaces of the teeth and orthodontic appliances used in combination therewith and/or orientations relating thereto. A first aspect of the present invention is a mandibular advancement system which includes a casting form. Multiple options are provided in relation to the particular manner in which a mandibular advancement incline surface is mounted within a patient's mouth through use of this particular casting form. The casting form of this first aspect includes a casting form occlusal surface (e.g., on the "occlusal" side of the casting form when in the patient's mouth), a casting form buccal surface (e.g., on the "buccal" side of the casting form when in the patient's mouth), a casting form lingual surface (e.g., on the "lingual" side of the casting form when in the patient's mouth), and a casting form mandibular advancement incline for at least facilitating mandibular advancement. Typically the casting form mandibular advancement incline will be disposed on either the mesial or distal end of the casting form. One of these casting forms maybe installed on one or both sides of the patient's upper dental arch, on one or both sides of an patient's lower dental arch, or on one or both sides of both of the patient's upper and lower dental arches. These various options will be discussed in more detail below, as well as the various ways in which the installation may be affected. The casting form occlusal, buccal, and lingual surfaces, as well as the mandibular advancement incline, collectively define a hollow repository of sorts (e.g., a hollow, three-dimensional generally wedge-shaped structure). Disposed within this repository of the casting form is a material which has been polymerized to provide a desired degree of rigidity thereto. Typically this material will be provided to the casting form in somewhat of a "fluid" or "flowable" state (e.g., a paste), such that one could think of the casting form as a "bathtub" or trough of sorts for retaining this fluid-like or flowable material therein for subsequent polymerization. In any case, the casting form is installed on the desired side of the desired dental arch of the patient such that this now , polymerized material at least projects toward at least the occlusal surface of at least two or more teeth in the corresponding dental arch (e.g., the polymerized material may extend along the buccal and/or lingual sides of the noted teeth as well). An appropriate chemically polymerizing orthodontic bonding system (e.g., a primer and paste, a paste- paste, a photo-initiated orthodontic bonding system) may be applied to those surfaces of the polymerized material which will interface with the corresponding dental arch, or the curing of the flowable material on the patient's teeth may itself establish the bond between the polymerizable material and the teeth (e.g., using traditional/customary orthodontic composite resins for the flowable material and to define the polymerized material when cured). The casting form's mandibular advancement incline is positioned on the casting form relative to this polymerized material so that when the casting form is installed in the above-noted manner, the casting form mandibular advancement incline is disposed at an angle relative to the occlusal plane of the corresponding dental arch, and further preferably extends at least substantially peφendicularly across the major axis of the dental arch. Engagement of this casting form mandibular advancement incline (or the preferably conformingly-shaped underlying structure if the casting form material which forms the casting form mandibular advancement incline has worn away) by appropriate structure on the opposing dental arch (e.g., another mandibular advancer installed on the same side of the opposing dental arch and with a generally oppositely oriented mandibular advancement incline) may be used to at least facilitate advancement of the mandible in the mesial or the distal direction by the noted camming-like action. Various refinements exist of the features noted in relation to the subject first aspect of the present invention. Further features may also be incorporated in the subject first aspect of the present invention as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. The casting form occlusal surface may be contoured for various puφoses. That portion of the casting form occlusal surface which extends distally or mesially of the mandibular advancement incline (as the case may be depending upon, for instance, the type of malocclusion being treated and/or whether the casting form is for the upper or lower arch), may be a substantially planar surface and further may be disposed at least substantially parallel with the occlusal plane of the dental arch on which the casting form is installed. Preferably the mesio-distal extent of this particular surface is at least as great as the mesio-distal extent of the tooth within the dental arch which underlies this surface. Configuring at least this portion of the casting form occlusal surface in this manner provides a surface on which a mandibular advancer on the opposing dental arch may engage the casting form occlusal surface of the casting form associated with this first aspect to slide thereon, through a mesially or distally directed movement of the mandible by the patient, so as to position the opposing mandibular advancement incline for engagement with the casting form mandibular advancement incline associated with this first aspect or underlying structure as noted above. All of the casting form occlusal surface need not have the same profile. For instance, in the case where that portion of the casting form occlusal surface which extends from the casting form mandibular advancement incline is disposed at least generally parallel with the occlusal plane of the dental arch on which the casting form is installed (e.g., a first section of the casting form occlusal surface), the remainder of the casting form occlusal surface (e.g., a second section), may extend away from this first section not in parallel relation with the corresponding occlusal plane, but instead at least generally toward the patient's gingiva which is associated with the dental arch on which the casting form is installed. Stated another way, the second section of the casting form occlusal surface may slant toward the dental arch on which the casting form is installed. All or at least a portion of the casting form occlusal surface may be contoured to account for orthodontic conditions other than a Class II or HI malocclusion. For instance, all or part of the casting form occlusal surface may be recessed a certain degree to account for what is known as a "deep bite" orthodontic condition (e.g., to present a concave surface). In addition, all or part of the casting form occlusal surface may be bulged a certain degree or the casting form may have an enhanced occlusal-gingival extent to account for what is known as an "open bite" orthodontic condition. The distance between the casting form buccal and lingual surfaces, or the "width" of the casting form, may be selected to be at least slightly greater than the distance between the buccal and lingual surfaces of the dental arch on which the casting form is to be installed. In this case the casting form will extend along a portion of the buccal and/or lingual surfaces of the subject dental arch when installed thereon, as well as along a portion of the subject dental arch's occlusal surface. Polymerized material may thereby extend along these buccal and/or lingual surfaces of the subject dental arch as well to provide a more robust interconnection of the mandibular advancement system with the subject dental arch. The occlusal-gingival extent of the casting form buccal and lingual surfaces need not be equal in relation to the first aspect of the present invention. Materials may be used to make the casting form which will allow the orthodontic practitioner, or more typically personnel associated with an orthodontic laboratory, to trim the casting form to the desired degree prior to the disposal of the polymerizable material therein. For instance, the occlusal-gingival extent of the casting form lingual surface may be greater than the occlusal-gingival extent of the casting form buccal surface, or vice versa. One advantage of having the enhanced occlusal-gingival extent on the casting form lingual surface is that the casting form and polymerized material may encapsulate certain orthodontic armamentarium disposed on the lingual surface of the subject dental arch (e.g., lingual arches) to provide a more robust interconnection of the casting form with the corresponding dental arch. In other cases it may be desirable for the casting form lingual and/or buccal surface to have a reduced occlusal-gingival extent over certain portions thereof so as to not interfere with orthodontic armamentarium disposed on the lingual and or buccal surface of the subject dental arch. Relatedly, the occlusal-gingival extent of the casting form buccal and/or lingual surfaces need not be the same throughout the entire mesio-distal extent or "length" of the casting form. For instance, that mesio-distal section of the casting form buccal and/or lingual surfaces which is disposed adjacent to and/or extends mesio-distally from the casting form mandibular advancement incline may have an enhanced occlusal-gingival extent compared to another mesio-distal section of the casting form buccal and or lingual surfaces which is disposed further from that end of the casting form which includes the casting form mandibular advancement incline. This may be desirable for puφoses of secure retention by engaging the buccal or lingual surfaces of the underlying teeth. The casting form of the subject first aspect may include structure which extends from a gingival-most edge of the casting form mandibular advancement incline, and in the direction of the dental arch on which the casting form is installed. In one embodiment this "extension" may be characterized as having an at least generally u-shaped profile so as to at least generally approximate that portion of the dental arch over which the extension is disposed. Typically the casting form will be positioned on the subj ect dental arch so that this extension is disposed inteφroximally between two adj acent teeth within the subject dental arch. The occlusal-gingival extent of this extension may be greater than the occlusal-gingival extent of the casting form buccal and/or lingual surfaces for puφoses of contouring the appliance to engage the supporting teeth, or as a means of attachment to a lingual arch which maybe disposed to control the transverse dimension simultaneously with the mandibular advancement. In other cases the noted extension may have the same occlusal-gingival extent as adjacent portions of the casting form lingual and/or buccal surfaces. As noted above, the material from which the casting form of the subject first aspect of the present invention is made is preferably that which will allow an orthodontic practitioner or orthodontic laboratory technician to readily trim the casting form to the desired shape for a given patient. Moreover, preferably the material from which the casting form is made will further cross-link with the polymerizable material disposed therein to further enhance the interconnection between the casting form and this polymerizable material. Significant flexibility is provided by the casting form associated with the subject first aspect in relation to how the mandibular advancement system is actually installed on the patient. In one embodiment, the casting form with the polymerized material therein may provide the entirety of one mandibular advancer of the mandibular advancement system of the first aspect. A suitable orthodontic bonding system may be applied in this case to those portions of the polymerized material within the casting form which will project toward the subject dental arch (when the casting form polymerized material is initially formed on a stone casting and as will be discussed in more detail below), or the polymerizable material maybe allowed to cure while on the teeth, all such that the casting form and polymerized material may be fixedly bonded directly to the subject dental arch. Conventional orthodontic bands maybe used in combination with the above-described casting form to define a mandibular advancer of the mandibular advancement system of the subject first aspect. Generally, this band may be disposed within the "hollow" of the casting form and be securely retained therein by the polymerized material. In this case not only would portions of the polymerized material within the casting form be directly bonded to the subject dental arch, but the orthodontic band would also be disposed about a tooth within this particular dental arch and then bonded thereto. A band mandibular advancement incline frame is associated with this band. One embodiment entails attaching this band mandibular advancement incline frame to both the occlusal and buccal surfaces of the band. In any case, the band mandibular advancement incline frame is oriented on the band so that its band mandibular advancement incline, which is disposed on the free end thereof, is disposed at least generally proximate to and at least generally parallel with the casting form mandibular advancement incline when the casting form and band are installed on one side of the desired dental arch. Preferably, the band mandibular advancement incline and casting form mandibular advancement incline are disposed in interfacing relation. In one embodiment, the band mandibular advancement incline frame is encapsulated within the polymerized material, which again is retained within and preferably cross-linked with the casting form. Moreover, preferably the band mandibular advancement incline is a flat, planar surface. A band that includes a band mandibular advancement incline of the type described in relation to the first aspect is in fact a separate aspect of the present invention by itself. A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for assembling a mandibular advancement system (e.g., of the type described with regard to the first aspect) for use by a patient. The method includes the steps of disposing a polymerizable material within a casting form which includes a casting form mandibular advancement incline disposed on typically a mesial or distal end thereof. The casting form with the polymerizable material therein is thereafter disposed in overlying relation to least part of at least two tooth-like structures which are associated with a certain dental arch of a patient. The term "at least two tooth-like structures" means that this step maybe affected on a stone casting which has been previously made of the subject dental arch, and which are thereby not the patient's actual teeth, as well as directly on the patient's teeth. The casting form is more particularly positioned on at least the occlusal surface of the noted "structures" and the polymerizable material is cured into an at least substantially rigid form so that the casting form mandibular advancement incline is disposed in a proper position. This "proper position" is one where the casting form mandibular advancement incline is disposed at an angle relative to an occlusal plane of the dental arch on which the casting form with polymerized material therein is ultimately installed within the patient's mouth. Disposing the casting form mandibular advancement incline at this angle facilitates the provision of an "activating" surface for affecting mandibular advancement. Various refinements exist of the features noted in relation to the subject second aspect of the present invention. Further features may also be incoφorated in the subject second aspect of the present invention as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. One way to assemble the mandibular advancement system associated with the second aspect is in an orthodontic laboratory environment or the like. In this case, a stone casting is made of the dental arch on which the mandibular advancement system which is associated with the second aspect is to be installed. An appropriate release agent is typically applied to relevant portions of this stone casting. Thereafter, the casting form with the polymerizable material therein is positioned on the stone casting at the desired locale. The polymerizable material interfaces with at least the occlusal surface of the dental arch which is replicated by the stone casting, and possibly its buccal and/or lingual surfaces as well (e.g., the casting form may extend along at least a portion of the buccal and/or lingual surfaces of the subject dental arch, as well as along part of its occlusal surface). After the polymerizable material has had a chance to at least partially cure while on the stone casting (e.g., so as to retain the shape of the polymerizable material when removed from the stone casting), the casting form with the at least partially cured polymerizable material therein is removed from the stone casting. Typically the casting form with the at least partially cured polymerizable material will then be disposed within an appropriate oven or the like to complete the curing of the polymerizable material to the desired degree of rigidity. Installation of this casting form and the now polymerized material on the corresponding side of the corresponding dental arch of the patient is then affected "chairside" by the orthodontic practitioner applying an appropriate orthodontic bonding system to least part of the rigid polymerized material within the casting form, and thereafter positioning the casting form with polymerized material therein over at least two teeth within the corresponding dental arch of the patient. The mandibular advancement system associated with the second aspect may also be assembled directly on the teeth of the patient. That is, the casting form with the polymerizable material therein may be disposed over at least two teeth on one side of a particular dental arch of the patient so as to position the casting form mandibular advancement incline in the above-noted position. The polymerizable material may then be totally cured to a desired degree of rigidity within the mouth of the patient. This may entail directing an appropriate light source at the casting form to cure the polymerizable material therewithin. Enhancement of this type of curing operation is realized by forming the casting form from a material with at least a certain degree of transparency. As noted, the various features discussed above in relation to the first aspect of the present invention may be incoφorated in this second aspect as well. For instance, the casting form with the polymerizable/polymerized material therein may be installed by itself on one side of one of the patient's dental arches for providing a mandibular advancement incline for affecting mandibular advancement. The band discussed above in relation to the first aspect of the present invention may also be disposed within the casting form and thereby integrated therewith for providing a mandibular advancer in association with this second aspect and which is attached to the corresponding side of the corresponding dental arch of the patient. A third aspect of the present invention is directed to a cap and band which are interconnected in a certain manner to define a mandibular advancer. The cap includes a cap occlusal surface, a cap skirt, and at least one "active" surface for affecting mandibular advancement (e.g., a mandibular advancement incline). The occlusal- gingival extent of the cap is less than that of the occlusal-gingival extent of the exposed enamel of the tooth on which the cap is mounted (e.g., the gingival edge of the cap is disposed in spaced relation to the patient's gingiva). One wire extends from each of the buccal and lingual sides of the cap for attachment to the band. In this regard, the band includes appropriate structure on each of its buccal and lingual sides for interfacing with these wires to orient the cap on the tooth and interconnect the cap with the band. Various refinements exist of the features^ noted in relation to the subject third aspect of the present invention. Further features may also be incoφorated in the subject third aspect of the present invention as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. The cap occlusal surface may be disposed in spaced relation to the occlusal surface of the tooth on which the cap is mounted. In one embodiment, the minimum vertical extent of this space is at least about 1.5 mm as measured along the tooth-long axis. That is, there is at least about a 1.5 mm space between each point on the occlusal surface of the tooth and that point on the interior of the occlusal surface of the cap which is disposed therebeyond along a reference axis which is parallel with the tooth-long axis. With regard to the "active" surface of the cap, any appropriate mandibular advancement incline may be incoφorated into or otherwise associated with the cap used by the subject third aspect and at any appropriate location in relation to the cap (e.g., a mandibular advancement incline that is defined by a surface that extends between and interconnects two vertically spaced portions of the occlusal surface of the cap; a mandibular advancement incline that is a sloped and defines the entirety of the occlusal surface of the cap; a mandibular advancement incline that is a sloped or chamfered surface on the mesial or distal end of the cap; a mandibular advancement incline that is part of a mesial or distal extension from the cap). Another surface for providing an active force for mandibular advancement may be the transition section between the cap occlusal surface and the cap skirt (e.g., a generally convexly arcuate surface on both the mesial and distal of the cap). Both of the wires may include a first section which is at least generally occlusally- gingivally disposed, and a second section which is at least generally mesially-distally disposed. One of these wires may interface with a buccal tube disposed on and attached to the buccal side of the band. The other of these wires may be disposed under a catch disposed on and attached to the lingual side of the band. A ligating tube may also be disposed on and attached to the lingual side of the band for using a ligature wire to further secure the wire which interfaces with the catch. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING Figure 1 A is a perspective view of a lower dental arch of a patient with one embodiment of a pair of crown mandibular advancers disposed on opposite sides of the lower dental arch. Figure IB is a perspective view of an upper dental arch of a patient with one embodiment of a pair of casting form mandibular advancers disposed on opposite sides of the upper dental arch. Figure 2 is a perspective view of a casting form used by the embodiment of the casting form mandibular advancer presented in Figure IB. Figure 3 is a side view of the casting form of Figure 2. Figure 4 is a cutaway side view of one side of an upper dental arch of a patient with the embodiment of the casting form mandibular advancer presented in Figure IB being shown in cross-section thereon. Figure 5 is a perspective view of the embodiment of the crown mandibular advancer presented in Figure 1A. Figure 6 is a perspective, cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the crown mandibular advancer presented in Figure 5. Figure 7 is a cutaway side view of one side of upper and lower dental arches of a patient with another embodiment of a casting form mandibular advancer being installed on the upper dental arch and with the embodiment of the casting form mandibular advancer presented in Figure 4 being installed on the lower dental arch. Figure 8 is a cutaway side view of one side of upper and lower dental arches of apatient with another embodiment of a casting form mandibular advancer being installed on the upper dental arch and with the embodiment of the casting form mandibular advancer presented in Figure 4 being installed on the lower dental arch. Figure 9A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a band mandibular advancer. Figure 9B is a top view of the band mandibular advancement incline frame used by the band mandibular advancer presented in Figure 9A. Figure 10 is a side view of the embodiment of the band mandibular advancer presented in Figure 9A, when installed on a tooth. Figure 11 is a perspective view of a cap/band mandibular advancer. Figure 12 is another perspective view of the cap band mandibular advancer of Figure 11. Figure 13 is another perspective view of the cap/band mandibular advancer of Figure 11. Figure 14 is an occlusal view of the cap/band mandibular advancer of Figure 11. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention will now be described in relation to the accompanying drawings which at least assist in illustrating its various pertinent features. Figures 1 A-B illustrate a mandible 4 and maxilla 24 of a patient. The mandible 4 includes a lower dental arch 6 having two sides - one side using an "a" designation for its corresponding teeth and with the opposite side using a "b" designation for its corresponding teeth. Each side of the lower dental arch 6 includes the following teeth which extend from a lower gingiva 22 of the patient: a lower central 8, a lower lateral 10, a lower cuspid 12, a lower first bicuspid 14, a lower second bicuspid 16, a lower first molar 18, and a lower second molar 20. The maxilla 24 includes an upper dental arch 26 having two sides - one side using an "a" designation for its corresponding teeth and with the opposite side using a "b" designation for its corresponding teeth. Each side of the upper dental arch 26 includes the following teeth which extend from an upper gingiva 42 of the patient: an upper central 28, an upper lateral 30, an upper cuspid 32, an upper first bicuspid 34, an upper second bicuspid 36, an upper first molar 38, and an upper second molar 40. Teeth on the "a" side of the lower arch dental arch 6 interface with teeth on the "a" side of the upper dental arch 26, while teeth on the "b" side of the lower dental arch 6 interface with teeth on the "b" side of the lower dental arch 26. Both the lower dental arch 6 and the upper dental arch 26 have an orthodontic arch 44 installed on the lingual side thereof (and therefore a lingual arch 44), and orthodontic brackets 48 installed on the buccal side thereof with an arch wire 46 passing through the various brackets 48. A mandibular advancement system 50 is disclosed herein which utilizes a pair of mandibular advancers 52 which are installed on opposite sides of the lower dental arch 6. The system 50 further utilizes another pair of mandibular advancers 52 which are installed on opposite sides of the upper dental arch 26. Those mandibular advancers 52 which are installed on opposite sides of the upper dental arch 26 interface with an mandibular advancer 52 which is on the same side, but on the lower dental arch 6, to affect mesial or distal advancement of the mandible 4, depending upon the positioning of the "active" surfaces of these advancers 52. Preferably, each such "active" surface is flat or planar with an area of at least about 13mm 2 , is disposed at an angle relative to an occlusal plane of a dental arch on which the subject mandibular advancer 52 is disposed, and further is disposed to extend at least substantially across or peφendicular to the major axis of such dental arch. Various configurations for the mandibular advancers 52 are presented herein. Each of these various mandibular advancers 52 may be utilized in an mandibular advancement system 50. Although the accepted nomenclature of the adult teeth have been presented herein and will be used in the description of the mandibular advancers 52, it should be appreciated that these mandibular advancers 52 are applicable to children. Different nomenclature is commonly used to describe a child's teeth. Nonetheless, the advancers 52 will be installed on the tooth or teeth of a child which positionally correspond to those adult teeth identified herein. Details of one embodiment of a mandibular advancer 52 are presented in Figures IB and 4, with certain components thereof being illustrated in Figures 2-3. The mandibular advancer 52" of Figures IB and 4 includes a casting form 54 which functions as a "bathtub" of sorts and which is also illustrated in Figures 2-3. Generally a "flowable" material is disposed within the casting form 54 such that this material maybe "molded" to conform to at least two teeth of a patient, and thereafter "cured" (e.g., polymerized) into an at least substantially rigid form such that the mandibular advancer 52" is available for the application of mandibular advancement forces to the patient. I this regard, a casting form occlusal surface 66, a casting form buccal skirt 78, a casting form lingual skirt 82, and a casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 collectively define a hollow repository or containment space 88 in which this "flowable" material maybe disposed through the "open" side of the casting form which is disposed opposite the casting form occlusal surface 66. The casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 is disposed on a first end of the casting form 54. This incline 86 is an at least substantially flat, planar surface and is/defines the "active" surface of an mandibular advancer 52 which incoφorates such a casting form 54. That is, the incline 86, or an underlying material/structure disposed in at least substantially parallel and interfacing relation therewith, engages the "active" surface of a mandibular advancer 52 disposed on the same side of the opposing dental arch to affect mandibular advancement. In one embodiment, the size of the incline 86 has a length which is within a range of about 5 mm to about 7 mm and a width which is within a range of about 3mm to about 5 mm. Figure IB illustrates that mesial advancement of the mandible 4 may be affected by having the mandibular advancer 52" installed on the upper dental arch 26 and by having the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 proj ect at least generally mesially. Distally directed advancement of the mandible 4, or a retraction of the mandible 4, could be affected by having the mandibular advancer 52" installed on the upper dental arch 26 and by having the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 project at least generally distally. Similarly, the mandibular advancer 52" could be installed on the lower dental arch 6 to affect mesial advancement of the mandible 4 (by having the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 project at least generally distally) or to affect distal advancement of the mandible 4 (by having the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 project at least generally mesially). The casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 is disposed at least substantially across or peφendicular to the major axis of the dental arch on which it is disposed (i.e., extending from the buccal to the lingual). Moreover, the incline 86 is disposed at an angle of about 20 degrees relative to vertical in the embodiment of the mandibular advancer 52" presented in Figures IB and 4. Other angular dispositionings of the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 may be utilized to affect mandibular movement by the desired camming-like action (e.g., 45 degrees). However, the noted 20 degree angle is believed to reduce the potential for the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 becoming inadvertently disengaged with the "active" surface of its opposing mandibular advancer 52 (the crown mandibular advancement incline 112 in the case where the mandibular advancer 52" is used in combination with the mandibular advancer 52', as presented in Figures 1 A-B) during treatment to affect mandibular advancement. When installed on a given dental arch, this then disposes the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 at an angle to the occlusal plane of the subject dental arch. In the noted embodiment the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 will be disposed at an angle of about 70 degrees relative to this particular occlusal plane. Unless otherwise noted herein, the "active" surface of each of the mandibular advancers 52 addressed herein will be oriented similarly to the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 when mounted on the subject dental arch. The casting form 54 shown in Figures IB and 2-4 includes a second end 62 which is disposed opposite the first end 58 having the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86. These ends 58 and 62 are separated by a distance such that the casting form 54 will overlie at least two entire teeth of a patient, and possibly at least part of a third tooth, when the advancer 52" is installed on the subject dental arch. The second end 62 curves from the casting form buccal skirt 78 to the casting form lingual skirt 82 of the casting form 54 for puφoses of extending any mandibular advancer 52 which uses the casting form 54 to cover the occlusal surfaces of adjacent teeth in the subject dental arch, to assist in gaining adequate fixation, and to incoφorate these teeth in an anchorage unit, as a means of resistance, in order to apply forces sufficient to advance the mandible 4. In one embodiment, this particular curvature is defined by a radius. Typically the second end 62 of the casting form 54 is disposed directly on one of the teeth of the dental arch of the patient on which the casting form 54 is installed. Stated another way, the casting form 54 is typically not installed such that its second end 62 "extends around" one of the teeth of the dental arch of the patient on which the casting form 54 is installed. The casting form 54 may be disposed between a pair of adjacent teeth within the dental arch of a patient on which the casting form 54 is installed. In this regard, the casting form 54 may include an extension 90 which is disposed on its first end 58 and which extends further gingivally from the gingival extreme of the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86. This extension 90 is configured so as to "straddle" the dental arch on which the casting form 54 is installed. A generally u-shaped aperture 92 defined by a pair of spaced-apart prongs 94 provides this function. In the illustrated embodiment, the occlusal-gingival extent of the casting form 54 at its first end 58 with the extension 90 thereon is greater than the occlusal-gingival extent of adjacent portions of both the casting form buccal skirt 78 and the casting form lingual skirt 82. This need not always be the case. For instance, the first end 58 of the casting form 54 may have the same occlusal-gingival as that of the adjacent portion of the casting form buccal skirt 78 and/or the casting form lingual skirt 82. The casting form buccal skirt 78 and the casting form lingual skirt 82 are disposed in spaced relation. In one embodiment the casting form buccal skirt 78 and the casting form lingual skirt 82 are sufficiently spaced such that the casting form 54 may extend along at least a portion of the lingual and/or buccal sides of the dental arch on which the casting form 54 is installed. Material within the casting form 54 may then be disposed between the casting form 54 and at least part of these lingual and/or buccal surfaces of the dental arch. This may serve to increase the "robustness" of the installation of the casting form 54 on the subject dental arch. It may also be desirable for the casting form 54 to cover or partially/totally encapsulate or encase orthodontic armamentarium installed on these lingual and/or buccal surfaces of the subject dental arch. Further increases of the "robustness" of the interconnection of the casting form 54 with the subject dental arch may be realized by having the casting form 54 cover or encapsulate a corresponding lingual arch 44. The entire longitudinal extent of the casting form 54 need not extend along the lingual and/or buccal sides of the corresponding dental arch to the same occlusal-gingival extent. One or both of the casting form buccal skirt 78 and the casting form lingual skirt 82 may have a different occlusal-gingival extent at one or more places between the first end 58 of the casting form 54 and the second end 62 of the casting form 54. In the illustrated embodiment, a first buccal skirt section 79 which extends from the first end 58 has a larger occlusal-gingival extent than a second buccal skirt section 80 which extends from an end of this first section 79 to the second end 62 of the casting form 54. The casting form lingual skirt 82 may be similarly configured. This "two-tiered" occlusal-gingival extent provides the benefit of greater flexibility with the facility to fit the casting form 54 over several teeth with the depth of the casting form buccal skirt 78 and/or casting form lingual skirt 82 to be varied according to the contours of the corresponding teeth, and of any lingual or buccal attachments (e.g., brackets, wires, or tubes) which may be fitted as part of an orthodontic appliance. Other contours maybe employed on one or both of the casting form buccal skirt 78 and the casting form lingual skirt 82 of the casting form 54. Significant flexibility is provided as to the actual configuration of both the casting form buccal skirt 78 and the casting form lingual skirt 82 by making the casting form 54 from materials (e.g., thermoform plastics) which allow orthodontic laboratory personnel or orthodontic practitioners to customize the casting form 54 to the needs of the particular treatment application and/or patient by cutting the casting form 54 into the desired profile. For instance, one or more enclosed apertures (i.e., holes) or open apertures (i.e., those which interface with the gingival edge of the casting form 54) may be cut in one or both of the casting form buccal skirt 78 and the casting form lingual skirt 82 so as to keep the casting form 54 from covering certain orthodontic armamentarium when the casting form 54 is installed on the subject dental arch of the patient (not shown). Engagement of the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 by the "active" surface of the mandibular advancer 52 disposed on the opposing dental arch is used to affect mesial or distal advancement of the mandible 4 by what may be characterized as a "camming-like" action as noted. Typically the patient will have to move the mandible 4 in order to establish this engagement. In this regard, the casting form occlusal surface 66 of the casting form 54 is contoured to facilitate this engagement. The casting form occlusal surface 66 includes a first section 70 and a second section 74 that are disposed in different orientations. The first section 70 of the casting form occlusal surface 66 is at least substantially flat or planar, and is intended to be disposed at least generally parallel with the occlusal plane of the dental arch when the casting form 54 is installed thereon. The opposing mandibular advancer 52 may "slide" on this first section 70 to engage the "active" surfaces of the corresponding mandibular advancers 52. The second section 74 of the casting form occlusal surface 66 is also at least substantially flat or planar. However, the end of the second section 74 corresponding with the second end 62 of the casting form is more gingivally disposed than the end of the second section 74 which is adjacent to the first section 70. That is, the second section 74 slants gingivally progressing from- the first section 70 toward the second end 62 of the casting form 54. Configuring the second section 74 in this manner provides the benefit of a wedge-shaped occlusal casting form 54, which is thicker at the first section 70 than at the second section 74, and thinner at the second end 62. This is to accommodate the natural contours of the opposing teeth when the jaws are closed. Consider the case when the casting form 54 is installed on the upper dental arch 26. When the teeth are slightly apart with the mandible 4 and maxilla 24 slightly open, the space between the lower first molar 18 and upper first molar 38 and the space between the lower second molar 20 and the upper second molar 40, is slightly less than the space between the lower first bicuspid 14 and the upper first bicuspid 34 (in a child, these teeth are more commonly referred to as the lower and upper first deciduous molars, respectively, or the "D") and the space between the lower second bicuspid 16 and the upper second bicuspid 36 (in a child, these teeth are more commonly referred to as the lower and upper second deciduous molars, respectively, or the "E"). The wedge-shaped profile of the casting form 54, when installed on the upper dental arch 26, is designed to accommodate this feature as it is thinner (occlusally-gingivally) posteriorly and thicker (occlusally-gingivally) anteriorly. As noted above, the casting form 54 is formed from a material which maybe cut by orthodontic laboratory personnel or orthodontic practitioners to customize the configuration of the casting form 54 to the dental arch of the patient on which the casting form 54 will be installed. Moreover, preferably the material from which the casting form 54 is made will also "cross-link" with the flowable material disposed therein when the same is cured. That is, the flowable material which is disposed within the repository 88 of the casting form 54 is cured to a desired degree of rigidity to define a polymerized material 98 within the casting form 54, and which is illustrated in Figure 4 and which will be discussed in more detail below. This "curing" of the flowable material into the polymerized material 98 preferably chemically interconnects the polymerized material 98 with the casting form 54, although it may be possible to not have a cross-linking between the casting form 54 and the polymerized material 98 therewithin. In one embodiment, the casting form 54 is made from thermoform plastics and the flowable material is a traditional/customary composite resin. Installation of the mandibular advancer 52" utilizing the casting form 54 discussed above may be affected in a number of different manners on the subject dental arch. Consider the example presented in Figure IB where the mandibular advancer 52" is installed on the upper dental arch 26. One way to install the mandibular advancer 52" involves the use of a stone casting. In this case a stone casting is made of the upper dental arch 26 of the patient at issue. This will typically be done "chair side" by an orthodontic practitioner. The orthodontic practitioner will then typically send the stone casting to an orthodontic laboratory for production of a customized mandibular advancer 52" for each of the two sides of the upper dental arch 26. One or more orthodontic appliances may need to be attached to the lingual and/or buccal sides of the dental arch 26 to affect the desired orthodontic treatment. Portions of the casting form buccal skirt 78 and/or the casting form lingual skirt 82 of the casting form 54 may be trimmed to accommodate exposure of one or more of these orthodontic appliances when the mandibular advancer 52" is installed on the upper dental arch 26. In any case, an appropriate release agent is first applied to the occlusal, lingual, and buccal surfaces of the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26 in the region where the casting form 54 is to be installed. An appropriate flowable material is disposed within the casting form 54 and the same is then disposed over the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26. The extension 90 straddles the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26 such that the opposing prongs 94 are disposed on the buccal and lingual sides of the stone casting between the stone casting of the upper second bicuspid 36 and the upper first bicuspid 34. Both the stone casting of the upper second bicuspid 36 and the stone casting of the upper first molar 38 are totally covered by the casting form 54 with the flowable material therein. Only a portion of the stone casting of the upper second molar 40 is covered by the casting form 54 in that the second end 62 of the casting form 54 engages an occlusal surface of the stone casting of the upper second molar 40. However, the casting form 54 could be configured to cover the entirety of the second molar 40 as well (not shown). Once on the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26, the casting form 54 is seated thereon into the desired position. Preferably this involves disposing the first section 70 of the casting form occlusal surface 66 in at least generally, and more preferably in at least substantially parallel relation with the occlusal plane of the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26. This is usually only visually determined by the orthodontic laboratory technician. At least part of the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 will be occlusally-gingivally aligned with at least a mesial portion of the upper second bicuspid 36. However, with the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 typically being disposed at an angle of about 20 degrees relative to vertical, at least about 7 mm of the mesio-distal extent of the upper second bicuspid 36 will typically underlie the first section 70 of the casting form 54. At least a mesial portion of the upper first molar 38 may underlie the first section 70 of the casting form occlusal surface 66 of the casting form 54 as well. At least a partial curing of the flowable material within the casting form 54 occurs while the casting form 54 is installed on the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26. Curing may be affected simply by the passage of time and with the casting form 54 and the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26 being exposed to ambient conditions. Other techniques for at least partially curing the flowable material while the casting form 54 is mounted on the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26 may be utilized as well. One or more light sources may be directed at/through the casting form 54 to affect at least a partial curing of the flowable material which is retained between the casting form 54 and the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26. Once the flowable material has cured to the degree where it will at least substantially retain its shape within the casting form 54, the casting form 54 and the at least partially cured flowable material therein may be collectively removed from the stone casting of the upper dental arch 26 due to the use of the above-noted release agent. Completion of the curing of the flowable material may then be completed, such as by disposing the casting form 54 and the at least partially cured flowable material within an appropriate oven. Exactly how the flowable material is cured is not essential to the manufacture/use of a mandibular advancer 52 which utilizes a casting form 54. Curing of the flowable material to the desired degree provides a polymerized material 98 within the casting form 54 (Figure 4). The polymerized material 98 is sufficiently rigid so as to be able to withstand the forces which will be used to affect advancement of the mandible 4. That is, the polymerized material 98 is sufficiently rigid and strong to withstand the forces of occlusion of the teeth without distortion or breakage. The surface in contact with the teeth is accurately moulded to the teeth, so that a suitable dental adhesive can be used to fix- the casting forms 54 to the teeth. The mandibular advancer 52", which has been formed in the above-described manner, is now ready for installation on the patient. The orthodontic practitioner applies an appropriate orthodontic bonding system to least a portion of those surfaces of the mandibular advancer 52", and preferably the entirety thereof, which will interface with the upper dental arch 26 of the patient when installed thereon. The orthodontic practitioner then simply positions the mandibular advancer 52" on the upper dental arch 26 of the patient in the same position as the same was formed on the stone casting thereof in the above-noted manner. As can be seen in Figure 4, the extension 90 of the casting form 54 is positioned between the upper first bicuspid 34 and the upper second bicuspid 36. The polymerized material 98 at least substantially conforms to the occlusal surface of the upper second bicuspid 36, the occlusal surface of the upper first molar 38, and part of the occlusal surface of the upper second molar 40. The polymerized material 98 also conforms to the spacing between the upper second bicuspid 36 and the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86, the spacing between the upper second bicuspid 36 and the upper first molar 38, and the spacing between the upper first molar 38 and the upper second molar 40. Furthermore, the polymerized material 98 extends along at least part of both the buccal and lingual surfaces of the entire mesio-distal extent of the upper second bicuspid 36 and the upper first molar 38, as well as part of the mesio-distal extent of the upper second molar 40. The "active" surface of the mandibular advancer 52" is the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86. However, the underlying polymerized material may also actually define the "active" surface of the mandibular advancer 52" should the material of the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 "wear away" during treatment. The mandibular advancer 52" can also be totally assembled and installed "chair side" by the orthodontic practitioner and at least generally in the above-noted manner. At least those teeth which will interface with the mandibular advancer 52" first must be sufficiently prepared (e.g., cleaned) so that a suitable bond can be established therewith by the advancer 52". The casting form 54 with a flowable material therein is disposed directly on the desired teeth of the upper dental arch 26. The flowable material in this instance also serves to establish a bond directly with the teeth that interface therewith. That is, the mandibular advancer 52" in this case is not removed from the upper dental arch 26 for curing. Instead, the flowable material is totally cured within the mouth of the patient to the desired degree by using an appropriate light source or the like. In this regard, it is desirable to form the casting form 54 from a material which is at least partially transparent. Another embodiment of an mandibular advancer 52 which may be used by the mandibular advancement system 50 is presented in Figures 1 A and 5-6. The mandibular advancer 52' of Figures 1 A and 5-6 includes a crown 102 which is installed over a tooth in the subject dental arch. In the mandibular advancement system 50 illustrated in Figure 1 A, the crown 102 of each mandibular advancer 52' is installed on the lower second bicuspid 16 on each side of the lower dental arch 6. The crown 102 generally includes a crown occlusal surface 104 and an annular crown skirt 116 which extends away from the crown occlusal surface 104 and toward the corresponding gingiva when the crown is installed over a tooth within a given dental arch. A crown mandibular advancement incline 112 is disposed on an "end" 108 of the crown 102 which projects either mesially or distally when the crown 102 is installed over a tooth in the subject dental arch. The crown mandibular advancement incline 112 projects distally in the configuration presented in Figure 1 A. The "active" surface of the mandibular advancer 52' is the crown mandibular advancement incline 112, and in one embodiment such is an at least substantially flat, planar surface. The crown occlusal surface 104, the crown mandibular advancement incline 112, and the crown skirt 116 are integrally formed. Stated another way, the crown occlusal surface 104, the crown mandibular advancement incline 112, and crown skirt 116 are formed from a single piece of material such that there is no joint of any kind between any of these components. Materials which are commonly used to make conventional crowns may be used to make the crowns 102 here as well, such as stainless steel, titanium, gold, and aluminum. Other materials such as vacuum-formed plastics such as polycarbonate, acrylic, styrene, buturate, and vinyls may be used as well for the crowns 102. These materials would also be applicable for making the casting form 54 by vacuum-forming techniques. As can be seen in Figure 6, the crown 102 is "taller" than conventional crowns. When the crown 102 is installed over the desired tooth (a lower second bicuspid 16 in the case of the installation of the mandibular advancer 52' presented in Figures 1A and 6), there is a space 120 between the occlusal surface of this tooth and the crown occlusal surface 104. In one embodiment, the minimum vertical extent of this space 120 is about 1.5 mm at its occlusal-most extreme or at the apex of the incline 112, and may be as much as about 4 mm at its occlusal-most extreme (both measured relative to an occlusal- most surface of the tooth 16 or the "peaks" of the subject tooth). A suitable orthodontic bonding system may be used to fixedly mount the crown 102 over/onto the subj ect tooth. These types of materials are sufficiently rigid when cured to enhance the support of the crown mandibular advancement incline 112. That is, an amount of orthodontic bonding system material may be positioned within the crown 102 before installing the same over the subject tooth such that the entirety of the space 120 is occupied by this orthodontic bonding system material when the crown 102 is installed over the subject tooth. Alternatively, the space 120 may remain as an "air gap" between the crown occlusal surface 104 and the occlusal surface of the tooth on which the crown 102 is mounted. The existence of the space 120 facilitates the dispositioning of the crown mandibular advancement incline 112 in a desired position when installed over its corresponding tooth (e.g., disposed at an angle of about 70 degrees relative to a plane which is parallel with the occlusal plane associated with the dental arch having the tooth over which the crown 102 is installed). In this regard and as can be seen in Figure 6, the gingival-most extreme of the crown mandibular advancement incline 112 initiates where the tip of the corresponding tooth begins to extend inwardly toward its tooth-long axis and is disposed in at least generally parallel relation therewith. The incline 112 continues to extend occlusally beyond the occlusal surface of the tooth 16. In one embodiment, the length of the crown mandibular advancement incline 112 is within a range of about 3 mm to about 5 mm, the width of the crown mandibular advancement incline 112 is within a range of about 5 mm to about 7 mm, and/or has an area within a range of about 13 mm 2 to about 15 mm 2 . Each of the two mandibular advancers 52" on the upper dental arch 26 cooperate with their own mandibular advancer 52' on the lower dental arch 6 in order to affect mesial advancement of the mandible 4 in the particular configuration illustrated in Figures 1 A-B. The casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 of the mandibular advancer 52" disposed on the "a" side of the upper dental arch 26, or the similarly contoured polymerized material 98 thereunder, cams relative to the crown mandibular advancement incline 112 of the mandibular advancer 52' disposed on the "a" side of the lower dental arch 6 when disposed in interfacing relation therewith. Similarly, the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 of the mandibular advancer 52", or the similarly contoured polymerized material 98 thereunder, disposed on the "b" side of the upper dental arch 26 cams relative to the crown mandibular advancement incline 112 of the mandibular advancer 52' disposed on the "b" side of the lower arch 6 when disposed in interfacing relation therewith. Again, this may require the patient to "slide" his/her mandible 4 forward or mesially. This sliding movement is again facilitated by disposing the first section 70 of the casting form occlusal surface 66 in at least generally parallel relation with the occlusal plane of the upper dental arch 6 such that the crown occlusal surface 104 of the corresponding crown 102 may slide thereon to establish the noted camming engagement for affecting mesial mandibular movement. Other configurations of crown-based mandibular advancers 52 may be used in combination with those mandibular advancers 52 that utilize a casting form 54 or a variation thereof (e.g., other ways of integrating a mandibular advancement incline with a crown). Moreover, any other type of mandibular advancement structure maybe used in combination with those mandibular advancers 52 that utilize a casting form 54 or a variation thereof. In the configuration illustrated in Figure 1 A, the mandibular advancer 52' includes only the crown 102 with its various features. A variation would be to use the crown 102 in combination with the casting form 54 discussed above in relation to the mandibular advancer 52". Generally, the crown 102 would be installed over a tooth in the subject dental arch in the above-described manner, and the casting form 54 would be disposed over the crown 102 and at least one additional tooth in the subject dental arch so as to dispose the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 and crown mandibular advancement incline 112 at least generally proximate to each other and at least in generally parallel relation, and more preferably actually in interfacing relation. The flowable material would be cured with the crown 102 being within the casting form 54 to appropriately interconnect the same. Another embodiment of an mandibular advancer 52 is presented in Figure 7. Referring now to Figure 1, a mandibular advancer 52" of the type discussed above is installed on each side of the lower dental arch 6. In this case, however, the corresponding casting forms 54 are installed over only two teeth within the lower dental arch 6, namely the lower first bicuspid 14 and the lower second bicuspid 16. Moreover, the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 of each of these mandibular advancers 52" is disposed to project at least generally distally, whereas in the configuration discussed above in relation to Figure IB the inclines 86 projected at least generally mesially. A pair of mandibular advancers 52'" are installed on both sides of the upper dental arch 26 and as illustrated in Figure 7. Each of these mandibular advancers 52'" includes a casting form 54' with polymerized material therein 98. A "prime" designation is used for the casting forms 54' of the mandibular advancers 52'" since they have a larger occlusal-gingival extent compared to the casting forms 54 used by the mandibular advancer 52" (the dashed line in Figure 7 representing the location of the casting form occlusal surface 66 of the casting form 54 of the mandibular advancer 52"). The mandibular advancers 52'" with their modified casting forms 54' generally address an "open bite" dental condition. Enhancement of the occlusal-gingival extent of the casting forms 54' causes their corresponding casting form occlusal surface 66' to engage their corresponding lower first molar 18 to at least reduce the potential for further eruption of the same (to resist further protrusion from the gingiva 22, and possibly even to force the lower first molar 18 in the direction of the pair of arrows presented in Figure 7). Another embodiment of an mandibular advancer 52 1V is presented in Figure 8. Referring now to Figure 8, a mandibular advancer 52" of the type discussed above is installed on each side of the lower dental arch 6. In this case, however, the corresponding casting forms 54 are installed over only two teeth, namely the lower first bicuspid 14 and the lower second bicuspid 16. Moreover, the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 of each of these mandibular advancers 52" is disposed to project at least generally distally, whereas in the configuration discussed above in relation to Figure IB the inclines 86 projected at least generally mesially. A pair of mandibular advancers 54' v are installed on both sides of the upper dental arch 26. Each of these mandibular advancers 52' v includes a casting form 54" with polymerized material therein 98. A "double prime" designation is used for the casting forms 54" on the upper dental arch 26 in the case of the mandibular advancers 52' v since they have a reduced occlusal-gingival extent compared to the casting forms 54 used by the mandibular advancer(s) 52" (the dashed line in Figure 8 representing the casting form occlusal surface 66 of the mandibular advancer 52"). More specifically, at least a portion of the casting form occlusal surface 66" is recessed or concave to least a certain degree. The mandibular advancers 52 1V with their modified casting forms 54" generally address a "deep bite" dental condition. Reduction of the occlusal-gingival extent of the casting forms 54" allows for further eruption of their corresponding lower first molar 18 (i.e., it allows the lower first molars 18 to continue to advance from the gingiva 22 in the direction of the pair of arrows illustrated in Figure 8). Another embodiment of an mandibular advancer 52 is presented in Figures 9 A-B and 10. The mandibular advancer 52 1X of Figures 9 A-B and 10 includes a band assembly 234. The band assembly 234 in turn includes a band 236 which is defined by an annular skirt 238 which may be disposed circumferentially about a particular tooth within the desired dental arch. A band mandibular advancement frame 240 is attached to this band 236 on generally the buccal and lingual sides thereof (e.g., spot welding, brazing). Disposed on the free end of the band mandibular advancement frame 240 is a band mandibular advancement incline 244 and which defines the "active" surface for the mandibular advancer 52'\ In the configuration illustrated in Figures 9A-B and 10, the mandibular advancer 52 1X includes only the band assembly 234 with its various features. A variation would be to use the band assembly 234 in combination with the casting form 54 discussed above in relation to the mandibular advancer 52". Generally, the band assembly 234 would be installed around a tooth in the subject dental arch in the above-described manner, and the casting form 54 would be disposed over the band assembly 234 and at least one additional tooth in the subject dental arch so as to dispose the casting form mandibular advancement incline 86 and band mandibular advancement incline 244 at least generally proximate to each other and at least in generally parallel relation, and more preferably in interfacing relation. The flowable material would be cured with the band assembly 234 being within the casting form 54 to appropriately interconnect the same. Another embodiment of amandibular advancer 52 is illustrated inFigures 11-14. The mandibular advancer 52 1 " includes a cap 352 which is disposed over the occlusal of an appropriate tooth and a band 380 which encircles this tooth. The 352 generally includes a cap occlusal surface 356 and a cap skirt 360. In the illustrated embodiment, the cap occlusal surface 356 is at least substantially flat or planar, and is preferably disposed at least generally parallel with the occlusal of the dental arch on which the 352 is installed. Alternatively, the cap occlusal surface 356 could be anatomically-shaped to at least generally approximate the occlusal surface of the tooth on which the cap 352 is installed (not shown). The occlusal-gingival extent of the cap 352 is less than the occlusal-gingival extent of the tooth on which the same is mounted. Therefore, the gingival extreme 364 of the cap skirt 360 is occlusally-gingivally spaced from the patient's gingiva. A pair of wires 368 are fixedly attached to the cap 352 on the buccal and lingual sides of the cap 352. These wires 368 each include a first section 372 which is at least generally occlusally-gingivally disposed, as well as a second section 376 which is at least generally mesial-distally disposed. A buccal tube 384 is fixedly attached to the band 380 on the buccal side thereof, while a catch 388 is fixedly attached to the band 380 on the lingual side thereof. A ligating tube 392 is also fixedly attached to the band 380 on the lingual side thereof. The ligating tube 392 is disposed gingivally of the catch 388. The second section 376 of one of the wires 368 is disposed within the buccal tube 384, while the second section 376 of the other wire 368 is disposed on the gingival side of the catch 388. The wire 368 which is disposed under the catch 388 maybe ligated to the band 380 via the ligating tube 392. The band 380 is conventionally attached to tooth. The cap 352 may then be filled with a polymerizing material that is bonded to the interior of the cap 352 and disposed over the tooth and an annular occlusal portion of the band 380 (i.e., the cap 352 does not completely cover the band 380). At least at some point in time of the installation, one of the wires 368 is "slid" into the buccal tube 384 and the other wire 368 is disposed "under" the catch 388. Again, a ligature may further secure the wire 368 which is disposed "under" the catch 388 to the band 380 via the ligating tube 392. This interface between the cap 352 and the band 380 via the wires 368 maybe sufficient in and of itself. That is, the polymerizing material within the cap 352 (which cures into a shape which is in at least substantial conforming relation with the occlusal surface of the tooth) need not form a bond to the enamel of the tooth. In this case the mandibular advancer 52 x '" may then be configured as a removable appliance for repeated removal and installation by the practitioner or even the patient. In cases where the polymerizing material does bond the cap 352 to the tooth, the wires 368 may shelter or protect the bond from at least certain destructive forces which could otherwise cause this bond to fail. At a minimum the wires 368 function to align the cap 362 onto the tooth. Forces for affecting movement of the mandible 4 using the mandibular advancer 52 XI " are realized by mounting the cap 352 in spaced relation to the occlusal surface of the tooth on which the cap 352 is mounted. In one embodiment, the minimum vertical extent of this space is at least about 1.5 mm as measured along the tooth-long axis. That is, there is at least about a 1.5 mm space between each point on the occlusal surface of the tooth and that point on the interior of the cap occlusal surface 356 which is disposed therebeyond along a reference axis which is parallel with the tooth-long axis. In any case, the cap 352 may assume a variety of configurations to provide an appropriate surface for affecting mandibular advancement forces. The configuration presented in Figures 11-14 is sufficient. A transition section 354 exists between the cap occlusal surface 356 and the cap skirt 360, which is disposed on each of the mesial and distal ends of the cap 352. This transition section 354 may provide an appropriate surface for interfacing with another mandibular advancer 52 on the opposing dental arch to affect a desired movement of the mandible 4. The cap occlusal surface 356 and/or the occlusal portion of the cap skirt 360 could also be configured into other shapes to also affect mandibular movement (e.g., the shape utilized by the crown 102 of Figures 5-6). It may also be possible to utilize the cap 352, alone but more likely in combination with the band 380 and the above-described interconnecting wires 368, to provide enhanced occlusal support. The various mandibular advancers 52 described herein provide a significant advance in one or more of the performance of the mandibular advancement technique, as well as in the assembly of such advancers 52. Although certain of the mandibular advancers 52 were described above in relation to a particular dental arch (i.e., the upper dental arch 26, the lower dental arch 6), each of the mandibular advancers 52 described herein may be used on both the lower dental arch 6 and on the upper dental arch 26. Moreover, although certain of the mandibular advancers 52 were positioned on the subject dental arch to affect mesial advancement of the mandible 4, each of the mandibular advancers 52 described herein may be installed on the lower arch 6 and/or the upper dental arch 26 to affect distal advancement of the mandible 4 (i.e., a retraction). Finally, any combination of the various mandibular advancers 52 described herein may be used on the same side of the lower dental arch 6 and the upper dental arch to affect advancement of the mandible 4. It should also be appreciated that the mandibular advancers 52 described herein may benefit from the use of other appliances or armamentarium in conjunction therewith. For instance, it may be desirable to provide a buccal hook on each side of both the patient's upper dental arch 26 and lower dental arch 6 so that elastics may be utilized to facilitate engagement of the opposing mandibular advancers 52 (e.g., one elastic which interconnects the upper dental arch 26 and lower dental arch 6 on one side thereof, and another elastic which interconnects the upper dental arch 26 and lower dental arch 6 on the opposite side thereof). In certain cases, these hooks may be directly attached to the buccal of the mandibular advancer 52 itself (e.g., when formed from metal). The foregoing description of the present invention has been presented for puφoses of illustration and description. Furthermore, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modifications commensurate with the above teachings, and skill and knowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the present invention. The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain best modes known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such, or other embodiments and with various modifications required by the particular application(s) or use(s) of the present invention. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted by the prior art.

Claims: What is claimed: 1. An mandibular advancement system which comprises: a casting form which comprises: 1) a casting form occlusal surface; 2) a casting form buccal surface which extends away from said casting form occlusal surface and toward a patient's gingiva when said system is installed on a first dental arch of said patient and which is associated with a buccal side of said first dental arch; 3) a casting form lingual surface which extends away from said casting form occlusal surface and toward said patient's gingiva when said system is installed on said first dental arch of said patient and which is associated with a lingual side of said first dental arch; and 4) a casting form mandibular advancement incline which is disposed on a first end of said casting form, which extends away from said casting form occlusal surface and toward said patient's gingiva, and which is disposed at an angle relative to an occlusal plane associated with said first dental arch when said system is installed on said first dental arch, wherein said casting form occlusal surface, said casting form buccal surface, and said casting form lingual surface define a hollow repository; and a first material which is disposed within said casting form and which has been polymerized into an at least substantially rigid structure within said casting form, wherein said casting form is mountable on said first dental arch with said first material projecting at least occlusally relative to said first dental arch so as to position said casting form mandibular advancement incline for at least facilitating mandibular advancement. 2. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: said casting form occlusal surface comprises first and second sections, wherein said first section extends from said first end toward a second end of said casting form, wherein said second section extends from said first section at least toward said second end of said casting form. 3. A system, as claimed in Claim 2, wherein: said first section is an at least substantially planar surface and is disposed at least substantially parallel with said occlusal plane when said system is installed on said first dental arch of said patient. 4. A system, as claimed in Claim 3, wherein: a length of said first section, as measured in a direction extending from said first end of said casting form to said second end of said casting form, is at least about the mesial-distal extent of atooth in said first dental arch of said patient which underlies said first section when said system is installed on said first dental arch. " 5. A system, as claimed in Claim 3, wherein: said second section extends from said first section, toward said second end and at least generally toward said patient's gingiva when said system is installed on said first dental arch of said patient. 6. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: at least a portion of said casting form occlusal surface is at least generally concave so as to account for a deep bite orthodontic condition of said patient when said system is installed on said first dental arch of said patient. 7. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: an occlusal-gingival extent of said casting form accounts for an open bite orthodontic condition of said patient when said system is installed on said first dental arch of said patient. 8. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: said casting form occlusal surface comprises a first section which extends from said casting form mandibular advancement incline back toward a second end of said casting form in at least substantially parallel relation with said occlusal plane and overlying an entirety of a tooth within said first dental arch when said system is installed on said first dental arch. 9. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: wherein an occlusal-gingival extent of said casting form buccal surface is different than an occlusal-gingival extent of said casting form lingual surface. 10. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: an occlusal-gingival extent of at least one of said casting form buccal and lingual surfaces varies in at least one location between said first end of said casting form and a second end of said casting form which is opposite said first end. 11. A system, as claimed in Claim 1 , wherein: at least one of said casting form buccal and lingual surfaces comprises a cutout along a gingival-most edge of said casting form. 12. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: said first end further comprises an extension which projects from an edge of said casting form mandibular advancement incline toward said patient's gingiva when said system is installed on said first dental arch whereby said extension is thereby disposed between said patient's gingiva and said casting form mandibular advancement incline. 13. A system, as claimed in Claim 12, wherein: said first extension has an at least substantially u-shaped profile when looking at said first end of said casting form, towards a second end of said casting form opposite said first end. 14. A system, as claimed in Claim 12, wherein: said first extension is contoured to be disposed over and in at least generally mating relation across said first dental arch when said system is mounted on said first dental arch. 15. A system, as claimed in Claim 12, wherein: an occlusal-gingival extent of said first extension is greater than an occlusal- gingival extent of an adjacent portion of both said casting form buccal surface and said casting form lingual surface. 16. A system, as claimed in Claim 12, wherein: an occlusal-gingival extent of said extension is the same as an occlusal-gingival extent of an adjacent portion of at least one of said casting form buccal and lingual surfaces. 17. A system, as claimed in Claim 12, wherein: said extension is disposed between adjacent teeth in said first dental arch of said patient when said system is installed on said first dental arch. 18. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: a material which forms said casting form cross-links with said first material when disposed within said casting form. 19. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: said casting form mandibular advancement incline projects mesially when said system is installed on said first dental arch. 20. . A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: said casting form mandibular advancement incline projects distally when said system is installed on said first dental arch. 21. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: said first dental arch is selected from the group consisting of a mandible and maxilla of said patient. 22. A system, as claimed in Claim 1, further comprising: a band and a band mandibular advancement incline frame, wherein said band mandibular advancement incline frame comprises a band mandibular advancement incline which is an at least a substantially planar surface and which is disposed at an angle relative to said occlusal plane when said band is disposed about a tooth within said first dental arch, wherein said band is disposed within said casting form and is interconnected with said casting form by said first material, wherein said casting form mandibular advancement incline is disposed at least generally proximate to and at least generally parallel with said band mandibular advancement incline, and wherein said band mandibular advancement incline facilitates mandibular advancement. 23. A method for installing a mandibular advancement system on a patient, comprising the steps of: disposing a first polymerizing material within a first casting form, wherein said first casting form comprises a first casting form mandibular advancement incline which is disposed on a first end of said casting form; executing a first positioning step comprising positioning said first casting form in at least overlying relation to at least part of at least two at least tooth-like structures associated with a first dental arch of a patient, wherein said first casting form mandibular advancement incline is disposed at an angle relative to a first occlusal plane associated with said first dental arch after said positioning step, and wherein said executing a first positioning step is executed after said disposing a first polymerizing material step; and curing said first polymerizing material to be at least substantially rigid, wherein said first casting form incline is disposed so as to facilitate mandibular advancement when said first casting form is installed on said first dental arch of said patient. 24. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: said first end of said first casting form comprises one of a distal end and a mesial end of said first casting form. 25. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: said executing a first positioning step comprises positioning said first casting form in at least overlying relation to least part of two teeth of a stone casting made of said first dental arch of said patient. 26. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: said executing a first positioning step comprises positioning said first casting fonn within a mouth of said patient and in at least overlying relation to least part of two teeth of said first dental arch of said patient, and wherein an entirety of said curing step is executed within said mouth of said patient. 27. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: said executing a first positioning step comprises interfacing said first polymerizing material with an occlusal surface of said at least two at least tooth-like structures, with at least aportion of abuccal surface of said at least two at least tooth-like structures, and with at least a portion of a lingual surface of said at least two at least tooth-like structures. 28. A method, as claimed in Claim 27, wherein: said executing a first positioning step further comprises interfacing said first polymerizing material with an inteφroximal spacing between two adj acent at least toothlike structures associated with said first dental arch. 29. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: said executing a first positioning step comprises disposing said first end of said first casting form inteφroximally relative to two adjacent at least tooth-like structures associated with said first dental arch. 30. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: an entirety of said curing step is executed outside of a mouth of said patient. 31. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: an entirety of said curing step is executed within a mouth of said patient. 32. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: said executing a first positioning step comprises positioning said first casting form in at least overlying relation to least part of two teeth of a stone casting of said first dental arch of said patient, wherein said method further comprises the steps of: applying a release agent on at least part of said two teeth of said stone casting before said executing a first positioning step; and removing said first casting form from said stone casting after said disposing step and said executing a first positioning step, wherein at least a portion of said curing step is executed after said removing step. 33. A method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein: said at least a portion of said curing step is executed within an oven. 34. A method, as claimed in Claim 32, further comprising the step(s) of: applying an adhesive to at least said first polymerizing material after said curing step; and mounting said first casting form with said first polymerizing material therein to at least part of an occlusal surface of at least two teeth within said first dental arch of said patient such that said first polymerizing material project toward said first dental arch.

Inventors: CLARK WILLIAM JOHN, CLARK, WILLIAM, JOHN
Applicants: CLARK WILLIAM JOHN, CLARK, WILLIAM, JOHN
Application year: 2001
Main classification: A61C7
IPC codes: A61C7