DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE COMPARATOR

Abstract: An Audio Feedback Impedance Comparison Device to audibly express Impedance differences between / amongst components, circuits, materials, substances etc., to make use of the aural sense, while relieving eye, neck and mental strain, as well as reduce probe time. This is achieved by allowing simultaneous yet focused attention to be paid to all aspects of an impedance probe, i.e. hand-eye coordination of probe positioning, while aurally monitoring the feedback, instead of the common practices / methods where eyes have to be re-focused on visual feedback devices. The use of an alternating signal, allows "through" comparison, where multiple components some of which are impervious to static signal, contribute to overall impedance. The device can be used to inject and / or detect / trace the presence of an audio signal in an active circuit. With the aid of transducers, this Device may be used with other forms of energy.

Description: DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE COMPARATOR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This Invention is as a result of a quest to find a cheap, simple and effective way to troubleshoot malfunctions due to Impedance change, since component failure is usually reflected as such. DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART In Electronics, the current method of troubleshooting is generally to verify that individual components within a circuit retain their rated manufactured properties. The various properties usually require different methods and sometimes full or partial removal/isolation, to obtain accurate measurements. The Test Equipment most commonly used to verify component properties is the multi-meter, and since most multi-meters operate with a D.C. test Signal, they are unable to check Reactive Impedances. The main feedback from Multimeters is visual, therefore using a Multi-meter requires firstly, visual attention in the positioning of the probes, then, refocusing on a display to read a value. Comparison between two circuits requires either two multi-meters, or checking and recording each reading. Testing is sometimes also done using a signal generator and oscilloscope. This method, though very effective, requires two pieces of equipment, still uses visual feed back and is relatively expensive. These current methods are not primarily geared for comparison. Comparisons are usually done as a choice of method by the investigator. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The Invention uses analog components in this digital era, to quickly isolate faults even in these modern digitised pieces of equipment. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The Operation of the Dynamic Impedance Comparator is explained using the following thirteen (13) diagrams. Figure 1. An Audio Frequency Voltage Generator called 'AC, whose Output is applied to the points labeled In', in Figure two (2) through Figure six (6). Figure 2. (The Fundamental Circuit). A Resistive Bridge where 'Rl' equals 'R2', and 'RA' and 'RB' are of unknown value. 'Rl' and 'R2' also act as current limiters in the Circuit. Any difference in the Resistances of 'RA' and 'RB', causes a Voltage to be present across the points labeled 'Out'. The Circuit can be said to consist of two halves. One consisting of 'RA' and 'Rl', and the other consisting of 'RB' and 'R2'. NB. If any Measuring Device were to be connected across the terminals labeled 'Out', the power drawn by this Device, would change the Voltage across these terminals, hence the following configuration. Figure 3. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) 'Al' and 'A2', and Resistors 'R3' and 'R4' with resistances equal to 'Rl' and 'R2', are now added to Figure 2. The Op-Amps are configured as Unity-Gain Inverting Amplifiers, with the positive (+) inputs grounded, and 'Rl' and 'R2' used as the Inputs. The physically grounded points of 'Rl' and 'R2' in Figure 2., are now virtually grounded at the union of the Negative (-) Input of 'Al' and 'R3', and the union of the Negative (-) Input of 'A2' and 'R4' respectively. The Output at the terminals labeled 'Out2' between the union of 'R4' and the Output of Op- Amp 'A2', and the union of 'R3' and the output of Op- Amp 'Al', is equal in phase and magnitude to output at the terminals labeled 'Out2' between the union of 'RA' and 'Rl', and the union of 'RB' and 'R2' respectively. Figure 4. The Outputs of the Op- Amps labeled 'Out2' in Figure 3. is now connected to a Sound Reproduction Device labeled 'Speaker'. Any Difference in the Resistance between 'Rl' and 'R2' can now be "heard". Figure 5. When Resistances 'RA' and 'RB' in Figure 3. are replaced with Impedances 'ZA' and 'ZB', which may comprise of Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive or Semi- Conductive properties of Electronic or Electrical Circuits or Components, or reflections of the electrical properties such as resistance dielectricity, magnetic permeability of substances or materials, Impedance Differences are made audible. Figure 6. The addition of equal resistances 'R5' and 'R6' to Figure 5., allows for increased currents through the Impedances 'ZA' and 'ZB' respectively, without increasing the currents through the Op- Amps, yet still producing a voltage across the speaker, equal to that across the 'separate' terminals of 'ZA' and 'ZB'. Figure 7. The Unknown Impedances 'ZA' and 'ZB' in Figure 6. have now been separated from the rest of the circuit. The Point of union (labeled 'In' in Figure 6) of the Unknown Impedances, and the free ends of the Unknown Impedances provide three (3) terminals. Figure 1. is now integrated into the rest of the circuit eliminating the need for Ground, which was being used as a reference to unite Figure 1., to Figure 2. through Figure 6. 'R5' and 'R6' have been made selectable by adding Ganged Switch 'SA', 'SB'. The connector labeled 'C (Common), previously called 'AC, together with connectors labeled 'A' and 'B' at the free ends of 'Rl' and 'R2' respectively also provide three (3) terminals. These are the Terminals of this (Basic Version) Test Device called the Dynamic Impedance Comparator. NB. The ratio of the values of the Resistors 'Rl' to 'R4', though introduced as equal, along with the Values of 'R5 and R6', can be varied or even replaced with complex Impedances or an Impedance network to 1. accommodate proportional impedances, or 2. vary the gain of the amplifiers to increase or decrease sensitivity. The Op- Amps may also be replaced with High Voltage/Power Frequency Amplifiers 'Amps', functioning in the same manner, and retaining the labels 'Al' and 'A2', for Industrial Applications. The 'Speaker' may also be isolated from the Circuit as necessary. This concept is only demonstrated using electricity and electrical impedance. However, impedances to other forms of energy e.g. sound, motion, light etc., can be monitored and compared by energy conversions/adaptations some of which are stated below. When the Energy produced by 'AC is in the form of sound, motion, light etc., appropriate transducers may be used to convert the energy flow, or reaction to this energy, to Sound. Figures 8 through 13 illustrate modifications to accommodate various Unknown Impedance and/or Configurations. Figure 8. Connector 'C is split to two terminals, to provide for comparison of Separate Impedances. Figure 9. Resistors 'Rl' through 'R6' have been replaced with Impedances 'Zl' through 'Z6' to enhance specific characteristic differences of Compound Impedances. Figure 10. Impedances 'Zl', 'Z2', 'Z5' and 'Z6' have been removed from the Circuit in Figure 9 and the Unknown Impedances are connected directly to a variation of the Dynamic Impedance Comparator. This configuration makes the Unknown Impedances the sole Current (inversely proportional to the Impedance) determining factors in each half of the circuit, which in turn, is responsible for the Voltage across the Speaker. Figure 11. NB. Impedances 'Z3' and 'Z4' are removed for simplicity. In this configuration, Impedances 'Zl' and 'Z2' form the Inputs to the Inverting Amplifiers. This configuration regulates the Currents to the Impedances 'ZA' and 'ZB' in another variation of the Dynamic Impedance Comparator. If 'Zl' and 'Z2' then the Currents will be equal causing the Voltage (directly related to current) across the Speaker, to be based solely on the Impedance difference between 'ZA' and 'ZB'. Figure 12. Due to the numerous possible configurations, the Circuit is represented as an Impedance Network where the Unknown Impedances, are attached as components of the Network. Figure 13. For checks on Single Impedances, comparison may be made with Simulated or Pre-Recorded Signals. Summary of Modifications Input Modifications include transducers to detect non electrical properties such as motion, light, sound, pressure. AC Modifications include higher or lower power with variable, sweep, pulsed, intermittent, customised, higher than audible frequencies etc. Pre-Recorded 'AC and Output Signal to be used as a reference for stand-alone checking. Circuit modifications higher or lower power/frequency handling amplifiers with customised Impedances. Output Modifications include the replacement of the Speaker with amplifiers; attenuators, transducers, isolators, recorders, meters rectifiers, oscilloscopes, computers. Configuration An inverting amplifier was only used to demonstrate the circuit, however, non-inverting or other configurations may also be used.

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is; 1 . A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference between two or more circuits/components/substances/ materials to various forms of energy such as electricity/light/sound/vibration/motion using the appropriate transducers in the comparison of various properties such as electrical-/electronic-impedance/transparency/reflectivity/structural soundness/mass/shape. 2. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the electrical Dynamic Impedance Difference between/among two or more electronic components/ circuits. 3. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the electrical Dynamic Impedance Difference between/among two or more electrical components/circuits . 4. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference to sound energy in between two or more physical structures through the use of sound and audio transducers, to compare distances or sound conductive substances/materials. 5. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference to vibration energy between two or more physical structures through the use of vibration and vibration transducers, to compare structural soundness. 6. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference to vibration/motion energy between two or more physical structures through the use of vibration and motion transducers to compare structural soundness. 7. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference to light energy between two or more transparent or reflective masses through the use of light and light transducers, to compare transparency and reflectivity. 8. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference to various forms of energy of complex/compound configurations by permitting 'through' comparison of varied and multiple impedances in conjunction, providing a more wholistic comparison of properties such as electrical- /electronic-impedance/transparency/reflectivity/structural soundness/mass/shape. 9. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference to various forms of energy of a circuit/component/substance/material/structure under test, to a simulated feedback of what is expected. 10. A device that audibly expresses by magnitude of sound, the magnitude of the Dynamic Impedance Difference to various forms of energy of substance/material structure under test, to a recording of what it should actually be. 11. A device that with the use of transducers can in single unit mode by either not applying or by bypassing the energy on one channel, can audibly express whether the Dynamic Impedance of a circuit/substance/material/structure attached to the other channel completely impedes, or completely drains the energy applied, to ascertain that the circuit/substance/material/structure, indicates 'Open-Circuit' or 'Short-Circuit' Conditions respectively. 12. A device that in single unit mode, by either not applying or by bypassing the current in one channel, can audibly express by magnitude whether the Dynamic Impedance of a circuit attached to the other channel completely impedes, or completely drains the power applied, to ascertain that the circuit, indicates an 'Open-Circuit' or 'Short-Circuit' condition respectively. 13. A device that with the use of an appropriate transducer in single unit mode, by either not applying or by bypassing the energy in one channel can audibly express by magnitude of sound whether the Dynamic Impedance of a substance under test on the other channel completely impedes or completely drains the energy applied, to ascertain that the circuit, indicates an 'Open-Circuit'/absence or 'Short-Circuit' presence condition respectively. 14. A device that with the use of an appropriate transducer in single unit mode, by either not applying or by bypassing the energy in one channel, can audibly express by magnitude whether the Dynamic Impedance of a material under test on the other channel completely impedes, or completely drains the energy applied, to ascertain that the circuit, indicates an 'Open-Circuit'/detachment or 'Short-Circuit'/attachment respectively. 15. A device that with the use of an appropriate transducer in single unit mode, by either not applying or by bypassing the energy in one channel, can audibly express by magnitude whether the Dynamic Impedance of a structure under test on the other channel completely impedes, or completely drains the energy applied, to ascertain that the circuit, indicates an 'Open-Circuit'/isolated or 'Short-Circuit'/secured respectively. 16. A device that with little familiarity can produce intelligible by magnitude, audible feedback that can be used for basic checks on individual circuits/components/substances/materials. 17. A device that with the use of appropriate transducers and without the application of the 'AC, can be used to audibly express the presence of energy in an active device or circuit. 18. A device that without the application of the 'AC and with appropriate amplification/attenuation, audibly expresses the presence of audio signal in an active device or circuit. 19. A device that with the use of a microphone and without the application of the 'AC and with appropriate amplification/attenuation, audibly expresses the presence of sound in a medium. 20. A device that with the use of a light transducer and without the application of the 'AC and with appropriate amplification/attenuation, audibly expresses the audio frequency modulation of light. 21. A device that with the use of a vibration transducer and without the application of the 'AC and with appropriate amplification/attenuation, audibly expresses the audio frequency vibration of materials/substances. 22. A device that with the use of appropriate transducers, can be used to audibly trace the flow of energy from another source, through an active device or Circuit. 23. A device that with the use of appropriate transducers and the reintroduction of the 'AC reference 'Ground', can be used in an active circuit to inject and trace the process/processing of the signal. 24. A device that with the reintroduction of the 'AC reference 'Ground', can be used in an active electronic circuit to and trace the process/processing of an audio frequency signal. 25. A device that with the use of appropriate transducers and the reintroduction of the 'AC reference 'Ground', can be used in an active circuit to inject and trace the process/processing of signals in multiple devices/circuits to match performances. 26. A device that with the use of appropriate transducers can be used to audibly pre-match components for assembly.

Inventors: LAWRENCE CLIFTON, LAWRENCE, CLIFTON
Applicants: LAWRENCE CLIFTON, LAWRENCE, CLIFTON
Application year: 2001
Main classification: G01R
IPC codes: G01D7, G01R27, H01P5, H03H7, H04R29