Method for separation of plastic mixtures based on magneto-archimedes levitation

Abstract: Under a magnetic field gradient, solid plastic particles floating and/or sinking in a suspending liquid (most suitably a paramagnetic one) are levitated or anti-levitated at different locations depending on their densities and diamagnetic susceptibilities.

Description: Background of the Invention (1) Field of the Invention The present invention concerns a method for separation of solid plastic mixtures based on magneto-Archimedes levitation. (2) Related Art Statement There have been already several reports on the diamagnetic magnetic levitation (E. Beaugnon and R. Tournier, Nature, vol. 349, p 470, 1991, etc.). It is known that water droplets and plastic particles are magnetically levitated in the air. In addition, it is reported that if a pressurized paramagnetic gas (e.g. oxygen gas) is used for a suspending medium, the diamagnetic levitation is possible in a moderate magnetic field, and even paramagnetic materials may be levitated (Ikezoe et al., Nature, vol. 393, p 749, 1998). This phenomenon is called magneto-Archimedes levitation. In magneto-Archimedes levitation, the gravitational force and the magnetic force exerted directly on a suspended substance are balanced with the buoyancy and the magnetic force exerted by the paramagnetic suspending medium through the surface of the substance. Namely, (1) gravitational force, (2) buoyancy, (3) magnetic force acting on the suspended substance; and (4) magnetic buoyancy caused by the suspending medium. Separation is necessary for recycling or dumping of the discarded plastics with small environmental loads. For this purpose, there have been so far proposed separation methods including a method in which spectrum patterns of plastics are analyzed at a high speed. Separation of powder in a high-pressure oxygen gas using the magneto-Archimedes effect has also been reported. The US-A-4187170 discloses a process for magnetically separating a single nonmagnetic material from a mixture by combining the mixture with a magnetizing solution containing the salt of a magnetic element. The US-A-3483969 discloses an apparatus and method of separating materials of different density. A controlled magnetic field is passed through a ferrofluid. The materials introduced thereinto distribute themselves in accordance with their densities. However, the conventional methods were insufficient to deal with a large amount of used plastics at a high speed and a low cost. The inventors have found that various kinds of plastics can levitate at different locations in paramagnetic suspending liquid in balance with the gravitation and magnetic forces due to the difference in their magnetic susceptibilities and densities. In addition, this finding is easily applied to a continuous separation process. Summary of the Invention That is, the present invention relates to a method for separating different kinds of solid plastic particles in a solid plastic mixture, said method comprising the steps of preparing a solid plastic mixture comprising plural kinds of diamagnetic solid plastic particles, floating, suspending or precipitating said solid plastic particles in a supporting liquid, applying a magnetic field gradient to the solid plastic mixture, and leviating or anti-leviating said the plastic particles at different locations in the supporting liquid under a magnetic field gradient, depending upon their densities and diamagnetic susceptibilities. (1) The supporting liquid is paramagnetic. Preferred conditions for carrying out the proposed process are as follows: (2) Aqueous solutions of paramagnetic inorganic salts are used as the supporting liquid. Paramagnetic liquids make the levitation possible under relatively weak magnetic fields. Moreover, most aqueous solutions of inorganic salts do not dissolve the plastics, and they are inexpensive. The supporting liquid is paramagnetic, whereas the plastic particles are diamagnetic. (3) The separation is continuously carried out, if the supporting liquid is continuously flown. By doing so, a large amount of discarded plastics can be appropriately dealt with. Brief Description of the Drawings For a better understanding of the invention, reference is made to the attached drawings, wherein: . Fig. 1(a) is an electromagnet used in the present invention, and Fig. 1(b) shows the magnetic flux density B and the quantity BdB / dz plotted against the vertical coordinate z with respect to the center of the magnetic field taken as z = 0; Fig. 2 schematically shows a result of separation of syndiotactic poly(propylene) (SPP), styrene-butadiene copolymer (SB), poly(styrene) (PS) and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SA) suspended in an aqueous solution of manganese chloride; Fig. 3 schematically shows a result of separation of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) pellets suspended in an aqueous solution of manganese chloride; and Fig. 4 schematically illustrates a continuous method of separation based on the present invention. Detailed Description of the Invention First, the principle of the present invention will be described. Four forces are acting on a solid plastic material suspended in a supporting liquid medium under a magnetic field: (1) gravitational force, (2) buoyancy, (3) magnetic force directly acting upon the solid plastic material, and (4) magnetic buoyancy acting upon the material from the suspending liquid (Trans. MRS-J, 24 [1] 77 (2000)). The solid plastic material stays at a location where these forces are in balance. This is attained under the condition: B dB dz = µ 0 g Δρ Δχ where g is the acceleration of gravity, µ 0 is the magnetic permeability of vacuum, B is the magnetic flux density, z is the vertical coordinate with respect to the center of the magnetic field ( z = 0), and z >0 and z <0 denote the upper and lower sides with respect to the center of the field, respectively. The difference in densities between each of the solid plastics and the suspending liquid and that in the magnetic susceptibilities between them are defined: Δρ = ρ 1 - ρ 2 Δχ = χ 1 - χ 2 where ρ 1 and p 2 are density of the solid plastic component and that of the suspending liquid, respectively, and χ 1 and χ 2 are the magnetic susceptibilities. Since the suspending liquid under consideration is paramagnetic, whereas the plastics are diamagnetic, then χ 1 <0, χ 2 >0, and hence, Δχ<0. Fig. 1(a) shows the schematic diagram of the electromagnet used, and Fig. 1(b) shows the magnetic flux density B and the quantity BdB / dz plotted against the vertical coordinate z with the center of the magnetic field taken as the origin. The electromagnet used (Tamagawa Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) generates a horizontal magnetic field. The field gradient generated above and below the magnetic center (2.1 T) was used. In Fig. 1(b), the vertical position is measured with respect to the magnetic field center ( z = 0) which is located between the two pole pieces. The quantity BdB / dz (displayed by dotted line in the figure) was calculated numerically using the B data (shown by solid line) provided by the manufacturer. Fig. 2 schematically shows the result of the separation. Pellets of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) manufactured by Mitsui Chemical Co., Ltd., styrene-butadiene copolymer (SB), polystyrene (PS) styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SA) manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd. (each having a diameter of about 5 mm) floating on the surface of the supporting liquid (manganese chloride aqueous solution, about 11 wt%) in a 2 cm-diameter test tube were pushed into the liquid and stayed in the respective locations (anti-levitation) when the test tube was brought to the center of the magnetic field from below the center. The separation was attained almost instantly. The quantity BdB / dz is negative and positive, respectively, at the regions above and below the magnetic field center. If Δρ > 0, the balance is attained above the field center, while if Δρ < 0, to the contrary, the balance is attained below the center. A stable balance is impossible if | BdB / dz | < |µ 0 gΔρ/Δχ|. It is clear from equation (1) that the smaller is the change in BdB / dz outside the minimum point of BdBldz, the larger becomes the separation between two particles. The following is the detail description of the present invention. (1) Suspending liquid The paramagnetic liquids used for the suspending liquid should not dissolve the plastics. Aqueous solution of paramagnetic inorganic salts would suffice this condition. For example, manganese chloride, manganese sulfate, iron chloride, iron sulfate, gadolinium chloride, etc. may be used. Paramagnetic inorganic salts having a large paramagnetic susceptibility are appropriate in view of washing after separation and the field strength required. Because the magnetic susceptibility of dilute paramagnetic inorganic salt aqueous solutions is approximately proportional to the concentration, solutions prepared with salts having a large magnetic susceptibility is suitable for the use at a low concentration. The optimum concentration is determined by the spatial resolution desired. The spatial resolution depends on the magnetic susceptibility and the density of the plastic, and those of the aqueous solution, along with the profile of BdB / dz of the magnet used. Among the aqueous solutions, one prepared with manganese chloride is suited because this solution exhibits large paramagnetic magnetic susceptibility at a low concentration. Under the field strength provided by the electromagnet used, the concentrations ranging 1 to 10 wt% are most suited. If the concentration is too low, the magnetic force becomes insufficient. On the other hand, if the concentration is too high, the density of the suspending liquid becomes so high that most plastic components come to float. As a result, the buoyancy acting upon the plastics becomes to overwhelm the magnetic force, leading to the lack in field strength. (2) Plastics The plastics to be separated by the present invention include most of commercially used plastics, such as polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polymethyl methacrylate, and many others. The separation process is applied successfully to plastics in a form of pellets. If the pulverized plastics of micron size are used, a longer time is elapsed before the separation is completed because the particles move more slowly if their size is small. In addition, the spatial resolution is low for small particles. If the plastics are treated in the form of bottles, the separation may be incomplete because of the air trapped inside. The size of the plastics to be treated should be in the range of a few millimeters to several centimeters. Discarded plastics of an arbitrary size and kinds may be milled to an appropriate size (pellet size) without preliminary classification, then subjected to the separation by the method proposed in the present invention. Manganese chloride, manganese sulfate, iron chloride, iron sulfate, and gadolinium chloride could be used to prepare paramagnetic aqueous solutions. The concentration of the solution may be appropriately adjusted depending upon the magnetic field gradient used, etc. Plastics with ρ 1 <ρ 2 are separated below the center of the magnetic field, while those with ρ 1 >ρ 2 are separated above the center of the magnetic field. This separation method is also applied to the mixture containing plastics with ρ 1 s both larger and smaller than the density ρ 2 of the suspending liquid. The volume fraction of plastics should not be too high because plastic particles prevent each other from being separated smoothly. It should be up to 50 volume %, preferably less than 20 volume %. (3) Magnetic gradient Magnetic gradients are generated by permanent magnets, electromagnets, and superconducting magnets. The direction of the magnetic field may be vertical or horizontal, but it is preferable that there should be a stable levitating point with respect to the horizontal direction, in addition to the vertical direction. In order to obtain a high spatial resolution, the second derivative of B 2 with respect to the vertical direction z should be smaller. (4) Separation method According to the present invention, solid plastics are levitated at different locations depending on their densities and diamagnetic susceptibilities. Separated particles are collected by a batch method or a continuous method. The separation described above can be carried out most effectively under a continuous process in which the suspending liquid are circulated continuously. The detail is described below. A continuous process is shown in Fig. 4. Plastics are fed into a flow of suspending fluid circulating in a channel. In Fig. 4, the circulating fluid flows from left to right. The plastics that were fed are separated into group A (floating) and group B (sinking) depending on their densities. Then, a magnetic field gradient is applied to the plastics from upward, pushing the floating plastics into the fluid and making them anti-levitated at different locations depending on the kinds of the plastics. Then, the separated plastics are collected by a capturing net (2-1). During this process, plastics belonging to the group B go on moving at the bottom of the channel. Consecutively, a magnetic field gradient is applied to these plastics from downward, pushing these sinking plastics into the fluid and making them levitated at different locations depending on the kinds of the plastics. Then, the separated plastics are collected by a capturing net (2-2). The level and quality of the suspending fluid is maintained by adding additional suspending liquid. (Examples) In the following, the present invention will be explained in more detail by some examples. These are merely examples representing the present invention, and they never limit the scope of the invention. (Example 1) Particles are anti-levitated below the center of the magnetic field: Pellets (syndiotactic poly(propylene) (sPP), styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SB), poly(styrene) (PS)) were suspended in an aqueous solution of manganese chloride (ρ 2 =1.098 g/cm 3 , χ 2 =1.7 x 10 -4 ) filled in a test tube of diameter of 2 cm. The size of each pellet was ca. 5x5x5 mm 3 . Since the densities of these pellets were lower than that of the suspending solution, they were floating on the surface of the solution in the beginning. Then, when the test tube was moved from below the magnetic center, each pellet was pushed downward, anti-levitating at different locations as shown in Fig. 2. (Example 2) Particles are levitated above the center of the magnetic field: Pellets (poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)) were suspended in an aqueous solution of manganese chloride (ρ 2 =1.098 g/cm 3 , χ 2 =1.7 x 10 -4 ) filled in a test tube of diameter of 2 cm. The size of each pellet was ca. 5x5x5 mm 3 . Since the densities of these pellets were higher than that of the suspending solution, they were sinking at the bottom of the test tube in the beginning. Then, when the test tube was moved from above the magnetic center, each pellet was levitated at different locations as shown in Fig. 3. (Example 3) The Example 3 is based on Examples 1 and 2. Theoretical consideration shows that a spatial resolution can be made larger. Combined with this enhanced resolution, a continuous separation method at a large scale becomes possible. Let us consider the area in which the left-hand side of Equation (1) is expressed as a×z+b. The spatial resolution Δz between two plastic particles having difference Δ(Δρ/Δχ) is expressed as Δz = a -1 µ 0 gΔ(Δρ/Δχ). If the quantity a is sufficiently small, the resolution could be as large as several meters. A continuous apparatus shown in Fig.4 makes it possible to separate a plastic mixture to its constituent components continuously. A characteristic feature of the separation method proposed in the present invention is summarized as follows: Under a magnetic field gradient, solid plastic particles floating and sinking in a suspending liquid, in a paramagnetic one, are levitated at different locations depending on their densities and diamagnetic susceptibilities, resulting in a separation.

Claims: A method for separating different kinds of solid plastic particles in a solid plastic mixture, said method comprising the steps of preparing a solid plastic mixture comprising plural kinds of solid plastic particles, floating, suspending or precipitating said solid plastic particles in a supporting paramagnetic liquid, applying a magnetic field gradient to the mixture of different solid plastic particles having different magnetic susceptibilities in said liquid, and leviating or anti-leviating said plastic particles at different locations in the supporting liquid under the magnetic field gradient, depending upon the densities and magnetic susceptibilities of said particles. A method claimed in claim 1, wherein an aqueous solution of paramagnetic inorganic salt is used as the suspending liquid. A method claimed in any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the separation is continuously carried out by circulating the suspending liquid. An apparatus for separating different kinds of solid plastic particles, said apparatus comprising a channel for receiving a flowing paramagnetic liquid containing different kinds of solid plastic particles having different densities and/or magnetic susceptibilities in said liquid; a paramagnetic liquid, received in said channel means for applying at least one inhomogeneous magnetic field in a direction crosswise to said liquid flow, and a capturing net arranged across said liquid flow for capturing a separated kind of diamagnetic solid plastic particles from said liquid flow. An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein two capturing nets are arranged along the liquid flow at different locations. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein magnetic fields with opposing gradients are applied to the liquid flow upstream each capturing net.

Inventors: KIMURA TSUNEHISA, KITAZAWA KOICHI, MAMADA SHOGO, YAMATO MASAFUMI, KIMURA, TSUNEHISA, KITAZAWA, KOICHI, MAMADA, SHOGO, YAMATO, MASAFUMI, Kimura, Tsunehisa, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Kitazawa, Koichi, The University of Tokyo, Mamada, Shogo, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Yamato, Masafumi, Tokyo Metropolitan University
Applicants: JAPAN SOC PROMOTION MACH IND, JAPAN SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF SCIENCE
Application year: 2001
Main classification: B03C1
IPC codes: B29B17, B03B5, B03C1, B03B13