COMPOUNDS WITH HIGH MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER AFFINITY

Abstract: Featured compounds have high monoamine transport affinity and are characterized by one of the following two general formulas set out above. The compounds bind selectively or non-selectively to monoamine transporters. The compounds are useful to treat various medical indications including, without limitation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's disease, cocaine addiction, smoking cessation, weight reduction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, various forms of depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and narcolepsy.

Description: COMPOUNDS WITH HIGH MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER AFFINITY TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to novel compositions with affinity for a monoamine transporter, such as the dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin transporter, in brain and in peripheral tissues. FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this invention pursuant to Grant Nos. NIDA ROl DAI 1542, and NLOA NOl DA7-8081, awarded by NLD A (NTH). BACKGROUND Monoamine transporters play a variety of roles, and compounds with affinity for the monoamine transporters have been proposed for therapy and/or diagnosis of medical indications that include (but are not limited to) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's disease, cocaine addiction, smoking cessation, weight reduction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, various forms of depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and narcolepsy. The dopamine transporter (DAT) in particular is a primary mechanism for terminating the effects of synaptic dopamine and maintaining homeostatic levels of extracellular dopamine in brain. Giros et al., Nature 379: 606-612 (1996). The dopamine transporter is a principal target of therapeutic and psychostimulant drugs of abuse. For example, the dopamine transporter is an important target of drugs (including methylphenidate, pemoline, amphetamine and bupropion) used to treat ADHD. Seeman and Madras, Mol. Psychiatry 3:386-396 (1998); Cyr and Brown, Drugs, 56:215-223 (1998); Biederman, J. Clin. Psychiatry 59: 4-16 (1998); Riggs et al., J. Am Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 37:1271-1278 (1999). The dopamine transporter is also a principal target of brain imaging agents used, for example, diagnostically. It has been suggested that the therapeutic benefit of benztropin (Cogentin®) for Parkinson's disease results in part from blocking dopamine transport thereby increasing synaptic dopamine. Coyle and Snyder, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 170:221-319 (1969). The antidepressant bupropion apparently is also a monoamine transport inhibitor [Hirschfeld, J Clin. Psychiatry 17: 32-35 (1999)], and it has been suggested as a treatment to aid smoking cessation. Jorenby et al., N. Engl. J. Med, 340:685-691 (1999); McAfee et al., N. Engl. J. Med, 338:619 (1998). The dopamine transporter has been identified as an effective marker for dopamine terminals in Parkinson's disease. Kaufman and Madras, Synapse 9: 43-49 (1991). Brain imaging of the transporter in humans with Parkinson's disease and in animals with experimentally produced Parkinsonism has confirmed the usefulness of the dopamine transporter in this application. Fischman et al., Synapse 29: 128-141, 1998, Seibyl et al., Ann. Neurol. 38:589-598. The serotonin transporter (SERT) regulates extracellular serotonin levels. It is a principal target of effective drugs (known as serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors or SSRI's) used to treat melancholic depression, atypical depression, dysthymia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. It also is a conduit of entry into serotonin containing neurons of neurotoxic substituted amphetamines. Selective imaging agents that label the serotonin transporter would be useful to investigate the status of the transporter in depression [Malison et al. Bio. Psychiatry 44:1090-1098 (1998)], alcoholism [Heinz et al. Am. J. Psychiatry 155:1544-1549 (1998)], obsessive-compulsive disorder, and substituted amphetamine abusers [McCann et al., Lancet 352:1433-1437 (1998); Semple et al., Br., J. Psychiatry 175: 63-39 (1999)]. There are various reports generally dealing with individual serotonin transporter imaging agents. Acton et al. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 26:1359-1362 (1999); Szabo et al. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19:967-981 (1999); Oya et al. J. Med. Chem. 42:333-335 (1999). Νorepinephrine regulates mood, is involved in learning and memory, and controls endocrine and autonomic functions. Dysfunction of norepinephrine neurotransmission has been implicated in depression, cardiovascular and thermal pathophysiology. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) regulates extracellular levels of norepinephrine in brain, in heart, and in the sympathetic nervous system. Clinically, the norepinephrine transporter is a principal target of selective or non-selective anti-depressant drugs and stimulant drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamines. Blockade of the norepinephine transporter is implicated in appetite suppression. Gehlert et al. J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287: 122-127 (1998). Imaging of the norepinephrine transporter may also be useful for viewing the status of sympathetic innervation in the heart and in other adrenergic terminals, and for detecting neuroblastomas. Hadrich et al. J Med. Chem. 42:3010-3018 (1999); Raffel et al., J. Nucl. Med. 40:323-330 (1999). It is desirable to avoid unwanted side effects of treatments targeting monoamine transporters, to the extent possible. It is also desirable to produce efficient and effective diagnostics for various conditions involving monoamine transporters. SUMMARY The invention features compounds of two general classes that have high and selective monoamine transport affinity. Featured compounds of the first class (which we term oxaindanes) generally have the following formula: WHERE: * indicates a chiral center, and each chiral center, independently, may be R, S, or R/S; -X = -CH 2 R!; -CHR J R S ; -CR I =O; -CR6=O; -O-R I ; -SR I ; -SOR* -SO 2 R6; - SO2NHR1; or -CH=CRιR 5 and where: a. -Ri and -Rs are independently selected from: -H -CH 3; -CH 2 CH 3 ; or -CH 2 (CH 2 )mCH 3 , where m = 0, 1 , 2, or 3 ; PROVIDED THAT, when X = -O-Rj, then R, φ H; and b. -Re is selected from: -OH; -OCH 3 ; -NHRi; -O-alkyl; -O-alkenyl; -O-alkynyl; -O-allyl; -O-iodoallyl; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -alkynyl; -allyl; -isopropyl; and -isobutyl; -Ar = either a) phenyl substituted at any two positions with } a and R31,, where } a and R 3 b are as defined in options "I." or "H.", below; or b) 1-napththyl or 2-naphthyl, substituted at any two positions with R3 a , and ib where R 3a and R 3b are as defined in option "L", below); OPTION I for Rι«, and R31, (phenyl or naphthyl substitutions) -R 3a and -R 3b are independently selected from: -H; -Br; -CI; -I; -F; - OH; -OCH 3 ; -CF 3 ; -NO 2 ; -NH 2 ; -CN; -NHCOCH 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -(CH 2 )qCH 3 where q=0-6; -COCH 3 ; -F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), -CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); -I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; iospropyl; isobutyl; alkyl; -alkylN2S 2 chelator, -alkylN2S 2 Tc chelator; or COR7, where R 7 is defined below; OR OPTION II. for Rja. and Rsh/phenyl substitutions) -R3a and -R 3 b as a pair are independently selected from the following pairs: 3,4-diCl; 3,4,diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4-diOCH 3 ; 3-OH,4-Cl; 3- OH,4-F; 3-Cl,4-OH; or 3-F,4-OH; II = 0 or 1; -R 2 = H, -COOCH 3 ; -COR 7 ; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -allyl; -iodoallyl; -alkynyl; - isoxazole; -oxadiazole; -oxazole; -alkylN 2 S2 chelator- ; -O-alkylN2S 2 chelator -alkylN 2 S Tc chelator; -O-alkylN2S 2 Tc chelator; where, -R 7 is = -NHRs ; morpholinyl; piperidinyl; -CH 3 ; -CH2CH3; - CH 2 (CH 2 ) r CH 3 where r=0, 1, 2, or 3; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; isopropyl; iodoallyl; O-iodoallyl; -isobutyl; -CH2SO2; -alkylN S chelator -alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; O-alkylN 2 S 2 chelator or -O-alkylN2S2Tc chelator; and -Rβis = -alkyl; -alkenyl; -allyl; -iodoallyl; -alkynyl; -isoxazole; - oxadiazole; -oxazole; -alkylN2S 2 chelator -O-alkylN2S2 chelator-, -alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; or -O-alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator. J 4a and 1x4 D are independently selected from: -H; -Br; -CI; -I; -F; -OH; -OCH 3 ; -CF 3 ; -NO 2 ; -NH 2 ; -CN; -NHCOCH 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -(CH 2 ) q CH 3 where q=0-6; -COCH 3 ; -F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), -CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); -I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; iospropyl; isobutyl; alkyl; -alkylN2S2; -alkylN2S2Tc; and COR 7 , where R 7 is defined above; or lx4a and J 4b are selected as a pair from the following pairs: 3,4-diCl; 3,4-diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4-diOCH 3 ; 3-OH,4-Cl; 3-OJL4-F; 3-CL4- OH; and 3-F,4-OH. Preferred substituents for the above general formula are as follows: n is preferably 0; X is preferably -O-Ri, where Ri is preferably -CH3; Ar is preferably phenyl or napthyl (1- or 2-napththyl), substituted at any two positions with R 3a , and R 3 b; e.g., R 3a and R 3 b may independently be -CI, -H. Particularly preferred compounds are O-1617; O-1630; O-1833; O-1925, described below in Table 1. The second general class of compounds (which we generally term tetrahydropyranyl esters or THP esters) generally have one of the following three formulas: A B Where: II is 0, 1, 2, or 3; >X is >CH 2 ; >CHY; >C(Y,Z); >C=O; >O; >S; >SO; >SO 2 ; >NSO 2 ; >NSO 2 R 3 ; or >C=CYZ; where Y and Z are independently selected from H; Br; CI; I; F; OH; OCH 3 ; CF 3 ; NO 2 ; NH 2 ; CN; NHCOCH 3 ; N(CH 3 ) 2 ; (CH 2 ) m CH 3 , where m=0-6; COCH 3 ; alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, allyl, isopropyl, isobutyl; -Ar = either a) phenyl substituted at any two positions with Rι a and Rib, where Rι a and Rib are as defined in options "I." or "H.", below; or b) 1-napththyl or 2-naphthyl, substituted at any two positions with Rι a and Rib where Rι„ and Rib are as defined in option "L", below); OPTION I for R Ja , and Ri b (phenyl or naphthyl substitutions) -Ria and -Rib are independently selected from: -H; -Br; -CI; -I; -F; - OH; -OCH 3 ; -CF 3 ; -NO 2 ; -NH 2 ; -CN; -NHCOCH3, -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -(CH 2 )qCH 3 where q=0-6; -COCH 3 ; -F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), -CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); -I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; iospropyl; isobutyl; alkyl; -alkylN2S2 chelator ; -alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator; or COR», where R 4 is defined below; OR OPTION H. for Rι a , and Rib (phenyl substitutions) -Ri a and -Ri b as a pair are independently selected from the following pairs: 3,4-diCl; 3,4,diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4-diOCH 3 ; 3-OH.4-C1; 3- OH,4-F; 3-C1.4-OH; or 3-F,4-OH; -R-2 = -COOCHs; -COR 4 ; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -allyl; -iodoallyl; -alkynyl; -isoxazole; -oxadiazole; -oxazole; -alkylN2S2 chelator; -O-alkylN 2 S2 chelator -alkylN2S 2 Tc chelator; -O-alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; or where, -R_ιis = -NHR5; morpholinyl; piperidinyl; -CH 3 ; -CH2CH3; -CH 2 (CH2) r CH 3 where r=0, 1, 2, or 3; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; isopropyl; iodoallyl; O-iodoallyl; -isobutyl; -CH2SO2; -alkylN 2 S 2 chelator -alkylN2S2Tc chelator; O-alkylN2S2 chelator or -O-alkylN2S2Tc chelator; and -Rsis = -alkyl; -alkenyl; -allyl; -iodoallyl; -alkynyl; -isoxazole; -oxadiazole; -oxazole; -alkylN2S 2 chelator -O-alkylN2S2 chelator -alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator; -O-alkylN2S2Tc chelator, and R 9 and Rio are independently = H, CH 3 , CH2CH3, (CH 2 ) r CH 3 , (CH 2 ) r C6H 3 YZ, isopropyl, isobutyl, CH=CH-(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , CH2CH=CH(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , (CH 2 )sCH≡CH(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , C^C(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , CH 2 C = C(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , where r=0-6 and s=0-6 and Y and Z are independently = H, F, CI, Br, I, OH, OR, CH 3 , CF 3 , amino, NO 2 . Preferred compounds are those with the following substituents: X is preferably O; n is preferably 1 ; preferably the compound has formula A, above; R 2 is preferably - COR4, most preferably -COOCH3; -Ar is preferably phenyl substituted at any two positions with R 3a , and R3b, e.g., where Rj a , and $b are independently selected from -H and -Cl. R^s -OCHs or -C2H5. Particularly preferred compounds are compounds: la (compound O-1793), lb (compound O-1792), 2a (compound O-1794), 2b (compound O-1783), and the corresponding carboxylic acids, 3a, 3b, 4a, or 4b. As noted above, this embodiment includes compounds in which R2 is an imine function. This function is synthesized from the corresponding ketone by standard techniques using the appropriate amine. The resulting imines show increased bioavailability and surprising stability under the temperature and pH conditions of the stomach. See, Palani et al., J. Med Chem. 44:3339 (2001). Compounds of the above formula which demonstrate monoamine transport affinity are useful for labeling receptor-expressing cells using in vitro techniques that are generally known to those skilled in the field and are generally described below. They may also be used for in vivo imaging in the conditions described above and to treat various medical indications, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's disease, cocaine addiction, smoking cessation, weight reduction, obsessive- compulsive disorder, various forms of depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and narcolepsy. A more exhausive list of medical indications where the compounds have diagnostic or therapeutic utility includes: depression and related disorders, seasonal affective disorders, sexual dysfunction, sexual behavior disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning deficit, senile dementia, disorders involving the release of acetylcholine, including memory deficits, dementia of aging, AJDS-dementia, senile dementia, pseudodementia, presenile dementia), autism, mutism, cognitive disorders, dyslexia, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, anxiety, panic disorders, paranoia, obsessive- compulsive disorder, post-traumatic syndrome, social phobia, other phobias, psychosis, bipolar disorder and other psychiatric or clinical disfunctions, mania, manic depression, schizophrenia (deficient form and productive form) and acute or chronic extrapyramidal symptoms induced by neuroleptic agents, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), chronic fatigue syndrome, for enhancing alertness, attention, arousal and vigilance, narcolepsy, disorders of sleep, jet-lag, obesity, bulimic and other eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, cocaine and other drug addiction or misuse, alcoholism, tobacco abuse, neurological disorders including epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntingdon's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Grilles de la Tourette's syndrome, the treatment of mild, moderate or even severe pain of acute, chronic or recurrent character, as well as pain caused by migraine, postoperative pain, and phantom limb pain, disorders linked to decreased transmission of serotonin in mammals, including Ganser's syndrome, migraine headache, pre-menstrual syndrome or late luteal phase syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy. The invention also includes methods of making medicaments for treating the above indications, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds formulated to treat those indications, e.g., with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also includes method of using the above compounds diagnostically or in research (e.g., using scanning techniques such as PET or DAT) to determine physiological conditions associated with altered function distribution number or density of dopamine norepinephrine or serotonin transporters which lead to behavioral and neuordegenerative disorders or diseases such as those listed above. In that case the compounds typically will be labeled by substituting an atom with one of its corresponding radioisotope (e.g., substitute H with H, or F with F). Alternatively, the compounds a radioactive substituent may be added to the compound. The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying structures and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and structures, and from the claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The compounds according to the invention are detailed above and in the claims. Formulation into pharmaceuticals, and use of those pharmaceuticals are detailed below. In therapeutic applications, the compound may be administered with a physiologically acceptable carrier, such as physiological saline. The therapeutic compositions of the invention can also contain a carrier or excipient, many of which are known to skilled artisans. Excipients that can be used include buffers (e.g., citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, and bicarbonate buffer), amino acids, urea, alcohols, ascorbic acid, phospholipids, proteins (e.g., serum albumin), EDTA, sodium chloride, liposomes, mannitol, sorbitol, and glycerol. The compounds of the invention can be formulated in various ways, according to the corresponding route of administration. For example, liquid solutions can be made for ingestion or injection; gels or powders can be made for ingestion, inhalation, or topical application. Methods for making such formulations are well known and can be found in, for example, "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences." Routes of administration are also well known to skilled pharmacologists and physicians and include intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal and intravenous administration. Additional routes include intracranial (e.g., intraci sternal or intraventricular), intraorbital, opthalmic, intracapsular, intraspinal, intraperitoneal, transmucosal, topical, subcutaneous, and oral administration. It is expected that the oral route will be preferred for the administration of the compounds. The subcutaneous route may also be used. Another route of administration of the compounds that is feasible is the intraperitoneal route. Systemic administration of the compounds can also be effective. Thus, while one may target the compounds more specifically to their site of action, such targeting is not necessary for effective treatment. It is well known in the medical arts that dosages for any one patient depend on many factors, including the general health, sex, weight, body surface area, and age of the patient, as well as the particular compound to be administered, the time and route of administration, and other drugs being administered concurrently. Dosages for the compound of the invention will vary, but can, when administered intravenously, be given in doses of approximately 0.01 mg to 100 mg/ml blood volume. A dosage can be administered one or more times per day, if necessary, and treatment can be continued for prolonged periods of time, up to and including the lifetime of the patient being treated. If a compound of the invention is administered subcutaneously, the dosage can be reduced, and/or the compound can be administered less frequently. Determination of correct dosage for a given application is well within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art of pharmacology. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art can turn to data and experiments presented below for guidance in evaluating the binding properties of compounds, e.g., when developing an effective treatment regime. Additionally, one could begin tailoring the dosage of the compounds required for effective treatment of humans from the dosage proven effective in the treatment of small mammals. Routine experimentation would be required to more precisely define the effective limits of any given administrative regime. For example, in a conservative approach, one could define the lowest effective dosage in small mammals, and administer that dose to progressively larger mammals before beginning human safety trials. I. SYNTHESIS OF OXALNDANES The following general description relates to the synthesis of the oxaindane analogs. CIS- AND TRANS-l-METHOXY-3-ARYL-INDANS The general synthesis of the 3-aryl substituted oxaindanes was accomplished via the route presented in the scheme for the 3-naphthyl analogs shown below. The synthesis of the four isomers (two diastereomers 7 and 10, and a pair of enantiomers of each, a and b), was accomplished via an intermediate described by Bøgesø, K. P.et al., J. Med. Chem. 28, 1817-1828 (1985). Thus, the cis diastereomers 6a and 6b were prepared in five steps from 2-bromobenzaldehyde. These cis alcohols 6a and 6b were then methylated with sodium hydride and methyl iodide to provide the target cts-methoxyindans 7a and 7b. Inversion of stereochemistry at the C-l position was accomplished via Mitsunobu inversion by reaction with benzoic acid in the presence of triphenyl phosphine and diethylazodicarboxylate to provide the trans enantiomers 8a and 8b (only one enantiomer is shown in the scheme). Methylations, as for alcohols 6a and 6b, then provided the target tr ws-methoxyindans 10a and 10b. Experimental Section Experimental details for the above general synthesis follow. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCI3 on a JEOL 300 NMR spectrometer operating at 300.53 MHz for l U, and 75.58 MHz for 1 C. TMS was used as internal standard. Melting points are uncorrected and were measured on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on Baker Si250F plates. Visualization was accomplished with either UV exposure or treatment with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA). Flash chromatography was carried out on Baker Silica Gel 40mM. Elemental analyses were performed by Atlantic Microlab, Atlanta, GA. All reactions were conducted under an inert (N2) atmosphere. Ethyl 2-cyano-3-f2-bromophenylV2-propenoate. 2. 2-Bromobenzaldehyde 1 (10.0 g, 54.0 mmol), ethyl cyanoacetate (6.91 g, 61.1 mmol) and piperidine (0.11 mL, 1.08 mmol) in toluene (45 mL) were refluxed at 135 °C with a Dean-Stark trap for 3 h. The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was crystallized from isopropyl ether to give 2 as a white powder (12.0 g, 75%): R 0.3 (10% EtOAc/hexanes); Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.17 (dd, 1H, J = 8, 2 Hz), 7.70 (dd, 1H, J = 8, 1 Hz), 7.35-7.49 (m, 2H), 4.32 (q, 2H, J = 7 Hz), 1.41 (t, 3H, J = 7 Hz). Ethyl 3-(2-bromophenylV3-(2-naphthvO-2-cvanopropanoate. 3. Magnesium (90 mg, 3.66 mmol) was added into a solution of 2- bromonaphthalene (0.76 g, 3.66 mmol) and dibromoethane (37 μL, 0.43 mmol) in THF (15 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and lh at 70 °C. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature, followed by the addition of ethyl 2-cyano- 3-(2-bromophenyl)-2-propenoate, 2 (l.OOg, 3.05 mmol). The reaction mixture was then refluxed at 70 °C overnight. 3N HCl (3 mL) and H2O (5 mL) were added dropwise. The water layer was extracted with ether (3 x 30 mL). The organic solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator The residue was purified by flash chromatography (20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 0 87 g (63%) of 3 as a colorless oil R f 0 46 (10°/ 'o EtOAc/hexanes), Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7 72-7 96 (m, 4H), 7 63 (td, IH, J = 9, 1 Hz) 7 24- 7 52 (m, 5H), 7 1-7 2 (m, IH), 5 45-5 49 (m, IH), 4 40 (dd, IH, J = 12, 8 Hz), 4 01-4 21 (m, 2H), 1 08 (dt, 3H, J = 22, 7 Hz) 3-f2-BromophenylV3-(2-naphthyOpropanoic acid, 4 Ethyl 3-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(2-naphthyl)-2-cyanopropanoate, 3 (0 84 g, 1 84 mmol), glacial acetic acid (10 mL), cone H2SO4 (5 mL), and H2O (5 mL) were refluxed at 100 °C for 24h The reaction mixture was poured into ice and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 40 mL) The organic solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator The crude solid was stirred in 3M KOH (5 mL) for 30 min The basic aqueous solution was extracted with CHCI3 (3 x lOmL) The basic aqueous solution was acidified with 3N HCl to pH4 The acidic solution was then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 20 mL) The organic solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator to give 4 (0 47 g, 72%) as a white solid R f 0 4 (40% EtOAc/hexanes), *H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7 69-7 79 (m, 4H), 7 54 (dd, IH, J = 8, 1 Hz), 7 40-7 48 (m, 2H), 7 33 (dd, Hi J = 9, 2 Hz), 7 17-7 25 (m, 2H), 7 02-7 08 (m, IH), 5 18 (t, Hi J = 8 Hz), 3 13 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz) 3-f2-Naphthyl)indanone, 5 n-BuLi (2 5 M in hexane, 1 2 mL, 2 91 mmol) was added dropwise into a solution of 3-(2-bromoρhenyl)-3-(2-naphthyl) propanoic acid, 4 (0 47 g, 1 32 mmol) at -10 °C The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C in an ice bath for 4h 3N HCl (2 mL) and H2O (3 mL) were added The H2O layer was extracted with ether (3 x 20 mL) The organic solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator The residue was purified by flash chromatography (20% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 5 (155 mg, 45%) as a colorless oil. R f 0 46 (10% EtOAc/hexanes), T H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7 84 (d, Hi J = 8 Hz), 7 71-7 77 (m, 3H), 7 62 (d, IH, J = 1 Hz), 7 36-7 52 (m, 4H), 7 22 (dd, IH, J = 8, 1 Hz), 7 08 (dd, Hi J = 8, 2 Hz), 4.66 (q, Hi J = 4 Hz), 3.23 (dd, Hi J = 19, 8 Hz), 2.74 (dd, Hi J = 19, 4 Hz). C.5-3-(2-Naphthy0indan-l-ol. 6a and 6b. K-Selectride (1M in THF, 1.20 mL, 1.20 mmol) was added into a solution of 3-(2- naphthyl)indanone, 5 (155 mg, 0.60 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 4h. H2O (5 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ether (3 x 20 mL). Ether was removed on a rotary evaporator. 1H-NMR of the crude residue confirmed the structure. The crude residue was used for next step without further purification. Ct -3-C2-NaphthylV0-methylindanol. 7a and 7b. Sodium hydride (60% dispersion, 80 mg, 2.15 mmol) was added into a solution of cw-3-(2-naphthyl)-indan-l-ol 6a and 6b (140 mg, 0.538 mmol) and methyl iodide (0.13 mL, 2.15 mmol) in THF (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. H2O (4 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ether (3 x 20 mL). The organic solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 0.10 g (68%) of 7a and 7b as a colorless oil: R f 0.57 (10% EtOAc/hexanes); ! H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.75-7.80 (m, 3H), 7.71 (s, IH), 7.38-7.58 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.20 (td, IH, J = 7, 1 Hz), 6.93 (d, IH, J = 7 Hz), 4.95 (t, IH, J = 7 Hz), 4.34 (t, IH, J = 8 Hz), 3.51 (s, 3H), 2.99 (qd, IH, J = 7, 6 Hz), 2.09 (qd, 1H, J = 7, 6 Hz). rr w -Benzoic acid 3-(2-naphthy0indan-l-yl esters. 8a and 8b. Triphenylphosphine (1.44 g, 5.49 mmol) and benzoic acid (0.60 g, 4.91 mmol) were added to a solution of c/s-3-(2-naphthyl)-indan-l-ol, 6a and 6b (0.645 g, 2.48 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL). The reaction was treated dropwise with a solution of DEAD in THF (4.95 M, 1 mL) then stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. After 3 h, the reaction solution was directly filtered through a pad of silica and condensed. The resulting residue was purified by radial chromatography (4 mm plate, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) yielding a mixture of enantiomers 8a and 8b as an off- white solid (0.72 g, 80%): R f = 0.46 in 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes; 1H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 8.08-8.05 (m, 2 H), δ 7.84-7.78 (m, 3 H), 7.71 (bs, 1 H), 7.58-7.41 (m, 4 H), 7.35 - 7.29 (m, 2 H), 7.24 (dd, 2 H, J = 5.7, 2.7), 7.07-7.04 (m, 1 H), 6.62 (dd, 1 H, J = 6.3, 1.9), 4.88 (t, 1 H, J = 7.7), 2.83 (ddd, 1 H J = 2.2, 7.7, 14.6), 2.69-2.60 (ddd, 1 H, J=6.6, 7.98, 14.6). 7rα»s-3-(2-NaphthyOindan-l-ol. 9a and 9b. 7rα«5-3-(2-Naphthyl)indan-l -benzoate esters, 8a and 8b (0.681 g, 1.87 mmol) were dissolved in THF (60 mL) and methanol (35 mL) was added. Aqueous potassium hydroxide (3M, 10 mL) was added and the reaction solution was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 1.5 h until no starting material was detected by TLC. The methanol was removed in vacuo and the remaining solution was acidified to pH = 3 with 3 M HCl (aq). The aqueous solution was extracted with ether (3 X 50 mL) and the combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by radial chromatography (4 mm plate, 30% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to provide the enantiomers 9a and 9b as a clear oil (0.347 g, 71%) which foamed under high vacuum: Rf = 0.37 in 30% ethyl acetate/hexanes; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) 7.89-7.73 (m, 3 H), 7.59 (bs, 1 H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 3 H), 7.32-7.15 (m, 3 H), 5.40 (dd, 1 H, J = 3.0, 6.3), 4.77 (t, 1 H, J = 7.4), 2.58 (ddd, 1 H, J = 2.8, 7.7, 13.8), 2.45 (ddd, 1 H, J = 6.3, 7.2, 13.8), 2.14 (bs, 1 H). Trans- l-Methoxy-3-(2-naphthyQindans. 10a and 10b. Sodium hydride (64.0 mg, 1.60 mmol) and methyl iodide (95.0 μL, 1.53 mmol) were added to a solution of tr< s-3-(2-naphthyl)indan-l-ols 9a and 9b (0.100 g, 0.384 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with excess water (25 mL), then extracted with ether (3 X 25 mL). The combined ethereal phases were condensed to provide a yellow oil that solidified under vacuum. The crude solid was purified by flash chromatography (12 g silica, 10%) ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford the enantiomers 10a and 10b as a pale yellow oil (82 mg, 78%): R f = 0.47 in 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes; 1H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.80-7.74 (m, 3 H), 7.65 (bs, 1 H), 7.51-7.41 (m, 3 H), 7.30-7.17 (m, 3 H), 7.01-6.98 ( m, IH), 4.92 (dd, 1 H, J = 1.7, 5.8), 4.76 (t, 1 H, J = 8.0), 3.43 (s, 3 H), 2.70 (ddd, 1 H, J = 1.4, 7.43, 13.76), 2.34 (ddd, 1 H, J = 6.05, 7.7, 13.76). Anal. (C 20 H 18 O) C, H. Ethyl 3-f2-bromophenylV3-(3.4-dichlorophenyD-2-cyanopropanoate, (3: 3.4-Cl?,PhV Magnesium (0.30 g, 12.3 mmol) was added into a solution of l,2-dichloro-4- bromobenzene (2.76 g, 12.2 mmol) in ether (6 mL) and the reaction was stirred for 3h. A solution of ethyl 2-cyano-3-(2-bromophenyl)-2-propenoate (3 g, 9.15 mmol) in toluene (6 mL) was added into the reaction mixture via an addition funnel over 15 min. The reaction mixture was then heated to 90 °C and stirred for 45 min. Ether was collected by Dean- Stark trap. The reaction mixture was poured into ice containing cone. H2SO4 (1 mL). The H2O layer was extracted with ether (3 x 40 mL). Ether was removed on a rotary evaporator affording the crude product as a yellow oil (4.49 g, quantitative): Rf 0.32 (10% EtOAc/hexanes); ^-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.57-7.63 (m, 7H), 5.24 (dd, IH, J = 8, 8 Hz), 4.11-4.29 (m, 3H), 1.16 (ddd, 3H, J = 7, 7, 14 Hz). 3-(2-BromophenvO-3-(3.4-dichlorophenyO-propanoic acid. (4: 3.4-Cl 2 Ph . Ethyl 3-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-cyanopropanoate (4.49 g, 9.45 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (20 mL), cone. H2SO4 (10 mL) and H2O (10 mL) was refluxed at 100 °C for 24 h. The hot solution was poured into ice in a beaker. White powder was formed and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). Removal of solvent afforded 3.2 g of an oily solid. The residue was stirred in 3N NaOH (20 mL) for 30 min. The H2O layer was extracted with CHCI3 (3 x 30 mL) to remove any organic side-products. The H2O layer was then acidified to pH 5 with 3N HCl (10 mL). White solid precipitate was formed and collected by filtration through a sintered funnel. After drying in vacuo, the solid weighed 2.1 g (59%): Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.56 (dd, Hi J = 8, 1 Hz), 7.27-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.08-7.19 (m, 3H), 4.96 (t, Hi J = 8 Hz), 2.95-3.11 (m, 2H). 3-(3.4-Dichlorophenvnindanone. (5: 3.4-ChPhY rc-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 4.15 mL, 10.4 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 min into a solution of ethyl 3-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-propanoic acid (1.77 g, 4.73 mmol) in ether (23 mL) at -10 °C. After the addition, the reaction was allowed to stir at 0 °C in an ice bath for 40 min. 3N HCl (3 mL) was added slowly followed by H2O (5 mL). The H2O layer was extracted with ether (3 x 30 mL). The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (20% EtOAc/hexanes) to give a white solid (0.6 g, 46%): mp 112-113 °C; R f 0.39 (20% EtOAc/hexanes); -NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.82 (d, IH, J = 8 Hz), 7.60 (ddd, Hi J = 8, 8, 1 Hz), 7.42-7.48 (m, IH), 7.37 (d, IH, J = 8 Hz), 7.24-7.27 (m, IH), 7.22 (d, Hi J = 2 Hz), 6.94 (dd, Hi J = 8, 2 Hz), 4.54 (q, IH, J = 4 Hz), 3.23 (dd, Hi J = 19, 8 Hz), 2.61 (dd, Hi J = 19, 4 Hz). Anal. (C15H10CI2O) C, H, CI. C/s-3-r3.4-Dichlorophenvnindan-l-ol. (6 3.4-ClτPh). K-Selectride (1M in THF, 2.7 mL) was added dropwise into a solution of 3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)indanone (0.36 g, 1.28 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction was allowed to stir at 0 °C for 3h. 3M NaOH (0.5 mL) was added slowly followed by the addition of 30% H2O2 (0.5 mL). Water (20 mL) was added and the water layer was extracted with ether (3 x 20 mL). Ether was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to give 0.32 g (88%) of 6 as a colorless oil: Rf 0.43 (EtOAc/hexanes); iH-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.48 (d, IH, J = 7 Hz), 7.38 (d, Hi J = 8 Hz), 7.32-7.35 (m, IH), 7.29-7.30 (m, IH), 7.24-7.26 (m, IH), 7.07 (dd, Ui J = 8, 2 Hz), 6.94 (d, IH, J = 8 Hz), 5.29 (q, IH, J = 7 Hz), 4.15 (t, IH, J = 8 Hz), 3.01 (qd, IH, J = 7, 8 Hz), 2.06 (d, Hi J = 7 Hz), 1.88 (qd, Hi J = 7, 9 Hz). Anal. (C15H12OCI2) C, H, CI. Cts-l-Methoxy-3-D.4-dichlorophenvP)indans. (1: 3.4-Cl PhY Sodium hydride (60% dispersion, 10 mg, 0.251 mol) was added into a solution of methyl iodide (16 mg, 0.25 mmol) and cτs-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)indan-l-ol (35 mg, 0.125 mmol) in THF (1 mL). The mixture was stirred for 4h. 3N HCl (1 mL) and H2O (5 mL) were added and the water layer was extracted with ether (3 x 10 mL). Ether was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 18 mg (49%) of 7 as a colorless oil: R f 0.71 (20% EtOAc/hexanes); 1H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.46-7.49 (m, IH), 7.23-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.07 (dd, IH, J = 8, 2 Hz), 6.93-6.96 (m, IH), 4.90 (t, Hi J = 6 Hz), 4.17 (t, IH, J = 8 Hz), 2.94 (qd, IH, J = 7, 6 Hz), 1.96 (qd, IH, J = 7, 6 Hz). Anal. (C16H14OCI2) C, H Benzoic acid 3-phenylindan-l-yl ester. (8: 3.4-Cl 2 PhV Cϊ-j-3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)indan-l-ol (50 mg, 0.18 mmol), triphenylphosphine (0.100 g, 0.376 mmol), diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.06 mL, 0.358 mmol) and benzoic acid (44 mg, 0.358 mmol) in THF were stirred overnight. The organic solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 50 mg (73%) of 8 as a colorless oil: R f 0.63 (20% EtOAc/hexanes); 1H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 8.02-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.47 (m, 6H), 7.00-7.05 (m, IH), 6.55 (dd, IH, J = 6, 2 Hz), 4.66 (t, Hi J = 8 Hz), 2.78 (qd, Hi J = 7, 2 Hz), 2.47 (qd, IH, J = 7, 7 Hz). 7r. y-3-f3.4-Dichlorophenvnindan-l-ol. (9: 3.4-Cl PhV Potassium hydroxide (3M, 1 mL) was added into a solution of benzoic acid 3- phenyl-indan-1-yl ester (50 mg, 0.131 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) and THF (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2h. 3M HCl (0.5 mL) was added dropwise until pH = 3.0, followed by the addition of H2O (5 mL). The H2O layer was extracted with ether (3 x 20 mL) to afford an oil (47 mg) R f 0.63 (20% EtOAc/hexanes). The crude oil was used in the next step without further purification. /75-l-Methoxy-3-(3.4-dichlorophenvnindans. (10:3.4-Cl?PhY Sodium hydride (60% dispersion, 26 mg, 0.674 mmol) was added into a solution of tr< s-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)indan-l-ol (47 mg, 0.168 mmol) and CH3I (42 μL, 0.674 mmol) in THF (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. H2O (5 mL) was added and the H2O layer was extracted with ether (3 x 20 mL). The organic solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 20 mg (50%) of a colorless oil: R f 0.50 (10% EtOAc/hexanes); iH-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.44-7.48 (m, IH), 7.36 (d, Hi J = 8 Hz), 7.25-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.23 (d, IH, J = 2 Hz), 6.96-7.00 (m, 2H), 4.87 (dd, IH, J = 6, 2 Hz), 4.55 (t, Hi J = 8 Hz), 3.41 (s, 3H), 2.65 (td, IH, J = 7, 2 Hz), 2.18 (qd, IH, J = 7, 8 Hz). Anal. (C16H14OCI2) C, H, CI. H. SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHYDROPYRANYL ESTERS 2-ARYL TETRAHYDROPYRAN-2-YL ACETIC ACID METHYL ESTERS (FOUR ENANTIOMERS) In general, synthesis of the 2-aryl substituted tetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acid methyl esters can be accomplished via an identical route to that presented below for the 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) analogs. 2-Chlorotetrahyropyran, prepared by passing hydrogen chloride gas into a solution of 2,3-dihydrotetrahydropyran in ether [Ficini, J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 119-124 (1956)], was reacted with the enolate of the appropriate methyl arylacetates to provide the desired product, exemplified below as a mixture of 1 and 2, in 77% yield (see Scheme 1). Scheme 1 The product possesses two chiral centers (2, 2') and consequently there is a pair of enantiomers for each diastereomer. Therefore there exist four isomers as shown in Scheme 2 (Compounds 1 and 2). Scheme 2 The product mixture (1 and 2) obtained from the reaction of 2- chlorotetrahyropyran with the enolate of methyl 3,4-dichlorophenylacetate presented as two spots on TLC in a ratio of 1.0: 1.4 (^H-NMR). These two spots represent the two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers 1 (la and lb) and 2 (2a and 2b). The two diastereomers 1 and 2 were separated by column chromatography to obtain diastereomer 1 as an oil (2S,2'R and 2R,2'S) and diastereomer 2 as a solid (2S,2'S and 2R,2 , R). (The assignment of chirality was achieved by X-ray crystallographic analysis, see later). These pairs of methyl esters 1 and 2 were then hydrolyzed to their acids 4 and 3 respectively. To avoid epimerization, a neutral reagent, trimethylsilyl iodide (TMS-I) ; was used (W. P. Weber, Silicon Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1983, page 30-31). The enantiomeric acid pair (3a and 3b: S,S- and RJI-) resulting from hydrolysis of 2 was then transformed (Scheme 3) into diastereomeric menthyl esters (5a and 5b) by treatment of their acid chlorides with optically pure L-menthol. Careful column chromatography then allowed separation of the two newly formed diastereomeric menthyl esters 5a and 5b. These two diastereomerically pure menthyl esters were each separately hydrolyzed (TMS-I) to give the two optically pure acids 3a and 3b. One of the acids (3a) was crystallized and its absolute configuration was determined by X-ray crystallography. Thus the configuration of 3a was proved to be 2S,2'S. Therefore 3b was proved to be the 2R,2'R enantiomer. Acids 3a and 3b were then methylated with trimethylsilyl diazomethane to furnish optically pure target molecules 2a-(2S,2'S) (O-1794) and 2b-(2R,2'R) (O-1783). Scheme 3 In contrast, the menthol esters of the diastereomeric pair of acids 4a and 4b proved difficult to separate by column chromatography. Therefore to obtain the remaining two isomers la-(2S,2'R) and lb-(2R,2'S), the racemic acids (as a mixture of 4a and 4b) from hydrolysis of the mixed methyl esters [la- (2S,2'R) and lb-(2R,2'S)] were converted (Scheme 4) to the diastereomeric indanyl esters (6a and 6b) by reaction of their acid chlorides with (S)-(+)-l-indanol. The two indanyl esters were resolved by medium pressure flash column chromatography (ΔRf < 0.02). They were then each separately hydrolyzed with trimethylsilyl iodide to provide the two optically pure acids 4a and 4b and methylated with trimethylsilyl diazomethane to furnish the enantiomerically pure methyl esters la-(2S,2'R) and lb-(2R,2'S). One of the optically pure acids thus obtained (4b) was reacted, via its acid chloride, with 7-nitrophenol to obtain the -nitrophenylester. This compound was then recrystallized and X-ray crystallographic analysis of this 7-nitrophenylester derivative then confirmed its configuration as 2R,2'S. Therefore the methyl ester derived from acid 4b is compound lb-(2R,2'S) (O-1792). Therefore the remaining enantiomer is la- (2S,TR) (O-1793). Scheme 4 Summary of Binding Data for the Methyl Ester Isomers DAT = Inhibition of WIN 35,428 binding to the dopamine transporter SERT = Inhibition of citalopram binding to the serotonin transporter Table of Data for Four Enantiomeric Acids Experimental Section NMR spectra were recorded in CDCI3 on a JEOL 300 NMR spectrometer operating at 300.53 MHz for l U, and 75.58 MHz for 13 C. TMS was used as internal standard. Melting points are uncorrected and were measured on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on Baker Si250F plates. Visualization was accomplished with either UV exposure or treatment with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA). Flash chromatography was carried out on Baker Silica Gel 40mM. Elemental analyses were performed by Atlantic Microlab, Atlanta, GA. All reactions were conducted under an inert (N2) atmosphere. 2-Chlorotetrahvdropyran. Dry HCl gas was bubbled through a solution of 3 ,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (34.1 g, 0.41 mol) in 150 mL of anhydrous ether cooled in a dry-ice/acetone bath for ca. 2 h. Ether was removed by evaporation and fractional distillation of the residue under reduced pressure (bp 36-39 °C/18 Torr) furnished 36.75 g (0.31 mol, 75%) of colorless oil. 1 ! H- NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.4-1.8 (m, 3H), 1.9-2.2 (m, 3H), 3.7-3.8(m, IH), 3.9-4.1 (m, IH), 6.27 (t, J = 0.54Hz, IH). This compound was used immediately in the next step. 2-(3.4-Dichloropheny0tetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acid methyl esters. 1 and 2. n-Butyl lithium (Aldrich, 2.5 M in hexane) (20.8 mL, 52 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of diisopropylamine (4.8 g, 48 mmol) in anhydrous diethyl ether (100 mL). After stirring at 0 °C for 1.5 h (yellow solution), methyl 3,4- dichlorophenylacetate (9.6 g, 44 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min; the solution became black. After completion of addition, the solution was stirred for a further 2 h. The round-bottom flask was then immersed in a dry-ice-acetone bath (-78 C) and the mixture stirred for an additional 20 min. The mixture was then added dropwise to a solution of 2-chlorotetrahydropyran (5.3 g, 44 mmol) in 40 mL of THF over 1 h and then slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. Cold (0 C) 0.5 N hydrochloric acid (104 mL) was added, followed by 400 mL of ethyl acetate. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. TLC showed two major spots, both of which were UV and PMA active in a ratio of 1 : 1.4 based on l H-NMR. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using gradient ethyl acetate in hexane (5-15% of ethyl acetate). Total yield was 54%. The first products 1 were obtained as an oil (2.97 g): Rf = 0.59 (20% ethyl acetate in hexane); ^-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.47 (d, J = 2.2Hz, IH), 7.38 (d, 8.5 Hz, IH), 7.21 (dd, J = 2.2, 8.5 Hz, IH), 3.93-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.55 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, IH), 3.40-3.26 (m, IH), 1.90-1.20 (m, 6H). 13 C-NMR 171.74, 136.61, 132.37, 131.56, 130.97, 130.26, 128.49, 78.22, 68.95, 56.94, 52.33, 31.67, 29.97, 25.72, 23.24. The second products 2 were obtained as a solid (4.27 g): Rf = 0.50 (20% ethyl acetate in hexane); mp 65 °C; 'H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.47 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, IH), 7.38 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, IH), 7.19 (dd, J = 1.9, 8.3Hz, IH), 3.99 (dt); 13 C-NMR 172.69, 135.45, 132.83, 132.07, 130.63, 128.18, 79.24, 68.91, 57.41, 52.36, 29.16, 25.72, 23.13. 2-(3.4-DichlorophenyOtetrahvdropyran-2-yl acetic acids. 3a and 3b. The combined methyl esters 2 (8.5 g, 28 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous chloroform (10 mL) at room temperature. Trimethylsilyl iodide (14 g, 70 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) was added dropwise with stirring. The mixture was heated at 80 C overnight. It was then cooled to room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated. Aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (1%) and 25 mL of diethyl ether were added to the residue and the two layers were separated. The colorless ether phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (30% ethyl acetate in hexane, then 50% ethyl acetate in hexane). The acids 3a and 3b were obtained (5.2 g, 65% combined yield). Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.43 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.40 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, IH), 7.21 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.2 Hz, IH), 3.98 (dd, J = 10.8, 2.3 Hz, IH), 3.87 (m, IH), 3.61 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, IH), 3.4 (m, IH), 1.95-1.20 (m, 6H). 2-(3.4-Dichloropheny0tetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acid menthyl esters. 5a and 5b. The combined 3,4-dichlorophenyl tetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acids 3a and 3b (0.86 g, 3.0 mmol) were dissolved in 80 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane. Three drops of DMF were added, followed by the dropwise addition of oxalyl chloride (0.58 g, 4.8 mmol, 1.6 equiv.) at room temperature. The solution was stirred for 3 h. Volatiles were removed and anhydrous THF (75 mL) was introduced followed by the addition of pyridine (0.5 g). L-Menthol (0.47 g, 3.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and then poured into 100 mL of water. Ether (150 mL) was added. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was further extracted with ether. The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. TLC (10% ethyl acetate in hexane) showed two major spots (R f 0.54 and 0.50). After column chromatography (hexane 800 mL, 1% ethyl acetate in hexane 800 mL, and finally 3% ethyl acetate 800 mL), 400 mg of the first product 5a R f = 0 54 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes), iH-NMR (CDCI3) 7 50 (d, J = 2 19 Hz, IH), 7 38 (d, J = 8 25 Hz, IH), 7 22 (dd, J = 2 19, 8 25 Hz, IH), 4 70 (td, J = 4 38, 1 1 04 Hz, IH), 3 94 (dt, J = 2 19, 11 28 Hz, IH), 3 79 (td, J = 2 19, 10 44 Hz, IH), 3 45 (td, J= 2 73, 9 06 Hz, IH), 3 46 (d, J = 9,87 Hz, IH), 2 0-0 9 (m, 15H), 0 88 (d, J = 7 68 Hz, 3H), 0 86 (d, J = 6 6 Hz, 3H), 0 72 (d, J = 6 87 Hz, 3H), 13 C-NMR (CDCI3) 171 76, 135 69, 132 55, 131 70, 130 55, 130 37, 120 21, 79 39, 74 93, 68,53, 57 83, 47 03, 40,53, 34 20, 31 37, 28 96, 25 70, 23 07, 21 96, 20 86, 15 86, and 425 mg of a second product 5b was obtained (65% combined yield) R f = 0 50 (10% ethyl acetate/hexanes), iH-NMR (CDCI3) 7 47 (d, J = 2 19 Hz, IH), 7 38 (d, J = 8 22 Hz, IH), 7 20 (dd, J = 2 19, 8 22 Hz, IH), 4 68 (td, J = 4 41, 10 98 Hz, IH), 3 94 (dt, J = 2 19, 1 1 25 Hz, IH), 3 83 (td, J=2 19, 10 17 Hz, IH), 3 44 (td, J = 3 03, 12 10 Hz, IH), 3 45 (d, J = 9 90 Hz, IH), 2 0-0 9 (m, 15H), 0 88 (d, J = 6 66 Hz, 3H), 0 78 (d, J = 6 87 Hz, 3H), 0 61 (d, J = 6 87Hz, 3H), 13 C-NMR (CDCI3) 171 15, 135 76, 132 56, 131 72, 130 52, 130 42, 128 08, 78 86, 75 03, 68,61, 58 27, 47 15, 40,72, 34 21, 31 40, 29 02, 25 79, 25 62, 23 23, 23 07, 21 96, 20 67, 15 91 2-O,4-Dichlorophenv0tetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acid. 4a and 4b The methyl ester 1 (4 4 g, 14 5 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous chloroform (60 mL) and Me3SiI (10 0 g) was added The mixture was heated in an oil bath at 80 °C After 20 h, ^H-NMR showed the reaction was only 25% complete The reaction mixture was then heated for an additional 4 days whereupon it was cooled to room temperature and ice (20 g) was added, followed by addition of Na2SO3 solution (0 5N) to the point that almost no red color remained The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH2CI2 (80 mL x 2) The combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4 The crude product was purified by column chromatography (200 g of silica gel, CH2CI2, 3L, 3% MeOH in CH2CI2, 3L) and 3 4 g of pure product, 4a and 4b, was obtained (83% yield) ] H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7 47 (d, J = 2 19 Hz, IH), 7 40 (d, J = 8 52 Hz, IH), 7 21 (dd, J = 8 52, 2 19 Hz, IH), 3 97 (dd, J = 10 71, 2.22 Hz, IH), 3 60 (d, J = 7 14 Hz, IH), 3 45-3 36 (m, IH), 1 90-1 20 (m, 6H) 2-(3.4-DichlorophenvDtetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acid indanyl esters. 6a and 6b The enantiomeπc pair of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) tetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acids 4a and 4b (4 0 g, 13 83 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH2CI2 (80 mL) and 4 drops of DMF were added Oxalyl chloπde (3 5 g, 27 7 mmol, 2 equiv ) was added dropwise while the solution was vigorously stirred Evolution of bubbles was observed After completion of addition, the light yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for a further 2 5 h Solvent was removed by evaporation and the residue was dried in vacuo (S)-(+)- 1-Indanol (1 87 g, 13 9 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (25 mL) and dry pyridine (25 mL) and cooled to 0 °C The acid chloride, prepared as above, in THF (50 mL) was added dropwise to this cold, stirred solution and stirred at 0 °C for 2 h, and then warmed up to room temperature and stirred overnight ^H-NMR data show that the ratio of 6a (Rf=0 71 in 10% EtOAc, 90% hexane, developed 3 times) to 6b (Rf=0 67) was 4 5 based on the peaks at 3 53 ppm and 3 54 ppm The mixture was evaporated to remove most of the solvent. The residue was redissolved in a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate (10:5) (80 mL) to provide a light yellow suspension. The mixture was loaded on a short silica gel pad and washed with hexane/ethyl acetate (10:1). The product fractions were combined and evaporated and dried. A light yellow oil was obtained (4.0 g, 71.4% crude yield). It was purified by column chromatography (300 g of silica gel, 0.4% of ethyl acetate, 99.6% of hexane, 4L, then 0.8% ethyl acetate in hexane, 5L). A total of 0.6 g of 6a, 1.0 g of a mixture of 6a and 6b, and 0.5 g of 6b were obtained. ! H-NMR (CDCI3) 6a: δ 7.49 (d, J = 2.19 Hz, IH), 7.39-7.10 (m, 6H), 6.20 (m, IH), 3.92-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.53 (d, J = 8.79 Hz, IH), 3.34-3.25 (m, IH), 3.1-3.0 (m, IH), 2.9-2.8 (m, IH), 2.5-2.4 (m, IH), 2.0- 1.1 (m, 6H). 13 C-NMR 171.07, 144.31, 140.56, 136.56, 132.19, 131.39, 130.90, 130.08, 129.04, 128.50, 126.73, 125.34, 124.85, 79.09, 78.16, 68.80, 57.08, 31.99, 30.13, 29.81. 6b: iH-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.47 (d, J = 2.19 Hz, IH), 7.37 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, IH), 7.31-7.18 (m, 5H), 6.17 (m, IH), 3.92-3.80 (m, 2H), 5.53 (d, J = 8.52Hz, IH), 3.40-3.27 (m, IH), 3.14-3.03 (m, IH), 2.95-2.82 (m, IH), 2.59-2.40 (m, IH), 2.2-1.2 (m, 6H). 13 C-NMR 171.09, 144.28, 140.37, 136.48, 132.16, 131.37, 130.95, 130.07, 129.05, 128.51, 126.72, 125.28, 124.82, 79.18, 78.16, 68.84, 57.04, 32.23, 30.15, 29.81, 25.61, 23.14. Hydrolysis of menthyl (5a and 5b) and indanyl (6a and 6b) esters (General Procedure) The hydrolyses of the menthyl and indanyl esters to the corresponding acids was conducted similarly and yields were in a range of 38-55%. The procedure is exemplified for 6a below. 2S-f3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahvdropyran-2'R-yl acetic acid. 4a-2S.2'R. The indanyl ester 6a (1.65 g, 4.07 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous carbon tetrachloride (25 mL). Trimethylsilyl iodide (2.4 g, 12 mmol, 3 equiv.) was added. The mixture was heated at 90 °C with stirring for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, cold water (20 mL) and dichloromethane (50 mL) were added and layers were separated. The aqueous phase was washed with dichloromethane (50 mL x 2). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (10% methanol in dichloromethane) and 600 mg of 20 product 4a was obtained (55% yield). Mp 124.2-125.2 °C. [α] D = 14.0° (c = 1, CHCI3); iH-NMR (CDCI3) δ7.47 (d, J = 2.19Hz, IH), 7.40 (d, J = 8.52Hz, IH), 7.21 (dd, J = 8.52, 2.19Hz, IH), 3.97 (dd, J = 10.77, 2.22Hz, IH), 3.92-3.83 (m, IH), 3.60 (d, J = 7.14Hz, IH), 3.45-3.36 (m, IH), 1.9-1.2 (m, 6H), 2R-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahydropyran-2'S-yl acetic acid. 4b-2R.2'S. Acid 4b was obtained from 6b as described above for 4a.lH-NMR data are 20 1 0 identical 4a. Mp 124.1-125.1 °C.[α] D = -13.9° (c = 1, CHCI3). 13 C-NMR (CDCl3) 176.67, 135.53, 132.36, 131,80, 131.18, 130.21, 128.74, 77.82, 68.95, 56.60, 29.56, 25.49, 23.04 2S-C3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahydropyran-2'S-yl acetic acid. 3a-2S.2'S. Acid 3a was obtained from 5a as described for 4a above. M p. 138.9-139.9 °C [α] D 2 ° = 18.8° (c = 1, CHCI3). Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3) δ7.45 (d, J = 1.95Hz, IH), 7.40 (d, J = 8.25Hz, IH), 7.18 (dd, J = 8.25, 2.22Hz, IH), 4.06 (dt, J = 11.22, 1.92Hz, IH), 3.9-3.7 (m, IH), 3.52 (d, J = 9.33Hz, IH), 3.50 (td, J = 11.25, 3.3Hz, IH), 1.9-1.1 (m, 6H). 2R-(3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahvdropyran-2'R-yl acetic acid. 3b-2R. R. Acid 3b was obtained from 5b as described for 4a above. NMR data are 20 identical to acid 3a. Mp 139.1-140.1 °C. [ ] D = -19 1° (c = 1, CHCI3) 2-(3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl acetic acid methyl esters, la. lb. 2a. 2b (General Procedure) Acids 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, were methylated with trimethylsilyl diazomethane to obtain the methyl esters. The following procedure is representative. 2S-(3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahydropyran-2'R-yl acetic acid methyl ester. la-2S. 2'R. Acid 4a-2S, 2'R (90 mg, 0.31 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (4 mL) and anhydrous methanol (1 mL). Trimethylsilyl diazomethane (0.63 mL, 2.0M in hexane, 1.25 mmol, 4 equiv) was slowly added while stirring at room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 5 h. Volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue (100 mg) was purified by column chromatography (2% ethyl acetate in hexane) to provide la-2S, 2'R as an of oil (61 mg, 64% yield). Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3) δ7.47 (d, J = 2.19Hz, IH), 7.39 (d, J = 8.25Hz, IH), 7.22 (dd, J = 8.25, 2.19Hz, IH), 3.92-3.81 (m, IH), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.56 (d, J = 8.52Hz, IH), 3.39-3.20 (m, IH), 1.9-1.1 (m, 6H). Anal, calcd. for C14H16O3CI2 = C 55.46, H 5.32, CI 23.39; found: C 55.56, H 5.42, CI 23.51. 2R-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahydropyran-2'S-yl acetic acid methyl ester. lb-2R. 2'S. Methyl ester lb was prepared from 4b as described above for la. ^H-NMR data identical to those of la. Anal, calcd. for C14H16O3CI2: C 55.46, H 5.32, CI 23.39; found: C 55.55, H 5.38, CI 23.51. 2S-(3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahvdropyran-2'S-yl acetic acid methyl ester. 2a-2S. 2'S. Methyl ester 2a was prepared from 3a as described above for la. ^H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 7.48 (d, J = 1.92Hz, IH), 7.39 (d, J = 8.25Hz, IH), 7.25 (dd, J = 8.25, 2.19Hz, IH), 4.03-3.95 (m, IH), 3.84 (td, J = 10.71, 2.19Hz, IH), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.50 (d, J = 9.9Hz, IH), 3.47 (td, J = 11.34, 3.3Hz, IH), 1.9-1.0 (m, 6H). Anal, calcd. for C14H16O3CI2: C 55.46, H 5.32, CI 23.39; found: C 55.63, H 5.43, CI 23.47, 2R-(3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahvdropyran-2'R-yl) acetic acid methyl ester. 2b-2R. TR. Methyl ester 2b was prepared from 3b as described above for la. ^H-NMR data are identical to those of 2a. Anal, calcd. for C14H16O3CI2: C 55.46, H 5.32, CI 23.39, found: C 55.53, H 5.38, CI 23.27. 2R-(3.4-Dichlorophenyl)tetrahydropyran-2'S-yl acetic acid p-nitrophenyl ester, (p- Nitrophenyl ester of 4b-2R.2'SY Compound 4b-(2R,2'S) obtained from lb-(2R,2S') (100 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL). One drop of DMF was added. Oxalyl chloride (0.14 g) was slowly added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Solvent was then removed by evaporation. 4-Nitrophenol (56 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (3 mL) and pyridine (85 mg) was added. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C in an ice-water bath. To this cooled, stirred solution was added the acid chloride prepared above in 2 mL of THF over 10 min. The mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred overnight. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (0.6% ethyl acetate in hexane). The product (0.105 g) was obtained as a gummy material (75% yield). Rf=0.46 (20% ethyl acetate in hexane). Ϊ H-NMR (CDCI3) δ 8.3-8.2 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, J = 2.19 Hz, IH), 7.45 (d, J = 8.25 Hz, IH), 7.32-7.18 (m, 3H), 4.07-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.83 (d, J = 7.41 Hz, IH), 3.46-3.37 (m, IH), 2.0-1.2 (m, 6H). The gum was recrystallized from pentane. X-ray structural analysis showed the enantiomerically pure ;-nitrophenyl ester of 4b to be of 2R,2'S configuration. LU. IN VITRO BINDING ASSAYS The affinities and transporter selectivities of the drugs were assessed in brain tissue of adult cynomolgus or rhesus monkey (Macaca fasicularis or Macaca Mulatto). Caudate putamen was the source of the dopamine and serotonin transporters. The dopamine transporter affinity was measured with [3HJWLN 35,428 ([3FTJCFT), the serotonin transporter was measured with [3H]citalopram and the norepinephrine transporter was measured with [3H]nisoxetine. Affinities of selected compounds were also measured at the human dopamine transporter in HEK-293 cells expressing the human dopamine transporter (hDAT). A. Brain Tissue preparation. Brain tissue was harvested from adult male and female cynomolgus (Macaca fasicularis) or rhesus (Macaca Mulatta) monkeys euthanized in the course of other research or after spontaneous death. Tissue was stored in the brain bank at the New England Regional Primate Research Center at -85°C. The caudate-putamen (approximately 1 5g) was dissected from coronal sections of brain. Each caudate-putamen was homogenized and used separately for dopamine and serotonin transporter assays. Prior to homogenization, the thalamus from two brains was pooled and membranes were prepared as described previously for norepinephrine transporter assays (Madras et al., Synapse, 22:231-232, 1998; Madras et al., Synapse, 24:340-348, 1996). Briefly, the tissue was homogenized in 10 volumes (w/v) of ice-cold Tris.HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4 at 0 - 4°C) and centrifuged at 38,700 x g for 20 min in the cold. The resulting pellet was resuspended in 40 volumes of buffer, and the entire wash procedure was repeated twice. The membrane suspension (25 mg original wet weight of tissue/ml) was diluted to 12 mg/ml in buffer just prior to assay and dispersed with a Brinkmanm polytron (setting #5) for 15 sec. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that tissue washing enhanced [ 3 H]WLN 35,428 (CFT) binding in tissue homogenates or tissue sections (Canfield et al., Synapse 6:189-194, 1990; Madras, et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 36:518-524, 1989). All experiments were conducted in triplicate and each experiment was repeated in 2 - 4 individual tissue preparations. B. Dopamine transporter assay to measure affinity of candidate compounds Competition experiments to determine the affinities of drugs at [ 3 H]WLN 35,428 (CFT) binding sites at the dopamine transporter were conducted using procedures previously reported (Madras et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 36:518-524, 1989). Stock solutions of water-soluble drugs were dissolved in water or buffer and stock solutions of other drugs were made in a range of ethanol/HCl solutions. Several of the drugs were sonicated to promote solubility. The stock solutions were diluted serially in the assay buffer and added (0.2 ml) to the assay medium as described above. Each serial dilution in buffer was examined to ensure that the relatively water-insoluble compounds did not precipitate out. Affinities of drugs for the dopamine transporter were conducted as follows: Affinities of drugs for the dopamine transporter, labeled by [ HJCFT (Specific activity: approximately 80 Ci/mmol, NEN) were determined in experiments by incubating tissue with a fixed concentration of [ 3 H]CFT and a range of concentrations of unlabeled test drug. The assay tubes received, in Tris.HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4 at 0 - 4°C; NaCl 100 mM), at a final assay concentration: [ 3 H]CFT (1 nM, 0.2 ml); test drug (1 pM - 100 μM, 0.2 ml or buffer), membrane preparation (0.2 ml, 1 mg original wet weight of tissue/ml). The 2 h incubation (0 - 4°C) was initiated by addition of membranes and terminated by rapid filtration over Whitman GFB glass fiber filters pre-soaked for 1 hour in 0.1% bovine serum albumin (Sigma Chem. Co.). The filters were washed twice with 5 ml Tris.HCl buffer (50 mM), incubated overnight at 0 - 4°C in scintillation floor (Beckman Ready- Value, 5 ml) and radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Cpm were converted to dpm following determination of counting efficiency (49 - 53%) of each vial by external standardization. Total binding was defined as [ 3 H]CFT bound in the presence of ineffective concentrations of test drug (0.1 - 10 μM). Non-specific binding was defined as [ FTJCFT bound in the presence of an excess (30 μM) of (-)cocaine. Specific binding was the difference between the two values. In the caudate-putamn total binding of [ 3 H]CFT ranged from 1,500 - 3,500 dpm, and specific binding was approximately 90 % of total. The affinity of ([ 3 H]CFT) for the dopamine transporter was determined in experiments by incubating tissue with a fixed concentration of [ 3 H]CFT and a range of concentrations of unlabeled CFT. The assay tubes received, in Tris.HCl buffer (50mM, pH7.4 at 0-4°C; NaCl lOOmM), the following constituents at a final assay concentration: CFT, 0.2 ml (lpM - 100 or 300nM), [ 3 H]CFT (0.3nM); membrane preparation 0.2 ml (4 mg original wet weight of tissue/ml). C. Serotonin transporter assay to measure affinity of candidate compounds The serotonin transporter was assayed in caudate-putamen membranes using similar assay conditions as for the dopamine transporter. The assays were conducted side- by-side to ensure that comparisons of the relative potencies of the drugs at the two transporters were similar. The affinity of drugs for the serotonin transporter labeled by [ 3 H]citalopram (spec, act.: approximately 85 Ci/mmol, NEN) was determined in experiments by incubating tissue with a fixed concentration of [ HJcitalopram and a range of concentrations of drug. Assays were conducted in Tris-HCl buffer containing NaCl (100 mM) and the following constituents: [ 3 H]citalopram (1 nM, 0.2 ml), test drug (lpM - 100 μM, 0.2 ml) and tissue (0.2 ml, 3 mg/ml original wet tissue weight). The 2 h incubation (0 - 4°C) was initiated by addition of membranes and terminated by rapid filtration over Whatman GF/B glass fiber filters pre-soaked 1 hour in 0.1% polyethyleneimine. The filters were washed three times with 5 ml Tris.HCl buffer (50mM), and the remaining steps were carried out as described above. Total binding was defined as [ 3 H]citalopram bound in the presence of ineffective concentrations of unlabeled citalopram (lpM) or the test compounds. Non-specific binding was defined as [ HJcitalopram bound in the presence of an excess (10 μM) of fluoxetine. Specific binding was the difference between the two values. Cpm were converted to dpm following determination of counting efficiency (> 45%) of each vial by external standardization. D. Norepinephrine transporter assay The norepinephrine transporter was assayed in thalamus membranes using conditions similar to those for the serotonin transporter and adapted from whole rat brain (Gehlart et al., J. Neurochem. 64:2792 , 1995). The affinity of [ 3 H]nisoxetine (spec, act: 74 Ci/mmol, NEN) for the norepinephrine transporter was determined in experiments by incubating tissue with a fixed concentration of [ 3 H]nisoxetine and a range of concentrations of unlabeled nisoxetine. The assay tubes received the following constituents at a final assay concentration: nisoxetine or drug (0.2 ml; 1 pM - 300 μM), [ 3 H]nisoxetine (0.2 ml; 0.6 nM); membrane preparation (0.2 ml; 4 mg original wet weight of tissue/ml). The buffer in the assay medium was Tris-HCl: 50 mM, pH 7.4 at 0 - 4°C; NaCl 300 mM. The 16 h incubation at 0 - 4°C was initiated by addition of membranes and terminated by rapid filtration over Whatman GF/B glass fiber filters pre-soaked in 0.3% polyethyleneimine for 1 h. The remaining steps are described above. Total binding was defined as [ 3 HJnisoxetine bound in the presence of ineffective concentrations of drug. Non-specific binding was defined as [ HJnisoxetine bound in the presence of an excess (10 μM) of desipramine. Specific binding was the difference between the two values. E. Dopamine transporter Assay in cell lines expressing the human dopamine transporter HP AT Cell Line (ΗEK-293) preparation. A full length human DAT cDNA isolated from a human substantia nigra cDNA library was ligated into pcDNA3.1 (InVitrogen), resulting in an human dopamine transporter expression vector, peDNA3.1/hDAT. HEK293 cells were grown in DMEM (BRL) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (BR-L), lOOU/ml penicillin, 100 μg streptomycin (BRL), and 0.1mm non-essential amino acids (BRL), at 5% CO 2 in a 37°C water-jacketed incubator. pcDNA3.1/hDAT (2 μg) was transfected into HEK-293 cells with Lipofectamine Reagent (BRL) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Following geneticin selection selection, single cells were replated into 12 well plates. At confluence, monoclonal cell lines were replated and assayed for [ 3 H]. The clone that displayed the highest dopamine uptake was selected and expanded for study of dopamine uptake. Affinities of drugs for blocking [ 3 H]dopamine transport in HEK-293cells expressing the human dopamine transporter (hDAT). Low passage number cells (<25) plated at 80-90% confluency in 145mm dishes were used for [ 3 H]dopamine transport studies. The medium was removed by aspiration, and cells were washed with Tris-Hepes buffer, pH 7.4 at 25 °C (Tris base: 5mM, Hepes: 8.5 mM, NaCl: 120 mM, KCl: 5.4 mM, CaCl 2 :1.2 mM, MgS0 4 :1.2 mM and glucose: 10 mM. The cells were harvested, centrifuged at 125g for 5 min, washed twice with the Tris-Hepes buffer and diluted to 1,250,000 cells/ml. The intact cell suspension (0.2 ml) was preincubated in triplicate with various drug dilutions for 15min. Dopamine transport was initiated by the addition of [ 3 H]dopamine (0.2 ml; DuPont-NEN, Boston, MA) for 10 min, at 25°C. The specific activity of the radioactive dopamine was 27.5 Ci/mM. Transport was terminated by filtration (Brandel, Gaithersburg, MD) and two rapid washes with 5 ml of cold Tris-Hepes buffer over GF/B glass fiber filters (Whatman, Maidstone, UK) presoaked in 0.1% polyethylenimine (Sigma, St-Louis, MO). Bound radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation (Wallac, Gaithersburg, MD) spectrometry (LS60001C, Beckman, Fullerton, CA). Nonspecific uptake was defined as the uptake in the presence of 30 μM (-) cocaine, and these data were subtracted from total counts to yield specific accumulation of [ HJdopamine. The experiments were performed in triplicate and each value is the mean ± S E. of 2-5 independent experiments. Protein concentrations were determined by Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA). Affinities of drugs for the dopamine transporter, labeled with | "3 H]CFT in HEK-293 cells expressing the human dopamine transporter. Similar intact cell suspension (0.2 ml) in buffer with tropolone (100 μM) were used for [ HjCFT binding studies. In triplicate, various dilution of drugs (0.2 ml; lOpM to lOμM) were incubated with 1 nM [ 3 H]CFT (0.2 ml; =80 Ci/mmol; NEN, Boston, MA) for 2 hours, at 4°C. Binding was terminated and measured as described above. Nonspecific binding was defined in the presence of 30 μM (-) cocaine, and these data were subtracted from total counts to yield total counts to yield specific binding of [ 3 H]CFT. The experiments were performed in triplicate and each value is the mean ± S.E. of 2-5 independent experiments. Competition analysis of [ FTJCFT binding was performed with EBDA and LIGAND computer programs (Elsevier-Biosoft, Cambridge, U.K.) F. Data analysis. Data were analyzed by the EBDA and LIGAND computer software programs (ElsevierBiosoft, U.K.) Final estimates of IC50 and nH values were computed by the EBDA program. Baseline values for the individual drugs were established by computer analysis, using the baseline drugs as a guide. The LIGAND program provided final parameter estimates for the affinity of the radioligand (Kd) by iterative non-linear curve-fitting and evaluation of one- or two-component binding models. LIGAND was used to measure the affinity of the radiohgands at the dopamine and serotonin transporter. Graphs (not shown) were produced by the computer software program PRISM, using a one- or two-site competition analysis curve. Table 1: Affinity of selected compounds at the dopamine and serotonin transporters A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: L A compound having the formula: WHERE: * indicates a chiral center, and each chiral center, independently, may be R, S, or R/S; -X = -CH2R1; -CHRiRs; -CR6=O; -O-R x ; -SR X ; -SORβ. -SO 2 R ; - SO2NHR1; or -CH=CR!R 5 and where: a. -Ri and -R5 are independently selected from: -H -CH 3; -CH2CH3; or -CH 2 (CH 2 ) m CH 3 , where m = 0, 1 , 2, or 3 ; PROVIDED THAT, when X = -O-Ri, then Ri φ H; and b. -Re is selected from: -OH; -OCH 3 ; -NHRi; -O-alkyl; -O-alkenyl; -O-alkynyl; -O-allyl; -O-iodoallyl; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -alkynyl; -allyl; -isopropyl; and -isobutyl; -Ar = either a) phenyl substituted at any two positions with R 3a and R31,, where R 3a and } b are as defined in options "I." or "H.", below; or b) 1-napththyl or 2-naphthyl, substituted at any two positions with R 3a , and R 3b where R 3a and R 3b are as defined in option "I.", below); OPTION I for Rg«. and R j h (phenyl or naphthyl substitutions) -R$ a and -R 3 b are independently selected from: -H; -Br; -CI; -I; -F; - OH; -OCH 3 ; -CF 3 ; -NO 2 ; -NH 2 ; -CN; -NHCOCH3, -C(CH 3 ) 3 , - (CH 2 )qCH 3 where q=0-6; -COCH 3 ; -F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), -CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); -I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; iospropyl; isobutyl; alkyl; -alkylN 2 S 2 chelator - alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator; or COR , where R is defined below; OR OPTION II. for R^. and tπ (phenyl substitutions) -R 3a and -R 3 b as a pair are independently selected from the following pairs: 3,4-diCl; 3,4,diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4-diOCH 3 ; 3-OH,4-Cl; 3- OH4-F; 3-Cl,4-OH; or 3-F,4-OH; Il = 0 or l; -R 2 = H, -COOCH 3 ; -COR 7 ; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -allyl; -iodoallyl; -alkynyl; - isoxazole; -oxadiazole; -oxazole; -alkylN 2 S2 chelator-, -O-alkylN 2 S 2 chelator, -alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; -O-alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; where, -R 7 is = -NHR 8 ; morpholinyl; piperidinyl; -CH 3 ; -CH 2 CH 3 ; -CH 2 (CH 2 ) r CH 3 where r=0, 1, 2, or 3; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; isopropyl; iodoallyl; O-iodoallyl; -isobutyl; -CH2SO 2 ; -alkylN 2 S 2 chelator -alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator, O-alkylN 2 S 2 chelator, or -O-alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator, and -Rsis = -alkyl, -alkenyl, -allyl, -iodoallyl, -alkynyl, -isoxazole, - oxadiazole, -oxazole, -alkylN 2 S2 chelator -O-alkylN2S 2 chelator -alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator, or -O-al ylN2S2Tc chelator R.4a and R4b are independently selected from -H, -Br, -CI, -I, -F, -OH, -OCH 3 , -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -CN, -NHCOCH 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -(CH 2 ) q CH 3 where q=0-6, -COCH 3 , -F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), -CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), -I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, allyl, iospropyl, isobutyl, alkyl, -alkylN 2 S2, -alkylN2S 2 Tc, and COR 7 , where R 7 is defined above, or K.4a and J 4b are selected as a pair from the following pairs 3,4-diCl, 3,4-diOH, 3,4-diOAc, 3,4-diOCH 3 , 3-OH4-C1, 3-OH.4-F, 3-CL4- OH, and 3-F,4-OH 2 The compound of claim 1 in which n = 0 3 The compound of claim 1 or claim 2 in which X = -O-Ri The compound of claim 3 in which - Ri = -CH 3 5 The compound of claim 1 in which Ar = 1- or 2-naphthyl, substituted at any two positions with R3 a , and R 3 b, where R 3a and R 3 b are as defined in option "I.", above The compound of claim 5 in which R 3a and R 3b are both -H 7. The compound of claim 1 in which Ar = phenyl substituted at any two positions with R 3a , and R 3 b- The compound of claim 7 in which R 3a , and R 3 b are independently selected from -H and -CI. 9. The compound of claim 8 in which R 3a , and R 3 b are both -CI. 10. A compound selected from O-1617; O-1630; O-1833; O-1925. 11. A compound having the formula A, B, or C: A B Where: n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; >X is >CH 2 ; >CHY; >C(Y,Z); >C=O; >O; >S; >SO; >SO 2 ; >NSO 2 ; >NSO 2 R 3 ; or >C=CYZ; where Y and Z are independently selected from H; Br; CI; I; F; OH; OCH 3 ; CF 3 ; NO 2 ; NH 2 ; CN; NHCOCH,; N(CH 3 ) 2 ; (CH 2 ) m CH 3 , where m=0-6; COCH 3 ; alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, allyl, isopropyl, isobutyl; -Ar = either a) phenyl substituted at any two positions with Rι„ and Rib, where Rι„ and Rib are as defined in options "I." or "H.", below; or b) 1-napththyl or 2-naphthyl, substituted at any two positions with Rι a and Ri b where Rι a and Ri b are as defined in option "I.", below); OPTION I for Rι a , and Rib (phenyl or naphthyl substitutions) -Ria and -Ri b are independently selected from: -H; -Br; -CI; -I; -F; - OH; -OCH 3 ; -CF 3 ; -NO 2 ; -NH 2 ; -CN; -NHCOCH3, -C(CH 3 ) 3 , - (CH 2 )qCH 3 where q=0-6; -COCH3; -F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position), -CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); -I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; iospropyl; isobutyl; alkyl; -alkylN 2 S2 chelator ; alkylN2S2Tc chelator; or COR4, where Rj is defined below; OR OPTION II. for Rι a , and R Xb (phenyl substitutions) -Ria and -Rib as a pair are independently selected from the following pairs: 3,4-diCl; 3,4,diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4-diOCH 3 ; 3-OH.4-C1; 3- OH,4-F; 3-Cl,4-OH; or 3-F,4-OH; - v-2 = -COOCH3; -COR4 ; -alkyl; -alkenyl; -allyl; -iodoallyl; -alkynyl; -isoxazole; -oxadiazole; -oxazole; -alkylN 2 S2 chelator; -O-alkylN 2 S 2 chelator -alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator; -O-alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator; or where, -R,is = -NHR 5 ; morpholinyl; piperidinyl; -CH 3 ; -CH 2 CH 3 ; -CH 2 (CH2) r CH 3 where r=0, 1, 2, or 3; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; allyl; isopropyl; iodoallyl; O-iodoallyl; -isobutyl; -CH2SO2; -alkylN 2 S 2 chelator. -alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; O-alkylN 2 S 2 chelator, or -O-alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; and -R s is = -alkyl; -alkenyl; -allyl; -iodoallyl; -alkynyl; -isoxazole; -oxadiazole; -oxazole; -alkylN2S2 chelator -O-a.ky.N2S2 chelator -alkylN 2 S 2 Tc chelator; -O-alkylN 2 S2Tc chelator, and R 9 and Rio are independently = H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , (CH 2 ) r CH 3 , (CH ) r C 6 H 3 YZ, isopropyl, isobutyl, CH=CH-(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , CH 2 CH=CH(CH 2 )rCH 3 , (CH 2 ) s CH≡CH(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , C≡-C(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , CH 2 C = C(CH ) r CH 3 , where r=0-6 and s=0-6 and Y and Z are independently = H, F, CI, Br, I, OH, OR, CH 3 , CF 3 , amino, NO2. 12. The compound of claim 11 in which X = O. 13. The compound of claim 11 in which n = 1. 14. The compound of any of claims 11 -13 in which the compound has formula A. 15. The compound of claim 14 in which R 2 = -COR 4 . 16. The compound of claim 14 in which -Ar = phenyl substituted at any two positions with R3 a , and R3b. 17. The compound of claim 16 in which R 3a , and R 3 b are independently selected from -H and -CI. 18. The compound of claim 17 in which R3 a, and R3b are each -CI. 19. The compound of claim 11 in which R2 = O R, α ' R.o 20. A compound selected from compounds la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, or 4b. 21. A method for treating a patient by administering to the patient a compound according to any of claims 1-20 in a dose effective to inhibit a monoamine transporter. 22. A method of treating a medical condition comprising administering to a patient a compound according to any of claims 1-20, said medical condition being attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's disease, cocaine addiction, smoking cessation, weight reduction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, various forms of depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and narcolepsy. 23. A method of making a medicament for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's disease, cocaine addiction, smoking cessation, weight reduction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, various forms of depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and narcolepsy, said method comprising formulating a compound according to any of claims 1-19 into said medicament. A method of treating a medical condition comprising administering to a patient a compound according to any of claims 1-20, said medical condition being depression, depression- related disorders, seasonal affective disorders, sexual dysfunction, sexual behavior disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning deficit, senile dementia, a disorder involving the release of acetylcholine, including a memory deficit, dementia of aging, AIDS-dementia, senile dementia, pseudodementia or presenile dementia, autism, mutism, a cognitive disorder, dyslexia, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, anxiety, a panic disorder, paranoia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic syndrome, social phobia, a non-social phobia, psychosis, bipolar disorder, a psychiatric or clinical disfunction, mania, manic depression, schizophrenia (deficient form and productive form), acute or chronic extrapyramidal symptoms induced by neuroleptic agents, an obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic fatigue syndrome, a disorder for which enhancing alertness, attention, arousal and vigilance is desirable, narcolepsy, a disorder of sleep, jet-lag, obesity, bulimia ,another eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, cocaine or other drug addiction or misuse, alcoholism, tobacco abuse, a neurological disorder, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, a neurodegenerative disease (specifically , including Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, or Grilles de la Tourette's syndrome) mild, moderate or severe pain of acute, chronic or recurrent character, pain caused by migraine, postoperative pain, phantom limb pain, a disorder linked to decreased transmission of serotonin in mammals, Ganser's syndrome, migraine headache, pre-menstrual syndrome, late luteal phase syndrome, or peripheral neuropathy. depression and related disorders, seasonal affective disorders, sexual dysfunction, sexual behavior disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning deficit, senile dementia, disorders involving the release of acetylcholine, including memory deficits, dementia of aging, AIDS-dementia, senile dementia, pseudodementia, presenile dementia), autism, mutism, cognitive disorders, dyslexia, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, anxiety, panic disorders, paranoia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic syndrome, social phobia, other phobias, psychosis, bipolar disorder and other psychiatric or clinical disfunctions, mania, manic depression, schizophrenia (deficient form and productive form) and acute or chronic extrapyramidal symptoms induced by neuroleptic agents, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), chronic fatigue syndrome, for enhancing alertness, attention, arousal and vigilance, narcolepsy, disorders of sleep, jet- lag, obesity, bulimic and other eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, cocaine and other drug addiction or misuse, alcoholism, tobacco abuse, neurological disorders including epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Grilles de la Tourette's syndrome, the treatment of mild, moderate or even severe pain of acute, chronic or recurrent character, as well as pain caused by migraine, postoperative pain, and phantom limb pain, disorders linked to decreased transmission of serotonin in mammals, including Ganser's syndrome, migraine headache, pre-menstrual syndrome or late luteal phase syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy. 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any of claims 1-20 mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 27. A method of visualizing monoamine transport activity comprising exposing cells to a compound according to any of claims 1-20, and visualizing the presence of the compound. 28. A method according to claim 27 in which the compound is labeled to aid visualization. 29. The method of claim 28 in which the label is a radiolabel. 30. The method of claim 27 in which the method is diagnostive of a medical indication involving monoamine transport, radiolabel. 31. The method of claim 30 in which the medical indication is depression, depression- related disorders, seasonal affective disorders, sexual dysfunction, sexual behavior disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning deficit, senile dementia, a disorder involving the release of acetylcholine, including a memory deficit, dementia of aging, AIDS-dementia, senile dementia, pseudodementia or presenile dementia, autism, mutism, a cognitive disorder, dyslexia, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, anxiety, a panic disorder, paranoia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic syndrome, social phobia, a non-social phobia, psychosis, bipolar disorder, a psychiatric or clinical disfunction, mania, manic depression, schizophrenia (deficient form and productive form), acute or chronic extrapyramidal symptoms induced by neuroleptic agents, an obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic fatigue syndrome, a disorder for which enhancing alertness, attention, arousal and vigilance is desirable, narcolepsy, a disorder of sleep, jet-lag, obesity, bulimia , another eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, cocaine or other drug addiction or misuse, alcoholism, tobacco abuse, a neurological disorder, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, a neurodegenerative disease (specifically , including Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, or Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome) mild, moderate or severe pain of acute, chronic or recurrent character, pain caused by migraine, postoperative pain, phantom limb pain, a disorder linked to decreased transmission of serotonin in mammals, Ganser's syndrome, migraine headache, pre-menstrual syndrome, late luteal phase syndrome, or peripheral neuropathy.

Inventors: BLUNDELL PAUL, MADRAS BERTHA K, METZLER PETER C, WANG PINGLANG, BLUNDELL, PAUL, MADRAS, BERTHA, K., METZLER, PETER, C., WANG, PINGLANG
Applicants: BLUNDELL PAUL, HARVARD COLLEGE, MADRAS BERTHA K, METZLER PETER C, ORGANIX INC, WANG PINGLANG, BLUNDELL, PAUL, MADRAS, BERTHA, K., METZLER, PETER, C., ORGANIX, INC., PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, WANG, PINGLANG
Application year: 2001
Main classification: C07C43
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P3, A61P9, A61P15, A61P21, A61P25, A61P43, C07C43, C07D309