AC/DC CONVERTER

Abstract: The invention relates to an AC/DC converter comprising a resonance converter (A3), which is suitable, for example, for operation with different AC mains voltages from different AC power grids. The invention makes use of, inter alia, the following ideas: use of a bridge circuit (A4) which can be driven both as a full-bridge circuit and as a half-bridge circuit; use of an arrangement (A2) working as an up-converter coupled at least via a capacitor (C2) to the resonance converter (A3); use of a transformer (T) in the resonance converter (A3) and realizing the point (7) at which the arrangement (A2) working as an up-converter is capacitively (C2) coupled to the resonance converter (A3) in that the primary winding of the transformer (T) is divided and this dividing point is arranged as said point (7).

Description: AC/DC converter The invention relates to an AC/DC converter comprising a resonance converter. Such AC/DC converters are used for converting an AC voltage into a DC voltage in, for example, television sets or discharge lamps in the form of switched-mode power supplies so as to convert a mains voltage into a DC supply voltage. An AC/DC converter, which forms a load on a public AC power grid, is subject to particular requirements as regards the current which may be taken from the AC power grid. For example, the current taken up by the AC/DC converter may customarily have only a limited harmonic part, i.e. the AC/DC converter should, in essence, represent an ohmic resistance. Such requirements are further specified in, for example, IEC 1000-3-2. From DE 198 24409 Al is known an AC/DC converter comprising a resonance converter which directly connects an up-converter comprising purely passive components to the output of a half-bridge. The publication by W. Chen, F.C. Lee and T. Yamauchi "An improved 'Charge Pump' electronic ballast with low THD and low crest factor", IEEE APEC '96 Proceedings, pp. 622-627, contains further possibilities of realizing such an arrangement. On the other hand, J. Wϋstehube, Schaltnetzteile, second revised edition, p. 139 ff., describes a bridge rectifier circuit with a switch-over device by means of which the bridge rectifier circuit is adapted to the respectively present AC mains voltage (110-127 volts, for example, in the USA or 220-240 volts, for example, in Europe), so that the generated DC voltage has substantially the same values irrespective of the applied AC mains voltage. It is for example an object of the invention to provide an AC/DC converter comprising a resonance converter which is highly cost-effective and suitable for use with different AC mains voltages from different AC power grids. The current taken up by the AC/DC converter is then to have only a limited harmonic part and work, in essence, as an ohmic resistance. This object is achieved by an AC/DC converter in accordance with patent claim 1. By using the two modes, the ratio of the DC output voltage to the first AC voltage present on the input of the AC/DC converter can be adjusted. This adjusting option reduces the requirements of the control circuit and allows of the use of the same components for AC/DC converters that are provided for the operation with different AC mains voltages, which voltages are present as a first AC voltage on the AC/DC converter, or for different DC output voltages. This leads to a considerable saving of cost of the AC/DC converter. The use of the arrangement coupled to the resonance converter and working as an up-converter leads to a further reduction of the harmonic part which is fed back into the AC power grid. Furthermore, the arrangement working as an up-converter provides a stabilization of the smoothed rectified AC voltage. This again reduces the requirements of the control circuit. The dependent claims 2 to 8 relate to variants of the invention which have an advantageous effect on the load of the mains caused by the AC/DC converter, on the practical use of the AC/DC converter or on the construction costs of the AC/DC converter. The invention, however, also relates to an integrated circuit which integrates at least the control circuit or which integrates at least the control circuit plus the four switching elements of the bridge circuit with one component. Such integration achieves a further reduction of the construction costs. A further aspect of the invention is that an AC/DC converter according to the invention is particularly suitable for monitors and for television sets, for example, with flat screens. These apparatuses require an exactly controlled and smoothed power supply with a substantially sinusoidal pattern of the mains current consumption in accordance with the legal directives. These and other aspects of the invention are apparent from and will be elucidated with reference to the examples of embodiment and particularly with reference to the appended drawings described hereinafter. In the drawings: Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of an AC/DC converter according to the invention, Fig. 2 shows according to the invention a variant of the arrangement working as an up-converter, a component of the AC/DC converter according to the invention, Fig. 3 shows according to the invention a further variant of the arrangement working as an up-converter, which shows its magnetic coupling with a resonance inductance of the resonance converter, and Figs. 4, 5, 6 show variants of the resonance converter according to the invention. Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the AC/DC converter according to the invention. The input of the AC/DC converter receives an AC voltage Ui n , which is converted into a rectified AC voltage U 12 by means of a rectifier arrangement Al comprising four diodes, having a positive pole at junction point 1 and a negative pole at junction point 2. The first AC voltage U m is, for example, a sinusoidal 230 volts mains voltage having a frequency of 50 Hz. The rectified AC voltage Uι 2 is applied to a series connection of an arrangement A2 working as an up-converter and a first smoothing capacitor arrangement comprising a smoothing capacitor here, while the smoothing capacitor is preferably arranged as an electrolyte capacitor. Junction point 2 of the first rectifier arrangement Al is then coupled to the negative side of the smoothing capacitor arrangement Ci at a junction point 5. Junction point 4 stands for the junction point of the arrangement A2 working as an up- converter and the first smoothing capacitor arrangement Ci. Accordingly, U 45 denotes the smoothed, rectified AC voltage present on the first smoothing capacitor arrangement Ci between the junction points 4 and 5. The smoothed rectified AC voltage U 45 is applied to a bridge circuit A4 which comprises a first switching element Si, a second switching element S 2 , a third switching element S 3 and a fourth switching element S 4 . The switching elements are arranged here as field effect transistors. Instead, however, also other embodiments of the switches may be used such as, for example, IGBTs (Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistors). The voltage U 45 is present both on the series connection formed by the two switching elements Si and S 2 and on the series connection formed by the two other switching elements S 3 and S 4 , i.e. the two series connections of switching elements are connected in parallel and are connected to each other at junction points 4 and 5 and to the first smoothing capacitor arrangement Ci. Between a junction point 6 between the switching elements Si and S 2 and a junction point 8 between the switching elements S 3 and S 4 a further AC voltage U 68 is generated from the rectified and smoothed AC voltage U 5 in that the switching elements Si to S 4 are switched on and off. This further AC voltage U 68 is applied to the input of the resonance converter A3 at whose output, which is also the output of the AC/DC converter, a DC output voltage U out arises, which is used for supplying power to a load R . This load R L , represented as an ohmic load here, may generally also be of an inductive, capacitive or mixed type. The resonance converter A3 comprises resonant circuit elements: here a resonance capacitor CR and a transformer T which works, for example, as a resonance inductance LR and takes care of a galvanic separation between the input and output of the resonance converter A3. The resonance capacitor C R and the primary winding of the transformer T are combined in series between the junction points 6 and 8 and thus form the input side of the resonance converter A3. One side of the resonance capacitor CR is then connected to junction point 6. The AC voltage arising on the secondary side of the transformer T is rectified by means of a second rectifier arrangement A6 comprising four diodes and is then smoothed by a second smoothing capacitor arrangement C 3 comprising one smoothing capacitor here. The voltage drop at the capacitor C 3 is the DC output voltage U out present on the output of the AC/DC converter. The switching elements Si to S 4 are coupled to a control circuit A5 which controls the switching elements by applying suitable control signals to the control inputs of the switching elements i.e. switches them on (brings them to the conductive mode) or switches them off (brings them to the non-conductive mode). The control circuit A5 is preferably realized by an integrated circuit (IC) which may also include the four switching elements Si to S 4 , if necessary. The control circuit A5 then controls the switching elements Si to S in two different modes which produce different values of the ratio U ou t U 68 and thus also different values of the ratio U out Ui n . In this way, a change of mode may effect, for example, an adaptation to the AC, converter aαvε ϊeous is the control circuit A5 for example from the value of the rectified and smoothed AC voltage U 45 , or a direct measurement of Uj n by the control circuit A5 can be made. To perform the automatic adaptation to the two prepared AC mains voltages, the control circuit A5 then switches to the second mode if the lower of the two prepared AC mains voltages is present at the input of the AC/DC converter, whereas it utilizes a first mode if the higher of the two prepared AC mains voltages is present at the input of the AC/DC converter. In the first mode the control circuit A5 controls the switching elements Si to S 4 in a way that the bridge circuit A4 is operated as a half-bridge circuit. For this purpose, for example, one of the two switching elements S 3 or S 4 is constantly switched off, and the other one is constantly switched on, thus for example S 3 is constantly switched off and S 4 is constantly switched on. The two further switching elements Si and S 2 are switched on and off alternately. Basically, however, also the roles between the switch pairs S 3 , S 4 and Si, S may be interchanged. Due to this half-bridge operation, the rectified and smoothed AC voltage U 5 is present as a further AC voltage U 68 on the input of the resonance converter A3, while the switch Si is conductive, whereas the further AC voltage U 68 drops to the short-circuit value of ideally 0 volts when the switch Si is blocking. In the second mode the control circuit A5 controls the switching elements Si to S 4 in a way that the bridge circuit A4 is operated as a full-bridge circuit. For this purpose, the switching elements Si to S 4 are alternately switched on or off in pairs i.e. the two switches Si and S 4 are simultaneously switched on or off and also the two switches S 2 and S 3 are simultaneously switched on or off, whereas the switch pairs Si, S 4 and S 2 , S 3 are alternately switched on and off. As a result of this full-bridge operation, the rectified and smoothed AC voltage U 45 is present as a further AC voltage U 68 on the input of the resonance converter A3 during the conductive mode of the switches Si and S 4 , whereas the negative rectified and smoothed AC voltage U 45 is present in the blocking phase of the switches Si and S 4 . Whereas in half-bridge operation of the first mode in the blocking phase of the switch Si the zero volts short-circuit voltage is present on the input of the resonance converter A3, in full-bridge operation of the second mode the negative rectified and smoothed AC voltage U 45 is present. This causes an increase of the ratio U ou t i n with furthermore the same circuit conditions. As an alternative, a so-called phase-shifted PWM full-bridge control of the four switching elements Si to S 4 may be selected for the second mode, just as described in DE 198 24409 Al and the literature cited therein "Unitrode Power Supply Seminar, SEM- 800, Bob Mammano and Jeff Putsch: Fixed-Frequency, Resonant-Switched Pulse Width Modulation with Phase-Shifted Control, September 1991, pp. 5-1 to 5-7 (more particularly Fig. 1)". In both modes, the control circuit A5 may also perform an adaptation of the switching frequency and of the duty cycle of the switching elements Si to S 4 . Furthermore, when the phase-shifted PWM full-bridge control is used, also the magnitude of the phase shift between the switching instants of the two switch pairs Si, S 4 and S , S 3 can be adapted. These measures provide that, for example, the mains load of the AC/DC converter and the magnitude and stability of the DC output voltage U ou t can be further adjusted. The arrangement A2 working as an up-converter in Fig. 1 comprises a diode D 2 and a coupling capacitor C . The diode D 2 is coupled at junction point 1 to the first rectifier arrangement Al and at junction point 5 to the first smoothing capacitor arrangement Ci. The coupling capacitor C 2 is coupled on one side to a junction point 3 between the first rectifier arrangement Al and the diode D 2 . On the other side it is coupled to a point 7 inside the resonance converter A3. This point 7 inside the resonance converter A3 is realized by dividing the primary winding of the transformer T and leading out the external point 7. This coupling provides that a potential U 37 modulated with the operating frequency of the resonance converter A3 via the coupling capacitor C 2 during the operation of the AC/DC converter is fed back to the junction point 3 inside the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter. Since the diode D 2 conducts the current only in the direction from junction point 3 to junction point 4, this feedback causes an up-conversion of the smoothed rectified AC voltage U 45 , which AC voltage U 45 drops oft at the first smoothing capacitor arrangement Ci. The two diodes of the first rectifier arrangement Al which conduct the current in the direction to junction point 1 , prevent a feedback of current to the input of the AC/DC converter. For further explanations and versions of this working principle reference is again made to DE 198 24409 Al. In that document also further possibilities of realizing point 7 are shown, which all achieve the object of feeding back a potential U 37 modulated with the operating frequency of the resonance converter A3 to junction point 3. It will not be hard for the expert to find still further variants. The fed-back potential U 37 is modulated with the operating frequency of the resonance converter A3. This operating frequency is normally selected to be very much higher than the frequency of the AC mains voltage Uj n present on the input of the AC/DC converter, which may be, for example, 50 Hz. This provides considerable cost savings when the resonance converter A3 is built and operated. For the feedback to show the desired results with these high operating frequencies, it is necessary both for the diode D 2 of the arrangement A2 acting as an up-converter and for the two diodes of the first rectifier arrangement Al which conduct the current into the direction of junction point 1, to choose diodes that react sufficiently fast. The two remaining diodes of the first rectifier arrangement Al may be "slow" diodes i.e. it is sufficient for them to be used as diodes which work fast enough for the frequency of the AC mains voltage Uj n (for example 50 Hz). Fig. 2 shows according to the invention a variant of the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter. First a further diode Di was included in the arrangement A2 working as an up- converter. This diode Di is connected between the first rectifier arrangement Al and the junction point 3 to which the coupling capacitor C is coupled. The idea is to use a fast reacting diode for this diode Di and also for the first diode D 2 of the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter. The two diodes of the first rectifier arrangement Al, which conduct the current into the direction of junction point 1, just like the other two diodes of the first rectifier arrangement Al, may be arranged as slow diodes, which leads to cost savings. Furthermore, an inductance L H was included in the arrangement A2 acting as an up-converter, which inductance is connected between the further diode Di and the junction point 3 of the coupling capacitor C 2 . This inductance L H , however, is an optional component i.e. also the arrangement shown in Fig. 2 without the inductance L H is satisfactory for the purpose according to the invention. The use of the inductance L H , however, introduces a further energy store in the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter and thus improves the mains load of the AC/DC converter and the up-converting effect of the arrangement A2. Fig. 3 shows a further variant according to the invention of the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter. In addition to the components already represented in Fig. 2, a further inductance Lr is inserted into the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter. This inductance Lr is connected between the inductance L H and the junction point 3 of the coupling capacitor C 2 . It is magnetically coupled via the coupling k to the resonance inductance L R of the resonance converter A3. As is also described with reference to Fig. 1, the resonance inductance L R is realized for this purpose as an inductance of the primary side of the transformer T included in the resonance converter A3. Such a realization, however, is not compulsory, also other forms of the resonance inductance L R are effortlessly conceivable by the expert. The magnetic coupling k can be influenced, for example, in that the winding of the inductance Lr is deposited on the same core on which the primary winding of the transformer T is wound. But also other possibilities are conceivable. In this connection reference is again made to DE 198 24 409 Al and, more particularly, to the Fig. 8 therein. The inductance L H shown in Fig. 3 is again an optional component. By suitably designing the inductance L , a separate inductance LH may be omitted. The magnetic coupling k of the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter to the resonance converter A3 provides a second coupling mechanism, this time as inductive coupling mechanism, in addition to the capacitive coupling caused by the coupling capacitor C 2 . The influences of the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter to the resonance converter A3 are thus reduced and a favorable operation of the AC/DC converter is obtained. For a further explanation of this mode of operation reference is again made to DE 198 24 409 Al. Figs. 4, 5 and 6 show variants of the resonance converter A3 according to the invention. These and further variants of the resonance converter A3 which are obvious to the expert and may also comprise changes in the load circuit of the resonance converter A3, may advantageously be used for adapting the AC/DC converter to the requirements of the load R - In Fig. 4 the order of the resonance capacitance C R and the transformer T was exchanged in the resonance converter A3. This means that the primary side of the transformer T is coupled on its one side to the junction point 6 and on its other side to the resonance capacitance C R which, in its turn, is coupled on its other side to the junction point 8. In Fig. 5 the resonance capacitance CR was replaced by two resonance capacitors C R I and C R2 , the first resonance capacitor C RI , the transformer T and the second resonance capacitor CR 2 are connected in series in this order between the junction points 6 and 8. In Fig. 6 again a resonance capacitor CR and a transformer T were used. In addition, however, two further inductances L I and LR 2 were included in the resonance converter A3. These components are connected in series in the following order as a series connection between the junction points 6 and 8: C R , T, L R I and L R2 . In Figs. 4 and 5 the point 7 to which the coupling capacitor C 2 of the arrangement A2 working as an up-converter is coupled is further realized, as in Fig. 1, by division of the primary winding of the transformer T. In Fig. 6, on the other hand, the point 7 is located between the two further inductances LRI and L R2 . All these circuit arrangements in Figs. 1 and 3 to 6 have in common that the point 7 on the input side of the resonance converter A3 is surrounded on either one of the two sides by inductances which are realized either discretely (L RI and L 2 in Fig. 6) or by division of the primary winding of the transformer T (in Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 5). These two inductances limit, on the one hand, as already explained in DE 198 24 409 Al, the currents and voltages fed back by the coupling capacitor C . On the other hand, the choice of the ratio that is formed by the inductances connected on the two sides of the point 7, together with the dimensioning of the further components of the resonance converter A3 forms a further degree of freedom in the arrangement of the AC/DC converter. This degree of freedom may advantageously be used for designing the AC/DC converter for operation with different high AC mains voltages, for example, in Europe (about 220 to 240 volts) and in the USA (about 110 to 127 volts), to render constant power available to the load R L , irrespective of the AC mains voltage present on the input of the AC/DC converter. Particularly in Fig. 6 the operating principle of the position of point 7 becomes clear. For this purpose we assume that the primary-side inductance introduced by the transformer T is small compared to the two further inductances L R I and LR 2 . Therefore, this primary-side inductance in Fig. 6 is also denoted by the symbol n instead of the symbol L R used in the Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 5. When the ratio L I/L R ^ is chosen in a suitable way, the further AC voltage U 68 present between the junction points 6 and 8 leads in their two half- waves to different potentials at point 7. If, for example, the case is considered where the bridge circuit A4 is operated in the second mode as a full-bridge circuit, and if L R I is chosen to be larger than it will be recognized that at point 7, while the negative half wave of U 68 i.e. while junction point 8 is at positive potential, a higher potential evolves than during the positive half- wave of U 68 . Therefore, in this case the rectified and smoothed AC voltage U 45 can be up-converted more during the negative half- wave of U 68 , compared to the positive half- wave of U 68 . This clarifies that according to the invention, by a suitable choice of the components shown in Fig. 6, one can achieve that the DC output voltage U out gets independent of the AC mains voltage Ui n present on the input of the AC/DC converter. The same is reached with the arrangements shown in Figs. 1 and 3 to 5 in that the dividing point 7 of the transformer T and also the right dimensioning of the other components are suitably chosen. In Figs. 1 and 3 to 6 the resonance converter A3 was always shown with the transformer T. The advantage of the use of a transformer T is, inter alia, the consequent large translation ratio out /\J 6& of the resonance converter A3 as well as the galvanic separation between U out and U 68 caused by T. Furthermore, the realization of point 7 as a division of the primary winding of the transformer T saves on the use of further separate inductances, such as, for example, the inductances L I and L R shown in Fig. 6 in the resonance converter A3. However, it is known to the expert that not all applications of an AC/DC converter in the resonance converter really require a transformer. As far as that is concerned, also such variants are included in the invention.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. An AC/DC converter comprising the following components: - a first rectifier arrangement (Al) for generating a rectified AC voltage (Uι 2 ) from a first AC voltage (U m ) present on the input of the AC/DC converter, - a first smoothing capacitor arrangement (Ci) for smoothing the rectified AC voltage (Uι 2 ) to the smoothed rectified AC voltage (U 45 ), - a bridge circuit (A4) including a first, second, third and fourth switching element (Si, S 2 , S 3 , S 4 ) for converting the rectified and smoothed AC voltage (U 45 ) into a further AC voltage (U 68 ), - a resonance converter (A3) comprising resonant circuit elements (CR, LR) for converting this further AC voltage (U 68 ) into a DC output voltage (U out ) available on the output of the AC/DC converter, - a control circuit (A5) for controlling the switching elements (Si, S 2 , S 3 , S 4 ) of the bridge circuit (A4), in which a first mode is provided in which the bridge circuit (A4) is operated as a half-bridge circuit by changing the switching states of the first and second switching elements (Si, S 2 ) and the switching states of the third and fourth switching elements (S3, S 4 ) are not changed, and in which a second mode is provided in which the bridge circuit (A4) is operated as a full-bridge circuit by changing the switching states of all four switching elements (Si, S 2 , S 3 , S 4 ), - an arrangement (A2) working as an up-converter connected between the first rectifier arrangement (Al) and the first smoothing capacitor arrangement (Ci), which arrangement (A2) comprises at least one diode (D 2 ) and a coupling capacitor (C 2 ), which coupling capacitor (C 2 ) is coupled on one side to a junction point (3) between the first rectifier arrangement (Al) and this diode (D 2 ) and whose other end is coupled to a point (7) inside the resonance converter (A3), so that during the operation of the AC/DC converter a potential (O S T) modulated with the operating frequency of the resonance converter (A3) is fed back. 2. An AC/DC converter as claimed in claim 1 , characterized - in that the arrangement (A2) working as an up-converter comprises a further diode (Di) which is connected in series between the first rectifier arrangement (Al) and the junction point (3) to which the coupling capacitor (C 2 ) is coupled and - in that the arrangement (A2) working as an up-converter particularly includes an inductance (LH) which is connected between this further diode (Di) and the junction point (3) of the coupling capacitor (C 2 ). 3. An AC/DC converter as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the resonance converter (A3) includes a resonance inductance (L R ), - in that the arrangement (A2) working as an up-converter includes a further diode (Di) which is connected in series between the first rectifier arrangement (Al) and the junction point (3) to which the coupling capacitor (C 2 ) is coupled and - in that the arrangement (A2) working as an up-converter includes an inductance (Lr) which is connected between this further diode (Di) and the junction point (3) of the coupling capacitor (C ) and is magnetically coupled (k) to the resonance inductance (LR) of the resonance converter (A3). 4. An AC/DC converter as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the resonance converter (A3) comprises as a resonant circuit element at least one resonance capacitor (C R ) and at least one resonance inductance (LR) which are coupled to the bridge circuit (A4) in the following manner: - the resonance capacitor (CR) is coupled on its one side to a junction point (6) between the first (Si) and the second (S 2 ) switching element of the bridge circuit (A4), and - the resonance inductance (L R ) is coupled on its one side to a junction point (8) between the third (S 3 ) and the fourth (S 4 ) switching element of the bridge circuit (A4). 5. An AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the AC/DC converter is provided so that two first AC voltages (Ui n ) of different values may optionally be present on its input and in that the control circuit (A5) provides an automatic change-over between the two modes of the bridge circuit (A4) in dependence on the first AC voltage (U; n ) applied, so that with a low first AC voltage (Uj n ) the bridge circuit (A4) is operated as a full-bridge circuit, whereas it is operated as a half-bridge circuit when the first AC voltage (U; n ) is high. 6. An AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the control circuit (A5) is provided for adapting the switching frequency and the duty cycle of the switching elements (Si, S 2 , S 3 , S 4 ) of the bridge circuit (A4). 7. An AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that - the resonance converter (A3) includes at least two inductances (L RI , L R ) which are connected in series with each other and possibly with further elements of the resonance converter (A3), and - in that the point (7) at which the arrangement (A2) operating as an up-converter forms a capacitive coupling (C ) with the resonance converter (A3) is located in the series connection between the two said inductances (L RI , L R X). 8. An AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 7, characterized - in that the resonance converter (A3) includes a transformer (T) and - in that the point (7) at which the arrangement (A2) operating as an up-converter forms a capacitive coupling (C 2 ) with the resonance converter (A3) is realized by dividing the primary winding of the transformer (T) and leading out the dividing point (7). 9. An integrated circuit comprising at least the control circuit (A5) of an AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 8. 10. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that the integrated circuit also includes the four switching elements (Si, S 2 , S 3 , S 4 ) of the bridge circuit (A4) of an AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 8. 11. A monitor including an AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 8. 12. A flat screen television set including an AC/DC converter as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 8.

Inventors: LOEF CHRISTOPH, LOEF, CHRISTOPH
Applicants: KONINKL PHILIPS ELECTRONICS NV, LOEF CHRISTOPH, PHILIPS CORP INTELLECTUAL PTY, KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V., LOEF, CHRISTOPH, PHILIPS CORPORATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GMBH
Application year: 2001
Main classification: H02M3
IPC codes: H02M1, H02M3, H02M7